The Missionary Review of the World — October 1932

1932

SPECIAL CHINA NUMBER· Nation BTu.ilzd. iKnogo in China Some Achievements of the Chinese Kenneth Scott Latourette When China Worships Today James L. Stewart A Chinese View of the Christian Task P. c. Hsu Some Evidences of Life in China A. R. Kepler

Chat THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE

Our Special Al1wricwn Indian NU1nber DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor is now out of print. with 1,200 extra sales, and the demand still continues. Vol. LV OCTOBER, 1932 No. 10 A word to the wise—order extra capils of the Special China Number now! FRONTISPIECE-WAR AND THE GOSPEL IN CHINA Page ** TOPICS OF THE TIMES ……………………………….. , 515 We have still several very valuable The Greatest People on Earth Leadership in Asia-Whither? articles on China for which we cou!d not find room in this issue. Look for When Will India Become Christian Trends in Australia them next month (see back cover an- nouncement) • NATION BUILDING IN CHINA ………………………….. 519 *** By Dr. T. Z. Koo, the Chinese Vice-Chairman of the World's Student Many enthusiastic comments have Christian Federation come to us on recent numbers of THE REVIEW. It is filling an important COME WITH ME TO CHINA …………………………….. 525 place. Read what these friends say: By the Rev. O. E. Goddard, formerly of China; now Secretary of the "I consider THE MISSIONARY RE- VIEW OF THE WORLD the most Methodist Episcopal Church, South indispensable magazine on my book- shelf and look forward to every issue SOME ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CHINESE ………………. , 527 with eagerness." By Kenneth Scott Latourette, Professor of Missions at Yale University D. NELSON, Missionary of the Lu- theran United Mission, Hankow, China. WHEN CHINA WORSHIPS TODAy ……………………….. 529 * By Professor James L. Stewart, recently Vice-President of Chentu Uni- "I want to congratulate you on THE versity REVIEW. It is excellent and makes one feel more than ever that we simply A CHINESE VIEW OF THE CHRISTIAN TASK …………….. 534 must have a greatly increased circula- tion of this monthly which is without a By Professor P. C. Hsu, Acting Dean of the School of Religion, Yenching competitor. We may order extra copies of the October Number for Board mem- University bers and others." NEW HORIZONS FOR CHINESE WOMEN ………………… , 537 The REV. A. E. ARMSTRONG, D. D., Secretary of the Board of Foreign Mis- By Katharine R. Green, Missionary of the Reformed Church, Amoy sions, The United Church of Canada. SOME EVIDENCES OF LIFE IN CHINA …………………… 539 * By the Rev. A. R. Kepler, D. D.. Secretary of the General Assembly of HI am an enthusiastic booster; I do not know how I could get along without the Church of Christ in China your magazine in my work. to say nothing of a purely personal interest." THE GROWTH OF THE CHURCH IN CHINA ……………….. 543 MRS. C. H. HERRNSTEIN, Editor, Lu- By the Rev. Charles L. Boynton, Secretary of the National Christian theran Standard, Ohio. Council of China "The REVIEW is rich and full. It truly is one of the very best magazines WHY I AM A MISSIONARY IN CHINA ……………………. 546 published and seems to grow better and better." By the Rev. Perry O. Hanson, Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal MISS EDITH C. DICKIE, formerly of Church, Taian, Shantung China; now at Clifton Springs, N. Y. LIFE STORIES OF CHINESE STUDENTS …………………. 547 GERMANY-A CORRECTION By Mary L. Parmenter, Principal of the Bible Seminary for Women, Prof. D. Hinderer of Berlin calls our attention to an error in the REVIEW Shanghai for March (p. 18,0) in regard to "Church Decline in Germany," He HOW CAN THE CHINESE EVANGELIZE CHINA? ………… 550 says: By Mary Culler White, Missionary of the Methodist Church, South, "The church rate collected by the Evangelical Churches in Germany does Shanghai not amount to 1,0 % of the total income CHINESE CHRISTIANS UNDER FIRE ……………………. 552 as stated, but only to 1 % approxi- By Dr. Frank Rawlinson, Editor of The Chinese Recorder mately. The church rate represents EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 555 some 1V'70 of the tax on wages. This Edited by Mrs. Estella S. Aitchison latter amounting to 1,00/0 of the salary; WOMEN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN ………" …………. , 558 the church rate amounts only to 1 0/0, Edited by Miss Anne Seesholtz the smaller wages being, however, taxed less than the larger. OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK ………………………….. 560 "The church rate and the general A Missionary Newspaper of Current Events economic depression are playing a part in the severance of the people from the OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Church, but other important circumstances are factors-such as the strong Recent Books Reviewed for the Readers' Information Bolshevistic propaganda.I, Publication Office 4,0 S. Meridian St., Indianapolis, Indiana Editorial and Business Office 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City Entered as second-class matter at Post-Office, Indianapolis, Ind., under Act of March 8, 1879.

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BOARD OF DIRECTORS ROBERT E. SPEER, President SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT MILTON J. STAUFFER A. L. W ARNSHUIS WM. I. CHAMBERLAIN, Vice-President MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD SAMUEL M. ZWEMER WALTER McDOUGALL. Treasurer WM. B. LIPPHARD DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary ERIC M. NORTH ~r-_T__H_E__B~O~A~R~D~O~F~F~O~R~E~I~G~N~~M~I~S~S~I~O~N~S~~ DEPARTMENT OF ANNUITIES YOUR GIFT NOW WILL BRING TO YOU THE BLESSING OF GIVING WHILE LIVING AND THE GUARANTEE OF THE BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS THAT YOU WILL HAVE AN INCOME FOR LIFE ERNEST F. HALL, Secretary 156 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE U. S. A.

"0 Lord!

Thy church begin- ning in me"

THE MOTTO OF THE FIVE-YEAR EVANGELISTIC MOVEMENT IN CHINA PREACHl"NG THE GOSPEL BY POSTER L eft- This photograph by Maynard Owen Williams shows a Chinese method of publishing the Message in John 3:16. ClYPyright by the National Geographic Society. Reproduce<!. by Sp ecial Permission.

Courtesy of China's Millions Photograph by Rev. E. J. Davi.~ WHEN CHRISTIANS WORSHIP IN CHINA UNDER DIFFICULTIES Military occupation of a China Inland Mission Station. :At Yencheng, Honan. a General and staff occupied the compound. but gave access to the chapel through this guarded entrance. Hundreds of Christians passed machine guns each side of the entrance to attend services. REVIB ORLD VOLUME LV AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF VORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER TEN OCTOBER, 1932 Topics of the Times THE GREATEST PEOPLE ON EARTH articles will help toward such understanding.

Many difficulties stand in the way of China's China is not only great in territory and popula- progress. These include her continued contro- tion, but she has a great history, literature, sci- versy with foreign governments as to extra terri- ence and art, great national characteristics, and- torial rights; her dispute with Japan on Man- unless all signs fail-a great future. churia; her internal dissensions promoted by rival Many changes have taken place in China since military leaders and communistic propagandists; this vast country was the subject for mission her poverty and suffering from floods, famine and study eight years ago. Then-ten years after the epidemics; the slow development of industries establishment of the Republic-there were hopes and trade because so much of her strength is re- that the new China would speedily develop out of quired to fight for existence; educational and so- the old, through the progressive and orderly adop- cial problems involved in the change from ancient tion of Dr. Sun Yat Sen's principles and program. to modern methods; her youthful agitation His program provided that military control should against moral and religious restraint and the neg- soon be replaced by a civil constitutional govern- lect of ideals that alone can develop character and ment and that education, social and economic im- power. Unfortunately the representatives of provements, religious freedom and the establish- many so-called Christian nations are not making ment of friendly international relations would China's difficulties and misunderstanding of promote peace and prosperity. There was a Christianity any less.

bright outlook for China. The anti-Christian agitation in China is of two Today the whole country is in turmoil-appar- kinds. Communist elements are following the ently worse than ever. Disputes with other na- lead of Russia and oppose all religion as being tions, internal warfare, banditry, revolutionary bourgeois and capitalistic, as endeavoring to keep movements, communistic propaganda, anti-for- the proletariat in submission through fear and eign and anti-religious activity, floods and eco- superstition. The Communists promise freedom nomic depression have all spread devastation and from every ill by the adoption of their program.

seem to threaten China's national existence. Any Many Nationalists, on the other hand, are anti- other nation could scarcely survive such a multi- Christian because they look upon Christianity as tude of complex maladies as those from which foreign and charge the so-called Christian na- China is suffering. But the interesting fact is tions with failure to show honesty and brotherly that China does survive and is steadily making love in their dealings with China. Christianity progress in education and unification. She seems is on trial among the Chinese, and many of its destined to take her place among the great na- nominal representatives have been found wanting.

tions of the world but the fulfillment is delayed. Those who know the facts recognize China's This great people, diverse yet one, is the fasci- dire need for sympathetic understanding, for nating subject for mission study during the com- friendship, for patience, for help to overcome pov- ing months. We present in this number of the erty, for sane education, for unity and peace, for REVIEW many valuable articles by experts on vari- a stable civil government, for leaders that are ous phases of the subject-political, economic, so- strong, intellige.nt, unselfish and non-militaristic, cial, educational and religious. It is difficult to for a true vision of God as revealed in Jesus comprehend the complexity of the situation and Christ, and for faithful acceptance of Him as the the forces that are moulding the nation but these Way and Truth and Life. The way of escape from [515]

China's difficulties is by the way of Christ and is being disturbed by the Communists and by His Cross. revolutionary movements among students. The From many parts of China the word comes Chinese boycott, the depreciation of the yen and that, in spite of great difficulties, the opportuni- the fall in foreign trade are increasing poverty ties for interpreting Christ to a hungry people and distress. In one district a million people are greater than ever before. While multitudes were recently reported to be without food, living are so oppressed and distressed that they are on roots and herbs. Doctors cannot collect their ready to accept atheism, communism, banditry or fees in famine districts and girls are leaving home any other program that promises relief, they ~re to sell themselves to the nearest bidder. These in- also ready to listen to the Christian message. The fluences are hindering Japan's constructive lead- great advantage is that they can see the power of ership.

Christ manifested in the joyous and transformed On the other hand twenty Christian members lives of other Chinese. This is not seen as the in the Japanese parliament inspire hope that result of communism or other religions. Among idealism will be advanced and that sane judgment the forces at work in the building up of China will yet prevail. Popular secular education has are the increasing number of political leaders who brought an increase in literacy, but without a cor- have China's welfare at heart; the increase of responding strengthening of character. Higher literacy through the extension of education and education is greatly inflated so that there is not the phonetic script; the distribution of the Bible sufficient work for the growing "white collar"

and wholesome literature to promote Christian class. As a result discontent has increased among ideals; movements for health and social welfare students who demand reduced tuition and greater to teach the people how to live; finally over a mil- economic opportunity. The educational system lion Chinese Protestant Christians, and a hundred needs to be reformed, with more emphasis on vo- thousand Christian workers are lifting up Christ cational training. Today Christian schools, with- and His Way of Life to lead China in the way out endowments, find it impossible to compete of victory. with government schools.

Unfortunately the spirit of revolt is manifest- LEADERSHIP IN ASIA-WHITHER? ing itself in an anti-religious movement. This movement is largely due to materialism, faulty Japan is seeking to be the political, economic scientific and philosophical views, and to commu- and intellectual leader of Asia. In the past sixty nism. Many Japanese still confuse religion with years this little island empire has come out of superstition and think that atheism means larger obscurity into a place of great importance among liberty of thought and action. The leaders of the nations. The development of a constitutional gov- anti-religious movement urge the youth to revolt ernment, the addition of territory, the expansion against all temples and priests as a part of the of industry and trade, the promotion of education "capitalistic systems". The fault is largely with and social welfare, the granting of religious lib- religion as they have seen it in action.

erty and the advance of Christianity in Japan On the other hand, the temperance and purity have all strengthened these virile, intelligent, effi- agitation is growing and the Kingdom of God cient people and have made them recognized as Movement is making the religion of Christ felt a force in Asia and in the world. It is better to in many cities and rural districts. The religion have Japan as a friend than as an enemy. Japan of Christ and His Cross and the evidence of sacri- is a leader in Asia-but whither? ficial love on the part of Christians are recognized Today Japan is fighting not only for leadership as the most powerful antidote to atheistic com- but for her life. She is seeking expansion for her munism. Great responsibility rests on the pro- crowded population, and desires outlets for her fessed followers of Christ.

products, but she is making enemies rather than While Japan stands for liberty in religion her friends. The other nations have condemned her policies are still confused. On the one hand school militaristic actions in Manchuria and Shanghai, children (including Christians) are compelled to even more generally than they condemned her worship at Shinto shrines, although State Shinto forcible absorption of Korea and the Koreans. includes rituals, prayers and other religious func- Many leading Japanese now realize her blunder tions. On the other hand State recognized private in regard to Shanghai, but she finds it difficult to Christian schools are prohibited from teaching re- acknowledge the error, to correct the mistake, and ligion or conducting worship. If Japan is to lead'

at the same time "save her face". The milita- aright her people need true religion more than ristic party is strong in Japan but is hard pressed. ever. The old religions are weakening and many It requires most of the standing army to maintain call Shinto a non-religious cult. As the conscious- control in Manchuria, while at home the country ness of responsibility to the old religions decrease

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

suicides, assassinations, political corruption, im- is the outlook for Christianity in India today?

morality and other evils are increasing. Many Will the land and people ever be predominantly statesmen, even non-Christians, recognize the Christian?

need for some religious instruction as a character In this connection it is very interesting to study forming influence. the numerical progress shown in the recent edi- The "Kingdom of God Movement" is seeking to tion of "The Directory of Christian Missions in develop Japan's religious sense and leadership. India, Burma and Ceylon". * These statistics do Some things have been accomplished but not all not, of course, reveal the remarkable and far- that has been hoped or claimed. It has helped to reaching moral and spiritual changes that have promote the religious, moral and educational pro- come to Indians, or their more tolerant attitude gram throughout Japan, but comparatively few and increasing sympathy for Christian teachings.

districts have been evangelized and the churches There is, no doubt, a very large number of secret have not been greatly strengthened. The three- followers of Christ and of others who are not yet year period of this Movement ends with 1932, but willing to break with the past, or to become out- as Dr. Kagawa says, "The real Kingdom of God castes for Christ's sake, but who would do so if remains to be achieved. There are only 250,000 such a step did not mean ostracism and persecu- Japanese Christian believers compared with 64,- tion.

000,000 non-Christians. In many of the 12,000 This latest edition of the "Directory," which is towns and cities of 5,000 or more inhabitants the the first published since 1929, is of unusual inter- Gospel has never yet been preached. Unless we est and value. It was prepared under the aus- put forth a thousand times as much effort as at pices of The National Christian Council and con- present we cannot reach one-tenth of the farm- tains some new and instructive features.

ing villages. The fishing villages, with their seven A large, clear map, prepared for "The World million population, have hardly been touched, yet Dominion Press," shows the location of all the everywhere the people are ready to listen gladly 1,134 centers in India, Burma and Ceylon where to talks on religion. . . . The Kingdom of God foreign missionaries are at work. These centers Movement must live up to the standard of love are keyed so that the stations listed in the direc- and obligation to others or it can never succeed. tory can be located. The volume also gives illu- … We must be more earnest in evangelizing minating statistics of Protestant missions, a list unoccupied territory with the Gospel of Christ. of 281 societies, the names and addresses of five Christians must be more loving among themselves thousand foreign missionaries and many of the and must show more love to those outside." 1,266 leading Indian Christian leaders. The If Japan is to lead Asia forward and upward, names, locations, and types of work of nearly she must promote peace by means of understand- 2,000 missionary institutions are given with facts ing and good will; she must advance the cause as to their educational, medical, literary, indus- of justice, temperance, morality and true liberty trial and philanthropic work. in every department of life, and she must encour- Among the interesting information revealed in age moral and religious training that develops this study is the following: character and produces trained but unselfish 1. There are over 740,800 towns and villages leaders. in India without any Christian missionary. As has often been pointed out, thi~ means that iL WHEN WILL INDIA BECOME CHRISTIAN? Christ Himself had begun to visit these villages India is probably the most complex country on when He was on earth and had visited one each earth, and one of the most interesting and impor- day until the present time, He would still require tant. It has always been a very perplexing and over 100 years more to complete the round. Some difficult mission field because of the large and of these villages and towns have less than 100 inscattered population (now over 352,000,000 peo- habitants, but in less than one per cent of the ple in more than 780,000 cities and villages), be- total number are there any Indian Christians livcause of the large variety of languages and dia- ing and witnessing to Christ. The task before lects, the influence of caste, the general illiteracy, the Christian Church is still tremendous. The the power of the Indian religious leaders, and Andaman Islands, Coorg, Nepal and Bhutan and the opposition of the intrenched ethnic religions. a number of the independent states are wholly Wonderful progress has been made, however, in unoccupied and do not permit Christian missiona- ries to work within their borders. the past century in breaking down prej udice and 2. In the p~st ten years thirty-four new sociin overcoming many of these difficulties. What eties have taken up work in India, and' over 400 * "Directory of Christian Missions in India. Burma and Ceylon." additional foreign missionaries have been enlist- ed. There are now 5,463 Protestant missionaries 1932-1933. Published for The National Christian Council by The Christian Literature Society for India and Madras.

in India and 389 in Burma. In the past few years, "every knee shall bow and every tongue confess however, there has been "a decrease of both men that Jesus Christ is Lord, to glory of God the and women missionaries" and, what is more dis- Father".

turbing, "a steady decrease in the number of In- dian evangelistic and educational men workers". TRENDS IN AUSTRALIA Some increase is shown in the women Indian Christian teachers and Bible women employed. Both religious and anti-religious developments 3. The number of educational missionary in- are reported from Australia. Fruitful evangelstitutions has increased only slightly in the past istic campaigns have been conducted among stuten years but the amount expended on these in- dents in Sydney and in several of the larger cities. stitutions is much greater. The economic depression has turned the thoughts of many Godward and has increased interest in 4. The Indian Christian community has in- spiritual things. At the same time the propacreased by one-third in the last ten years-by a ganda for atheistic communism is also finding a much larger percentage than is shown in the fertile field among the unemployed. Some of the other Indian religions. These Christians live in agitators advocate revolutionary methods to crush about 8% of the villages in British India and in the capitalists. The communist leaders consider 4% of the villages in the native states. The the economic position of Australia as hopeless. largest number and proportion of the Christians The "Unemployed Workers' Movement" has molive in Madras Presidency and in Travancore. bilized tens of thousands of workers. They "have 5. The total number of Protestant Christian in view a mass insurrection for the dole", accord- communicants in India is given as 909,804 and ing to Thomas Walsh in the Australian Christian the Protestant Christian population as 2,671,536, World and are trying to gain leadership among or about two-thirds of one per cent. There are all malcontents. They attack the Australian ad- also some 2,500,000 Roman Catholics and Syrian ministration of New Guinea because of the pol- Christians. Nearly 350,000,000 people in India, or icy of developing Papuan agriculture and indus- one-sixth of the earth's population, have still no try. The campaign of hatred and falsehood, outward association with Christ and no faith in mixed with some truth, is a breeder of trouble.

His message of life. This means that while 35,- "To stir up rage and horror against the so-called 000,000 have been added to the population of In- capitalis~ class, the tenth party congress states dia and Burma in the past ten years only 1,500,- that the apostles of the White Australia Policy 000 have been added to the number of Christian practiced mass poisoning of the Kanakas some believers. During the same time Hindus have twenty years ago, and that the Queensland newsincreased by 22,000,000, Moslems by 9,000,000, papers of that day made no serious attempt to Buddhists and Sikhs by over 1,000,000 each. The deny it. Jews, Jains and Zoroastrians (Parsees) have remained about stationary and followers of the "Many seemingly innocent ideas are expressed Primitive Animist religions have decreased 2,- by people who are pawns in the hands of the com- 000,000 (or 20%). While in the past half cen- munists; rationalists, feminists, birth-control adtury the number of Indian Christians have in- vocates, pacifists, socializationists, credit reformcreased over 240%, still the numerical increase ists, all are using the communist formula and are of Christians has been so small compared with worked into the general propaganda by the comthe increase of the whole non-Christian popula- munist. tion that there seems no hope of winning India to Christ through such gradual additions to the "One communist puts it: the basis of religion Church. Faithful Christian witnessing and liv- is the desire of the human mind to straighten out ing in the power of the Holy Spirit must either the perplexities of life. The communists have a bring about such a religious awakening and cure for every human ill and an explanation for breaking down of religious and social barriers as every mystery in the universe." will draw millions into the Christian faith, or we must look forward to this result through the There is, however, a strong English and Scotch coming of Christ Himself, according to His prom- element in Australia that has shown sane and honest character. They are to be reckoned with in political, economic and religious matters.

ise, to reveal Himself to men and to overcome the A marked revival of church life is reported in forces that now oppose Him. The Church and the many parts of Australia, with revived interest missionary workers are still divided on the ques- on the part of outsiders. Business men, includ- tion as to which of these methods will bring vic- ing politicians, newspaper and professional men, tory to Christ but all His followers are united in are uniting in daily prayer for guidance in these the belief that He will prevail, so that to Him difficult days.

Building In China*

..:( By DR. T. Z. KOO, Peiping, China Vice-Chairman of the World Student Christian Federation '1VVTHEN one gazes at a painting one is really and Chinese students studying in the West. The looking at three things. There is the gen- contact through the first two channels is super- eral background; from this there stands ficial and not always beneficial. It is the contact out prominently one or two features which com- through the missionary and the Chinese student pose the foreground. Then the foreground and studying in the West that leaves the lasting imbackground are related in the perspective which print of the West upon the East. The United gives to the painting its distinctive character. T. Z. KOO-A CHRISTIAN NATION BUILDER IN CHINA If one can see the Chinese situation in the same way with its background, foreground and perspec- States sends a larger number of missionaries to tive, then one will not easily be confused. China than any other country and she receives the largest number of Chinese students studying What, then, is the background of the Chinese in Western countries. What a responsibility and situation today? This is undoubtedly the every- what an opportunity! day life of the Chinese people. One word will describe the character of this background, namely, Let us try to trace some of the more important the word change. It is in a state of flux. In changes in Chinese life which have come as a re- China today we are seeing nothing less than the sult of this impact of dynamic ideas of one culgigantic drama of a whole people, comprising one- ture upon another. We can see these changes fourth of the human race, changing from onc fairly clearly in the contemporary political, inmode of living to another. This change is brought tellectual, economic, social, moral and religious about mainly by the intermingling of two dissimi- life of our people. lar cultures. Nearly a century ago, our hoary, self-contained culture of the East came into contact with the young and vigorous culture of the West. Through this process of intermingling, several dynamic ideas from the West have been injected into the placid stream of Chinese life. These ideas, germinating and spreading in our midst, have gradually brought on the present upheaval which is steadily gaining in volume and intensity every day. Already the old "order is crumbling in face of the onslaught of these ideas and a new social and political structure is rising in its place. We can here only mention a few of these ideas, without amplification. They are, first, the idea of democracy; second, the scientific mode of thought; third, the conception of modern industrialism; and lastly, the conception of the value of the individual. In these four ideas you have the pivotal points of impact in this intermingling of cultures.

There are four channels through which these ideas come into Chinese life-the diplomatic channel, the traders, the missionary movement • The Editor of the REVIEW has asked me to write a general article on China as an introdnction to the Special China number. The following paragraphs are written in the hope of furnishing the readers with a key to the understanding of China. which will enable them to see the main outlines of development and growth going on in this oriental land. T. z. K.

[519]

In the political life of the Chinese, the change long period of confinement in a cage. It is conis from a political organization dominated by the fused and yet eager for new ideas. It will be will of one person, the Emperor, to one in which many years before our people will be thoroughly the will of the people will reign supreme. It is a at home with this new scientific attitude of mind. change from autocracy to democracy. We defimtely abandoned the monarchial form of govern- The effect of the change in our intellectual outment in 1911 and since then have been strllggling look is already apparent in our educational syspainfully towards the goal of democracy. But, as tem. In the old days,Chinese education was alyet, we are very far from realizing our goal. On most exclusively ethical. Its purpose was the this road of political progress we have traveled training of man to live rightly with his fellowonly the first mile. The family clan, which has men. Today, the purpose of education in China been the unit of politi~al thought in China for is almost entirely technical. It is training man many centuries, is now being gradually replaced how to earn a living. by the conception of the nation-state. In other words, we are gaining a new consciousness of In the economic life of the Chinese, we come nationhood. Our immediate task is to nurture, to a change which is the most difficult for the peodevelop, and educate this consciousness until it ple to face. The old economic order rested upon has acquired sufficient depth, wisdom, and power two foundations. One was the system of small to undertake the responsibilities involved in an home industries and the other agriculture under intelligent government "of the people, by the peo- small ownership. Such an economic order beple, and for the people." comes totally inadequate when thrown against the modern industrial system of the West. We are, In the intellectual life of the Chinese people, therefore, obliged to abandon the old simple agrithe change is from a thought life dominated by cultural life and the small unit industries in order the authority of the past to one characterized by to develop a modern economic structure. This dea scientific attitude of mind. The traditional velopment is taking, at present, two directions. thought life of China is conservative in spirit, First, in the rise of industries organized on the speculative in outlook, ethical in content and liter- principle of mass production; second, in the inary in expression. Elegance of expression was troduction of machinery to replace hand labor and formerly emphasized to the detriment of real in the gradual application of scientific knowledge knowledge of subject matter. The authority of and modern methods to help production. the past was accepted without question. For instance, in the old schools of China, if you were to But here again, while we have broken with the raise any question with your teacher about the past, the new economic order is by no means validity of some statement contained in the clas- firmly established. The cost of living has risen sics, you would be likely to receive a rap on your steadily while earning capacity has not risen prohead, rather than an explanation. An intellectual portionately. Therefore, great masses of our peolife lived under these conditions can only lead to ple are having great difficulty in making the prostagnation. verbial two ends meet. When on top of this sit- uation is piled the uncertainty and suffering Fortunately this traditional thought life was caused by civil war, banditry and famines, then radically changed by the advent of the New Cul- something of the peril lurking in this phase of our ture Movement in 1916. A group of Chinese life becomes apparent. scholars, among whom was Dr. Hu Suh, saw the need for an orientation in China's mental proc- In such an economic state any country is a feresses and habits. In less than a decade this new tile field for the propagation of the various themovement has completely revolutionized our way ories of socialism. Literally millions of our people of thinking. Instead of the old conservative are living on the borderline of starvation, and any spirit, emphasis is now laid upon the importance theory which promises them an equitable share of of acquiring the "scientific mind," by which is the nation's wealth will find eager followers. meant that mental attitude which will not merely accept the traditional beliefs but will also experi- In the social life of the Chinese fundamental ment with the new; which will not deal only with changes are also taking place. The old social life beautiful phrases but will come to grips with is distinguished by two characteristics-the first reality. is the patriarchal system of family organization and, second, the status of women. The patri- Although this change is well on its way, it can archal system develops the large clans which are not be said yet that this attitude of mind is thor- so characteristic of Chinese social life. But now, oughly established in our intellectual life. The especially among the younger generation, a revolt mind of the Chinese people today is like a bird is on against this system. Youth is striking out which has suddenly gained its freedom after a for the Individual Home Movement. This means that when the children in a family marry, they will no longer live with their parents, but will

NATION BUILDING IN CHINA

establish homes of their own. In time, this move- yet risen to take his place. When you realize that ment will break up the clan organization of the our young men and young women are living in a family and will change the whole complexion of moral and ethical world in which all the old land- family life. marks are disappearing, you will begin to under- The status of women in the old social system stand something of their bewilderment.

of China was definitely domestic. The Chinese Second, the ethical emphasis in China today men are supposed to be active outside of the home seems to be steadily shifting from the individual and women within the home. Each has a distinct to the group. In the old days our ethical thinkers sphere of responsibility. It is not uncommon in emphasized virtues belonging to an individual- China for the men to make the money while the such as loyalty, honesty, and uprightness. But women manage the family finances. While their place in the home has given our women good train- ing in management and poise, it has also deprived them of the chance to become independent and earn their own living.

Another feature in the status of women was the rigid barrier in social intercourse between men and women, especially of the younger genera- tion. In the old marriages the bride and· bride- groom would generally see each other for the first time after their marriage. In the ceremony called "Lifting the Veil" at the wedding, after the bride and bridegroom have taken their vows before Heaven and Earth, they are conducted to the bridal chamber, where the bridal veil is lifted and the groom takes his first look at his wife. It is a crucial moment, for the success or failure of the marriage is often determined by that first glimpse.

Now all this is being changed. The women are no longer confined to the domestic sphere, but are coming out into public life. In education, law, business, government and medicine, Chinese women are rapidly taking their places. The bar- rier between the sexes is also being broken down so that in many places young men and young women today meet freely in society. As an indi- cation of this new status look at the membership of the Central Administrative Council of China, FLOOD SUFFERERS IN CHINA SEEKING RELIEF the highest body in our National Government.

This Council is composed of fifteen members and the ethical writings of the present day hold up the Chairman is, ex officio, President of the Re- before the people virtues which pertain to group pUblic. At one time, this Council had two women life, such as cooperation and team play. Here is members. The women of China need no longer one clear indication as to the direction in which fight for the vote or for equality before the law. the ethical life of the Chinese is trending.

Politics, business and the professions are already Third, the consciousness of the value of the in- open to them. The only limit to their use of these dividual is steadily rising. In the old days, man's opportunities lies in the fact that we have not individuality was very much subordinated to the been able to provide enough facilities for the edu- social organism. Today, more and more, the value cation of our women. of the individual person is receiving larger recog- In the moral life of the Chinese, the changes nition. This is especially true of persons belong- are more difficult to trace. Three observations, ing to what modern social workers have termed however, can be made with fair accuracy. First, "the under-privileged classes."

the old established standards of conduct are be- In these five great changes described above, you ginning to topple. Take, for instance, the virtue have the fundamental factors which underlie the of loyalty. In the old days, this virtue reached march of events in China. No matter what politi- its highest expression in the loyalty of the people cal situation may obtain in the country, or which to the person of the Emperor. Today the Em- general is at the top, these changes go on, grad- peror is no more and nothing in the new order has ually working out a transformation of life in

China. To understand the situation in our coun- years from 1928 to 1931 were devoted to the task try we must keep in mind these basic factors in of strengthening this young government and in the background of Chinese life today. trying to extend its authority over the provinces of China. This was done by peaceful means The Revolutionary Foreground wherever possible and by military force wherever it seemed necessary. Up to the time of the Jap- Now to pass on to a study of the foreground of anese invasion of Manchuria (September, 1931), the picture. The general nature of this fore- the national government had succeeded in ex- ground can be summed up in a few words. In tending its sway over 12 provinces directly, over China, at present, we are seeing a revolutionary seven less directly, while in the remaining five its movement gradually emerge· from its military control is still largely nominal. The Japanese in- stage and trying to settle down as the ordered vasion has interrupted this process of consolida- government of the country. This fact helps us tion and has placed a great strain upon the new to understand the immediate problems which con- government. Thus far it has stood the strain front us. fairly well but we are apprehensive lest the strain, Four of these problems stand out sharply from prolonged indefinitely, may prove too heavy and the background of changing life in China. First, cause an internal break-up. China would then be there is the urgent problem of the political re- plunged again into chaos without a political rally- construction of China. We have now existed as ing point.

a Republic since 1912. The first fifteen years of Before the Japanese military invasion of Man- our history (1912 to 1927) might be described as' churia, the task of the political reconstruction of the period devoted to the liquidation of the im- China was already moving on to its third stage.

perial legacy left upon our hands by the Manchu The first three years after the formation of the dynasty. When the Manchu Emperor abdicated new national government were spent in an effort in 1911 he left a vast system of government as to establish itself. There was no time to raise any well as a host of government officials who had questions about the nature and constitution of grown rich and powerful under the monarchy. such a government. But in the spring of 1931, These officials of the old regime, anxious to main- when the immediate anxiety over the continued tain their position in the new Republic, formed existence of the national government had disap- themselves into cliques and fought against new peared, political leaders began to discuss the adop- leaders who came on to the scene through the tion of a constitution under which the govern- revolution. Thus we find men like Yuan Shi Kai. ment might function. With this discussion, there Feng Kuo Chang, Tuan Chi Jui, Wu Pei Fu, and emerged two definite issues. The first was the Chang Tso-lin, rising, one after the other and try- question of centralization versus decentralization.

ing to maintaIn their authority. It took the first Should China develop a strong central govern- fifteen years to eliminate these men, and the last ment with large powers over the provinces or act In this process was the removal of the capital should she choose the alternative of creating from Peking to Nanking. In China, Peking has strong provincial governments, with only a rela- always stood for the imperial order, while Nan- tively small central government with limited func- king is regarded as the symbol of democracy; tions? President Chiang Kai-shek, with many These first fifteen years of the Republic meant younger leaders in the Kuomintang, favored the little progress in political reconstruction. This former while Hu Han Min, with the older party period has been like a storm on the ocean; the leaders, wanted the latter.

wind whips up the waves and there is great com- The second issue is the question of the civil as motion, but when the storm subsides the ocean against the military government. Starting as a goes back to its former level. The old leaders left government established during a military cam- by the imperial dynasty caused great commotion paign, military leaders naturally had a predomi- by their struggles against the new leaders ushered nant voice in its policy and administration. But in by the Revolution and after they were elimi- the more thoughtful leaders soon began to insist nated the country (in 1926) was back almost that this military element must be subordinated where she was in 1912. to the civil arm of the government. Hu Han Min When we take up the next five years, from was again the acknowledged leader of the civil 1926 to 1931, we begin to see a definite step for- party and when he and General Chiang could not ward. In this period, there gradually emerged agree, his supporters bolted from Nanking and es- from the political chaos the promise of a new tablished a rival government in Canton. These National government around which the people can two points will undoubtedly form the center of rally. This was established in Nanking in 1928 political development in China for the next decade by General Chiang Kai-shek and the subsequent or so.

The Task of Education our work is the most fundamental thing we have In this work of political reconstruction we are to undertake for the next twenty or thirty years. confronted with a peculiar handicap, namely, the practice of one party domination, a legacy of That is why some of our finest men today refuse Russian influence in China. With one political party we have no constitutional outlet for politi- to go into politics but prefer to bury themselves cal differences. If I differ with the ruling party I must either shut up entirely or start a rebellion in the task of doing the spade work. Unfortuto maintain my point of view. This state of affairs has greatly added to civil strife. We are nately, this side of things is little known outside trying to eliminate this handicap and our effort has been successful to the extent that the party of China. Being an educational program, it has will now admit men into the government who are not its members. I believe in the near future the no murders or kidnappings connected with it, so party will make it constitutional for people to organize a second political party. When this is done, that foreign correspondents rarely report anyone prolific source of civil war will have been removed. thing in this field. But from our point of view, The second immediate task in nation-building in this work of preparing our people for democratic China is the education of our people in the responsibilities of citizenship in a democracy. The government is the most fundamental in the entire Chinese have been familiar with an autocratic form of government for the past two thousand task of nation-building in China. years. They cannot be transported overnight into another form of political life without going The third great piece of work is in the realm through a long process of training and preparation. This process can be seen at work in China of material reconstruction. Western visitors to today in the national system of schools and in people's organizations. One remarkable factor in China are always struck by the comparative unthe last twenty-five years of China's turbulent history is the steady growth in the educational sys- developed physical conditions of our country. tem. But in spite of all our efforts we are still far behind the needs for our people. For in- Roads and communications, manufactures, public stance, in the secondary school field, up to 1927, we have developed 1339 schools (exclusive of pri- improvements, electricity, water-power, mining vate schools) or only one school to every 300,000 inhabitants. Conscious of this inadequacy, the and reforestation are waiting for development. government about two years ago adopted an expansion program in the field of education, calling A whole continent is waiting to be made over. for the establishment of twelve secondary schools of the senior grade, 300 schools of the junior When that program gets into full swing, it will grade, three technical and ten agricultural schools in the first six year unit. involve the industries, the technical skill and the A second line of effort in the preparation of the material and financial resources, not only, of people is in the work of a large number of people's organizations active in the fields of adult China but of the whole world. education, citizenship training, health promotion, rural economics, women's movements, and inter- The fourth piece of work is the task of readnational education. This type of work is carried on through voluntary organizations, many of justing international relationships with other nawhich are nation-wide in their scope. In these voluntary organizations you will find the real tions. This work involves three aspects. There pulse of the national life of China. is first of all the general question of the "unequal The converging of these two lines of effort, one governmental and the other voluntary, will even- treaties" which must be replaced by new ones tually prepare the people for the new order that is rapidly coming in our country. This part of based upon mutual respect and reciprocity. When the Chinese look upon these treaties, which have been saddled upon them in the past, they feel that they are onesided and, coming or going, China "gets it in the neck." Once you appreciate this point you will begin to understand the emotional intensity behind the demand for the revision of these treaties. I am glad to say that the principle of revision is now practically recognized by most nations. .

The second aspect of China's international rela- tions lies in specific problems, as with Russia and Japan in Manchuria' and Mongolia. This is too large a subject to be included in the limits of this article. I will only say that in this whole ques- tion is involved the peace of the Far East and possibly that of the world.

A third aspect of China's international problem'

lies in the field of racial and national attitudes be- tween the East and the West. An illustration may make my point clear. In my native city of Shanghai we have many hotels operated by Euro- peans. Once, when I had to go into one of them to meet an English lady by appointment, a hotel attendant rushed up from behind, caught hold of me by the scruff of my neck and wanted to throw me out. When I asked the reason for his extraor- dinary behavior, he said,"Don't you know as a

native you cannot enter by the main entrance, but have begun our march towards our Canaan. But must go to the side door reserved for servants between Egypt and Canaan there were forty long and tradespeople?" Relationships like these are years of wandering in the wilderness. This is not covered by treaties. Even though every treaty exactly where we are today in China. We have with other nations is rewritten, yet if as individ- left our Egypt but we are not yet arrived at our uals we continue treating each other in this way Canaan. Weare still wandering in the wilderour international work is only half done. The re- ness. This gives you the perspective of our vision of treaties is in the hands of governments, present situation for, viewed in this light, the five but the work of re-orienting the spirit between fundamental changes in the background are seen the East and West is in your hands and mine as to be but the highways in the wilderness over individuals. By acquiring an attitude of mutual which we are marching towards our promised respect and understanding, we can do much to re- land; and the four great tasks in the foreground lieve the pain and cruelty which we needlessly in- are the stages that we have reached on the way. flict upon each other. A people wandering in the wilderness is at the In these four problems of political reconstruc- most vulnerable period in. their life. They are at tion, educational preparation, material recon- the mercy of those who want to take advantage struction and international readjustment, we have of them; without the aid of God they are helpthe immediate tasks to which the Chinese have less before attack. But a people wandering in the set their hands. wilderness is also passing through a period when they are most susceptible to sympathy and help- Our Wilderness Wandering fulness from other peoples. It now only remains for me to link up in proper Many of our people today, especially men and perspective the background and foreground of the Chinese picture I have painted. To help you to women of my generation, realize that, like Moses, see· this perspective may I recall the story of an- they will not themselves have the privilege of enother people, the Israelites, who, after their bond- tering the promised land. That is a poignant age in Egypt, were led by Moses towards the thought to carry in one's life; but again, like "promised land." In China today you see almost Moses, some of us have been on the top of Mount an exact parallel to this story. Our Egypt is the Nebo and have caught a vision of the New China old China and our promised land is the New from afar. It is this vision, shining before our China. As a people we have struck our tents and eyes and treasured in our hearts, which is sus- taining us in our march through the wilderness.

Hope for China-Half the Yarnen Converted Letter from T. D. Payne, China Inland Mission, July 9, 1932 Lunchang, Western Yunnan, China Apostolic Christianity has not died out in China. A village of Tibetan-Lisu Christians, out here in Western Yunnan, has turned as a unit to the Lord and has remained steadfast for more than a year. They have been fined, beaten, and thrown into prison because of their faith. First, four men were beaten fifty strokes each with a board and fined about four months' wages each because they started to erect a Christian meeting house. Then the school tax of the village was increased and other unusual burdens were laid upon them. Since they were not permitted to have a chapel they met in the open air, the women on one side of the road and the men on the other. The laird who rules them raided this meeting place one day as they were worshiping and tied up with ropes one of the brightest young men. He was dragged to the Yamen and beaten with boards, one board after another being broken on his body until four boards were destroyed. The fifth board left him unconscious, with his body badly injured, large patches of skin being completely gone. He is still in jail, bound with a chain to a post. The war-lord told him that if he will pay some money he can be released, but the prisoner declares as he is guilty of no wrong he will not pay anything. The laird has conscripted the young men among the believers until now his soldiers are all believers. I am told that they gather around the man chained to a post and hold divine services.

The sound of the boards coming down on poor Mr. "Fifth Month Happiness" converted half the Yamen, it seems. Last Saturday (July 2, 1932) when I visited the place to see if I could arrange for a settlement, half the Yamen came out to shake hands with me. (Hand- shakes are the sign of a Christian Believer in these parts.) The sergeant of the militia, who had not believed before, said to me in front of the laird: "Come to my home village and teach us, and we will all believe." The laird glared daggers at him, but the sergeant in- sists that he is going to live and die a Christian.

With Me to

By the REV. O. E. GODDARD, Nashville, Tennessee ):.. Board of Missions, Methodist Episcopal Church, South I F you come to China now you will see "confu- If you come with me to China you will see a sion worse confounded." Oriental situations great people who were the first pacifists among are always more or less baffling to Occidentals, the nations of the world. Many centuries ago but the enigmatical situation in China today is a their greatest sage taught that war was dis- veritable Chinese puzzle. Superficial observers reputable-that no decent person or nation should and globe-trotting newspaper reporters may offer resort to war to settle national difficulties. Dur- their solutions of the Chinese problem but the ing the passing centuries, while other nations veteran observer and careful student speaks with were murdering each other for conquest or're- moderation and caution. venge, peaceful China was moving on the even If you come with me to China now you will see tenor of her way without the shedding of blood an ancient nation suddenly projected into modern in useless wars.

times. This country's former contemporaries have China has suffered dreadfully in her contacts ceased to exist. China was a contemporary with and conflicts with modern nations which have ancient Assyria, Egypt, Greece, Rome and other large armies and navies. She has suffered humili- famous civilizations of the past. Her civilization ations which cannot be described-not even con- was equal to that of any of these nations though, ceived or comprehended by any outsider. Her an- owing to linguistic difficulties, it was not as well cient ideals have been shattered, her colossal pride known. crushed by the bellicose nations that have domi- The disintegrating forces of the centuries made nated her. If China ever becomes militaristic or away with all these ancient civilizations except communistic–either will be unnatural to her. She that of China. This country somehow had power is naturally peace-loving, home-loving, and indi- to resist the disintegrating forces, and lived on vidualistic. If she ever becomes a militaristic or down through ancient and medieval ages into a bolshevik nation it will be because an abnormal modern times. Today she is a mixture of an- life has been forced upon her by external condi- achronisms and modernisms. tions.

If you will come with me to China and read her If you will come with me to China you will see ancient classics you will find a literature clean and a people great and numerous, in the throes of a wholesome, expressed in beautiful rhythmic prose. congeries of revolutions, simultaneous and consec- If read in mixed classes it would not require as utive. It is bad enough and complicated enough much expurgating and annotating as did the class- for a nation to have one revolution after another ics of the Greeks and Romans to make them but to have a series of them simUltaneously, act- proper for study by our youth. One Chinese ing, reacting and interacting on one another is poem, written long, long ago by a Chinese scholar, something unprecedented in the history of' na- is a parallel of Gray's "Elegy in the Country tions. This is precisely what China has beenhav- Church Yard." Several thousand years ago a ing for the past few years. Political revolutions, Chinese poet, walking among the grave mounds educational revolutions, industrial revolutions, and coffins, wrote similar verses that may be literary revolutions together with religious up- translated: heaval and revolts are what China has been strug- Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid gling with for two or three decades. The average A heart once pregnant with celestial fire; intelligent reader has no conception of the deep Hands the rod of an empire might have swayed, and genuine elements in Chinese character. They Or moved to ecstasy the living lyre. were among the greatest and best of the ancient Thomas 'Gray was sent to China by the British nations.

Government and is said to have acquired a read- It is well known that China, fearing invasions ing knowledge of the Wenli. Who knows that he from her belligerent neighbors to the north, built did not get at least a suggestion from that ancient the great wall to ward off attacks from the mili- poem? tant people. This effort was futile for these war- [525]

riors came over the wall and conquered China, foolish. She is entitled to patient consideration. and for nearly four centuries China was ruled by Her provocations have been all but unbearable. the Manchus. She made strenuous efforts from time to time to extricate herself from the Man- If you come with me to China, I will show you chu rule, but was not successful until the revolu- some missionary work of which you will be proud. tion of 1911 when Sun Yat Sen was elected first Our Master had a threefold ministry in Palestine president of the new republic of China. -preaching, teaching, healing. In China hos- pitals are supported by different denominations This young revolutionary leader was the first and several hundred thousand patients are treated Chinese ruler the country had had for nearly four annually. Here are done some of the "greater centuries. Yuan Shi Kai, his successor, was works than these" which our Lord promised. You neither a democrat nor a Chinese. He was a will see also a large number of men and women Manchu and an imperialist, and put a military from America and Europe engaged in Christian man at the head of each province. When Yuan education. More than one hundred thousand was safely entrenched, he announced that China young people in Christian schools are being pre- was no longer a republic but a monarchy and that pared for Christian citizenship tomorrow. That he was the monarch. In four years (1916) Yuan is a sight worth seeing! died and China was split by internecine war. Hundreds of Christian Chinese men and women More than a half dozen of the Provincial lead- are in evangelistic work. Disappointed, broken- ers, whom Yuan had appointed, started to march hearted China now hears the Good News of re- to Peking, each with his army, to become emperor. demption more eagerly than ever before. How a warfare of this sort could go on for ten years without any real central government is Christian missions have been one of the great- more than we Westerners can understand. est factors in awakening China. They will be one of the mightiest in helping in the remaking of Next Chiang Kai-shek, sometimes called "the China. The highly cultured missionaries are re- Moses of Modern China," organized his army and ligious leaders who are giving their lives for the government in Canton. He made a reasonable betterment of China. and righteous platform and started his triumphal march northward. The story of his efforts to get If you come with me to China now you cannot recognition of his government in transit from the refrain from asking what the final outcome will nations, how all except Russia told him they would be. It would be a bold man or a foolish man who .discuss it with him when he reached Peking; would make any dogmatic prophecies. We may be how Russia recognized the moving government sure of only one thing. In the end the Chinese and ingratiated herself into it and came near cap- will do the sane thing. A typical Chinese is one turing it-all this is known. of the most patient, persistent and invincible char- acters on earth. His power of analysis and ability In the old regime of literary examinations for to see through the unanalyzable is amazing. Out governmental jobs, the literary men wrote only in of all this chaos some day will come order. China the Wenli, a language never spoken. Now all this cannot be conquered. She is not a great military is changing and modern subjects have been put power and should never try to be such, but she into the curricula of the modern schools and col- has a strange power to take into her capacious leges. The literary and educational revolution is maw her conquerors and to assimilate and ab- now on in China. Never was there in all history sorb them. China will continue to remain on the a people in the agonies incident to such a plethora scene. of simultaneous revolutions. Do not be alarmed, surprised or discouraged if China, in the white- If you go with me to China, and stay there for heat incident to these revolutions and under such the next half century, you will be on that part of an emotional strain such as was never felt by the globe where the most interesting events will any other people, should do something harsh or take place.

Despite the obstacles confronting the onward sweep of Christianity, the future is full of promise. More people are inquiring about Jesus Christ today than at any other period in the world's history. There is a more profound searching after Christian principles than ever before. Today ten million pairs of eyes in Asia are looking to Christ for direction and leadership. These people may not have gone the whole way with their wills but they are discussing the implications of the Christian position. Years ago in Asia one could hear frequent hisses when the name of Christ was mentioned. That does not happen today. The con- science of Asia is shaking as never before, due chiefly to the influence of Christ. It is not to be inferred that the non-Christian movements have lost their force, but is Christ exerting a spiritual energy in the lives of millions of people in non-Christian lands that augurs well for the progress of the Kingdom of God upon earth. JOHN R. MOTT.

Achievements of the

By PROF. KENNETH SCOTT LATOURETTE J!: ..

New Haven Professor of Missions and Oriental History, Yale University CAN any achievement worthy of the name be common body of literature and philosophy. expected of the Chinese? To those who Through the education, which was the necessary know only the past few sorrowful years it preparation for the examinations, officialdom was may seem that the race is incompetent and that indoctrinated with high ethical standards and from them neither a stable government nor a high with the principle that government should be by civilization can again be anticipated. Such an the moral example of the rulers rather than by opinion, however, is based on very shortsighted force and should be for the welfare of the gov- and very imperfect knowledge. erned. Through this educa- Judged by their past the Chi- tional system, moreover, the nese are among the ablest of China is not by any means in- nation was provided with com- peoples. There is no proof debted to Europe and America mon ideals. The unity which that their genius has vanished for all of her culture and her was induced was as much cul- and there is every reason to progress. In government, in tural as political. The area hope that, given time and the literature, in ethics, in inve'll- administered varied greatly in right kind of assistance from tions and art, the Chinese size. During more than half the West, including especially have their own remarkable of the two millenniums it was at the contributions which the echnat rfarcotmeritshtiec Wcuelsttu, raen, ddiffrfoemr- least as large as is all Western Christian Gospel can make, w;hich we may learn much. Europe and during some of the they will again produce a rich Prof. Latourette clearly shows time it was much larger. There culture. the peculiar genius of the were m'any centuries when One of the most remarkable Chinese, as revealed in their China was the most prosperous achievements of the Chinese achievements. country on the globe.

has been in the realm of gov- It is well known that the Chi- ernment. To those who know nese invented paper and that only present-day chaos this may seem a startling our modern use of paper in the West was derived statement. Yet as recently as the eighteenth cen,.. originally from them. It is also a familiar fact tury, when our own United States was winning that the Chinese developed printing several centu- its independence, China was undoubtedly one of ries before it was known in the Occident. It is the best governed and very possibly the most not always realized, however, that extraordinarily prosperous of the lands of the earth. Moreover, beautiful examples of the printer's art were up- it is no exaggeration to say that judged by the pearing in China nearly a thousand years ago and immense area it administered, the length of time that as recently as two hundred years ago prob- it endured, and the number of people whom it con- ably more books were printed in China than in all trolled, the Chinese form of government, which the rest of the world. Nor is the high quality of disappeared with the advent of the Republic in much of the literature so reproduced usually ap- 1911-1912, was one of the outstanding political preciated in the West. In the best of its poetry achievements of human history. and its prose, Chinese literature stands compari- About two thousand years ago the Chinese pro- son, for beauty of style and felicity of diction, duced an imperial structure which, with modifica- with the best that the human race has produced.

tions, lasted until 1912. At its head was an China, too, possesses an enormous body of his- hereditary emperor, ruling through a bureaucra- torical works. Some of these, like the famous se- cy which, in theory, was made up of the most in- ries, usually called the dynastic histories, en- telligent and best educated men of his realm. They deavor to cover practically the entire course of the were recruited by means of keenly competitive country's development. Others treat only particu- civil service examinations which were based on a lar periods. There are hundreds of histories of [527]

individual communities-gazetteers as they are background. Moreover, while it is still a force sometimes denominated. No other people has to be reckoned with, for a thousand years or more preserved such full records of its past. Buddhism in China has been slowly declining.

The Chinese have also been given to the compi- The ethical standards advocated by Confucian- lation of what Westerners rather loosely call ency- ism and Buddhism are, when judged by Christian clopaedias. These are made up, not of articles criteria, admirable. In some respects they seem written especially for them, but of excerpts from to the Christian to be inferior to those of the New existing books. Some of the "encyclopaedias" Testament, but in many respects they are very seek to cover the entire range of knowledge and similar.

others only segments of it. Among them are In their economic life, also, the Chinese have works which comprise hundreds of volumes. been remarkably successful. They have had the No people has honored scholarship and the advantage of living in a land in which there is scholar more than have the Chinese. In a cer- much fertile soil and where the flora is as varied tain sense the Chinese have been a people gov- and rich as in any part of the earth. They have erned by philosophers. It is not surprising, then, been blessed, on the whole, with a climate favor- that a considerable section of their literature has able to agriculture and they have made remark- been made up of works on philosophy and that ably efficient use of the gifts of nature. In agri- philosophy must be reckoned as one of their major culture they have long used methods which are achievements. The first great creative era of the admiration of modern experts from the West; Chinese thought was in the six centuries immedi- in trade and industry they have managed to meet ately preceding the Christian era. The problem most of the basic needs of the largest fairly homo- which then was the chief concern of most of geneous group of mankind.

China's thinkers was the construction of an ideal Connoisseurs of the West are increasingly ap- human society and the salvation of the nation preciative of Chinese art. Chinese architecture, from the civil strife which was torturing the com- painting, and ceramics call forth their ungrudging mon people. One of the resulting philosophic admiration. Silk we owe to the Chinese, and por- schools, Taoism, advocated a minimum of govern- celain. English gardens are said to be in their ment and of economic organization. It may be debt. Most of Japanese and Korean art, before described roughly, but not altogether accurately, the nineteenth century, was copied or adapted as a "back to nature" movement. Another, that from Chinese models.

of Mo Ti, based its theories on the conviction that The question inevitably arises whether the God loves all men and that men, therefore, ought Chinese have lost the ability which brought this to love each other. Accordingly it condemned ag- great civilization into existence. Has creative gressive war and denounced what it considered vigor, for some mysterious reason, departed from to be socially wasteful expenditures, such as those them? If it has not, why the present chaos?

for funerals. Still another, that of the LegaliBts, These are queries to which for the moment only anticipated in some respects the theories of the partial and tentative answers can be given. It is state socialists of the modern West. Indeed, some clear that the present disorder is due largely to of the suggestions of the members of this school the irruption of Western civilization into China.

might almost have been clipped from a newspaper The culture of the Occident is in many respects of 1932. The school which finally, but in a modi- so much the opposite of that of the Chinese, and fied form, became the basis on which the Chinese is so aggressive, that China, after years of at- Empire was to be built for two thousand years tempted resistance, has collapsed before it. Some was that of Confucius. This school advocated the of us are confident that the Chinese still possess regulation of society by the correct performance not only vitality but ability. We base that convic- of the traditional ceremonies of religion, the tion upon the qualities of scores of individuals state, and the family, and the maintenance of whom it has been our privilege to know. We be- high ethical st&ndards, and would have this done lieve that eventually the nation will emerge from by bringing into the service of the state, as its its present age of sorrow and will build a new administrators, the men of the realm who culture. Some of us are profoundly committed to were the most learned and of the highest char- Christian missions in China because we believe acter. that, if we are true to our Message, the days of In later centuries Buddhism was introduced and China's anguish will be shortened, that the new had a profound influence upon China in popular culture, if and when it appears, will be richer, and beliefs, in religious practices, in philosophY, and that in the meantime, as always, every individual in art and literature. In time, however, the Chi- Chinese who hears and accepts it will find the nese altered it very considerably, making it their Gospel of Christ to be indeed the power of God ownahd rethinking it in tertns of their cultural unto salvation.

A BUDDHIST TEMPLE OF FIVE HUNDRED IMAGES, WORSHIPED IN

When China Worships Today .. :{ By PROF. J. L. STEWART, D. D., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Author of "Gods of Wealth and War", "Chinese Culture and Christianity", Etc.

FEW words in great China's speech are more our occidental way, but each placing his own ex- confusing in their connotation or have caused tended hands together, then slowly raising and more decisive controversy among Western lowering them, as they faced each other. The workers than the common one usually written in word seems to signify salutation. That is one of Western script as pai, and pronounced practically its common uses, for your friend at meeting asas our small monosyllable "by." It is the word sures you that he is coming to pai soon, meaning which we most frequently translate as "worship." that he is about to call on you and present his compliments with a bow. If the day should chance The ideograph, or picture character for this to be a holiday, he proclaims at meeting that he word, represents two hands placed side by side. is proceeding to pai you right there and, though That suggests the old style of salutation, where the street may be full of people he performs the two friends greeted, not by grasping hands as in [529]

ceremony by swinging his clasped hands before Observe them in the process and then by reflec- his smiling face. Such ceremonies are chiefly tion let us form our conclusions.

salutation. *** In the old Imperial days, before the Republic, Here is a small way-side shrine, not much your guest on a feast day not alone saluted with larger than an ordinary dog kennel. We pass his hands but wished to kneel, or kow-tow before scores upon the winding roads. Some have been you. People did the same when they "worshiped" almost destroyed by time and neglect. This one is their teacher, the official, the Emperor, Buddha, in better condition. The roof is covered carefully Laotze and idols, heaven and earth at a wedding, with tiles like a miniature temple; the plastered their ancestors at the grave and before the an- sides are whole; a palisaded wooden grating in cestral tablet in the guest room or ancestral hall. front protects the gods within; a bit of red bunt- This seems to imply that at times the word in- ing hung thereon shows that someone holds all in cludes the idea of prostration as well as saluta- recent memory. Let us stoop down and look with- tion. in. We see a couple of small, rather roughly made Does it also include the idea of prayer, the pre- idols. One is evidently intended to represent an senting of a plea before a higher power? If so, it elderly Chinese gentleman, with long grey beard, would seem to take on a religious meaning. That flowing robes and the black half-brimmed hat of has formed part of the "burning question" re- the scholar of long ago. Beside him is a female garding ancestor worship which raged among figure, presumably his spouse, also robed and coif- Protestant missionaries during the latter part of fured in ancient style. Both, in so far as the un- last century. Even Sinologues could not agree skilled workman could convey his meaning, appear and conventions, communities and churches were aged, serious and benign.

greatly disturbed by the controversy. As we wait a worshiper comes along the path In the early days of the seventeen hundreds, and pauses before the shrine. From a small bas- the Roman Catholic workers in China were even ket he produces a couple of candles and three more rent asunder by the question. The Jesuit sticks of incense. Bending over he inserts the order, which ,had gained great prestige in court latter before the gods and arranges the former circles at Peking, argued eagerly that "worship" one;upon each side. Then, with a bit of rolled of ancestors was simply a form of respect paid to paper spill which has been smoldering since he the departed. Other orders of the church, how- left his home and which he now flicks into flame, ever, such as the Franciscans and Dominicans, he carefully lights all five. Some "cash" paper argued quite as earnestly that to pai an ancestor brought from the basket is also set ablaze and implied prayer for aid and other religious ideas thrust through the grating.

that went much deeper than simple respect. The The preliminaries thus completed, the man pre- Holy See decided against the Jesuits and their pares himself for worship. His wide straw or more latitudinarian interpretation. It was a mo- bamboo hat is laid aside. His queue, if he still mentous decision, for the great Manchu Emperor wears one, is carefully unrolled from the top of of the day, Kang-hsi, hitherto favorable to Chris- his head and straightened down his back. His tianity, held with the Jesuits, and when he found wide sleeves which have been turned up while at his authority seemingly flouted replied by driving work are turned down so as to cover his hands.

Christians from his domains in 1724. Then, with eyes reverently fixed upon the images Thus the interpretation of this seemingly within, he raises and lowers both hands in re- simple Chinese word has had wide historical re- spectful salutation, drops slowly upon his knees, actions. In our day Chinese Christian scholars bends repeatedly forward until he has thrice three have largely decided the issue. Though there are times touched the earth with his forehead. He a few who consider that to pai an ancestor is only pauses a moment, rises not ungracefully, his eyes an act of reverence, yet the majority are agreed still upon his gods, makes a slow parting bow and that in the minds of the multitude the ancestor is prepares to move away. He has apparently ut- thought of as a spiritual force, able to make or tered not a word.

mar the destiny of his descendants and so they Evidently our presence has in no way embar- pray before their tablet as to a god or gods. rassed him. As he picks up his basket prepara- Christians consequently do not "worship" ances- tory to moving away, we venture to accost him tors today. . with the usual polite preliminaries. He responds Ancestors are but one of many objects of wor- readily to our inquiries as to his "honorable ship by the people of China. Who are the spirits name," "exalted age," etc., and inquires ours in or gods whom the people usually worship? What return.

are the expectations of the worshipers? With "Who are these 7" we venture, indicating the what ceremonies and attitudes do they proceed? images.

WHEN CHINA WORSHIPS TODAY

"Local-god saviors," he responds readily. many a Chinese historical or mythical character: "What do they save? What do they do?" Laotze himself, the "old son," with his unusually "They govern the fields round about." high, wrinkled forehead and hoary hair; the "And your fields are suffering?" we suggest, "'''estern Mother," who resides so royally in the glancing that way. far away Kwenlen ranges; the God of Wealth, the "Somewhat," he answers. "Somewhat," and God of War, the Eight Genii, etc. This partic- also looks about. ular temple is dedicated to the "Two Nobles," one "But you did not tell the gods about it. You Lee-pin who two centuries before the Christian said nothing when you worshiped them just now." era commenced an irrigation system which has He makes no answer, but looks more than a bit greatly enriched a province and his father who mystified. according to Chinese custom is to be equally hon- A more intimate knowledge of the situation, ored for having borne so great a son.

. gained from contacts with many such peasant Just across the gorge is a big Buddhist struc- folk, reveals that in the main worship of this type is a matter of custom. These lo- cal gods are believed in someway to con t r 0 I the crops. It is well to worship them to gain their good will.

The proper way, everyone knows, is with candles, in- cense sticks, and cash paper, salutations, prostrations and reverential deportment. This done they reward you with a good harvest. The ceremony itself is largely sufficient. It is not essential that you make oral petition, or even make sure that such thoughts are present in your heart. The y understand.

Why else would you be wor- shiping them?

Such is the type of wor- ship at many a local shrine whether of tutellary deities, imaginary "generals" who A CHINESE FAMILY WORSHlpING BEFORE AN ANCESTRAL TABLET guard the road, "swallowing spirits" who ward off demons, or cow kings" ture. Though outwardly and inwardly much alike who look after the welfare of the cattle and other in architecture, they differ religiously in many stock. There are no priests to officiate, no preach- ways. In this latter cult, originating in India, the ing, praise or open prayer, no coming for united images are naturally largely of that land. They ceremony, unless it may be to celebrate the god's include the Buddha, seated serenely upon his lotus day of birth. The worship is almost wholly in- throne. As he explains the law not to man alone, dividualistic, ceremonial, a matter of custom and but to the whole universe, human and animal, de- tradition. Yet almost all of the countryside ob- mon and divine, his disciples listen attentively at serve it at times. It is doubtless a primitive his side; later mythical Boddisats, that is "world animism down to date. saviors," such as the Goddess of Mercy, the God *** of Wealth, the "Laughing" Buddha were placed More elaborate forms of worship are seen in in the side courts.

the Taoist and Buddhist temples. Let us visit Priests of the two sects are readily distin- these. Here is one of the finest of the former guished, the Taoist wearing the high knotted hair sect. It runs with many a curve-cornered roof and the small surrounding skull cap of ancient and main and side courts, most picturesquely up scholars, while the Buddhist bonze is close the side of the mountain. Taoism is a sect of cropped and has the nine signs burned deep upon Chinese origin. Within the walls are images of his crown. The liturgy also differs, the Buddhists

being lavishly supplied with sutras, etc., from will be roasted later and the meat distributed their land of origin, while the .Taoist books are among the eminent. What will it all mean to the much more meager and of native source. participant? This chiefly, that he has again hon- Though the differences are wide the similarities ored his country's "uncrowned king" by a great are also striking for the Taoist has borrowed feast and ceremony, and that the Sage must as- widely from his ancient rival. This is especially suredly send some favor his way. Would not even true when it comes to worship. If the occasion is an ordinary host do so?

the birthday of some chief deity, the crowds gath- *** er indiscriminately in either type of temple. Then the rumble of drum, the shrill blast of horns and In Mohammedan mosques still other Chinese pipes, the wild vibrations of big gongs fill the air gather. These come in groups, and may be seen while from the wide platform opposite the main at regular intervals of a few hours, but more nuidols a great theatrical is presented to the gods merously toward evening. Each must first make in particular and to the people incidentally. Thus himself (there are no women present) ceremonithe gods are presumably highly honored and peo- ally clean by washing in an adjoining building. ple and priests are temporarily pleased and doubt- At the appointed time all enter the gratifyingly less are much prospered for their entertainment. clean hall of worship, stand in rows along strips How could the gods but hear, see and be benevo- of straw matting and face toward Mecca. The local leader, the A-hung, takes his place in front lent! and all follow him in responses when in prayer, On ordinary days the foot-weary worshiper in repetitions when voicing sacred texts, in kneel- ings and prostrations when showing submission. winds his way up the long road to either centre, There are no images, no cash paper, candles or stops at each glaring guard and giant god to burn incense, but neither is there usually found praise his incense and candles, then raises his hands in or preaching. Each set hour finds its set routine salutation. Arrived in the main hall, he usually finds a priest ready to sound a bell, or drum, or or ritual. gong, to call the attention of the deity. Then the worshiper presents his offerings, burns his cash *** paper and prostrates himself nine times in peti- There are many modes of worship in many tion. One rarely hears uttered prayer, but a places, yet China's most sacred spot would seem glance at anxious faces tells frequently that rev- to be none of these. That is reserved for the fam- erence and hope lie deep within. Then the many ily altar, or ancestral hall. There are found the side courts and their images must be visited and tablets to departed parents and relatives, the an- worshiped. Who knows which of the many hun- cestors of the clan. Many of these are also en- dreds of gods may be the one to really attend and shrined vividly in the memories of the living.

have compassion. They but a few years ago were men and women *** who held chief authority in the family, and are A visit to a Confucian temple finds worship readily held as still possessing great power over more rarely conducted. One can usually by a side their descendants, even though they are now in- gate gain entrance to its commodious grounds and visible inhabitants of the land of darkness.

wander about its courts almost any day and be Though dead they still are considered as needing absolutely alone. Possibly an old gate-keeper fol- many things to be supplied from this land of lows at a distance to note that no depredation light. They need food, clothing, servants, shelter, is done. Here are no idols, only tablets in black money gifts of various sorts and especially obedi- and gold to recall the name and "spirit throne" ence and honor.

of the great Sage and many of his eminent disci- Each soul has, at death, in some mysterious ples. This silence is broken but once or twice a way become th~ee. One has gone to its reward year and that deep in the night when a viceroy in in the future wbrld by way of the City God Tem- olden days, or a governor today, with all attend- ple. A second dwells in the body in the grave.

ant high estate and scholars of standing, comes to The third now resides in the tablet in the guest· offer the great sacrifice. room or hall. Each must be worshiped appropri- There is much music upon ancient instruments, ately. This is done not alone by ordinary candle posturing and prostrations before the tablets and and incense, but by elaborate ceremonies at death calls of procedure and precedence from a director and regularly afterwards with bowls of food and of ceremonies, but the heart of the worship would drink, lavish wealth in gold and silver imitation appear to be a great feast in honor of the de- sycee, also regular supplies of paper-made money, parted worthies. Bullocks, sheep, goats, hogs gowns and homes, horses and boats, and even to- have been slain and their carcasses are to be seen day autos and the best of radio sets. The eldest resting upon big frames before the tablets. They male representative is usually delegated to such

duties, but at the graves and other important oc- classes for sacred sutras,.in temple and mosque, casions all participate. but nowhere now-a-days does one find the mes- senger burning with his message of the way of *** life, temporal and eternal. Prayer there is in abundance, as we have seen, but though at times It is sometimes said that the Chinese as a race it dwells doubtless sincerely in the hearts of worare not religious. It may be true that they are not shipers, yet it is but rarely that it ever finds utemotionally and mystically so deeply as are cer- terance and is too frequently an apparently pertain others, but the above examples, and many functory performance. Ceremonies also, though more smaller sects that might be reviewed are occasionally graceful, dignified and showing signs assuredly ample proof that this factor of life is of a probable past purpose, seem often today to not omitted. The truth is they have many reli- lack both significance and sincerity, mere forms gions. In their long history they have been which custom has continued and from which the brought into contact with almost all of the world's soul has long since departed. The worshiper great efforts in seeking the secrets of life. Almost moves mechanically, the priests drone more than all have made in some part their appeal and have half drowsily, the visitors to the place saunter still their followers. Indeed, it may be said in about and talk and barter and banter, as though truth there is almost none of her great fourth of a temple were not a "place of prayer" and worthe human family that does not worship some- ship but a public street or mart. how, sometime. Even the occasional sceptic bends sufficiently to family and social pressure to follow Here and there, over the great land, other the ceremonials of the ancestral cult and probably groups are gathering in ever growing strength the Buddhist and Taoist ceremonies at funerals. and depth of spiritual insight. They form the Christian Church. As such they have indeed a Yet though there is much worship in many mighty mission, for to them is given, not alone to forms, and though its long continuance and wide share a more valid vision of God and a more distribution show the same need in the hearts of worthy way of living, as revealed in Christ, but Chinese as in those of other countries for help through them is coming a new and vitalizing rethat is super-human, still there seems for the soul lationship in worship. For with Christians, worof the Christian much to be supplied. This begins ship is at its heart not alone praise and prayer with the very basis of religious life, an imperfect and prophesying, essential though these may be, view of the source of all aid, an impure vision of but is basically the bringing of the whole man into that all-embracing Power who is Creator, Com- the very presence of his Maker, so that he may go forter, Guide and Goal, the God and Father of all forth into life, with heart and head and hands remankind. directed, rededicated, re-empowered to live the God-life among his fellows. Assuredly the Christ Lacking this basic experience one finds in their is China's need! worship no great outbursts of spontaneous gratitude, no paeans of heart-felt and heart-filled For "there is no other Name under heaven given praise, no swelling organs with choirs and psalms among men, whereby we must be saved." All and hymns. Nor is there great public preaching. other ways and their worship are, at best, but There have been schools where the tenets of Con- sign-posts pointing to Him. fucius have been most carefully taught, and God Revealed in Human Flesh Today "I have never seen Jesus, but I have seen Dr. Shepard," was the remark of a poor Arme- nian, who had seen the Christ-like service of that great medical missionary to the Near East.

This utterance expresses one great Christian truth: Christ continues to reveal God through the lives of his followers.

A missionary in China once told the story of Jesus for the first time to a group of peo- ple in an inland town. When he had finished someone said: "Ah, yes, we knew Him; He used to live here."

Somewhat surprised, the missionary said, "No, He lived centuries ago in another land."

The man still insisted that he had seen Jesus, saying, "Not so, He lived in this village, and we knew Him." Whereupon the crowd conducted the missionary to the village cemetery and showed him the grave of a medical missionary who had lived, served, healed and died in that community.

Christ's spirit taketh breath again Each changing age beholds afresh Within the lives of holy men. Its word of God in human flesh.

A Chinese VieV-The Christian

I~T By PROFESSOR P. C. HSU, Peiping, China I]1: •.

'."1.1. Acting Dean, School of Religion, Yenching University ,~~~~~========~~~========~==~~ I N order successfully to present the Christian of tolerance on the part of China's religionists. Gospel to China it is first of all necessary to For centuries the three religions of China have define its relationship to China's spiritual her- been living at peace under the same roof and re- itage and her present day aspirations. ligious wars have never occurred throughout Chi- Confucia,nism, Taoism and Buddhism are the nese history. It is not rare for the members of three religions that have dominated the intellec- the same family to espouse th~se religions at the tual and spiritual world of China. Confucianism same time. This spirit of tolerance, praiseworthy is humanistic; Taoism is nat- as it is, may, nevertheless, tend uralistic and Mahayana Bud- -~~:> ~~ to lesson one's religious convic- dhism is atheistic. In none of ~ s'~-2&> ~ <~ = tions and zeal. Can Christianthese religions is there a dis- L -~:::)__ – ity enable man to combine to1- tinct conception of God; nor is eration with conviction?

there a conscious sense of sin. Nationalism and communism The first question, therefore, are the two political and eco- for every Christian, whether nomic forces contending for su- missionary or Chinese, paid premacy in China. The former worker or layman, to ask is, is the direct result due to the "How can Christianity success- impact of the West. Under the fully create a feeling of reality leadership of Dr. Sun Yat Sen, concerning God and human sin- who started the Nationalist fulness on the part of the Chi- revolution forty years ago, nese whose spiritual heritage is China is gradually achieving a almost devoid of such a con- national consciousness. Old loy- sciousness? alties, based on the family and The Chinese viewpoint, as —=='';::,..:– the person of the emperor, are taught by the s e religions, giving way to new ones based CHIN~~DD:to'i:~~i ~iR;WJs WISE though not theistic, is, however, on national solidarity. Because not unspiritual. According to it there is a real of Christianity's association with Western nations community of spirit between man and the uni- it naturally does not escape the somewhat hostile verse. The typical Chinese philosophy can best be attitude of the Nationalists. The cry against "tol- characterized as "ethical realism." By this is eration clauses," and the insistence upon govern- meant that the universe and life are both real, ment registration and control of Christian educa- that they are both good and that the sage is the tional institutions now, and probably of churches one who embodies and exemplifies cosmic and ethi- and other Christian organizations in the future, cal virtues. Though this cannot be said to be are indicative of such attitudes. Though most characteristic of Buddhism, yet to a considerable Christians would probably sympathize with most extent Buddhism was affected by this spirit of Nationalistic aspirations, and would even be will- ethical realism. This view of the universe and ing to support them, the question must be asked: life should at once serve as a challenge and an en- "How can the Nationalistic movement be so guid- couragement to Christianity: a challenge because ed that eventually it will contribute to the welfare it is not fully theistic-an encouragement because of the whole world?" Between nationalism and it is not materialistic and sordid. In other words, imperialism there is only a thin partition, as his- the question should be asked: "How can ethical tory has clearly shown. How to avoid the pitfalls and religious values be fully synthesized ?" of narrow nationalism and how to lead it on to the One further factor to bear in mind is the spirit road of broad and effective internationalism is a [534] question that must concern every Christian states- Chinese. It has not been fully naturalized, as is man. clearly shown by the anti-Christian movement.

The communistic menace in China is certainly The awareness of this fact on the part of Chi- very real. In less than ten years the communistic nese Christians, together with the policy of re- movement has successfully intrenched itself in trenchment on the part of foreign mission boards certain parts of central China. Its clear-cut pro- necessitated by post war economical and religious gram for social and economic revolution, and its conditions in the West, has served as a stimulus somewhat over-simplified, apparently materialis- giving rise to a new church consciousness. The tic but really idealistic, social philosophy, make a last two decades have witnessed the rise of inde- strong appeal, especially to the student class. At pendent Chinese churches throughout the land, the same time it does not hesitate to employ the self-supporting, self-governing and self-propagat- methods of class hatred and warfare. Can the ing; the formation of the Continuation Commit- Christian movement in China help the National- tee, which is now the National Christian Council, ists to carry out their program for bettering and other co-relating agencies; the founding of "people's livelihood" and avoid the unnecessary the Chinese Home Missionary Society with sta- wastefulness and cruelty inherent in the commun- tions in Yunnan, Heilunkiang and Mongolia; the ist program? In other words, the Christian emergence of the Church of Christ in China, Movement must face the question as to whether which is a movement for organic unity claimihg it is able to give adequate spiritual guidance and a membership of almost one third the total Prot- dynamic to the Chinese nation when it 'is facing estant population; and the launching of the Five problems determining its destiny. Year Movement which aims at the numerical in- The much talked about anti-Christian move- crease of the number of Christians and the deep- ment can be summed up in a few words. Roughly 'ening of their spiritual life. There is thus a grow- speaking, there are three distinct groups. We ing consciousness for an "indigenous church"

have already seen the reasons why some National- which was defined by the China delegation to the ists are opposed to Christianity. The communists Jerusalem Conference as "one that is more adapt- are anti-Christian, partly because, starting from ed to the religious needs of the Chinese people, their materialistic presuppositions, they are in- more congenial to Chinese life and culture and evitably opposed to religion in all forms, and more effective in arousing in the Chinese Chris- partly because they regard Christianity as a most tians a sense of responsibility."

potent foe to the proletariat. In addition, there The Chinese Christian leaders do not see any in- is a third group, namely, the rationalists. They compatibility between this rising church con- regard religion as something outgrown, and an sciousness and the presence of foreign mission- impeding force to human progress. Members of aries. They realize that the Christian task should this last group lay great emphasis upon modern more and more be conceived in terms of give and science and democracy but they refuse to admit take, and that Christianity must remain interna- any connection between these on the one hand and tional in character. What they do insist on is the Christianity on the other. So the question here is, qualities needed in the missionaries. Thus the "How can such a connection be actually demon- China delegation to Jerusalem said in its report: strated both in history and in the contemporary The missionaries should have Christian character and life of Christian nations and individuals?" faith, a spirit of toleration of other religious faiths; in- It is a familiar fact to students of Christian ternational and inter-racial fellowship; a desire for Chrismissions that Christianity entered China at four tian unity; a wiIlingness to work under Chinese direction, different periods: the Nestorians in the 7th cen- if necessary, and a passion for personal friendship. The tury, the Franciscans in the 13th, the Jesuits to- missionaries should have in addition to general education special education for specific work, previous experience; ward the end of the 16th and the Protestants at , knowledge of the Chinese language; understanding of the the beginning of the 19th. Though the Nestorians purpose of the Christian movement in China and a knowl- edge of Chinese culture and of Chinese contemporary and the Franciscans left few traces of their work, problems.

it is generally conceded that the Roman Catholics and especially the Protestants, have achieved re- This growing church consciousness, however, is markable results in the fields of evangelism, edu- only a means to an end. The supreme task of the cation, philanthropy and medicine. Many mis- Christian movement is to radiate the life and sionaries, both Roman Catholic and Protestant, spirit of Jesus Christ and to make it prevail in the exemplified a spirit of self-sacrifice and devotion, life of man. For this reason nothing can be more and in a real sense, may be regarded as pioneers important than for the participants in the Chris- of modern China. In spite of this, however, it tian movement to acquire a first hand religious must also be. admitted that Christianity is still experience and appreciation of the life, the teach- looked upon as a foreign religion by an average ings and spirit of Jesus Christ, for without this

there can be no adequate and efficacious program story, and that picture–what can be more artistic for personal, religious and social reconstruction. and more sacred? Because Jesus can move others We must let Jesus Christ make His own impres- so deeply, He is fit to be the great master of mansion upon the lives of men and we are confident kind." that such impression is now being made, even upon the non-Christians. Anyone who reads the In his article entitled, "Christianity and the following testimonies-the first by a non-Chris- Chinese People," Chen Tu-hsiu said in part: "I tian Nationalist and the last by one who is now a wish that the spirit of love and the self-sacrifice communist-cannot doubt the truth of this state- of Jesus could be injected into the blood of the ment. Says the Nationalist, Tien Han: Chinese race who are suffering from spiritual apathy and inaction." "Whenever I feel weak and incapable of any artistic production, whenever I fall into quarrel with At the same time it is our duty as Christians Qthers, and whenever I lack inward peace and be- to reflect in our lives and through our deeds the ~ome sleepless, I usually surround myself with the spiritual power and the glory of Jesus so as to poems and novels of Hugo, Tolstoy and Goethe, make it available to other people. This neceswith the musical compositions of Beethoven· and sarily implies truly Christian personal living, Wagner, with the sculptures of Rodin and with group action, and adequate ways and means for th~ paintings of Millet. But all these objects implanting Christian ideals and idealism in the which surround me seem to launch a united attack life of man and in the social order. upon me, and consequently they give me no peace. But curiously enough at such times, if I reflect on Some of the problems we have raised may seem the 'unspeakable' attitude of Jesus, peace grad- to be too difficult and even out of place, but it is ually dawns on me. I recall the Bible story of a the writer's conviction that these problems must sinful woman, who, upon learning that Jesus was be courageously and persistently faced by all sitting at the dinner table in a pharisee's house, Christians. One great comforting thought is that brought an alabaster cruse of ointment, and stand- we Christians have an unlimited and inexhausting behind sat at his feet, and anointed them with ible spiritual resource to draw upon, for the inthe ointment. That woman, that Jesus, that dwelling Spirit of God is unceasingly at work and is only waiting for our cooperation.

What Jesus Christ Does for Me* He shows me the possibility and duty of a man as to character and service.

In the effort to attain this for myself, He does for me what I know I cannot do for my- self, and what I have never found any friend, however dear, able to do for me.

He gives me a clearer moral vision and the courage to try to live by that vision.

He gives me the desire to work in the world as intensely as He worked.

He kindles me, when I grow sluggish or indifferent, to a positive and aggressive antagon- ism to evil within and without.

He gives me confidence in the truth and so helps me to rest, no matter what happens in the world, because I know that God and the truth must prevail.

He gives me grace and strength to try, at least, things that I know are impossible, and to attempt, first of all, the things that are hardest to be done.

He helps me to keep on when I have to, even though I know I cannot.

He helps me to keep the central things clear and not to be fogged and broken down by the accessories and secondary things.

He gives me a new and inward living principle.

He reveals my difference from the God I see in Him, as sin; and forgives it and deals with it and all that it involves by His Cross.

Lastly, I believe that He is Himself the principle of Life and that there is another per- sonality that would not be there if it had not been for Him and if it were not for Him today.

ROBERT E. SPEER.

* From an address before an interdenominational gathering in Chicago.

Ne-w Horizons for Chinese

..:{ By KATHARINE R. GREEN, Amoy, China I!:"

Missionary of the Reformed Church in America ACCORDING to tradition, a Chinese woman the household drudge, the mother of many chil- ..£l.. never escaped from her subjection to man. dren. . Before marriage, the girl must be obedient The Revolution of 1911 began a new era for the to her father, after marriage her husband ruled women of China. This was shown in the subse- her;, and, when she became a widow, she must be quent interest taken in the education of the girls.

guided by her eldest son. As a matter of fact, Before that time there were scarcely any schools even in the old days, a woman's position in the for girls except those established by the missions.

family improved the moment she became the After the Revolution there sprang up many mother of a son; and when she herself became schools, both public and private, and to these a mother-in-Iaw-if her own mother-in-law were schools flocked the girls. The number who could dead-she assumed a position of authority in the enter these schools was very small compared with family. Indeed, the mother of sons usually ruled those who were still outside, but the attitude of the family with but little interference from her the people towards education for girls was husband and less from her sons. changed. Today a girl who is deprived of an edu- Still China has always been a land of para- cation feels herself abused or at least unfortu- doxes. The Empress Dowager was seated on the nate.

Dragon Throne; a thousand mothers-in-law in Before the Great Revolution there were a num- their own homes achieved positions of dignified ber of Chinese women who had, because of their authority, but at the same time thousands of native ability, their winning personalities and the girls were annually sold into domestic slavery. opportunities for development given them by the These unfortunates became servants or concubines and were -literally without pow- er over even their own bodies.

In "old" China, the posi- tion of the wife (there were no "old maids") was well recognized and dignified.

She could not, with impu- nity, be grossly mistreated by either her husband or his family, for her father and brothers would not allow their clan to be so humili- ated. Knowing this, a fam- ily would hesitate to give the daughter-in-law within its walls great cause for com- plaint. THREE GENERATIONS IN A CHINESE CHRISTIAN FAMILY Under the old regime the position of woman was by no means debased, but mission schools, risen to positions of importance it was one of very limited scope. The individual and great usefulness. Such a woman is Dr. Mary was allowed little opportunity for self-expression Stone. In the different great centers of China, not and youth was repressed until the girls were often a few of these outstanding women are now well so timid that they were afraid to dream of any- past middle life. They do not belong to the old thing different from the usual career of woman, regime, but are rather harbingers of the new day.

[ 537]

For the most part, these women received the Y. W. C. A. is attempting to help these working best which the mission schools could offer, but, women of the more ignorant class and is offering in those days, there were no high schools and col- them opportunities which they have never before leges for women in China. In these women was had.

lighted a flame of Christian idealism, and as they Chinese women have not only joined the ranks saw the great opportunities for serving their of the employed, but some have gone into busi- more ignorant sisters their light burned stead- ness for themselves. The February number of fastly with a warm ardor as they taught the The Chinese Recorder tells the fascinating story young, tended the sick and preached in the homes of how Miss Tang Ping-yu of Chang-sha became the Word of Life. Without these truly great a business woman. Nine or ten years ago she Christian women a new day for Chinese women was moved with pity for some destitute women could scarcely have dawned. The influence of who came to her for charity and determined to their lives and labors is beyond estimate. provide work for them by which they might earn Today in China we see women occupying every their daily rice. Miss Tang has now more than sort of position of responsibility. They are ex- 130 women working for her and has on sale vari- cluded from no field of activity to which they may ous kinds of embroidery, woven cloth, dyed goods aspire. and rugs. She is a Christian and is extremely They are teaching school-from kindergarten interested in providing for the social needs of her to college. They are holding executive posts as workers. She has regularly set aside a sum of head-mistresses of large schools. They are lead- money for the benefit of those who become sick ers in Y. W. C. A. work, and in all of the activi- and hopes soon to arrange for a suitable place to ties which that implies. They have become open a school for the children of the workers.

nurses, with a national association whose aim is In the life of the Church, also, the Chinese to elevate the profession by means of examina- women are beginning to be given posts of respon- tions and periodic conventions. They have be- sibility. Indeed, the Church of Christ in China come doctors and good doctors, too. They have has advanced further along this line than have become translators of foreign books into Chinese many of the more conservative western churches.

and have done original writing as well. In a recent report of the Chinese Church of South In the industrial life of the nation, also, women Formosa, we learn that of their 282 elders ten are women and of their 417 deacons, seventy-five are women.

Of the great problems of readj ustment which' con- front China, none is of more importance than the enlightenment of her wom- en. No nation can rise above the level of its wom- en. It is well, therefore, for the future of China, that some of her young daughters are fired with a great zeal to bring to the womanhood of China the best the world can offer.

They feel the need of fitting themselves to become wor- thy of the tasks which await them on every hand.

GROUP OF STUDENTS, GINLING COLLEGE For this reason they have sought training in the best are taking a great share. Multitudes in such a schools and colleges in the land.

center as Shanghai have left their homes to be- Already the Chinese women are working come factory workers. But their right to a living shoulder to shoulder with the men for the sup- wage, reasonable working hours and safety de- pression of vice and crime, for child welfare, for vices to protect their lives is worthy of more at- the relief of famine suffering, for patriotic propa- tention than it is getting at present. The ganda, and for the betterment of social conditions.

Evidences of Life In

Cfhe Church Yesterday, Cfoday and Cfomorrow I.of By the REV. A. R. KEPLER, D. D., Shanghai I ): ""1.1. Secretary of the General Assembly of the Church of Christ in China ..

~====~==============================~ T HE yesterday of Protestant Christianity in was economically so situated as not to be able to China is not very long. The writer had per- serve as an evangelistic helper without salary and sonal acquaintance with one who had known as there was not yet a Christian group financially the first Protestant Chinese Christian. The pio- able to provide this salary, the Chinese evangelist neer missionaries were giants in the Christian was paid by a grant from the missionary society.

movement; but they had no experience to guide Such were the beginnings of the subsidized them in their task of propagating the Gospel and churches which formed a large portion of the planting ,the Church. They could only toil and Chinese Church of yesterday.

build by the trial and error system. The Church of yesterday was of necessity di- Each missionary society carried her own Chris- rected and controlled by the missionary. It could tian flower to China in hel' own denominational not well have been otherwise. Nevertheless, such flower pot with its bit of Western soil and planted leadership, too long continued, gave opportunity that Christian flower in China, soil and pot and to ardent patriots to taunt the Chinese Christian all. The result, after a hundred years of mis- with being "the running dog of foreigners" and sionary labor, was something like 130 different unrelated Christian groups or denominations, to the bewilderment of both Chinese Christian and non-Chris- tian alike. But what else could have been expected so long as they did not break that pot!

The Chinese convert became a Dutch Reformed Christian or a Scotch Pres- byterian, or an American Baptist or an English Episcopalian, not out of any appreciation of the historic distinctions which created these denominations, but because that particular 'denomination happened to be operating in that par- ticular area in which that particular in- dividual lived.

There was a similar duplication of our Western denominational machinery in the building of the infant Church. A CHINESE EVANGELIST, "LITTLE ANGEL," AND THE No opportunity was afforded the emerg- CHRISTIAN CONGREGATION HE HAS BUILT UP ing Church to express herself in organization to deride the Church as a foreign organization.

more congenial to Chinese life and customs and The major portion of the missionary societies conventions. very early recognized the need of establishing When the pioneer missionary began his labors, schools and colleges, not only to educate the chil- it was generally the poor and lowly with whom dren of our Christians but to provide an ade- he was able to establish his first contacts. The quate, educated Chinese leadership for the Church.

first Christians in any community were usually Without such leadership we could little expect to the peasant, the petty shop keeper and the un- realize an indigenous, self-governing, self-propa- skilled laborer. The missionary felt the need of gating, self-reliant Church.

a "native helper" to carryon locally while he him- Among non-Christian Chinese the home has self journeyed to the next city or market town been the center of religious life and nurture. In to light the torch there. But as the Christian the early period of the Church it was very rare [ 539 ]

to find a home in which both parents were Chris- This Church, in these five years since its for- tians. Moreover they were usually illiterate. mation, has been adding to its number until What more natural than that the responsibility now it includes the churches that are the fruitage for the religious nurture of their children should of 14 missionary societies from three continents.

be transferred to the mission schools which near- Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists, Pres- ly all the children of Christians attended. byterians, Reformed, United Brethren, constitute Before we leave the Chinese Church of yester- this united Church-none of them leaving behind day we are compelled to pay our tribute to the those distinctive possessions in faith and practice builders of that Church. Their exaltation of which had enriched their past, but all bringing Christ as the matchless Lord and all sufficient their particular contribution to the enrichment Saviour; their belief in a wonder-working God of all.

through whose help the Christian can make the The Church of Christ in China embraces in her impossible become actual; their assertion of the General Assembly fourteen synods and seventy- reality of the spiritual and their emphasis on the four district associations. Her far-flung fron- mystical elements of our religion, created a tiers extend from the northernmost limits of Man- Church that "met the tyrant's brandished steel" churia to sub-tropical Hainan and from Shanghai and proved a worthy member of that "fellowship on the coast to the Tibetan foot-hills in western Divine". The Church of today and tomorrow dare Szechuan. Of her 823 churches, 302 are wholly not and would not be less insistent upon the im- self-supporting. There are, in addition, over portance of these realities. 1,300 organized church groups meeting regularly The Chinese Church of Today for worship, but not yet constituted as churches.

In the Chinese Church of today we see a note- The communicant membership is over 125,000 worthy achievement in church unity. Various (almost one-third of all Chinese Protestant com- factors have contributed toward this. The early municants), with a full-time evangelistic force of missionaries felt their solitariness. This drove more than 450 ordained ministers and over 1,500 them to closer personal interdenominational fel- evangelists and Bible-women.

lowship than is usually found in the West. This When Christ prayed that His disciples might revealed to them such a wealth of Christian faith "be one," as He and the Father are one, we be- and experience and practice that they had in com- lieve He meant organic unity for His disciples.

mon, as'to render trivial and insignificant the tra- Apart from this justification for the united ditions, beliefs and practices upon which they Church in China, the Church of Christ in China differed. The growing Chinese constituency, be- has discovered not a few valuable by-products.

wildered by the 130 denominational varieties and The union is assisting the Church in discovering unappreciative of their historic value, were in no an organization indigenous in character, suited to mood to perpetuate this multiplicity of sects. The Chinese culture, customs and practices. It en- enterprise of winning China for Christ is so colos- ables the Chinese Christians more freely to form- sal an undertaking that nothing short of a united ulate Christian truth expressive of Chinese Church is adequate for the task. thought and life and to discover new truth to a It is not surprising that out of such a situation greater degree than would be possible if the should emerge an adventure in Church unity more daring than had yet been attempted among Protestant commun- ions elsewhere.

In October, 1927, when the churches in the West were viewing with no little alarm the future of the Christian move- ment in China, there met in Shanghai delegates officially appointed by their churches from all parts of China, to or- ganize after years of prayerful confer- ence, a united Church. They refused, however, to include the word "united"

in the name for they contended that. its inclusion would imply that there had been a time when the Chinese Chris- tians were not united. The name adopted is "The Church of Christ in COMMUNITY CHURCH CONDUCTED BY AMERICAN METHODISTS China." IN CHENGTU, WEST CHINA

SOME EVIDENCES OF LIFE IN CHINA

churches perpetuate Western organ- ization, Western modes of thought and Western ways of expression.

Such a union enables the constitu- ent groups to pool their spiritual and administrative experiences. The leadership must be pooled if the Church is to take over the functions hitherto exerc~ed by missions. No single denominational group has adequate manpower and financial re- sources. Furthermore such a larger church union lifts workers out of a relatively narrow sectional and de- nominational setting and enables them to enjoy the benefits of a nation-wide affiliation; it will also help toward establishing political unity for the nation. It helps to re- CHINESE CHILDREN-THE FUTURE CHRISTIAN LEADERS duce the number of administrative units in the Christian movement in China and prohibiting religious worship and instruction in thus greatly facilitates united planning and primary schools, compel the Church to restore the action, both within the Church in China and in task of Christian nurture to the home and to the cooperation with the older Churches of the West. church-school. The Chinese Church is at present, This union has created a situation where it is therefore, giving particular emphasis to the natural for leadership to pass to the shoulders of christianizing of the home, and still greater em- the Chinese where it should rest. This does not phasis to the preparation of suitable teaching ma- imply that missionaries no longer hold positions terial and to the training of teachers for Chris- of responsibility within the Church. On the con- tion religious instruction of adults, youth and trary, they are urged to be full members of this children. Without this, it is a well-nigh vain hope Chinese Church and every place of honor and re- to realize a Christian home. Moreover religious sponsibility is open to missionary and Chinese on education, in the truest meaning of that term, is an equal basis. now being commonly accepted as the most fruit- Self-support has also been promoted. The ful and effective form of evangelism.

Kwangtung Synod has made a distinction between Not for fifteen years has the response to the a self-supporting church and one that receives a Christian message in China been so encouraging subsidy. The latter is called a probationary as at present. To the mature and to youth alike church. The Kwangtung Synod has thirty-one there seems to have come the realization that nei- self-supporting churches whose combined budget ther nationalism nor science is sufficient to sat- totals to over $50,000 (native currency), a per isfy their individual, their social or national capita contribution of $7.40. In the Swatow area needs. More and more Chinese are trying Christ during the last two years the churches increased and are finding Him altogether satisfying.

their contributions from $36,764 to $51,717 and Students are manifesting a new interest in or- 69% of the stipends in that synod come from Chi- ganized Christianity. In recent years their atti- nese sources. The South Fukien Synod, with 10,- tude was expressed by the slogan "exalt Christ, 000 communicants, has the custom of observing down with the Church." The result was that the first Sunday in each year for a Thankoffering after these students left their school or univer- Sunday. Usually this amounts to more than sity, they had no fellowship in which to maintain $17,000. If we compare the stipend of a pastor or express their Christian faith and interest. In of this synod and that of a pastor of the average consequence they were often lost to both the church in America, this sum would be the equiva- Church and to Christ.

lent of $50,000 U. S. currency. The Church of Christ in China has a secretary, The Chinese Church is alert to the changing Miss Chen Wen-hsien, to articulate this serious, conditions and the new demands that arise in a flaming, consecrated youth with the life and work nation in revolution. If the Church of yesterday, of the Church.· Recently Miss Chen spent a week of necessity, made the school instead of the home with the students of our middle schools in Swa- the place for the religious nurture of the children tow, and there met them in the quiet atmosphere of our Christians, the government regulations of the small discussion group. Under her guid-

ance the students faced their own personal needs, ligions in China. The question is not whether the adequacy of Jesus Christ for their lives and Christianity will win over Buddhism and Taoism the Church as the agency and fellowship through and the other non-Christian faiths. The problem which to serve Christ and China. At the end of in the minds of not a few earnest, sincere and that week fifty-four young men and fifty young influential leaders in the task of national reconwomen requested to be admitted into the fellow- struction is whether there will be any place at all ship of our Church in Swatow. for religion in a modern state such as young China is pas,sionately engaged in building. The Church of Tomorrow What a tragedy it would be for. China and for If the Chinese Church were a mechanism in- the world if a new China should emerge, ignoring stead of a living organism, it would be compara- religion, spurning Christ! We can be definitely tively simple to assume the role of a prophet and sure what Christ has in mind for the Chinese to delineate the Church of tomorrow. The task Church of tomorrow. We know the zeal and debecomes the more difficult in view of the spirit votion of the Chinese leadership. The missionof revolution which today is challenging and af- aries are undaunted, seeing with the eye of faith fecting every existing institution and every phase through the present mists a Christian China. The of Chinese life and activity. unknown equation is whether or not the older Churches in the West will get behind the younger It is both encouraging and sobering to realize Church so that, when this revolution will have that Christianity today is the favored religion in spent its force and a modern state will have China. The restrictions which are being imposed emerged, China will not be modernly pagan but upon Christianity are being imposed upon all re- a China in which we shall find Christ Lord of all.

Some Important Dates in Chinese History From New Edition of "China, Yesterday and Today" By PROF. E. T. WILLIAMS. Published by Thomas Y. Crowell, New York. 1932 B.C. A.D. 2356-Probable date of accession of Yao, the first 1898-Empress Dowager seizes government, impris- ruler mentioned in the Book of History. ons emperor, September 22.

841-Chinese historical period commences. 1899-Boxer Society organized. 1900-China de- clares war, June 20. 551-Birth of Confucius. 479-Death of Confucius. 372-Birth of Mencius. 1900-Allied forces enter Peking, August 14. 1901- Peace signed at Peking, September 7. 214-Great Wall begun; completed 204. 1906-Imperial Edict in preparation for constitutional A.D. government, September l. 65-Buddhism introduced. 618-Mohammedanism introduced. 1908-Death of the emperor, Kuanghsti; death of the Empress Dowager, Tzu-hsi. 635-First Christian missionaries (Nestorian) ar- rived at the capital. 1911-0utbreak of Revolution, October 10.

1275-Marco Polo reached Peking. 1912-Sun Yat-sen President of Southern Prov- 1516-Portuguese first arrived in China. 1557- inces. Yuan Shih-kai inaugurated Provision- Portuguese settle at Macao. al President of China, March 10. – 1637-First British vessel arrives at Canton. 1922-Nine-Power Treaty relating to territorial in- 1644-Manchus capture Peking. tegrity of China signed at Washington, Feb- 1784-First American vessel, "Empress of China," ar- ruary 6. rives at Canton, August 28. 1925-Sun Yat-sen dies at Peking, March 12. 1807-Robert Morrison, first Protestant missionary, reaches Canton. 1925-Riot at Shanghai, May 30. Killing of Chinese by police leads to boycott of British trade. 1843-Shanghai opened, November 17. 1844-First American treaty with China. 1927-Nationalists take Nanking, March 24; attack foreign residents. 1851-Taiping Rebellion began. 1864-General Gor- don disbands forces. 1931-People's Constitutional Convention assembles at Nanking, May 5. Provisional Constitution 1873-Diplomatic Corps received in audience. 1875 -Kuanghsti proclaimed emperor, January 12. adopted, May 12.

1878-First Chinese envoy to the United States re- 1931-Japan seizes Shenyang (Mukden), Antung, ceived, October 28. Newchwang and other places, September 19.

1894-China and Japan declare war, August 1. 1895 1932-Japan bombards unfortified city of Shanghai, -Peace Treaty with Japan signed, April 17. January 28.

1932-Ex-Emperor Pu-yi installed as head of an in- dependent government of Manchuria, March 9.

Grow-th of the Church In

":11 By the REV. CHARLES L. BOYNTON, Shanghai Secretary of the National Christian Council of China DURING the past ten years China has under- porarily so far as the national movement was con- gone several major catastrophes. Added cerned. to its perennial economic pressure and the The movement for Christian cooperation has one thousand ills to which human flesh is heir, continued and the National Christian Conference while in the midst of what Dr. C. Y. Cheng has of 1922 of one thousand representative delegates, called its five simultaneous revolutions-political, with equal numbers of Chinese and Western lead- industrial, social, economic and religious-there ers, brought forth the National Christian Council have been the catastrophes of which has continued to func- civil war, banditry, protracted tion with increasing effective- drought in the Northwest, ness during the past ten years.

unprecedented floods in the In 1927 the Council sought to Yangtze Valley, and invasion in resume its statistical depart- Manchuria and at Shanghai. ment. Simultaneously with How has the Church of Christ this endeavor, however, there fared in the midst of these? came the major catastrophe of The Christian Westerner has a new phase of the political been accustomed to view China revolution resulting in the Nan- from the missionary angle. The king incident of March 24 and great conference of 1907, cele- the evacuation to the coast of brating the completion of one over ninety per cent of the for- hundred years of missionary eign Christian leaders of the effort, brought together one Church for a considerable pe- thousand missionaries fro m riod. Figures for church work abroad but no Chinese Chris- had ordinarily been collected tian leaders. The seven con- by the missionaries from their ferences of 1913 under the Chinese colleagues. The Chi- chairmanship of Dr. John R. nese are not statistically-mind- Mott, and taking their cue from ed in the Western sense and the Edinburgh Conference, THIS IS, UNDER HEAVEN-THE GREATEST even such figures as could be came to a climax in the Nation- BOOK gathered w ere depressi!lg. . whl.Ch M any ' those days f al Conf erence over The testimony of General Feng Yu-Hsiang, II persecu- III printed on the cover of a Chinese Bible. I 0 one-third of the delegates were Chinese. An or- tion were not strong enough to resist the forces gan for interdenominational and international hostile to Cliristianity. Church authorities hardly Christian cooperation, the China Continuation dared to purge their church lists during the ab- Committee was formed, which rendered vahiible sence of their foreign colleagues and at the time service during the next nine years, meeting an- when it was difficult to locate a large proportion nually and training Christian leaders in coopera- of their members. The following year, after the tive thinking on a national scale. majority of missionaries p.ad returned to their Under the stimulus of the Interchurch World posts, inquiries were circulated as to the present Movement, the systematic collection of annual communicant church membership, but the re- statistics of Christian work reached its climax in suIts from the statistical point of view were most the publication early in 1922 of the outstanding discouraging.' During the period of stress church survey volume entitled, "The Christian Occupa- records were lost in hundreds of places and in tion of China." With this production the statis- others they had become so inaccurate that figures tical impulse seems to have exhausted itself tem- based upon them concealed rather than revealed [ 543]

the truth. Gradually the situation has been clear- In April of this year a study was made of the ing and it is possible once again to give figures communicant membership in the churches related with reference to the status of church member- to the thirty missionary societies having the ship. largest number of missionaries in China in 1931.

On January 1, 1930, after several months of These thirty societies had on their rolls last year preparation in local and national organizations, 4,683 missionaries or 74 per cent of the total re~ there was launched by the National Christian ported for the year (6,346), as compared with Council a Five-Year Movement whose motto was 5,957 for the same societies in 1923 as reported "Revive Thy Church 0 Lord, Beginning with Me," in the "World Missionary Atlas." In that Atlas with two objectives: first, deepening the spir- the churches related to these societies reported itual life of the Church; second, doubling its en- 365,445 of the total of 402,539 communicant mem- rolled membership. This movement came as a bers or 90.8 per cent of the whole. These same challenge to the defeatist spirit which has seized churches at the end of 1930 reported 402,383, a the churches in many parts of China. In many net growth of almost exactly ten per cent in eight parts it has come with a fresh challenge and ap- years.

peal and there has been a renewed faith and in- A second attempt to ascertain the present nucreased activities with consequent strengthening merical position of the churches is in the tabulaof faith in increased numbers. The Church in tion of the communicant membership of the twen- China has never doubled its number in a decade. ty-two churches affiliated with the National Chris- This requires not simply that every present mem- tian Council. (See accompanying table.) Owing ber should "win one" but that the gaps caused by to the fact that statistics for the largest of these, death, discipline and withdrawals shall be filled. the Church of Christ in China, are not available Half of the period of this Five-Year Movement before 1928 and that the printed reports of the has elapsed and one cannot state with certainty societies whose churches entered into this union the exact number of members of the churches as do not segregate those figures in earlier years by of January 1, 1930, which were to be doubled if synods, except as given in "The Christian Occupathese objectives were to be realized. The follow- tion of China," comparisons for some years are ing are figures for Protestant Churches reported not possible. These twenty-two churches in 1920 to successive missionary conferences in China: reported 243,479 communicant members and in Societies Total Number of 1930-306,534.

Year Working Missionaries Churches Communicants In estimating the total strength of the Protes- 1876 27 473 312 13,035 tant Churches in China one should add to this 1889 41 1,296 522 37,287 1906 82 3,833 178,251 figure those groups which are not yet affiliated 1919* 130 6,636 6,391 345,853 with the National Christian Council, of which the 1922t 138 7,663 5,424 402,539 largest are the China Inland Mission Churches Of the 138 societies in the 1922 figures only 95 with 74,180 members at the end of 1930, the Lu- reported church statistics of any kind, the others theran Church in China with about 27,000 mem- being Bible and literature societies (5), colleges bers, and the Seventh Day Adventists with 9,476 and universities (9), women's cooperating socie- members. There are about 35 other church ties (5), medical and philanthropic (5) and local bodies.

associations. Of the 95 societies reporting 14 so- These studies indicate that present communicities now cooperate in the Church of Christ in China, four in the Chung Hwa Sheng Kung Hwei cant membership of the Protestant Churches in (Anglican Communion), ten in the Sin I Hwei China is approximately 450,000, after making al- (Lutheran Church in China) ; the total of all socie- lowance for the heavy losses from 1925 onward ties reporting communicant members, represent- due to anti-Christian movements, anti-foreign ing at the present time (1932) 55 different movements, famine, flood and discouragements. churches. (It is therefore incorrect in calling attention to the state of disunion in the Church to There is a distinct forward movement now noutilize the total number of societies in the mission- ticeable in most parts of China. The Church has ary directories as an evidence of this disunity as proved its ability to withstand attacks of the sean actual majority of these are subsidiary co- verest kind, including the slaughter of its memoperating organizations affiliated with one or more bers by communists and bandits~ the withdrawal of the fifty-five churches above noted.) for considerable periods of foreign leadership upon which it had come to depend, the dimin- ishing subsidies for evangelistic and institu- • "The Christian Occupation of China" published in 1922 with tional work and the draft upon its leadership by figures for 1919. the entry into political life of many of its ablest men, who thought that they saw in the new Na- t The "World Missionary Atlas," published in 1925, based on the annual reporta for 1923 retlecting in turn field situations and conditions at the end of 1922.

GROWTH OF THE CHURCH IN CHINA

tionalist movements greater opportunities for 5 -English (b) 2,886 3,296 3,243 3,485 service to their fellowmen. 6 -Brethren 535 The Church has passed through danger, disil- 11,600 lusionment, depression, disaster and is emerging (C.B.M.) ……… 392 1,300 with new confidence and new hope for the task 1,881 18,098 14,096 which is impossible with men and only possible 7 Cong.-Kung Li Hui. 8,838 with God-the evangelization of a country so vast 48,694 that at the present time, with all the growth of 8 Lutheran- 10,467 Protestantism, it yet affords but one communicant 15,517 member for each thousand of the population! Swedish M.S. ….. 1,771 6,781 1,728 When these meager numbers are borne in mind, the influence which the Church has had in chang- 9 Methodist– 1,257 ing the social, political and economic trends in 7,859 China must be regarded as one of the outstand- M.E.F.B. (c) …… 42,720 46,024 63,581 ing miracles of modern missions. The Protestant 2,808 12,753 13,616 constituency of approximately a million has had 10 -M.E.S. .. 8,932 1,976 16,545 far more weight in these matters than the Roman 1,076 8,007 7,742 Catholic membership which now claims over two 11 -U.M.C…. 15,376 1,867 million members. The future is' filled with hope, 1,287 2,000 with much hard work, the necessity for prayer 12 -W.M.M.S. 0,403 and for the continued pressing in of a consecrated personnel from abroad prepared to share in this 13 Others-Ind. Sung…….. . stupendous task. 14 Ind. Shanghai ……… .

15 Ind. N. China . . . . . . . . ..

16 Christian-U.C.M.S. 1,154 1,506 1,542 7,234 6,809 17 Basel.. .. .. .. …. 7,096 3,260 18 United- 1,770 1,770 Canadian (d) … . 2,449 (f) 1,451 2,051 19 Cov.M.S……… . 1,976 1,966 20 Evangelical (e) .. 1,014 21 Rhenish ……… . 1,896 22 Meth. Prot……. . 773 Totals (f) …….. 243,479 306,534 COMMUNICANT MEMBERSHIP NOTES :-(A) 1920 figures are from "The Christian Occupation of China" page xci. except those for Church of Christ. which was Of Churches Affiliated with the National Christian Council not then in existence. The statistics of later constituents of this Compiled from Printed Reports and Correspondence Church are added here for reference only. Charles L. Boynton, Statistical Secretary April 30, 1932 (B) 1922 figures are from the "World Missionary Atlas" published in 1925. They are not in such form that Church of Christ and Southern 1920(A) 1922(B) 1928 1930 Baptist figures can be segregated. 105,755 1 Church of Christ …. 97,816 120,175 (a) Southern Baptist figures include only the Kwangtung·Kwangsi 32,281 and East China areas which cooperate with the NCC. 2 Sheng Kung Hui (h) Baptist Missionary Society (English) figures for 1920 and (Anglican) 20,606 22,200 1922 are from the Annual Reports, as the Shansi-Shensi d'stricts only are included throughout, the Shantung district being included with the 3 Baptist-South (a) Churches for 1929.

(S.B.C.) ………. 11,315 13,223 15,017 (c) The MEFB figures for 1930 are taken from the printed report 11,266 10,539 received April 26. 1932, and are apparently not on same basis as 4 -North preceding years. 'This affects the total figure given below.

(A.B.F.M.S.) …… 10,066 10,244 (d) Only West China figures of the United Church of Canada are includ€d. No printed report was issued for four years.

(e) The Evangelical figures in 1920 and 1922 include the former Evangelical Association and United Evangelical Churches now included in the Evangelical Church.

(f) Totals :-Owing to gaps, no totals are given except for 1920 and 1930. The latter total includes the figures of the Evangelical Churches for 1929.

THE AIM OF THE CHURCH OF CHRIST assurance that God, the Father Almighty, holds this universe in His hands and that, "neither The ultimate goal of the evangelistic work of height nor depth, nor things past nor things to the Church is many sided. It includes: come, can separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord." These are some of the (1) To increase the membership of the Church. elements of the goal toward which the pastor and (2) To secure the decision to attend the serv- his people are working. To secure decisions for ices of the church. Few people will unite with Christ is of the essence of discipleship. the church if they are not attendants. (3) Sharing in the work of the church at C. E. B. home and abroad, with time, thought and means. (4) The proper religious training of children The Sequence-Lessons in God's School by example and word. (5) Creating true interest in the well-being of It has been said that world history can be told neighbors and of the community. in a cycle of six words-Peace, Prosperity, Pride, (6) But the essential goal is to lead men and War, Poverty, Peace. women to decide to take Jesus Christ as Lord and to pledge allegiance to Him in this life and the Let us hope that the "poverty" from which the life to come. The real goal is to bring men and world is today suffering may be the harbinger of women and children to feel at home in God's uni- peace, and that in at least so much the historyverse as Jesus did and to build one's life on the cycle may run true to form.

– Wall StJ'eet Journal.

I Am a Missionary In

..:{ By the REV. PERRY O. HANSON, Taian, Shantung Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1903.

"NoRTH CHINA calls, 'Fill up the gaps.' " schools. As the immensity of our task grew upon This was one of the cablegrams read by me, there was also the growing consciousness that Dr. John R. Mott at the Student Volun- the students in the school might become the evan- teer Convention in Toronto the first day of the gelists, the educators, the physicians, needed in year 1902. Boxers in China, not depression in the evangelization of the millions in China's Holy America, was responsible for the "gaps" at that Land.

time. Twenty-one years passed and our work became My fiancee and I heard that message as a chal- "of age." In 1924 our number of workers was sufficient (twenty-five ordained men) for us to orlenge. We knew something of comparative needs ganize our Shantung Annual Conference. There at home and abroad; we knew that at least five had been gratifying progress along all lines with times ten million people on mission fields would good growth in membership, lay workers, inreceive the Gospel only through Methodist work- creased number of organized churches and a beters, while in America, the smaller field, was rela- ter standing among the people in the regions octively well manned. Our knowledge of conditions cupied. abroad made the cable from North China a call loud and urgent. In 1903 followed our glad sail- Now eight years more have passed and there is ing to fill some gap in North China. a better spirit on the part of the Christians as they are making the Church their own. We have We were sent to the city of Taian in the Shan- little groups of believers dotted here and there all tung Province, the place where the Boxers first over our great field. There are scores of our fortrained before starting north. Their drill-ground mer students actively engaged in Christian work was an enclosure, inside the wall of which were in churches, schools and hospitals, or good laymen depicted in gaudily painted images seventy-two helping in volunteer service. Our great task is punishments of hell, a proper atmosphere to in- well begun but it is a great enterprise which will spire a Boxer movement. More alluring to us was require many years for completion. It is my joythe fact that our home was at the foot of Tai ful privilege to be among friends helping, advis- Shan, the oldest sacred mountain in the world, to ing and giving necessary encouragement. Where which pilgrims had come from all over China for in America can a man find such an immense opfive thousand years. The old home of Confucius portunity? How could I be content to occupy any was fifty miles distant and Mencius did his life pulpit in any church in America after such expework within the territory assigned to our Church. riences in building the Kingdom in this great It was truly the Holy Land of China. We found field? that by rules of comity among the missions more people were our Methodist responsibility in Shan- tung than live in our state-Minnesota. Our There is greater need in our field now than ever force of workers consisted of one ordained Chi- before. During recent years there has been a nese, one missionary family and two single wom- movement to destroy idols in Taoist and Buddhist en. There were also some Chinese lay workers temples. Today in our city, which has been for in active service. The total membership of the centuries a great pilgrim center, there is not an Church in our field was only two hundred out of idol standing. There has never been any program a population of more than two million. of helpfulness under temple auspices but the peo- In those days, before Language Schools, it was pIe have had something visible in the objects of necessary to start immediately teaching English worship which might stimulate their religious in- in our school for boys. Although this seemed li- stincts and act as a restraining influence. Now able to interfere with language study yet it there is the opportunity to put Christ into empty brought to me at once wonderful possibilities for and receptive hearts and perhaps enthrone Him producing needed workers through our Christian in the empty temples.

[ 546 ]

Stories of Chinese

By MARY F. PARMENTER, Shanghai, China ):..

Principal of the Bible Seminary for Women T HIS is a school of God's own planting and my life were happy because I was dearly loved tender care. There are many Bible Schools by my parents! They yielded to my every wish in China, but this one is for young women and I was like a little queen in the home. The who, having already received a secular education, next seven years were years of sorrow and in- can give all their time to the study of God's Holy tense suffering. My little sister and brother died Word and of methods for leading others to know and soon after mother passed away. Father Christ as the Saviour from sin and its power. had been devoted to mother, but now I became They come because they have the sole object of his love.

consecrated their lives to ….'1 "His friends and relatives Christ for His service and so began to plan another marwish to "study to show" ,. riage for him. One day he themselves "approved unto said to me: God, workmen that need not " 'Daughter, would you like to be ashamed, rightly divid- to have me get another moth~ ing the word of truth." They er for you, to make you pretty soon find that the "Word of clothes and shoes?'

truth" has great power to "I had been told by neigh- change their own lives, that bors that if I ever had a step- it is truly "quick and power- mother she would not be kind ful and sharper than any two- to me-so I replied-'No, fa- edged sword," as it probes ther, I don't want a new into their very hearts, dis- mother-l just want you.'

cerning "the thoughts and in- "'Very well,' he said 'you tents." They also find that shall never have one.' the Holy Spirit is here to con- "Someone gave him a Bi- viet of sin, to reveal Christ in ble which he read a great deal.

His glory and beauty, to con- He would read it in the night' form them to the image of when he could not sleep for His Son, and to fill them with sorrow. Sometimes I was power for service. We have awakened by his crying. no greater joy than to watch THE GIRL WHO SAT IN THE HEAVENLY WELL About a year after mother's the transforming of these precious students. death he became a Christian. After that he Each year, at some time during the spring se- taught me to read. One day the pastor suggested mester, our seniors have the opportunity at morn- that he send me away to school, but he said, 'I ing chapel of telling briefly of God's grace, of the could never let her go-I could not live if she left way He led them to Himself, and to full surrender me one day.' However, when I was twelve he per- for His service. These varied stories all reveal mitted me to go for a few months. When I came the Iieed of the human heart for God, and His home for the winter holidays, I found him lookpatient love in seeking to find and satisfy those ing very ill. He said that God had told him He who hunger for the truth. Here are some of was going to take him to Himself. Three days these testimonies as they were told: later he died, leaving me alone at thirteen years Hunted by the Bandits of age. Relatives offered me their home, but I refused to go. They tried to reason with me but One morning a sweet girl, faithful in her work I knew they would betroth me if I went with them, and esteemed by teachers and fellow-students, so I replied that I would look after myself. came forward with modest dignity to tell us her "I soon walked out of my home, leaving all my life story. She said: "The first seven years of belongings, walking seven miles to a mission [547 ]

station, weeping as I went. A missionary kindly We had never heard of the Christian religion.

took me into a school and entirely supported me. Mother loved to tell me stories of the Goddess I then entered upon another seven years of keen of Mercy, third daughter of an Emperor, who suffering. I always ·stood at the head of my class left her home and earthly honors, lived in a temple and this won the approval of my teachers, thus and devoted her life to the worship of idols, until subjecting me to the envy and hatred of the en- she was made a god. One day I told mother that tire school. Consequently my life was made mis- I wanted to observe fast days like my grand- erable. mother, but mother said such was not for little "After graduating from Junior High I taught girls like me. She said that the goddess loved in a village school. The bandits came to this vil- good little girls and sometimes selected specially lage looting and frightening the people. All who good ones to go to share her happiness. I began were able to get away fled for their lives. The to long that this wonderful goddess would choose parents came after my pupils, but two of the girls me, so night after night when the day's work was and I had nowhere to go. We escaped to the home done I would sit out in the 'heavenly well' (a tiny of a Christian, hiding under the bed. There courtyard), look up into the sky and ask the God- we heard the bandits asking the people where dess of Mercy to take me. My childish heart the young teacher was! We felt we could longed for this as I silently waited in the dark hide no longer, so disguising ourselves by alone, watching the only little spot of the heavens wearing old clothes we went out directly past that I could see. This continued for three or four the bandits and tried to board a boat lying years, but as no answer came I was discouraged in the river. The two girls ran ahead, jump- and thought I must be a bad girl who was not ing into the boat, but I was seen by the boatman loved nor desired by the great goddess. An awful who refused to let me on. I was left alone in the feeling came over me-the Goddess of Mercy had midst of wicked bandits searching everywhere for failed me! In the evening father often told us me, but when I passed near them they did not historical stories of girls of renown who had see me. I wandered from place to place, but no achieved some wonderful thing. I would ask: one dared to keep a young girl for any length of "'When did she live? Is she alive now?' time. Christmas was near and the weather was cold. I returned to my school in order to get my "'No, no, my child, she lived several hundred clothing but the bandits had stolen both clothing years ago, or two or three thousand years ago.' and bedding. I had nothing but the old clothes I had worn in running away. However, God won- "So my little brain began to ponder and wonderfully protected and cared for me. der, and I asked: 'If people lived so long ago, where did they come from?' My parents came "In time I reached a missionary friend and en- from my grandparents, and they in turn from tered Senior High School. I studied a year when their parents, and so on for generations back, but war arose. The missionaries .had to flee and sol- there must have been a beginning-the first andiers occupied all the mission houses. A Chinese cestors-where did they come from? This great pastor and wife took me in, but wicked officers question I propounded to my father–only to have began inquiring for me, so the pastor felt I would him say, 'You must not ask such questions-I do better leave. I had no place to go, so I stayed on not know.' Well, if father did not know-surely committing myself wholly to the care of God. nobody else did, so I dropped the matter, but did During those days I wept and prayed and read not forget it. my Bible. I told God that if He wanted me to preach the Gospel to keep me safe. His sheltering "When I was fourteen mother died leaving four wings overshadowed me. When the Bible School children, one brother was eleven, my sister seven, for Women was reopened, I went there to be and my little brother two. I had to be mother to trained for service. As I studied God's Word I them and the burden of the home fell on my young became greatly burdened over my spiritual con- shoulders. dition, but one night God wonderfully met my heart's need and gave me the assurance of sal- "A year later father was suddenly invited to vation. After graduation I shall return to Honan go to the distant and great city of Ichang to to do evangelistic work." teach in a mission school. This was truly God's loving thought for me. It never ceases to be a How a Student Found God wonder that of all the teachers in that section my father who did not know any Christians should be chosen to teach in that school. I know it was "I was born in a small place about thirty miles God who planned it. We moved to Ichang', and from Shashi, Hupeh. My father was a devotee I was at once placed in the school. I was a big of Confucius, my mother a strong Buddhist and girl,. but had never learned to read, so had to go an ardent worshipper of the Goddess of Mercy. in classes with the little children. The second day

LIFE STORIES OF CHINESE STUDENTS

I was in school, at the morning chapel, a teacher gan to read it diligently. Later I was sent as a brought out a large picture of a lovely garden, delegate to the Kuling Conference where I retrees and flowers, also a man and a woman stand- ceived much light. There I saw three of the ing among the trees with no clothes on. I looked teachers of the Nanking Bible Teachers Training in great wonder and listened for the explanation. School and a great desire to attend that school She told us that these were our first ancestors, filled my heart. After a few years the way opened and how God made them. for this desire to be fulfilled. I was satisfied- the class work, fellow students, teachers, all "I was happy, for here at last was the answer seemed ideal. When within three months of gradto my question. My heart was satisfied. A day uation there came the terrible and tragic breakup or two later the principal led chapel and tola us of March twenty-fourth, 1927, I saw my beloved about Jesus. This increased my joy. I did not teachers leave, I saw the buildings I so loved defully understand, but I loved him and thought He molished or burned-the Bible School was gone was another god, and even better than the God- -the Bible School was gone! It seemed that all dess of Mercy. I cried out, '0 Jesus, let me be was gone, but in that hour of need and darkness your little sister.' I followed on to know Him I found God. He was with me." better. One night I dreamed that I entered a great temple-there were many idols downstairs This last sentence makes clear to her teachers and upstairs. One was very fierce looking. He the reason for the growth and development that had a big knife in his hand, with which he threat- were so evident in this young woman as she reened me. As he raised it I was terrified, and turned in February, 1931, to the Bible Seminary awoke, trembling with fear. The next morning I for Women in Shanghai to complete her course of told father. He explained that this dream was an study. Today she is a fine, thoughtful Bible stuattack from the devil to keep me from following dent, a mature and gifted young woman, who has Christ. gone to take up evangelistic work in needy Hunan.

"I was able to double up in my school work, in These are life stories of only two of the twentyspite of the fact that I earned my way by doing two graduates of last year. This year our hearts needle work and also carried the burden of our are again awed, thrilled and filled with praise to home. However, so much responsibility proved our miracle working God as we listen with rapt too much for me. Therefore, as soon as I was attention to our sixteen seniors as they relate how able to teach my kind teacher ·arranged for me God has led them out of darkness into His marvelto go away to teach in a mission girls' school. ous light, choosing them as witnesses, teaching, During these years of hard work I had neglected disciplining, and revealing to them Himself, my Bible and so was not well grounded in its the power of the Cross and His resurrection, and truths, but I had a spiritual hunger and now be- enduing them with power for service.

Dr. C. C. Wu's Testimony* Reported by WILLIAM THOMSON HANZSCHE, D.D., Trenton, N. J.

From a Chinese viewpoint, the chief defects that might be pointed out in Christian work are, first, the reluctance to hand over to the Chinese themselves the work which was begun with the sole object of helping them. The second defect which has struck the Chinese, and which perhaps has not entered the mind of most Americans, is the natural difference between the standard of living of the average American missionary and the average Chinese in the small town. Go into the small towns and you will find that the most comfortable and best houses are in the mission compounds. The poor Chinese cannot help but contrast the mode of living of the American missionary with his own. The contrast is not favorable to the Chinese mind.

But we are free to acknowledge the great benefits of missionary work in China. Educationally the missionaries are the pioneers, and much of the modern national movement is due to the early pioneering work of the mission schools. Some of the best equipped schools in China today are the mission schools. The humanitarian work of the missionaries, and especially the work of the doctors and nurses in the mission hospitals who have braved danger and disease, is of great merit in China. Incidentally, it was the missionaries who introduced modern medicine into China.

My message to the Christian Church in America about its work in China is this: Stress educational and medical work, and let evangelistic work go along with it. I realize that you are not in China simply for educational and medical purposes and that your evangelistic work is your primary object, but I think your best evangelistic work is the personal example, precept and influence of those who are giving themselves in humane service, such as the educational and medical fields. When we speak about giving more leadership to the Chinese we are not thinking so much about mission property as about the directing of the work. Let Chinese genius create a Chinese Christian Church. Every Chinese who can read the Bible and who knows geography is .aware that Christianity is an Oriental religion. The acceptance of Christianity by Chiang Kai-shek cannot but have great effect.

• Dr. Chau-Chu Wu. the former Chinese ambassador at Washington, is a graduate of London University. He is not a Christian.

Can Chinese Evangelize China?

By MARY CULLER WHITE, Shanghai Missionary of the Methodist Church South, and Member of the Board of the Bible Seminary for Women I WILL speak of a single institution, using the were formerly nurses who were earning large Bible Seminary for Women in Shanghai as a salaries and some were principals of high schools. kind of window from which to view what the All have given up the desire for worldly advance- Chinese are doing to evangelize their own people. ment in order to study the Word of God and pre- For convenience I will divide the subject under pare for service. None count it a sacrifice beseveral heads. cause of what Christ has done for them.

In the Giving of Money Chinese Christians give generously when they know that their gifts are needed. Witness their gifts to the Chinese Home Missionary Society and the "Foreign" Missionary Society through which they are sending missionaries to the Dutch Indies.

They have given nobly to the Bible Seminary for Women, for they have realized that it is a faith institution and dependent upon their gifts. Miss Dora Yu, an internationally known Chinese evan- gelist, in the last year of her life, gave the initial plant which had been her own Bible Study and Prayer Home from which she had reached out to touch the whole of China. When it became evident, early in 1931, that this plant would have RUINS OF BIBLE SEMINARY FOR WOMEN, SHANGHAI to be enlarged, Chinese friends began to send money which in a few months amounted to several One result of the recent Japanese bombardment of Kiang~wan last March.

thousand dollars. Many gifts came from gradu- In Work by Students ates, some from neighbors, and some from far away friends; but the most touching were those Christian students in many schools are engaged given by the students. One young woman, who in some form of Christian or social service work, had already given all her spending money, but the Bible Training School is unique in that brought her dearest treasure, a pair of gold ear- the definite aim is the winning of others to a sav- rings given to her by her dying mother, and in- ing faith in Jesus Christ. All Shanghai is a kind sisted that this be accepted as the proof of her of clinic where the students of the Bible Seminary love. for Women receive their practical training. The In the Dedication of Life pastors of the churches have gladly cooperated, and the students have had appointments in twenty In the Chinese Church as a whole, we realize centers, including churches of several denominathat there are comparatively few well educated tions, a large hospital for women, an orphanage, young people who are coming forward to give and ten homes. The students hold Bible classes, their lives to proclaim the Gospel. But we re- prayer meetings, evangelistic meetings for chiljoice that God is calling gifted young Chinese into dren, and special meetings in homes. A double His service and they are answering His call. benefit is received, the benefit to the worker and Twenty years ago there was not a single Bible to those with whom she works.

Training School in China where educated young In Intercession women could go and prepare for Christian service.

Now several such schools are filled with eager, The school has a prayer league which includes joyous, devoted candidates for service. Some all the students and the alumnae who are kept in [ 550] touch with the prayer needs by correspondence. The Bible Seminary for Women had a beauti- These graduates also send in prayer requests for ful plant at Kiang-wan in the suburbs of Shangthe problems that they meet in their own work, hai which had ju'st been given in answer to prayer. and a mighty volume of prayer goes up until the Then came the war, evacuation, the Japanese obstacles even in some distant province are swept drive on Kiang-wan and the destruction of the away. One of the greatest evidences of the love plant. But the faith of the students did not waver that is in the heart of the students came last and their testimony took on a deeper note. Now winter when a poor demon possessed woman, the they had something to share with the thousands daughter of a school servant, was brought to the in Shanghai who were homeless and who, like school for help. For days the students and Chi- themselves, suffered the loss of all things. One nese teachers fasted and prayed for this poor student said that she would not take a thousand creature, sometimes continuing all night in dollars for what the experience had meant to her. prayer, until at last the power of the Cross triumphed, and the woman was delivered. In Work for Non-Christian Students Many requests for prayer have been sent in by The following testimony of a wealthy and highchurches or individuals, and the prayers of the ly cultured young woman, who finished her course students have been answered, so that this league at the Bible Seminary last year and went out as has become a real factor in the work of many a volunteer worker, is given as it was written by who are in no way connected with schqol. her in English. She, of course, did not know that it would be published: GRADUATES OF BIBLE SEMINARY FOR WOMEN Last spring the Lord put the thought into the hearts of Some of the students who are now evangelizing their own people. ten of the senior girls in the Bible Seminary for Women that because of the present situation there would be a new In Putting Others to Work kind of work for us to do in different Christian schools in which the Bible could not be studied as a regular lesson. The Bible Seminary has a correspondence Somebody would be needed to take personal care of the course with an enrollment of 879. The students spiritual lives of the young teachers and students. We of this course represent nearly every province in prayed and talked it over, asking that the Lord would China, and come from thirty-seven denominations. guide us to serve Him in this work. We left for different They represent fifty-three varieties of occupa- parts of the country, and promised to try our best to make tions. One shoemaker in North China received friends with any young teachers or students with whom so much help from this course that he went out we might have contact in our own work. and secured thirty-four others who began to take it. Some of these were converted, others received Last October, through wonderful guidance, the Lord led a new experience and many undertook to win me to be an independent worker of this kind and He their neighbors and friends to Christ. If they strengthened me physically and spiritually. I went to know the Word of God, the Chinese will be im- Sungkiang to the S. W. School, to visit the members of pelled to evangelize others. the Student Volunteer Band. I had three meetings and also personal talks with some of the teachers and students. In Giving War-Time Witness Once ten of them came in, six of whom had not faith in the Lord. After two hours of free talking, they said that A Chinese pastor in the interior was arrested they all believed. Next day twelve girls came in. Four by communists and condemned to die. As he was or five of them did not believe there is a God. Mter a about to be executed, one of his captors said sneer- long time of praying and conversation they all wanted to ingly, "What can Jesus Christ do for you now?" take Jesus as their Saviour. "He can give me the grace to forgive you," said the pastor and sealed his testimony with his blood. In November I had two weeks of Bible classes with about twenty teachers and students in T. H. School in Soochow, a remarkable private Senior High School. Six or seven members of the class had never read the Bible or heard much of the Gospel. We studied the Scriptures on redemption and at the end of the meeting almost the whole class took Jesus as their Saviour. One student was baptized last Christmas and one teacher on July the 17th. In December I went to the L. H. School in Soochow and stayed there for four weeks. We had prayer meetings every evening and one physical training teacher was con- verted. In February, while the fighting was raging in and around Shanghai, and the atmosphere everywhere was tense with excitement, I went to a six grade school in Wu-chen, a little town in Chekiang province, where we had four weeks of Bible classes for teachers and pupils. Some teachers had enrolled as enquirers a few weeks pre- viously and all believed at last. The pupils, a little more than twenty in number, had heard much of the Word and eight of them were converted. All the teachers and stu- dents promised to r.ead the Bible every day.

Christians Under

By the REV. FRANK RAWLINSON, D. D., Shanghai ):.. Editor of "The Chinese Recorder"

M ANCHURIA was invaded to uphold treaty "Is peace without justice too Iowan aim?" rights: Shanghai was bombarded to stop "Despite our love of peace (we) can submit no the boycott. Both, some say, are steps in longer to brute force and violent aggression." the fulfillment of Japan's "destiny". Manchuria "The non-cooperative movement gives us was invaded to make it safe for Japanese invest- (Christians) our most effective instrument" in re- ments and trade. The bombardment of Shanghai sisting such aggression.

aimed at setting up the friendliness essential to Students in Christian schools generally sup- trade between Japan and Chi- ported the boycott and partici- na! Japan badly needs China's pated in student efforts to trade; but to attempt to win War, danger and persecution influence the government to customers this way looks some- are testing times for Chris- declare war. As expressed, thing like international rack- tians. How did the Chinese therefore, the Chinese Chriseteering! It is the expression stand the test during the re- tian attitude did not conflict of a political notion the world cent invasion of Manchuria with the general Chinese attiis trying to outmode. It is not and Shanghai by the Japan- tude. Hence the situation prothe Christian way to settle dis- ese? How should Chinese vided no occasion for special putes. Christians take their stand in anti-Christian sentiment. the national civil wars and in Christians are in and of the case of conflicts with oth- Christian work and workers this struggle. What has been er nations? Dr. Rawlinson felt the effects of this invasion the effect upon them and gives us interesting facts and in various ways. In both Mantheir work? What can they Christian ideals. churia and Shanghai their lives do to bring to the forefront were profoundly disturbed and the Christian way of estab- their regular activities were lishing economic and political justice t thrown out of gear. A few Christian institutions In Japan the military mind is in the saddle; were destroyed. But even outside the "war in China it is feeling for the stirrups. Shall China zones" mental and spiritual agitation rose in flood prepare to defend herself with the same weapons tide.

Japan has used against her? In that issue is In Manchuria two major effects of the "inva- rooted one of the major problems confronting sion" are apparent. Christian organizations came Christians in both China and Japan. Shall they under Japanese police espionage. Chinese Chris- acquiesce in the settlement of these mutual prob- tians there resent what has happened. In conse- lems in this old way or shall they stand unitedly quence the mutual relationship of the two groups for a new and better way? is far from satisfactory.

The Sino-Japanese "war" has not created any Japanese Christians in Manchuria have en- special anti-foreignism in China. The tidal wave deavored to set up cooperative efforts with Chi- of anti-Japanese feeling is the result of a subter- nese Christians. The All-Manchuria Japanese ranean nationalistic earthquake. But anti-for- Christian Federation, said to represent twenty eignism, in a general sense, is not much in evi- churches, church federations and Christian or- dence in China at this time. At the moment in ganizations in fourteen leading cities, sent an ap- China anti-Christian agitation has died down. peal to Japanese Christians in Japan urging them Chinese Christians seem generally to.have acqui- to "give relief to Chinese Christians in Man- esced in China's change of policy in the recent churia." It was planned to distribute relief to difficulty from non-resistance to resistance. Their Chinese churches "suffering from outrages at the feelings followed the public trend. Thoughtful hands of bandits and disbanded soldiers." The Christian leadership expressed itself in ideas like aim of this appeal was to "restore (the) mutual the following: good understanding and goodwill which…

[552] seem to be destroyed between these two peoples." liberal Christians in Japan have spoken against Japanese Christians are not doing anything the actions of their naval and military forces in unique in thus mixing politics and philanthropy. China. The Christian Councils in both countries "These Chinese Christians," the appeal said, have publicly deplored the present situation. Mis- "though in great distress, will feel happy when sionaries in both countries have expressed their they become aware of the fact that they are now feelings. "There must be," says a joint statement citizens of a new state." "Japanese Christians from the Chinese Y. W. C. A. and Y. M. C. A., in Manchuria believe," it continued, "that these "many enlightened and right-minded people in Chinese Christians may become the nucleus of the Japan. A policy of force adopted by a minority spiritual forces of the new state, now still in the cause the guiltless minority to suffer…. We making," and are, therefore, "anxious to work should utterly refuse to harbor a spirit of enmity hand in hand with them." towards the whole Japanese people." These Attempts to set up Sino-Japanese cooperative various statements, divergent at some points, in- relief do not appear to have been very successful dicate that the Christian conscience is alive in in attaining their primary objective. Japanese both countries. No common statement has yet Christians secured a supply of food which turned appeared showing what these Christian forces out to be army biscuits taken from the Chinese might do together to set up better relationships army. In one city Japanese Christians called to- in the future. That is one of the challenges of gether a group of Chinese pastors and proposed to the present situation to Christians.

them the organization of a joint council for which the Japanese delegation offered a name chosen by A Spiritual Emergency itself. The pastors were also urged to accept This lack of common effort is overshadowed by 400 yen as contributions for their churches. This a deep and widespread spiritual emergency. was declined, though the money was finally ac- Christians in China (probably in Japan, also) cepted for general relief work. find themselves straddling a dilemma. "In this hour of national crisis," says a joint statement In Shanghai there is little general intercourse issued by the student departments of the Y. W. between Japanese and Chinese Christians. Even C. A. and Y. M. C. A., "we cannot, on the one hand, from the Community Church (foreign) the Jap- advocate a policy of non-resistance which gives anese members who were formerly active in pro- away our territory, and yet, on the other hand, moting international relationships have disap- in the spirit of Jesus Christ we cannot endorse peared, at least temporarily. The disappearance of the use of military force. This dilemma undersome Christian non-combatants in the early days mines any firm conviction." Such a wavering of hostilities here with no subsequent clue as to does not induce spiritual vitality. Chinese stuwhat happened to them has chilled the Christian dents are, in general, inclined to militarism. spirit. Pastor Tsiang (Presbyterian), wife, child Christian students are more open-minded on the and others, the eldest son and relatives of Mr. question though only a small minority take any Chow, General Secretary of the China Christian firm stand against it. "In the opinion of most Endeavor Union, and Mr. Tsao, Vice Principal of Christian students," says a Chinese Christian a Methodist middle school, are among the best- student leader, "a righteous war in defence of known cases.

It must not be inferred that all bonds between one's nation is neither a violation of the law of Chinese and Japanese Christians are broken. love nor a contradiction of the Christian spirit."

They are terribly strained. A Christian student Military training is required in most schools union in Foochow, for instance, wrote to students though it is not carried out everywhere with equal in Tokyo, and received a reply signed by two hun- enthusiasm. National conscription is under con- dred and twenty-seven of the latter. The Chi- sideration. The Chinese Church faces, therefore, nese students upheld the boycott and the Japa- a people turning their eyes towards modern mili· nese students deplored the prevalent Chinese atti- tarism as essential to national defense.

tude towards their nationals. Nevertheless, both What is the Chinese Church doing to forestall expressed faith in the Christian ideal of peace. this turning of the Chinese mind to militarism as Their communications were more sympathetic a national necessity? Generally speaking the Chi- than recriminatory. When a delegation of Chris- nese Christian seems to be stuck at the bottom of tians from Japan-four Japanese al}d five mis- the pit of one of those national crises with little sionaries-visited Shanghai to see wliat had hap- in the way of guidance either as to getting out or pened there, they were entertained by the local staying out. The foundations of his spiritual life Y. M. C. A. They visited the battlefields together are heaving! Yet no national Christian gather- and prayed and suffered together. A few fearless ing has put such a crisis on its program with a

view to showing how to avoid falling into such a What shall we depend on to secure political justice? pit. Can Christianity show the way to discover justice with- out armed force? Various statements have gone out from mis- What is the Christian value that should dominate such sionary and other groups which aim more at criti- a competitive situation? cizing the way Japan has attempted to solve her What can be done to redeem the Chinese people from problems than to furnish guidance for the Chi- the fear that leads to war? nese Church. Coming after instead of before How can the Christian forces in the struggle be a factor these tragic happenings, which have made the in setting up that neighborliness and understanding which soul of the nation to shudder, they have little ef- are essential to the economic and spiritual enrichment of fect. The Chinese Christians face a tremendous two peoples already geographically neighbors? struggle with no conviction as to what side they should take. "After all, can Christian principles The Christian forces, as a rule, simply listen work in such crises?" is an inevitable question. to the guns, relieve distress and protest. B':lt Not having built up any conviction of its own to these are not enough! Christians must mass theIr meet such a situation the Chinese Church thus far forces to uphold in advance the better way of setfinds itself dumb before this issue. Since Japan tling these inevitable economic and political disis imitating the methods used by the very nations which sent missionaries this tragedy confronts putes. Christianity with an urgent challenge. The dy- To have Chinese and Japanese Christians agree namic power of Christianity finds itself under the microscope of torturing realization. Can' Chris- on a program declaring their conviction and outtianity function as a way out of such crises or lining their responsibility and activities as a only in periods of peace? united factor, would be one step towards find- ing answers to the above questions. Neither must What, then, may this Sino-Japanese tragedy dictate to the other. But to stand together for the teach Christians, both in and out of China? The Christian way of securing justice would stabilize Chinese Church cannot sidestep the real meaning their relationships, increase their influence and of the life principle of Jesus. To meet the situ- enrich their spirits. For Western Christians to ation calls for Christian insight, foresight and sympathize with those who suffer from war is not skill. We need Christian foresight to get busy enough. The Christian units in both countries are on these problems before they explode. We must sufficiently strong to offer united guidance to their build up a Christian conviction that will stand to Christian and non-Christian fellow countrymen. its guns as readily as militarists stand to their's. Together the Christians in both countries can up- hold the League of Nations as it tries to find a Generally speaking, the Chinese Church has better way out of the struggle than the use of been brought up on the basis of individual salva- armed force. This would be more difficult for tion. The condition of the Chinese 'Christian mind Japanese Christians than for those in China. and heart just now shows that concentrated em- Chinese Christians, on the other hand, might find phasis on this may leave them at the mercy of a it somewhat harder to oppose their own people's crisis that undermines the fruits of individual sal- tendency to militarism. In both countries Chrisvation itself, In addition to knowledge as to how tians should make it their business to see that to save themselves Chinese Christians must have education plays a larger part in promoting mualso much more guidance as to how to help save tual understanding. their people. The Chinese Church must know how to withstand such a strain upon its soul as that The spiritual struggle, inevitably arising in takof the present hour. ing such a common stand, is needed by the Chris- tians in both countries. It enhances the unity of More leadership is needed to furnish guidance their faith. It brings their common humanity to and to build up a conviction that will enable Chi- the front. It brings their souls to grips with one nese Christians to solve their spiritual dilemma. of those causes that stimulate and build up spir- No Chinese voice is lifted so definitely against itual vitality. It develops them as a force to fight militarism as is Kagawa's in Japan. It is easier evil together. Militarism is their common foe. In for the citizen of the aggressor country to speak the Shanghai "war" both China and Japan lost against military aggression than for one among heavily. A boycott hurts them both. Christians those who are its victims. China's life is in should lead the way in cooperation rather than in jeopardy. To accept militarism as a national ne- permitting themselves to boost the militarists. cessity will mean adding burdens she can ill afford This would make them a factor for peace instead to assume. Christian leadership is urgently need- of being, as they now are, uncertain and someed to answer such questions as the following: times retarding influence in finding the only right way out.

Christians should be leaders in discovering the Christian way of determining justice.

Ways of

'fested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA S. AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO MODERN PLANS FOR AN d. Christianity releases China's Another booklet of great value is ANCIENT COUNTRY women (pp. 38-43) "Call for Colleagues" (25 cents), pub- lished by Student Volunteer Move- Since 1927 there has been a e. Adventurous living (pp. 43- ment, 254 Fourth Ave., New York question in the minds of some 48) City. as to whether the Chinese really wanted the help of the mis- 4. Peeping into China today. A POTPOURRI ON CHINA sionaries any more. After the Ten-minute map drill locating prin- China Baptist Council, which cipal cities, such as Peiping (for- At the Lakeside (Ohio) met in 1931, the Chinese said: merly Peking – pronounced by Methodist Foreign Mission In- "Our leadership is developing, some "Peeping"), Shanghai, Hong- stitute, twelve young women but it is insufficient and will be kong, etc. Locate your denominafor more than a generation. We tional fields and any points spoken afrom the Cincinnati District held appeal to the Christians in of in the text. unique methods contest, each America and to the mission submitting some plan of proven boards there for this help. We II. China's Cs value. A prize was offered for challenge the Christian youth of the best suggestion as judged this generation to come over 1. Impersonation: An elderly Chi- by certain women seated in difand help us. We need men and nese lady of the old school writes ferent parts of the auditorium. women of hardy but adaptable on the blackboard, "Cable of Cour- The participants were seated spirits who are willing to share tesy." She starts with the quota- in a semi-circle on the platsacrifices, hardships and dan- tion from Confucius at the head of form. Elizabeth, their leader, gers with us, and who in. word the chapter and tells her American proposed that, for their forthand life can present a positive audience that as they sail the coming study of China, each Christian message." China Seas this year, it is very im- girl should describe briefly some portant for them to realize the im- method that she deemed worth- -DORA ZIMMERMAN, Mis- portance of the "Cable of Cour- ful and workable in the young sionary. tesy" in the family, which in the woman's society, the award of past has bound the people togeth- the judges to be based on the I'. Peeping Into China * er. (pp. 49-54) merits of the plan and not the personality of its presentation. 1. Peeping into the China book, "Lady 2. Impersonation: A young Chris- Fourth Daughter of China." tian Chinese writes on the black- Hazel eagerly arose and de- board, "We must Calk to make scribed The Kite Contest. This a. Author C-worthy." She feels that the Chi- was to be between two groups, b. Cov.er of book (see page op- nese Ship of State will go down the Tribe of Red Vests and the if it is not properly calked against Tribe of Yellow Vests. in Chi- posIte contents) some of the insidious threats na. Each girl was supplied with c. Legend on which book is against Chinese famiiy ideals. a large poster, at the bottom of (pp. 54-66) which was placed her individ- based ual kite made in the shape of a d. Our attitude in this study 3. Impersonation: One of our own pagoda, a cat, a fish, a gnome, 2. Peeping into China's religious past. missionaries in China tells of what a moon, a dragon or any other a. We need to know the past in Christianity is doing for those peo- symbol of .China. According to ple who are called by many a scale of measurement on the order to appreciate the pres- "Celestials." She writes oil the poster, any given kite was ad- ent board: "Christianity is giving the vanced a certain number of feet b. Ancient beliefs clouded by su- Celestials a really heavenly king- nearer its goal as its owner perstition (p. 15) dom." (pp. 66-83) performed the various duties c. Belief in a Supreme Power listed for the contest. Present (p.16) 4. China Today. at a meeting counted for 50 d. Confucianism (pp. 17-20) Using auxiliary leaflets available feet; paying dues for 100 feet; e. Buddhism (pp. 20-27) from the various denominational a Christmas offering added 20 3. Peeping at China's Christians. headquarters, give the group a feet; a birthday offering an- a. God makes company with us vivid account of what some Chris- other 20; membership dues paid (pp.27-32) tian Chinese girls and women are b. Christianity develops sense of doing. Mount small pictures and duty towards society (pp. 32- pass them around as the stories 37) are told.* . c. Jesus-people commune to- gether (pp. 37, 38) Outlines on later chapters of the study book will appear in —- our next issue.

* Adapted from programs prepared for the The Chinese Christian Student Bul- . letin, 347 Madison Ave., New York Baptist Board of Education by Anna Canada City, will be found very helpful in Swain. missionary organizations. Its price is $1.00 per year.

[555]

counted for 150 feet; "willing meeting) helped materially in Irene told of International response" for 50 feet; awards Plans. A home-made book of in story-telling contests were keeping the members inter- twelve chapters-one for each rated at 50 feet; the mite-box missionary supported by the offering advanced a kite 10 feet ested. Cincinnati Branch-was to be for each 25 cents. synthetically produced under Florence added her sugges- the title, "Girls Who Are Do- The chorus of approval from ing." At the head of each chapthe circle inspired Beatrice to tion for Stewardship and Devo- ter would be a map of the disrise and propose a rival plan trict served by its missionary, in the way of a Real Estate tions. Three tall candles rep- with her central point distin- Contest. This plan had proved guished by a distinctive color. very successful in her home resented Personality, Prayer Then would follow a picture of group. A small village had been the missionary and cut-outs and Possessions. At the first from magazines telling of her plotted out with main and side field and work. The search for streets named after the mission- meeting in the autumn, the materials, as well as the typing aries whom the girls helped to of the chapters, furnish employsupport with their dues and stewardship cards were signed ment for many interested membirthday offerings. The main street was named Collingwood, for one or another of the ideals, bers. after the group, other streets, courts and boulevards bearing or, if possible, for all three. A Instead of having a Mystery either local or missionary Mother Banquet, said Eleanor, names. Lots in one block were large poster was made with the we had a party for the entire set aside for dues and in an- missionary family. This inother block for thankofferings. candles drawn in red, green and c Iud e d the Standard-Bearer When a member paid her dues, girls and their Mystery Mothshe was allowed her choice of purple respectively, and under ers, the King's Heralds and the a lot in the appropriate block, Little Light Bearers. Our Standbut if she signed a card for each candle were the names of ard Bearers are not allowed the stewardship, her lot lay in a privilege of a "mystery mothdifferent section. An interest- all girls who had signed for er" until they have paid their ing feature was the cemetery dues, but the younger girls may plot, which contained lots for that goal. A stewardship sec- draw the name of some King's the disinterested members! The Herald to act as a "mystery goal was to see what girl could retary was appointed to have sister" provided the Herald has earn the most real estate, and paid her dues. As each Standalso to keep the cemetery charge of this feature; testi- ard Bearer wants a mystery empty. mother and each Herald a mys- monial meetings from time to tery sister, the paying of dues Jane next told of Publicity is likely to go on right merrily. through Posters-one for each time were suggested. . In a short program, the Light meeting – illustrative of the Bearers and Heralds sang songs program. For a "weiner roast," Make books of some sort, sug- and gave recitations, the Standthere was a picture of the girls ard Bearers presenting a suitseated around a camp fire in gested Alma, and have the girls the midst of October scenery; the invitations were pictures of copy good missionary and devocats, in recognition of Hallowe'en. The making and the tional hymns, "pep songs," the placing of these posters (two or three weeks before each individual society song, yells for rallies, the covenant and the ritual, so that all such material shall be easily available for each meeting.

Miriam proposed a Chinese Roll Call, the answers to be in terms of Chinese material.

Names of Chinese villages would do for one meeting (there being an ample choice for even a large membership), names of Chinese feasts, mission schools, missionaries, flowers (other than the epidemdram), inci- dents from the lives of mission- aries, news items, etc., adding ample variety for a year's work.

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

able playlet. Refreshments were out, one by one, and read as an inscribed in each space. Cards served and the whole occasion attractive part of the program. and gifts to the unprecedented seemed like a family party. The dragon will be more real- amount of $1,000 poured in istic if decorated with bright from folk, some of whom were Frieda proposed stirring up crayons or paint, with fire issu- never known before to make a rivalry by Dividing the Mem- ing from its mouth. Balance on thankoffering-"I am grateful bership into Teams. One such the poster will be attained by for my mother's influence on might be named Hingwha, "the adding Chinese characters. my life"; "Grateful for a faithvillage transformed to flourish- ful Sunday school teacher"; ing," the group motto to be, Another plan is to use a Chi- "Grateful for good friends and "We transform our society to nese ginger jar-which may be neighbors." So the inscriptions flourishing." Dong Huang vil- an ordinary cooky jar with ap- ran in memory of the dead and lage became one hundred per propriate decorations pasted on. the living. This book was precent for Christ, so that group The cookies are to be made out sented to the pastor at a Sunmight appropriately be "The of brown wrapping paper with day morning service, beautiful girls of our church one hun- the suitable items or incidents with memorial music, flowers dred per cent for Standard pasted on. Each guest reaches and other decorations, and an Bearers." The study textbooks in and helps herself to a cooky, appropriate sermon by the pasfor the year will furnish an am- tor. The memorial volume is ple supply of tribal names and then proceeds to share it with now kept in the church office. the rivalry may be made in- all the others. tense, though always friendly if Here are some simple prothe mottoes are held in mind. The vivid dragon-whose re- grams easily arranged but suit- production is furnished in our able for the Thanksgiving A Baby Feast was Helen's illustration-helped to render month and its offering: suggestion, this being a finan- this last the winning suggescial method. When a Chinese tion; but any possible chagrin 1. Hymns of thanksgiving. baby boy is a month old, friends on the part of the other con- 2. Story of our first Thanksgiving and relatives are invited in for testants was wiped out by a feast. The mother dresses handing to each a mysterious, Day. the child in an apron with a red-wrapped package contain- 3. Causes for Thanksgiving in the pocket in it, and each arriving ing some genuine oriental cuguest is expected to deposit a rio. The winner received her homeland this year. bit of money in the pocket. In choice from among three beau- 4. From the fields across the seas. the proposed adaptation of this tiful articles brought from 5. Talk, "The Stewardship of Thankplan, invitations are issued to a China. considerable number of the fulness"-translating our gratichurch women, the form being tude into living deeds. that of a cut-out apron whose 6. Responsive reading of Psalm 136, pocket contains the date and leading up to the offering. place of the feast. At the ensuing meeting, the baby is rep- THANKOFFERING In a small missionary group resented by a doll in Chinese PROGRAMS of humble resources, there was dress and lying on a Chinese bed. As the guests are admit- A unique plan for gathering first a hymn of praise, then ted to see this interesting baby, they place their money in the the November thankoffering each member was asked to give appropriate pocket. Refreshments may well be tea and rice was used in Grace Methodist a Bible verse of praise or cakes with red Chinese characters on them. Chop suey would Episcopal Church, Dayton, Ohio. thanksgiving. The prayer was furnish a heavier meal. It was called "The Book of led by six members previously Eugenia finished the symposium with A Chinese Method for Thankful Memories." Some appointed, the leader having as- Making Mission Study Interesting. Cut a large, fierce dragon weeks previous to the date of signed six definite blessings for out of black, green or red paper and mount it on a white the climacteric meeting, two which thanks were to be ofcard. Then cut scales out of silver or gold crepe paper and letters were sent to the entire fered. These were followed by paste them on the dragon in the form of pockets. In these pock- membership, one from the pas- sentences of thanksgiving from ets place folded slips of paper containing information about tor and the other from the wom- nearly all present. Then a China. These are to be drawn an's missionary organization, large chart was displayed list- the envelopes containing cards ing some of the outstanding for reply. Offerings from all things in the year's work which were solicited as memory gifts merited praise to God. Mem- in honor of people for whom bers previously appointed spoke the donors were especially one minute apiece on these top- thankful. The messages accom- ics. A number of short stories panying the gifts were to be of thankofferings were told, the written on the enclosed cards president explaining what the and later transferred to the thankofferings of previous years Memory Book by a good pen- had been used for and how man. This book was a large one much they had accomplished.

with blank pages, each of which . The offerings were then collect- had been divided by lines into ed while the group sang "Praise four spaces about the size of God from Whom All Blessings post cards. One message was Flow." BULLETIN OF The Council of Women for Home Missions ANNE SEESHOLTZ, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, 105 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK ~, I~ YOU AND YOUR GOVERN- "FOLLOW THOU ME" "Follow Thou Me" is the MENT It is an interesting coinci- theme upon which Mrs. Chen dence that in 1932-33 when has based the program which is A series of radio programs en- China and the American Indian ready and may be secured totitled "You and Your Govern- are being studied by church gether with the other World ment" are being presented by groups a Chinese woman, Mrs. Day of Prayer supplies from the Committee on Civic Educa- C. C. Chen, and an American In- denominational headquarters. tion by Radio over a nation-wide dian, Mrs. Ruth Muskrat Bron- The price is 2 cents; $2.00 per network of the National Broad- son, have prepared the program 100. casting Company every Tuesday and Call to Prayer for the evening from eight to eight- World Day of Prayer, March 3, Mrs. Bronson is of the Cherthirty o'clock. These broad- 1933. cas t s will continue weekly Mrs. Chen is chairman of the okee tribe. She took her first through the winter and spring National Committee 0 f the two years at Kansas University months. Y. W. C. A. of China .and a mem- and was graduated from Mt. ber of the Executive Committee Holyoke College. In her first A pre-election series of nine of the National Christian Coun- year out of college she taught broadcasts on the general theme of "Government in a Depres- cil of China. She attended the in a government Indian school sion" will be followed immedi- Jerusalem missionary confer- and at the end of the year reately after election with another ence and other conferences in series of seven on "Constructive England and the United States ceived the award given by Am- Economy in State and Local and thus made many friends bassador Morgenthau for hav- Government." There will be ad- around the world. Her husband ing made the best use of her dresses, debates, interviews and is head of the Biological De- college education. Mrs. Bronround table discussions. partment of Shanghai Univer- son is now doing work under sity and Mrs. Chen is active in the Government Indian Office, The Committee on Civic Edu- religious work on the campus. following up graduates of govcation by Radio was formed last She has one daughter and three ernment schools and helping winter by the National Advisory sons. them to adjust their lives to Council on Radio in Education in their home communities. She cooperation with The American [558] has been married for three Political Science Association. It years. Mrs. Chen and Mrs. is composed of political scien- Bronson met in China in 1922 tists, economists, educators and during the World Stu den t public men. Its sole purpose is Christian Federation meeting at the presentation of non-partisan, which Mrs. Bronson representimpartial and authoritative in- ed American Indian students. formation on government. The Call, which is free, in- The University of Chicago vites all people to unite in a Press publishes a Listener's fellowship of prayer on the Handbook for free distribution, World Day of Prayer and says containing outlines of the topics to them, "'Follow Thou Me' in for each week, bibliography and Prayer, in Service, in Steadfastother listening aids. The Press ness, in Sacrifice." There will also publishes' reprints of the in- be no special Call to Young dividual addresses. The Ameri- People, Mrs. Bronson's Call becan Library Association has co- ing suitable for young people's operated in the preparation of groups as well as others. the bibliography and local librarians will gladly assist the read- This year there will be a er in procuring books for supple- World Day of Prayer program mentary reading. for children. Further details about it will be announced later.

A new poster (11×17 inches) has been prepared, quite differ- ent from any previous poster

THE COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS

announcing the World Day of dian backgrounds, racial charac- going to Haskell Institute. How Prayer. A church of colonial teristics and their significance, I was going to get there was design set back among tall trees government relationship to the the next question because I did with open door invites partici- Indian, characterization and not have enough money to take pation in the World Day of geographical distribution of me half way to Haskell. But Prayer. Space is left at the tribal groups, qualifications of I thought of the old saying, bottom for insertion of time and the missionary, and organiza- "Where there is a will there is place of local meeting. The tions at work. The book contains a way," so I went on my way. price is different too-5 cents instead of 10 cents as it has an up-to-date bibliography. The next day I went to Stilbeen in past years. well, Oklahoma, a small town The price is fifty cents and the where we had formerly lived, All groups preparing for the handbook may be secured from and there I got an application World Day of Prayer are urged either the Home Missions Counto order supplies early. cil or the Council of Women for blank and sent it to the Super- Home Missions. intendent of Haskell. Fro m there I went to my brother's YOUR SOCIETY AND WORLD THE STORY OF MY EARLY home in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, PEACE LIFE* and stayed until I received a letter from the Superintendent Five programs on internation- By CLEON SEABOLT of Haskell, stating that I could al relations suitable for mission- I was born in a small box come any time before Septemary societies and other groups of house on a farm near Verona, ber 1. The next morning, Auchurch women have been pre- Oklahoma, November 4, 1910. gust 10, 1926, my b rot her pared by the Joint Committee on My parents were poor and both started with me in a car for International Relations of the of them were full-blood Chero- Lawrence, Kansas, where Has- Council of Women for Home kee Indians. I was only one kell Institute is located. Missions, Federation of Wom- month old when my father an's Boards of Foreign Missions died. One year later my moth- This being the first time that and National Council of Feder- er married a white man who I Was ever away from home ated Church Women. never treated me as a step-son. alone, it seemed as though I could not bear the thought of Disarmament, the W 0 rid All during my childhood, trying to stay at school even Court, Militarism in Education, until I was about twelve years after I had finally reached it. the League of Nations and the of age, I never received much But I had been wanting to at- Cause and Cure of War are the schooling because I had to tend school at Haskell for the subjects covered. work on our farm. I started to preceding five years, so I made school at the age of seven, and up my mind to stay and so I Packets containing excellent I started to attend a small dis- did. Another reason why I material published by various trict school, one-half mile from stayed was because I had run organizations working for world home, all the time when I did away from home to get an edupeace have been assembled for not have to work. When I cation so I could go out into those using these programs and reached the age of twelve my this great world and face it as may be borrowed for postage or parents moved to town and I some of the upper class are bought for one dollar from attended a public school two doing today. either of the organizations men- and one-half years. It was here tioned. that I received my first ex- I have been at Haskell three perience in public speaking. years. During my vacation I AN AMERICAN INDIAN work anywhere until about two HANDBOOK I attended high school one- weeks before it is time for half year and at the end of the school to begin, then I go home A Handbook for Missionary first semester I became very and visit my mother. I always Workers Among the American ill. The physician told me the bring some one back with me, Indians has been prepared by best thing for me to do was to because I want to help my peo- Mr. G. E. E. Lindquist, Mission- quit school, so I went back to ple all I can. This is my fourth ary-at-Large of the Society for the farm with my parents. and last year at Haskell. I ex- Propagating the Gospel Among There I soon regained my pect to go on until I have a the Indians and Others in North health and only stayed at home college education. Then I will America and a member of the one year. At the age of six- try to make the best out of it. Board of Indian Commissioners. teen I ran away from home telling my mother that I was The Heavenward side of every cloud This handbook meets an expressed need on the part of mis- sionaries and other Christian • "The Story of My Early Life." written by Is bright with silver lining, leaders among the Indians for a a student in Haskell Institute. United States I therefore turn my clouds about, manual giving concisely and ac- Indian School, Lawrence. Kansas. was secured And always wear them inside out, through the Rev. A. A. Van Sickle. who is the curately such information as In- interdenominational Religious Work Director To show the glory shining. there.

nurse at the Rockefeller Hos- Students Direct

pital in Peiping. Conversions in Shantung Since 1927 a new Christian The Rev. D. D. N. Tornv,all, movement has sprung up among The Presbyterian Mission in a worker of the Scandinavian the students of the mission North China, reports a great Alliance Mission, has been re- schools in ,and about Foochow revival in Shantung. The Rev. ported killed by Chinese irregu- which has now developed into Harris G. Hilscher, Tengchow, lar soldiers at Sian, capital of the North Fukien Christian tells the following incident as the Province of Shensi. Mr. Student Union. About 200 stuan example of what is happen- Tor n vall disappeared some dents met last summer at ing: weeks ago while making a 300- Fukien Christian University for mile automobile trip from Ping- the first student controlled con- "A young man confessed his liang, in the Province of Kansu, ference. The feeling of isolasins publicly and at home so where he was stationed, to Sian tion which Christian students that his mother thought he was in the company of Robert had has given way to friendcrazy. At an all-night prayer Ekvall of the Christian and ship, fellowship, and group conmeeting he confessed one sin Missionary Alliance (Ameri- sciousness. Formerly students after another, in a straight- can). were interested almost excluforward manner and found sively in educational, social and peace." The University of Shanghai national problems, but now they are discussing the value of re- Li Kai Cheng, a "twice-born This University, which was ligion, the contribution 0 f man" whose joy impresses formerly the Baptist College of Christianity, the place of the everyone who meets him, while Shanghai, is "wholly Christian Church in society, and the servin the military hospital at in its central purpose," says ice which students can render Tsingtau first heard the Gospel President Herman C. E. Liu. through it. from a missionary. He learned "All of its activities are directto read the Bible and hymnal, ed with this in view." -Congregationalist. and as a result his life was transformed. Many people of The University includes many Practical Training for Rural his village have been impressed departments-a college, Theo- Pastors with the change in Mr. Li and logical Seminary, School of through him have become inter- Commerce, and Middle School. Under the leadership of Dr. ested in the Gospel. It also conducts a social center Stanley, the Cheeloo School of in Hangkow and a Nursing Theology, formerly affiliated The father of a student at School for Children of work- with Shantung Christian Uni- Yih Wen Commercial College, ers, with a clinic and a visiting versity in Tsinan, has worked a Presbyterian instituti'on at nurse. out a field laboratory for rural Chefoo, threatened to stop send- community reconstruction. A ing funds for hi~ son's educa- During the recent Japanese village, accessible to the school, tion if the lad became a Chris- invasion of Shanghai, the Jap- is chosen for pr.actical demontian. However, friends ar- anese military headquarters ad- strations in better farming, ranged to pay his fees so that joined the campus and it community recreation, home he could remain. The young seemed wise to close the college nursing, and practical evanman prayed earnestly that his and to remove the classes to gelism. These activities comfather's heart might not be the Shanghai Y. M. C. A. and bine for two purposes, first to hardened, and later his father the Downtown School of Com- demonstrate methods by which not only sent the necessary merce. The regular budget was the Christian forces can lead in funds, but gave consent for his suspended and the work was reconstructing a rural commuson to join the church. conducted on the most economic nity, and the other to furnish basis. In spite of the severe a laboratory that will assist in Sufferers from Bandits financial depression $51,000 was the training of rural preachers. raised from the Chinese for the This particular school has a Miss Helen Barchet, whose School of Commerce where 250 reputation for sending out men father was superintendent of students have enrolled in eve- willing and competent to serve the Ningpo American Baptist ning classes. None of the col- rural areas but they are handi- Hospital, was seriously wound- lege buildings were injured dur- capped in their work unless ed by bandits who attempted to ing the "invasion." kidnap her early in August. Miss Barchet formerly was a [560]

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

they acquire knowledge of com- the Presbyterian Foreign Board, source of growth: a kindergarmunity methods of reconstruction. The training of pastors in emphasizing the value of ten teacher who w,as taken as who can lead understandingly in building the C h r i s t ian medical work, tells of a striking an abandoned baby and grew Church into the life of the village people, is almost an indis- incident in lchowfu. The moth- up in the school; a zealous, pensable requisite for a Christian advance among the great er of a patient was at the hos- young Christian widow matron masses of China. pital with her daughter for a whose father was cook at Chen KENYON L. BUTTERFIELD. couple of weeks, and heard the Teh in its early years; a teach- Notable Changes evangelistic teaching in the er of Chinese who stayed with The International Review of Missions, in giving a survey of wards. When she-left she car- the school through the season mission progress during the past ten years, says of China: ried away two or three deep of its unpopularity; a Christian Nothing better illustrates the tena- and fundamental, but rudimen- primary teacher who grew up cious quality of the Chinese character than the ability not only to carryon, tary, impressions. She learned in the school and went away but 'widely to develop constructive activities in the midst of conditions that there was a Heavenly for two years' normal training; which might with justice be regarded as wholly crippling. Railway con- Father to whom she could pray, and finally, the teacher who struction is proceeding steadily, aided by part of the interest on investment and she learned that one should went to Changsha to complete of the balance of the British Boxer preach this word. She went her high school work. Indemnity Fund, granted for that purpose in 1930; aviation has de- from village to village, teaching -Outlook of Missions. veloped to a surprising degree; in- this, constantly and assiduously. dustrial ventures are multiplying. City after city is being entirely re- She was a self-supporting A Veteran's Adventure built, with modern systems of lighting worker, as she worked to earn and sanitation; motor roads are re- money and then went on again. Charles A. Leonard, veteran placing the old country tracks, and there is a determination to be behind For fifteen years, alone and un- Baptist missionary in North the West in nothing. Every Chinese child is to have four years' free edu- tutored, she carried on in this Manchuria, describes his expecation, to be followed by suitable vocational instruction. way in an untouched part of riences while on a Gospel mis- Since 1930 men and women have Shantung. Then one day her sion along the eastern line of had equal political rights, which presuppose a new social order. Marriage first contact came when she the Chinese Eastern Railway. is no longer the only avenue for women. happened into a village where "Bandits may attack a village Unafraid of Death the mission had a chapel. 1m..; at any time, loot it, carry away The leader of a local political mediately she got into touch for ransom those who have party in Chefoo said in a meeting that all Christians should with the Chinese evangelist and money and then burn those be put to death as enemies of the state, yet three weeks later began on a regular course of stores which they were not able 36 Chinese united with the Church at Chefoo. One student instruction for fuller knowl- to loot; or they may attack a at the mission school in that edge. bus along the highway, shootcity who had become a Christian wrote to tell his father Such results of medical mis- ing it up in real wild west about his new joy. The father was so impressed that he and sions as the kindling of indi- fashion, robbing the occupants, his family began to go to church, to study the Bible and vidual ideals, the actual chang- ' as well as holding some for ranare now preparing to confess Christ. ing of lives, the starting of som. These bandits are usually -Presbyterian Banner. Christian groups and churches without mercy and are especial- Medicine Opens Doors by ex-patients, the friendly at- ly glad to get hold of a for- Dr. E. M. Dodd, Secretary titude of whole communities, eigner, or any other person of the Medical Department. in the imitation by national non- whom they think may be re- Christian agencies and the un- deemed with a large sum. If deniable stimulus to government we waited, however, until there and private efforts, multiply were no such dangers in this through the years. part of the country we would -Women and Missions. not get much mission work done, and it is just because such conditions prevail that we Chen Teh-School of are needed so greatly. These Opportunity conditions have been made much worse as a result of the Chen Teh Girls' School of recent invasion of Manchuria the Reformed Church in the by a foreign power. Until now U. S. was started before 1911 it was safe to travel along the and its future w,as a matter regular lines of travel. Al- of great concern to missionaries though there are bandits in compelled to leave because of many of the outlying districts, political disturbances. In 1927, conditions have been gradually the school was obliged to close improving the pas t several its doors, but after a period, years. The Chinese remind us of communistic violence opened of this in discussing the pres- again. There are now seventy e n t political situation, and girls in attendance, and in its would have it known to the faculty are the evidences of its world that they prefer Chinese

bandits to the rule of an alien heard of Christ and His Way I pray from the bottom of my heart, and say, 'Jesus Christ, power." of Life. please save me.' And then be- -China Weekly Review.

Missionaries Still Needed fore I go to sleep I say the JAPAN -CHOSEN The pastor of one of the larg- same thing." In response he est Christian churches in J a- was sent a copy of The Trav- Depression and Reform pan believes that missionaries eler's Guide from Death to Life. are still needed in that coun- Not h i n g further was heard The Yoshiwara, Tokyo's no- try for the f~llowing three rea- from him for over three years. torious vice district, is reported sons: Recently came a letter from to be on the verge of bank- him s.aying that he was now a ruptcy. The system was estab- 1. Because Christian for- high school student and was lished over 300 years ago and eigners should be in every still believing in Jesus and became the model of similar in- country to constructively criti- praying daily. He e n c los e d stitutions throughout J a pan. cize the native church. money for a Testament, and, a Present day ideals have been few days later wrote for anmaking heavy inroads upon the 2. Because J a pan is far other and said that he was trybusiness and Christians have ,al- from christianized. The num- ing to lead three other boys, ways opposed the nefarious sys- ber of Protestant Christians in whose names he gave. tem. As a result of this in- Japan today is estimated at creasing agitation two of Ja- about 250,000. But Christian -Presbyterian Survey. pan's 47 prefectures have abol- pastors feel that only about ished the licensed quarters and ten per cent, or slightly more, Mother's Day in Japan nine have passed legislation cal- of this number are active culated to bring the system to Christians. "As a woman rears up posan end. The development of terity not to her own parents, cheaper and more mod ern 3. Because J,apanese Chris- but to her father-in-law and forms of amusement, such as tians are too content with their mother-in-law, she must value moving pictures, dance halls own condition, and are not suf- the latter even more than the and cafes have also helped to ficiEmtly interested in getting former, and tend them with cause bankruptcy of the Yoshi- the Gospel to the masses. filial piety." So wrote Ekken wara, but while licensed vice is Kaibara, Confucian philosopher on the wane, private prostitution -The Presbyterian Survey. in "The Great Learning for and promiscuous sex indulgence Women," the classic which dehas been increasing. Planting Seed fined the place of women under the Confucian system. Woman's The Prefecture of Tokushima has one hundred and forty The temperance movement tow n s and villages. Several value, in Japan of the ninehas also shown encouraging . years ago a list of these was teenth century and before, conprogress, p.artly due to the eco- secured and systematic effort sisted in her ability to bear nomic depression and in part has been made to reach them children, and especially sons, to· to moral education. Under pres- all by visiting schools and hold- carryon the husband's family sure of the depression certain ing open air services. A file in- name. The second, among the villages and townships have dex has been prepared of more seven reasons for divorce which taken action binding them- than two thousand names of Kaibara sets down, is : "A selves to a five-year prohibition those who have manifested suf- ficient interest to write, follow- woman shall be divorced if she enforcement in hopes of secur- ing these meetings. A number fail to bear children, the reaing the advantages that have son for this rule being that have indicated they are praying women are sought in marriage come to a number of other vil- daily in Jesus' Name. As they for the purpose of giving men lages which have long enforced are scattered over 1,600 square posterity.' ' prohibition. In the Imperial Such was the position of Diet ,also a five-year prohibition miles it has been impossible to o r g ani z e them into groups, woman in Japan of the last bill has been proposed as a century, and Buddhism, as if to measure of economic retrench- preparatory to church member- re-enforce its more recent ally ment for the nation, under the ship. But many will go away from China to Japan, adds: "Woman is a creature with the slogan "Abstinence until debts to school and become identified look of an angel on its counte- with city churches. nance, but with a diabolical are paid." Economists and re- spirit in its inmost heart." Dr. formers appear in some of the Rev. A. P. Hassell, mission- Inazo Nitobe has recently writ- ary in this Prefecture for the ten of the place of woman in most unexpected quarters and a "the s c hem e of 'n a t ion a I "prohibition dormitory" is be- Southern Presbyterian Church, ing built for students in Tokyo. ethics'" as follows: writes that in October, 1928, On the other hand present he .received a card from a boy They are not expected to live a life financial conditions are causing of their own for the sake of life, but who had attended one of his always to be subjected to the will of suicides, riots and the sale of open air meetings. The card girls into sexual slavery. In read: "Every morning when the meantime most of the de- I go to eat breakf,ast, before I pre sse d masses have never take the chopsticks in my hand,

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

their husbands or children. No un- in Japan, some observers see the missionary work in the Memarried or childless woman exists in sinister omens of race conflict. the scheme of "national ethics," or, The government is ever mindful lanesian Islands, was recently if one exists, she is to be treated by of the danger from Communist society as an odd bird-much as a agitation on the one hand and launched on the Thames and pagan saint would be ostracized in a the growing anti-militaristic was commissioned for work un- "Christian" community. sentiment on the other. der the Church of England Mission. In view of these entrenched Lepers at Soonchun ideas, it is interesting to note For seventy-three years, misthe g row i n g observance of Soonchun Leper Colony, con- Mother's Day in Japan. This taining between 700 and 800 sion ship after mission ship has has been celebrated by Chris- patients, is owned and support- cruised through the South Patian groups for nineteen years. ed by the Mission to Lepers, cific Ocean, for nearly 2,000 Now three organizations are and directed by the Southern promoting the observance for Presbyterian Mission. Most of miles among forty islands. The its spiritual value and to give its 300 acres of land is farmed natives there are of a primievidence of love and honor to by the lepers. The 55 build- tive type. Their religion is mothers. Thousands of people ings were all erected by lepers gather to celebrate this day with stone which they cut. The mainly spirit worship, with publicly with music, addresses Mission provides rice, millet and pageants. be.ans, and salt. All vegetables magic and witchcraft. The white must be provided by each cot- Christian Literature's Influence tage. On the first of each month staff of the mission, some fifty a survey is made and each cot- The Christian Literature So- tage that has a neat yard, gar- in all, are scattered over all ciety for Japan, carried on by den, etc., is given a small ,amount Melanesia, doing pastoral, edua staff of both J.apanese and of money for meat or fish. Once cational, medical, and industrial foreigners, and other Christian a year small prizes are given to work. publishing agencies encourages the five best kept cottages. Japanese Christian authorship, Kerosene for lighting and one A Unique Student Church undertakes the expense of im- suit of clothes each year is proportant translations, brings out vided. Medical treatment is of Central Student Church, lobooks which are not commer- course given every inmate. cia II y remunerative because cated in the heart of the eduthey are used in a compamtive- Two Anniversaries ly narrow circle, and produces cational d is t ric tisouf nMiqauneilia~ good supplies of miscellaneous Two important anniversaries Philippine Islands, Christian books for old and occurred in Korea last year. young, to build up Christian Syen Chun Station completed the Pacific in that its memberconverts, to make Christ known, its 30th year with appropriate and to give healthy, interesting ceremonies; and Chairyung Sta- ship is composed wholly of adreading to the public in general. tion celebrated its 25th anni- The Japanese are gifted with versary. When it was organ- vanced students in college, northe power of quick response, ized the r ewe r e only five and many letters come in to churches in the territory; now mal school and high school, and indicate that this work is bear- there are 85; then there were ing fruit. no ordained Korean pastors in of many of their teachers and the region, now there are 40; Internal Dissension in Japan then there were only 2,000 com- professors. They are potential municants, now there are over A struggle for supremacy is 9,000. A remarkable movement future leaders in the economic, being waged between the mili- which may affect greatly the tarists, capitalists, internation- future of missionary work is professional and religious life alists, fascists, and communists, the migration of multitudes of and combinations of these fac- Koreans into Manchuria, called of the Philippines. The leaders tors. Public opinion has been one of the greatest race migra- "educated" to demand recogni- tions in history. in all walks of life are young tion of the new Manchurian state, of Manchukuo as a self- ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC men and young women. determined state. Missionary Ship for Melanesia· The new building for Central A correspondent writes that Japan regards the problem not The Southern Cross VI, built Student Church, costing $75,000 only as one of independence for at Cowes, England, at a cost Manchuria but as Asia's oppor- of $125,000, and destined for is now ready for dedication. A tunity for emancipation from foreign domination. Beneath friend from California gave what appears to be imperialism $25,000 and other American friends contributed generously; the Manila student congrega- tion, out of meager funds, con- tributed their part.

On Sunday afternoons groups of the young members travel by bus to preaching and teach- ing appointments in towns and villages scattered many miles around Manila. In this way they have an unusual training for Christian service.

Financial Crisis in Tahiti This is a French colony with 6,585 inhabitants, the majority of whom were converted to Christianity by the French Protestant missionaries. Under the influence of the financial crisis, a movement has originated among these people to attitude of whites towards pended "for disciplinary rea- abandon the modern manner of them. The Episcopal Church in sons" stood at 80,172. living and to do without all Virginia recently voted by a The number of 0 l' d ,a i ned luxuries, to give lJP foreign majority of more than six to Presbyterian ministers is 9,939, trading and to return to the one to give Negro clergymen a decrease of seventy-five from manner of living of their fore- votes in their council. Of 453 the preceding year, due to the fathers. -The Presbyterian. churches there, 45 are Negro. effort to merge weak churches.

Fisk University graduated 82 Due to the depression, giving News from Australia students last June. Bishop Fran- to church causes has been re- cis J. McConnell was the com- duced. The total contributions Australia has been obliged to mencement orator. A new build- in the fiscal year were $50,172,- make drastic reductions in mis- ing for the department of chem- 304, showing a decrease of $7,- sionary expenditure. The num- 999,077. ber of European missionaries istry has been added. More than a million dollars in assets has Methodist Finances has declined from 99 to 89 since 1921, but the membership been ,acquired under the presi- The Board of Home Missions of the Native Church (apart dency of Thomas Elsa Jones of the Methodist Episcopal from Tonga, Samoa, and the Church reports a serious de- and is now standardized by the cline in receipts for the eight Solomons – now belonging to months ending June 30th. The Southern Association of Col- board's share of World Service leges. receipts for eight months was $687,991, a decrease of $285,- New Zealand) has increased as The tendency in the south is 120 as compared with last year. follows: 1921, 40,105; 1931, to increase facilities for the Should this rate of decline con- 47,474; while the attendants at education of Negro youth, espe- tinue until October 31 the republic worship have risen from cially in the field of secondary ceipts will be $1,139,000, or 142,660 in 1921, to 160,941 in education. The 5,000 Rosen- show a decrease of about $472,- 1931. Much has been done also wald schools are pouring a 000 as compared with last year. in building up a native church, greatly enlarged stream of col- This in addition to a decrease and in developing responsibil- ored youth into high schools. of $456,000 last year. ity, especially in Fiji. There is There is also an increasing an apparent revival of interest number of interracial meetings, Six thousand, one hundred in missionary work, especially especially among students and and sixty-seven Met hod i s t among the young people.-The youth in the churches, and churches, giving over six mil- Australian Missionary Review. there is reported a growing lions for pastoral support, gave feeling among Negro leaders last year only $227,000 for World Service. Whereas ten NORTH AMERICA that the future of their race . will be worked out in the south Laymen's Foreign Mission rather than in the north.

Inquiry The Laymen's Foreign Mis- Presbyterian Statistics years ago for every dollar given sions Inquiry, which has been The membership of the Pres- for ministerial support throughcarried out by fifteen commis- byterian Church in the United out the entire connection 49 sioners who have been study- States of America is larger than cents had been given to World ing foreign missions in the Far Service, last year this ratio had East since last fall, will soon ever before in the 143 years' make their report public. The history of the denomination. declined to 20 cents. Ten years . The total communicant member- ago for every dollar expended commissioners met in Maine for on current expense (not includtwo weeks during August to ship is 2,009,875, and the net ing building or repairs), $1.03 gain in membership in the year put their report in shape to was 10,744 according to the an- was given to World Service. turn over to the evaluating Last year the proportion was body which represents seven de- nual statistical report for the nominations; the Protestant year ending March 31 last. 29 cents to the dollar. In 1921 Episcopal Church, the Presby- The membership in the Sun- the entire Church raised $73,- terian Church of the U. 'S. A., day schools also is the largest 000,000 for all purposes, of the Reformed Church of America, the United Presbyterian, in the history of the denomina- which amount one dollar in five the Methodist Episcopal, and tion, with a total enrollment of went to World Service, wherethe Northern Baptist and the pupils and teachers of 1,624,- as in 1931 out of $93,000,000 Congregational Church. 402, a net increase over the raised for all purposes only one previous year of 3,906 pupils and teachers. dollar in twelve found its way into World Service coffers.

Progress in Negro Education . There were more members Disciples Meet Shortage added to the churches on con- Major Moton of Tuskegee fession of faith. The number The general fund receipts of 'says that' remarkable progress last year was 101,062, while the United Christian Mission-' is being made not only by the that for the previous year was ary Society for last year were Negroes themselves but in the 97,825. The total of those sus- only 83.62 per cent of the re-

ceipts for the previous year. It the churches showed an average teaching a few years he founded has therefore been found neces- attendance of seventy-one per a school under his own supersary to cut $308,149 from the cent. This dropped to sixty-six vision in northern ~ississippi, new budget. Office staff sal- per cent in villages of 3,500 to which in time became one of aries have been reduced; for- 5,000 population. Towns of the best known in the South. eign missionaries are to give a 5,000 to 10,000 showed an at- Having served for twenty-five month and a half service with- tendance average of only forty- years as· president of this inout pay, and reductions have six per cent. In .the cities of stitution, he was called, in Ocalso been made in personnel; in 10,000 to 50,000, the attendance tober, 1927, to be field secrehome missions, staffs are being was forty-two per cent. Cities tary of the American Church reduced; part of the staff of of more than 50,000 population Institute for Negroes. Dr. Bat- the Religious Education Depart- could show an average attend- tle was the first Negro to serve ment is transferred to the ance of only thirty per cent." as field secretary of the Insti- Christian Board of Education, tute or of the National Council.

St. Louis, thus making large Another Friendship Project Through his gift of winning economies. The field budgets The children of the United friends, his ability as a speakfor foreign missions are to be States and the children of other er, and his persistent energy, cut 15 per cent beginning Jan- countries have been brought uary 1, 1933. he has won the confidence of into friendly relations through those with whom he has come Our Crime Problem the friendship school bags sent in contact, and has secured to ~exican children, the doll large sums for the support of Judge ~arcus Kavanaugh of messengers of friendship sent Chicago, after 33 years' expe- to Japan and tl~e friendship the work. -Spirit of Missions.

rience on the bench, states that treasure chests to the Philip- Chinese Girls in America no less than 350,000 persons in pine Islands. The senders and this country live partially or recipients of these tokens feel Three problems have conwholly by crime. Last year more kindly toward each other fronted ~iss Donaldina Cam- eron and her staff at the Prescriminals, by illegal means, ob- because of these experiences. byterian ~ission Home in San tained more than enough money The fourth annual friendship Francisco. The three groups to ·pay for building the Panama are Chinese girls who have project from American children Canal. In his book "Twenty will be sent to the children of Thousand Years in Sing Sing," China in the shape of a friend- been brought into this country meaning that 2,500 prisoners ship folio, containing messages illegally and must be deported to the children, pictures from with an average sentence of magazines, snapshots of the -Chinese girls who have been eight years serve 20,000 years, senders ,and other matter of in- trained at the Presbyterian ~is­ Warden Lawes gives carefully terest. sion at Oakland and who desire prepared statistics and percent- preparation for Christian serv- ages to prove the blessing of The Department of Education ice in China, and homeless or early training. The book says: of the Republic of China has abandoned Chinese babies. The "The records of Sing Sing show expressed an enthusiastic will- Board of National ~issions has that ninety-seven per cent of ingness to co-operate in making set aside a special fund to proour prisoners were never asso- the plan a success. The Amer- vide shelter and training for ciated with any boys' club, or ican committee supervising the the Chinese girls who have been any other of the juvenile asso- project includes Protestants, placed in the mission home by ciations where boys learn how Catholics, and Jews. the Government awaiting deto spend their leisure in whole- portation, and who have no one some recreation. Seventy-five Serving His Race to whom to turn in China when per cent of our prisoners are not skilled or learned in me- Berea College, Kentucky, has they reach there; and also to chanics or trades. Ninety-nine make available the necessary per cent were not actively. in- conferred the degree of Doctor Christian training in China for terested in church orgamza- of Literature upon Wallace A. girls who wish to enter Chris-· tions." Battle. In conferring this de- tian service there. -Watchman-Examiner. gree, President Hutchins said: -Women and Missions.

"W.allace Aaron Battle, alum- LATIN AMERICA Progress in Puerto Rico nus of Berea, friend and dis- City and Country Churches ciple of the Founders; educator and advocate of the Colored Roger W. Babson, after care- race; leader of his people from ful study, reports that the larg- servitude to the service which The Protestant Church of Puerto Rico is taking on the er the community, the smaller is perfect freedom." the percentage of church at- Upon his graduation thirty- momentum of a great evangeli- five years ago, Wallace Battle cal movement. The young leadtendance. He says: "In Incorporated areas and determined to ~vote his life to ers are ready for it and the villages under 2,500 population, educating his people. After evangelical church is giving it a place in the lives of the poor. alw,ays been a matter of rote America unless the task was The country is rising up to take -the student had to memorize speeded up. The Latin Amerthe leadership of the church. his work and answer in the ican Evangelization Campaign A recent conference was held exact phraseology of the book, was undertaken to reach the from which a trained, eager and any answer in his own unevangelized millions by a forgroup of young leaders went words, however intelligent he ward movement of aggressive back into thirty churches and might be on the subject, count- evangelism carried out in coin communities where there are ed against him rather than for operation with missionaries of no churches, to be a spiritual him. Now, with no examina- all denominations working on inspiration and to establish a tions to face, the curricula of the field. The success that has new leadership in the religious the mission schools has been re- crowned the work since its inlife of many. leased for up to date subjects, ception has been phenomenal.

In the non-sectarian, Protes- and a modern scholastic techni- Campaigns have been carried on tant atmosphere native to new que not before possible. Stu- in fourteen countries of Latin Puerto Rico the young people dents are taking eager advan- America. The time occupied of the Presbyterian Church tage. Night classes have been in each country was from three have a wholesome kind of de- opened in many places for the to six months. The founder and nominationalloyalty. When the teaching of geography, English, director of the campaign is Mr.

island was divided between sev- arithmetic, composition and Harry B. Strachan. Great mass en mission groups the Presbyter- simple mechanics, and the regu- meetings have been held in im- ian Church was given the west- lar classes of our mission portant centers, and municipal ern end with Mayaguez as the schools are able to include po- authorities have vied with each largest center of population. litical e con 0 my, mechanics, other in placing halls at the Such a division of labor has not home-making, commercial sub- preacher's disposal. Newspapers only made for effectiveness in jects and religious education. were used to extend the mes- -Women and Missions. sage, with excellent results. group programs but has bred this generous co-operative spirit -The King's Business.

throughout the whole island. South America in Transition WM. C. COVERT. Dr. George P. Howard, in his Refugees Reach Paraguay After Thirty Years recent visits to Peru, Bolivia, The first transport of Men- One small Puerto Rican boy Uruguay and the Argentine, nonite refugees from Harbin, finds evidence that a need for Manchuria, forced to leave was in the first group convert- Christ is being felt. In all his Russia, have arrived safely in ed by the first Presbyterian addresses he presented Christ Paraguay. They number 373 as the only power able to save persons, 78 families. The refumissionary to the island more from chaos, and intense inter- gees will be moved inland, by than 30 years ago. At the Den- est was evinced, particularly in train and wagons, to their ulti- student centers. Roman Cath- mate destination in the Chaco. ver General Assembly, this olic priests thanked him warmly The American Section of the for his message. Central Bureau for Relief has year, that small boy sat as a aided in this program of recommissioner. He is the Rev. More than a million dollars habilitation. This group came Olivo Robles, pastor of Monte- are being expended at present by way of France, whose au- in South America on evangeli- thorities facilitated their progflores Church at Santurce. His cal schools, conducted under ress in every way, commenting North American Christian aus- on their amazing good health church received 181 members on pices, the largest expenditure and hopefulness after the hardconfession of faith last year being for Santiago College, a and has produced three candi- girls' school organized by the ships endured. Methodist Board fifty years Lutheran refugees, numberdates for the ministry and one ago. In Peru, old San Marcos nurse; it holds its Sunday ing 404, have also left Harbin school sessions in three sections because the building cannot ac- commodate all the children. -Presbyterian Banner.

Hindrance Helps Cuba University is being reorganized, by way of Shanghai and Mar- Last year the University of with an evangelical teacher on seilles and are bound for Brazil. the faculty in addition to the Cuba was closed by the Govern- EUROPE ment after a political strike Roman Catholic teacher. A Y. 100 Years of Medical Missions M. C. A. director has been inamong the students, and has vited to reorganize the physical A century has passed since not been reopened. Examina- training. the British Medical Association tions sent out by the Govern- -Presbyterian Banner. ment for all high school pupils was founded. To celebrate this stopped at the same time. Mis- Cooperative Campaign centenary an exhibition of sursion schools took prompt advantage of the restrictions to A few years ago Dr. S. G. gical appliances, drugs and enlarge their opportunities. The Inman said it would take a mil- other medical supplies was government examinations have lennium to evangelize Latin opened in Kensington, near

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

London, on July 26, and Lord ings by Roman Catholic so- speak to the soldiers about the Dawson, President of the As- cieties in six different cities- value of the Bible. Authorities sociation, in a remarkable ad- Brescia, Alba, Torino, Milano, realize that the only way to offdress in Queen's Hall sketched Roma and Gravina di Puglia. set bolshevism is to spread the the history of medical science An aged teacher in the south, Gospel. during the century. In 1832 in writing for a Bible, said: there was an epidemic of "I am 78 years old and never -The Christian Irishman. cholera from which 50,000 per- have seen the Bible in all my sons died. When Sir Charles life. I would be eternally Service by Candle Light Hastings founded the Associa- grateful to anybody who gave tion, there was much darkness me a chance to behold it before Another step is planned in the minds of men upon the my eyes are closed to the light against R u s s ian Christians nature of such dis e a s e s. of this world." A workman in which will make it more dif- ficult than ever to continue the Pasteur, Lister, Manson, Bruce, Caserta wrote: "When I am assembling of themselves to- Ross, and other heroes have reading that Book I feel as if it gether. This is to cut off churches and prayer houses brought new light, but many had been written especially for from the use of public lighting currents. "They waste the pretasks still remain for the heal- me." cious power so needed in indusers of mankind. Among many .-Record of Christian Work. try," say the Soviets. Worship- ers now assemble by candle arresting thoughts Lord Dawson light which can be quickly ex- tinguished. told of the potential energy The Bible in Greece which becomes kinetic in the Lenin's widow makes this obface of the foe. The great In 1930, an incident hap- servation: "the masses are founders of modern medical sci- pened in Greece which has sub- drawn to evangelical religion ence were men of a deep and sequently opened doors hitherto because of an irresistible long- closed. When the new consti- ing for fellowship, knowledge abiding faith in God. and organization. In contrast Pasteur, Lister, and Manson tution was drawn, there was an the tempo of our development were men of humble piety and omission of the clause guar- is exceedingly slow. Bolshevism anteeing liberty for colportage has not succeeded in quenching devout Christians. work, or indeed for even read- the moral thirst of the masses. Among the evangelical sects one Evangelical Church of Spain ing the Scriptures. A new chief finds cleanliness in the highest of police in excessive zeal for degree, absence of alcoholism, For the first time since the enforcing the law forbade an singing." adoption of its constitution the agent of Scotland's Bible So- Evangelical Church of Spain ciety to sell Scriptures, but -Sunday School Times. held its convention, called upon the case being referred to Asamblea. It was held in the public prosecutor, that of- Rumania's Spiritual Movement Barcelona, June 28-30. The ficial pointed out that the circunumber of pastors and dele- lation of the Scriptures in An English missionary congates that met was considerably modern Greek was not opposed nected with the Angelican Jewenlarged, principally because to the Constitution; that such ish Mission in Bucharest, a few this was the first convention circulation has been carried on years ,ago exchanged language since Spain herself enjoys the since at least 1890; that the lessons with a young priest full liberty of faiths. Law of 1924 decrees that from an orthodox seminary. By partial exemption from taxes this contact, the young man ac- The Espana Evangelica has shall be allowed for Bibles pub- cepted evangelical Christianity. been obliged to suspend publica- lished by the British Bible So- He became assistant to one tion because of the critical fi- cieties; that the Presidential Popescu by name, who in turn nancial situation. was led to a real interest in evangelical methods. He began New Interest in Italy Decree of 1924 expressly stated to preach in his church, which that the Municipal Duty has aroused the envy of other priests. Then he preached on People in Italy have more de- been decreased for Bibles pub- justification by faith and was tried for heresy and removed. sire for religious books than in lished by the British Bible '80- He held services for three or four years in the hall of the the past, first of all for the cities; that these books are Anglican Jewish Mission until the prefect of the city sent Bible. The reason is seen in a calculated to serve a useful pur- policemen to stop the meeting. periodical, the Corriere Emili- pose; and that if the circulation Popescu then began to write ano: "Both spirit and soul today were impeded, it would proba- sermons and addresses, which need more than ever that spe- bly cause serious diplomatic cial blessing that overflows question. This emphatic declar- from the reading of the Bible, ation has released the colpor- and everybody has friends or teurs from constant interfer- acquaintances ready to declare ence by officious p r i est s.

the great benefits they have re- Furthermore, the Chief Com- ceived from the Book of God." mander of the Army permits Popular demand for the Bible colpocteurs not only to sell has required additional prjnt- Bibles at the barracks, but to

were sold on the streets. (married to an Arab wife) now Africa Mission of the Presby- Eventually his followers erected over 50 years of age. Since his terian Church in the U. S. A. a building of their own, where- 17th year he has been engaged Mrs. Newhouse states that the upon a law was invoked to in a bitter war against the g e n era 1 situation concerning prevent singing or praying. Saviour. He has been dogging sleeping sickness in the Abong When the present King re- the steps of the missionaries in Mbang district has improved turned to Rumania, the prefect this great continent, but of late not ice a b I y, the government who had instigated the opposi- years he has found a fine hunt- doctors having proved by tests tion was dismissed and expelled ing-ground in Johannesburg, that the percentage of the popu- because of his political activity. where he has done valiant work lation having sleeping sickness The evangelicals are now able for the Moslems. He is very virus in their blood has been to have both song and prayer in intelligent and highly educated. reduced to 2.6 per cent, and their services. But the Ortho- He speaks I do not know how that the percentage of new dox Church, a I arm e d at many languages. His command cases has been reduced to 1.35 Popescu's influence, which has of English is excellent. A few per cent. While the disease is extended throughout the length months since he got hold of a not yet stamped out, it is no and breadth of the land, now native who was outwardly con- longer epidemic as it was a few insist that their own priests verted to Christianity and per- years ago. The vigorous meas- shall preach. "Wherever there suaded him to become a Mo- ures of government ,and mis- are evangelicals," testified a hammedan. The lad took his sionaries have saved villages priest recently in a newspaper Bible to his new teacher and and tribes from practical exterarticle, "there is less stealing, was going to tear it up, when, mination.

drunkenness, and immorality." moved by a strong impulse, his The ideal of the medical The very opposition which they teacher said, 'No, give it to me.' work of the mission is to give suffered served to call sym- He thought it would be well for medical treatment to all comers pathetic attention to them and him to have it to help him in free of charge, but lack of to strengthen their characters. some of his controversies. He funds has made this impossible. -Alliance Weekly. locked it up carefully, and one As far as the Mission is able, AFRICA day later on went to consult it it gives medicines and operates about the birth of our Lord. free of charge for many of the Moslem Convert's Conference God almost immediately gripped patients are so poor that their him and he went on with the only possessions are the bark A conference of men converts secret reading of that Word be- cloth which they wear. The from Islam was held last spring hind carefully locked doors, for mission is treating many babies at Zeitoun, near ,Cairo. About fear of his wife getting to know and children who are suffering twenty attended the full three what he was about. One day from the serious diseases of the days; others came in for a day. when he went out hurriedly he tropics. Almost the whole of Egypt was forgot to lock up the Bible, and represented. There were three his wife, who wanted to dis- First Fruits Among converted sheikhs from Azhar cover what he was doing in se- Foulacoundas University; the son of a rich cret, now found the Bible, and mayor was present, also a boot she began also secretly to read The Foulacoundas of French maker and several students. it. He did not know anything West Africa are predominat- The oldest in attendance was about this, nor did he know ingly fetich worshippers. Some baptized 54 years ago. Each what his wife was doing. When have turned to Islam, and the could tell' a story of suffering later on he felt he could no country is overruh with fanatifor his faith, one had even lost longer keep silent he told her of cal Foula Mohammedans from an eye. His story went back to his new found faith, and asked French Guinea. The Rev. J. S. the time of his own conversion her if she would now want to Johanson of Senegal writes in and baptism, when during the desert him. To his joy'his wife the Alliance Weekly that after fifteen months of Gospel work trouble that arose on account of confessed herself also a be- the first pagans ,are confessing his b e com i n g a Christian, liever, and said she would go their need of Christ. A threesoldiers had to intervene to anywhere with him. This man day tour was conducted, with protect him, but not before he has been baptized and has a tent and canvas spread on received a blow which resulted taken the name of John Hope." the ground as pro t e c t ion in the loss of his eye.

Moslem Missionary Converted Medical Work in Cameroun against scorpions. After the message, when all who would Dr. Samuel M. Zwemer gives Sleeping sickness and leprosy were asked to remain and pray, the following interesting news are being subdued by medical none went away. Men, women from South Africa: "Quite re- missionaries in Africa, accord- and young boys ,asked God to cently has occurred the conver- ing to a report received from forgive them, to keep them sion of a Moslem missionary in Mrs. W. D. Newhouse, editor from sin and help them follow Johannesburg. He is a Turk of The Drum Call, of the West the Jesus way.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Work Among Wild Tribes boy you left down here on earth. Naturally it is a matter of deep The Walesi people are about Speak to Him on my behalf, regret to its friends and supone stage higher than the and ask that He give me suc- porters that it must lose its pigmy in mentality, but as low cess. I am going out to shoot separate identity, but there are morally; they live in small leaf elephants. Put in a good word compensations in the hope for a houses or huts, crowded to- for me." This offers the mis- large sphere of service for the gether for safety. Mr. P. sionary an opportunity to teach joint enterprise in Beirut. The Moules, of the Heart of Africa him that Christ is mediator be- Presbyterian Mission rejoices Mission, tells of a month's trek tween God and man. in this opportunity for cooperaamong these and similar tribes. tive work with the original -The King's Business. founder of our work in Syria, On one occasion I had been in a the American Board, and also village only a few minutes when a WESTERN ASIA because of the fact that the man came along with his two wives. new School will be a laboratory I commenced talking to hi'm about An All Jewish City of racial understanding. Jesus, and found that he was a "Bili" man and dabbled in witchcraft. I Tel Aviv, Palestine,enjoys -Syria News Quarterly. felt here was a challenge from the the distinction of being the only devil, and strove with ,all my might all-Jewish city in the world. It Persia Goes Modern to get him to decide for Christ. He is practically 100 per cent Jewhad a great fear that "Bili" would ish, for out of a population of Persia grows more modern kill him if he believed, but at last 45,000, only 240 residents are every day. All over Teheran, he said, "God is greater than Bili and not J.ews. Only Hebrew is the capital, are piles of sand, surely He will guard me; I will fol- spoken. Dr. Milton J. Rosen, bricks, bags of cement, scaf- Harvard professor, essayed a folding and steel frames of low Jesus. I will give up sin and witchcraft and become a Christian." 'vVe prayed, and he went on his way; conversation with a small boy buildings in course of construchis two wives ,also confessed Christ. on the streets of Tel Aviv. To tion. Where the old buildings his surprise, the lad refused to have been torn down spring up Jungle Theology speak English, and kept repeat- modern structures in concrete No African denies the exist- ing "Rak Ivrith" (only He- and steel. Everywhere frenzied ence of God. They have many brew). Dr. Rosen asked him building is going on, and all names for Him, each denoting why he spoke only Hebrew. the Persian cities are increassome characteristic of God, for With a saucy look and the con- ing in size, not in width, but in names in Africa always denote fident expectation that his an- height. Persia is said to have character, so that when an swer would be annihilating, the more speed maniacs than any African tells his name, he feels boy asked in the Hebrew other country, and since camel he is giving himself away, and tongue, "Isn't it the language caravans travel the same roads this he does not wish to do, ex- that God speaks?" as autos, the highways are cept to ,a friend. When a boy Jewish ceremonials and holi- strewn with wrecked cars and hears some new word, such as days hold sway as nowhere else. bodies of camels. Every day, "soap," he thinks that would With the approach of twilight also, Persia increases her numbe a wonderful name. He uses on Friday the Shofar is blown, ber of airplanes, imported from it for a few months, saying, and stores, factories, even bus Germany. New ports are be- "My name is Soapy." Or one lines cease. There are both ing constructed and oil producwill hear, "I am Knife:v," or "I public and private schools for tion from the Bahrein Islands am Forkey." One of the fa- general instruction, arts, music increases continually. Also, the vorite names is "Spooney." The and trades. Herzliah School building of railways goes on real name is only discovered as has 800 students, and its grad- steadily. One new section of you come to know the man, and uates are admitted to colleges the Trans-Persian Railroad, rehe opens his heart to you. So in Europe and America. cently opened, cost 600 human it is in these tribes when they speak of God. They say "the Merger Approved lives, because the work involved exceptional peril. For the line Father of creation-the One The Syria Mission .of the that ties Teheran up with the who creates and the One who Presbyterian Church III the coast, 200 tunnels must be dug. recreates." The thought is, U. S. A. has approved the pro- -Literary Digest. after we have spoiled the job, posed merger of the School of He is perfectly able to recreate Religion in Athens with their No Missionary Allowed us. own School for Religious Work- While there are 9,000,000 The African is also very ers in Beirut. The School in Moslems in Afghanistan, not a spiritual. The unseen world has Athens has a very inspiring single representative of the a distinct reality, and they history of ten years at that Church is there, though for readily become spiritists. It is location, and before its estab-. years missionaries have looked quite common to hear some one lishment there its predecessors forward to obtaining permissay, "0 spirit of my mother, in Turkey had prepared many sion to enter that country. The think of me. Try to get before ministers for evangelical work bars have recently been let God and tell Him· all .about the in Turkey and the Balkans. down, however, to the extent

that Afghanistan is now per- enmity of many of the village the Chamars too much hilarity mitting anyone to enter the headmen ,and wealthy land- to see a dignitary attempt to country, provided he does not owners has been a terrible test manage a team of obstreperous stay longer than two months, for many of the new converts. oxen, or keep the plow where though to date no missionary . . . The incidents we listened it belonged. However, there is has ever remained in Af- to, the advance in spiritual real significance in the Mahaghanistan for a period that growth that we recorded, the raja's action and when he said long. In 1924 a small group disappearing of weakness and that if there was any sin atremained for t h r e e weeks, the putting on of strength, to- tached to plowing with one's though they were not per- gether with the report of bap- own hands, he took it upon mitted to preach the Gospel tisms, caste 1,400, out-caste himself in the interest of the while there. 5,924, Gond 305 and Lambadi state. 30, proved that so far from -Presbyterian Advance. calling ,a halt, the movement is -Indian Witness. pressing on triumphantly. The INDIA AND BURMA changed lives of outcaste con- "Eight-Point Outline" verts has brought home to caste Reach India Through Children Hindus the bankruptcy of their Rev. N. F. Silsbee of Ban- religion, with the result that galore City was asked to co- Professor B. C. Mukerji, on the Christian Church now in- operate with Indian Christians the eve of sailing recently from cludes representatives of the in an evangelistic campaign, America for India, said that Brahman, Goldsmith, Farmer, and to reach as many Moslems India crowds ,a population three Fisherman, Weaver, Shepherd, as possible. For five days the times that of the United States Tailor, Carpenter, Blacksmith, work concentrated in the secinto one-half the area. To Pot t e r, Washerman, Stone- tions where Mohammedans live. understand the condition of mason and many other castes. The "Eight-Point Outline" was these 350,000,000 of people one used, designed to bring out the must realize, he said, that only New Term of Reproach following points in every place 30,000,000 can claim any degree visited: (1) Christ was promof culture. The remainder are A straw that shows which ised in the writings of the in a primitive state of ignor- way the wind is blowing is the Prophets. (2) In the fullness ance and superstition. "The fact that at Alexandra High of time, and according to promshortest way to the redemption School, Amritsar, the term ise, He came, born of ,a virgin, of a hackward people," he de- "non-Christian" is now con- of the seed of Abraham and clared, "is through their chil- sidered a reproach, and has David. (3) He taught the peodren. The most expeditious been removed from the school's ple with authority as a Teacher method of reaching the children prospectus. The principal says sent from God. (4) He peris known as Daily Vacation that not infrequently smaller formed miracles as proofs of Bible School work. In India n 0 n-C h r i s t ian pupils are His Messiahship and as illustrathis is called the student vaca- taunted by Christian pupils, be- tions of spiritual truth. (5) tion ministry. The young col- cause they worship "black, He died on the cross for the sin lege men and women of India black idols." of the world. (6) He rose to the number of nearly 1,000 again the third day and apare con d u c tin g during six -C. M. S. Outlook. peared to witness. (7) He asweeks of their holiday approxi- cended into heaven, and is now mately 600 of these religious Maharaja Touches a Plow alive there, our Priest King. schools reaching the children of (8) He will return again to the depressed classes in large When the Maharaja of the earth at the end of the present numbers." For two years Mr. Rewa State recently touched a age of grace. Only (5) and Mukerji has been released by plow with his own hands, it (6) are denied by Moham- Serampore College to give him- was considered news, and was medans. self to this work. given space in the dailies. Time was when crops remained un- -Darkness and Light. The Outcaste Movement sown because there were no low caste men to do the plowing, Vocational Work in Anklesvar The Wesleyan Mission in most of them having gone to Hyderabad, where the first Calcutta to work in mills. The The Church of the Brethren fourteen caste converts were Maharaja feels that the Brah- (Elgin, Illinois) is gIvmg baptized a few years ago, re- mans and landlords can no Christian training for rural ports: "In spite of the bitter- longer maintain this attitude teachers in their Anklesvar est persecution there is no sign towards plowing and thus it School in Bombay Presidency. of the movement abating… We was that His Highness con- They have added to Christian rejoice to record 7,234 caste descended to touch ,a plow, al- instruction courses in rural baptisms since the first four- though he did not attempt to hygiene, teacher training, nateen were baptized. . . 1,400 in turn a furrow. It would afford ture study, vocational agriculthe past year. . . The bitter ture, carpentry and blacksmith- ing. Special emphasis has been

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

placed on oral teaching by the Burma's Need Vacation and the Bible story method and on projects Rev. M. C. Parish, Baptist Three tho usa n d vacation missionary in Pegu, Burma, de- church schools were carried on a.nd the working out of prac- clares that hundreds of villages last summer in Presbyterian in Burma have never even churches, an increase of 350 tIcal problems. Rev. I. W. heard a Christian evangelist. over any previous summer, and He also says that there are it represented an enrolment of Moomaw is the missionary in more than 9,000,000 Burman 212,000 children. Kansas City, Buddhists in that country ac- Kansas, reported 15,000 chilcharge of the hweaodrkmasatnedr.PStuG~ cording to the last census,' and dren in 87 v.acation church Bhagat is the that there are but 5,889 Bur- schools, nearly 100 per cent of man Christians. The Pegu dis- the public school enrolment. In dents have learned practical trict alone is reported to have the mission fields abroad, word 1,100 villages, many of them comes that more than 100,000 lessons by operating a small without the knowledge of the children were enrolled in vaca- Gospel. tion schools under the care of store, by working a school the mission stations. Korea A Home Mission Society in heads the list, with 15,000 engarden, by building a model Moulmein, which last year cut rolled pupils. More than 7,000 its budget, has decided to re- Presbyterian you n g p e 0 pIe house, caring for cattle, raising store its larger budget. The gathered in summer confer- numbel' of baptisms increased ences lasting from seven to poultry, and by dealing with from 268 to 427. twelve days under 700 compeh~me and village problems. tent leaders, including experi- – Watchman-Examiner. enced pastors and teachers. NIght schools are conducted for Such a conference is being GENERAL planned for Puerto Rico in those who must work during 1933, and one has been held in Sunday School Gains the day. The cotton crop of Cuba. While churches are confront- -Presbyterian Ba.nner. the school has yielded 370 bls.

per acre and 869 bls. of corn per acre–a Ire a d y one-third more than the community aver- age. A school cooperative bank has proved a valuable training to boys who have never saved- and possibly n eve r handled money before they came to the school. Sixty-five graduates in the past seven years have gone out to teach in mission schools.

In Assam ing a loss, or doubtful gain in The ,attendance at the annual ~embership, substantial growth Foreign Missions in Esperanto IS reported in world-wide 'Sun- A~sociation among the Ao Naga day School numbers. Report In view of the fact that so- cialists of all descriptions and trIbes numbered 3,216 in spite forms were sent to 132 coun- communists have put Esperanto tries, and a summary of re- to use in international comof the prolonged m 0 n s 0 0 n. turns from 113 countries shows munications it must be con- ,a gain throughout the world of sidered an important novelty to Many delegates traveled four 2,29~,366 during the last quad- use this medium for reaching renmum. It is interesting to friends of missions the world days on foot to attend for it is note that by far the largest over in the same way. Per- sonally we have always welthe high tide social event and gains in percentage were in comed the fact that men and women interested in missions in religious experience of the year. gentral America (47.1%) and all countries are widely con- m South America (33.3%). versant with English and have The entertaining village is near Europe was the only section been of the opinion that this tha~ showed a decrease (8.7%), was a sort of international the well-traveled government whIle North America, where language for all who have any- the numerical gain exceeded thing to say on missionary subpath and this path was one jects. However, there ,are that throughout the world by people everywhere who perhaps !ong .pro~ession of people walk- over a half .a million, had a mg m smgle file, with baskets percentage increase of 14.3. The summary is as follows: on their backs. They were eagerly hurrying along, anxious to meet their friends, get settled isneethtehi~r temporary abodes and titanic meeting house.

Accordmg to the new census re- port the Ao Nagas number about 34,000, and approxi- Increase mately one-fourth of this num- During are more interested in other ber belong to the Christian fields than missions who might group. There are fifty-six Ao Grand No. of Total Quad- Naga villages with a Baptist Division S. S. be acquainted with the work of Church in each, and ninety per Enrolment rennium missions if information on the Africa 15,824 Asia 32,760 905,742 116,084 subject appeared in the medium Europe 78,384 1,733,045 57,039 North America 185,383 8,503,595 814,155' 22,825,052 2,854,423 cent of these churches are self- Central America 452 30,797 9,867 to which they are accustomed. 227,789 56,934 . An interesting contribution supporting. Christian schools South America 4,019 201,842 13,148 of that nature has just ap- peared under the title "La In- West Indies 2 083 881,456 1,026 ternacia Misia Konsilantaro Oceania and ' now total fifty, with h1~v2e59bepeunpils enrolled. There Australasia 11,969 467 accessions to the church Grand Totals 1932 330,874 35.309.318 2,294,36{; through baptism this past year. *' Decrease. its Aim and its Task." , •

Missionary

Recent Boo~s Reviewed for the Readers' Information China-Yesterday and Today. By E. Christian missions. Three pages answered, but the beok clc ses T. Williams, Map and IllustratlOns. and a few statistics contain all with an expression of a wish Fifth Edition. 8 vo. 743 pp. $4.00. he has to say about this subject. to serve his country under the Crowell. New York. 1932. His attitude is friendly but his leadership of Jesus. information seems to be very This story of China and the limited. "Christianity" is not Living Issues in China. By Henry T. Chinese has proved its value even included in the subjects Hodgkin. 215 pp. $1.00. Friendby the fact that there has been indexed and the bibliography of a call for five editions. The some 275 volumes includes only ship Press. New York. latest revision brings the situa- about a dozen volumes on mistion down to the present year sionary work, though these Dr. Hodgkin probably knows by the insertion of sixteen pioneers have probably done pages on "China's struggle for more than any other agency to China as well as any living Democracy." There i~ also a open up China to peaceful new map on which is found penetration and for the educa- man. He was a missionary of some of the new names for tion of the Chinese in the high- Chinese cities. The map is est ideals of culture, religion, the Society of Friends in China clear and shows the provinces, world friendship, and service to the new state of Manchukuo humanity. from 1905 to 1910, when he reand the principal cities, rivers and railroads, but fails to lo- The Young Revolutionist. By Pearl turned to England to become cate many important centers of S. Buck. 12 mo. 182 pp. Cloth, $1.50; paper, $.75. Friendship Press. secretary of the Friends Forpopulation. New York. 1932. An immense amount of re- eign Missionary Association, a The same knowledge of China liable information is contained and the Chinese and the same post which he held for ten in these 743 pages. The author artistic ability and literary skill is professor of Oriental Lan- are shown in this short novel years. In 1920, he returned to guages ,and Literature in the as are revealed in the author's University of California and previous success. "Th.e Good China and traveled extensively was formerly American Charge Earth." Here, however, Mrs. d'Affairs at Peking. He lived in Buck is more restrained and re- throughout that great country, China before the Manchu Dy- fined in the handling of Chinese nasty was overthrown in 1911 crudities. "The Young Revolu- lecturing to students and other and has watched the great tionist" is a Chinese lad, dedichanges going on in the Re- cated to the Buddhist priest- groups. When the National public. His first chapter fur- hood, who flees and enters the nishes an excellent picture of revolutionary army. He is Christian Council of China was China as a country and this is ignorant of life and is filled followed by chapters on the his- with communistic and atheistic formed in 1922, he became one tory of the Chinese, the family ideas by his captain. This proand social life, i n d u s t r i e s, duces hatred of all foreigners of its secretaries, and for seven guilds, festivals, Confucius and and all religion-until he exhis teachings, Buddhism and periences Christian kindness at years he was an active factor Taoism, art and literature, for- the hands of a missionary eign influence and trade, re- doctor. His eyes are partially in the development of the coforms and revolutions. The opened to the terrible realities appendix gives statistics and of warfare and the falseness of operative work of the many other detailed facts of interest. revolutionary propaganda. Es- caping from the army, he re- churches and missions compris- For general information this turns home with questions as is probably the best of recent to patriotism and religion and ing the Council. This book is compendiums on China. Its "foreign devils" which are not weakest point is the small small in size but large in imamount of information given as [572] to the progress and influence of portance. The author discusses a wide range of subjects relat- ing to present day China, and does so with a clarity of under- standing and a felicity of ex- pression that makes the book intensely interesting and high- ly instructive. A. J. BROWN.

The Japan Christian Year Book. Edited by W. C. Lamott, 12 mo. 406 pp. Yen 2.50 or $1.50. Kyo Bun Kwan. Tokyo. 1932.

This annual was formerly published under the title, "The Christian Movement in Japan and Formosa." The new editor, who has done his work remark- ably well, is the Rev. Willis C. Lamott, for twelve years a Presbyterian m iss ion a r y in Tokyo and also now· a teacher in the Meiji Gakuin (a union colI e g e). There are seven been rescued from temples bristles with questions on which Japanese and fifteen foreign where they were being trained equally devout men differ, natu- contributors to the volume. as actors or musicians and rally includes opinions that will The widened scope of this where they were surrounded not be acceptable to some new year book is shown by the by soul-destroying influences. readers; but no one will ques- reports on Cooperative Chris- At Dohnavur they lead a tion the ability, scholarship and tian Institutions. It is a rich natur,al, happy life, go to school sincerity with which the author mine of information on the and are taught to love and trust advocates "the vision of God as political, social and economic and obey' God as revealed in revealed in Christ" as the su- situation. Dr. Kagawa writes Jesus Christ. They are pre- preme need of the world.

ten pages on religious move- pared for useful Christian serv- A. J. B.

ments showing the progress of ice to their fellowmen. These The Advance Guard-200 Years of the Kingdom of God. Other de- are fragmentary stories that Moravian Missions. 95 pp. $1.

partments relate to Christian give us glimpses of what boys Moravian Book Room. London. 1932. education, social welfare work, are like, how they are trained No other Christian comdirectories and statistics. Those and what are the results. munion has a better missionary who read the valuable papers Christianity and the New World. By record than the Moravians. will gain a wonderful insight F. R. Barry. 317 pp. $3. Harper From the days of Ziegenbalg· into conditions in Japan. The and Brothers. New York. 1932. down to the present, that com- paratively small body of Chrischief omission seems to be in Readers who keep abreast of tians has been animated by the exclusion of reference (ex- current theological literature missionary zeal and has sent an have noted with keen interest astonishing proportion of its cept in the directories) of such the successive volumes in The workers and money into misimportant independent work as Library of Constructive The- sionary work in many lands. ology whose editors "are con- This little book tells the story. that of the Omi Mission, the vinced that the C h r i s t ian It is based on a German work Japan Evangelistic Band and Church is confronted with a by Bishop Baudert and is here the Oriental Missionary Society. great though silent crisis and translated for English reading. also with an unparalleled op- It is an inspiring record of mis- We miss an index such as has po r tun i t y," and whose an- sionary devotion and success. nounced purpose is "to produce been in former editions. The volumes which might find ,a . A. J. B. statistics show a total foreign useful place on the shelves of mission staff (in 60 societies) the clergyman, and no less on The Development of the Missionary of 1,176 and ,a total native those of the intelligent lay- and Philanthropic Interest Among man." The present volume is the Mennonites of North America. staff of 5,779. The Japanese another in this series and has By Edmund George K~ufman, .w~th been written by an eminent introduction by ArchIbald Gllhes Christian communicants num- scholar of the Church of Eng- Baker. 416 pp. Mennonite Book ber 175,364 and 43,643 baptized land and Oxford University. Concern. Berne, Indiana. 1932. He discusses the Problem of non-communicants. About one- Mennonites have not figured third of the unordained mission largely in missionary literature. workers are reported as not They have a history of over professing Christians. Modernity, Religion and Life, 400 years and they have been The volume can be obtained from mission headquarters in Japan, Korea, China, England and America. .

Brothers of Lotus Buds. By Godfrey the New Testament Contribu- in America for nearly 250 Webb-Peploe. Illus. 12 mo. 28. 6d. tion, the Ethic of Jesus, Hu- years, but their interest in mis- S.P.C.K. London. 1932. manism and the Gospel, Doing sions is a rather recent develop- The Dohnavur Fellowship, es- the Will of God, The Redemp- ment as compared with that of tablished by Amy Carmichael, tion of Values, The Family, other Christian bodies. It is in South India, is engaged in a Citizenship, Spending and Get- only fifty years since the first beautiful and inspiring work. ting, and The Life of the World missionary was sent forth by It is for the rescue of boys and to Come. He believes that "in- the Mennonites of America. girls by giving them Christian comparably the most imperious Why so late a development .of environment and instruction challenge which today confronts this interest in a group WIth and by witnessing to the love Christianity is the moral chaos such a long history? How, at and life and power of Christ of our generation," and that the last, did this interest begin? in the surrounding villages. Church should "take a survey The author, formerly a Men- One of the workers, the grand- of the various new factors, nonite missionary in China, son of Prebendary H. W. Webb- psychological, economic, socio- answers these questions and Peploe of London, tells these logical, and offer creative moral presents much interesting intrue stories of experiences with leadership at once more pro- formation regarding the Menthe children. They are char- gressive and more stable than' nonites in general. There are acteristic and life-like pictures non-Christian t h ink i n g can 142,000 in Europe and 144,965 of the Indian boys at school, promise." A book that tra- in North America, most of at play, at worship. They have verses a wide field which whom are "prosperous farmers,

neither wealthy nor poor." The psychological study. He again activities and opportunities for Mennonites in North America and again asks the question: worthwhile service. are conducting missionary work Why did Ignatius do thus In this volume Dr. McLaughamong the American Indians and so ?-seeking to make his lin of Richmond, Virginia, preand in Africa, China, India, the deeds and words ring true to sents a car,eful study of the Near East, Mongolia and Ar- the skeptical mind of the 20th field and its needs and opporgentina. They have sent out, century reading public. tunities followed by practical since 1880, 404 missionaries, Mr. Hollis says that he is a suggestions for a rural church and in 1927, the last year for loyal Catholic, but does not curriculum in religious educawhich figures are given, they hesitate to speak in a half- tion. The book is interesting gave for home and foreign mis- humorous way about the "de- and stimulating. Dr. McLaughsions and relief work $666,784, ficiencies" he finds in the sub- lin is' familiar with modern an average of $7.08 per mem- ject of his biography. In touch- methods of education, but he beber as compared with the aver- ing upon the so-called miracles lieves in spiritual methods for age of $4.17 for eleven other of Ignatius of Loyola he gently spiritual results. The purpose denominations. This is a highly takes refuge behind the im- is to give students .a knowledge creditable showing. A. J. B. pregnable Catholic belief in his of God and personal devotion to The Red Man's Trail. By William B. sainthood, in which all things Jesus Christ, to produce Christ- Morrison. 12 mo. 132 pp. Fifty are possible. But his writing like character to show the true cents. Presbyterian Committee of is not polemic and there is little results of Christian life and to Publication. Richmond, Va. 1932. of the controversy between lead into unselffish, effective Here is the story of Southern Catholic and Protestant. service. Every rural pastor and Presbyterian work for the In- From the first chapter on Christian educationalist will dians of the United States. Dr. "The Importance of Being find this study rich in sugges- Morrison has been familiar Holy" to the 17th and last one tion. with Indian life and work in "The Meaning of Ignatius," we Oklahoma where he has been have a book which having be- The Mother. By Yusuke Tsurumi. president of the college at Du- gun one is sure to finish; and By Rae D. Henkle. 287 pp. $2.50. rant and late professor of his- having finished will put it aside New York. 1932.

tory in the 'State Teachers Col- with the thought that here is Many Americans have read lege. He describes briefly the one who lived consciously in the about the political, military and Indians as 'he has known them, presence of God, and with the commercial activities of Modern and in outline records the thrill- further questions-to whom in Japan, but comparatively few ing annals of missionary work this age can we compare him have read about the psychology in the early days, the present and why does not our genera- and family life of the Japanese. missions of his church and the tion produce more men like This volume deals with the latoutlook for tomorrow. Dr. him? JAMES CANTINE. ter. The author has ideal qual- Morrison asks for sympathy, Religious Education in the Rural ifications for the interpretation fair dealing and adequate op- Church. By Henry W. McLaughlin. of his people. He was educated portunity for the Indians. He 800. 219 pp. $1.50. Revell. New at the Imperial University in calls for more white mission- York. 1932. Tokyo, has held high positions aries and a loving, clear pre- Many of our finest religious in the government, represented sentation of the Gospel of leaders and best citizens have it at various international con- com e fro m rural districts ferences, written twenty-three Christ. where life was hard and priv- books, and lectured at several Saint Ignatius. By Christopher Hol- ileges were few. Today eco- American universities and Willis. 287 pp. $2.50. Harper & nomic and social conditions liamstown Institute of Politics. Brothers. New York. 1931. have changed. Modern inven- A quarter of a million copies of The publishers' jacket gives tions, opportunities, and temp- the present book were sold in as the sub-title, "Founder of tations which were formerly pe- Japan within a year of its pub- the Jesuits," and as such culiar to cities have involved lication, and it has been drama- Ignatius is generally known. the country. At the same time tized on the stage and shown in But a better interpretation of the drift has been away from moving pictures. It is an in- the book is the title the author the farm and rural districts tensely interesting story of a loves to use-Ignatius, the have been impoverished. The widowed and penniless mother, Lover of God. As one reads, city-ward drift has resulted in struggling to rear and educate the organizer and master of problems that have brought her children and to maintain this great society recedes into economic and social disaster. the ancestral traditions and the background and one sees in- The movement back to the farm ideals of Japanese family life.

stead, Ignatius the Saint. And should be encouraged by mak- The author himself has trans- this seems to be the aim of the ing life in rural districts more lated it into English, and Pro- author. He disclaims approach- attractive and fruitful. One fessor Charles A. Beard has ing his task as a historian, way is by providing for better written a highly commendatory his purpose being to make a education, character building Introduction. A. J. BROWN.

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

The Horror of It. Frederick A. Bar- tional Peace through Religion, The total number of mission- ber. $1.50. Published by Brewer, with an introduction by the Sec- aries on December 31, 1930, was Warren & Putnam. retary of the Commission, Ruth 937, located in 297 stations. The Cranston. The volume is well communicants number 74,180 What lies between the de- indexed and it presents a large and there are over three thouparture of armed forces swing- amount of reliable information sand Chinese workers, only oneing to the front to the accom- regarding the economic indus- fourth of whom are supported paniment of waving flags and trial, racial, religious, scientific by foreign funds. martial music, and the return and political causes of war. of the remnant of those same Knowing the Bible. By Raymond C. forces from the field of con- A. J. BROWN. Knox. 278 pp. $1.75. Macmillan. flict after the armistice is New York. 1931. signed, is vividly portrayed in The New Man. By Capt. Reginald this volume of poems and "cam- Wallis. 95 pp. 18. Pickering & The aim of this book is to era records of war's gruesome Inglis. London. 1932. promote understanding of the glories." They are assembled Bible from the modern point of by Frederick A. Barber of the Captain Wallis resigned his view. The author accepts the Historical Foundation. We are commission in the English army advanced critical positions and told that the War Department to become General Secretary of the full bibliography includes objected to the publication of the Dublin Y. M. C. A. In his scarcely one work by a conthese pictures of war as it work he says he has "frequent- servative writer. The book really is-and imagination re- ly felt the need of a little book is well arranged and has four volts against visualizing the to place in the hands of young maps and a chronological table, battlefield. Here are the ter- fellows who are led to decision but why do some modern rible facts as caught by the for Christ, and who honestly writers fight shy of the usual photographer. They are true. desire to cultivate those virtues Christian vocabulary? For ex- One cannot escape the implica- which conduce to true Chris- ample on page 229 the author tion. Noone who sees this book tian manhood,"-a full-rounded, gives the subject of the great can be absolved from blame if, trusty guide-book for the young resurrection chapter in Corinby voice and vote, he fails to c o n v e r t. . thians as "the immortality of register protest in the name of the spirit." This it is not. ~e humanity against such cruel JAMES CANTINE. immortality of the soul IS and wanton sacrifice of human taught by Plato but the resurlife. The book is an unanswer- The Steep Ascent. China Inland Mis- rection of the body is the teachable argument against the waste sion Report for 1931. ing of the Apostle Paul and the of war and is a plea for the hope of the Christian believer. promotion of international good- Here is a remarkable record will which will insist upon of a great work. The China S. M. z. peaceful means for the settle- Inland Mission, during the past ment of differences between sixty-six yea r s, has been Seventy Other Best Bible Stories by nations. through many trials and diffi- George Goodman. Cloth, 27.8 pa~s culties but has gone on with including Index. 38. 4d. PICkermg MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD. banners flying and many evi- & Inglis. London. 1932. dences of the same power that The Causes of War. By Sir Arthur made fruitful the work of the Much that passes today by Salter and others. 235 pp. 786d. early apostles. This past year's the name of "religious educa- Macmillan. London. 1932. reports show many difficulties tion" is singularly barren of encountered, physical and spir- This is a valuable contribu- 1tual; a real period of testing "s true Biblical material. As in tion to the literature of inter- and danger but the "Lord worknational peace and goodwill. It ing with them, with signs fol- his eve n t y Best Bible is a symposium by such eminent lowing." Missionaries report Stories," so in this volume Mr. thinkers as Sir Arthur Salter, on Civil War, the Moslem out- Goodman selects narrative por- Sir J. Arthur Thomas, S. G. break, Flood and Famine, Com- tions of Scripture, and then Johnston, Alfred Zimmern, C. munist menace and human and analyses and comments upon E. Andrews, Frederick J. Lib- devilish opposition, but there is them in an illuminating manner. by, Henry A. Atkinson, Wick- always a note of faith and vic- He begins with a text, then ham Steel, A. Yusuf Ali, Jacob tory. In spite of every diffi- gives the story in a few.salient Kiner, Andre Siegfried, Moritz culty, the work was main- strokes, in each case wIth the Bonn and W. J. Hinton. Such tained. Nearly 5,000 Chinese Bible reference. Finally he names are impressive evidence were baptized, new stations points out its typical teaching, that no one who desires the were opened, Christians were its New Testament usage, and, abolition of war can afford to revived, the church strength- in some cases, related outlines. miss this volume. ·It was writ- ened and reinforcements sent ten under the auspices of a out. The total amount re:' Mr. Goodman is in thorough Commission of the proposed ceived for the work was £217,- command of his material; his World Conference for Interna- 354 or over $1,000,000 gold at comments are penetrating, his the normal rate of exchange. outlines usable, and his pre- sentation simple and direct. The range of the stories is

wide. Moreover, he has a gift Twenty Years of the Chinese Republic. Portrait of a Chinese Lady. Hosie. for the effective phrase, as is H. A. Van Dorn. Knopf. 1932. Morrow. 1930.

evident from some of his titles. Life of Sun Yat-sen. H. B. Restarick. Within Four Seas. Paul Richard Ab- The point of view is soundly Yale University Press. 1932. bott. Steckert. 1931.

evangelical and the author sets China Through Chinese Eyes. T. Z. Yellow Rivers. Earl Herbert Cressy. forth the Messianic implica- Koo and Others. London. 1926. Harpers. 1932.

tions. Living Issues in China. Henry T. Children Missionaries who seek aid in Hodgkin. Friendship Press. New Lin Foo and Lin Ching. Phyllis Ayer the presentation of Scripture to York. 1932. Sowers. Crowell. 1932.

their classes and congregations China's Challenge to' Christianity. The Honorable Crimson Tree. Anita will find here much of value Lucius C. Porter. Friendship Press. B. Ferris. Friendship Press. 1932. for this purpose, as will Sun- 1924. day-School teachers and pastors. Ah Fu: A Chinese River Boy. Mildred China-A Nation in Revolution. Paul E. Nevill and Mabel Garett Wagner. F. E. GAEBELEIN. Monroe. Macmillan. 1928. Friendship Press. 1932.

World Clock. By Thomas T. Smith. The Challenge of the East. Sherwood Barak-Diary O'f a Donkey. F. H. 25 cents each. $15 per hundred. Eddy. Farrar & Rhinehart. 1931. Easton. China Inland Mission. 3746 So. Washington St., Marion, Philadel phia. Indiana, 1931. Chinese Revolution from the Inside. R. Y. Lo. Abingdon Press. 1931. New Books The colored map dial on a The Chinese at Home. Ball. New York. Asiatic Mythology-The Gods and Becardboard chart may be turned 1912. liefs of the Nations of the Orient. 15 Colored plates and 354 other ilto indicate the time in various Religion of the Chinese. J. J. M. De lustrations. By J. Hackin and Othparts of the world, to correspond Groot. Macmillan. 1910. ers. 460 pp. $10. Crowell. New York. 1932. with the time at other points. Chinese Literature. Giles. New York. This enables the user to know 1901. A Buddhist Bible. Dwight Goddard. 316 pp. Published by the author. what missionaries may be doing Mission Work Thetford, Vt. and to time their prayer for those in other fields. For exam- The Jesus I KnO'w. Edited by T. Z. The Christian' Faith. Joseph Stump. ple-What time is it in Chicago Koo. Y. M. C. A. Shanghai. 1931. 455 pp. $4. Macmillan. when missionaries in Hankow, China, are holding their morn- China Her Own Interpreter. By Chi- GO'spel Dawn in Africa. H. Beidering or evening services? The nese Christians. M. E. M. 1927. becke. 194 pp. $1.25. Lutheran world clock is a useful prayer Book Concern. Columbus. calendar to hang on the wall. It As It Looks to Young China. William is similar to the world-wide Hung. Friendship Press. 1932. Grace and Power. W. H. Griffith prayer time chart published by Thomas. 192 pp. 2s. 6d. Picker- THE REVIEW in January, 1927. Chinese Twice Born. Charles E. Scott. ing & Inglis. London. The map clock is fairly accurate Revell. 1929. How and When. Edited by W. Hoste History of Christian Missions in and R. M'Elheran. 190 pp. Is. China. Kenneth S. Latourette. Mac- Pickering & Inglis. London. millan. 1929. A Jolly Journal. Isabell Crawford. but omits most of the southern Biographies 158 pp. $1.50. Revell. New York.

hemisphere and contains the Hudson Taylor. Mrs. Howard Taylor. Looking Beyond. Wm. Evans. 60 pp. names of only twenty-two places. China Inland Mission. Philadelphia. 40 cents. B.LC.A. Chicago.

Good Books on China Guinness of Honan. Mrs. Howard The New Crisis in the Far East. Stan- Taylor. China Inland Mission. Phila- ley High. 128 pp. $1. Revell. New York. delphia. Obtaining Promises. Annual Report In addition to Prof. Williams' PastO'r Hsi. Mrs. Howard Taylor. -China Inland Mission. 61 pp. new edition of "China-Yester- China Inland Mission. Philadelphia. London. day and Today" (reviewed elsewhere) the following books are Young J. Allen. Warren A. Candler. Pioneers of the Kingdom. Part L recommended for the use of mis- Cokesbury Press. 1931. Phyllis L. Garlick. 122 pp. 2s. sion study classes and for gen- Highway Press. London. eral reading. Popular Books Pepi and the Golden Hawk. Vera C. The Blue Tiger. Caldwell. Abingdon Himes. 64 pp. $1.50. Crowell. Press. 1925. New York.

Advanced Reading Foreign Magic. Jean Cochran. Revell. Seeking the Saviour. W. P. Mackay. 1919. 123 pp. Is. Pickering & Inglis. Short History of Chinese Civilization. London. R. Wilhelm. Viking Press. 1929. Book on ,Chinese Youth. Hung. Friend- ship Press. 1932. What lOwe to Christ. C. F. Andrews. The Spirit of the Chinese Revolution. 281 pp. $1.50. Abingdon Press. A. N. Holcombe. Knopf. 1930. China's Real Revolution. Hutchinson. New York.. Friendship Press. 1932. Problems of the Pacific. Institute of Lin Foo and Lin Ching. Illus. Phyllis Pacific Relations. University of Chi- The YO'ung Revolutionist. Pearl S. Ayres Sowers. 128 pp. $1.50. cago Press. 1931. Buck. Friendship Press. 1932. Crowell.

China Year Book. Edited by G. W. Torchbearers in China. Basil Matthews Woodhead. University of Chicago and Arthur E. Southon. Friendship Press. 1932. Press. 1932.

China Christian Year Book. Frank A Tamarisk Garden. Herbert Hudson Taylor. China Inland Mission. 1930. Rawlinson. Shanghai. 1931.

Notes The Rev. Dr. Arthur

Smith, 't6r: .. fifty-four years Ii Mis- Presbyterian Missions sionary of the American Board in (Concluded j'1'om Ind Cover) China, .died in Claremont, California, Are presented in novel and'verY usable form, for Missionary Meet- on August 31st at the age of 87. ings, as illustrations for sermons Dr. Smith was bora in Vernon, and talks, or for personal inspir- of Dr. Elias Riggs 01' Constantinople, Conn., in 1845, and went, to China in ation, in she and her husband served for 46 1872, returning in 1926. He was pres- years as, missionaries of the American ent at the siege of Peking during the The Presbyterian Board in Sivas, Marsovan and Boxer Uprising in 1900 and came to Smyrna. ,Two years after Dr. Riggs' the United States to plead the ChineBe BANNER death (in 1913) Mrs. Riggs returned . cause before President Roosevelt. to America. She gave six children to He was the author of "Chinese A Church weekly modern in the missionary service, Mary Riggs, Characteristics," "Village Life in appearance, evangelical in creed, formerly in Turkey; Dr. Charles T. China," and "China in Convulsion," a progressive in contents, practical Riggs of Constantinople, Henry Riggs, chronicle of the anti-foreign outbreak. in help to ministers, ministers' the late Theodore Riggs of Turkey, Early in 1906 he conceived the idea wives cmd other active Church Dr. Ernest W. Riggs, now the Secre- that the United States should remit workers, and prepared with tary of the American Board and Susan to China part of the $25,000,000 inspecial regard for the layman and (Mrs. Getchell) of Thessaloniea. This demnity, the money to be used to the Jaywomcm. is one of the great missionary fami- send Chinese students to American lies of the Christian Church. universities. John Hay, then Seere- A Christian Companion ••• tary of State, joined his a~p1'oval and For the home, the study, mission- the President, in his Congressional ary meeting, young people's Message of Dee. 3, 1907, advocated meeting, Sunday school, and hour Dr. Jolm Gaskin Dunlop, a Presby- Dr. Smith's proposed use of the inof family and personal devotion, terian missionary in Japan, died demnity surplus above the $13,000,000 its many pdges of "News of the August 15 in Kanazawa. He had been in claims for damages. It has been Churches Everywhere," and its ill Bome time. Dr. Dunlop had gone said that the return of this money has pages of vital editorials, are to Ja:pan in 1886 as a teacher in a done more. than any other act of the prepared by numerous selected government school, and from 1890 to Correspondents and 1897 he was a missionary :under the .. . American Government to increase Canada Methodist mission. He was Editorial Staff . appointed by the Presbyterian Board Chinese friendship for the United in 1898 and was stationed' at Kan- States• lncluding William H. Boddy, azawa, Tokyo, Fukoi and Tsu. Dur- William E. Brooks, Paul Patton … Faris, Ralph Cooper Hutchison, ing the World War he spent two years Miss Lulu Patton, a Presbyterian Hugh Thomson Kerr, John A. with the Chinese labor corps in Missionary in South China since 1908, France. Born at Kingston, Ont., in died in Shanghai on August 3. She Mackay, Donald Mackenzie, 1867, Dr. Dunlop, was graduated from was in recent years principal of the Joseph R. Sizoo and James H. Queens Univermty and attended Yale, norma.l school of the American North- Snowden. Chica«o and Queens Universities. ern Presbyterian MissiOnary Society In addition to his widow Emma Eliza at Canton and was the sister of Dr. SUBSCRIPTION RATES Charles E. Patton, secretary of the $2.50 a yearl to ministers, $2. In Presbyterian MissionCounei1 in combination with The Missionary Re. China. view of the World ($2.50 ,'IIone), only S4 for both-a saving of one … dollar. Sample copy ofTHE BANNER …. . . Ely Dunlop, Dr. Dunlop leaves three free on request. BOns and two daughters. Send your order to Mrs. Joseph Bardy Neeshima, The ReT. Justin Edwards Abbott, The Presbyterian Banner widow of the famous founder ot retired Congregational missionary who spent thirty years in India died in 2007 Commonwellth Building DOBhisha University died in Kyoto on Summit, New Jersey, on June 19th, . Pitbburgh, PI. . June 14th, at the age of eighty-eight. after a l<mg illness. . Or to The Mrs. Neeshima was herself a cele- Dr. Abbott was 79 years of age. He brated character both before and after was a graduate of Dartmouth College Miuionary Review of the World her marriage. Her baptism was the and the Union Theological Seminary. first instance of Protestant baptism in In 1881 he went to the Marathi Mis- 156 Fifth Avenue the city of Kyoto. Sh~ was a fellow- sion in India, where his father, the worker with her husband in personal late Amos Abbott, had long been a New York, N.Y•.. work among students. She has stood missionary. His work was largely as a pillar of faith and a connecting evangelistic and literary. Since 1911 link with the earliest Protestant work Dr. Abbott had lived in Summit, trans- in Japan. lating the poet saints of India. As ………

The Rev. William Young Fullerton, a director of the American Mission D.D., a leader in the English Baptist to Lepers he visited South America Church for more than half a century, in 1924 and several times visited died in London on August 17th at the Europe in the interest of lepers. He age of 75. Dr. Fullerton was born in . was instrumental in establishing a Belfast, Ireland, and came into promi- Christian Leper Colony at Valbonne, nence through his early association France. . with the Rev. Charles H. Spurgeon, … … whose biographer he was. The Rev. William H. Teeter, Ph. D., Dr. Fullerton was president of the missiona.ry in the Philippines (1904- Baptist Union of Great Britain and 12) and Chile (1912-17) died in Balti- Ireland in 1917-18 and from 1912 to more, Md., June 16, aged sixty-one. 1927 was Home Secretary of the After returning to the United State. ,Baptist' Missionary Society.· . he was connected with the Centenary Commission of the Methodist Episco- He was the author of a number of pal Church and later with the Exten- theological and devotional publica- sion Department of Columbia·Univer- tions and he gave to his autobiography sity. th.e title "At the Sixtieth Milestone."

THE MO.SLEM

SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, Editor SOME ARTICLES IN THE OCTOBER NUMBER The Essence of Christian Missions•••••••••••••.••••..••..••••••••••• Duncan B. M.cdon.ld The W.iling Wall .nd AI Bur.q ••••••••.•.•••••.••••••••••.••.•••••. Ch.rles D. M.tthews The Isl.mic Conference at Jerusalem .•••.•••••.••••••••••••••••••.•.•••••• Alfred Nielsen The Word "Spirit" in the Koren •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• W. G. Shell.bear Women and Modern Movements in India •••••••••••••.•••.•••••••••••• Eliz.beth C. Hume Indi.n Moslems .nd the Constitution .•..•••••••••••••••.•••.•••••••••.•••. Murr.y T. Titu. A Journey in H.dr.m.ut •••.•••.••..•••.•••••••.••••••••••••••••.•• 0. V.n der Meulen Islam in Madaglscar •••••••••••••••••••• .' ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• John Welker Burmese Moslems ……………………………………………….. A. C. Hanna Current Topics ••• Book Reviews ••• Survey of Periodic.ls SUBSCRIBE TODAY c c Address THE MOSLEM WORLD 156 Fifth Ay…. New yotlc Cllv ,.,.OIter Single Copies, SOc., AnnulIl Subscription, $2.00'.in Combination with the REV lEW, $3.50 MARSHALL, MORGAN a SCOTT, fI Bellell•••, LOIIelon PrIce In G,..I Britain, El,hl ShUll…, hi LOOK FOR THESE COMING FEATURES In the MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD Remarkable Story of a Converted Brahmin …………………. Glenn B. Ogden A Pastor's Missionary Experience ………………….. .Francis S/I,v-nk Downs A Typical Mission Station in China ……………………….. .Lois Anna Ely Oases in the Good Earth …………………………………. Carleton Lacy Obstacles to Progress in China•..•… , ………………….. Wm. H. GleY8teen China's Call for Christian Doctors ………………•………. .Elliot 1. 08good New Opportunities in Persia…•……………..•…………. .R. E.Hoffman Religion-by Evolution or by Revelation. '" …………….. .Samuel M. Zwemer 1.lissions to the Indians-Yesterday and Today ……………… TkQ8. C. Moffett SEND· A SUBSCRIPTION AS A CHRISTMAS GIFT • 25 Cents • Copy • $2.50 • Year • THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

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The Missionary Review of the World — November 1930

Episcopal Church, South, and 802 ~

COMING EVENTS by using nationalism as a last defense, and, with their back to the wall, making November 1O-18–WORLD ALLIANCE FOR a final struggle to hold their age-long INTERNATIONAL F R lEN D S HIP and world-wide heritage. If ever the THROUGH THE CHURCHES, Washing- Church needed to know the non-Chris- ton, D. C. tian religions and philosophies, it is now. If ever the history of religions deserved November 30-December 5-NoRTH AMER- a place in the theological curriculum, it ICAN HOME MISSIONS CONGRESS, is today." Washington, D. C. Professor Zwemer asserted that the December 11-12-INTERDENOMINATIONAL purpose of missions stands sure, and its CONGRESS ON MEN'S WORK, Cincin- accomplishment is certain because it is nati, Ohio. the carrying out of a God-given commis- sion. Nevertheless, he said, sympathy January 19-22, 1931-CONFERENCE ON with and understanding of, the other THE CAUSE AND CURE OF WAR, religions is the only means whereby the Washington, D. C. missionary and preacher can begin his evangelistic work with any hope of suc- January 20 -21, 1931 – COUNCIL OF cess, for they all contain broken lights CHURCH BOARDS OF EDUCATION, In- which are gathered up in the intense dianapolis, Ind. light of Christ, who is the Light of Light, and the unique and supreme PERSONALS manifestation of God.

DR. ELEANOR DODSON, who went out *** to India in 1895 and has been in charge of the C. M. S. hospital at Multan for BISHOP FRANCIS J. MCCONNELL, Presmany years, received the Kaisar-i-Hind ident of the Federal Council of the medal, as a fitting tribute to her devoted Churches of Christ in America, sailed work for the women of the Central Pun- October 22 for India to fulfil his duties jab. as Barrows Lecturer in university cen- ters there. The appointment was made . * * *' jointly by the University of Chicago, as Trustee of the Barrows Lectures to RONALD D. REES has been appointed India, and the Indian Central Executive as the successor to Dr. Henry T. Hodg- Council at Simla. Bishop McConnell kin as British secretary of the National will remain in India for three months. Christian Council of China. This body, The theme of his lectures will be the which links together practicalIy the application of Christianity to social whole of Christian work in China, is pre- problems and movements. ponderatingly Chinese, but the Chinese themselves have insisted that they shall OBITUARY continue to have the assistance of another Britisher. Mr. Rees is a Wesleyan THE REV. JONATHAN J. SCHRAG a miswho went to China for the Methodists in sionary of the China Mennonite Mission 1922. He is Professor of History at Society, died in India on his way to Lingnan University and has traveled America. He and Mrs. Schrag went to widely in China on behalf of the Y. M. China in 1908 to work with the newly C. A. started first Mennonite mission under the leadership of the Rev. H. C. Bartel *** in the robber infested district of Tsao- chowfu, in the Province of Shangtung. THE REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D., Here they labored untiringly year in and LL.D., F.R.G.S., distinguished mission- year out for twenty-one years, with only ary leader and world famous as "the one furlough. For the last six years modern apostle to the Moslem World," Mr. Schrag was the main teacher of the was installed in the new Chair of His- men's department of the Bible Training tory of Religion and Christian Missions School, preparing most of the lessons in Princeton Theological Seminary, Oc- and textbooks himself by painstaking tober first. In his inaugural address study and tedious translation. He was Dr. Zwemer pointed out that it is the a consecrated missionary whose death is duty of the theological student and the deeply mourned. prospective missionary to study the non- Christian religions in order that giving *** "full credit to all the elements of truth and beauty" that may be discovered in THE REV. WILLIAM MATZAT, missionthem, the Christian may be prepared to ary of the Lutheran Church, died very "preach Jesus Christ who is altogether suddenly September 2, at Tsimo, China. truth and beauty, because in Him dwells all the fulness of the Godhead bodily." * »0 »0 "Buddhism, Hinduism, Shintoism and THE REV. JOHN STUBBS, a missionary Islam are, it is true, disintegrating, but of the Baptist Mission Society died July they are themselves conscious of this 18 at the Isle of Wight at the age of fact and are therefore everywhere mak- eighty-one. ing attempts to hold fast their age-long heritage by adapting themselves to new *** conditions, by adopting Christian thought or vocabulary, by carrying on DR. WILLIAM WASHINGTON PINSON active propaganda even in western lands, former secretary of missions of th~ widely known throughout Southern Methodism, died at his home in Nash- Are You Sick? ville, Tenn., October 7, following a three months' illness. He was seventy-six Are You Discouraged? years old. Dr. Pinson, originator of the Centenary of Missions movement of his Are You Financially denomination, has been writing mission- Distressed? ary literature for the Sunday School Board for the last four years.

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LIII, No. 11 November

THE MISSIONARY 1f,eWO..~~~ UNDER OUR FLAG IN THE ORIENT BY THE REV. GEORGE H. TRULL Secretary lor Specific Work oj the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions} New York F LAGS were at half-mast for equal to the size of New York and ex-President Taft when we the New England States. landed in Manila. He is re- The country reminded us of membered with high regard in the Siam with its rice fields and water Philippines for it was he who, as buffaloes to work them, its forests Governor, inaugurated civil gov- of cocoanut palms and the begin- ernment July 4, 1901. The visitor nings of groves of rubber trees and today is impressed with the ap- teak, and the people cordial and pearance of the water front, the friendly. The population of the fine harbor, the splendid docks, the entire archipelago is about 12,000,- well-paved boulevard leading into 000. Spanish is the language of the city, other fine streets, the sub- cultUre, English that of commerce, stantial public buildings, and the and there are several native dia- air of busy activity so typical of lects. One has no difficulty in be- the average American city. There ing understood in English, wher- is an older section with narrow ever schools are found, as this is sfreets an'd buildings of Spanish the language in which education is type, as well as native houses of given. In one of the provincial the familiar nipa and bamboo con- high schools we noticed this slogan struction, veritable tinder boxes. on the wall of a corridor, "Speak This was proved when a fire broke English and Talk to the World."

out while we were in the city. In "Is the independence movement an incredibly short time it de- strong?" I inquired soon after my stroyed several hundred houses arrival. "A group of the educated over an area of five blocks and left class are promoting it, while the 2,500 people homeless. great mass of the folk know little There are 7,038 islands in the about it and are content with ex- Archipelago, many of which, how- isting conditions," I was told. It ever, are little more than a few would be strange indeed if the rocks, but there are 466 with an Philippines, autonomous sin c e area of more than one square mile 1915 and lying sO near to the lands each, and eleven of substantial size. that within the last two decades The total area of all of the islands have experienced such tremendous is 114,000 square miles, about political overturnings, were not 805

imbued with the nationalistic spir- line, passed substantial public it. We drove past the residence buildings and splendid high schools of Aguinaldo, famous insurrection- in three principal centers. "All of ist leader of the early days of these evidences of progress are the America's occupation. He is now result of the work of the past a loyal supporter of American sov- thirty years," said our companion. ereignty in the islands and has not More progress has been made in identified himself with the Inde- popular education, in the building pendence leaders. Personally, we of highways and railroads, in infeel that the question should be ter-island communication, in mudecided on other grounds than that nicipal government and reform in of the amount of Philippine sugar or other native products that the past three decades than in the should come into the United States. previous four centuries. There are deeper questions than that of the dollar that enter in. One sign for motorists attracted our attention on the outskirts of In spite of any mistakes and one of the provincial towns. It criticisms, America has in the past read, "Drive slow and see our thirty years" with the cooperation town; drive fast and see our jail." of the Filipino people, wrought a Perhaps it would have a good psymarvelous transformation in the chological effect if used on Amerislands. There is now political and ican highways. We kept out of religious liberty; municipal and provincial government are elective; the calaboose in this Filipino town, the Governor General, the Vice- but our casualties for the trip Governor, the Insular Auditor and were one dog and two chickens. the nine Justices of the Supreme These animals and also pigs fre- Court, five American and four quent the road in considerable Filipino, are the only appointees numbers. The dogs seem to enjoy from Washington; thousands of taking siestas either by the road- Filipinos are in government em- side close to traffic or in the middle ploy, things unknown under Span- of the road. They are loth to move ish domination. Formerly epi- until a car is almost on top of demics of cholera, plague and them. The carabao, or water bufsmallpox were common, now un- falo, is also a slow mover when it known. The public health service comes to getting out of the way, is one of the best in the world. but fleet of foot if angered by a foreigner and after him. They Illiteracy has been reduced from seem to know readily the difference 70 per cent to less than 50 per cent. between natives and foreigners. We saw schools everywhere we With their long horns they can intraveled throughout the islands. flict dangerous and even fatal Railway mileage has been in- wounds. As we came along we creased tenfold and over 6,000 saw a Plymouth roadster a commiles of good highways have been plete wreck in the ditch, result of built. Within a six hours' drive through two of the provinces in 35 miles an hour attempt to avoid Luzon, we covered about 100 miles contact with a water buffalo. As through valleys and over moun- in other parts of the Orient, the motor car has come to the Philiptains. We crossed streams and pines in large numbers and it is g 0 r g e s on well-built bridges, breaking down provincialism here as everywhere else. Crowded crossed and re-crossed the railway buses passed us on all the roads.

UNDER OUR FLAG IN THE ORIENT

If any person asks why there are the Twenty-third Annual Com- foreign missionaries in the Philip- mencement of the Union Theo- pines, the reply is because of the logical Seminary was held. This need of evangelical Christianity institution is maintained by the there as well as in our own towns Methodist, United Brethren, Dis- in the United States. Protestants ciples, Congregational and Presby- therefore went to the Philippines, terian Churches. It confers the and they have been welcomed, in B.A. degree as well as the B.D., spite of opposition and consider- and also the degree of Bachelor of able persecution in the early days. Philosophy. The valedictorian of From the first, comity has been largely practiced and distinct areas have been agreed upon for cultiva- tion by different branches of the evangelical bodies. Within less than a month, of Admiral Dewey's victory at Manila Bay, the Presby- terians planned for entering the Philippines. The Rev. and Mrs.

James B. Rodgers, were the first pioneers. They were transferred by the Board from Brazil, where their experience in a Latin-Ameri- can field peculiarly fitted them for the problems to be faced in the Philippines. The first station was opened in Manila in 1899. Two years later the Evangelical Union, composed of seven of the nine de- nominational missions operating in the Philippines, was organized and has been a powerful force ever since. In 1928 there was a union ELLINWOOD BIBLE SCHOOL of the Filipino Congregational, GRADUATES United Brethren and Presbyterian the Arts graduates was a young Churches to form "the United woman, whose address was ex- Evangelical Church of the Philip- traordinarily good-sermonic in pine Islands." All evangelical form and substance. The address churches in the Islands were in- could be used effectively as a ser- vited to join and at the present mon in any pulpit. One of the youn~ time several have indicated a de- men graduating as a Bachelor of sire to enter the union if the way Philosophy is blind. His relatives becomes clear. At present the and classmates read his lessons to United Evangelical Church has a him. He stood high in his class.

membership of about 30,000 which, He is a lovable character and idol- together with the membership of ized by his fellow students. He other evangelical churches, consti- has his Bible in the Braille text tutes a combined strength of ap- for the blind. It constitutes a li- proximately 100,000 communicants brary of thirteen volumes, which as already mentioned. when piled one upon another reach The day of our arrival in Manila a height of six feet.

The Ellinwood Bible School for miles south of Manila, and the Girls furnishes l}reparation for trade and shipping center for the young women as deaconesses or as entire southern district of the evangelistic workers. The Union Archipelago. It is also an educa- High School provides excellent tional center. The University of training for both girls and boys the Philippines has a Junior Colunder Christian auspices. The lege here and there are also a govdormitories house not only pupils ernment normal school and a large enrolled in any of the schools men- provincial high school. In order tioned, but also students in the to reach this large student body the University of the Philippines near Mission has established hostels for by. There are Filipino congrega- girls and for boys and a Student tions in other parts of the city and Center which attracts large numin the outstations of Pasig and bers daily. There is a ready wel- Cavite near by. These houses of come here, an atmosphere of worship are very plain and simple, friendliness, and a Christian uplift but doubtless within the means of that cannot fail to impress those the congregations to sustain. As who enter. Bible classes and yet Protestantism has not won to church services are held regularly its outspoken support many of the and also a weekly class in Chris- Filipinos of large means. Roman tian Stewardship. The large audi- Catholicism for more than four torium for church services and centuries has held sway, and has other gatherings is the finest of its the allegiance of the cultured kind that we have seen in the Isclasses, nominal in many cases lands. This institution was a however. To become a Protestant mighty good investment. It affords means to break family ties in the a fine opportunity for direct permajority of cases, and to invite to sonal contacts with the large stusome extent social and commercial ostracism. This is the price which dent body. some have gladly paid, while others Bradford Memorial Chapel in hesitate or are secret disciples. It is well, perhaps, that the growth memory of "A Christian Mother," of the Evangelical Church should as the tablet on the wall indicates, be slow. It is far better that it be particularly attracted me because composed of persons of deep reli- of its simple architectural beauty gious conviction and who value the and because I knew personally this principles of Protestantism, than godly Christian mother as one of to be crowded with a large group the most devoted members of the whose profession might be merely Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church that of nom ina I Christianity. in New York. I could not leave the Manila is today a city of the mod- building without a prayer that her ern world, with all the problems of beautiful spirit might continue to :'1.fluence the lives of those who secularism and materialism that knew and loved her, and that the one finds in an American city. church's influence through its pres- These forces challenge the Chris.. ent membership might spread far tian Church for control of the and wide through the community lives of its inhabitants. and beyond. There is a vast dis- trict to be reached from the city of Next to Manila in size and im- Cebu as a center, for the Island is portance is the city of Cebu, on the larger than Rhode Island and has island of the same name, 400 a population of over one million.

Our southern itinerary took us The Institute began with enrol- as far as Dumaguete, on the Island ment of fifteen boys in 1901. Now of Negros, a night's ride on the the enrolment is 974 from 39 prov- boat from Cebu. Though we ar- inces in the Philippines and from rived before 6 A. M., there was a Siam. The students are Filipinos, large committee from the station Chinese, Siamese and Americans.

to meet us. Dumaguete is synony- Thirty Americans are engaged in mous in. missionary vocabulary teaching, twenty-n i n e Filipinos with Silliman Institute, the out- and forty-nine student instructors standing evangelical educational and assistants. In the Bible School institution of the Islands. The department there are ten Ameri- story of its growth is a romance. can instructors. D uri n g the When I was a student in Princeton twenty-nine years of the school's Theological Seminary, I had no existence, more than 15,000 stu- idea that the quiet, unassuming dents have been enrolled. Alumni fellow student, David S. Hibbard, and former students have become would become the guiding genius governors of provinces. members of an institution on the other side of the legislature, professors in of the world whose name would be- universities, prominent lawyers, come a hou'sehold word in mission physicians, nurses, Y. M. C. A. sec- circles. He has insisted upon re- retaries and ministers of the Gos- signing from the presidency to pel.

which he has given twenty-nine As we journeyed through the years of his life, feeling that the Islands, we were impressed by the future demands of the work are large number of students in the beyond his strength. In the college elementary and high schools and annual issued by the graduating in the colleges, both in Manila and class this year, it is said of Dr. in the provinces. If one includes Hibbard that "His Catholicity of all the schools, the number of stusympathy and humanity of outlook, dents in Manila is nearly 90,000. and his faith in the Filipino people There are 7,000 in the University have actuated him to sacrifice much of the Philippines. There is a in order that he might carry the school population of a little more Gospel of an abundant life to our than 3,000,000 with an enrolment country, and whose sterling char- of 1,111,509 in the public schools acter we respect and admire." In and 84,685 in private schools. 1926, the Provincial Board of About 36 per cent of those of Oriental Negros, the Province in which Silliman Institute is located, school age are enrolled in the schools. In round numbers, it may presented to Dr. Hibbard a bronze be said that for every child in tablet, now upon the wall of Silli- school in the Islands there are two outside. Thirty years ago the man Hall, reading: In sincere appreciation of 27 years transport Thomas brought nearly of unselfish service and loyal friend- 600 trained American teachers to ship and because of his unfailing sym- the Philippines to start the Ameripathy in the hopes and aspirations of can-Philippine Public School Systhe Filipino people, the Provincial tem. The work began with an en- Board of Oriental Negros has de- rolment of about 160,000 pupils clared David Sutherland Hibbard to and with about 4,000 teachers. be an adopted ·son of the Province. In Today, there are more than 1,000,- testimony thereto this tablet has been 000 pupils and 27,000 school teachhere placed, April 25th, 1926.

ers. Most of the latter are Fili- high schools and in the Forestry, pinos, about ninety-nine out of Agricultural and Veterinary De- each one hundred. Roughly speak- partments of the University of the ing, one per cent are Americans. Philippines located in Los Banos.

This is a tribute to the success of We visited this area and observed the system, as, within a generation, with delight the good work that is the public school has practically being done by the Rev. and Mrs. created its own teaching force. Hugh Bousman stationed at Los While there are still many children Banos as a center. They are interoutside of schools, the present en- ested in the social activities of the rolment fills the schools that exist. students and in their personal The immediate need is provision problems. Near the campus of the of additional buildings, and the colleges mentioned, we have a neat Government aims in time to pro- and attractive college chapel and vide education for every child. readim", room, the center of the re- The most popular courses are ligious life of all who wish to come. those which lead to the so-called We visited Batangas, within the "white collar jobs." The agricul- area of Mr. Bousman's work. He tural and trade schools should have was holding a series of meetings larger enrolments if the needs of the country are to be met. There with the high school students every is a danger of overstock of gradu- afternoon for a week in the Evanates in the arts, as in I,ndia. Ef" gelical Church. Forty-three of the students in this group signed cards fort should be made to correct this at the close of a week's meetings, situation as far as it is possible indicating their desire to lead a to do so, before a situation like that Christian life. They were not inin India develops 'a large and increasing group of college students vited to sever their connection with too proud for manual work. the Roman Catholic Church, but were told to attend whatever There is a great opportunity for church would best minister to their personal work among the youth, spiritual need. They were encourespecially among the students aged to pray and to read the Scripof the provincial high schools tures daily. This is the sort of throughout the Islands. No reli- work that is being done by several gious instruction is given in these missionaries of various evangelical schools. The Government has churches among the students, and erected fine school buildings, but it good results are being obtained. makes little provision for the proper housing of the students who Four years ago there was held come from a distance. Dormito- in Manila a convention of nearly ries have been erected in some 600 Protestant Filipino young peoplaces by Protestant m iss ion ple. They drew up a statement deboards to house some of the stu- claring their readiness to follow dents, and the Roman Catholics Christ's call to build His Kingdom have followed our example, seeing in the Philippines and to win the the opportunity for personal touch youth of the Islands to Him, also and influence. In Manila there are their belief in a United Evangelical about 25,000 students, and in five Church of the Philippines that provinces, south of Manila, there should carry the spirit of Jesus and is an area in which there are 9,000 His religion to every portion of the students enrolled in the various Orient where He is unknown.

FRO~I TIlE

THE CHINESE PUZZLE Glimpses of a Nation in Transfor:rnation TRAVEL LETTER No. 8 BY DELAVAN L. PIERSON " FOREIGN devils! Foreign When we compare the China of devils." The children of today with the pre-Boxer days, Canton thus expressed their China seems to have made marvel- OpInIOn of us. We thought that ous progress. The antiquated we looked harmless and friendly Manchu dynasty with its eunuchs and that the ancient prejudice and elaborate court functions, has against white faces and foreign been overthrown and a Republic clothes had disappeared since the has been established-at least in "Boxer" Uprising. We were un- name. In place of five treaty ports, able to penetrate far into the interi- the whole country is open to for- or of China, as we had hoped to eign settlement. Railroads have do, for conditions are so unsettled been built, thousands of automo- that a return ticket might prove bile busses have been introduced, useless.* and airplane routes are in opera- China proved an interesting puz- tion. Modern factories have zle. Like some sold in gift shops, sprung up, equipped with the latest it is intricate and composed of machinery. We landed in Shang- many curious parts; but, unlike hai on May first to find that there those puzzles, no one either Chinese was in effect a modern strike which or foreigner seems to possess the had stopped all the electric trams key fo,r its solution. and motor busses. The police were aft·e;V~i~Wl~~d ~n~h~~~~n~,n e~~lat~~~~l fti~~ armed ready for trouble and for- eigners were advis.ed to keep off ~t~l~~~~n'h~?~iaC~sur~~.'is mi~~01,;~~fee:.ri~~ ;~~~ the streets if possible. We did not have time to follow the advice; to Soochow, one of the walled cities, and to Many other m·odern and foreign r:u~kiTfi;nI~in,Cilp!l~lng L:[idr'~r;k{r~~~tedR!t~~~: t ' t t I' ons h ave been I'ntroduced ing from J ap an, WP aga in vi sited Shanp-h ai a nd I• nS I U proceeded to Ho ngkollg ano! Call ton,-D. L . P.

811

into China-clothes, food, a mod- waited thirty years for the auspi- ernized army and navy, foreign cious date.

education, literature and science, Ancient transportation is far movies and dances, telegraph, tele- more prevalent in China than mod- phone and wireless. Women have ern modes. Sampans and junks unbound their feet and men have ply the rivers. Wheelbarrows, cut off their queues. Foreign re- mule litters, sedan chairs and ligion has penetrated all parts of Peking carts convey millions of the country and Christian churches travelers who can afford not to have been established in thousands walk. Men and women strain at of towns and cities. Truly China drawing immense loads of stone or has greatly changed in the past iron which in other countries thirty years–at least on the sur- would be moved only by horses, face. camels, elephants or motor power.

When we go deeper or more into Ancient methods of manufacture the interior, far away from port are still far more common than cities, it seems that China has not modern. Soochow, a twenty-five radically changed. This makes hundred year old walled city and the Chinese puzzle difficult to solve. one time capital of the Wu King- Those who have been in the coun- dom, is only two hours from try longest and have studied the Shanghai by rail. There we saw people and their customs most cotton cloth being polished by huge carefully, see beneath external granite rollers rocked by the feet changes the same hoary customs, of men. Hanging to an overhead superstitions, philosophy and be- pole they rocked the stone back and liefs. China is too great a country forth over the smooth surface of a to change quickly and completely. wooden roller, until a few inches We sailed in a modern steamer ,o.f the cloth was polished; then up the Pei-ho (river) to Tientsin. they shifted the cotton and began On the way we passed two dead again. For this labor they receive bodies of men floating naked in the twenty cents (Mexican) a day, stream. No one seemed to care and (about seven cents).

no man would draw them ashore In the same way countless other lest he be accused of complicity in ·industries are carried on by hand.

the death. We also passed acre In Canton we saw small boys of upon acres of land covered with fourteen or fifteen cutting blocks small and large mounds. These ,o.f jade with a metal disk operated are graves, and they are found by a tread wheel. Other very everywhere in China, occupying small boys were carving ivory, for land that is sorely needed for culti- which work they are paid a few vation. In Japan cremation has cents a day.

been ordained by the law in order . Before the world, China's gov- to conserve valuable land, but in ernment seems to be based on mod- China the ancient belief persists ern principles, but beneath are that to disturb ancestral graves is found many characteristics of the not only impious but will bring dis- autocracy and corrupUon of the aster. In Canton we saw a "City days of the Empress Dowager.

of the Dead" where bodies are kept The same oriental spirit seems to untn some soothsayer declares the prevail, governed by the idea that propitious time and place for bur- a public office is for private gain ial. Some bodies are said to have and to ~nable the official to grant

THE CH1NESE PUZZLE

favors to his friends. While we so wounded were brought into the were prevented by unsettled con- Soochow hospitals. ditions and lack of time from traveling far into the interior, we The old tradition that "saving were fortunate in meeting, at the the face" is more important than excellent Missionary Home in saving the country is responsible Shanghai, missionaries from all for much of the present trouble of parts of China. From every dis- China. Government officials protrict came the word that the Chi- claim reforms to the world, reneseare out of patience with the forms which they do not intend Nationalist Government. (apparently) to carry out. They thus give an impression of ideal- "It is the worst we ever had," is ism which is not in their real prothe discouraged statement 6f many gram. To proclaim is one thing, Chinese. Famine prevails in Shan- to perform is another. si and Shantung, but the Government does nothing. Bandits and This seems to be true in the govpirates are active, even near the ernment's educational program. large cities, but the Government is The old Confucian system, with its powerless to protect life and property. The taxes are more oppres- RUINED BY COMMUNIS'l'S sive than ever, and yet men who pay them receive no benefit. The virtues and its vices, has been abolmoney collected goes to selfish of- ished and a new system has been ficials and to maintain an ineffec- introduced based on occidental tive army and useless navy. "We textbooks and methods. In every are compelled to plant opium, in city we saw primary and middle place of food, in order to pay the schools with large buildings and taxes-and this in the face of fam- often with modern equipment. ine." The Government even desires to take over the foreign mission The army and so-called navy, al- schools and colleges. They have though drilled by Europeans and decreed that all these institutions equipped with modern arms, pre~ shall have Chinese principals or sents some pathetic sights. We presidents and a majority, or twosaw a "gunboat" on the Pearl River thirds, of Chinese members on the at Canton that looked like a boy's faculties and boards of control. craft made of Standard Oil tins! But China has not now a sufficient We traveled to Nanking with a number of trained men and women company of "soldiers." They were for these positions. The result is mere boys of fourteen to eighteen inefficiency and even chaos. New years of age-cheaper to support Occidental wine is being put into and less of a present economic loss if they are killed, but show the present weakness of the country and endanger the future. They are said to be reckless with firearms, but many have so little understanding of patriotism and so little interest in the conflict that they wound their own hands to escape from the army. Many

old Chinese wine-skins-with the Christian as principal, or the in- inevitable result. troduction of anti-Christian text- The Chinese are more eager to books, or the installation of un- control their own institutions than reasonably expensive equipment to benefit their country. The pres- for which foreigners must pay.

ent leaders have a greater desire The experience of Cheloo Uni- to exercise power than to confer versity (Shantung Christian Col- benefits. The fact that foreign lege) is a case in point. The story schools and colleges have been built was told me by one of the profes- and are run with foreign funds to sors and the facts were investi- help the Chinese seems to have no gated by a Shantung newspaper or weight with them. In reply to the editor. The students of the Col- statement that in other civilized lege Arts and Sciences went on countries, institutions, not detri- strike (a favorite sport in China), mental to national welfare, are and demanded the resignation of permitted under the complete con- the principal, a Chinese Christian trol of foreigners, even so intelli- of good standing and real ability.

gent a leader as Dr. C. T. Wang, The faculty, the majority being (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Chinese, voted to confer and com- former Y.' M. C. A. Secretary) promise with the strikers. They says "But this is China; we will finally yielded to the student de- do as the Chinese think it best to mands, and the. principal resigned.

do." The students returned to classes There is still much division of for a time, but struck again for opjnion among missionaries as to more modern equipment and a whether mission schools and col- better library. The students al- leges should be registered and sub- ready enjoyed more modern plumb- mit to full government control, or ing in their dormitories than was should carryon as long as possible found in some of the homes of as missionary institutions. The foreign professors, and the library government regulations include contained several thousand vol- (beside a Chinese principal and a umes. The faculty put up notices majority of Chinese on the faculty on the bulletin boards, which were and board of control) the elimina- torn down by student strikers and tion of religion from the curricu- their own substituted. By vote of lum, no compulsory religious the Chinese majority on the facul- services or classes, weekly honors ty, another conference was called.

(some call it worship) before the The strikers occupied the directors'

portrait of Sun Yat Sen; educa- seats in the board room and inti- tion in his Principles, in some cases mated that they had the power to by a government appointed and cause the resignation of any mem- mission paid teacher, the use of ber of the faculty. Foreign mem- government textbooks, compulsory bers of the board were in favor of military drill, and acceptance of all drastic measures, but Chinese government standards. Many of members voted to temporize, plead- these requirements would not be ing with the students to return to objectionable, but others threaten classes. Finally, some demands to destroy the Christian character were granted and the strike was of the institutions. For instance, called off for a time. Next, the the Government may at any time employees of the University were require the appointment of a non- induced by the students to strike.

THE CHINESE PUZZLE

This shut off the light, heat and Confucian ethics are glvmg way water and endangered the lives of before Dr. Sun Yat Sen's "Prin- the sick in the University hospital. ciples." (Extracts from these When girl students refused to join "Principles" are even posted in in the latest strike, obscene and some mission schools.) The old blasphemous posters were put up Buddhist and Taoist religions are on the campus and the girls were fast losing influence over the charged with immoral relations young, and temples are increasing- with professors. A threat was ly neglected and are falling into made to burn the library so that decay. Since there are over 400,- it was necessary to guard it night 000,000 people in China, many and day. temples still attract throngs of At this juncture, a committee of worshipers, but irreligion is rapid- foreign members of the University ly growing.

Board was named to take action. So China is a puzzle, economi- They declared the College of Arts cally, politically, educationally, re- and Sciences closed for the re- ligiously. What is the solution?

mainder of the year and ordered Multitudes of the Chinese appear all the students to go home. They to be discouraged. Poverty has communicated with the Nanking ground them down; famine and Government, visited the dormito- taxes have added to their burdens; ries with police, and enforced the their old religions seem to have order. failed them; their high hopes in The real cause of the trouble Dr. Sun Yat Sen's program and here, which may be repeated else- the success of the Nationalist Gov- where, has been that the Nation- ernment have been disappointed.

alist Party Commissioner of Edu- Some who take an interest in cation for Shantung (who was China's welfare desire a change in educated in France) is strongly government. But will a change anti-foreign and anti-Christian. mean an improvement? Where are He and the local Tung Pu (political the leaders and program that they party organization) incited and can trust?

directed the students, who estab- China has changed remarkably lished a Nationalist Party head- in many ways; it has not changed quarters on the University campus. in more ways. Herein lie the per- Some of the mission schools and plexing factors in the Chinese puz- colleges in China report little zle. The Chinese are discouraged, trouble as a result of registration, and yet they are not discouraged.

but visits to some of the leading Millions go on their way as if noth- Christian schools and colleges, and ing had happened and nothing were interviews with missionaries and happening. No doubt many do not Chinese in and out of direct educa- yet know that there is a "Republic"

tional work, have led to the convic- or that the Empress Dowager is tion that Christian education in no more.

China is in a precarious situation. The Elements of Hope It is a puzzle without any solution in sight. There are two great elements of hope, yes three, for the solution of The Religious Puzzle the present Chinese puzzle. First: The religious situation in China China has been loosed from her old also presents a puzzle. The old moorings and roused out of her

age-long complacency. Her very at the outlook in China had we foundations have been shaken and looked only at external, material she has seen her ancient institu- conditions or at human forces and tions tottering and falling. China leadership. But we are not dis- is awake and is looking for new couraged or pessimistic. Wernet and firmer foundations and a bet- hundreds of Christian mission- ter superstructure. China has not aries who have given their lives to achieved modern ideals for it lacks China. We never met one who ideal leaders, but China is in the showed discouragement. In spite process of development, and in of bandits, warfare, famine, gov- time strong leaders will be devel- ernment opposition, anti-Christian oped. "It will take at least ten or sentiments, and other difficulties fifteen years for China to become and dangers, they are prepared to .

stabilized and at peace," we said to carryon in faith and with faith- a missionary of long experience. fulness. We met missionaries who "You are an optimist," he replied; had been captured by bandits, "we think it will take fifty or one whose property had been de- hundred years, unless progress is stroyed, whose work had been much more rapid than it has been broken up, and whose mission in the past:" buildings have been occupied by Second: There are forces at communist soldiers; but one and work that are changing Chinese all these missionaries are ready to character and laying new founda- carry on. Those who have been called of God to be His witnesses in tions. These are living forces, not China are not ready to resign at materialistic; they are divine the first, or the twenty-first, barforces not merely human. Chris- rier or threatened danger. The tian truth has been planted in spirit that dwelt in Morrison and China and is growing and bearing Hudson Taylor, in Calvin W. Mafruit. Christ is living in the hearts of thousands of Chinese and is teer and Griffith John, in Horace changing their characters and pre- Pitkin and J. Walter Lowrie is not paring them for service. Many dead, and will not die.

Christians are ignorant and weak, In Peiping (Peking) we had the and in many places the Church is great privilege of hearing from Dr.

ineffective, but in multitudes of Ingram, an American Board mis- Chinese, Christ is a living force sionary and one of the survivors of and many churches are proving the Boxer Uprising, tell the thrill- themselves not merely arks for ing story of the seige of Peking.

safety, but power houses for serv- Seated in the chapel of the British ice. Legation, where thirty years ago Third: God must be reckoned the lives of hundreds of foreigners with in China today as in the past. and thousands of Chinese Chris- It is impossible for Christians to tians were sought day and night believe that one-fourth of the hu- for fifty-four days by a blood- man race is left out of His pro- thirsty mob of Chinese, we lis- gram of redemption. His will tened to the story, dramatically cannot be defeated; He knows the told. The result of the faith and solution of the Chinese puzzle, and fidelity of missionaries in that time He will reveal it in due time. of persecution; of the loyalty of We might have been discouraged Chinese and foreign Christians

even unto death; of the fellowship ists, from the seat of war-but not in testimony and in suffering of far from the notice of God.

missionaries and Chinese, were Success in China, as elsewhere, evidences of the power of God and is not dependent on great instituof the truth of the Gospel of tions, or fine equipment, or abun- Christ. The result was a wonder- dant financial resources. As has ful awakening, after the subsid- been clearly proved all through ence of the Boxer movement, and the ages, success depends on the great ingathering into the Chris- whole-hearted and intelligent retian Church. Many more were sponse of men to the call of God. won to Christ in the decade between 1900 and 1910 than had been The Chinese puzzle is perplexwon in the one hundred years from ing-almost baffling. So was the 1800 to 1900. God is not dead! He Palestine puzzle in the days of the has not left Himself without wit- apostles; so was the European ness in China today. Similar faith puzzle in the days of the Reformaand fidelity, under trial, similar tion; the world evangelization love and Christian fellowship be- puzzle in the days of Carey; so was tween Chinese and other Chris- the Moslem puzzle in the days of tians, similar courage and witness- Raymund Lull, and the Indian puzing to Christ and His salvation zle in the days of the Sepoy Retoday, must, we believe, bring vic- bellion. The God who solved these tory. puzzles will, we believe, solve the Chinese puzzle in His own time and We saw many signs of this com- way. Then the political and eduing victory, and the Power at work. There are Christian institutions cational tangle will be straightened out and laws and customs will be where "the Word of God is not in harmony with the laws of God. bound"; there are schools and col- What a wonderful day that will leges in which the chief purpose is be, when China, with all her to win students to Christ and to natural wealth and her human train them for His service; there resources, with her wonderful facare hospitals where the healing of ulty for patient perseverence under the soul is held to be of even more difficulty and her readiness to sufimportance than the healing of the fer or to serve in the cause of an body; there are churches where the accepted Master, places all these at members are taught that to be saved is not enough, they must go the feet of Christ.

out to save others.* The work in In the meantime, we at home can accept our part in the solving the great cities like Canton, Han- of the Chinese puzzle-a partnerkow, Shanghai and Peiping is im- ship in sympathy, in prayer, in portant for they are strategic testimony, in sacrificial giving and centers, but perhaps the greatest service. It is a partnership with work and that which is most surely the missionaries, with the Chinese transforming China is to be found Christians, with the Lord Jesus in the interior far from the port Christ. The Chinese puzzle is not cities, far from the eyes of tour- yet solved, but it is being worked • We hope to tell the story of some of th is out by those who are in this partwork Inter in 'l'HFl REVIEW.-D. L. P. nership.

2

of CHRISTIAN

IN CHINA* BY THE RT. REV. FREDERICK R. GRAVES Protestant Episoopal Bishop of Shanghai C H R 1ST I A N colleges and proper discipline and moral care. schools in China are now in The opposition is political and great difficulties and have to revolutionary.

face what amounts to deliberate Matters have gone very much in persecution. In many places their this way for the last years. MilibiIildings have been occupied by tary occupation is only one of the soldiers and greatly damaged or troubles; the standing difficulty left in such a filthy state that they all along has been the policy of the had to be entirely renovated. Some government. have been destroyed, others have been seized upon by Chinese who Ever since the meeting of the started schools in them for their own profit,' others have been pre- World Christian Student Federavented from reopening by powerful local enemies. tion and the visit of the Edu- To give a concrete instance. cational Commission in 1922 the The Mahan School at Yangchow was widely known throughout the anti-Christian forces in China have Province of Kiangsu as an institution of the highest standing. It directed bitter attacks against was seized and occupied by the soldiers in 1927. The furniture Christian schools. In 1925 reguwas destroyed, the books burned, and the interior and grounds left lations were promulgated for in an unspeakably dirty condition. The loss amounted to Mexican registering schools in order to $30,000. No compensation has ever been paid and no regret has bring all schools under the control been expressed. Furthermore, the local Board of Education has pre- of the government authorities. In vented the re-opening of the school. Such histories could be duplicated 1927 further regulations were in any number concerning schools of the various missions in different published. Section 5 of these reguparts of China. It is important to note here that not only Christians lations reads "The institution shall but Chinese of all classes are eager to send their children to mission not practice any religious rites or schools when they can get the opportunity, because they are con- ceremonies and shall not have as vinced that they will receive a sound intellectual training and also its purpose the propagation of re- ligion." In 1929 there was added, "If there are any religious exer- cises students shall not be com- pelled or induced to participate.

No religious exercises shall be al- lowed in primary schools."

A good many missionary schools, hproewpeavreir~g have registered or are to register, hoping to preserve their schools at all costs and trusting in the assurance of Chinese friends that the govern- ment only requires submission and that the regulations will not then be too strictly enforced.

To our friends in America it 19•30F.rom The LWing Ohurch, September 6. may appear that there is no objec- 818

1930J REGISTRATION OF CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS IN CHINA

tion to registering our mission in- schools, kindergartens, or normal stitutions with the Nationalist schools for Chinese students; All teachers of primary schools Government. Let us see what it and kindergartens shall be of Chinese implies: nationality; 1. The school that registers As from 1930, graduates of Chrisceases at once to be a private school tian ·schools shall not receive treatment and becomes a part of the govern- on an equal basis with graduates of ment system. The control passes non-Christian schools; out of the hands of the mission. Schools having theological courses 2. The school must teach the or the faculty and students of which party propaganda of the National- hold religious services in the school ists as part of the curriculum. buildings shall not be granted regis- 3. The teaching of Christianity tration; All Christian schools having failed in the school is forbidden. to register shall be closed within a 4. A teacher of the propaganda specified period; and another who is in charge of Inspectors -of the provincial or disthe discipline of the institution trict educational bureau shall, from must be appointed by the govern- time to time, investigate the condiment, the salaries of both to be tions of registered Christian schools paid by the Mission. in order to find out whether the These are the chief points in the authorities of these are engaged in government requirements which religious propaganda; make registration impossible. And Presidents of registered Christian note that the only privilege which schools shall be appointed by Chinese the mission would retain is the government organs, but the right of supervision shall rest with the board privilege of paying all the bills. of directors of these schools; The spirit of the campaign Religious organizations shall not against Christian schools is well hold religious courses for Chinese illustrated by the action of the students and organizations founded Shanghai Kuomintang, which ap- for the purpose of studying religions pears in the newspapers of May shall not permit non-adults of Chinese 22. The position and influence of nationality to become members; the Shanghai Kuomintang is very Those ignoring this order -shall be like that of the Jacobin Club in suppressed without hesitation; Paris in 1789. It is not the gov- The Young Men's Christian Associ- ation in the various provinces, which ernment but it succeeds generally is supposed to be founded for the in imposing its will on the govern- promotion of four virtues, having been ment. The North China Daily found to engage in propagating the News of May 22 reports the regu- Christian religion, the native educalations as follows: tional organs shall immediately take The following "anti-Imperialistic over its control; cultural invasion measures," decided All publications issued by religious upon by the Propaganda Department schools or organizations shall be cen- of the Shanghai District Kuomintang sored by the local Kuomintang head- on Wednesday, will be enforced in quarters.

Shanghai as soon as they are approved But behind all this matter of by the Executive Committee of the registration there is a clear indicalocal Tang-pu. tion that the policy of the Board Associations organized by persons of non-Chinese nationality shall not of Education is, as a Chinese edu- be permitted to establish primary cator expressed it to me, "half

Bolshevik and half Columbia Uni- courses in religion, and two months versity," that is, that they have ago a petition from representatives determined not only to have a sys- of a number· of Christian bodies, tem of government education who as Chinese Christians asked which is entirely secular, but to for religious toleration in their prevent anyone from teaching re- schools, has been peremptorily religion in any form. They have fused. made it quite plain that they will either close Christian institutions Christian schools and colleges by order, or place them under such have been of immense service to disabilities that they will wither China, but in the face of present up. conditions it would seem that the best service they can give to China There have been cases recently would be to refuse to yield their where a passport was refused to principles, and show that they Chinese students going to America value their religion above any adbecause they intended to take vantage.

METHODIST CHURCH IN MEXICO ORGANIZED BY BISHOP FRANCIS J. McCONNELL I HAVE returned from the Con- necessary under the Mexican law. ference at Mexico City which I had my usual experience in cross- set in motion the final machin- ing the border of being taken off ery for the organization of an the train and sent back to the independent Methodist Church in United States because I signed my- Mexico. The final meetings of the self as a Methodist minister. Of Commission were marked by entire course, as soon as I could get into unanimity and complete cordiality telegraphic touch with the authorof spirit. In a word, the two Meth- ities at Mexico City, I was at once odisms in Mexico are merged into admitted, but my being repeatedly one body with a General Confer- taken off the train on my various ence of its own. trips to Mexico is an indication of the difficulty that confronts a There is to be a cooperative com- Methodist Bishop from the United mittee with representatives from States as soon as he reaches the the various organizati'ons in the Mexican border. Other and more two Methodisms which have prop- serious difficulties are waiting for erty and financial interests in Mex- him as he moves into the country. ico, but the work of this committee Any religious work in Mexico unis chiefly consultative and advis- der the authority of anybody outory. To all intents and purposes side the country is seriously handi- Methodism is now independent in capped. Mexico, with only fraternal relations existing with Methodism in Mexican Elected Bishop* the United States. The Methodist Church of Mex- If any body feels that the new ico was formed in Mexico City in movement is radical, let him remind himself that it had become 'By W. W. Reid-Board of Foreign Mis· sions, Methodist Episcopal Church.

METHODIST CHURCH IN MEXICO ORGANIZED

July of this year by the Union of Monterey, where, after being pastor, he became superintendent of the disthe churches and missions main- trict of the same name.

tained for more than half a cen- He has always been an outstanding leader in the young people·s' work and tury by the Methodist Episcopal has been the heart 'of the Nationalist movement in Mexico. Mrs. Pascoe is Church and the Methodist Epis- quite as widely and favorably known as her husband in her activity in copal Church South, from the women's work. She is the President United States. It now becomes a of her Conference Missionary Society, wholly independent Church, all its of the National Union of Women's Societies of Mexico, as well as the ministers being native-born. Evangelical Confederation of Womens' Societies in Latin America, a union of The Rev. J. P. Hauser, mission- women's work in the Carribean Area, effected last year in the Havana Conary in Mexico, gives this account gress.

of the Conference: The finest of ·spirit prevailed in all the deliberations. The Methodist The General Conference of the new Church of Mexico thus starts out on Methodist Church of Mexico met in its new career with a Bishop that is Mexico City, September 16th in the widely known and·well-beloved and it historic church of Gante No.5. also has a body of trained leaders. Ninety delegates, mini·sters and lay- The new organization has over 15,000 men in equal numbers, came together members and includes the central representing the two Methodisms. states of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, The sessions were opened by the Tlaxcala, Hidalgo, Queretaro and Lord's Supper under the direction of Guanajuato and the border states of the eight district superintendents. Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, Coa- Dr. Pedro Flores Valderrama, who is huila, Nuevo Leon and a part of just completing fifty years in the Tamaulipas. ministry, gave the inaugural address. The new Church begs the prayers The Conference was organized the and loyal support of the home Church. first morning and on the second day It is independent, but will maintain the Committee on Episcopacy brought a vital relation with the mother in its report, which contained several Church through a committee of sixradical measures, such as that the teen known as the Gouncil of Cooperabishop shall be elected for four years tion and consisting of representatives only and that there would be no re- of the Boards of Missions of each Church and the General Conference of election. Mexico. This present organization is With deep interest the delegates the result of the work of the Commis- sion of Unification which was ordered awaited Friday morning the 19th by the General Conferences of the two when the election of the new bi,shop Methodisms and which met in Mexico took place. Mr. Pascoe was chosen City last July. One of the fraternal on the eighteenth ballot, and he was delegates to this Conference expressed consecrated in an impressive service the hope that some day the Methodist the following Sunday. Church and the Congregational Church in Mexico might unite. May Bishop John Nicanor Pascoe was we not hope that what the Methodisms born forty-three years ago in San of Mexico have done, the Methodisms Telmo, State of Mexico. He went of the world may some day bring through the mission schools and re- about? ceived his higher education in Vander- bilt University, Nashville, Tenn., where he met his future wife who was attEnding the Methodist Training School. They came back to their na- tive land and Brother Pascoe has held the important churches of Balderas, Mexico City, Chihuahua, Saltillo, Allende, San Antonio, Texas, and

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH

OF AGE* BY THE REV. L. P. VAN SLYKE Sccn:tary of RcligiU'llS Educa.tion for the Synod of .illc.:vivo O NE of the most noticeable istics of the various Mexican Prot- phenomena in Mexico's life estant Churches is their demand is the national consciousness. that the leadership of the evangel- I wAs going to say "the growing ical cause in Mexico: pass from the national consciousness," but it missions to the national churches.

would be moxe correct to say "over- There is nothing revolutionary grown." For it is an exaggerated in this desire on the part of our consciousness, very much like that Mexican brethren. The fulfillment of the boy just out of high school. of this ambition, when the time is It is "Mexico for the Mexicans" ripe, means the achievement of the with a vengeance. A government great aim of Foreign Missions, postmark ,bears the legend "Na- that is, the establishment of a selftional manufacturers can compete governing, self-supporting and with foreign gools." A systematic educational campaign is be i n g self-propagating national church. waged to get the Mexican people Not only so, but it means the reto believe in themselves, their moval of a great hindrance to the Gospel itself, namely, its apparproducts, their art, their destiny. ently foreign character, its foreign And this exaggerated national sources of support, and the control consciousness has as its special of the evangelical enterprise by antipathy our own United States! foreigners. Above all is this true It hardly needs a sociologist to in Mexico, where the Catholic understand that such an attitude propagandists exert every effort on the part of nearly the whole to convince the people that the Mexican people cannot but have a preaching of the Gospel is merely powerful effect on the churches a subtle form of infiltration by the founded by American missions in American Government with a view Mexico. It would be very strange to later political control, and that if the leaders of these national to become a Protestant is really to churches were not applying to become a traitor to Mexico. Hence, their churches the principle of national control of the Protestant "Mexico for the Mexicans" in the enterprise is a positive advantage sense of complete self-determination for these churches. This ap- to the gospel cause. plication has been hastened by the present enforcement by the Mexi- The goal of self-government was can Government of the constitu- attained by the Mexican (Presbytional provisions prohibiting the terian) Church in 1901, when the exercise of ministerial functions by Synod of Mexico was formed and foreigners. I think that it can be made independent of the General said without exaggeration that one Assembly in the United States. of the most outstanding character- Slow progress had been made to- ward self-support by the larger congregations, when in 1916 the * Frolll The Prc81Jyterian jlag(l:~+Jlc. withdrawal of our Boards from the 822 Presbyterian field in the north of dispensaries be turned over to it. Mexico in accordance with the re- This was more sweeping than had distribution of territory among the been expected, but believing the different Protestant Boards under time had come to take the Presbythe Cincinnati Plan of Coopera- tery at its word, their requests tion, brought about unexpectedly a were granted without qualification. long step forward in self-support and self-control. The turning over of all the evan- gelistic work within the limits of In September, 1928, a conven- the Presbytery seemed to mean tion of the Mexico City Presbytery that the evangelistic missionaries was held, notable for the large would no longer be needed in this representation of laymen present territory, but the Presbytery made and for their prominence in the known that if a missionary were proceedings. The aim of the Con- willing to work under its direction, vention was the consideration of it would gladly welcome his servthe problem of self-support. Pa- ices. triotic enthusiasm marked the gathering. It was voted to recom- The Presbytery is manfully facmend to the Presbytery that be- ing its task, and going about it in ginning April 1, 1929, it take over a business-like manner. So far, it the entire support of both min- is meeting with a large measure of isters and lay workers, and the success. It is both supporting its direction of all evangelistic work work and really directing it, showin its territory. This was made ing considerable initiative and enthe official action of the Presby- terprise. tery. With the attainment of self- In its official communication to support by this section of the Mexour Mission, the Presbytery peti- ican Church, the great majority of tioned the Mission to turn over to the Presbyterian churches in Mexit the full responsibility for the ico have become self-supporting. support of all evangelistic workers This being the case, it is entirely (Mexicans), both ordained and lay, natural and right that the leaderand the full direction of all evan- ship of the Presbyterian work in gelistic work, including social cen- Mexico should pass definitely into ters and dispensaries. I shall the hands of the Mexicans, and that never forget the sweet spirit of the foreign missionaries should our Mexican brethren, as they pre- from now on take the place of servsented to the Mission in its meeting ants of the Mexican Church. This last December the desire of the is being done. At the request of Presbytery to assume the responsi- another Presbytery, one of its misbilities of manhood, and as they sionaries is being sent to Yucatan expressed their personal gratitude to take charge of the Bible School to the Mission for what it had done in the capital, Merida. At the for them individually in giving Synod's request another man has them their knowledge of Christ, been turned over to the Synod as their education, and their oppor- its Secretary of Religious Educatunity to serve in the Christian tion. A Joint Commission of Mexministry. The Presbytery also icans and missionaries has been asked that all church buildings formed, through which the Mexiand manses, as well as the prop- can Church will be able'to have a erties used as social centers .and real influence in forming the poli- cies of the missions. BY SUE WEDDELL "YSecrciary for rOllny n"01J/CII'S lrQrk oj The Rr'jormcd Church in Am('ricu, -,-Yew )'urk OUNG people are much indulging in wishful thinking, let more interested in person- us use it as a recipe for the making al matters than they are in of a program that will fit them as World Affairs," exclaimed a mem- they are.

ber of a conference committee re- The world has for some years cently as a missionary program looked upon youth as a problem, for youth was being discussed. and we have done with this prob- "Yes," contributed another, "when lem what we have done with many we put up a poster announcing a others-cast it into a form and dis- missionary meeting, that's their cussed it pro and con, ad infinituJn.

signal to stay away." "Perhaps Not long ago a modern girl entered they haven't much time for such the Girls Department of a certain things," a timid voice sounded. Y. W. C. A. The secretary had a "They're kept pretty busy in school few books lying on her desk which these days and the schools seem to she had been using in preparing a cover a great deal of the ground talk. "What Ails Our Youth?", that the churches used to cover. "What's the Matter With the Girl Their world citizenship programs of Today?", "Youth in Conflict,"

are pretty far-reaching." "Young and other titles stared up at the people seem to have time enough girl as she walked in. Her eye ran for the movies and the talkies and hastily over the desk and in a re- for parties and things," said an- signed voice she said to the secre- other-"and have you ever noticed tary "I wonder what they will say how much time they spend just about us next?" She was acutely sitting around talking. What do conscious of being a problem and you suppose they talk about?" being talked about. "It would be interesting to have There is no denying the problem, one of them here to tell us," was but so often when we begin to the pointed rejoinder, "I've noticed think of a perplexity as a problem that when they express themselves the question itself begins to lose on a subject they usually have reality. President Glenn Frank, something worth saying." "And who declares that we Americans I've noticed," added an eager voice, have a "problem mania," tells us "that when you give them a job that questions when relegated to to do it gets done. Perhaps we the problem class become formal ought to let them plan their own and academic and abstract, and conferences!" that we indulge in a general con- At which the members of the sideration of theories instead of committee fell to and went on with making a specific search for the ef- their task. fective thing to do under the im- Let us look at this partial pic- mediate circumstances. "It is," he ture of youth thrown hastily on says, "far better to consider ways the imaginary screen. Rather than and means for getting good milk taking it as food for argument for to the Indian babies than to call a or against the youth of today and meeting to hear a paper on 'The 824

1930J YOUTH AND MISSIONS

Milk Problem Among Indians.''' 2. Make it personal. Are young Just so, in our consideration of people more interested in personal "Youth and Missions," it were matters than in world affairs?

better for us to attack the subject Probably. It is natural. It is a not as a problem but as a program, time of personal adjustments, per- taking our cue from that neat little sonal realizations; new and vital adage, "the cure of a problem is a personal relationships are just be- program." ginning. It is an easy time to be- Using our very inadequate pic- gin a permanent interest in other ture of youth as a recipe for such countries through a personal con- a program, let us search for the tact that might develop into real ingredients that would make up friendship. It is a time when the kind of world friendship activ- understanding of other races may ities which young people would in come through meeting some im- their own terminology, "eat up." mediate and intimate human need What should be the make-up of openly and honestly. Not long ago such a program of activities? a young people's president was 1. Make it pictorial. All our mourning because he could not gl't lives we have heard the Chinese his society interested in Africa proverb that "one picture is worth where his church had work that needed support. He said "I had ten thousand words," and yet we an interesting program all worked continue to use words many times out on our African work for last where pictures would serve far Sunday, but it fell flat. Unfortubetter. A missionary, recently re- nately, we had had a race riot in turned from India, illustrated this our town last week and I couldn't point well when she described a get the sDciety members off the first visit to an Indian village. The subject, they were so stirred up children crowded around her and over it." The question of the she tried to give out little Testa- Negro next door instead of in ments and talk to them about Africa, a question so vital to his Jesus. They seemed uninterested society members that they couldn't and moved away. She set up her get it out of their minds, could stereopticon and started to show have been the very finest starting the pictures of Jesus' life, and one point for a study of Africa, had he by one the children stole back and only made use of it. Knowing how she held them all spell-bound for to turn such personal experiences an hour. The power of pictures into wider world contacts and rehas been capitalized by the contin- sponsibilities is one of the most imuation schools which portray on portant tasks in the leadership of the walls in their waiting rooms youth. It is one of the "tragedies and classrooms, pictures and dia- of waste" in our great country, grams which show how to get on that we so often let such opportuin the world, how to hold a job, nities slip by. how to apply for work. They de- cide what they want to teach and 3. Make it discussional. Ex- then they "say it in pictures:" change of ideas and ideals is un- Why do young people go to picture doubtedly one of the most fruitful shows? Because they like to get of exchanges. We exchange much ideas that way! Make your mis- these days. "You have a dollar, I sionary program pictorial. have a dollar; we exchange. Now

you have my dollar, I have your a young people's missionary buddollar; we're no better off. But- get, "and I have a chance to vote you have an idea, I have an idea; on our missionary budget. I know we exchange. Now you have two what we have to raise and it makes ideas, I have two ideas; that's the me want to give more when I'm on difference!" Very little needs to be the inside like that." It is being said today as to the value of the "on the inside" that makes all the discussional method. It has proved difference in the world to young itself. Most of our mission study people. Taking them in on the books employ it. Probably our planning of the year's missionary reason for using this method so program, the discussion of finanlittle in our missionary programs ces, will enlist their understanding is because of our lack of trained and support as nothing else will. discussion leaders. It is not only One of the most outstanding a natural means of expression for characteristics of youth is their young people but it is stimulat- response to a big challenge and a ing and they like it. "This is the big trust. best hour of the day," said a young delegate at a recent summer con- 5. Make it recreational. Listen ference as she approached the to a group of kindergarten children auditorium for the discussion hour. as they play their singing games. Held after three continuous peri- They sing about the cows in the ods of class work, it still drew pasture and the foaming white practically the entire conference. milk and the rosy cheeks that come "We talked far into the night try- from drinking the milk. While ing to discover how we can get a they are having fun playing a line on what young people are game they are learning an importhinking and doing in other coun- tant fact of health. Drinking milk tries," said a member of the To- is made attractive to them because ronto Youth Council. But who it is associated with something would dare hold an evening meet- they like very much to do. Not ing with the usual speaking pro- only important facts but qualities gram beyond a certain hour! Give of character, such as good sportsyouth a chance to talk about real manship, courage, frankness, are things, together, and with wise learned every day in the playing of games-from the kindergarten leadership. child up to the college athlete. Why not use the play method more 4. Make it a partnership. So largely in giving facts on missions often we plan for and not with our and creating fair attitudes toward youth. We wonder why they don't people of other lands and races? carry more responsibility when we Young people will work out such don't offer it to them. Check up games for themselves if they are on your church. What does it ex- guided a bit by an enthusiastic pect of its youth? Big things? leader. Edna Geister's method, Responsible things? Or are they used to promote wholesome enterasked to wait on table, give a play, tainment for the soldiers in army usher at special events, speak once camps during the World War, is a year after conference. "I'm a one we could well employ, taking member .of our Consistory," ex- the old familiar children's games and adapting them in theme and plained a boy proudly to a group of his friends who were discussing

YOUTH AND MISSIONS

action to suit the occasion. At a what is already in your minds but recent Young People's Conference more than half forgotten. Here's a the class in recreational activities game that helps keep your education was asked to spend part of its class alive. Learn to play it!

time in working out missionary Not only does such a game keep garnes, and the result is eight very your education alive but it gives a interesting gam e s, instructive, very good background for further stimulating,-and much fun be- study and it is easy to take the sides. Burton Holmes suggests next step into the missionary side this idea of learning by playing in of the picture. It is a simple tranan article called "The Most Stim- sition to make when the mind is ulating Pastime I know." refreshed and open and active. Let I wonder how many people ever us re-create the mission field with try it, this game Iso often play by our youth.

myself, the most stimulating pastime 6. Make it musical. The man I know! The rules of the game are who said: "I care not who shall simple. All you need is an atlas or make the laws of a nation if I may globe, and imagination. If you use an be permitted to make its songs," atlas, just open at random. If a globe, spoke wisely. A true song comes twirl it and iet it stop where it will. from the heart and goes to the Who can say where you will find your- self? heart. The words we sing, if we The atlas opens, say, at India. Or mean them, enter the heart and when the globe stops, your finger is on gradually produce action. It Baghdad. That famous carpet! If you makes a great deal of difference could ride the carpet now, where would you go? what we sing and a great deal of difference whether we sing. The Paris, of course! Tum the globe development of music is one of the again, or find the place in the atlas. most interesting trends of the past Now you've caught the spirit of the few years. So much is being done game. Why, you're actually there! in group singing. The idea is not You can see the Place de la Concorde, new; it is a revival of ancient the Seine, Notre Dame. And while your mind is on cathedrals, where are peoples. The Greeks used music Chartres, Rheims? You find them and in their educational system, de- on the way to Cologne you stop at fining different effects on people of Brussels, thence to the Netherlands, different kinds of music. windmills and dykes. In the march of civilization it Suddenly you remember the boy has been somewhat lost sight of, who stopped the leak with his finger. Hans Brinker, too. How old were you but now it is returning in aU of when you read those stories? There's its forms and cannot be ignored. the Rhine. Remember Bingen-on-the- The public is deluged with music Rhine, the rats and the Bishop? of varying degrees of worth; some of us have absorbed the beautiful, So the game goes. The best part of some the unbeautiful. All of us it all is that it is never twice the have been touched by it. Edusame. A real game of chance, for cators, conscious of its influence, chance alone decides where you will are working today to control it and start, where you will end up. A profitable game, too. You learn conserve its great worth. They geography by the most painless of all are starting with children and methods. What makes it most stimu- young people. Shall the mission- lating, is that it evokes so much of ary forces not fall in line and make

real use of this powerful agent for horhood where the children need to unifying a group, for stimulating learn to understand and love their to action, for concentrating atten- little classmates from many lands, tion on an idea? We could so well this is the type of songs they often use its interpretive power. A song sing: well chosen re-enforces ideas and ideals in a very forceful way and Katrina came to our school, in an incidental way. When we She sat right next to me, sing a thing often enough we may come to believe it and practise it. She used to live in Amsterdam World friendship and brotherhood Beside the Zuyder Zeeand goodwill must be deep in the hearts of young people who sing Her cheeks were pink as cherry bloom, over and over again Her lips ten times as red; In Christ there is no East nor West But none of us could understand In Him no South nor North; A word Katrina said.

But one great fellowship of love She always comes to school on time, Throughout the whole wide earth. Her dress is just as neat, I'm sure I'm twice as careful Since Katrina shares my seat.

In Him shail true hearts everywhere It makes me have some new, new Their high communion find; thoughts, His service is the golden cord Some kindlier thoughts to know, Close binding all mankind. That though I cannot speak to her Join hands then, brothers of the faith, I love Katrina so. Whate'er your race may be. Stella George Stein; Who serves my Father as a son Is surely kin to me. Music by W. E. Hoefche.

In Christ now meet both East and An editorial writer in one of our West, large dailies makes a statement that leaders of youth might well In Him meet South and North; ponder. He says the future of All Christly souls are one in Him America is in the hands of two men, or women-the investigator Throughout the whole wide earth. and the interpreter. We have, he continues, an ample supply of in- or vestigators, those who are engaged in research and writing and inven- Join now in brotherhood, spreading tions and new discoveries. But he the Gospel raises a recruiting trumpet for the interpreters, those who will stand That warfare and discord may cease between the layman whose knowl- Let us in humble devotion march for- edge of all things is indefinite and the investigator whose knowledge ward of one thing is authoritative. The And follow our Christ, Prince of investigator, he says, advances knowledge; the interpreter ad- peace. vances progress. Here we stand, leaders of youth; on the one hand There is little enough singing the "world is so full of a number time in our programs and so often of things"-new discoveries, methwe use it by saying: "let's sing a ods, interesting and werth-while hymn," and one is selected on the spur of the moment. Preparation and thought given to the musical part of our meetings will bring almost unbelievable results. The schools know it. In a certain observation school in a foreign neigh-

NEGROES HONORED FOR DISTINGUISHED ACHIEVEMENTS

things to see and do and hear and question of interpreting youth to use. Picture the missionary labora- adult, of interpreting adult to tory that we are, or could be, in youth, often of interpreting the old touch with-our mission fields, and permanent values in terms of study courses, news sheets, leaflets, new ones, sometimes of interpretwriters, speakers, pictures, books. ing new values to those who look On the other hand there are many, upon them as wild and impossible. many groups and even more indi- It is a question of discovering the viduals in our churches who are real interests and needs of youth starving for things to do, worth- today and building on those, knowwhile enterprises, richer and fuller ing that "each new generation Christian lives. To the degree that must and will be served according we can be adequate interpreters to its own needs." the one to the other, to the degree that we can take the knowledge of And all through our task we missionary needs and world events would remember the great central and issues and translate them into truth that each new generation in the language and activities of our its highest moments faces: youth today, to that degree shall we be fulfilling our task. If we would build anew And build to .stay It is a many-sided task. It is a We must find God again And go His way.

NEGROES HONORED FOR DISTINGUISHED ACHIEVEMENTS"

T HE biennial award in recog- by the Federal Council were made nition of constructive service in the fields of education, science, for better race relations, of- business, literature, music, fine fered by the Harmon Foundation, arts and religious service. with the cooperation of the Commission on Race Relations of the In the field of education the Federal Council of ChUrches, has awards went to John Hope, Presibeen accorded to Robert R. Moton, dent of Atlanta University; W. J. Principal of Tuskegee Institute. Hale, President of the State Agri- Dr. Moton is the first colored man cultural and Industrial College for to receive this distinction. His Negroes in Nashville, Tenn., and latest contribution to the cause of Janie Porter Barrett, Superintendbetter racial understanding is his ent of the Virginia Industrial book, "What the Negro Thinks." School at Peak's Turnout, Va. The award in race relations consists of a gold medal and one thou- Religious Leaders Recognized sand dollars. The last award went to Rev. Will W. Alexander, of At- In the field of religious service, lanta, Executive Secretary of the the awards were conferred upon Commission on Interracial Coop- Bishop Robert E. Jones, of New eration. Orleans, La., a bishop of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church and found- Other awards offered by the Har- er of the Gulf Side Chautauqua mon Foundation and administered and Assembly, which serves a dis- trict of more than four million • Federal Oouncil Bulletin. Negro people; and to A. Clayton

Powell, pastor of the Abyssinian ing about one-tenth of our popula- Baptist Church, New York, which tion, has great potential power of has recently built and paid for a contributing to the material and new edifice at a cost of nearly spiritual culture of our common $400,000. life. The general public, however, In science the award was given has known little or nothing about to Theodore K. Lawless, of Chi- the matter except possibly the con- cago, for his studies in dermatol- tribution of folk music.

ogy. The range of these contributions Walter White, Assistant Secre- as shown by the accomplishments tary of the National Association in the fields in which these recip- for the Advancement of Colored ients of the Harmon awards have People, was given an award in lit- been accorded recognition is illu- erature for his two novels, "The minating, sufficiently so to surprise Fire in the Flint" and "Flight." their friends and confuse the In· the field of music, Harry T. scornful. In four years the roster Burleigh, the soloist at St. George's of those given awards for achieve- Episcopal Church, New York, well- ment in the seven major fields of known for his arrangements of human endeavor furnishes evi- Negro spirituals, and Harry Law- dence of productive power that will rence Freeman, the composer of stand the scrutiny of the most crit- the first Negro grand opera, were ical. In music, in literature, in given the chief awar·ds. Another fine arts, in science, in education, award in this field was given to in religious service and in business Carl Rossini Diton of New York, 55 awards were conferred upon a student now on a scholarship distinguished Negro Americans.

from the Juilliard Foundation. In addition, this year a Negro has Awards in Field of Art been given a gold medal and an honorarium of one thousand dol- The awards for achievement in lars for outstanding achievement fine arts went to William H. J ohn- in improving relations between son, of Florence, S. C., in recogni- white and colored people in Amer- tion of his portraits and land- ica, the first time such a distincscapes; to Albert Alexander Smith, tion has ever been accorded to a of Manhasset, N. Y., and to Sar- colored person.

gent Johnson of Berkeley, Cal. In estimating the significance of For special service in the field of these achievements one should bear business, awards were given to in mind that the recipients of the Truman K. Gibson of Chicago, a awards have overcome barriers of pioneer in developing Negro insur- poverty, ignorance, previous con- ance organizations, and to John dition of servitude and unreason- Charles Claybrook, of Proctor, ing prejudice such as no other Ark., who, although he has never element of our American popula- attended school, has successfully tion has faced. Viewed in relation developed a plantation of 1,780 to the depths from which they acres, together with an important came, the heights to which they lumber business. have climbed take on an extraor- A few well-informed people have dinary impressiveness.

known for some years that the These distinguished Americans Negro group of citizens, compris- who have received such recognition

i930] NEGROES HONORED FOR DISTINGUISHED ACHIEVEMENTS

from their white and colored fel- may think in the back of his head, he low-citizens are only the advance turns to the world a smiling face, and in spite of itself the world, when it guard of larger possibilities, of turns to look, is captivated by that greater achievement of larger num- smile; when it stops to listen, Is bers in the future. These achieve- thrilled by that song. And all the ments over so wide a range and of while he presses steadily onward . . . such a quality should encourage all determined to let no man, no movethose who in the darker days of ment, drag him down so low as to the past have believed in the human make him hate his fellow-man. possibilities of these people and should stimulate many today to. American Negroes should be hold out brotherly hands of encour- proud of the sane, eloquent teacher agement. Especially should the churches be gratified; some of the who wrote those lines.* Spingarn Medal to Another Negrot men and women who have been A Southern educator, Prof.

recognized by these awards re- Henry A. Hunt, Principal of the ceived practically their entire High and Industrial School of Fort training in some of the schools and Valley, Georgia, received the Spin- colleges supported by the churches, garn Medal, awarded annually to and some of the Negro educators an American Negro for distin- who have achieved distinction are guished achievement in some field carrying forward the work begun of human endeavor. The award by the missionary teachers of a was in recognition of "twenty-five generation ago. years of modest, faithful, unselfish As the Negro population shifts and devoted service in the educa- to urban centers and as conditions tion of the Negroes of rural Geor- change in both town and country, gia and to the teaching profession more and more there is need for in that state." The presentation greater emphasis by the churches was made by President W. A. Neil- upon equality of opportunity irre- son of Smith College. Among pre- spective of race or color. With vious recipients of the medal have the barrier broken down we may been Roland Hayes, the singer, Dr.

expect larger contributions from George W. Carver and Dr. E. E.

Negroes in all the other fields of Just, internationally known scien- our varied culture and civilization. tists ; President Mordecai J ohn- "What the Negro Thinks" son, of Howard University, and a number of literary men who have This book by Dr. Robert Russa attained distinction.

Moton has been awarded a prize of Guggenheim Memorial Awards $1,000 as the most noteworthy contribution to interracial cooperation Included in the announcement of during the past year. The princi- the John Simon Guggenheim Me- morial Foundation of this year's pal of Tuskegee wrote: In the midst of all this the Negro awards of more than $200,000 in thrives. Segregation, disfranchise- fellowships to eighty-five scholars, ment, prejudice, injustice, lawlessness 'novelists, poets, composers, sculp- -in spite of them he prospers. Above tors, and painters who will go it all his voice rises singing, and the abroad to do creative work and renote of his joy has become the symbol search, are the names of one Negro of our modern America. Whatever • New Yar10 T£me8. he hides in his heart, whatever he t American Frien(l.

novelist and one Negro scholar. year high schools for Negro youth The novelist is Nella Larsen Imes, in the fourteen Southern States who is the author of "Quicksand" and 592 two-to-four-year non-acand "Passing." The scholar who credited high schools. Notwithwill receive an award in order to standing this progress there are devote time to an economic study still 281 counties in these states is Dr. Charles Wesley, professor of without any colored high school history at Howard University. either public or private.

Striking Facts About Negroes* Negro Death Rate Cutt 1. Of the' estimated population Instead of dying out, the Negro of 117,000,000 in the United States race in America is steadily growtoday about 12,000,000 or approxi- ing more healthy and its life span mately one-tenth are Negroes. is increasing, according to a state- 2. Eighty-five per cent of the ment by the Commission on Inter- Negro population of the nation is racial Cooperation. in the Southern States and sixty- Basing its conclusions on figures six per cent is rural, that is, lives issued by the United States Public on farms and in villages below Health Service and the Statistical 2,500. . Department of the Metropolitan 3. In 1926 American Negroes Life Insurance Company, the assooperated 1,000,000 farms; con- ciation said that in the past sixty ducted 70,000 business enterprises; years the Negro mortality rate has and had $2,000,000,000 in accumu- decreased 50 per cent or more, the lated wealth. present rate being 17 per 1,000, as 4. About twenty-three per cent. against 34 or 40 in reconstruction of the Negro population is illiterate days. as compared with four per cent of The present life span of Nethe white popUlation. Negroes groes, it was said, is about 46 have made remarkable progress in years, a five-year gain in the last this respect, however, dropping decade. from ninety per cent illiteracy to twenty-three per cent in the sixty- The Negro death rate, however, five years since emancipation. is still 87 per cent higher in cities and 49 per cent higher in rural 5. For the U. S. as a whole the communities than is the white. expenditure per capita for Negro schools averages less than one- ChicagoNegro Congregations fourth of that for white schools. Chicago has 278 Negro congre- Here the figures range from $23 in gations, a fact disclosed by the re- Maryland to $4 and $5 in extreme cent survey of colored churches. Southern states as contrasted with These comprise twenty-seven dea national average of $75 for white nominations. The largest Negro rural children and $129 for white congregation is Olivet Baptist urban children. Church, which has 9,700 members. The pastor is the Rev. L. K. Wil- 6. In 1916 there were only forty- liams, D.D., who is said to have four high schools for Negroes in contributed more to the welfare of the whole country. By 1925-26 the colored people in Chicago than there were 209 accredited four- • Printed by Teachers College, Columbia Uni. any other Negro. versity, in a program of lectures on Negro Education and Race Relations, 1930. t Nr.w Y(wT" Times.

MISSIONS CONGRESS OF

LEADERS BY DR. CHARLES STELZLE, New York W ITH an address by Presi- special or expert contributions, the dent Hoover as one of the conclusions of which are to be re- main features of the Con- ported to the main body for furgress, 500 delegates officially repre- ther consideration and final action. senting the combined Protestant Each group will have a chairman, home missionary agencies in the secretary and counselor, these con- United States, under the auspices stituting a Committee of Findings, of the Home Mission Council, will which will bring in its report on be in session in Washington for the last day of the Congress. five days, beginning December first, to discover the home mission In addition to the members of task in the light of the changes of the Congress, experts in various recent years; to face up squarely, fields who are familiar with the frankly, and adventurously to the problems confronting the churches question of home mission adminis- in home mission fields today, such tration; to find out how to get the as historians, business administracause of home missions before the tors, educators, and economists, churches in such a way as to secure will be brought into the Congress a reaction in life, money and serv- to assist the Commissions in the ice for carrying out the program of studies that are being made. home missions, and to discover how the denominations may get closer The official delegates to the Contogether for the accomplishment gress have been appointed by the of this purpose. home missionary bodies connected with the Home Missions Councils, Three commissions of experts in and in addition to these 500 memtheir special fields have been at bers, about 300 associate delegates work for over a year, covering the will be appointed, the later partic- Task and Administration of Home ipating in discussions but having Missions; The Promotion of Home no vote. Besides these delegates, a Missions; Cooperation in Home considerable number of leaders in Missions. The reports of these the churches connected with mis- Commissions are presented in a sionary and federated work, will data book which has been sent to become participants in the proceedthe members of the Congress in ad- ings. vance of the Washington meetings, so that they will have ample time The Washington City Federato study the factual material which tion of Churches will act as the 10is to be considered. cal committee of arrangements, although all information concern- Twelve round table discussions ing the Congress itself is furnished will be conducted, each group to be from the headquarters' office of the in session for twelve hours. The Home Missions Council, 105 East members of the Congress will be 22d Street, New York City. definitely assigned to the particular round table to which they can make Dr. William R. King, Executive Secretary of the Council, has given nearly two years to the work of 3 833

planning the details of this im- the cities of our country. This Comportant Congress, meeting with mission will also make a scientific various committees and Commis- ·study of the organizational aspects of sions and building up a program home mission work to discover what which, it is presumed, will present changes, if any, are needed in the the cause of home missions in a machinery now being used and what more statesmanlike manner than improvements might be made in dihas yet been presented in the his- recting the church's work throughout tory of the church in this country. America. The relation of national The data book was prepared by home mission boards to State and Dr. Hermann N. Morse, and will regional organizations, of staff organicontain, besides the reports of the zation, of separate Women's Boards, Commissions, valuable information and the size and method of repreon VariOl'lS aspects of home mis- sentation on these boards will be anasions, serving as a reference book lyzed; the cost of overhead and adduring the sessions of the Con- ministrating the funds of the church gress. The results of state-wide in mission fields; the granting of aiel surveys directed by Dr. Morse, will to denominational churches in fields also be brought to the attention of in which other churches are already the delegates, and a home mission at work, and the values of certain exhibit will be prepared by a com- forms of missionary work now being mittee especially appointed to this done by the churches will be con- sidered by this Commission. task. The Congress will be brought to The Commission on promoting Home Missions will restudy the whole a climax with a Communion service question of general promotion and at noon on Friday, December 5th. educating the public with a view of enlisting more fully the entire Church In announcing the purpose of in the work of home missions, and the Congress, Dr. King points out will deal with such subjects as the cothat, whereas in former days home operation of the secular press, church missions meant merely aiding weak periodicals, the use of pamphlet litchurches on the frontier, today the erature, the motion picture, exhibits, home mission task has shifted from the radio, dramatics, and the entire one of geography to one of prob- field of educational and inspirational lems, and that the growth of the work among young people in the city, the changed conditions in the churches, in colleges and theological country, the development of indus- seminaries. try, increased wealth and modes of living, present entirely new prob- The Commission on Cooperation in lems to the church, which must be Home Missions will emphasize the dealt with in a statesmanlike man- need for comity and cooperation, and ner. Dr. King further says: will point out the value of joint super- vision of certain types of work by all The Commission on the Task and of the churches, the joint use of ex- Administration of Home Mis·sions will perts in technical fields, and the comtherefore make an analysis of the work mon use of publicity methods upon an of the various Home Mission Boards interdenominational basis. It will aland indicate what needs to be done by so indicate what may be done on a co- American churches in the light of operative basis at summer assemblies, these changed conditions. It will show in local parishes, particularly in the the waste of overlapping agencies rural field, in Indiana Government and the peril of overlooking certain schools, in the downtown centers of fields and problems, particularly in large cities, in work among im- migrants and migrants, through the Chaplains in the Army and Navy.

CONGREGATIONALISM

BOURNEMOUTH I HAVE been going to conven- the British Isles. I do nut believe tions at the rate of about one they are any more sincere than we per month for nearly forty are in America. But one could years. As a matter of fact, I think not fail to be impressed with this I approached Bournemouth rather contrast. I have a very clear imsaying to myself: "Well, it is one pression that in part this is made more convention." true by the fact that the Noncon- But it is gratifying to say that formist churches of the British Bournemouth was different. It Isles are having to pay a little had unmistakable values. In my dearer price for their lioerty than judgment its influence will abide is true of us Congregationalists in for many years in the life of the Congregational churches through- the United States. There is not very much of what might be called out the world. "real sacrifice" in our American In the first place it accented an churches. As a matter of fact, it unhesitating, profound conviction is rather popular now to be a in the realities of our religion, and member of one of our churches in in that broad interpretation which an affluent location. But that is is characteristic of the Congrega- not so true, generally speaking, in tional churches. Frequent refer- the British Isles. ences were made to those attempts All the way through a tremenin different parts of the world to dous contribution was being made develop a kind of humanitarian, to the c a use of international altruistic type of civilization, with- goodwill, peace and brotherhood out a belief in the existence of throughout the world. This was God. No delegate could have any evident not only in the specific ad- doubt concerning the depths of the dresses delivered upon this direct evangelical purpose of the Con- theme, but like a sort of a golden gregational churches as he sat refrain it went through everythrough the sessions. But as the thing. program developed, there could be I do not remember any conven- no doubt about the comprehen- tion in many years from which I siveness of the program of our came away with a more genuine churches throughout the world. sense of thanksgiving to God for Upon the question .of temperance having had the privilege of being and our attitude upon the organ- a delegate than the one in Bourneized liquor traffic, upon unemploy- mouth.-Fred B. Smith, in the ment, economic problems, unity Congregationalist.

and world peace, there was a ring- ing declaration. Nearly ull the social problems of hu- I think I may suggest that upon manity nnd the imperative lH'Ct1::::1 of the world which we see with Yflryillg IH'l'- the American delegates particu- spective ,yill only be flolvcd whell peolarly a very profound impression ple arc converted to the juy of giving was made concerning the deep which Christ taught-the giving of life spiritual emphasis given by the and that which represents life-wealth. speakers and the delegates from -0. A. Hyde.

835

AGREEMENTS ARE

TO CHURCH UNION?

The question of church union is to dent Soper of Ohio Wesleyan Unithe fore both at home and abroad. versity, Delaware, Ohio; President Missionaries in all the large foreign George W. Richards of the Theological fields and home missionary workers in Seminary of the Reformed Church in the U. S., Lancaster, Pa.; and Prothe United States and Canada are fac- fessor William Adams Brown of Union ing it as a matter directly affecting Theological Seminary, New York. their work. Many Christians, who They have kindly complied with our have the cause of unity sincerely at request to give THE REVIEW abstracts heart, are perplexed by questions as of their addresses, and we publish them herewith, sure of the interest of to the extent to which agreements on our readers in these important statechurch government, doctrinal stand- ments regarding a subject that is ards and the sacraments are necessary prominent in the thought of Christian prerequisites to union. At the con- workers everywhere at this time.- ference on Church Union, at Buck Hill Falls, Pennsylvania, in June, these EDITOR. questions were discussed by three broadly representative men-Presi- IS AGREEMENT ON CHURCH ORGANIZA- TION NECESSARY?

BY THE REV. EDMUND D. SOPER, D.D., LL.D.

I REMEMBER reading in one of Church shall be united and shall Dr. R. A. Hume's books that feel itself to be one, we shall be he sometimes called himself an Episcopresbygationalists. The r e Episcopresbygationalist. As a mis- are values in each of these forms sionary in India he had all sorts of organization which cannot be of functions to perform as he dealt discarded without loss. They must with the problems of the Indian all find their appropriate place in Church and attempted to lead the Church that is to be. these young Christians in organizing a form of government which The question I have been asked would be both efficient and adapt- to discuss divides itself into two parts. There is the question of able. Sometimes it was necessary government as a means of adminfor him to take things into his own istrative efficiency. It is what Dr. hands; then he was an Episcopos, Hume was trying to work out a ruler of the Church. When he among his churches in India. It called the older men together and may be the Episcopal, or the Pres- reached a conclusion with them, he byterial, or the Congregational was a Presbyterian. At other form, or it may be a combination times he would summon the whole of any two or of all three. The congregation and put the question question involved is simply that of at issue to vote; he was then a securing the best results, of re- Congregationalist. I have no doubt leasing the greatest amount of that in the end, when the Christian Christian energy without friction.

836

IS AGREEMENT ON CHURCH ORGANIZATION NECESSARY

We want the impact of our work deeply. With him, the episcopacy to be unhampered by machinery is a life and death matter. With- which clogs and prevents the de- out it there can be no adequate livery of a blow which shall have provision for the continuance of all the available strength of the the Church as the bearer of the Church back of it. It is in the grace of God to needy men down end a question of efficiency applied through the ages. This grace is to the work of the Christian conveyed through the sacraments, Church. and a sacrament is efficacious only In this conference, at which no when it is celebrated by one who Greek or Roman Catholics are has been ordained by a bishop, present and only one or two Epis- who is in the apostolic succession copalians, the problem of organi- unbroken since the time of Christ zation as it affects Church Unity Himself. To one with such a con- is a purely practical one. There viction there can be changes in the is sentiment tied up with the ques- form of church organization pro- tion of course, but it does not reach vided one feature remains un- down into our convictions concern- changed, namely, an episcopacy ing the essentials of the Christian which assures the validity of the faith. The problem of the exist- sacraments on which our contact ence of the Church, the validity of with God depends.

the ministry and the efficacy of the It is easy to see that organiza- sacraments do not figure in the tion so far as its administrative discussions we shall have here on features are concerned is subject the question of church organiza- to the pragmatic test. That form tion. But it is far different when of organization will finally prevail we are considering "Christian Re- in any country which has met the union in Ecumenical Light," as test of use. If it works well, it Dr. F. J. Hall puts it in his recent has recommended itself by that volume. When we take into con- fact, and there is not much more sideration all Christians every- to be said about it. This is all the where, the whole matter presents more evident since the publication itself from other and very signifi- by Dr. B. H. Streeter of his volume cant angles. on "The Primitive Church," in Then it is not merely the prac- which he shows that in the earliest tical question of administration day, that is in the first century but the deeper question of the very and for some decades in the sec- meaning of the Church and Chris- ond, there was no one form of tianity itself. Men of wide vision organization in all parts of the among Anglicans see quite as well Christian world which could call as we do, that church organization itself the standard by which the as such is a secondary matter; others should be tested. This that changes may take place in the study and others along the same course of the centuries; that one line no longer allow any group of form of organization may exist in Christians to declare with confi- one country and another else- dence that its particular form of where. Church organization must organization is apostolic and hence be adaptable-everyone sees that. authoritative and binding on all All this, however, does not touch others.

the problem the Anglican feels so So far as church history has

arrived at any verdict, it would been the cause of some of the sepseem to be that forms of organiza- arations which have taken place. tion have had little to do with unity or disunity among Chris- One must look elsewhere to get tians. A very close form of or- at the secret of unity and disunity. ganization, that of the monarchical I can only hint at certain answers episcopacy heading up in one which might be developed at bishop who gradually assumed an length. There is pride, based on authoritative position over all, did long established traditions and a not prevent the separation of east sense of social superiority. There and west. The Greek Church pos- is a puritanism in one denomisesses real unity today even though nation which causes it to look it is divided into about sixteen askance at others which are not different churches. One metro- so strict. There are jealous and politan or archbishop is sometimes unfortunate episodes in the past very jealous of another and fails which form almost insuperable to act in harmony with other barriers to genuine unity. All leaders of the Greek Church. The these must be taken into account. Baptists of the world have a very They will be found to be more real unity though each congrega- sinister in their separative tendtion is altogether independent of encies than forms of organizaevery other so far as ecclesiastical tion; except of course when, as authority is concerned. The close already stated, the episcopacy is organization of the Methodists in lool{ed upon as essential to the England and America has not pre- existence of the Church and hence vented divisions. It has in fact becomes a real barrier to those who cannot accept such claims.

IS AGREEMENT ON DOCTRINE NECESSARY?

BY THE REV. GEORGE W. RICHARDS, D.D., LL.D.

T HE answer to this question the light of the character of the must be given not merely by original Church as well as of the one man in an address or by a doctrinal standards of the various group of men in council, but by the churches at the present time. In officers and members of the its beginning, the Church was a churches that are uniting. I make fellowship of men and women this point because I have dis- united by the spirit of Christ in covered in my experience in church faith, hope, and love. It was the union .for the last twenty-five protoplasmic stage of the Church years that committees on union in which there were divine facts may agree upon a basis of union, and human experiences without but that when it is submitted to formulated doctrinal standards. the churches for final disposition, The future form of these standit is declared unsatisfactory. The ards was determined largely by the decisions of matters relating to genius of race and nation, the relaunion are with the churches as tive degree of culture of the peothey now are, and not as they were ple, and the character of the or ought to be. leaders of the Church.· The answer must be found in Doctrinal statements may differ

IS AGREEMENT ON THE SACRAMENTS NECESSARY?

widely in content and form, or in the preparation of a doctrinal they may vary in form and yet in basis for union. substance be the same. This may indicate that in negotiations for For this reason, various standchurch union, in an age wholly dif- ards have been submitted as a ferent from that of the early basis among the churches. The Church and of the Reformation, it foremost proposals are the followis possible to formulate a common ing: 1. The Nicene and the Aposstatement of doctrine that will be tles' Creed, one or both; 2. The briefer and more simple than the Bible as the rule of faith and praccreeds and confessions of the tice without an authoritative interchurches, and yet conserve the doc- pretation in confessional form; trines necessary for the being of 3. Recognition of the confessions the Church. The essential facts of the uniting churches as equivaof the Christian faith may be ex- lent; 4. A brief summary of faith pressed in language of our time in modern terms, usually based on and be true both to the revelation the Trinitarian formula; 5. The of God in Christ and to the ex- Jesus' way of life which puts the perience of Christians of different emphasis on conduct rather than churches in this age. on creed; 6. Jesus Christ as Sav- iour and Lord. The differences in the doctrines of the churches of the Reformation The most dynamic and inclusive were the result of causes and con- basis seems to be the sixth-Jesus ditions that no longer are opera- Christ as Saviour and Lord. It tive; yet the doctrinal standards implies a personal experience of then produced are still authorita- the Saviourh()(ld and Lordship of tive. The founders and fathers of Christ. It has in it the substance the churches regarded them as of the Nicene Creed, and yet it does having the authority of Christ and not bind one to its phraseology. It of the apostles, that is, divine excludes on the one hand all forms authority. On that account, the of humanism affirming the sufficontemporary churches have doc- ciency of man for his own salvation, trinal statements by inheritance and denies on the other, by impliwhich include far more than was cation, the adequacy of any other contained in the original fellow- religion of the past or present. It ship of the apostles or than is now is comprehensive enough to include held to be required by Christian Catholics and Protestants. If that revelation and Christian exper- be not desirable, it will embrace ience. One must keep this in mind all the evangelical Protestant churches.

IS AGREEMENT ON THE SACRAMENTS NECESSARY?

BY THE REV. WILLIAM ADAMS BROWN, D.D., LL.D.

W RILE less prominent in the tance for the movement for church thought of contemporary unity, since it is at this point that Protestants, the question as the difference between the Protto the place and nature of the estant and the Catholic point of sacraments is of crucial impor- view comes to clearest expression.

At no point are understanding, and presence. He does not appreciate the sympathy which is the key to that one reason why the Catholic understanding, more needed; for is unwilling to admit the practice on both sides there are misconcep- of unlimited intercommunion is tions which are a serious obstacle not because he wishes to discrimto unity. inate between his own people and other Christians, but because he Let us take, for example, the does not wish to break down the central sacrament of the Lord's standard of preparation. Supper. On the Catholic side, the misconception has to do with the What is needed is a sympathetic Protestant view of the nature of study of, the position of Protes- Christ's presence in the sacrament. tants by Catholics, and vice versa; Protestants believe that presence and, what is even more important, to be a spiritual presence, but a mutual participation in the pracnot on that account less real. In- tice of each by the other. deed it was their sense of the solemnity of the sacrament and The latter is rendered difficult the momentous issues involved in by the association of sacramental partaking of it which led to the grace with a view of the ministry Protestant, custom of infrequent which makes a ministry episcocelebration. Catholics not unnat- pally ordained the necessary conurally regard this as meaning dition of the performance of a that Protestants attribute com- valid sacrament. So long as paratively little importance to the Christ's presence in the sacrament sacrament and therefore fail to is made dependent on the presence feel at home in Protestant worship. of a priest who has been episcopal- Too often they miss the note of ly ordained it would seem as if we reverence with which they them- were in the presence of an inselves are accustomed to approach superable obstacle. the altar, and the conviction that only one who has prepared himself Yet even here there are signs of by discipline is spiritually fit to hope. Many Catholics, not only of the Anglican but of the Eoman partake. Church, admit that, although the The Protestant, on his part, re- Protestant ministry is not from their point of view a valid mingards the Catholic view of Christ's istry, it may be an efficacious minpresence in the elements as involv- istry, and this not only of the ing a magical view of the relation word but of the sacraments. If of God and man, which he regards this be true, it would seem as if as superstitious. He fails to un- one great obstacle to a better understand the psychological reason derstanding could be removed by which underlies the ex opere oper- the recognition by Episcopal bodies, ato theory of the sacrament and like the Lambeth Conference, of makes it subjectively efficacious to occasional intercommunion. those who use it as a means of spiritual discipline. To him the In the meantime, we who are custom of reservation seems a denial of Christ's spiritual pres- Protestants should rethink the ence with his people everywhere, and so he misses the help which the whole subject of the sacraments, physical symbol brings to the Cath- and where our practice has fallen olic in helping him to realize that below our theory, we should re- cover the spiritual help and power they are fitted to supply.

OF THE

The Church and the Masses Roman Catholic, is chiefly of the work- ing class. A committee of the Church Some oft repeated statements come Federation of Chicago, a few years to be widely accepted without reflec- ago, made inquiries which revealed the tion as to their accuracy. Among the fact that 67 per cent of the male mem- most common of these is the statement bers of the Protestant churches in that the masses are drifting away that city were wage earners and that from the Church. Well, when have they formed 60 per cent of the person- they ever drifted toward it? When nel of the official boards of the has the world ever been in the churches.

Church? We have heard Christians, It is unhappily true that multitudes who ought to know better, use the are outside of the churches and that words in Mark 12: 37-"the common there are disconcerting facts in the people heard him gladly"-as if in the present religious situation. But we days of our Lord the masses of the do not believe that the proportiun of people were with Him. But the the so-called "common people" who record shows that some were after the are hostile to the churches is any more loaves and fishes; that others were marked now than in former genera- drawn by curiosity; still others by the tions. The Institute of Social and Re- report that he was to liberate them ligious Research has recently pub- from Roman rule and restore the king- lished a volume by Dr. C. Luther Fry, dom to Israel; that even "many of entitled "The U. S. Looks at Its his disciples," when He plainly told Churches," in which he proves in a them His mission, "went back and comparison of the Government's walked no more with him" (John 6: official census reports for 1906, 1916 66); and that the fickle people who and 1926, that church membership in welcomed Him with palms to Jeru- the United States is increasing at the salem were not in evidence when the same rate as the adult population of throng around Pilot's judgment seat the country. That high authority on yelled "Crucify him." church statistics, Dr. H. K. Carroll, Who are the masses today anyhow? after listing the latest available re- If a working man and his family at- turns from all the churches in the tend church, they are not considered United States, writes in The Christian as belonging to the masses; but if Herald: they stay away from it, they are called One thing stands out unmistakably, "the masses." As a matter of fact, the Church is not dying, as some cynics while the membership of some denom- would have us believe. And if it is losinations is largely of the bus m. ess andiningg iitns thhoelsde osntatthisetipcesoptole,shthowereiti.s nDouthr– professional classes, a high proportion ing a year when business receded, when of the members of the four largest many publications lost circulatio~,. when Protestant denominations, which to- the membership of hundreds of CIvil and gether represent a majority of the wsoocuialdl hoargvaenbizeaetnioanns adcrhoipepveedmennottafbolry,thiet Christians in the United States, is religious bodies merely to hold their own. composed of people who, being of the But they have done better-they have average American type, may fairly be gained, made one of the most remarkable called of "the ma>sses," while the mem- dgoaayinss,beafollreththinegGs recaotnsWidaerr.ed,Wsiitnhcae ftehwe bership of the largest single body, the exceptions, the worst that can be said 841

is that some denominations report a fall- organized girls' school. She and Mr. ing off as compared with the year before. Hawkes were married the following year. They worked together for thirty- A. J. B. five years until her death from typhus fever in 1919. Veterans of Fifty Years Mr. Hawkes has become one of the out- We would like to join the relatives, standing scholars of the Persian lanfriends and supporter·s concerned in guage and in 1912 assisted in the revision honoring the services of missionaries of the translation of the Persian Bible. who have served fifty or more years. Since then he has been in charge of a Their number is comparatively small second edition which is now on the press. and every year some of them "cross In addition to these achievements, Mr. the River" to meet the Lord whom Hawkes has contributed much to the edu- cational advancement of Persia.

they have so long and so faithfully Can a Religious Periodical Pay served. The Editor will be grateful if those who know of such mission- Its 'Vay ?

aries will send brief articles about Twenty-eight editors of religious them. We publish at this time the fol- periodicals, in conference last April in lowing article written by Mr. Herrick Washington, considered this question B. Young of Teheran, Persia, regard- and approved a report of their Find- ing the Rev. Dr. James W. Hawkes, ing·s Committee which included the which appell!"ed in Women and Mis- statement: "While a few church sionsJ-EDITOR. papers are on a paying basis, as a This year the Rev. James W. Hawkes general rule it does not seem possible is celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of his arrival in Persia as a Presbyterian to make church papers self-supportmissionary. A monumental Persian ing." Bible dictionary numbering 1000 pages, the work of Mr. Hawkes, is being pub- Dr. David M. Sweets, editor of The lished. Christian Observer, Louisville, Ky., read a paper on this subject in which Mr. Hawkes was a graduate of Princeton in the class of 1875, and of Union he said: Theological Seminary in 1880. He .and four other pioneer missionaries went out Twelve years ago about one in three on the long journey, spending almost of the religious weeklies was reported six months on the way before Teheran self-sustaining. Today it is probable was reached. that less than one in twenty is self-sus- taining. Almost every church paper re- Mission work in Persia was just be- ports that its expenses are exceeding its ginning and Moslem leaders did not income. The Methodist Episcopal Church welcome foreigtiers. Health conditions and the Methodist Episcopal Church, were very bad, with no doctors in the South, through the Methodist Book Conentire country. The mission station had cern and through Conferences, have furonly just been opened and there was no nished many hundred thousands of dol- American diplomatic representative in lars to pay the deficits of their church the land. In November, 1881, he was papers and keep them in existence. sent to Hamadan, a newly opened sta- Publications of other denominations are tion, for the winter. He became so inter- running with deficits, some as high as ested in the place that he asked to be $20,000 a year. stationed there permanently. The next year a doctor and his wife and a young What Are the Reasons? woman missionary were added to the force. In spite of some opposition from Dr. Sweets answers: "Each copy of the governor and the people of the city, Mr. Hawkes was able to rent, and later a church paper today costs about twice buy, property for mission work. When the difficulties were at their greatest, as much as it did twelve years ago. Nashr-ed-Din Shah. one of the first progressive rulers of Persia, made a grant Print paper costs almost eighty per of $700 and gave a royal permit for the cent more. The wage~ of printer.s building of a church for the Armenian community. This established the mission have about doubled. Other expenses on a firm basis. have more than doubled." The editor In 1883. Miss S. Belle Sherwood came of The Christian Advocate, New York, to Hamadan as a teacher in the newlM adds: Yet the price of annual subscription has been raised little, if any. At the same

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

time the national advertising patronage VIEW. As an interdenominational has been practically monopolized by a few magazine it cannot appeal to denomperiodicals of nation-wide circulation, inational loyalty, but it does appeal to leaving not only the church papers, but loyalty to the common cause of Christ. practically all the cultural weekly It is not, and from the nature of the papers, magazines and reviews with only case cannot be, a commercial entera meager revenue from this source. As prise. It is really an integral part of a result many denominational organs the home and foreign missionary work have gone to the wall-and over it. of the churches, and as such it should The mortality is very heavy, and some be supported. Ministers, missionaries which still survive are evidently living at and laymen should not only know what a poor dying rate. When Dr. J. M. Row- their own churches are doing but land, editor of The Richmond Christian should keep in touch with the work Advocate, was making a pulpit appeal of other churches. THE MISSIONARY in behalf of his paper to a Virginia con- REVIEW is a medium through which gregation, one of his hearers, a man pro- they can exchange information and foundly unfamiliar with the economics ideas, and as the only interdenominaof religious journalism, shot this ques- tional periodical in this field it serves tion at him: "What do you do with the an important purpose. The subscripprofits?" Doctor Rowland was stunned tion price is kept at the low figure of for a moment, but soon recovered and $2.50, which is below cost, so as to explained the impossibility under pres- make THE REVIEW available to many ent-day conditions of making a church who do not feel able to pay a higher paper pay cash dividends. "You might price. just as well ask that question of any mission field, orphanage or hospital," he Several of the denominational said, and went on to show that the div- boards, The Home Missions Council, idends paid by a church paper had to be representing the home missionary figured in gains in intelligence, informa- boards of all the leading denomination, inspiration and action on the part tions, the interdenominational Council of those who read it and in the interest of Women for Home Missions, the of the organization which it serves. Foreign Missions Conference of North America and the Federation of Wom- The editor of The Presbyterian Ad- ens Boards for Foreign Missions, have vance, N ashville, Tenn., effectively repeatedly recognized the important place of THE MISSIONARY REVIEW in emphasizes this: the modern missionary enterprise, and The publication of a church paper is both of the Women's Councils and sevno more a commercial enterprise than is eral of the denominational boards are the maintenance of a "particular so fully convinced that THE MISSIONchurch." Christians do not organize a ARY REVIEW is essential to their work church for the same reason that men that they make annual grants toward form a business corporation. A church its Maintenance Fund. But the misis organized with no thought of financial sionary agencies cannot adequately profit at all; purely for the service it finance THE REVIEW in addition to can render. their denominational obligations. A small number of men and women testi- Now, it is for exactly the same reason fy to their recognition of the importhat a church paper is maintained. It tant work of THE REVIEW by individdoes not seek financial profit. ual gifts. But death in some caseR and business reverses in others haw That situation is the reason why it is seriously affected this source of supproper to call upon the real friends of ply. THE REVIEW confidently appeals the paper-those who believe in its mis- to other friends for contributions, just sion and desire it to fulfill that mission as they contribute to the missionary more adequately-to contribute both time and money to that end. The truth is that work of their churches. A. J. B. the paper is being produced below cost. Some friends urge us to increase the subscription rate to meet the cost. Yet if it is done many good friends of small means will feel unable to take the paper which truly helps them. Hence we should work together to serve the largest possible number at the lowest possible cost.

The Missionary Review These consideratIons apply with special force to THE MISSIONARY RE- EDITED BY MRS. F. I. JOHNSON, 150 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK President of the Federation of Woman's Boards for Foreign Missions A "FIELD" METHOD THREE PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS By MISS PANSY GRIFFIN, CHANGLI, FOR PRESENTING CHAPTER I OF "A CLOUD OF WITNESSES" CHINA IN LOCAL SOCIETY OR IN CHURCH CONGREGATION "One outstanding day during the spring term was 'fourth month, eight- This srune idea may most cleverly eenth day' of the lunar year. It came be used in the presentation of "India on May 16th. Formerly that was a Looks to Her Future." Simply substidate for a temple fair in Changli, but tute topics for persons. disturbed conditions for a number of years had interrupted it. This year, CHAPTER I it being very peaceful around us, saw many people out for a fair. But there By MRS. H. H. CLAYPOOLE was none; the present government Tallmadge, Ohio rather frowns on them. So the people came to the Mission, which is very (First award, Lakeside Summer Schaal 'Of Missions, 1930) close to the temple where the fair News-Real was formerly held. Dinctions: Pictures and placards "We had only two gate·s open and to be placed in a double doorway, managed so that people entered at the backed by doors themselves on a foldchurch gate. In the church Dr. Lantz ing screen, so that frame of door had a hygienic display, posters, baby forms the frame for both pictures and clothes, etc., and the nurse was there placards. Vitaphone represented by to answer questions. The pastor was a woman back of scenes, talking from the city, Miss Dyer and her as- through a ·small megaphone, or in case sistants were also in the church sur- of music, by an unseen piano. rounded by evangelistic posters. After listening to a ,short talk at the church, Scene I the people came over to the Primary Placard to be hung on closed doors School, the Women's School, Alderman or screen: "Workers in God's Harvest Junior High, and then the Boys' Field." School. It was like doing all one's advertising in one day! Over 2,500 Music plays softly, "Jesus Calls Us." people went through before we closed Placard removed. the gate for the noon hour. In the Picture-Three women in cQ.stume afternoon we didn't count for a while, representing Persia, China, Africa but there were over 4,000 altogether. We started out having classes so that with name printed on band across them. Stand as if talking with one another while vitaphone speaks for people could see just how the school each. ran, but at eleven o'clock the crowds Vitaphone as Selby: "I am Selby were so great we had to stop clas·ses. Already we are considering plans for of Marbeshoo, the niece of a Nestorian next year so that we may make a bishop, who was brought by my deeper impression on the people." uncle to the mission school in Urumia, Persia. Here I became a Christian 844

1930J METHODS FOR WORKERS

and at the age of fifteen went to live for the Christ. I enjoyed going four with my husband in his father's fam- times each year to the missionary ily, already numbering some sixty conference communion service, even people. I enjoyed my life among them though I had to paddle ten hours e8l:h and tried in every way to help them way. I always tried to take a generous till on the day my third son was born, gift either from my garden or my my aged husband died and I was basket making. One time I had only treated like a servant. I still con- a poor old broken basket to give as tinued teaching my small sons what I the buffalo had destroyed my garden had learned at the mission school. and my husband had burned my mud One son soon died but I have had the house, destroying all my pottery and joy of seeing my younger son or- baskets because I refused to stay at dained as a minister. Not long ago home from the conference. The mis- I had the pleasure of returning to my sionaries hearing my story tried to -school for the graduation of my three persuade me to stay with them, but I granddaughters." felt my work was in my own village and 1 did hope my husband would ac- Vitaphone continues: Selby was cept the Christ. Long after my huskilled during an invasion by the band died and I became feeble and old. Khurds, staying behind the others I finally went to the widow's home with the household goods so that her and there tried to continue my preachson and her beautiful granddaughters ing and teaching." might escape. Vitaphone continues: Ekot "went Vitaphone as Wang: "Going from away" while telling the story of the Shantung to Peiping to take an ex- Good Samaritan to those around her. amination, my husband heard, for the first time, the Gospel preached, and Scene II asked to be baptized. He came home and won me to the new religion and On Placard-"Work of a Child we in turn influenced our friends and Widow." neighbors. I was not satisfied, however, with what he could tell and de- P.icture-Hariamma in costume. termined to go to Peiping myself to Vitaphone speaks: "1 was born in learn to read. I finally persuaded my the palace of a rajah in India. My fason to push my wheelbarrow the 400 ther died when I was very young and miles to the mission and there learned I was betrothed almost at birth, my to read my Bible. When I went there future husband dying before I was I had the bad habit of smoking a pipe old enough to know it. As a lonely but gave thi-s up so that I might add and despised child, I had only one my tobacco money to my contribu- friend, a boy named Gurahati, who tions. I was the first Bible-woman of was afflicted with leprosy. He taught the mission and have worked wherever me to read and together we read many I have been sent. My body has givell Hindu books, but were not allowed to out long before my will and since my marry as I was a widow. Finally he eightieth birthday I have had to be was forced t.o marry a mere baby, but taken from village to village in my he and I stIll continued our reading. wheelbarrow. My son also became a One day my friend found a leaflet preacher but was killed during the dropped by a missionary and after Boxer Uprising." reading it together, we both resolved to be Christians. He ran away and Vitaphone as Ekot: "I lived in a went to the mission headquarters and harem in the Belgian Congo in Africa. was baptized. Months later he sent I heard some missionaries from across for me, and I too went to J;he mission the seven mile wide river, and I be- station and was baptized. After -some came a Christian. I stayed at home time, his unnatural marriage to the and worked among my own people, baby girl was dissolved and we were hoping to win them and my husband married, but he lived only a few years

after. I remained with the mission est of 24 children. I entered a govand tried to comfort the afflicted and ernment school at the age of fifteen console those who are 8orrowfuL" and from there I went to a mission school where my heart was touched by Scene III the cheerfulness and happiness of the missionaries. I was eventually bap- Placard-Girls who have fallen into tized with the permission of my family the hands of missionaries. and went home to live where, after a few years, 32 members of my family Picture-Philip Sarah, Kondubai, were baptized. I am now an evangel- Nameh Shahla, each with her name ist with the Presbyterian mission in on her. Nanking and am trying to help other young women with my influence." Vitaphone: Philip Sarah was raised by a Christian father who heard the Scene V Gospel fir8t, then passed it on to those around him. She was early a widow Placa,rd-In Africa. and thereafter continued her preach- Picture-All in pantomime, no vitaing in all parts of the mission field. phone. Her children and her children's chil- Music-"Swing Low, Sweet Chardren are all at work in the mission. iot" played through entire scene. Act She has had good health, a good mind out story of Nyang Ocinda and her and a feeling heart to carry on her baby as given on pages 46-49 in the work and though she has been a widow textbook with no spoken word. for forty year·s, no reproach has ever Final placard to be hung on door: been cast upon her. "No influence ·surpasses in importance that 'Of the woman who goes about Kondubai was born in India and among her own people, telling the Gos· after her father's death came into the pel story with sincerity and convichands of the missionaries. She had tion." an extraordinary gift as a story-teller and made all her stories real. She "A CLOUD OF WITNESSES" continued active in Christian work after her marriage and was interested CHAPTER I in the promotion of temperance and was for many years president of the By MRS. W. W. ENGSTROM woman's missionary society in hel' church. The hostess, a returned missionary, has invited a few guests, who are also Nameh Shahla still lives and works missionaries, in to tea. As they arin Palestine. She grew up in a Chris- rive she greets them and they seat tian home and was graduated from the themselves around a tea table. girls' school of the mission. She is most capable and allows nothing to While there the talk turns to discourage her. She says, "I'm glad friends and helpers in other lands. I'm plain and homely. I can preach Each in turn tells of some character the Gospel in places where a beautiful in the first chapter who has been her woman couldn't possibly go." But to friend and helper. her husband's eyes she is a beautiful woman. The hostess ends with the story 'Of Ekot Nganga. As she closes the story Scene IV someone in the distance may sing "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot." Placard-The Daughter of a °Governor. "A CLOUD OF WITNESSES"

Picture-Christiana Tsai (see text- CHAPTER I book) . Use individual to represent her, or her own enlarged picture. By LETTIE ALLAN RUSH (First award, Northfield Institute, 1930) Vitaplwne: "My father was governor of one of the central provinces Subject-TELL ME A TRUE STORY: of China and I was almost the young- Bible Women and Evangelists.

HJ30] METHODS FOR WORKERS

Quiet 1nU8ie-Pianist playing softly, Sing the whole of the two hymns ill "Jesus Loves Me, This I Know." this way. After a verse or two, a child or children, dressed in foreign costumes, Praye'l"–Since those who have not march in singing this children's hymn. heard the true story of Jesus are eager to hear, may we be eager to tell it, Bible Reading-Acts 1: 8, Hebrews that the whole world may sing, "Jesus 12: 1, by leader. loves me, this I know, for the Bible tells me so." Because Jesus' disciples obeyed this command to witnes·s, in later years "RAINBOW WISDOM," OR "POT OF Paul was able to speak of the cloud of GOLD" witnesses. Some of these witnesses have gone to the uttermost parts of (A demonstration to teach relation the earth telling the true story of of each Christian to the denomina- Jesus and His love. So, today, we are tional organizations.) encompassed about with a great cloud of witnesses in these far off countries, Properties who are beginning again at Jerusalem. This book, "A Cloud of Witnesses," is Twelve placards 24" x 18" labeled really another chapter in the Acts of with names of various societies and the Apostles. This first chapter is a boards. (If preferred, paper or cloth group of true stories of Bible women bands may be substituted.) and evangelists "who go from door to door, from street corner to street corner, from village to village, into hospitals and prisons, into the market places and the homes of the lowliest, telling the good news of the Gospel."

Women dressed in foreign costumes, sitting in your group will give a story half-hour-Persia, Palestine, India, China, Japan, Africa.

OUTLINE OF CHAPTER I One long strip of paper 12"xl0' con- taining name of denominational or- Subject-Tell me a true ,story. ganization. (Choose a woman for India, who can sing, and after telling her ,story Ten rolls Denison crepe paper 4" have her sing the hymn on page 12, wide in rainbow colors. (Ribbon may written by a converted Hindu girl: be substituted.) "In the Secret of His Presence.") At the close of the story half-hour, Two 12" discs of yellow or gilt cardask your whole group to read re- board marked in segments to show sponsively the last sentences in Chap- division of money among various soter I, making a few changes, the why cieties. One should be left whole, of which you will make clear as leader. other cut into segments. "No influence surpasses in importance that of the woman be she Per- Orange waste basket or jardinere sian, African, Chinese or Indian, for "pot of gold." Oriental or Occidental, who goes ab~ut among her own people, living and tell- Paper rainbow f () l' background. ing the Gospel story with simplicity (Pretty but not essential.) and conviction." The foreign women then sing a Outline verse of "Tell Me the Old, Old Story," answered by the rest of the group in This was written for a Baptist a verse o~ "I Love to Tell the Story." church. With change of nomenclature it will fit any denomination: In de- scribing, will use Baptist names for clearness.

Let the most gifted woman repre- tion. The uncut disc may be used to ,ent the local church, holding one of explain to the audience the proporthe 12 placards (or wearing a band tions assigned to the various societies across her breast) labeled Local from the amounts contributed by the Church. She conducts the entire dem- churches. onstration, first explaining that the local church is just a band of Chris- Close with prayer that every memtians united to carry out God's will in ber of every church may do his part the world. This introductory speech to sustain the great work God has enshould be as full and clear as she trusted to his denomination. can make it. She proceeds to show how the local churches go about doing N. B. The accounts of each society the Lord's work by introducing one may be pasted on the back of the by one the organizations which the placards, to assist the memory. The denomination supports. As each is effect is better, of course if they are mentioned, a woman comes to the not read. platform carrying a placard suitably labeled and gives an account of the WORSHIP SERVICE: OUR LORD'S society she represents. The Local Church should stand on the floor in PRAYER front of the platform. As the various women appear, she hands to each a Chant "Our Father Who Art in strip of rainbow paper, unrolls it and Heaven"-Quartette or entire group. places the other end in the "pot of gold" (i. e., the yellow jardinere on Leader with bowed head says reva table at her side). When ten women erently and slowly: "Our Father who have lined up, there is a very effective art in heaven hallowed be Thy name." rainbow extending fan-wise from the pot of gold to the row of ladies. The Pianist strikes one chord and all societies used in this demonstration, sing one stanza of "Holy, Holy, Holy." were Association, State Convention, Have a strong voice ready to lead oft' City Missions, Publication Society, in the entire program. Home Missions, Women's Home Missions, Board of Education, Foreign Leader: "Thy kingdom come." Missions, Women's Foreign Missions, Ministers' and Missionaries' Benefit Person with clear, steady voice re- cites Oxenham's poem, "Thy Kingdom Board. Come." To unify the presentation, the Local Leader: "Thy will be done on earth Church explains how the Northern as it is in heaven." Baptist Convention was formed for all these to meet, consult, and cooperate. Recitation-Oxenham's poem, "Thy Two women lift above the heads of Will Be Done." the ten, the long banner with the words Northern Baptist Convention. Leader: "Give us this day our daily Last, a Board which brings to the bread." Local Church the financial neetis of these societies and returns to them Pianist strikes chord, all sing, the gifts of the Local Church, may be "Break Thou the Bread of Life." Two represented by an agile little woman stanzas. who gathers from each a slip containing the amount required for the cur- Leader: "And forgive us our debts rent year's work, brings these to the as we forgive our debtors." Local Church, receives from her the segments of the golden disc (dollar) Solo-"He Blotted Them Out," or and gives to each the agreed propor- other song of forgiveness.

Leader: "And lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil."

Pianist gives chord, all sing "Yield Not to Temptation." One stanza.

Leader: "For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever, amen."

Pianist ,strikes chord and all sing, "All hail the power of Jesu~' name."

METHODS FOR WORKERS

THY KINGDOM COME Thy will be done! Thy good will is For every man such happiness, such By JOHN OXENHAM freedom from life's care and Thy kingdom come! and quickly, Lord! stress, For life is a tempestuous sea, where As never man did yet possess, And so, each day storm-winds beat unceasingly With joy we pray- And drive us oft away from Thee. Thy will be done! Thy will be done! So, day by day, We ever pray- THE BIBLE-THERE IT STANDS Thy kingdom come! A Responsive Reading for Thy kingdom come! Devotional Service Thy kingdom come! Lord, till it comes, LEADER RESPONSE We are but voyagers who roam with Century follows century There it stands straining eyes amid the gloom, And seek, but cannot find our home. Empires rise and fall There it stands and are forgotten So, day by day, In faith we pray- Kings are crowned and There it stands Thy kingdom come! uncrowned Thy kingdom come! Emperors decree its ex- There it stands Thy kingdom come! For when it comes Earth's crying wrongs will be redressed, termination Despised and torn to and man will make his chiefest There it stands quest pieces The peace of God which giveth rest. Storms of hate swirl So, day by day, about it In hope we pray- There it stands Thy kingdom come! Atheists rail against it There it stands Thy kingdom come! Agnostics smile cynically There it stands Unbelief abandons it There it stands Thy kingdom come! Ah, grant us, Lord Higher critics deny its To see the day when Thou shalt reign claim to inspiration There it stands Thunderbolts of wrath supreme within the hearts of men, There it stands And love shall dwell on earth again, smite it For that, Thy day, Flames are kindled about There it stands We ever pray- it Thy kingdom come! Thy kingdom come! Arrows of hate are dis- charged against it There it stands THY WILL BE DONE Infidels predict its aban- There it stands By JOHN OXENHAM donment Thy will be done I Lord, when it is, Earth will forsake her miseries and turn Modernism tries to ex- There it stands plain it away again to Thee where is Laughed at and scorned There it stands Sure hope of full recoveries But- When childhood needs a So, day by day There it stands In faith we pray- standard of truth When youth calls for a Thy will be done I There it stands Thy will be done! beacon light Thy will be done! Until it is,. When sorrow calls for There it stands Life cannot know the untold b11ss of full consolation and free and sure release When weakness searches From all that now doth mar its peace. for the sources of There it stands So, day by day, power In hope we pray- When old age calls for Thy will be done! an upholding staff There it stands Thy will be done! When the weary seek There it stands Thy will be done, for Thy will is refuge and rest Man's deepest, highest, fullest joy! When the hungry soul There it stands Love's purest gold without alloy calls for bread With thought of that our hearts we buoy, When the thirsty pil- And day by day grim yearns for water There it stands Full faithed we pray- When the overwhelmed There it stands Thy will be done! cry for relief Thy will be done! When we aJlproach the 4 "Valley of the Shadow" There it stands (From "The Secret of the Life Sublime." by Dr. A. Z. Conrad. published by Elemlng H. Revell Company at $1.50. Tbis chapter Is used with the permission of the publishers.) For sale by M. H. Leavis, North Cambridge, Mass. Prices: 2 for 5 cents i. 12 for 25 cents; 60 for 75 cents; 100 for $1.,,5.

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 East 22d Street, New York, and FLORENCE G. TYLER, 419 Fourth Avenue, New York E xecutive Secretaries of the Coy,ncil of Women for Home Missions and Federa- tion of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions of North A m erica OB S ~JRVIN (i WORLD DA Y OF PRAY E R I N WONSA N, KOREA, MARC H 7, l ll3 0 PRESSED DOWN; RUNNING OVER goodness to His children, and in prayer for health, strength and courage to As o'er each Continent and Island go forward in the making of a better Th. dawn leads on another day, world. Such a day of nearly forty hours was March 7, 1930, and again The voice of prayer is never ended, on February 20, 1931, the measure of Nor dies the strain of praise away. time will be pressed down, running over. When the Day of Prayer begins in New Zealand with a sunrise service In the variou·s accounts of the obat five A. M. and ends in Honolulu servance of the day it is interesting with an evening service of p raise and to note contrasts. In general the womprayer, just how many hours of wor- en of other lands have observed the ship have been crowded into that pre- day as more truly a day of prayer and cious day? Here is a little problem in thanksgiving. The women of Amerthe computation of time which for ica see in it a great opportunity for those who have relegated their a rith- conveying to those present informametic to the days gone by will stir tion and inspiration. The women of up the old processes and give a new the Orient come together to pray. The zest to thinking. women of America prepare brief dramatizations aI)d pageants which By calling in the aid of all the sec- will portray the needs of the projects, retaries available on a July day ap- and the cause of Christian Missions. proximately forty hours has been agreed upon as the time when the After all, the program is only the women of the world are uniting in praise to Almighty God for His great 850 guiding suggestion, and Chinese, In- Lord's Prayer was given in 14 differ- dian, Persian, Egyptian, Hungarian, ent languages. At the time of the and American-all "paint the thing as service in Ann Arbor, Michigan, the they SEe it" and "the God of things as church bells rang throughout the city, they are" sees the spirit, the love, the ami in the Cameroun district of Af- effort, and the great underlying desire rica the African drum was heard that brings them all together for a day through the forests and the little vil- of prayer and communion. lages.

In general, the women of (lther lands In a little village in China at sun- feel more keenly the great significance rise the street was a-clatter with the of a world at prayer. This word comes sound of the wooden-soled shoes on the from Sakboyenne, Africa: "They carne hard little streets as the mothers carne quickly. It seemed as if there had carrying their little children to the been added new dignity to their bear- early morning meeting, and after the ing. The consciousness that they were sun had gone down at night Martin an integral part of the praying women Smith and his wife and seven chilof the world made them forget them- dren were finding their way back to selves in the thought that they were God',s children with other (If God's 'l'HB UIWlJP IN PODOLl, NELLORE children praying for the same things." DISTRICT, INDIA And this from Miraj, India: "The women gathered in the chapel, a color- their little cabin in the mountains of ful group with some in their wedding Kentucky, over seven miles of rough, garments. It was a beautiful, heart- muddy road, having walked all . that searching service. During the minutes distance to attend the evening service of silent prayer, there was such an ab- of the Day of Prayer in the little solute calm as none of us had ever ex- chapel by "Howling Run." perienced before in the Miraj Church. Two women testified, and nineteen Surely the world is b(lund by chains prayers were offered aloud. After of prayer around the feet of God on repeating the 'World Family Prayer' that day. – the Lord's Prayer-the women silently faded away." At the same Could we but remove ourselves to a time comes this account from Musko- great distance where we might view gee, Oklahoma: "Beginning at nine the preparations for this day, and o'clock the organist played softly till then the progress of the day through ten-thirty when the program began. its forty hours, we would lose sight We used the outlined program 'Look- of the petty difficulties which confront ing Unto Jesus.' A light luncheon was us in our own circle as we lay our served at noon. At one o'clock the plans, and we would sense the thrill services were continued, using the pro- which comes with the feeling that we gram 'That Jesus May Be Lifted Up.' are a part of something so great and This was completed at three o'clock, so powerful that we are scarcely able but the organist played softly until to comprehend its meaning. So great, four, old church hymns that would so far reaching, so powerful is this direct one's thoughts to prayer. The Day of Prayer. hours seemed long when announced, but they passed very quickly. An at- The program for 1931 was practimosphere of quiet and prayer predominated at all times." Oklahoma and India are very close together, after all, in their spiritual approach.

Four languages were used in the service at Kangpokpi, Manipur, Assam, while in Brooklyn, New York, the

cally finished in May, 1930. Then it spend the day in prayer; the Bible was mimeographed and sent to the women from all over the district came mis-sion boards, and by them to all in; Bible Institute students, and a the mission fields where it is trans- number of young girls from the night lated into some thirty ·or forty lan- school. guages and vernaculars. Then in many of the lands . it goes to the And as the day advances we are printers, and the first edition which joined by the groups in India-groups comes from the press in the United in the villages meeting near a tam- States is about two hundred and fifty arina grove or under a banyan tree; thousand copies. The program, trans- groups in the little chapels and in the lated and printed in Pyengyang, larger churches; a group in Kang- Korea, is sent out for use in one pokpi, Assam, British India-one hunthousand rural churches in that lo- dred and fifty women representing cality. Each group in its own locality Tangkhul Naga, Anal, Kuki, Kacha makes plans for its own observance, Naga, and Tushai tribes, where two and the Day arrives-first in New languages must be used to make all Zealand. understand, and where they prayed, each in her own tongue, using four THE MEEl'l'ING IN SHENCHOW, CHINA languages. And can't you see the women in their wedding garments, be- Can you picture these services in cause it is a great day when the womthe little villages in Japan where at en of the world are praying together? sunrise the women gathered to celebrate the day, or perhaps in a little And again the day advances and we village in China where at five o'clock the women came carrying their babies, are joined by the women of Persia and the husbands came to prepare the and Syria-five hundred of them in meals at the church so that the women Beirut; the women brought their might spend the entire day there; or the chapel on the river bank, where in neighbors, some Moslem, some Greek the early morning the little boats began to draw up carrying the families Orthodox and some Syriac. The womfor the early prayer service-Utwenty- en from Turkey join with us in five" – "fifty"-"one hundred"-"one prayer, and scattered groups in the hundred and fifty-only ten per cent Balkans and Hungary and Germany. of whom could read"-"every woman who ever attends the church"-"two The Cameroun district in Africa hundred"-"two hundred and fifty"- has some of the largest meetings, the "six hundred women and girls"-"the women coming from miles around and, church crowded to the doors" – or, too, in the little villages they gather, "those who came more than filled the called by the African drum. At the chapel, and dozens of women and chil- little village of Nkol Mvolan, after a dren remained standing outside the meeting of about fifty women they church throughout the service." separated, going back to their homes by three different paths, testifying Or imagine the meeting at Wonsan, and praying in the different homes as Korea, where the women came to they went ,so that the whole district around felt the influence of that meet- ing.

And still the day progresses-the American church in Rome, and the American church in Paris have meet- ings. All over Holland groups of women are joining in. In Oslo groups joined for the first time this year, and from them the news was passed on to a group at Tonder, Denmark. A pas- tor in Wales heard about it and sent for programs, and his people became

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN BULLETIN

a part of the world family, praying their own groups in their own ·c·om- together on that day. munities on February 20, 1931, shall we not try to convey to them this The day dawned for America- sense of oneness with the other wom- North, South and Central, and for en of the world, make them feel the Cuba and the other islands in the united prayer of women everywhere, West Indies. Through the courtesy so that from our hearts we will fur- of the National Broadcasting Com- ther voice the words of the old hymn: pany and the Greater New York Fed- We thank Thee that Thy Church uneration of Churches, for the fourth year a service was broadcast over a sleeping, chain of some 18 stations, and soon While earth rolls onward into light, after eight o'clock thousands of peo- Through all the world her watch is keepple in the eastern areas joined in the observance of that day. In other sec- ing. And rests not now, by day or night. tions the radio also carried the message. In the United States, meetings FLORENCE G. TYLER. were held in every state of the Union. In Canada, from Nova Scotia and New THE LEADERS OF THE MEETING, KANG· Brunswick to Saskatchewan and be- POKPI, MANIPUR STATE, ASSAM yond, in Mexico, Nicaraugua, and the different countries of South America THE WORLD DAY OF PRAYER the chain of prayer continued un- AND YOUNG PEOPLE broken. Preparation In large cities where a day of In the word that has come to us of prayer must find its place amid thou- the observance of the World Day of sands of diversions, and in little coun- Prayer by young people, we find that try districts where the people walk the planning for the meeting may be miles over unspeakable roads to at- through a variety of channels. There tend; in sections where people read, is the local interdenominational group write and speak many languages, and of women, called the Council of Church in other sections less privileged, where Women, Women's Church and Mispeople speak haltingly, and read and sionary Federation, Women's Departwrite not at all-the Day of Prayer ment or one of many other names. still finds its way. People who cannot If this is the channel, it seems best to read commit sections of the program ask for a committee of young women. to memory, and those who are shut Usually there should also be included in may still observe the day. One the organized young people's groups: woman on the plains of Texas-a Christian Endeavor, Epworth League, "shut-in"-when the day was bad and her friends could not get to her, read the service by herself, prayed the prayers, sang the hymns, and sent her offering for objects named by the committee.

The native Women's Missionary Society in Sitka, Al!l!ska, came together on that day, and they brought an offering of twenty-five dollars; and far out in the P!l!Cific, the day re!I!Ched Hawaii.

From the rising of the sun in the East to the going down of the same in the West, March the seventh, 1930, was a day long to be remembered.

When our women come together in

Baptist Young People's Union, Youth together. It may later become town Council, etc. This insures their coop- or city wide.

eration. It also means that the young The Hampton Young Women's So- men are asked to participate, and ex- ciety of Gibsonia, Pa., "voted that Perience indicates that the young each member devote a part of her women frequently wish to have the daily devotions to this cause, instead young men become interested in the of holding a meeting."

meeting. A central committee may Publicity make the plans. All groups whose cooperation is desired should be en- A "Call to Prayer" especially pre- listed from the beginning. To in- pared by and for young people has terest the young men, also, possibly been felt desirable, one so arranged the speaker, if one is sought, may be that it can be used as a small poster a man. on a church bulletin board, yet can also be folded for a letter. The printed "Call" from headquarters and any other publicity should be given out at all denominational and inter- denominational meetings of young people. It is more effective if a mem- ber of the central committee can make the announcement in person, and then distribute the folders.

The ineeting of the pastors, in some }!OTHERS' CLUB: O;iE O~' 'J'HE GROUPS places held regularly, should not be AT THE }[~;ETI:G. DUMAGT'ETE. PHILIP- forgotten as a means of publicity. 1'1:E IfLA~-nS The Executive Committee of the women's interdenominational group If there is in the community no may well be invited to be present as women's group to sponsor it, it is sponsors or guests, if the meeting is possible to ask each pastor for the held separately from that ,of the name of an interested or capable women.

young woman, and together these may The daily papers and church calen- meet to form the planning committee. dars or bulletins will welcome, as a Or the local young people's missionary rule, the notice of the meeting. An chairmen may be approached. In- announcement may be placed in the clude members ,of various racial printed or mimeographed young peo- groups in the planning and the par- ple's bulletins or topic cards and ticipation. written notices may be given to the While we should aim toward inter- pastors and Sunday-school superin- denominational observance, yet other tendents. The poster, secured from plans may be adopted if local condi- headquarters, may be utilized.

tions make this advisable. Miss Ruth Progranl M. Drummond of the North United Presbyterian church, of Pittsburgh, While the pdnted program as sup- Pa., tells of the meeting of the wom- plied by headquarters need not neces- en's and young women's groups of sarily be followed closely, yet in al- that church. The printed program most every place it would seem to be was followed and "interesting com- the best basic guide and to give to ments were made by several members the meeting that sense of fellowship on national life, church life and in- with other Christian young people that ternational life. The prayers seemed is a most helpful part of the observ- to reach into all parts of the world." ance. A processional and recessional It is not necessary then, for 'a begin- have been found to be lovely and wor- ning to have a number of groups meet shipful parts of the meeting, and

more effective where candles are used dian Work and Mig~ant Work) and in a darkened church. the offering was taken by the girls who were in costume. During a season In McKeesport, Pa., where there of prayer several girls offered prayers, was a service from 9: 30 a. m. to 4 thanking God for what had been acp. m. and one from 7 to 8 p. m., "the complished, confessing shortcomings, latter was carried out entirely by asking for guidance to do more for young people. Most of the churches the kingdom in the future. A short cooperated and the spirit was fine. dramatization, 'Sorrows of Islam,' The regular program was followed showing the life of Moslem women, with a different young woman in was presented." charge of each part of the program. One of these leaders was a colored The meeting may be held in the girl." afternoon, as was the case in Hunts- ville, Ohio. "The Senior Society had "In one town a young woman went their tea at the church and by the to the chairman of the Committee on time they were ready the girl,s were Arrangements to inquire whether the out of school and arrived in time to young people might have a part in be served. We had invited a class of the observance. While at first she Presbyterian girls and we all enjoyed was not received very enthusiastically, the fellowship of prayer. We had it finally developed that a group of made an outline covering the need of girls from the girls' guild of one of the world the best we could, which the churches in the city had a part in was divided and became a part of each the program and that the speaker of girl's prayer. I am so glad that each the evening was one of the girls who of our girls, most of them high school had seen service in a mission field." girls, can conduct a meeting as well as our senior members can." Margaret L. Burton of the United Presbyterian Church sends the follow- Power ing account: "All the churches of Piqua, Ohio, joined in a union service Let us not become too discouraged on the World Day of Prayer under the over small numbers. Neither should leadership of the City Federation of we be too anxious to have a popular Missionary Societies. A supper was meeting for young people, in the sense served by the women, who invited the that it would be a "rousing" meeting. young women as their guests. A short From the first, let us be frank in program was given at the tables. The planning a service that is prayerful, evening program was in charge of a worshipful and beautiful. Picturcommittee made up of representatives esque ? Yes. But every part contribfrom the young women's societies. uting to the meaning of the whole, The national program was used with and significant. Dramatic, yes, and some changes so that it would not be challenging through the eye, giving exactly like that of the afternoon. that wider fellowship with those around the world as young people "The members of the Young Wom- unite in prayer and thought and gifts en's Missionary Societies marched in that the kingdom may come. together,' singing 'All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name,' led by girls dre.ssed MURIEL DAY. to represent the four phases of missionary work sponsored by the Fed- CANADIAN WOMEN AND eration and Council, namely, a Chinese, Turkish, American Indian and PROHIBITION migrant woman, and the girJ.s who were the Moslem women in the By MRS. R. G. DINGMAN pageant. What is the attitude of Canadian "To explain the object of the offer- women to Prohibition? The question ing, two talks were given (on Union is probably asked because of the wide- Colleges and Christian Literature, In- spread report that, in most of Canada, a new system of "Government Con-

trol" has superseded Prohibition. The illicit sales through the continually answer here offered with conviction degrading bootlegging.

of accuracy i,s: The following table shows that 1. That Canada never had national "Government Control" is not an ade- prohibition in the meaning of the quate name for the various provincial term used in the United States; that systems of liquor sales, and that pri- the laws which "Government Control" vate gain is a tremendous factor in superceded were provincial laws pro- the Canadian Liquor Traffic inasmuch hibiting only the sale of liquor, the as only 575 of the 5,135 liquor estab- manufacture of liquor having been lishments are owned and operated by prohibited only by a war emergency , governments: B.C. Alta. Sask. Man. Onto Que. N.B. Total Distilleries ……… 4 2 9 9 1 25 Wineries ……… . Breweries …. . . . . . 12 52 52 6 8 8 39 9 2 84 Government Stores.. 75 33 29 122 104 37 400' Brewers' Agencies ., 24 9 105 138 B~r Salons …….• 267 376 Beer Shops ……. . 217 620 1,480 175* 1,654 1,829 Clubs …………. 68 47 34 148 297 Hotel and Restaurant 708 708 (Wine and Beer) Other selling agencies 17 17 88 122 Total…….. 426 503 212 287 327 3,340 40 5,135 ·Operated by government.

Dominion·order-in-Council which was Various churches and social organin force for twenty-one months and izations have made recent pronouncerescinded in 1919; ments on the liquor situation. These receive less publicity than does the 2. That change to the present sys- propaganda of the liquor trade, but tem, whereby provincial governments this influence is contributing to new act as selling agents for the products endeavor for prohibitory legislation. of privately owned breweries and distilleries, is resulting in increased sale The following resolution was passed and consumption of alcoholic bever- in June, 1930, by the only national ages in every province in which "Gov- organization of women in the United ernment Oontrol" pertains, increased Church of Canada: convictions for indictable offences and for driving motor vehicles while WHEREAS, We recognize that the liquor drunk, increased profits for manufac- traffic is one of the great evils of the turers of liquor, market value of the land and the promised betterment of common stocks of the more important conditions under Government Control in companies showing inordinate gaiThs whichever province it pertains has been following the adoption of "Govern- most disappointing, we, the members of ment Control"; the Dominion Board of The Woman's Missionary Society, do place ourselves on 3. That the Christian women of record as favoring a policy of.total pro- Canada are increasingly favorable to hibition of the liquor traffic and with prohibition and disturbed by the pres- renewed earnestness we give ourselves ent situation, many because of per- to the task of bringing about true temsonal experiences of trouble, accidents, perance sentiment. We would protest and disasters caused by drinking, many against the liquor traffic being used by because they feel the financial effects any political party as an issue in an of the diversion of money from useful election and would recommend that this business – $192,619,632 having been matter be decided by a referendum of spent in Canada in 1929 for legally the people. sold liquor, this figure not including We desire also to express to the Fed- eral Government our cordial gratitude that with such decisive unanimity it has taken steps to clearance for export liquor, and at the same time to promote

1930J WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN BULLETIN

international good will by cooperating 1930, passed the following resolution: with the authorities in the American Republic in the enforcement of their 1. Resolved, That as an Association prohibition laws. we view with alarm the increasing use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage, as evi- The last annual meeting of the denced by the report of the Liquor Con- Council of The Women's Missionary trol Board, the convictions in our courts Society of the Presbyterian Church, for drunkenness and crimes that are Western Division, reaffirmed its stand traceable to the use of intoxicant~, by on prohibition. The National Wom- the overcrowded condition of jails and en's Missionary Committee of the places of detention; that we consider Churches of Christ (Disciples) re- the system of so-called Government Concently endorsed the following resolu-' trol, vicious in principle and ineffective tion, passed by the Ontario Board of in the lessening of the evils of the traffic the same Society: in intoxicants.

WHEREAS, The Churches of Christ 2. Resolved, That we express our (Disciples) have always stood for the gratification at the action of the Federal abolition of strong drink, and Authorities in passing a law that pro- hibits the customs clearance of ship- WHEREAS, The liquor interests have ments of liquor to countries where the gained such power in many of the prov- selling of such is prohibited by the laws inces in Canada that the moral and of such country. Be it further physical welfare of the youth of our land is being. endangered and the peace 3. Resolved, That we urge the memof our homes violated, and bers of our churches to give their whole- hearted generous support to those tem- WHEREAS, It is well known that the perance organizations that are seeking sale and use of intoxicating liquors is to promote the cause of sobriety by the the greatest known hindrance to the es- means of education and legislation, and tablishment of the Kingdom of God on to abstain from the sale or use of alcoearth; therefore, be it holic beverages.

Resolved, That for the protection of Many other regional, provincial and our youth, this Board of the Ontario local church meetings have made sim- Women's Missionary Society shall take ilar pronouncements. Canadian church some measures to promote instruction in women repudiate so-called "Governthe dangers and evils in the use of ment Control" and have faith that inalcohol and the benefits to be derived telligent public opinion will not tolfrom total abstinence. erate very much longer a system of government cooperation with such an The Ontario Association of Baptist admitted evil as the liquor business. Churches meeting in Toronto in June, HOW GOVERNMENT SALE OF LIQUOR IN CANADA WORKS From the Dominion Bureau of Statistics Apparent _4-ppnrrnt Appflrpnt "cI'Gl'nialjr: of OO1/lwmpHol1 oj C()n~umption of D('uthR Du~ to CO'IMumptirm of Malt (Gal.) Wine (Gul.) . Alcoholism Spirits (Gal.) 35,436,690 1,112,260 .17 of one per cent 1923 ………. 1,734,779 40,817,435 1,454,287 .18 of one per cent 1924 ……………….. 1,757,972 45,185,725 1,844,246 .19 of one per cent 48.764.596 2,101,718 .22 of one per cent ………. 1925 1,599,654 47,656,217 3,574,102 .25 of one per cent 1,611,711 54,825,579 3,830,254 .32 of one per cent 1926 61,868,349 5,450,642 1927 ………. 1,836,970 ……………. 1928 2,777,067 1929 ……… . 3,130,119 Convictions for Violations of Laws For Violn.t1t1(f For Dri1'ing 7'otrr7 ,….'nmm(lr,ll Con ,.;(',t1on.~ for Liquor Lows ll'hile nrl.tnl.~ (lon1 1i r i i n n s nntnkf'l1l1CS."1 1923 10,088 353 137,49~ 1924 …………. 10,449 529 25,565 1925 …………. 11,636 609 142,999 27,338 ……… … … … … … … … … …. 13,512 724 151.R25 26,751 1926 12,4 77 953 169,913 28,317 1927 ,. 15,263 1,322 193,240 31,171 245,763 33,224 1928 –Canadian Government Bnlletin.

ORLD-WlDf

GENERAL This statement, though confessedly An Anglican Bishop on Reunion unofficial, will perhaps soften the ONE act of last summer's Lambeth judgment of non-conformist critics Conference in which all the bish- who have hitherto looked upon the ops of the Anglican Order met in the Lambeth pronouncements as an indefipalace of the Archbishop of Canter- nite postponement of the day of union. bury in London, has an interest tran- –Christian Advocate.

scending any single church. That is the approval of the scheme for Church Siberian Nomads I Union in South India, which, if con- N NORTHERNMOST Siberia live 5,000 nomads more isolated than summated, will unite in that territory the Anglican Church, the Wesleyan any other human group. Into their Methodist Church, and the South India ice-bound territory Soviet Russia has United Church in which Presbyterians sent an imposing delegation of scien- and Congregationalists have already tists, geologists, and teachers, with come together. This comprehensive orders to begin the process of civiliza- union now takes on a wider sig-nifi- tion. As a start, the natives will be cance because it was evidently viewed taught how better to fish, to farm, and at Lambeth as "suggesting lines on to conserve their food.-Christian which further advance toward agree- Hemld.

ment on questions of order" might be made. Successful Sumu1.e~· Conferences One English bishop, Doctor Woods, MORE than seven thousand young of Croydon, has declared his convic- people, plus five hundred Christion on the subject of reunion as fol- tian leaders, gathered in seventy-one lows: Presbyterian Young People's Summer It is, I am perslladed. true to say that Conferences thr'Oughout the United the Il'reat majority of the Bishops of the States this summer. What are the re- Anglican Communion do intensely desire sults? What d'O they reveal? reunion; and not for a moment reunion by absorption. but that kind of cominl!' First, as a result of c'Onference extogether which will conserve and use all periences, young people are dedicating the particular contributions which each their lives to Christian service. A now separated part keeps in trust for second result is preparation for Christhe whole which is to be. And I dare to tian living. A third result, and perhope that many mp.mbers of the Free haps the one most often reported is ChurCbes will still find in the doings of increased willingness to help in the the 1930 Lambeth Conference favorable program of the local church and greatst~.rting' points for fresh discllssions er efficiency in carrying out the work with us An",]icans, and ev~n. it may be, undertaken. The young people return after a. while. fOl' considered negoti,,- from the c'Onferences eager to share tions. MeRntime. let the brotherly work the work not only of their own 01'- 2'0 fl)l'wal'd of trying" to understll'nd one gallizations but other activities in the "pother. to lealon from one another, t.o church in which young people may 1abo1' t.o!l'et.hel' and to pray tog-ether. If have a part. the livil12' Christ Himsplf is. in these momentous t;mes. p"enarin'" "nd n1annil11! These are some of the most evident " newer. I"r~er. better "Ch"rch" to do results 'Of the summer conference pro- Hi~ wo"k. let us who call HiM Lord i'l gram. Often a delegate, when asked p.ach of On1' Communions. at. least ReeK to <pet re"dy for this I!.'reater thing which will surely one day come to pass.

858

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

what part of the conference has meant possible. Half of these children are most to him, will answer, "I can't ex- not recelvmg Christian education press it, it's the spirit of the confer- through any other agency. ence." So there are results which cannot be expressed, the conference World Alliance Discusses Russia spirit at work in the lives of the young people.-Presbyterian Magazine. THE Management Committee of thr~ World Alliance for Promoting In- Mission PersoDnel ternational Friendship Through the Churches, met at Murren, Switzer- WHILE the number of new mis- land, in September, and included rep- • sionaries ,sailing in 1929 was a resentatives of the national councils 24% increase 'over that for 1928, and of the Alliance in the United States, 48% over the number for 1927-a Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great trend in the right direction-this gain Britain, Bulgaria, Canada, China, does not offset the yearly loss due to Czechoslovakia, Danzig, Denmark, Es- retirement, ill health or death. It is thonia, Finland, France, Germany, estimated that the mission boards .of Greece, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Lett- North America need to send out ap- land, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Porproximately 1,000 new missionaries tugal, Roumania, Spain, Sweden, annually to maintain the present Switzerland. It was certainly no small staffs. achievement to get together so wide a representation. Thirty pel' cent of the number sailing in 1929 are men, 18~~ are mar- The discussions and resolutions ried women and 52S'~ are single dealt wit!). matters of far-reaching imwomen. Sixteen per cent completed portance, but the greatest value of the seminary training, 10~; were physi- meetings lies in bringing togethe" cians and surgeons, and 9;'; nurses. men of "all nations, kindreds, and Nineteen per cen't are going out from tongues," for continued friendly in- Bible or Misionary Training Schools, tercourse and discussion. some of these are also college or university graduates, and 46,/; have had At one of the most valuable sessions college or university training plus Professor Arseniew, a Russian Orthosome experience. Only 7<,; went to dox refugee. gave a moving statement the field under a short-term appoint- of the religious persecution in Rus,sia. ment. It is interesting to note that While in theory freedom of worship the average age of these new mission- is allowed, freedom of propaganda is aries is a little over twenty-eight forbidden and severely punished. On years-actually four-tenths of a year this ground all meetings for the inolder than those sailing in 1928, re- struction of the youn~. all medical aid vealing that the Boards, for the most given by the church, the possession of part, are accepting those with more any religious books except those for training and experience. – Student use in the church services are forbid- Volunteer Bulletin. den. For instance. two priests are serving sentences in Siberia for ad- Establish Foreign Bible Schools vising llTOUpS of young oeople to pre- serve their chll.stity. Churrhes. too, T HE International Association of have been closed in all directions. over Daily Vacation Bible Schools re- 1.500 in .Tanuary anrl February last. ports that jn 1929 it expended $3. – In the early veal'S of t.he Soviet regime 095.46 to plaut. sl:hools throughout OWl' 8.()OO hishops and priests wel'P Brazil, Burma, Czechoslovakia, Gl'ee:.:e, "lit to death. lllal1Y were killed from Ecuador, Egypt and the Sudan. Japan, 192!l-U);~(). The fivp-day week is ex- Korea, Mrxico, Philippine Islands, ('eedinQ'lv hard Oil ChriRti'ln workers, Syria and Palestine. About 1,000 va- who wish to be at the Divine Mvstercati'on Bible schools with an enroll- ies on the Lord's Day. The rights of ment of over 60,000 were thus made citizenship, which include food cards,

are denied not only to priests but to America, formed themselves into a lay members of church councils. The Convention or Local Board, composed campaign of protest inaugurated by largely of native pastors and laymen, the Archibishop of Canterbury and in order to bring about self-support the Pope has given comfort and cour- and self-government in the work. As age to the persecuted and has conti'a- a result, they have become responsible dieted the claims of Bolshevism that for an annual 10 per cent reduction in religion is dead in the rest of Europe. the English allowances, the support • The committee expressed its sym- of some of the national workers, and pathy with all persons suffering for for the maintenance of certain por- their faith in Russia and asked the tions of the work, including the pro- National Councils of the Alliance. to vision 'of traveling expenses for evan- avail themselves of all opportunities gelistic purposes. And-last but not by speech and written word and other least-every church has agreed to give peaceful influences, to arouse the gen- 60 per cent of its income to the spread eral opinion of their nations so as to of the Gospel among its own people. counteract the religious persecutions "If you could see their 'homes and carried on in Russia.-Living Church. surroundings you would stand in awe and wonder," writes one of the mis- LATIN AMERICA sionaries. "We must help them in this great forward movement, for it Education in Mexico is the Lord's doing and marvelous in our eyes."-Christian (London). MEXICO is spending thirty-two million dollars a year for schools Revolution in Argentina. as a part of a nation-wide campaign to reduce illiteracy. Twenty million MORE swiftly than could have been dollars comes from the Federal Gov- foreseen, the revolutionary por- ernment and the rest from the sepa- tents in the Argentine republic de- rate states. The ·state legislatures are veloped into open revolt. With hardly urged to use forty per cent of their any show of resistance, the federal budgets as the minimum for educa- government in Buenos Aires collapsed. tion. Many of the states leave most President Irigoyen, who two years ago of the burden of education to the cen- was swept back into office for a second tral government. The minister of term with the largest popular vote in education, Saenz, says: "An e·special Argentinian history, has been de- effort will be made to strengthen the posed. His associates have been swept secondary schools near the border to from office with him. A revolutionary prevent children from having to go to junta, composed of military hnd naval the United States for their education." officers, is in control. The officers It has been common in EI Paso and who have seized power protest their other border cities for Mexican chil- intention of speedily making way in dren to cross the line for the privilege favor of civilian control, and it may of the American public schools. What- be that the disturbance will pass ever may be the economic effects of quickly. Argentina has been hard hit the Mexican immigration into the by the unemployment wave which is United States, the contacts of Mexi- circling the globe. The masses, who cans with our public schools and had put Irigoyen into office, turned church work is affecting materially against him when he proved unable the attitude of the whole Mexican peo- to relieve their distress. And al- ple toward education and organized re- though few Americans know it, the ligion.-Congregationalist. United States must bear a consider- able portion of the responsibility for Self-support in Argentina. Argentina's present troubles. The em- bargo against the admission of Ar- MORE than five years ago the gentine cattle into this C'ountry, os- churches in Argentina connected with the Evangelical Union of South

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tensibly for hygienic reasons but value, notably ~ocoa, coffee, pineapple, actually in order to protect American citrus fruit, henequin, honey, and wax. cattle growers against the competition Cuba boasts also valuable iron, copper, of the lower cost South American and manganese mines, and considerherds, has had a disastrous effect on able quantities of ores are shipped for business in the Argentine. Unable to smelting in the United States. The find another market for this basic Ar- climate is warm, though not exactly gentinian industry, President Irigoyen tropical. took a marked anti-American attitude and had recently approved a far- Cuba has made great strides indusreaching commercial treaty with Great trially in recent years. The govern- Britain. But the impatient people of ment has started an ambitious his country were not willing to wait program of highway development. Hafor the economic help that the new vana is a fine modern capital, and one treaty might bring. They revolted. of the busiest ports in the new world. But they still have the American em- In 1927, more than 7,403 vessels enbargo with which to reckon. It is an- tered Cuban ports. Cuba is likewise other example of the way in which a one of the biggest tourists' resorts in domestic policy of a nation as power- the world, with 250,000 visitors anful as the United States can affect the nually.-Oliver McKee, Jr., in The Nawelfare of ,distant states.-Christian tional RepUblic. Century. CHINA Revolution in Peru Chinese Family "Rich" With $100 a Year FOR eleven years Peru has been dic- THE average prosperous Chinese tatorially governed by Augusto farmer living in the villages Leguia. The country under his long around Shanghai supports a family dictation has grown restless, until a of six and a fraction members for apfew weeks ago, the army, led by Lt.- proximately $100 a year, in American Col. Luis M. Sanchez Cerro, arose en money, or $360 in Chinese currency. masse, ousted the Leguia regime and The annual living expenses of this established a military dictatorship in class of persons average $57.90 a year its stead. The revolution was prac- in Chinese money, about $16 in Amertically bl'Oodless, and appears to have ican money. received the enthusiastic support of the vast majority of the people. Colo- These astonishing facts are renel Cerro has now become president, vealed in a report made public by the with the promise to reduce taxation, Bureau for Social Affairs, which has restore democratic institutions and just c'Ompleted a survey of landowners, develop Peru's prestige abroad.- part owners of farms and tenant far- Christian Her.ald. mers in what is considered the most prosperous part of China.

Cuba The survey reveals that in this area the size of the average farm is one- CUBA is the largest of the West In- fifth of an EngHsh acre. Thirty-five dies islands, with an area of about per cent of the farmers own their land, 44,164 miles, which makes it approxi- 33.6 are part owners, 31.4 tenants. mately the size of Pennsylvania. It is one of the most densely popUlated A surprisingly high percentage of of the American republics, with about literacy is shown by the report, the seventy-three people per square mile. general average being 23.7 per cent. The republic is famous among other things for the excellence of its tobacco Farm owners are the most literate and sugar, which are the most impor- class, 33 per cent 'Of them being able tant articles of export. Cuba, however, to read and write a little; for part has other agricultural products of owners the percentage runs to 25, while for tenants only 13 per cent.

China'. Woe Christianity Despite Reds and Ban- F OR fifteen years the industrious dits and patient people of that ancient land have suffered to an unbelievable AN EPIC of Christian loyalty and degree. There haR been almoRt unend- ft heroi;:m is being written these ing fighting back and forth across the fields of the farmers, their crops have days in China. One notable chapter been destroyed, and they themselves of that epic will unquestionably conoften impressed in an unwilling mili- cern the work of Bishop Logan H. tary service. Ruthless taxation, stead- Roots in the Central China city of ily depreciating currency, waning Hankow. News from that Commubusiness and declining trade, drought, nist-threatened place records that on flood, pestilence, and earthquake- Ascension Day, two Chinese deacons wave after wave of calamity has swept were ordained to the priesthood. over the peaceful, plodding Chinese Both candidates, says the report, anfarmer and laborer until he has been swered the questions clearly and one reduced to absolute desperation. Mil- felt that in these times they were both lions in certain provinces have actual- offering themselves anew to serve ly starved to death within the past ten their Master in dangerous places facyears, millions of others are even now ing possible martyrdom. Following trying to exist' on the roots and bark the ordination services the two young of trees, millions of others, slightly Chinese preachers made their way better off, have, neverthele·ss, been again into the interior to their preachundernourished for years. They see nothing ahead but the direst struggle ing posts. for existence. During May and June, twenty-nine Then to these millions of oppre,ssed men and twenty-nine women were conand depressed farmers and laborers, firmed by Protestant Episcopal bishops some of whom have already turned in the Hankow area.-Christian He1– bandit, come men, perhaps educated men, who say, "The government offi- ald. cia].s have robbed you, the landlords have cheated you, the gentry and rich A'"T"alling Fallline in Hunan merchants have exploited you! Go, kill them off, and take what they have THE China Famine Relief, N eV'l stolen from you! Set up a govern- York, September 23d, received the ment of farmers and workers, and following cable from its representaforward world revolution!" Does it tives in China: sellm a strange thing under existing conditions in China that these propa- CIVIL DISORDER HAS CAUSED gandists should find a ready hearing APPALLING CONDITIONS IN HOamong the many simple folk who are NAN INVOLVING FIFTY COUNground under a pitiless poverty? TIES WITH ONE AND ONE-THIRD MILLION PEOPLE. IF THE PRES- Dr. Sun and other Chinese leaders ENT MILITARY REVISION REhave ·said that Communism would SULTS IN STABILIZING THAT never succeed in China, that it is not AREA AS WE THINK PROBABLE, suited to the national temper and tra- LARGER RELIEF UNDERTAKINGS ditional social organization. However WILL BE NECESSARY. BUT REthat may be, one sometimes fears to- LIEF WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE WITHday that the wish is father to the OUT CONSIDERABLE FUNDS AND thought, for Communism is actually ADVANCE NOTICE. AVAILABLE spreading like a prairie fire in the land FUNDS ARE ONE-TENTH OF of Han.-Rev. Edmund L. Souder, WHAT IS NECESSARY FOR THE Hankow, in The Living Church. NEED IN SHENSI.

-Baker-Djang.

A Missionary Enthusiast I N CHINA there are to be seen on its rivers or in its villages cer- tain Chinese evangelists, moving in groups. They are known as the "Clark bands," and the training and support of them have been made pos- sible through the generosity of Mr.

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Sidney Clark, who died in August One day I took an hour to inspect after a long iIlne,ss. Sidney Clark was some of the shops, most of which were an unusually successful man of busi- filled with native products, but hunness, who brought the same insight dreds of them were well stocked with and vigor into hi,s service of missions foreign goods. . . . The world Reem~ which he had shown in his business. to be a neighborhood, and others be- He gave most generously to the L. M. sides missionaries seem to be interfer- S. and to the "World Dominion" ac- ing with old customs and life in China. tivities. But his service was not -James H. Franklin in The Watchlimited in giving his wealth; he trav- man Examiner. eled widely and saw mission fields for himself. He had strong convictions JAPAN-KOREA upon the right methods to be followed in missionary work. The fostering of A New Venture in Mission Journalan indigenous church was a passion with him, and he had also a great con- "Tism cern for survey, for the more scien- HE Kingdom of God Weekly." tific and economical use of missionary This is the name of a wellforces in the field. printed illustrated family newspaper that made its appearance the first of A Notable Ohinese City the year and has been continually growing in influence since then. Each THE city of Chengtu, with an esti- number contains in addition to a mated population of 600,000, is weekly sermon, a serial by Toyohiko surrounded by a great stone wall per- Kagawa, articles on Christian art and haps ten miles long whose gates are nature study, and an attractive page closed at night just as in the old days, for children. This weekly has at In two hours and twenty minutes from present a circulation of over 20,000, Yachow by bus we had covered the and se]).s in quantities at one sen a distance usually traveled in two days copy. It is largely used by workers by chair. It was evident that here in the KingdoIll of God campaign, in the far West we had found a great some Christian schools subscribing city. Within the last seven or eight for as many as 300 to 500 copies.- years every street has been paved, and The Christian Century. there are miles of wide thoroughfares, bordered by modern ,shops selling the Interview 'With Rev. Akira Ebi8awa, wares of the world besides China's silks, rice and other products. Elec- Secretary of the National Christric lights as well as petroleum lamps are in use on the same streets where "Ptian Council of Japan lights are made with reed~fiber wicks LEASE teIl me just how Chrisand vegetable oil in earthen pots. Sev- tianity, in your opinion, is supeeral daily newspapers are published in rior to other Japanese religions?" Chengtu, but reliable news from the outside world is scant. Telegraph "Principally in its dynamic power. lines run in ,several directions. The Buddhism wants you to sink away into military headquarters operate radio nothing. Shintoism is a dead ritual. stations both for receiving and send- Confucianism is a system of ethics ing messages. And now an ice fac- without any religious basis. Christory is at work. All this in a city tianity helps you to make the most ·of 1,650 miles from the ,sea-coast-more your life. Its phHosophy makes huthan a thousand miles from the near- man life worth something. It gives est railway-SOO miles from steamship an adequate motive for progress. service except in summer when motor Other religions have no one like launches come within 120 miles of the Christ." capital. "As head of the National Christian Council of Japan, do you see much hope for closer Christian harmony be- tween churches?"

"We are much enc'Ouraged. Ten de- faur teachers who had given twentynominations – the Congregationalist, five years or more of service in that Methodist, Reformed, Presbyterian, institution. One of the most hon'Ored L u the ran, Protestant Episcopal, was Mary Florence Denton, f'Or f'Orty United Brethren, Christian, Disciples, years under the American Board, who and Baptist-have agreed upon an in- in 1928 retired on the field. "A naformal basis for union, but we must tional treasure among educationalists wait for annual meetings to confirm of Kyoto," is how President Gintaro the actions taken by leaders. Our lay- Daikuhara of the Doshisha charactermen in general are in favor of the ized Miss Denton, and he added that union, but ministers are afraid 'Of un- as president of the Dashisha and a emplayment and the lass of denomina- citizen 'Of Japan he wished to express tional heritages and convictions. Our "heartfelt appreciation to the people study of the Canadian experiment of America who sent a great missianteaches us, however, that neither .of ary like Miss Denton to Japan." "I these fears is justified. Expanding wish," said Mr. Castle, "that there wark and specialization will absorb were more missianaries like Miss Denministers, and denominational empha- ton."-Missionary Herald. sis on certain beliefs may be preserved within the united churches." A Great Benefactor "What hope is there for a rapid VISCOUNT SAITO, Governor-Genspread of Christianity in Japan in the eral of Seoul, Korea, gave a farenear future?" well dinner to Dr. and Mrs. Horatio B. Newell, veteran missionaries now "We cannot hape for a mass move- in America to retire with 43 years of ment such as we have seen in India service t'O their credit. "The Rev. Dr. and China in certain periads. Our Newell," said the Seoul Press in repeaple do nat respand quickly to emo- porting the dinner, "is a great benetional appeals. University prestige factor to the Christian work of the and national traditians suppart the Empire…. He has devoted the best other religions, giving them respect- part of his life to the propagation of able standing. But when a Japane·se the Gaspel in Japan and Chosen; he is converted, he usually stands true has been in our midst 45 years and is regardless of cast. We have no 'rice laoked up to by all. We take this oc- Christians' amang our 250,000 fol- casion to express our deep gratitude lawers of Jesus. and great respect for Dr. Newell for his long devated service on behalf of "Just the same, the outlook for the the spiritual work here."-Missionary immediate future is bright. The gov- Herald. ernment has recently taken a very favorable attitude toward Christianity Christian Literature Society of Korea as a means of checking the spread 'Of Bolshevism. Even the public schools T HE Christian Literature Society of are now open to Christian influences. Korea faces the future with more Beginning next January, we are to assurance than ever before in its hiscelebrate the seventieth anniversary tory 'Of farty fruitful years. Two out- 'Of the founding of Japanese Christian standing signs of progress are apparmissions by ,starting a three-year ent. First, there is greater cooperaevangelistic campaign. The time is tion with the native churches. The now ripe for such a movement."- control of the Society is vested in a Carl Knudsen in The Congregational- board composed of representatives seist. lected by the membership, by seven mission boards and by the Presby- Ambassador Honors Miss Denton terian and Methodist native church courts. Today we have six Korean UNITED States Ambassador W. R. trustees and hope soon to elect more. Castle spake in Kyoto, Japan, at a ceremony in the Doshisha honoring

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The Society is the only such organiza- Many times I have felt like Shouting tion in Korea for the production of "Hallelujah!" when after a hard day's an adequate Christian literature, and trek in the bush, by evening time, I it has the full support of all the bodies have sat down before the camp fire, which are members of the Federal the only white man, t'Ogether with Council in Korea. black men and women, and heard the The second sign of progress is the testimony of my schoolboys, and have splendid building which is now being seen souls come out from sin into the erected under the supervision of Mr. wonderful freedom in Christ Jesus.

M. L. Swinehart, of the Southern You people at home, who never Presbyterian Mission. Last year Mr. have had the chance to see dark eyes Swinehart returned from America lighted up with the H'Oly Spirit, have after having raised about $70,000 for missed much. I have seen it many a new building for the Society. times, and it thrills me and buoys me Nothing is more important in mis- up, as nothing else can do.

sion work in Korea than to provide The newest Gospel song travels for the rising generation an adequate faster from village to village in the Christian literature. The books, jungle of Africa than the latest mur- tracts, and periodicals produced by the der case of Chicago travels through Society have been uniformly sound the States.-Rev. John E. Brastrup in and. evangelical. Thus far Korea has The Christian Advocate.

been spared the evils of strife and controversy among Christian leaders. Open Doors in Nigeria.

A With the training of tens of thousands MONG the many open doors for the Gospel in the Niger, West Africa, of students in both mission and g'OVernment schools it is the more impera- one is at Enugu Ezeke, the most tive that the new problems created northerly town in Southern Nigeria, thereby be anticipated and solved as and containing more than 40,000 in- far as possible. To this end the habitants. Yet there is no church printed page is indispensable.-W. M. within many miles. The chief has ap- Clark in The Presbyterian Sllrvey. pealed for a teacher and has under- AFRICA taken to begin building a church and An African l![issionary Speaks school at once. One 'Of the senior I FOUND some of God's good people teachers in the district is to be sent with splendid black -skin and stl'ong to ()pen up work there. Rev. H. H.

Daws, of the C. M: S., has made an sound bodies sitting down in filthy, extensive tour of this region and dirty small huts far away from civi- visited Makurdi, where the longest lization in the heart of Africa. bridge in Africa is in Course of erec- I gave them soap to shine them up tion, and held a service for Europeans -I gave them medicine to kill the -the first of its kind. Thirty-three germs. I coached them to sweep all Europeans attended, and the collec- the dirt away. without and within. I tion, amounting to £4, was put in the threw off my coat and showed them bank as the nucleus of a Makurdi how to make bricks and burn them. European Church Fund.

in order to build strong houses in the place of the small dirty huts in which Abyssinia A they used to live. I taught them to UNIQUE coronation has just taken place in the country now make straight paths, so they came to laugh at all the crooked paths they universally known through the Postal had made before. Union as Ethiopia. Ras Tafari, who What fun I have had in all the years has for years acted as Regent while I have spent in Africa, helping to the country has had a nominal Em- build for the black man a worth-while press, has been crowned king of all world! 5 the kings of Ethiopia. All the great

nations of the world sent representa- We all have been impressed afresh tives to be present at the coronation. with the wisdom of the decision to Ethiopia claims to be an uncon- continue the closely cooperative rela- querEd kingdom. It is the only nation tionship in Angola between the United in Africa, save Liberia, that has not Church of Canada and American Board.

been brought under white dominion. The Angola field now occupied by This kingdom succeHsfully resisted the the joint mission covers some 75,000 onslaughts of Mohammed and the square miles. There are seven sta- armies that followed beneath his flag. tions and one more has been decided While they conquered Egypt and all upon. This field with its population North Africa, and for a time threat- of about 2,500,000 blacks is mainly a ened to overrun the whole of Europe, high plateau 6,000 feet above sea level, Abyssinia in its impregnable fast- a relatively healthy country. It re- nesses held out against the invaders mind~ one of the Colorado and New and held fast its Christian tradi- Mexico country.

tions. These people, racially, are The Jubilee was held at Bailundo, different from all the other races of the first station occupied by the Mis- Africa; and while there has been an sion fifty years ago. The carefully intermingling on the borders of their wrought program of the Jubilee pro- kingdom, there seems to be a pure vided for ten crowded days. These in- stock in the Amharic race, which has cluded a historical pageant in »ine kept free from' intermingling with the episodes and twenty scenes; a series negroid peoples. of six conferences, two memorable ses- As Haila Salasi takes up the reins sions given over to memories of ear- of government, he should have not lier days, the rendition of the cantata only the well wishes of all the other of Esther by a chorus of 540; and a nations but, especially, the prayers of summary of the work of each station all Christians. He stands as a Chris- and of the work in Angola by chosen tian ruler, the political head of the representatives.

Coptic Church, which is the State The great throng of 12,000 or more Church of that land. He comes with made a colorful and impressive audi- much enlightenment and with wisdom, ence, intent, quickly responsive, sing- gleaned during his occupancy of the ing with enthusiasm, easily controlled, .second place in the kingdom, in the To see it disperse, streaming up the governing of the many tribes within hill after a meeting, was a never-fail- his domain. If he can be given a 'free ing attraction. To see it in a vast hand, his whole influence will be for unity was thrilling. Its size, orderli- the enlightenment of his people and ness and unity impressed aIl~visitors, the advance of civilization throughout Portuguese residents, miSSIOnaries the whole country.~R. V. Bingham in and natives alike. If the Jubilee had The Evangelica./. Chri.9tian. been planned to show Christianity's The Angola Jubilee strength in Angola, its purpose would adequately have been achieved. No THE .small group from the United one single event was more impressive States which made the long voyage than the great Sunday morning comto Angola in order to be present at munion service conducted by the rethe fiftieth anniversary of the found- cently ordained pastors in this opening of the West Central Africa Mis- air sanctuary.~Frank Knight Sanders sion to the Ovimbundu people returns in The Missiorwry Herald. with impression.s both numerous and varied. Its members certainly realize, NORTH AMERICA as never before, what it costs in blood Missionary Wild Geese J and tears, in patience, prayer and ACK MINER, in Ontario, Canada, learned to make friends of the wild pluck to found and carryon a real mission enterprise. geese which flew over his home, and

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began putting metal tags on their legs, The famous organization of Bible in order to know them when they re- worn e n w h i c h conducts classes turned. It then occurred to him that throughout the metropolitan area in- he could make them his messengers . cluding organized classes for high by stamping a Bible text on every tag. school and business girls, extension So every spring Mr. Miner catches work with boys and shop men, prac- hundreds of wild geese, and every one tical student work in homes, hospitals carries away a verse of Scripture on and jails are high points in a varied its little metal band. Many a lonely evangelistic program.

hunter or trapper who has shot a goose The Bible Institute in China at for his dinner must find the Bible Changsha, Hunan Province, is sup- message, for the geese fly into far re- ported by the Los Angeles Institute.

gions, where there are neither As this article is being written the churches nor preachers. main buildings at Changsha are oc- Los Angeles Bible Institute cupied by the Communists. In the recent sacking of that city Dr. Frank THE Bible Institute of Los Angeles Keller, Superintendent, has reported celebrates its twenty-fifth anni- that none of the Institute's personnel versary this fall. It was founded by was harmed-only the buildings occu- Lyman Stewart, founder of the Union pied. He confidently expects the Oil Company of California, in con- Communists to be driven out so that junction with'Dr. T. C. Horton, and the Institute may resume its activities represents an outgrowth of the Fish- this falL-G. L. Ferris, Director.

ermen's Club, a Bible class organized Youth Challenge to the Church in Immanuel Presbyterian Church of Los Angeles. Today its magnificent ACHALLENGE to the whole Church building, representing an investment to lend its support in the enlistof $2,500,000, stands in the very heart ment of 100,000 young men to advance of Los Angeles' great business dis- the cause of Christ was issued as the trict. It stands unique-an embodi- climax of the annual convention of the ment of a spiritual ideal, the mate- Junior Brotherhood 'of St. Andrew of rialized dream of a man who had the United States, at Oberlin College, achieved earthly success but knew that August 26 to 29. only the things which are unseen are eternal. The challenge came in the findings of the convention, the approximately There is no country in the world 400 young men in attendance issuing that has not been touched by the bless- such as an indication of their spiritual ing of Biola. It has but one foundation sincerity. They asserted their "confor all its work-the Bible; it knows fidence in the youth of our Church," no distinction of race nor creed, "save and expressed the belief that young Jesus Christ and Him crucified." Its people today generally crave a larger educational method is profoundly spiritual life. practical. Each and every student is required to practice as well as learn. As evidence of our sincerity in these matters, we challenge the whole Epis- Some conception of the variety of copal Church to an active interest in Bible Institute activities is found in and support of a movement to enlist the more than thirty separate under- 100,000 young men in the United States takings in which the executive staff in a new vision of their spiritual opporor the students share. This includes, tunities and responsibilities. We would besides the Bible Collegiate Course, be 100,000 strong for Christ! … other specialized courses, evening school for church leaders, correspond- In conclusion, we reassert our confience courses, Bible conferences, and dence in the youth of our Church; we evangelistic meetings for the churches. voice its craving for a larger spiritual life, and we pledge to the Church our whole-hearted cooperation and interest in the hope that we may be of assistance in bringing the Church to her rightful position in the nation and in the world.

With nearly 400 delegates from SChODl for colored boys and girls in forty-two dioceses of the Church in at- Alabama, and also for student mission- tendance, the session was ,said to be ary work, whereby the services 'Of the the largest outpouring of the young students 'Of bDth seminaries are uti- manhood of the Church in years.- lized. Living Church. As a result of a century's work, the Refonned Church in America Cele- Board today has a little over a million dollars invested in real estate and brates buildings 0 c cup i e d as churches, schDols, parsonages, etc.-Christian 'I"HE Board of Domestic Missions of Intelligencer. the Reformed Church in America is celebrating its first one hundred The Gospel in the Mountains of Vir- years of service in the period begin- , ning with June 1, 1930, and extending ginia to May 31, 1931. As an evidence of appreciation 'On the part of the de- AGREAT work remains to be done nomination, and in 'Order that the am'Ong the mountain people of B'Oard may continue its w'Ork, the Gen- southwestern Virginia. Back there in eral Synod has authorized it to secure the mountains are thousands who are the sum of $100,000 above the usual hungering 'for the Word. Some of contributions from the churches. them have heard a few sermons-just enough to know a little of Christ's To most readers it will be a sur- love for them and to make them hun- prise to learn that out of the 738 sepa- gry to know more. With just this rate, existing churches on the roll of little bit of knowledge 'Of the Master General Synod, 566 have at some time there are some who have such a firm, or other been aided by the B'Oard, fi- true faith and love for Him that it nancially, either at their inception or makes those of us who have had so during some period of stringency. A much more feel very humble. Then plain deduction from this fact is that there are thDse who have never heard if there had been no Board of Domes- 'Of Him, or at least never heard enough tic Missions the Reformed Church in to have Him mean anything to them. America might today be composed of only 172 churches. The figure, 566, The people are farmers and very. does not state the whole number of very poor. It is necessary for them aided churches, 'for there are scores to work very hard in order to obtain of enterprises which the B'Oard has any reward at all 'for their labors, be- aided that have fallen out 'Of the ranks cause they have only the steep hill- because of 'Obstacles of one sort or sides to cultivate and no flat fields. another. All of the people became very much Today the Board is working in six- interested in the school opened for teen states, with outstations in Can- three weeks and every day there were ada, the Virgin Isles and Mexico, and ,some older people there to visit us. is also cooperating in a movement in The children had had very little Bible the Canal Zone. Last year the Board study before we came; it seemed that aided 215 churches in varying sums, they had had none. The older people, supplementing in many cases the small too, knew little about the Bible, but salaries raised on the fields. These some were consecrated Christians. churches reported 19,145 communi- Their prayers were always most sin- cants and 22,860 scholars in the Sun- cere and they always prayed for us in day schools. From these churches a way that made us feel very un- there were added 1,736 new members, worthy 'Of the great trust that had 'Of whom 936 came on confession of been placed upon us. faith. The homes of the mountain people In addition to this church wDrk the are very different in appearance. Board is respDnsible for the Brewton Those alDng the road are small, neat frame houses which are usually

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

painted. Those back from the road- villages for vacation they take to their isolated farther back in the mountains people the songs, Bible stories and les- -are made of logs or plain, unpainted sons which they have learned in the lumber and are small. school. and many of them return at The children of these different kinds the next semester bringing friends of homes, too, are different. Those and relatives. So we feel that the ed- living along the road are more likely dying ripples of our school life are to accept new things and are not so ever widening into greater circles of shy with strangers as those back far- infiuence.-Lottie Stevenson in Wom- ther in the mountains. But all of en and Missions.

the children are real children and are not very different from other children Revivals on Indian Fields T the world over, except that they ma- HE Western Oklahoma Indian As- sociation was held this summer ture earlier.-Helen E. Pfatteicher in near Greenfield in the Arapaho coun- The Lutheran. try. Thirteen were baptized from the School Clubs in Alaska Aarapaho and Cheyenne tribes. Noth- WHEN Miss Edna R. Voss, secre- ing like this in relation to these two tary of the Division of Schools tribes has been noted within recent and Hospitals of the Board of Na- years. The influence of the Mormons tional Missions of the Presbyterian on these Indians is waning, it is re- Church, U. S. A., visited Sheldon ported. Fifty-four baptisms on the Jackson School and learned of the club Crow fields have occurred so far this program, she said, "Why have you year, the largest number that has kept so quiet about it? We have heard characterized a single year since the nothing of what you have been do- work among the Crows began more ing!" The answer to this question than 25 years ago. Ten are still was that there was a need to find out awaiting baptism. The Crow Indian whether such a program would work Ass'ociation was held at "Three Tree before beginning to write about it. Camp," twenty miles from Crow The program has worked, and Miss Agency. John White Man Runs Him, Voss wishes to tell how the plan is the son of the last survivor of the six carried out. scouts who led Custer to the Sioux The entire staff of supervisors and camp on the Little Bighorn, was the classroom teachers in the school, real- moderator.-Watchman Examiner.

izing the need of opportunities for pupils to make choices for themselves INDIA and to learn how to make use of their Missionaries Rejoice in New Indian "WE leisure time, decided that a club pro-Marriage Law gram might help to solve these prob- ARE greatly rejoiced in the lems. passage of the new Marriage At the beginning of the first period Bill for India," reports the Rev. R. F.

there were the following clubs: For Faucett, from Ballia, India. "It has boys, first aid, debating, boy scouts; changed the marriage laws so that for girls, home nursing, felt craft; girls may not marry befOre fourteen for both boys and girls, soap carving, years of age and the boys sixteen painting, school paper, and four dra- years. That is not where it ought to matic clubs. Glee, travel, girl scouts be, but it is higher than it has ever and cooking clubB have been added been before. It has raised the age since. of marriage only one year over what Notwithstanding all the problems it was before for the girl, but it has and difficulties-failures, even-the put a heavy fine and also imprisnn-· school is a happy, busy horne for ten ment for disregard of the law and months in the year for the children that is the great thing. Heretofore gathered there. When they go to their they would marry at any age, but now

there is a fixed limit below which they agricultural occupation, living in the may not go. half million villages of India.

"The fine thing about this is that In the whole of India there are but it was almost entirely the efforts of thirty-three towns that have populaenlightened Indians, Hindus and Mo- tions over 100,000. It is in these hammedans. They found great oppo- places that for the most part are sition in their efforts to make this found the educated minority. law from among the reactionaries, but it went over by the help of the women There are over a dozen principal and the progressive Indians, with the languages, to say nothing of more assistance in the last instance of the than two hundred vernacular langovernment. When the vote came it guages, and in many cases these verwon with a great majority. naculars belong to different families of speech and are entirely incompre· "This is one of the by-products of hensible to people living in different the work of missions in India. It is parts of the country. As far as Enga direct bit of legislation following lish is concerned, not more than sixthe Mother India by Miss Mayo, which teen males and two females in every stirred the people so much at the time. thousand understand it. It also made England change her law of the age of marriage to sixteen To this confusion 'Of tongues and years for the girl, by recent legisla- immensity of areas and population tion. must be added a diversity of races and religions, a diversity which leads "Not that they were having many unhappily to constant tension amI cases of marriage at that age, but it sDmetimes to violent antagonisms.- was the law that they might marry at Sir John Simon, Interdew in The New fourteen years of age up to the first York Times. of the year. "None Who Did Not Hear About "There was quite an effort on the part of some Indians to get the age Jesus" raised to eighteen years for the girl, but that would have been quite im- THE Christians of India have possible at this time. It will come in adopted the mela idea and are holdtime, as the people now feel that their ing in various parts of the country early marriages are one reason for great yearly assemblies for praise, their lack of progressiveness as a na- prayer, fellowship and spiritual retion. The things that came out in the newing. Writing of one such assemopposition fully justified the startling bly, called a Christian Jattra, a corstatements of Miss Mayo." – The respondent of the Indian Witness tells Christian Advocate. 'Of a gathering of more than 1,500 persons which lasted three days. Non- Complications of the India. Problem Christians were invited. Witnessing for Christ was the leading feature of T HERE is in some quarters a strong the gathering. The news of the temptation to pronounce opinions Jattra was widespread and there was on the future of Indian government none who did not hear abDut Jesus. on v,ery general grounds, without suf- If they fDrget all about the Jattra proficiently considering what the problem cedure at least they can remember two really is and what the difficulties are words, "Jesus-Saviour." The motto to be overcome. 'Of the Jattra is, "That we might by all means save ,some."-Missionary Link. We are dealing with a densely populated part of the earth of some 1,800,- Money Talks (l00 square miles, twenty times the area of Great Britain, and containing THE Government of India has just a fifth of the population of the whole sanctioned a grant of 152,000 world. The bulk of this population is rupees (over ,$50,000) tD be spent in illiterate and follows its traditional five years upon five boarding schools

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

in the Madura Mission 'Of the Amer- the welfare of the people of India, would ican Board of Commissioners for For- give one-hundredth of the time that miseign Missions. The Department of sionaries give to work for the benefit of Education is one of the divisions of these people, and would give one-tenth of the money which missionaries sacri- fice for the country, then these critics government which have been commit- would have some claim to speak and be ted into Indian hands. The grant, listened to with respect. All this does therefore, comes with the assent and not mean that missionaries or missions approval of Indian officIals. This sum are above criticism. It simply means is to match a similar amount that has that I have the greatest admiration for been raised in recent years from the devotion, the earnestness, and the American friends of the Mission, and intelligence of the missionaries in India. means that at each of these five cen- -Missionary Voice.

ters of work where selected boys and WESTERN ASIA 'fHE girls of promise from all the mission Protestanta in Egypt area are gathered for training, there Church in Egypt grows apace. will now be provided cottages for the There are now 20,200 communigirls, new dormitories fQr the boys, cants in the churches between Alexsick rQoms, manual training sheds and andria and the Sobat River in Sudan, kitchens, besides new schoQlhQuses; and a Protestant community of from that is, each will be furnished with . 50,000-60,000. There are 451 centers adequate and well equipped schQQ! of preaching-some of these being lo- plants. cated in private homes. Ordained min- The securing 'Of this large grant ister~ rtumber 117. In Cairo ten con- without qualification, after study of gregations have their own pastors, the plans, is particularly gratifying, and five are entirely self-supporting. as it evidences the government's con- There are 281 Sunday ,schools with fidence in a.nd appreciation of mission 23,683 pupils.-Congregationalist. schoQls and their work. It is in line with the statements of the Simon Christia.n Literature iD Persia T Commission in its epochal report, as HE report of the Intermission Lit- erature Committee of Persia for tQ the splendid service which missions have rendered to India. That the the year of its activities recently grant shQuld be made in this turbulent ended records considerable progress period indicates that the government in the provision and circulation of regards missionaries and their under- Persian Christian literature. The takings as welcome and prQfitable Committee has issued seventeen pub- forces in the land, and as having a lications during the year under re- growing opPQrtunity. – Missiona1'!J view, five of them being major books Herald. and the rest pamphlets and tracts.

Dr. Butterfield Praises Missionaries After many years of preparation and some three years of press work the D R. KENYON L. BUTTERFIELD largest publication yet attempted has has been in India for some been issued-the illustrated Persian months studying the problems of rural Bible Dictionary. The actual sales of education and preparing recommenda- books and tracts show a rapid intions for the future. He recently crease. The Committee was organized made a comment concerning the cur- in 1925, and the figures for that and rent criticism of missionaries, which succeeding years are as follows: 1925for directness and timeliness can 26, 2,500; 1926-27, 13,200; 1927-28, hardly be surpassed. As quoted by 21,700; 1928-29, 33,400; 1929-30, the review of the National Christian 47,550. Council 'Of India, he said: One of the chief distributors of this If the Europeans and Americans who literature is a Persian convert, Mancriticize the missionaries would give one- soor Sang, known as the "Christian thousandth part of the time which mis- dervish." He is believed still to be on a sionaries give to solid thinking about

tour begun a year ago, and has worked condition. Prominent among the inhis way right across northern Persia stitutions furthering this work is the in his double capacity of itinerant den- Central School for Girls in Bagdad tist and colporteur. This man has which, in addition to instructing traveled from northwest Persia south younger pupils, trains women to beto Kermanshah through Kurdistan, come teachers and to carryon the where he was in danger of death sev- educational work in the future. A eral times. From these he made his report of this school's progress is way through Hamadan to Isfahan, given by Mrs. A. B. Kjelland Kerr, Shiraz, Kerman and Yezd.-Church an American woman who organized Overseas. the normal department of the school, and who is now in this country on Our Veterans in the Near East Ca.m.- leave.

pa.ign The girls' school was organized in 1922, according to Mrs. Kerr, and in AN UNUSUALLY interesting news the first month seven girls ventured dispatch from Istanbul was printed to enroll. At the end of the year recently in the New York Times: forty were in attendance. The train- ing college, which five years ago The old guard of American mission- numbered seven students, now has an aries in Turkey is laying down its work enrollment of 100, and the course exof many years and returning home. Re- tends over a period of three years. tirements this summer in the American Board of Foreign Missions include a EUROPE number of missionaries who have worked in Turkey for almost half a century. Dutch Leader Describes Europea.n Dr. and Mrs. J. P. McNaughton, of Youth Washington, D. C., who came to Turkey in 1887, and since then have directed AT A luncheon given by the Federal missions and schools in different parts Council of Churches, Dr. Visser of Anatolia, are among those retiring. T'Hooft, a student leader of Holland, and secretary of the World Student Others are Miss Anna B. Jones, of Christian Federation, described the Greenville, Ohio, who has been here for present trend among the youth of forty years; Miss Elizabeth Webb, a European countries. woman of seventy, who has taught in Adana for forty-four years and who will Ten years ago the keynote of the now go to Beirut, Syria, to live with her youth movement in Germany and in sevsister, Miss Mary Webb, who also gave eral other European countries was free forty years of her life to mission work self-expressionism, as a protest against and who retired last year; and Miss any form of authority. Today, the Charlotte Willard, of Carleton College, thoughtful youth of Europe are aware Minnesota, who has been with the Amer- that freedom is too negative a thing to ican Mission in Merzifoun since 1897. serve as a commanding goal and they are looking for some positive and au- These veteran missionaries have had thoritative ideal to which they can dediwithin the last few years to readjust cate their lives. Nationalism, on the their mission work .to meet the seculariz- one hand, and Communism, on the other, ing orders of the new Turkish Govern- both get their strength from the absoment, which placed a taboo on religious luteness of the ideal which they set up. instruction in Turkish and foreign The Church can meet such a situation schools. only by holding up an ideal which is still more commanding and better able to All who follow the work of the elicit the loyalties of youth. American Board in Turkey know how successfully this readjustment has Unemp1oym.ent in England been made. The retirement of these veterans is not because of the new GREAT BRITAIN is spending $13 conditions, but in due course after a second, or $46,800 an hour, to notable success in a lifetime of serv- feed, clothe and house the needy memice.-Congregationalist. bers of the country's army of unem- ployed. This figure is based on the Ira.q Girl.' School THE Kingdom of Iraq is making an effort to educate its children and especially to improve their physical

19301 WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

expenditure of more than $400,000,000 land, so that when it has been pub- a year in doles. One-sixth of Eng- . lished, according to law, in each land's 12,000,000 industrial workers church, the date for the assembly can are idle. With winter approaching the be regularly fixed. Meantime, one efforts of Prime Minister J. Ramsey controversial question that seemed MacDonald's labor government to help likely to cause much debating in this the situation apparently so far have assembly has happily been put in the proved ineffective.-Watchman Exam- way of proper solution.

iner. The Roman Church of Poland, it will be remembered, claimed owner- Forced to Auctien Treasures ship of a large number of churches HARD times have hit the Lutheran in the land, and had commenced legal church at Nagyszeben, Transyl- proceedings in the matter. Both vania, Rumania, with such force, ac- parties have now agreed to refer this cording to the Hungarian Lutheran difficult matter to arbitration by con- Press Service, that it has been neces- sent, a commission being appointed sary for the congregation to offer at by the agreement of both parties to auction the historic treasures which hear and determine each case. That have been accumulated throughout the agreement should have been come several centuries. Without the sup- . to thus is a matter that reflects credit port of the state the congregation on the authorities of both churches.- finds it impossible to raise enough W. A. Wigram in The Living Church.

money privately to maintain its schools, teachers and inner mission Baptisms in Ronmania A activities. T THE annual meeting of the Among the antiques put up for sale Southern Baptist Convention in are rugs, altar paintings, bells, com- May, report was made that there had munion cups and ecclesiastical gar- been 4,925 baptisms in Roumania dur- ments richly brocaded in gold, all ing the preceding year, the largest dating back many years and highly number ever reported from a single treasured for their historic signifi- field in a year to the Foreign Board cance. Experts declared that the vest- of the denomination. In the past ten ments were made in Florence during years the number of Baptists in Rou- the fifteenth century and were brought mania has grown from 15,000 to to Nagyszeben by the Saxonians in nearly 44,000.

Transylvania who at that time main- tained active business relations with CompUlsory Edncation in ltussia northern Italy. At the time of the I T IS reported that for the first time Reformation these Roman Catholic in the history of Russia compulvestments were not put in museums S{)ry education will be introduced in as was customary in some lands, but that country this fall. All children between the ages of eight and fifteen were reserved by the church for use will be forced to go to school. Sixty on important festival days, this cus- thousand additional teachers will be tom being maintained until the close required, many of whom will be Comof the nineteenth century.

munists. Instruction will be based General Church Assembly of Poland largely on the teachings of Marx, to Meet Engels, and Lenin. Under such in- AMERICANS will be interested in struction it will not be long until all .ll. hearing that the decree for the of Russia's children will be Commu- gathering of the "General Church A.a- nists. One shudders as he thinks of sembly" of the Orthodox Church of what the results of the new "cultural Poland has been issued with the en- revolution" may have on the rest of dorsement of the president of that the world.-1Vatchman Examiner.

Religion in Germany Meanwhile, churches will continue to close, not because there is overt FRANCIS E. CLARK stated, before persecution but because the govern- his death, that Germany was carry- ment places a tax load upon them ing out his ideals for Christian En- which many cannot bear. In a cerdeavor better, possibly, than any other tain little village, the church, numbercountry. The vastness and spiritual- ing twenty families, must pay a tax ity of the Eighth World's Christian of $200 and the priest must give an Endeavor Convention recently con- additional $50 of his income of $150 cluded in Berlin lends illumination to to the government. Furthermore his its founder's statement…. Pietism children are denied access to the highstill reaches deeply into the life of er ,schools and he must purchase his Germany. The land of Spener, food dearly, as he cannot enter the Franke, and Zinzendorf is not without government stores where food is sold its modern mysticism. Most Ameri- cheaply. From the standpoint of the cans are aware of the intense increase government he is a pariah and a death of the pietistic strain in recent Ger- sentence would in many instances be many. Karl Barth and his followers kinder than the fate allotted to him. are decidedly inAuential. Theirs is no small part in arousing German cour- The new Russia is robust and vitally age to face the disillusion and general alive but, as in other instances of hisdistrust of religion, which has fol- tory, its vitality is shot through with lowed as a backwash of the World brutality, and the vengeance it takes War. This pietistic element was upon every representative and symbol thrust vividly into the foreground of of the old order must chill the ardor the World Convention.-Ewurt Ed- with which one would like to praise mund Turner in the Christian Cen- its achievements. There is justice in tury. revolutions when seen from a distant and historic perspective, but seen in Russian Persecution of Religion the immediate instance, the brutality of revolutions freezes the soul.-Rein- T HERE is no prospect of a change hold Niebuhr in The Christian Cen- in the attitude of the Russian gov- tury. ernment toward religion. It is rooted in Marxian dogmatism and on that ISLANDS rock many waves will break. The change of front toward the churches Another Bit of ROlllance last March was merely the victory of the majority group in the party SEND 500 COMPLETE GILBERTS which believes that religion will die BIBLES. STEAMER LEAVES a natural death if its revival is not SYDNEY MAY. LONDON MISencouraged through persecution, over SION, BERU, GILBERT ISLAND. the minority group which would like to kill religion at all costs. In spite What a thrill comes from ·these of official disclaimers, there is some words! They formed a radio message evidence that the world-wide protest sent on February 27 from the far against the persecution 0 f the Pacific islands and received at the churches helped to produce a change Bible House, New York, the next day. in policy. In this matter communist Heretofore, it has taken from four strategists are, as they imagine, very months to half a year for such an realistic. They are convinced that order for Scriptures to travel from they will ultimately have war with the Gilbert Islands to the Bible House. the rest of the world, but they do not Think of the romance for these islandwant it now while their industry is ers and their missionaries, hitherto just in the building and unavailable dependent for contact with the outer for military purposes, world on the call of one or, at most, two ships a year, and now in hourly

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

comunication with that outer world and amass great wealth. In the chief by radio. cities of Java, Batavia, Bandoeng and This whole matter of the Scriptures Surabaya, self – supporting Chinese in the language of the Gilbert Islands churches have been planted but wide is full of romance. When young work of Chinese evangelism through- Hiram Bingham, Jr., son of Hiram out the islands is urgent. In Borneo, Bingham, pioneer missionary to the Moslem merchants in contact with the Sandwich Islands, set sail with his Dyaks are rapidly winning them for wife in 1857, it took these pioneers, their faith and numerous villages have in a little 156-ton ship, a good part of wholly embraced Islam.-World Do- a year to reach their destination, the minion.

Gilbert Islands. There they, their be- longing·s, and the material for a house "John Wliliams v" were unloaded and left among the cannibal islanders, not a word of whose THE "John Williams V," recently language did they know I christened with coconut milk at Grangemouth when she was launched, There was peril and romance in the made a tour of the English coast bestory of the missionaries cultivating fore she sailed from London to voyage the friendship of the islanders, slowly between Samoa and the Gilbert and acquiring a speaking knowledge of the Ellice Islands for the London Missionlanguage, patiently reducing it to ary Society. Her cost has been alwritten form, carefully translating most entirely met from the contributhe Scriptures into it, obtaining a tions of the children of the Congreprinting press only to find it a puzzle, gational churches of Britain. no one knowing how to set it up, suddenly sighting a boatload of ship- . This little schooner is the fifth of wrecked sailors arriving in the harbor her name to commemorate the work after drifting and rowing weeks and of John Williams, the pioneer who miles over the ocean in a little boat was murdered on Erromanga in the searching for land, one of the sailors New Hebrides in 1839. The first proving to be a former printer and "John Williams" left London in 1844, and the fourth boat of that name, thereupon setting up the press I There was romance al·so in the long which is to be broken up, has been at and great work of the translation of work for thirty-six years.

the' whole Bible by these same pio- Another mission vessel, the "South- neers, who, in 1893, nearly forty years ern Cross," built at Newcastle in 1903, later, completed it (Mrs. Bingham is approaching the end of her career read the proof meticulously three in these waters, for she is to be re- times, and inserted 120,000 punctua- placed by two smaller boats, one based tion marks I) and saw it printed at on the Solomon Islands and the other the Bible House in New York, from on the New Hebrides in the Mela- whence this radio message now sum- nesian Mission.

mons a new shipment. Romance in- In these southern waters it is difdeed I-Bible Society Record. ficult to avoid the £10,000 a year the Dutch Ea.ot Indies average ves,sel costs to run, for other- wise missionaries would starve on the SEVENTY or eighty per cent of the meager food stuffs on the islands, with "Flock of Islands" of the Southern which these boats form the only reg- Sea which stretch from Sumatra to ular means of communication, while New Guinea belong to Holland. Islam 'On every trip they carry children and is supreme, with animism prevalent teachers going or returning to cen- everywhere, especially in Borneo, the tral schools of a higher grade than it Celebes and New Guinea. Chinese is possible to ·support on the smaller merchants control most of the trade islands.-H. W. Peet.

OK.S WORTH

E3t3l~ Any books m6'll.tioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

Praying Hyde; A Present-Day Challenge new era. Never before has the move- to Prayer. By Captain E. G. Carre. ment faced such a complex situation. 189 pp. 28 6d. Pickering & Inglis. Now, probably for the first time,the London. 'heathen' East in general, and China in particular, vigorously challenges We are glad to give early notice of the supremacy of Christendom. In this book which, next to the life of this connection one must not forget George Muller, has done more than the fact that it was Christendom that any other to emphasize the importance sought the East, and that, therefore, of intercessory prayer. This third if the bridge, which is beginning to edition contains a biography of Mr. span the civilization of East and West, Hyde of the Punjab and an account now faUs into a new and wider of his prayer life by Mr. Pengwern chasm, it will be because Christendom Jones, and his methods in personal refuses to change its ways or its work by R. M. Patterson. We also thinking." SAMVEL M. ZWEMER. have extracts from his letters and the book closes with a Challenge to Prayer. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER. Bible Landmarks in a Changing Land. By J. Mac Phail Waggett. 130 pp. $1.50. The International Aspect of the Mission- Revell. New York. 1930. ary Movement in China. By Chao- Kwang Wu, Ph.D. 285 pp. $2.50. The author gives his readers schol- Johns Hopkins Press. Baltimore. arly, and at the same time vivi~, glimpses of the Holy Land. He IS The professor of political ·science in pastor of Mount Zion Presbyterian the university at Shanghai has given Church, St. Charles, South Carolina, us an able monograph on a timely and his volume is at once a travel subject. He writes with sympathy book, a Bible study book, and an aid and insight on the legal rights of to historical perspective. Dr. Ernest missionaries; control and protection Trice Thompson, Professor of Theolof mi-ssionaries; international com- ogy in Union Theological Seminary, plications and status of missionaries, Richmond, writes a commendatory inand their political influence. Not all troduction in which he says that missionaries will agree with his con- "those who cannot go themselves will clusions, but they cannot be set aside find that the author, in an entrancing without consideraUon. The writer is style, brings Palestine to them, and of the opinion that Christianity must as they read, the stories of the Bible be stripped of its Western elements will live again before them." in order to win China. He makes a strong plea for the autonomy of the A Century of Anglo-Catholicism. By Her- Chinese Church. In regard to the bert Leslie Stewart. 404 pp. $4.75. abolition of special privileges, Dr. Wu Oxford University Press. New York.

has no misgivings, but believes the This is a fine piece of work, careful, right to propagate the Christian re- just, honest and true. The writer is ligion will depend on the goodwill of Professor of Philosophy in Dalhousie the Chinese people. His conclusion is: University. He is not an Anglican "All -signs point to the fact that the n'Or an Anglo-Catholic, but he treats missionary movement has entered a the movement with perfect fairness 876 and measures with impartial judgment English and Paul Valery of the French Academy has contributed a warmly its weakness and its strength. The appreciative preface. The scene of the main part of the book is laid in story reaches from Newman and the the author'·s ancestral home in China, and the principal character is his Tractarians to the controversy in mother. It is a charming portrayal of a beautiful family life, with its de- Parliament over the Revised Prayer voted affection, its traditional customs, its occasional perplexing problems, Book. There are fascinating studies and, when death enters the home, the pathos of genuine grief. This section of Newman, Frol1de, Gore and lnge. throbs with human interest. With- out any argum-entative attempt to do The book is a rich account of one of so, it draws the reader into closer sympathy with the real life of the the most notable religious movements Chinese people. The latter part of the book deals with the Revolution. of the last three generations and of Here the author is less happy. He tells an oft told story and with some our own. The question which it sug- bitterness of feeling.

gests for us is-How may we today The Life and Letters of Sir Harry Johns- ton. By Alex Johnston. 351 pp. iJ3.50. find a way to break up the fetters and Jonathan Cape and Harrison Smith. New York. release the spiritual forces and begin Few men of modern times have a new and fuller experience of the lived a life so filled with varied and stirring experiences as Sir Harry Gospel? ROBERT E. SPEER. Johnston. African explorer, scientific student of fauna, flora and ethnology, The Theology of Crisis. By H. Emil painter of such excellence that his pic- Brunner. 118 pp. $1.75. Scribners. tures were hung in the Royal Academy New York. in London, colonial Consul-General, Special Commissioner and colonial Karl Barth is looming large above Governor who added more territory to the horizon. of Europe's theological the British Empire than any other thought. Some have even called him man of his generation, phenomenal the greatest religious thinker since linguist who mastered not only sevthe Reformation. Next to Barth him- eral modern languages but dozens of self, the most notable exponent of his African dialects, author of forty books teaching is the author of this book, and hundreds of newspaper artIcles, Dr. Brunner, Professor of Theology fighter of numerous battles, holder of government decorations and the gold in the University of Zurich. medals of learned societies – what an This little book is designed to ex- amazing career! Swivel chair officials in the Foreign Office often hampered plain the Barthian school of thought him and kept him out of the higher to English readers, and all who desire diplomatic posts for which he was eminently qualified; but the people to know about a movement which is and the governments of other lands exerting large influence on the Con- recognized his great achievements. tinent should secure it. The author England owed much to the indefatigastresses the Calvinistic conception of ble explorer who added more territory God and salvation, the Lutheran con- to her Empire than any other man of ception of justification and the King- his generation. dom of God, and the higher criticism modernist interpretation of the New Testament–an odd combination.

A Son of China. By Sheng-Cheng. 286 pp. $3. Norton. New York.

After scores of books and hundreds of articles on the tumult and the shouting of battling war lords in China, it is a relief to enjoy this book's description of phases of Chinese life and culture of which people in other lands hear too little. The author is an educated young Chinese who wrote at the age of twenty-seven while he was studying in France.

Marvin McCord Lowes has translated it from the French into excellent

The story is graphically told by his work, a scene at the Trebeni mela and younger brother, who was his private other glimpses of life. Throughout is secretary for thirteen years and who stressed the search for truth among accompanied him on many of his these interesting people. The story eventful journeys. It is an absorb- will stir the hearts of Christians with ingly interesting narrative of a re- a desire to give the Gospel to the mul- markable man. A serious defect is titudes in unoccupied Nepal.

the absence of a map. There are fre- Who Moved the Stone ~ By Frank Moriquent references to parts of the vast son. 294 pp. $2.50. Century. New continent of Africa whose precise loca- York. 1930. tion and boundaries the average reader cannot reasonably be expected to have The resurrection of Christ is a bas- ic fact of Christianity. Without it clearly in mind. the whole structure of evangelical be- Robert Stewart Fullerton: a Memoir. By lief would collapse. "If Christ be not J. J. Lueas. 264 pp. $1.25. Christian raised, your faith is vain," St. Paul Literature Society. Allahabad, India. said. A book on this subject there- This is an account of a remarkably fore deals with a vital theme. The intElresting man who was an eye wit- author goes to the heart of it by cen- ness of the memorable events in India tering attention on the disappearance between 1850 and 1865. The author of the body of Jesus from the tomb.

is the Rev. J. J. Lucas, D.D., who, He carefully evaluates all the known after fifty-two years of devoted serv- facts in the closing days of our Lord's ice for Christ in India, is still living earthly life, the circumstances in on the field where his presence and which the empty tomb was discovered, counsel are a benediction to mission- the effect upon the disciples, their sub- aries and Indian Christians alike. The sequent transformation from despair book gives a suggestive insight into to jubilant confidence, and the tre- missionary thought and practice dur- mendous significance of the fact that ing the early days of Christian work the Christians boldly proclaimed the in India. It is particularly valuable resurrection of Christ "within a quar- for its story of the mutiny in the let- ter of an hour's walk of the place in ters of Dr. Fullerton, and for his nar- which, if their contention was false, ratives, in the years immediately the moldering remains of their great following, of the experiences of Indian leader lay," so that "the practical issue Christians who gave sacrificial witness could be settled at first hand, immedi- to their faith during that trying pe- ately, and by any number of wit- riod. The book is a real contribution nesses." The argument is developed to missionary literature in its graphic with such invincible logic that we do account of a historic tragedy and the not see how any reader can doubt the sublime devotion of the followers of glorious fact that Christ did actually Christ who suffered. rise from the dead as the New Testa- The Quest of the Nepal Border. Gordon mept declares. Laymen as well as M. Guinness. Illus. 12 mo. 120 pp. ministers will find this book helpful. 38 6d. London. 1929. Our only criticism is that the author does not definitely answer his own The acting director of the Regions question as to the identity of the one Beyond Missionary Union has the gift "who moved the stone." of picturesque and forceful writing, like others of the Guinnes8 family. The U. S. Looks At Its Churches. C. Here he describes, with vivid and heart-stirring skill, the need of the Luther Fry. 183 pp. $2.50. Instipeople on the Nepal border for Christ tute of Social and Religious Research. New York. 1930.

and His salvation. The chapters in- It is trite to say that statistics are clude striking sketches of native Chris- dry. Sometimes they are, but not the tians, descriptions of evangelistic statistics in this book, for they viv-

BOOKS WORTH READING

idly present stirring facts about the Roger Williams, Prophet and Pioneer. By position and progress of Christianity Emily Easton. 399 pp. $5.00. in America. They deal with question's Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston. that all thoughtful people are interested in: What proportion .of Ameri- Roger Williams bulks large in the cans belong to church? ToO what denominations do they belong? How struggle for religious liberty. Denied are churches geographically distributed? How rapidly are churches grow- it in the England of the seventeenth ing? Is the Sunday-school declining? To what extent are ministers aca- century, he came to the Massachusett's demically trained? What is the value .of church praperty? How much do colony, only to find that the Pilgrim churches spend? The informafion given in reply ta these questiDns is Fathers were as intolerant as the based upan a careful study of the Federal Census .of Religiaus Budies, bishops of the Church of England. and the book is issued under the auspices of an institute whase directors His insistence on the right of the beinclude Dr. Jahn R. Matt, Bishap Francis J. McConnell, Paul Manroe, liever to absolute freedom of thaught James L. Barton and .others of unquestioned standing. The baok is and worship, without interference by therefore autharitative and reliable. either church 01' state, soon brought Africa and Some World Problems. By General J. C. Smuts. 184 pp. $2.50. him into trouble. It must be admit- Oxford University Press. New York. ted that he was a man of inflexible General Smuts is, by universal acclaim, one .of the great statesmen of temper as well as strong convictions, this generatian. At the Peace Canference in Paris after the Warld War, not an easy man to get along with. .observers agreed that this South African was .one .of the three men who But a man of softer type could not shDwed the highest wisdam and the widest vision, the others being Veni- have stood against the stern uniformzelos .of Greece and Wilson of America. When such a man speaks, the ity of those pioneer days. He waged world listens. This bODk consists of six lectures that General Smuts de- a great battle for religious liberty, livered in Great Britain last year, three of them being at Oxford Uni- and he did not shrink from the perversity on the Rhodes Memorial Foundation. The subjects are Liv- secution that followed. He was a ingstone, African settlement and native, pDlicy, peace, the League, and voice in the wilderness, and his ideas democracy. They are characterized by the breadth of view, clearness of have prevailed. statement, and soundness of judgment for which the author is famDus. He The author of this book has renpays tribute to missions. "The missiDnary enterprise," he says, "with dered a large service in recounting its universal Christian message and the stary. As a biography, it is permost its vast educative and civilizing effort haps .open ta the criticism of sametimes is and remains the greatest and powerful influence for good in Africa." elaborating the frame at the expense .of the picture. It is important to place a given character in his histori- cal setting, but Miss Easton devotes the first 116 pages to conditions in England, with only incidental refer- ences to Williams, and some of the succeeding ,sections have more to say about the colonists and the Indians than about Williams. History is more prominent than biography in a CDn- siderable part of the wbroiotkin. g,Hsohwoewvienr~ it is good historical ?areful study of the sources, and mak- mg the volume a valuable contribu- tian to the literature of the seven- teenth century and the development of religious freedom.

The Great Empire of Silence. Robert Mer- rill Bartlett. 60 pp. $1.25. Boston.

These Easter meditations are based on Jesus' silence, suffering and sacri- fice. Their purpose is to strengthen faith, give fortitude and make real the glory of the life beyond. The English

is beautiful, the thought poetic, the The Evangelization of Fagan Africa. J. philosophy sound and the vision of DuPlessis. 408 pp. $6. Stechert. Jesus is refreshing. It is an excellent New York. gift book for the Easter season. Eyes in the Dark. Zenobia Bird. 226 M. T. SHELFORD. pp. $1.50. Revell. New York.

African Horizons. By John Cudahy. David Elliot. E. Everett Green. 190 pp. 159 pp. $3.00. Duffield. New York. 80c. Pickering & Inglis. London. This is a volume to delight the lover The Coming lteligion. Nathaniel Schmidt. of the African wilderness and its big 262 pp. $2.25. Macmillan. New game. The author is a well-known York. business man of Milwaukee who has had a varied experience as a soldier, The Korean Church and the Nevius explorer and author. He went to Methods. Charles Allen Clark. 278 Africa as a member of the Massee- pp. $2.50. Revell. New York. Milwaukee Public Museum Expedition to collect specimens and photographs. Henry Martyn of Persia. Jessie Page. The party had some thrilling adven- 179 pp. 80c. Pickering & Inglis. tures with lions, rhinoceros and ele- London. phants which Mr. Cudahy describes in racy English. The volume is superbly Prayer. W. E. Orchard. 135 pp. $1.25. illustrated with drawings by H. B. Harpers. New York. Rowntree and photographs by the author, and the publishers have given The Sarcophagus of an Ancient Civilizait attractive binding and letterpress. tion. George L. Robinson. 495 pp. $7.50. Macmillan. New York. BRIEF MENTION Ten Thousand Miles With a Dog Sled. Two books for the devotional use of Hudson Stuck. 420 pp. $4. Scribthe Bible are The Bible In My Every- ners. New York. day Life, by Eugene Franklin Reese, (432 pp., $2.85, The System Bible Co., Tales of India. Various authors. 62 pp. Chicago), and Daily Bible Memory 18. Church Missionary Society. Lon- Verses, by Gertrude Wales, (52 pp., don. 75c, Revell, New York). The former groups Scripture passages under ap- Toni of Grand Isle. Nelia Gardner White. propriate headings so that the reader 300 pp. $2. Penn Pub. Co. Philafinds the inspired teachings conven- delphia. iently assembled for practical guidance. Prof. A. T. Robertson, D.D., in The Inspiration and Accuracy of the Holy an. introduction writes of the helpful- Scriptures. John Urquhart. 439 pp. ness of the book in strengthening faith 58. Pickering and Inglis. London. and helping in times of trial and 1930. temptation. The latter book is of pocket size, giving daily verses for International Aspect of the Missionary memorizing, arranged topically for 52 Movement in China. Chao-Kwang Wu. weeks. Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, the 285 pp. $2.50. Johns Hopkins Press. well-known Chairman of the Central Baltimore. 1930. Committee on United Study of Foreign Missions, highly recommends it A Madcap Family. Amy Le Feuvre. 270 in an introduction. pp. 28. 6d. Pickering & Inglis. Lon- don. 1930. NEW BOOKS Mystiok Oder Versohnung. Dr. Karl Industrial Village Churches. Edmund Heims and Kokichi KuroSaki. Furche deS. Brunner. 193 pp. $1.50. In- Pub. House. Berlin. 1930. stitute of Social and Religious Re- search. New York. D. L. Moody. W. R. Moody. 556 pp. $3.50. Macmillan. New York. 1930.

Praying Hyde. E. G. Carre. 189 pp. 28. 6d. Pickering & Inglis. London.

ltoger Williams. Emily Easton. 399 pp. $5. Houghton Mifflin. New York.

Who Moved the Stone. Frank Morison. 294 pp. $2.50. Century. New York.

Nature and lteligion. Charles H. Tyn- dall. 275 pp. $2. Revell. New York.

Between the Desert and the Sea. I. Lilias Trotter. 63 pp. 68.

Bible Landmarks in a Changing World. J. MacPhail Waggett. 130 pp.

Ursula. L. A. Barter-Snow. 320 pp. 28. 6d. Pickering & Inglis. London.

The World's Best Religious Quotations. James Gilchrist Lawson. 192 pp. $2. Revell. New York.

The Missionary Review of the World — June 1919

XLII NUMBER

JUNE, i919 THE VALUE OF INOUSTRIAL TRAINING J. DU PLESSIS MEN AND MINERALS IN KATANGA JOHN M. SPRINGER THE PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL IN AFRICA SIR HARRY JOHNSTONE AN ADVANCED PROGRAM FOR MEXICO'

SAMUEL .GUY INMAN SOME EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON AFRICA JAMES DEXTER TAYLOR THE CHURCH AND THE INDUSTRIAL SITUATION'

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HARTFORD ~orbon jiible (!College W. Douglas Mackenzie President SCHOOLOFTBEOLOGY 'Theological Seminary SCHOOL OF MISSIONS – Dean, M. W. Jacobus THEOLOGICAL, Missionary, Religious-Educational College School of Religious Pedagogy course of 4 years. Graduate School Dean, E. H. Knight of Theology, 3-year course. Col- Kennedy School of Missions legiate and advanced degrees. Two • year collegiate training course. In- Secretary, E. W. Capen terdenominational. A power-house Through these associated schools Hartford of evangelistic spirit, a School of -offers full training for: Prayer, with university standards I. The Clu"lstiu miDistry. of scholarship. N otahle faculty and 2. The whale field of religions edncation. 3. The foru'gn field. student body. New and beautiful fireproof buildings, with dormi- Each school has its independent faculty and its own institutional life, and together tories. Organized religious work. they form one interdenominational ins!i!Dtion Self-support. For catalog and corwith the unity of common aim and SPlnt. ; respondence, address NATHAN R. WOOD, President Gordon Bible College Boston, Mass..

Please mention TH:E: MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE; WORLD in writing to advertisers THE MISSIONARY Review of the World DELAVAN L. PIERSON. EJiior.

CONTENTS FOR JUNE. 1919 FRONTISPIECE-SCllNllS IN 'I'Hll KORllAN INDllPllNDllNCll MOVEMllN'l'

SIGNS OF THE TIMES . • 401 THll LllAGuJt OJ! NA'l'IONS THll LItAGUit OJ! DENOMINA'l'IONS STRUGGLJt YOR LIBllR'l'Y IN KORllA SHALL CHRlS'l'IANS IN'l'1lRVJtNJt IN RUSSIA?

JESUS CHRIST ALL IN ALL. A Bible Study . . By SAMUEL M. ZWllMllR 409 THE VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING IN MISSIONS By J. DU PUSSI! 411 An illuminating paper giving reasons for emphasis on industrial training among primitive peoples. Illustrated with photographs.

MEN AND MINERALS IN KATANGA . By JOHN M. SPRINGllR 421 The great need and opportunity in the mineral fields of South Africa, a place where men are ruined or rescued. Illustrated with photographs.

PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL IN AFRICA . . By SIR HARRY JOHNS'l'ONit 426 The former governor of British East Africa, an authority on the subject, shows the effect of alcohol on the native races of Africa and the steps toward prohibition.

AN ADVANCED PROGRAM FOR MEXICO. By SAMUllL GUY INMAN 431 A full account of the new program whereby the territory in Mexico is to be divided for missionary work among variof'-S denominations. With map.

SOME EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON AFRICA By JAMES DllXTllR TAYLOR 439 The far reaching effects of the defeat of Germany are clearly shown in re- lation to missions in German colonies.

THE CHURCH AND THE INDUSTRIAL SITUATION By CHARLES A. BROOKS 447 One of the secretaries of the Baptist Home Mission Society shows the in- creased responsibility of the Church in view of the large industrial centers that have developed during the past few years.

BEST METHODS DEPARTMENT . . Edited by MRS. E. C. CRONK 453 WORKING BY PROXY WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN Edited by MRS. WM. H. FARMllR 459 CHRISTIAN LI'l'llRA'l'URll YOR MISSION FIllLDS NEWS FROM MANY LANDS • 464 THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY . 479 TERMS: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of five.) Foreign postage, 50 cents. Single copies 25 cents. Published Monthly. Copyrighted, 1919, by Missionary Review Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Entered as second class matter at the postoffice at Cooperstown, N. Y, under the Act of March 3, 1879.

MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBUSHING COMPANY, Inc.

PUBLICATION OFFICE:. EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE:. COOPERSTOWN. N. Y. 1S6 FIFTH AVE.• NEW YORK CITY.

RoBItR~ E. Spl!JlR, President D1lLJtVAN L. PIltRSON, Secretory FRANK L. BROWN, Vice-President WAL'l'llR McDOUGALL, Treasurer NATIONAL PROSPERITY DR. ARTHUR JUDSON BROWN BRINGS GREATER RESPONSIBILITY Secretary of the Presbyterian Board for Foreign Missions, devotes 11 chapters in Some VI CP""U"R"'PWOISTEH' With his new book NEW Books Fresh The Mastery of the Far East Statements to the place of Christian missions among the rcconstructh e forces in the Far East, pur- The Business Man tkul'lrly in Korea. He also discusses briland His "Overflow" {81Ml1~ liantly tJ,e political, economic and social phases of the F8.r Eastern situation. WIUIAM E. SWEET MAN 671 pp., map, illustrated, $6.00 A successful business man's prc:o;cnta- APilgrim In Palestine tion of how t.o spend the mur:;in of ono's By JOHN FINLEY =:i:c f~~ :~~rJYp~~r~~,.ivitieCJo;hI,I~J! CommiS8ioner of Education of the Slate of New York Christianity's Unifying Fundamental THOUGHT~1;~ Dr. Finley, long a close student of the HENRY F. WARING LAYMEN Holy r.and, was an ideal choice for Red Cross Comrrissioner to Palestine. He de.cribes Deven)s the realil.y of Christ-and points bere !-is night on the Mount of Olives, h;s journeys on foot from Beersheba to Dan, from the way to the acceptance of that real- Jaffa to Jericho and in many of the "byity in the fullest measure. Clolh~ $l,Z5 paths" to historic places. Illustrated, $2.00 Hearth and Altar FOR THE I[~CHARLES SCRIBNERs SONS OSCAR L. JOSEPH HOME ~FlFTIl AVE.AT48~ST. NEWYORK A five minnIe family devotional sf"A'vice is huilt around a themo for each of thirteen weelu., of great value individually and sociany~ Cloth, $1.2:5 Heroes FOR BOYS HUGH A. MORAN AND PARENTS Twelve ~rentlivf'-s are studied ill n way which Jlelps a hero-Joving hoy to apply the principles of Christiunliving 10 his own life. Cloth, 7St At your Book Store or frOnl us I I lVl'ile for Folder: Ilcconslrucl ion Books ASSOCIATION PRESS YOU CAN STAY AT HOME Publication Department and International Committee, Y .11. C. A. PREACH THE GOSPEL TO 347 MADISON AVENUE – NEW YORK MOHAMMEDANS – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – .__ . – – – – – – – – – – – – through One of the aims of our advertising depart- The American Christian Literature ment is to be helpful to those of Society for Moslems OUR READERS (Incorporated in 191$) who are seeking infonnation about articles they wish to purchase whether found in This Society is Interdenominational our advertising columns or not. We will Committees of Missionaries Cooperate' on gladly answer your inquiries and endeavor to fulfil your requirem..nts by putting you the Fields in touch with responsible business houses. .The Literature is Adapted to Moslems OUR ADVERTISERS The Messages are Thoroughly Evangelical The Tracts are Printed Attractively are deserving of your patronage. We be- They go where no Missionaries are allowed speak for them your consideration. They can be read in secret and rt'peatedly Business Department Many Moslems have been converted through Tracts. Missionary Review Pub. Co. Inc. Will you help give Moslems the Gospel? 156 Fifth Avenue New York City Write fOl' information as to membership, needs, sample tracts, meetings of auxiliaries, etc., to MRS. JAMES MONTGOMERY, Secretary Box 888, New York City OTHER OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY Rev. Samuel M. Zwemer, D. D., of Cairo, Pr(;sident Dr. Robert E. Speer of New York, Vi~e President Delavan L. Pierson of New York, Vice President Dr. James L. Barton Mrs. Wm. Rordru Dr. Frank Mason Nort.h Mrs. Wm. B. Hill Mr. Fermdl P. Turner Miss Anna 1.. Dawes Dr. Charles H. Tyndall Mrs. Fillh,y J. Shepard Dr. Charles R. Watson Mrs. D. L. Pierson SEND GUTS TO Mrs. E. E. Olcott 322 West 75th St., New York, Treasurer Please mention THlt MISS]ONARY Rtvn:w ot" 'tHlC WORLD in writing to advertisers 1919 Missionary Conferences and Conventions Woman's Summer Schools of Missions JUNE 2- 7-0klahoma City, Okla., Mrs. H. S. Gilliam, 2244 W. 13th St., Oklahoma City. 2- 7–St. Paul, Minn., Mrs. W. B. Smith, 1044 Marshall Avp., St. Paul, Minn. 2- 7-Los Angeles, Cal., Mrs. E. Y. Van Meter, 4972 Pasadena Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. 19-26-Winona Lake, Ind., Mrs. C. E. Vickers, 312 N. Elmwood St., Oak Park, Ill.

26-July 3-Lake Geneva, Wis., Mrs. C. E. Vickers, 312 N. Ehnwood St., Oak Park, Ill. JULY 1- 8-Northfield, Mass. (Home Missions), Mrs. Tabor Knox, Warwick, New York.

5-12-Mt. Hennon, Cal., Mrs. H. A. Johnson, 2848 Derby St., Berkeley, Cal. 9-17-Northfield, Mass. (Foreign Missions), Miss Helen Calder, 704 Congregational House, Boston, Mass. 17-23-Bay View, Mich., Miss Carrie Barge, Delaware, Ohio. 19-27-Tarkio, Mo., Mrs. E. C. Little, Tarkio, Mo. 2(}-26-Lakeside, Ohio, Mrs. John Mitchell, Lakeside, Ohio. 3(}-Aug. 8-Wooster, Ohio, Mrs. Smith Comley, 57 S. Champion Ave., Columbus, Ohio. AUG. 1- 8-Mt. Lake Park, Md., Miss Susan C. Lodge, 1720 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. 9-17-New Wihnington, Pa., Miss Anna Milligan, 200 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. . 24-3O-Chautauqua, New York, Mrs. T. E. Adams, 2033 E. 88th St., Cleveland, Ohio. SEPT. 21-27-DalIas, Texas, Mrs. L. P. Smith,33l9 Drexel Drive, Dallas, Tex. Dates not known-Boulder, Colo., Mrs. B. D. Wilson, 1400 Detroit St., Denver, Colo.

-Chambersberg, Pa., Miss Mary Peacock, Torresdale, Pa. -Denton, Tex., Mrs. F. B. Carroll, Denton, Tex. -Monmouth, III., Mrs. T. H. McMichael, Monmouth, Ill. –Sterling, Kans., Mrs. J. W. Duff, Sterling, Kans.

Interchurch World Movement Conferences (Formerly Under the Auspices of the Missionary Education Movement) JUNE 24-July 3-Blue Ridge, N. C., Rev. E. C. Cronk, 124 E. 28th St. New York City. JULY 4-13-Silver Bay, New York, Rev. E. C. Cronk, 124 E. 28th St., New York City.

11-2o-Estes Park, Colo., Dr. William J. Minchin, 415 Temple Court Bldg., Denver, Col. 15-24-Asilomar, Cal., Rev. J. C.Worley, 1I01 Wright & Callen dar Bldg., Los AngeJes, Cal. 18-27-0cean Park, Me., Rev. J. P. Broadhead, 53 Mt. Vernon St., Boston, Ma5s. 25-Aug. 3-Lake Geneva, Wis., Dr. Reuben L. Breed, 19 S. La Salle St., Chicago, Ill. 3(}-Aug. 8-Seabeck, Wash., Rev. John H. Matthj!ws, Sixth and University Sts., Seattle, Wash.

Canadian JUNE 3(}-July 7,…….Whitby, Ontano, Rev. H. C. Priest, 538 Confederation Life Bldg. Toronto. JULY 1(}-17-Knowlton, Quebec, Rev. H. C. Priest 538 Confederation Life Bldg., Toronto.

22-29-WolfviIIe, Nova Scotia, Rev. H. C. Priest, 538 Confederation Life Bldg., Toronto.

Miscellaneous JUNE 24-29-China Inland Mission Conference, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, 507 Church St., Toronto.

JULY 8-13–Summer School of Missions, Oxford, Pa., Rev. C. S. Cleland, 802 N. 17th St., Philadelphia, Pa.

13-2I-SOuthern Presbyterian Conference, Montreat, North Carolina, Mrs. W. C. Wins- borough, 520 Dehnar Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.

16–27-United Evangelical Conference, Baltimore, Ohio, ReV. H. V. Summers, 1410 Wesley Ave., Columbus, Ohio.

2(}-26-Methodist Mis!.ionary Conference, Lakeside, Ohio. 23-Aug. 6-Southern Methodist Conference, Lake Junaluska, N. C., John W. Shack- ford, 810 Broadway, Nashville, Tenn. 28-Aug. 3-Methodist Missionary Conference, Ocean Grove. N. J., Mrs. Wm. R. Blackie, 239 E. 237th St., New York City. AUG. 1(}-I4–8ummer School of Missions, Xenia, Ohio, Mrs. Joseph Kyle, Xenia, Ohio. Pr..sbyterian Young People's Conferences, Rev. Wm. Ralph Hall, Witherspoon Bldg., Phila- delphia, Pa. Reformed Church Conferences, Rev. John H. Poorman, 15th & Race Sts.; Philadelphia, Pa. Canadian Conferences, Rev. F. C. Stephenson, M.D., 299 Queen St., West, 'toronto. Christian and Missionary Alliance Conference~, Rev. R. H. Glover, M. D., 690 Eighth Ave., New York City.

Please mention THlC MISSIONARY REVIEW o:t 'tHE WORLD in writing to advertisers

" For my sermons, I

the large, bold type. EDITORIAL"AND BUSINESS CHAT Then by "Just turning the knob" t~e .~ GERMAN MISSIONARIES IN t'f~e' 8 'ua.a.v. "to,. …. CHINA )~"~a.. oo,.,..avo~a..~oe. Some misSIOnaries in China object very strongly to the action of the Al- ~y Sund4Y School set'c8$. lies in compelling the Chinese Government to expel two hundred German "Many Typewriters In One" Protestant missionaries from the Republic. At the request of a number "l!B Would ~ou like to know wlw the of missionaries from other countries, the Government exempted these Ger- ~tlP~",,~…am.,j°;~:J.r W~ul:n man missionaries from deportation, but is now compelled to reverse the you in 'our words: decision. The churches, schools, and hospitals of these German nlissions Because of iu yer. .tlllty! aries must be closed and thousands of young Chinese Christians left unshep- The Multiplex Hammond does everyherded, unless other Protestant mis- thing any other typewriter wUl do, sionaries can assume responsibility for and Iwlid••, U yon "Just turn the the work. The Chiinese connected knob" you can change from ODe style with the German missions have beg- of $ype, or from one langcage. to anged that their pastors might remain, other. Note the ahove speclmeu but their appeals have been unavail- (slightly redueed) all Vlril"" 0" IA. ing. The missionaries of Allied SAMB tnachin•• countries do not desire the enforcement of this decree, but the Allied No Other Typewriter Can Do Thi. governments demand it. No matter IDh. American Motherhood you "ret what 70U For Every Home in the Land are. or whaTe you are. the Multiplex Reco,nized Authority on HammODd Is the writID g maehlne The MOTHER for YOU. Mall The CHILD and The HOME ~~e':, i~':f'::~ for $1.25 per Year Also a PORTABLE Model With MI..lonary Review, $3.15 Full capacity. Weight about 11 POUDds. Ask Cor special Colder. Mailed Cree. THE ARTHUR H. CRIST CO. Inquire abQut apecial terms to Cooperstown, N. Y. p r o f• •s i o n a l a ____________Free Folder____________• THE HAMMOND TYPEWRITER CO. 577 Eaat 69th St •• New York City. Please send tree Folder to: Name________________________ ____________________ Ad~I OCCUpatJOD _______________ Please mention THJt. MISSIONARY R~VI~W OJ? THlt WORLD in writing to advertisers fACTS WORTH QUOTJING For the industrial training of the native some forty schools, all in receipt of government aid, have been established in connection with missionary societies in various parts of South Africa. The ag'gregate enrollment in these institutions in 1914 was 1800 pupils. (See page 420.) Civilization has overtaken the A fricon, increasing his wants, multiplying his expenses and thus compelling him to labor. If he is to survive, it is clear that he must develop new methods and new habits of industry. (See page 414.) Africa, equally with the Balkans, has been the powder magazine of the world. War clouds have hung over Europe more than once because of what European govern- ments were doing in Africa. In Africa are not only the possible spoils of war, but a great opportunity for an experiment in international government. (See page 435.) The full meaning of democracy has not penetrated the mind of the pagan African, nor does he understand the ideals of the League of Nations, but the war has created a psychological atmosphere for missionary work The native is coming ·to recognize education as the basis of the white man's power, and the place where that education is accessible is the mission station. (See page 437.) Mohammedanism has suffered less and benefited more by the war than has Christianity. Christian propaganda centers in schools and mission stations, which in many in- .stances have been closed during the war; while the Mohammedan propaganda cen- tCC"S in the trader, who can qnickly resume his travels on the caravan routes. (See page 439.) The native Africa!, Church has shown the faith and endurance that prove its capacity for a large place in the reconstruction plans of the missionary enterprise. In spite of suffering and persecution, progress toward ·self-suport has been steadily made. Everywhere the native Christian has seized the opportunity of carrying the gospel to other tribes, and as a steadying influence in' the overseas labor corps, he won high praise. (See page 44l.) Each of the eight Boards cooperating in the new program for Mexico will develop an agricultural and mechanical coJlege, strategically located, all of which will be under the supervision of one general secretary, vho will coordinate these schools and endeavor to cooperate with the government and people in a solution of the land problems. (See page 43l.) Seven churches have grown alit of the Presbyterian Chnrch at Elat, West Africa, yet the present membership is over 4000. At an average communion service recently 55 babies and 225 adults were baptized, and 300 persons examined for membership. (See page 464.) A Hindu political leader of prominence reads the New Testament every day, and asserts that the best of all religions is found in the Christian faith which, he says, should be interpreted for India in the light of Hindu metaphysics, rather than Jewish. (See page 470.) A survey of Mexico in 1914 disclosed the fact one city of 35000 had three strong mis- sion normal schools, while another whole state with a million population had not a single evang'e1ica! school. The fads revealed in this survey have brought about a redistribution of territory for missionary work. (See page 431.) In 1800 eighty per cent of the people in America culti"ated the soil. Today only twenty- four per cent are farmers. There arc seventeen great cities in the United States, each of which is larger than any aile of our ten smallest states, yet our ability to create satisfactory social conditions has not kept pace with this changed industrial situa- tion. (See page 447.) N at in vain have the mission schools throughout the world been sending out graduates by the thousand year by year. In India not less than a million new literates are being produced each year, and the governme!it of Japan has seen to it that the people are being taught to read. Literacy among women is growing in the Far East. Must we not send Christian literature to satisfy this thirst for knowledge? (See" page 460.)

~C7 Shall Christians Intervene in Russia?

.. . . . . . . .w '…. LI A MAP OF THE CONTENTS . ..

OUR YEW OF THE WOIUJ) Industrial Training in Missions IN THIS NUMBEI LEADINC AR11a.t.S AND mrrOlUAI::.S AU. INDICATEJ) ItT T1TLE5 THE NUMBER OF NEWS ~ ON EACH COUNTRY IIINDlCAnD BY AItABIC JlUMEltALS

VIII

THE JAPANESE GUARD IN SEOUL, KOREA 'l'hese soldiers kept streets clear arid endeavored to keep Korean shops open A KOREAN CROWD OF NON-RF,SIS'l'ING DI,MONSTRATORS Such peaceful crowds as this were beaten, bayonetted and shot by the Jap3nese SCENES IN THE KOREAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

MISSIONARY

EVIEW'

VOL J U N E , 1 9 19 NUMBBB SIX XLII THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS I T seems incomprehensible that nineteen centuries can have passed since the coming of Christ into the world and that men have not yet learned a better way to settle disputes than by recourse to arms. The recent war, with its fabulous expenditure of life, money and other resources, has brought about a general desire on the part of civilized nations for the settlement of questions by an appeal to reason and justice rather than by an appeal to force. Militarism has been weighed in the balances and has been found wanting. It will take decades for the world to recover from the results of the recent world war.

Is right to be substituted for physical might as a basis for peace T The need is unquestioned. Disputes and disagreements are certain to arise. Nations desire to expand and to prosper commercially. Primitive peoples are unfit to- govern themselves and yet are unwilling to be under the domination of a foreign power. Some nations are still only partly civilized or have differing ethical standards so that they cannot agree among themselves or with more enlightened nations. Japan desires Korea and takes the peninsula by force rather than have it in possess,ion of her rival, Russia. She seeks Shantung and Manchuria for expansion, and plans to secure the territory,regardless of China's rights. Italy wants Fiume and the Dalmatian Coast, and withdraws from the Peace Conference to enforce her demands. Belgium is dissatisfied with the indemnity awards. Russia, Central Europe and the Balkans are still in turmoil. Egyptians, Arabians, Syrians, Indians and Africans are making their demands and threaten trouble, if they are kept in subjection to European powers. The Philippines demand independence. Ireland struggles to be free from British control. Mexico is still a hot bed of insurrection, and 401

many other states of Latin America are continually on the verge of border warfare or internal revolution. What is to be done to preserve peace ~ The League of Nations is man's answer. It is expected that this League will be adopted. by the Peace Conference .before this number reaches our subscribers, and that it will be adopted by the Allied nations soon afterward. The Covenant provides that the thir- ty-two signatories to the Treaty of Peace, the thirteen other nations invited to become charter members, and such others as are later admitted by a two-thirds vote may become members of the League.

The Council is to consist of representatives of the United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan, together with four other members elected from the Assembly which· includes representatives of all the members of the League. Geneva, Switzerland, has been selected as the first seat of the League and Sir James Eric Drummond is the first General Secretary.

No present decision has been reached as to the limitation of armaments, although the wisdom of such limitation is acknowl- edged. Any war or threat of war is considered a matter of con- cern to the League. Disputes between members likely to lead to a rupture are to be first submitted to the League for arbitration and no nation will resort to war until three·months after the re- port by the Council or the award by the arbitrators. A disregard of the covenants Of the League is to be punished by expulsion and "boycotting" the offending nation, and by such forcible means as may be deemed wise.

The German Colonies and Turkish territory that have ceaied to be under control of these nations and are not quite ready for self- government are to be entrusted to more advanced nations as "big brothers" to be trained for self-government. Freedom of conscience and religion is guaranteed in these colonies, but not to such peoples as are now denied them. There is also a provision for prohibition of the liquor traffic and fire arms in Africa.

As to social and economic conditions the members of the League agree to endeavor to secure and maintain fair and humane conditioJlf'

of labor for men, women and children in all countries, the just treatment of natives, the execution of agreements with regard to traffic in women and children, in opium and other dangerous drugs and for the international control and prevention of disease. This docnment is good so far as it goes, but it utterly disregards the unchanged character of human nature. W orId policies and ideals must be revolutionized; and selfishness, national and individual, mnst be uprooted before idealism can be established. The work of Chris- tian missionaries has made possible the progress already attained.

Their courage, their service as pioneocs of civilization, their unselfishness, their teaching of Christian truth and their idealism

19191 SIGNS OF THE TIMES

have raised the peoples of the world to a point where they catch a glimpse of a better way. The principles of brotherhood, of righteousness and of stewardship, expressed in th·e covenants of the League, are the results of Christian teaching.

But there is still much to be learned. Internal troubles may still be settled by. force of arms. Religious liberty may still be deni~d, injustice may still prevail in industry, laws may be disregarded, politics may be corrupt, men and women may be weaklings and hypocrites in spite of the most ideal League. Stability and harmony are based on mutual confidt'nce in each others integrity and unselfishness. Character is the basis of such confidence and the only bedrock of character is Jesus Christ. Not Democracy but Theocracy is the world's hope. The Reign of Jesus Christ is the only reign that will bring Peace.

THE LEAGUE OF DENOMINATIONS I T seems appropriate that with the establishment of a League of Nations, there should also come a League of Denominations in the Interchurch World Movement. Both are intended to promote world wide peace, better understanding between men and greater efficiency and progress. But while the League of Nations is based on international laws and is to hold governments in check, the. League of Denominations is based on loyalty to Jesus Christ and is intendrd to promote His Kingdom on earth. The one is international, designed ultimately to include all civilized nations; the other is inter-denominational, intended to include all evangelical churches in North America.

As there is need for a League of Nations to put an end to international jealousies and conflicts, so there is need of an Interchurch World Movement to put an end to denominational rivalries and to bring about closer cooperation among the followers of Christ in their battIe against ignorance and evil. The Church of Christ should move like one mighty army against the strongholds of Satan. Instead of that, each sect has too often been making its own plans of campaign as though it alone were carrying out our Lord's Great Commission. Over one hundred and fifty Christian sects and sub-sects are listed in North America. These include seventeen Baptist bodies, fifteen evangelistic associations, twentytwo Lutheran bodies, seventeen Methodist and fourteen Presbyterian and Reformed bodies. Some sects bear such distinctive titles as "Duck River Baptists," "Two-seed-in-the-Spirit Baptists," "Church of God as Organized by Christ," "Non-sectarian Church of Bible Faith," "Church of Daniel's Band," etc.

There is undoubtedly good reason for the division of Christians

into various· households and societies in order that each may find opportunity for the expression of his or her individuality. As long as men differ in taste and personality, in interpretation and ap- plication of truth, there will be reason for differences in modes of worship, in forms of government and in minor matters of belief and methods of service. But there should be union in loyalty to the Great Hrad of the Church and unity, without jealous rivalry 01'

misunderstanding, in the conduct of Christ's campaign at home and abroad.

Considerable progrf'SS has bern made in interchurch plans of coopcration. A meeting of representatives of Protestant churches in North America was held in Cleveland, April 30th and May 1st, to consider the plans of the Interchurch World Movement and to give opportuni'ty for presentation and open discussion as to the ideals and program of the movement for America and the world.

About five hundred delf'gates were present from twenty-eight de- nominations. Of these, fifty-five were officers of Home Mission Boards, sixty of Foreign Mission Boards, seventy-six of Women's Boards and seventy-two officers and mfmbers of other Boards. Of the- denominations the Methodists were most conspicuous, with 131 delegates; the DiscipleS' sent 76 delegates, the Baptists (north) 51, the Congregationalists 46, the Presbyterians (north) 42 and the Reformed Church in the United States 28. It was noticeable that the Southern Baptists ,vere entirely absent, and many other evangelical bodies were unrepresented, or had few and silent mem- a bers in attendance. A more even distribution of representation. and larger number of pastors and laymen is desirable.

The Cleveland presentation of the plans and ideals was mas- terly and inspiring, but there .was not sufficient opportunity for open discussion of the problems involved. Dr. S. Earl Taylor, the Executive Secretary of the Movempnt and the General Secre- tary of the Methodist Centenary, presided ably at the sessions or the Conference. The various departments of the Movement were presented by the temporary or permanent secretaries of each de- partment.

One could scarcely fail to be convinced of the value of the united surveys, of cDoperation in the presentation of the- needs to the churches, and of a clearing house to decide what work is mosineeded and which organization is best fitted to as- sume the responsibility for it.

There are great possibilities in such a movpment and grave dangers which should be foreseen and avoided. Of these we will speak later. A committee of twC'nty-two was appointed to report the" Findings" of the conference. This report expressed approval of the cooperative effort of churches to study and supply the need of the world for the Gospel of Christ. The report stated:

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

"that the Interchurch vVorld Movement is a cooperative effort of the missionary, educational and other benevolent agencies of the Evangelical Churches of the United States and Canada, to serve unitedly their common present tasks, and simultaneously and together secure the necessary resources of men and women and power required for these tasks; that it is a spiritual undertaking of survey, education and inspiration, that it is an instrumentality of cooperation and coordinatIOn of administrative agencies and designed to serve, not to supplant them. We affirm our definite understanding that this is not an eccleciastical movement nor an effort to organic union. It will not disturb or interfere with the administration of any Church or Board. Neither will it undertake to administer or to expend * funds for any purpose beyond its own proper administrative expenses.

It has a definite and temporary mission. It will not interfere with or conflict with other denominational agencies."

Every Christian will welcome all signs of unity among the f01: lowers of Christ, indicating greater loyalty to Him, greater emphasis on the fundamentals of faith and greater earnestness in the cooperative effort to win men to yield their allegiance to Jesus Christ as the Son of God and the only Saviour of mankind.

THE STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY IN KOREA T HE evils of 11 military regime are SGen in Japan and Korea as they have been brought to light in Europe. The army and navy of Japan exert autocratic control, and the military rule has brought about evils which the Koreans have found to be uubearable. The Japanese people and even the Japanese Diet have not been responsible for these conditions nor have they _been cognizant of many of the methods employed by the authorities to Japanize the Koreans.

Naturally the Koreans desire independence, since their country was annexed without war or grievance of any kind and without their consent. It may not be advisable or possible to yield to the wish of the Koreans at this time, since they are still a weak and untrained child race. But there is reason to demand that they and their land shall not be exploited by the Japanese, and that they shall not be unjustly treated by their rulers. Here is an opportunity for Japan to show herself an unselfish steward by governing the Koreans for the benefit of the Koreans and of the world at large.

Christian missionaries are responsible for the awakening _of the Koreans in intelligence and a desire for progress, but are not responsible for any anti-Japanese movement. 'rhe missionaries cannot, however, see their unarmed and unresisting Korean friends, inclUding women and children, maltreated and killed without a protest. Heart-rending accounts have been coming to America, * As originally presented the report made the statement that the work of the mov~ment was to be completed in 1924. This _was omitted on the ground that the work might be completed prior to that date. The temporary character of the movement was however emphasized.

from reliable sources, of school girls inprisoned for wishing independence, of boys maltreated and of unarmed men shot down by the military police. When some of the Koreans were arrested and were asked "Who is the leader -of the insurrection 1" they replied "God Almighty." "But who are His accomplices1" inquired the Japanese. "Twenty million Koreans," was the response.

While independence may not be feasible at this time, certain reforms are justly demanded and should be expected from the Japanese. These were stated by one of the missionaries who was called into conference by the Japanese authorities. They in- clude: 1. Due consideration of racial distinction between the Koreans and Japanese. There should not be the policy of absorption.

2. The privilege of Korean language study in the schools. This is now prohibited.

3. Freedom of speech, of the press, of public meetings and of travel. While Japanese and foreigners enjoy these, the Koreans are denied them.

4. Opportunity to promote social purity. The Japanese have forced prostitution as an institution upon the Koreans. The people have no means of self-protection against the taking of certain districts of their towns and cities for brothels, and of their women and girls for immoral purposes.

S. The removal of discrimination against Koreans in Japanese courts of ,iustice. At present no Korean has an equal chance with a Japanese before the courts.

These are manifestly reasonable and just demands. But the Koreans ask more, as is shown by their " Declaration of Independence" which reads in part as follows: We proclaim to all nations of the world the Independence of Korea and the liberty of the people; and announce to our children and grandchildren the great principles of human equality and the everlasting right of self-preservation.

With a history of four thousand years, the nearly twenty millions of people of this land sincerely and loyally unite to make clear this declaration, and to open up the liberties of the people, for the future as well as the present. We take this stand and show forth the true heart of man.

The world is changing. It is a great opportunity. We follow it. And it is the decree of God that men should have the right to strive for the power of life and preservation. In all the world nothing can stop or hinder us from this. * * * Since 1876, when we entered into treaty relations, at many times and in many ways, the strongest covenants have been made only to be disregarded. We do not now point out Japan's sin of insincerity, but .more th~n this. Although scholars on the platform and the government WIth defimte promises said they would regard our land as a colony, yet they have lo?ked on our men as ignorant people, and have sought by conquest to qUIckly possess our land. ·For a long time the progress of society has been blocked. They have not regarded the high aspirations of the people's hearts. Yet Japan should not be blamed for her lack of righteousness, but we should scold ourselves and not be quick to hate others; and if we give careful attention ~o the present, we will have no time to criticise old wrongs. Today there IS only

one duty for our men, that is to establish ourselves, and surely not to injure others. By the stern decree of our own consciences, we must open up the new life of our own household, and not indeed because of old hatred or some temporary feeling seek to expel others. The old thoughts and old powers, that have bound the policy of the Japanese Government into an unnatural and unreasonable condition must be swept away. And this con- * * * dition must be changed to a natural and reasonable one by the fountain of just principles. Today we, the people of Korea, have declared our independence; that by means of this Koreans may be enabled to pursue the illustrious life of right and duty; Japan may be enabled to completely fulfil her important obligation of supporting the Orient; and China, by means of this may be enabled also to escape from the terrible dream of fear. Again, the important preservation of the peace of the Far East is one step in the direction of world peace and human happiness. Should not this move men?

* * * By obtaining our liberty, we will have a more abundant life and happiness; so let us unite all ~tRe people's powers in this effort for independence.

We earnestly strive with a good conscience; we preserve together the true principles; united we advance, old aIJd young, men and women; putting away sadness, we rise in action, like a mighty host to make a new and happier life.

A THREEFOLD PUBLIC AGREEMENT 1. Today we seek to establish correct principles, human rights, preservation of life, and an illustrious people; and so while asking for our liberties, decide never to give up.

2. We also agree that to the last man, and to the very end, we will joyfully show forth this true obligation of the people.

3. In all our movements we agree to emphasize the importance of orderly conduct, that by this our purpose and aims may be clearly known to be correct.

This declaration shows Christian restraint and high ideals. Moreover, the Korean leaders issued an "Important Announcement" calling on the "Respectable, Noble, Independent Korean Band not to insult the Japanese, or strike them with their fists, for these are the acts of barbarians." They had no weapons and their method was merely to leave schools, close shops, march, singing and shouting Manzai through the streets. For this they have been shot down, maltreated and haled to prison.

Surely it is time for the Japanese, for the sake of their own reputation as well as for the sake of justice to the Koreans, to grant the needed reforms and to win the Korean people by justice and by civil liberty, rather than seek their subjection by brute force.

This is a critical time for Christian missions in Korea. The powers of darkness are again arraigned against the powers of light. A recent communication from Japan intimates the purpose of the Japanese to grant certain reforms and a measure of se1£- government to the Koreans. It is to be hoped that civil government will also replace military control.

SHALL CHRISTIANS INTERVENE IN RUSSIA B OLSHEVISM is a natural product of tyranny-political or industrial. When autocrats rule the masses with a rod of iron, the common people will await their opportunity for revenge. When plutocrats rule the laboring classes selfishly, their employees will retaliate without mercy whim the opportunity comes. When military offieers treat their men as cannon fodder, revolution will ultimately turn the tables. Russia has suffered unspeakably in these ways, and Bolshevism is the result of the upheaval that has put the proletariat in power. Add to this the fact that the masses have not been taught self-government, and that their leaders are not actuated by the principles of mercy and justiee, and it is easy to understand the reign of terror that has gripped the country.

Under the Czar's autocratic regime, the common people were treated like cattle, without real civil or religious liberty. Jews were oppressed, Stundists, Doukhobortsi and other Protestants were restrained, and Orthodox Catholics were treated like children.

There are three methods of treating Russia in the present crisis. (1) Allow them to fight each other until one or the other class gains absolute control. This means anarchy, and possibly another despotism. (2) To send in Allied forces in sufficient numbers to quell the disturbance, and establish in power those best fitted to govern. This may mean the union of the Russian masses against the Allies, and unlimited bloodshed and expenditure of money. Afterwards, it might bR necessary for the Allies to police the country and maintain peace with a huge standing army. (3) Another method is ideal, if practical. It is for the Allied nations to conduct an educational campaign in Russia through the printed page and spoken word, in order that Russians may learn the practical ideals of selfgovernment, and of civil and religious liberty. This program would include also a systematic campaign in the interests of Christian truth, conducted by the Christian forces of America and Great Britain. Russia is longing for education and would welcome .America's help. Mr. Jerome Davis, a Y. M. C. .A. worker who has been in Russia for two and a half years, reports that the Russian Church is eager for help from America. Priests came to him, often late at night, asking for as'sistance in organizing Sunday-schools, men's clubs and social service work. They want literature on church work in America to show them how to adapt themselves to new conditions.

This is hopeful, but there is a deeper need than a change in method. What the Russian Church needs is new spiritual life. Casting away the old garments is not enough. A spiritual revival must be experienced, followed by unhampered education in the teachings of Jesus Christ.

Christ All and in

A MISSIONARY BIBLE STUDY- BY REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D. D.

"I am the way, the truth and the Life. No man cometh unto the Father but by Me." John 14:6 The audacity of this claim is all the more startling because the words occur parenthetically as a reply to an interruption. Almost casually Christ asserts that He and He alone meets all the needs of the human heart, the intellect and the will. Some non-Christian religions place emphasis on the right way of communion with God.

Others emphasize the supreme importance of dogma or doctrinal truth against heresy; and others again put the sole emphasis on right living and noble conduct. In the following table we indicate how Jesus Christ is the fulfilment of all these ideals. He meets the craving of the heart for communion, of the mind for truth and of the will for direction. He is all and in all because He reveals the Father, declares the truth and communicates a new life to those who are dead in sin.

The table below indicates, by its threefold division, some of the lines of thought that might be followed in applying this truth. It is summed up by the Apostle when he says that Christ in all things "has the preeminence." The same thought occurs in We·sley's Hymn. "Thou, Oh Christ, art all I want. More than all in Thee I find."

THE WAY THE TRUTH THE LIFE Essene Pharisee Sadducee Hinduism Islam· Buddhism Method of Thought Material of Thought Goal of Thought Mystic Dogmatic Ethic Philosophy Theology Sociology Worship Confession Expression Communion Orthodoxy Vitality Liturgy Creed Conduct Sacrament Missions Ministry Heart Mind Will John Paul James Love Faith Hope The Fruit The Root The Tree The River of Life The Head of the Body The Rock of Ages The non-Christain religions and philosophies have no true ideals or vital truths that are not found in Christianity. What they lack Christianity supplies. What they have Christianity surpasses. As Joseph Parker said, "There may be comparative religions but Christiauity is not one of them." It is positive, superlative and final. The Cross alone bridges the chasm between the sinner and God.

409

j..>

c ONE OF THE ANTI·CHRISTIAN INFLUENCES EXISTING AMONG SOUTH AFRICAN MINERS A Sunday Dance by Ba'Sutos in a Johann esburg Compound

of Industrial Training in

BY PROF. J. DU PLESSIS, STELLENBOSCH. SOUTH AFRICA T HE industrial phase of the missionary enterprise has an as- sured place as the fourth of the great departments of mis- sionary activity-the evangelistic, the educational, the medical and the industrial. In countries like Japan and China, which possess an indigenous civilization and native industries, this form of missionary work may be largely dispensed with; but for the uplift of the backward races of the world it possesses an importance which can hardly be over estimated.

1. THE VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING, as ono of the indispensable methods of mission work, is threefold: it is based on a sound pedagogic principle, it is an effective means of securing the highest object of all education-the formation of character. It has also high economic value for the native himself,. for the mission which trains him and for the whole community. In other words, industrial training has pedagogic, moral and economic value.

The pedagogic importance of industrial work lies in the fact that it means the introduction of a kind of glorified kindergarten among the child-races of the world. Froebel founded his kindergarten system on two principles-first, that true education consists in the harmonious development of the powers of mind and body, and second, that the teacher's part is to present suitable material for the innate spontaneity of the child's mind to operate upon. These principles are of supreme importance in their application to the child-native. The instruction and development of the mind at the expense of manual training tends to make him topheavy, and give rise to that pitiable object, the "native with the swelled head." The training of mind and hand should therefore proceed simultaneously.

Similarly, manual training brings into play the spontaneous powers of the native's mind. It imparts concrete and not merely abstract knowledge. Says Mr. W. C. Willoughby of the Tiger Kloof Institution: "I think that industrial training is very much more nece,sary for the natives than even book-learning-I mean as a matter of pure education. Industrial training will develop his power of thinking as book-learning never can. If you can teach a native boy the difference between eleven and three-fourth inches and one foot, you have taught him a very great dealsomething that will run through almost every department of his life."

Industrial training has the very highest moral value, as a means of building up and shaping the native's Christian character. It does this in various ways,-by counteracting the inertia that characterizes all primitive races living under the tropical sun, by 411

inculcating habits of regularity, unintermittent attention, and per- fect exactness and ueatness, by evoking and enhancing the native's self-respect and self-reliance, while increasing his humility, and by implanting a nobler conception of the worth and dignity of labor.

Christianity must mean very little for the African native if it does not teach him to work. The Christian native reads in his Old Testament the command, Six days shalt thou labor, and in his New Testament the law, If any man will not wOTk, neither shall he eat, and to these principles his reason and his conscience both as- sent. Moreover, Christianity has set up a new standard of life LV 'which he strives to conform. .

"It cannot be conceived that Christianity should really influence the heart of the negro, and leave him content in the midst of his old circum- stances, and his old unclean and immoral surroundings. Those who have had experience of mission work in Africa recognize how difficult it is for church members to maintain consistent lives unless the old idleness is ex- changed for habits of industry."* Manual training contributes to the formation of sterling Chris- tian character. Punctuality, in a country in which watches are unknown, and regularity, amid a people that have never heard of an "eight hour day," are virtues that have to be instilled by diligent instruction in manual toil. Such mechanical labor re- quires also the application of close attention and the most perfec~ exactitude and neatness. The slightest want of truth in measure- ment, and the day's work is lost, while valuable material has been hopelessly spoiled. More than this, the industrial worker develops a sense of responsibility to produce thoroughly good and reliable work. In his marvelous description of the storm which broke over the Norah Creina, Robert Louis Stevenson writes thus: "God bless every man that swung a mallet on that tiny and strong hull; it was not for wages only that he labored, but to save men's lives."

We must put forth every effort to awaken an industrial COIl- seience in our converts. Good honest work will increase both their self-respect and their self-reliance, without lessening their humility.

There are vocations which tend to self-conceit. The preacher and the teacher, under no necessity to labor with the hands, and dealing habitually with those who are both literally and metaphorically beneath them, lie specially exposed to this danger. At the car- penter's bench or on the tailor's table all are at the same level and the work on which they are engaged calls for co-operative and not for individual action.

The economic valtte of industrial work is seen in its three-fold benefit, to the native, to the mission and to the community. The impact of modern civilization has broken up the fabric of ancient institutions, and made many native customs and habits of life obso- lete or' obsolescent. As a Christian an African may no longer in- • George Grenfell in Hawker's Life of Grenfell, p. 395.

ONE; OF THE; CHRISTIAN INFLUJ';NCE;S IN A SOUTH AFRICAN

Service among mine employees in the native compound at Elizabethville

dulge in a plurality 0:1' wives, and must therefore substitute the plow for the hoe in tillage. Civilization too is upon him, shutting him in to his narrow reserve, increasing his wants, multiplying his expenses, imposing new taxfs, and thus shaking him out of his lethargy and competling him to labor. At first the chief wealth of the native consisted in cattle; now the natives within the South African Union possess, on an average, no more than one goat, rather less than one sheep, and half an ox apiece. He is very little better off as an agriculturist, for the area of cultivable land is limited, the water supply inadequate, and prolongrd droughts almost as much the rule as the exception. "Thus it will be seen," says the Principal of Lovedale Institute, "that the Bantu are becoming impoverished in their permanent resources, and are living dangerously close to the line of permanent hunger. A struggle for existence is setting in on a great scale. If the Bantu are to survive it is clear that they must as a people develop new methods of agriculture and new habits of industry."

Both the mission and the community have need of the trained native artisan. Most missionary societies possess native skilled laborers whom they have trained themselves. It cannot well be otherwise in primitive surroundings. The missionary artisan must gather around himself a number of native apprentices, as carpf'nters, bricklayers, masons, gardeners; for without their aid the mission station cannot be built. But. the native who has been trained to some trade in the mission workshops is not long in discovering that there is greater scope (and better pay) for his abilities in the community at large; and so he soon passes beyond the reach of the mission to which he owes his training, and becomes, from an economical point of view, a lost asset.

It is impossible for any given mission to employ all the men whom it trains. To train no more men than it can employ would be a selfish and short-sighted policy. The mission then should encourage its surplus of artisans to seek a living where work is abundant. Artisans trained in the shops of the Basel Missions on the Gold Ooast are found all over Nigeria, the Kamerun and the Oongo. Native tradesmen from Livingstonia may be met with at Elizabethville and Kambove in the Belgian Oongo, or at Bulawayo and Salisbury in Rhodesia. The Lovedale industrial dppartmpnt has furnished trained workers for all parts of South Africa, including Johannesburg, Kimberley and Bloemfontein.

OBJECTIONS TO INDUSTRIAL TRAINING The' objections to industrial training as a missionary method are chiefly three: the expense incurred, the competition e.ngendered between black and white operatives, and the apparent departure from the primary aim of missinlls.

VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING IN MISSIONS

BLACKSMITH DEPARTMENT~TRAPPIST MONASTERV, MARIANNHILL, NATAL First, then, as to the expense. It is a common complaint. of missionary boards all over South Africa that the industrial de- partments of the missions do not pay. In 1914 Mr. Henderson re- ported: "In the case of Lovedale the estimated expenditure on the industrial departments for the current year, including cost of materials, is £6,764, Towards this amount government grants are payable only to the extent of tl,296. . A loss like this can be borne by such an Institution as Love- dale only through the generosity of friends o'utsicle the Union, and at con- siderable sacrifice to the rest of the Institution ."

The reasons for this continued deficit are not far to seek. The grant by the government is wholly inadequate; the apprentices, for the first two or three years, at least, are not yet awage-earn- ing asset, and as soon as they are fully qualified their term of apprenticeship comes to an end; work such as is produced in the workshops of Lovedale or Tiger Kloof cannot compare in quality or finish with that produced in city manufactories served by skilled artisans and equipped with modern machinery; as often as not the mission workshops are situated at a distance from the markets which their goods are intended to supply; and finally, there exists in some minds a certain degree of ilrejudice against goods fash- ioned by black men in what is held to be undesirable competition with white tradesmen.

Second, an objection of far greater weight against industrial training, is the com.petition which it is likely to cause between

INSTITUTIONAl. CHURCH AT ELlZABETHVll,l,E JUST AFTER A CHRISTMAS DINNER black and white. On this point Mr. Maurice S. Evans, one of the most assiduous and careful students of our native question, writing in 1910, said: "The spectre which affrights the white man is a ~ision of the black man invading the towns as artisan, competing with him, working for lower wages at his side, bringing down the standard of living to his level. I do not say such a contingency is impossible if we continue along our present lines, but in any case it is some distance removed, and is hardly likely to be realized to the full extent sometimes depicted."

But in 1915, after a visit to the United States, he sounded a more ominous note: "The only thing I can clearly see is conflict- an industrial and racial drama played out in South Africa. On the one side will be better education, political power, labor organization, higher wages, and comparatively small numbers,-handicapped by the sinister fact that the members of .this race are relieved of much 5trenuous labor that makes for efficiency. On the other, great numbers with little cooperation and organization (at present at all events) but willing to work for low wages, with a natural fitness to climate and surroundings, with gradually improving efficiency, and with the training that manual labor gives."

In view of the urgency of this matter the Union Government in 1914 appointed a Commission on the Economic Question, which reported that it found the supposed competition between black and white operatives to be practically non-existent and whollynegligible, seeing that the natives were almost exclusively engaged in unskilled labor. The few who had been trained to a trade were far

from being- such experts as to be able to compete seriously with white mechanics, while in foresight and initiative they lagged hopelessly behind.

The census of 1911 revealed a few interesting facts which bear upon this point. Out of more than four million Bantu within the Union of South Africa only 6,000 were gaining a living as tradesmen, that is 1.5 per 1,000. Out of a quarter of a million colored people in the Union 17,000 were engaged in various trades, or 22.6 per 1,000. A writer who has given some attention to this matter writes as follows: "Colored workers have established themselves firmly in the industrial life of the country. In several departments of labor, notably those of fishery, – building and tailoring, they are not only ousting white workers, but have actually succeeded in monopolizing one at least of these. In proportion to their numbers they are already in a majority to white workers in the exercise of callings r~quiring manual skill."· We may safely conclude that the menace which skilled Bantu operatives are said to offer to white mechanics has been very much exaggerated. The time when such competition will become really serious is as yet remote.

Finally, an objection has been directed against industrial work and industrial training on the score that to engage -in it is to depart from the primary aim of missionary undertaking, namely • Stevens, "White and Black," p. 91.

A CORNER OF THE CARPENTRY DEPARTMENT, LOVEDALE INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE

conversion. At the first General Missionary Conference held in South Africa in ]904 the Bishop of Lebombo is reported to have said: "The primary object of the Christian Church is not to make men carpenters . . . . Great sacrifices are made at home in order that the Gospel may be preached to the heathen; they do not make them in order that we may turn out good carpenters. Be very careful how you use funds for industrial work other than that which bears directly on the making of a good Christian. Industrial work has this advantage,-the first thing we want to do with the heathen is to make them listen to us, and industrial education is the bribe we offer to get people to listen to us as we tell the Gospel."

In this warning of Bishop Smyth there is much that missionary boards can profitably lay to heart. And yet it seems to me that the premise underlying his contention is false. What is the true object and aim of missions 1 Not merely the conversion of the individuar-though that is the immediate aim-but the ultimate salvation of the race. In pursuing this aim we certainly do not employ education, literary or industrial, as a bait to lure the native to our schools and our churches. The purpose of education is the Christian uplift of the tribe. Industrial institutions, like educational, cherish the hope that the pupils are Christians already, or will become Christians while inmates of the school; and this hope and aim is in most cases realized. But they will receive a heathen in the belief that if he is to be trained as a journeyman, it were better he received his training in a Christian school than under a godless master-workman.

THE PRESENT POSITION OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING"

The need for industrial training for the native is admitted and emphasized not only by the missionary, but by Government commissions, educationalists, magistrates, writers on the native question. The attitude of the native himself towards industrial training is much more encouraging than it was several years ago, when the belief was firmly rooted that education was a device to absolve him from the degrading necessity of working with the hands.

"But the. vital importance of their keeping hold of their land and developing it is at last being brought home to them, and the higher type of candidate now offering for the workshops, and the numbers-far beyond our accommodation-seeking admi~sion to them, and their readiness to pay for the benefit, point to a change of attitude for the better, which should be thankfully noted."* For t'he industrial training of the native some forty schools and departments, all of which are in receipt of government grantsin-aid, have been established in connection with missionary socie- See Dr. Loram's "The EdC:ltion of the South African Native" for the chief data which. are presented under this section ~ .

Princlpal of Lovedale. in International Review of Missions, 1914, p. 342.

GIRLS' TAILORING DEPARTMENT-TRAPPIST MONASTERY, MARIANNHILL

ties in various parts of the country. At all these institutions to- gether there was an enrolment, in 1914, of some 1,800 pupils, of which just 1,000 attended institutions established in the Oape Province, the actual numbers being 606 boys and 394 girls. The government grants-in-aid in the Oape Province are calculated upon the following scale: £120 per annum towards the salary of a qualified departmental instructor; £30 for the initial outfit of a department; and £15 per head per annum as maintenance grant for apprentices (£10 for girls). In the matter of fees there exists some differences of policy in the various institutions. The no-fee system can only be made to pay, under present conditions at least, if pupils are in- .dentured for a long period, so that their skill at the end may neutralize their inexperience at the commencemnt.

A distinction is sometimes drawn between industrial training, which is impartEd at schools or in departments specially devoted to the work, and manual training, which the pupil receives at set times in the ordinary school curriculum. Dr. Loramdeprecates this distinction, on the grounds that manual training is only giv£n in the highrr standards, so that not more than 1 per cent of the pupils benefit by it; and that the so-called manual training is theory rather than practice, and fosters the idea that the process and not the product is the thing that counts. But it would seem, nevertheless, that manual training in primary schools is a most useful, and indeed an indispensable, adjunct to mental training. "An ideal institution," says Mr. Lenna"rd, Ohairman of the General Missionary Oonference, "would be one where an equal amount" of time was given to industrial and to literary training."

To conclude, let me quote the words of Mr. Henderson of Lovedale on the spiritual results of industrial training: "The efforts of the apprentices at making things result in the forming of strong and stable character, beyond what is achieved in the case of pupils mostly occupied with book-wor~. The industrial apprentices at Lovedale lead in evangelistic and spiritual work." To the same effect is the testimony of Mr. Vlok of the Dutch Reformed Ohurch mission at Salisbury,' that the best men and most consistent Ohristians who come to Southern Rhodesia in search of work and wages are those who have been in training with the Zambesi Industrial Mission in Nyasaland. Industrial missions, then, if conducted in a truly Ohristian spirit and controlled by men who have the heart of an evangelist, are capable of producing the largest and most encouraging spiritual results.

MEN NEED THE GOSPEL IN SOUTH

Native Employees at Smelter, just going on shift at noon. There are three eight-hour shifts a day The food store-house is in the background Men and Minerals in Katanga IN A MISSIONARY OPPORTUNITY CENTRAl. AFRICAN MINES BY REV. JOHN M. SPRINGER, B. D., ELIZABETHVILLE, CENTRAL AFRICA Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church G OD made this country to produce copper" said Mr. Watson, , General Manager of the prospecting company in Kambove, when in 1907 we looked out over the copper malachite hills which could be seen in every direction. The whole copper belt is about 250 miles in length and along with this copper there are large deposits of lime and iron, needed for fluxing. The rivers close at hand have great falls for generating electric power.

Every year since then there have been new discoveries of tin, gold, diamonds, coal and other minerals. It is certain that so far only a fraction of the richness of that section of the country has been revealed.

"This is the beginning of a stream that will result in the in- dustrial transformation of Central Africa, " remarked Robert Williams at Elizabethville, as he saw the first stream of molten ,copper flo'w from the furnace in 1911'. That tiny stream has lll- 421

creased until in 1917 and 1918 there were produced each year 30,000 tons of copper, which is soon to be increased to 40,000 a month or 480,000 tons a year.

It is at this point that the missionary opportunity and the commercial activities meet. Copper cannot be produced without man power, and native labor must be had for this purpose. Native labor bureau agents scour the country to induce the natives from the bend of the Oongo, a thousand miles to the north, to the Vic- toria Falls in the Zambesi on the South, and from ocean to ocean, to come to work on these mineral fields.

These native men are taken from their villages and towns for periods of from six months to two years at a time. They leave their family life behind them and are congregated in compounds at the industrial centers and here they come in contact with white men from every part of the globe, most of whom are vicious and degenerate. Already the most significant changes are taking place throughout the entire country side, and greater ones must come in the near future. Vill these changes be for better or worse?

That depends.

"And God said, 'Let us make man in our image, after our like- ness, and let them have dominion . . over all the earth.' So God created man. . and God said 'Be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth and subdue it and have dominion.' "

There are people who deplore the exploitation of Africa. But it is inevitable and it would seem to be within the plans and pur- poses of God.

The agencies operating in any community, civilized or un- civilized, are divided naturally into three groups: Ohurch, State and Commerce. We use the word Church to express the funda- mental religious life; State, to indicate the governing powers; and Commerce to include the development of resources and the pro- duction and exchange of commodities.

The most aggressive factor in all Africa to-day is the mining industry of the commercial group, and closely connected with this is the agricultural exploitation of the continent. European gov- ernments have followed commerce into practically every part of the interior. In some cases the native governments have been dis- placed j in the majority of cases j however, the tribal forms of gov- ernments have been retained, directed and controlled by the Euro- pean powers.

The Christian missionaries were connected with the very earli- est events in the modern exploration of Africa, and were the first to learn of these mineral deposits. In fact since the days of the Portuguese exploration of the shores of Africa, the missionary has played a prominent part as pioneer. It was Livingstone who heard of the hills of copper malachite in the Katanga and put them

19191 MEN AND MINERALS IN KATANGA

on his map in 1857. It was his letters to his children that so stirred one of their playmates, Fred Arnot, that he never rested until, in 1885, he penetrated the Katanga and established the Garanganze Mission adjacent to these rich mineral fields. A few years later, Mr. Arnot brought out a large party of missionaries, among whom were Dr. Walter Fisher and Dan Crawford. This Garanganze Mission, under the control of the Plymouth Brethren, found that they could not take on the work of the mineral fields in additiou to that for which they had already made themselves responsible in the villages.

The Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States is establishing work in the mines and in the mining towns. This is in part the fulfilment of the plans of Bishop Wm. Taylor, who, in 1885, proposed to put a chain of missions a thousand miles inland from Loanda.

Many problems and dangers confront us in this newest of the great mining centers of Africa. On the Rand in and around Johannesburg, where a generation ago there was only a sheep pasture, there is to-day a gold producing industry that commands continually the labor of 250,000 native workmen. This is but one of many mining centers, including Kimberley and Barbarton, which also require thei.r hundreds of thousands of natives.

Many of these natives are brought long distances, and segregated in large compounds where they are well fed and, when too ill to work, have necessary care and medical treatment. They are removed from all restraints of tribal control and the infiuences of family life. It is but natural for them to seek some diversion and amusement when off duty, and temptations abound both inside and outside these compounds.· At one time 600 white persons were in jail in Johannesburg for illicit liquor selling to these natives. Gambling is one of the mildest vices of the many that abound. The African in his native village has never been a model of virtue, but the vices and crimes that he learns of the white man in the mining towns might well make' a cannibal blush. Venereal di.seases are contracted and carried back to the kraals where the total population is being infected. The criminal intimacy of vicious whites with these blacks only tends to fan the fiame of race prejudice to a white heat.

Good likewise radiates at times from Johannesburg and other industrial centers as a result of Christian work. This might be increased many fold. A Wesleyan clergyman in Port Elizabeth conducted a night school which was attended by young men from several tribeR in the far interior. Some vears afterward when this minister was traveling in the northern Tr~nsvaal where the people were still heathen he was met by a comparatively well dressed deputation of mep, women and children who welcomed him to their village with

Christian songs. He learned that one of his converts in the night school had returned home with primer, hymn book and Scriptures, and had begun to teach and to preach in his home town. The Sabbath was observed, the people responded to the preaching and many were converted so that the whole community prospered. Some very acceptable and well prepared candidates were baptized and received into church fellowship.

Another young man who was converted at Johannesburg returned to his home among primitive pagans at Bushbuck Ridge. The needs of his people stirred his soul and he began a school and started a church among them. The work prospere9 until he felt it grew beyond his ability, and he sent to the missionary at Johannesburg asking for some one to help care for the enlarged work. No missionary has been available so that this young man and his wife, joined in the meantime by a trained young woman to aid in the school work, have had to meet the opportunities as best they could. The influence of this school is spreading to the surrounding villages.

A few years ago a group of missionaries was making a tour of Rhodesia in a region never before visited by missionaries, and where they met the usual ignorance and degradation. One day the people of one village who heard their message spoke up and said, "Oh, we have heard these good words before."

"And who told you"? the missionary asked. "Why Johannes, the son of the chief of this district." Inquiring where Johannes lived, the party made its way in that direction, and in all the villages on the way the people revealed their familiarity with the Gospel story and with Christian hymns and Bible teaching. At Johannes' home village, they found a fair sized and creditable school and chapel building. The Sabbath was observed and many were so well grounded in Scripture and showed such evidel).ces of changed lives that they were received on probation. Many of these were baptized not long afterward. Johannes had passed on to his people the good news that he had received at Johannesburg where many receive only evil. There are many such instances showing the possible influence for good that may result from Gospel work among the miners who return to their homes in the distant and unevangelized regions from which the labor is recruited. Some of the same unsavory conditions as are found in J ohannesburg obtain in the mineral fields of the Katanga. To meet them the Christian Church needs to have a well-manned and wellequipped work at each mine and in every town. We should be able to influence the life of every native that comes to the mines and towns to work. The present staff of workers and the equipment should be increased so as to occupy effecL:vely this great

MEN AND MINERALS IN KATANGA

strategic point of all central Africa. Among other needs are the following: . Night schools sufficient for one in every Compound. Institutional churches to make adequate religious and social provision for all the large centers.

Printing press sufficiently large to supply the increasing de- mands for thousands of primers, hymnals, devotional books, and other literature. Then the colporteurs should be multiplied several fold.

The night school opened in Elizabethville in 1914, was crowded to capacity and has so continued. Other night and afternoon schools in the camps or quarters of native workmen have also been well attended and are much appreciated. Lay evangelists add their services to missionaries and regularly employed workers, making it possible to hold many services each Sunday. The list of regular "hearers," increases and many probationers or catech- umen are enrolled as a result, the sales of primers, hymnals, por- tions of the Scripture in more than a dozen native languages, has been limited only by the supplies available, and have run into thousands of copies of many books.

The religious and educational needs must also be cared for in the outlying country 400 miles square to the north and west. The Methodist Episcopal Church has increased this work in her Cen- tenary program and hopes to supply these important needs.

Churches and Societies, both American and British, must en- large their work in the various areas of Central Africa, from which natives are recruited for these nllneral fields. A native who has been influenced by mission work before he leaves his home naturally relates himself to the missionary in the industrial centers. Those that are reached and converted at the mines also need shep- herding and further teaching when they return to their homes.

There is urgent need of greatly speeding up the activities of the Church so as to overtake and henceforth to keep pace with the other agencies of state and commerce, which are now affecting nearly one hundred per cent of the tribes and peoples. Today the Church touches the life of scarcely ten per cent.

If the Christian forces let the present opportunity pass unim- proved, the natives will become hardened and further degenerated in the school of vice. Evil forces will become more firmly en- trenched; many doors now opened will be closed and the difficulty _of the task will increase greatly.

The carrying out of an adequate program involves a five to ten fold increase of the present force and equipment of all mis- flionary forces at present operating in Central Africa.

of Alcohol in

BY SIR HARRY H. JOHNSTON, G. C. M. G., K. C. R, LONDON, ENGLAND, Late Special Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief of the Uganda Protectorate MISSIONARIES both of Christianity and Islam, and mostly missionaries of the Protestant Churches of Christianity, have rendered the most signal service to Africa and Europe· by fighting against the alcoholisation of the Mrican continent. The distillers of Europe and America and in a lesser degree the steamship companies, profited greatly by the traffic. It has just been pointed out in The Times of London, that the last British steamer, conveying a cargo mainly of Dutch and German provenance to West Africa before the submarine warfare began, took from Hamburg and Rotterdam 169,288 gallons of spirits, 33 cases of wine, brandy and liqueurs, all to be unloaded in the Niger Delta for the mental stupefaction' and bodily ruin of the negroes of southern Nigeria. If this was the average cargo of one West African steamer, you can calculate what the yearly import was like-multiplied by twelve for the monthly service to Nigeria and again by three for the three other West coast colonies-into British West Africa.

The missionaries first began attacking this importation of European and West Indian alcohol into Mrica in the forties of the last century. They found that in West Afric.a the native desire for brandy, rum and gin, was the chief stimulant of the slave trade_ The chiefs felt they must have alcohol, and consequently to purchase it from the white trader they must enslave their own and other tribes and bring or send the slaves to the coast. In South Africa the alcohol-Cape brandy-manufactured by the Dutch (and French Hugenot) vine growers, was killing off the Hottentots and the nearer Bantu tribes, and was leading to incessant native. wars; while the white man looked on cynically, profiting by the strife amongst the Negroes. The missionaries by their protests drew down on themselves the hatred of the traders and of the Dutch colonists. But they kept steadily at. it and are now not far from victory. The prohibition victory in the United States has helped enormously. Missionary influence so far swayed European governments and that of the United States that in the Berlin and Brussels conferences of the latter end of the nineteenth century, much of the interior of Africa, beyond the western coast belt and north of the Zambeziyou dared not interfere with the alcoholisation of South Africa without provoking another Dutch rebellion-was placed out of bounds for alcohol. Only the old-time French, British, and Portu- 426 guese colonies and the present states of the South African Union were exempted from prohibition of the importation and sale of alcohol for native consumption. Alcohol was only to be allowed in Northern Nigeria, Congoland, Central' and Ea~t Africa for the use of Europeans, and then in limited, carefully watched quan- ~ tities. In bringing about this improvement, the missionaries of Islam also played their part. In this battle there is tough fighting ahead against weak Governments, insincere statesmen and the hydraheaded forces of alcohol-aided in Britain by a pr~ss that is twothirds under the thumb of the distillers and brewers, and in France by a press that would sooner see Algeria, Morocco, Tunis, Senegal, the Ivory Coast, Dahome and the Kamerun go to th~ devil than ..- . . _-.::~:-e=.:-~~'-~~-.:=-";".'~.-.=~~"::-"::'=—-"':,-'~-:=-':-:-:-,-,–".'-'~—"'~ '- ; . thart; the profits on French vine- —" yards should be abated by one franc. There is a probability of victory if only the United States AREAS OF I'ROHIBITION IN AFRICA stands firm. Before the war, the one plea raised by the British Colonial Office against the enforcement of prohibition in the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and South Nigeria possessions in West Africa was the fact-or falsehood;-that the major part of this imported alcohol came from the distilleries of Holland and Germany; and that to forbid its entry into British West Africa might offend the Germans and alienate Dutch friendship. The victory of the Allies leaves us quite free to iguore the interests of German distillers; while as to those of Holland, we have to remember the welfare of those iInmense tracts of Africa which we have taken under our charge. The Dutch distillers, like those of Britian, France and America, must take the changed condtions into account and turn their manufacturing plants to chemical purposes. If distilled alcohol is bad for white men it is bad for Negroes; if it is to be withheld from the Negroes of the Congo Basin, of British Central Africa, East Africa, Uganda and Northern Nigeria, it must not be inflicted on the Gambia, the Gold Coast and Southern Nigeria. – French West Africa is not nearly so drunken a region as the coast districts of British West Africa. Firstly the mass of the Negroes and Negroidsare Mohammedans and total abstainers, and secondly the French officials frown on spirit drinking as fl rule. The

Ivory Coast has been infected with the gin habit from the adjacent coast lands of Liberia and the Gold Coast. Just before the War broke out the Governor of the Ivory Coast was seeking to bring about the prohibition of alcohol except for consumption by Europeans.

In Algeria, and in a lesser degree Tunis and Morocco, the French were before the war doing little to check the spread of brandy drinking among the Berbers and Arabs. The French wine producers will be a great obstacle in the path of prohibition. The public opinion of the future League of Nations must try to teach the French how to prepare unfermented grape juice so delicious and so wholesome in the United States, and further to export their grapes for eating and for raisins. In our work for th5 redemption of Africa we must fight to absolutely prohibit the entry into Negro and Arab Africa of distilled alcohol, except in an undrinkable form for use industrially as a chemical agent.

In Egypt and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan the British Govern- _ ment is quite as much to blame as that of the French in Algeria, for not more actively discouraging the induction of the native populations into the consumption of distilled spirits-=-with much harm to their morale and their health. The Copts of Egypt always drank wine in former times but did not usually touch spirits. The Mohammedan Egyptians were total abstainers before the British occupation. Soon after that became well-organized, the young men in the towns-Copts and Mohammedans-picked up the whisky habit from British soldiers, officers and officials, and today a good deal of masculine 'young Egypt' is whiskified and drunken. In the Sudan, the chief harm was wrought by the Greeks, who set up stills in the wake of the British armies and distilled arnik from a. variety of substances of local growth. The Nubians and Sudanese picked up this process from the Greeks and low-class Levantine traders and carried the art of disti:[ling far into the heart of Mrica. When I was clearing up the effects of the Sudanese mutiny in Uganda Protectorate, the drunkenness among the Sudanese soldiers and their virago wives was a constant source of trouble, insubordination, acts of violence, and quarrels with the indigenous peoples. It nearly always resulted from some coarsely-brewed and very strong spirit obtained through the native stills from rice, sugar-cane, sorghum, or sweet potatoes.

Portuguese Africa, more especially the Mozambique Province -or rather the Trans-Zambezian half of Mozambique-has a bad reputation for alcoholism. The Portuguese distil rum from sugar and make no attempt to check its consumption by the Negroes. The result. is constant village and inter-tribal quarrels and petty wars. The Portuguese themselves are temperate. But they are quite

1919J PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL IN AFRICA

without scruple on the. subject of trading in rum with the natives of Southeast and Southwest Africa, and their trades frequently smuggle rum into the forbidden area of the Congo State, and Portuguese Congo, where the natives are great drunkards. The Union of South Africa is still an alcohol screener and protector, seemingly because the vine growers of the Cape Province exercise the same inordinate influence over the Union Government as is wielded by the French vine growers over the policy of the French Republic. Heady and most unwholesome spirits circulate all over the territories governed by the Union Parliament. Though they are supposed not to penetrate into Basutoland, the Basuto chiefs are notoriously drunken. Bechuanalandhas been saved from this curse by the statesmanship and education of its veteran king, Khama. Alcoholdistilled of course–is the chief, the preponderating, cause of native and inter-racial trouble in South Africa. Even the Mohammedan Indians who come to Natal as abstainers from spirits give way to the temptation of the dram and the dope, and find themselves in the police court. Cape brandy is the main cause of attacks of black men on white women. Were the Negroes of the Transvaal and Orange States not allowed access to distilled alcohol, we should probably never hear of these attempts to assault white women. One never reads of such sexual crimes in Cape Colony, Zululand or even Natal; presumably because in those countries missionary influence is strong and has been used unswervingly against alcohol.

The British Gold Coast is an object lesson within a comparatively small area of the effects of alcohol on a Negro people and of the advantages of abstinence. In the Gold Coast Colony and in a lesser degree in_Ashanti, the native is allowed to drink as much gin, rum, brandy or whisky as he can buy from the white traders. The result is that he shows less and less stamina against disease; his system is more and more recalcitrant to healing medicines. North of Ashanti in Voltaland, we see a blessed contrast. In these northern territories of the Gold Coast, say the missionaries, the population is almost entirely Mohammedan, and its introduction has been forbidden. Here therefore you can see a splendidly vigorous people who are destined in course of time to displace the effete coast populations; unless, that is, they too sucumb to the infection, thanks to the pusillanimity of' the Colonial office–afraid to incur the enmity of the alcohol interests in England, Scotland and Ireland by extending the whole system of prohibition over the whole of British West Africa. At present out of an approximate area of 470,000 square miles of British West Africa, 320,000 are under prohibition and only 150,000 square miles given over to alcohol. But the alcoholic districts abut on the non-alcoholic; and distilled alcohol is gradually permeating the whole of British West Africa, to its great detriment.

Yet it must never be forgotten that in fighting this poison, we need a policy of construction as well as ·of destruction. While we take away the allurements of alcoholic drinks we must offer man- kind-black, white and yellow-some alternative other than cold water. Cold water, cold pure water, is best for thirst, but how difficult to obtain, how fraught with danger if from an impure ~ source! What physicians and chemists must proceed to invent and put on the market is a variety of beverages which will be (1) pala- table; (2) mildly or markedly stimulating; (3) thirst-quelling (4) harmless. We want some process by which grape juice may be sub- stituted for wine all over the world. Then prohibitionists may be able to shake hands with a French, a Cape Colony, an Australian, Rhineland, Portuguese, Spanish, or Italian vine grower. And not only the juice of the grape, but of the orange, banana, grenadilla, raspberry, pomegranate, plum, cherry and other luscious fruits of the tropical and temperate zones. Already medical science is be" ginning to concern itself more intimately with the therapeutic quali- ties of various fruit and nut juices. We should concentrate all our forces-missionary, medical, political-economist, philanthropic-on the prohibition of alcohol in Negro and Negroid Africa. Simultane- ously we should try by propaganda to give publicity to all the wholesome substitutes for alcohol.

ALCOHOL AND DRUGS IN INDIA PRONOUNCEMENT BY SIXTY-SEVEN MEDICAL MEN IN INDIA It has been proved by careful scientific experiments and con- firmed by experience that: 1. Alcohol, cocaine, opium, and intoxicating drugs (such as bhang, ganja, and charas) are poisons.

2. Even a moderate use of these is harmful, especially in tropical countries like India. They are of no avail per- manently to relieve physical and mental strain.

3. Those who confine themselves to non-alcoholic drinks and who avoid the use of intoxicating drugs are capable of more endurance, and are better able to resist infection and . disease. 4. Alcohol is in many cases injurious to the next generation, especially through its favoring influence upon venereal disease. 5. Alcohol aggravates the evils of famine. 6. Alcohol is useless as a preventive of plague. 7. Alcohol lowers the resisting power of the body against the parasites of malaria and the microbes of tuberculosis. 8. All that has been said applies with equal force to opium and intoxicating drugs. 9. We therefore appeal to the people of India to maintain and extend the practice of total abstinence as enjoined upon them by their religious and social obligations.

",..0V7.h'>I ,r •• TO AJ.EAS AltD A..'ROXUiilAn

POPULATION OF (;ACK OF MEXICO Showinf Division of R.sponsibility fot' o.:CIlpanon of Territory a."

Missionary Soei.ti.. as Afreed Upon at the Ccmf……. of Christian Work…. City of M.xico. F.bruary lS-21. 19111 The program of co-operation adopted includei-.

A University in the Ctty of Mexico. A Hospital In the City of Mexico. Elil:ht Agricultural Schoofs in as many different centel's of the Republic; A Schoo' of Mechankal Arts in each important center. Normal Schools in such districts as do not ~t possess them, and the suenllf1enitlc of those already existing; Devetopment of the Union Theotogical Seminary .Iready existing in Mexico City; A Community Center Of Institutional Church in each important center in the Reputltic: A Union Publishin, House, Union Pa~. and Book Store, in City of Mexico; A Campa~an to popularize Medical KnowIedp; Definite dtvi$ion of territorial responsibility so as to .void overlappini or duplicati.m of effort.

o MILES o

Advanced Program for

BY REV. SAMUEL GUY INMAN, NEW YORK Secretary of the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America WHAT is our duty toward Mexico now that the European War is oved Many are saying that it is armed interven- tion. A leading magazine heads an editorial: "The Time to Stop a War is Before it Begins. "-and goes on to say: "Our war with Germany is over. For a while at least most of humanity has ceased its ghastly self-slaughter, and men's hearts and minds are filled with hopes and plans for a better and an ordered world. We have entered upon a breathing space during which, if public opinion will but steady itself, inform itself, and concern itself with realities instead of with chimeras, we may actually stop the next war before it begins.

"The next war! How can there be a next wad We have just won the war that was to end war. The Kaiser languishes in exile. Prussian militarism is overthrown. Whom then must we fight and what are we to fight about?

"With a full realization of the seriousness of what we are saying, our blunt answer to the first question is Mexico, and to the second American Investments."

The American missionaries in Mexico believe that they have a duty to lead the American people in a program away from armed intervention and toward both the development of friendly relations between the two countries and to helping the Mexicans toward the solution of their problems. This article ontlines the plan which the missionary forces propose. This plan is not hastily made. It represents an intense stndy of the subject for more than four years by a company of people who more than any other group of foreigners have become identified with the Mexicans and enjoy their confidence. Indeed many Mexicans have taken part in making the program and President Carranza and other leaders have heartily endorsed it.

Readers of the REVIEW will remember that in June, 1914, many missionaries to Mexico finding themselves in the United States on account of political disturbances in that country, held a conference of representatives of interested Boards in Cincinnati, and studied the whole Mexican situation. Advanced ground was taken in matters of comity and union among the various communions and a challenging program was outlined. Under the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, which acts as a Board of Strategy for the twenty-eight missionary societies working in Latin America, this program has been presented to the various Boards, was altered, 431

worked over, and enlarged. Finally, nine out of eleven societies at work in Mexico agreed to send delegates to a Oonference in Mexico Oity, February 15 to 21, to decide on the final details of what is probably the most comprehensive cooperative effort to help a neigh. boring country that has ever been undertaken by the Ohristian Ohurch.

THE READJUSTMENT OF TERRITORY This program involves, in the first place, an entire read· justment of the territory occupied by the different societies, in or- der to do away with overlapping and duplication of work.' The first American missionaries went into Mexico in the early seventies. As others followed they naturally settled in the most acce&sible places, with no concerted plan. So when a survey was made in 1914, much overlapping of effort was found. For instance, in a city of 35,000 inhabitants there were three strong normal schools for girls, supported by as many Boards, with six American mis- sionary residents, while another whole state with a million people . had not one evangelical worker. ,Most of those at the conference recognized, as soon as the facts became known, that the fO,rces should be redistributed so as to give all parts of the country equal service. But how was it possible to leave fields occupied for nearly half a century, to sell property, and to abandon constituencies' If the Boards agreed, how could denominational machinery be ad- justed, and how could we persuade donors of memorial buildings, and other interests to consent? It is too long a story, but the fact is that the need of the people has overcome the difficulties, so that the readjustment of territory has taken place. Two Boards, that of the Disciples and the Southern Presbyterians, have abandoned all the territory they had and have transferred their work to an entirely new part of the country, thus compelling their constituency in the United States to learn even a new geography. Practically all the other Boards have made sacrifices in order that all- the country might be occupied. As a result today, each of the co- operating societies know just how much territory it has to occupy, just how many schools, institutions, hospitals, and workers it must provide, and best of all provision is made for -every corner of the Republic to hear the Gospel message. The following description of the distribution of primary responsibility as now accepted by all the Boards concerned, for brevity's sake, does not include extra state boundaries, where more than one Board occupies the same state."

Congregationalists are primarily responsible for the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit and Colima.

* The Northern and Southern Baptists and the Protestant Episcopal Church have not entered into the arrangement.

AN ADVANCED PROGRAM FOR MEXICO

Methodists South, the states of Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila and Nuevo Leon.

Friends, the state of Tamaulipas.. Associate Reformed Presbyterians, parts of the states of Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi and Vera Cruz. Disciples of Christ, the states of San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas and Aguascalientes. Presbyterians, North, the states of Yucatan, Campeche, Tabasco, Chiapas and Oaxaca, Vera Cruz and territory of Quintana Roo. Presbyterian, South, the states of Michoacan and Guerrero and part of Morelos. Methodist Episcopal, the states of Guanajuato, Queretaro, Hidalgo, Puebla, Tlaxcala, and parts of Mexico and Morelos. The Federal District with the capital, Mexico City is common territory.

This adjustment of territorial responsibility has been approved, and will have been largely carried out by the time this is in print. Some Boards have been working in this new territory for consider" able time, having begun to reshape their program immediately following the Cincinnati Conference. The cooperating Boards are showing the finest spirit of unselfishness in exchanging property, and local churches are getting together in a new way. In some towns there is a uniting of two or three former denominational churches into one "Iglesia Evangelica" and properties thus freed are turned into Community Centers. Mission Boards have made it clear to the Mexican churches that no authority was assumed over them to "turn them over" to other communions, but that naturally they would be glad if there could be a clos~r union of the churches, even as the missionary Boards were learning to cooperate more closely. The new move- ment is thus able to strengthen the churches by throwing them more on their own resources for the- work of self-propagation, and by having the Foreign Mission Boards assume the distinctively edu- cational part of the program. Another distinctive advantage in knowing just how much terri- tory for which a communion is responsible is that it can figure just how many schools, hospitals, churches, teachers, ministers, etc., it needs to do its job adequately. Curiously enough, each Mission Board that has its territory delimited is now realizing the need of putting much larger forces in the field than it ever did when it vaguely considered all Mexic., as its field. The Northern Presbyterian Board, that before carried on work all the way from Torreon to Yucatan, with a staff of about thirty foreign workers, since it has accepted the entire responsibility for a limited area, and made a careful survey of the needs of the reduced field, is now planning for a force of eighty-seven foreign workers, one hundred and twenty Mexican workers, and the expenditure of $1,500,000 for educational equipment in the next ten years. The Southern Methodist Board reports that si.nce taking over the property of the Congregationalists in the city of Chihua-

hua. it finds itself with the most complete mission station there that it has anywhere in the world, with a wonderful opportunity and responsibility for leadership in educational and philanthropic work in a great center.

Monterey illustrates a somewhat different situation, as there were more complications there. There were four strong Boards supporting work, the Southern Methodists, the Northern Presbyterians, the Disciples of Christ and Northern Baptists. The Presbyterian and Disciple Boards are to withdraw from Monterey. The two congregations, however, which are old institutions, with a well-developed membership, have decided to maintain independent life. Since the withdrawal of the Board's support, the Presbyterian Church has maintained itself, paid its pastor, and seems to be taking on new life. The Disciples Church, composed of some of the oldest Protestant families in Mexico, believes that it should continue its corporate life and do its part in the evangelization of the city. Yet both of these churches say that they appreciate the action of their missions in entering the cooperative movement, that it is best for the whole country, and that they will in every way cooperate with the Christian force left in Monterey. It has taken some time to bring about the feeling on the part of these congregations that the Boards are doing the right thing; and one cannot help but sympathize with them in hesitating to change over in a body immediately to another denomination merely at the snggestion of foreigners. There would seem to be little doubt that the problem will be worked out, and there will develop a very close cooperation, if not a union, between the Methodist, Disciple and Presbyterian congregations.

A great gain has already been made in the fact that these two churches have become self-supporting. It may yet prove that one of the best results from this exchange of territory will be the development of a large nnmber of self-supporting churches. Monterey, a city of 80,000 people, needs four or more evangelical churches, if they are all cooperating with one another and doing work in different parts of the city. No doubt the Mexicans will find it easier to forget the denominational distinctions taught them by the Americans after they are placed upon their own responsibility.

As to the Northern Baptists, they are cooperating with the Southern Baptists rather than with the other eight Boards,. This will mean that in practically all the large cities of Mexico there will be one of these cooperating Boards with either a Northern or Southern Baptist work. It is hoped, however, that there will develop in each of these centers a close cooperation between the two bodies, especially since the Northern Baptists have already approved many of the general plans for cooperation.

AN ADVANCED PROGRAM FOR MEXICO

One's heart leaps with enthusiasm as he contemplates the wonderful opportunity a single missionary society has with such a magnificent property as the Southern Methodists will control in Monterey after they have taken over that of the Disciples. Beginning at the Lawrence Institute, with three buildings and a block of ground, one will find a magnificent boys' school. Just a block away is a missionary residence,and a half block of ground which will be taken over by the Methodists, and two blocks further the magnificent building of the Christian Institute, where the Methodists will start a girls' school. A little distance from here is the hospital which the Methodists conducted with such splendid results for many years, and which will be reopened soon. Further on down toward the center of the town is found the large Methodist church. Mter taking over the Disciples' property there will be five large pieces of ground, with eight buildings; one church, three large school buildings, one hospital and three residences. Even without being on the ground one can easily imagine how, with the proper force of workers all united under one Board, with one common policy, a great compelling program may be developed which will dominate the city.

The Board that takes under its control such a large amount of property, with so many different kinds of work, must look at the problem in a very large way. Opportunities will be equalled only by responsibilities. The old, narrow programs, with few workers and limited budgets, must be replaced by an inclusive program that will serve the social, physical, educational and spiritual needs of a community, with workers who are specially trained for each department of service. The educational program, for example, should be directed by a man who i& thoroughly prepared in educational administration, and who understands not simply how to teach a few classes, but who knows the problems involved in the education of a whole people. Likewise the men who direct the evangelistic program should be of brf)ad spirit, understanding how closely the spiritual development of a backward people like the Mexicans is tied up with the economic and political problems which confront them. The force should certainly include those who are specially prepared to direct various kinds of social service and community work. After eight years of almost constant revolution it is clearer than ever that those who will do the most for Mexico must help in every department of life, and that our mission work will be of little avail unless we appreciate the problem from this viewpoint.

The city of San Luis Potosi is another good illustration of how the new plan will work. The evangelical forces consisted of the Southern Methodists, the Northern Presbyterians and the Baptists. The Presbyterians and the Baptists have had only evangelistic

work. Both own their Mission buildings. The Methodists have a beautiful church building. On one side is a residence capable of housing at least three families; on the other side is a building formerly used as a school for boys. A half block away is a large building that was used formerly as a school for girls. There hayo been no American missionaries in San Luis Potosi for four or five years, but Mexican pastors have kept up the church work. For some time the Presbyterians and Methodists, whose churches are only a block apart, have been considering the new program proposed by the Mission Boards, and each of these congregations has decided to cooperate completely in the new evangelical organization which may be developed out of these changes. It would not seem difficult to have these two churches combine. They might then become self-supporting.

The Disciples of Christ are to occupy tbis field in exchange with the Methodists, and the Presbyterians are to withdraw. The idea of the Disciple leaders seems to be that they would come in to do the educational and institutional work necessary in the city and to help, as might seem best, in the development of the local church. There is no intention to invade any of the rights of the individuals or congregations, but to cooperate with them iu the development of a strong church, known simply as the "Evangelical Church." The Baptist pastor brought his congregation to a union service which was held in the Methodist church on a recent Sunday rught, and expressed himself as desirous of cooperating in various ways.

THE PROGRAM IN SAN LUIS POTOSI . A general outline of the proposed new program is as follows: the Evangelical Church, which would draw all of the elements possible from the various sources, will meet in the beautiful Methodist church building. The large property formerly a girls' school will be used as an institute along the lines already worked out by the Disciples in their "People's Institutes" in Piedras Negras and San Antonio, Texas, with night classes, lectures on many themes, that would interest and educate the people, reading room, circulating library, gymnasium, classes in carpentry, shoemaking and other mechanical arts, with a kindergarten and primary school during the day. The Presbyterian church building, which faces a prominent plaza, will be used as a center for the poor people, who are in such dire need. The rear room will be dedicated to a clinic, the upstairs to a distributing center for second-hand clothing, the auditorium to evangelistic meetings for those who attend the clinic during the day, and at night for showing educational films and giving lectures on hygiene and teaching adults how to read and write. There seems to be no limit to the opportunities for such service in this city, where the poor people have crowded in from the

AN ADVANCED PROGRAM FOR MEXICO

surrounding country, hundreds of them sleeping in the doorways at night and walking the streets by day seeking for some little work to do or begging for enough to keep body and soul together.

The delimitation of territorial responsibility is, however, only a small part of the program which embraces three phases of work: (1) that done by each individual communion in its own territory; (2) that done in its own territory in accordance with a general co- ordinated plan; and (3) that done in entirely union institutions.

As to the first phase, the representatives of each commuuion visited their work and developed a program for their field before meeting in the conference at Mexico City. This means that each one of the eight Boards has now a carefully worked out program for its field, which includes the number of workers needed and the number of institutions to be established within a certain period, generally ten years.

The second and third phases of the program (coordinated and union work,) are clearly outlined. One of the most important divisions is that which calls for each of the eight Boards to develop an Agricultural and Mechanical college, specializing along the lines suited to the part of the country for which it is responsible. These schools will, therefore, be strategically located from Tamaulipas, Durango and Sinaloa on the North, down through the central states of Aguascalientes and Mexico to Michoacan and Yucatan in the south. While each of these will be supported by an individual Board, there will be a general secretary of agricultural education who will study the whole problem and coordinate these various schools in their endeavor to cooperate with the Government and the people in the solution of the land problem. The eight normal schools already conducted by the missions will be enlarged and several other schools of this class opened in order that every section of the country will have a center where both men and women may be trained as teachers. In the past the mission normal schools have furnished a large pel' cent of the teachers for the public schools in Mexico.

Then there is to be opened in each state capital and other centers of importance in the whole republic, a trade school which will be adapted to the industrial life and problems of each individual community. It has been decided also that a community center shall be opened in each of the cities and towns of importance in the republic. There will be a forum for the discussion of community problems, reading room and circulating library, night classes, lectUr£ison subjects of public interest, clinics and other means of service.

The Committee on Cooperation in Mexico, which is the official representative of these various Boards, will have a secretary who will give his time to the coordinating of these various united ef-

forts. A Board of Evangelical Education hali been formed, which will also have a secretary whose business it will be to travel among the schools, suggest improvements in their curricula, coordinate their work, both among themselves and with the government schools, organize teachers' institutes and in every way develop the efficiency of the educational institutions.

Two years ago a Union Theological Seminary was organized in the City of Mexico, with eight Boards cooperating. It has been most successful in its work. Plans are now made for the larger development of this institution so that it may meet the great demands for M[.'xican Christian leadership. Nine Boards have united in the development of one evangelical publishing house with headquarters in Mexico City.. The various printing plants of individual Boards have just been consolidated. A union paper for all of the churches will appear about July 1st, and a bookstore and depository is now being organized. A union hospital is planned for Mexico City.

The conference also worked on the problem of a university in the City of Mexico which should represent the best combination of both North American and Mexican educational ideals. It was decided that this institution would do a wider service if it were not connected with any ecclesiastical organization. It is intended that it should be a Christian institution, laying emphasis upon both the moral and practical sides of education.

This far-reaching program was submitted to President Carranza by a delegation from the conference and was heartily approved by him. In the conference itself were a number of Mexicans who have prominent positions in the educational and political life of Mexico at the present time. In fact it is most surprising to find the preponderant number of men in the present Mexican government who are connected with the Protestant Church, either by having been educated in mission schools or who have been ministers of Protestant churches. The Director of the National Preparatory School is a Presbyterian elder. The Secretary of the National University is a former Protestant minister. The Director of Secondary Instruction for the :F'ederal District is the son of a Protestant minister. Several governors of states are Protestants, as are countless directors and teachers in public schools.

It might be well to add here that President Carranza has recently initiated reforms in the constitution of Mexico, to change those articles which· prohibit religious corporations from conducting primary schools, and foreigners from exercising the rights of the ministry in Mexico. The American Mission Boards therefore feel that they can count upon the enthusiastic support of the Mexican people in the development of this large, inclusive program.

Effects of the War on

BY REV. JAMES DEXTER TAYLOR. D. D.

Missionary of the American Board in South Africa T WENTY years ago the Boer War in South Africa ab- sorbed the attention of the world and held the front page of the newspapers for three years. From 1914 almost to the present there has been going on in Africa a war, which, for extent of territory involved, number of men engaged, loss of life, and especially for its effect on international relationships, dwarfs the Boer War into insignificance and yet it has had for the most part only an occasional paragraph in the newspaper~.

It is interesting to trace the relation of Africa, remote as it seems to the every day life of the average American, to the World War and to world peace. In Africa the old style of international politics has been supremely exemplified, the race for territory, the clash of territorial and political ambitions, the secret treaty and the trading of interests. For many years before the war broke out Africa had been, equally with the Balkans, the powder magazine of the world. On more than one occasion war clouds have hung over Europe because of what the agents of European governments were doing in Africa. There the Germany which entered with uncertain and reluctant step on a policy of expansion in 1885 had, by the time when her military successes seemed about to promise success to her ambition for world power, remapped Mrica, laying out for herself a "Mittel Afrika" empire which was to be the foundation of her "Mittel Europa" empire, supplying the raw materials without which the latter could not exist, and diverting the attention of her greatest potential opponent, Great Britain. There the two· great democracies of Europe, adjusting their long antagonistic interests, formed by the treaty of 1904 the basis of the Entente Cordiale which settled the alignment of Europe's great democracies against her great autocracies in the world war. There, at Tangier, at Algeciras, and at Agadir were heard the first rumblings of the war that was so near. Moreover, Mrica might well have caused the Allies to lose the war. Had Egypt and the other Mohammedan countries on the north been drawn by the wiles of Germany into the "Holy War" proclaimed by her unholy ally, or had the mass of the Dutch population of South Africa been deceived by the same clever propaganda into rebellion against Great Britain, there would have been a different story to tell on the western front. Mrica will put to the test the unselfishness and idealism of the Allied 439

Nations at the peace table, for there are the possible spoils of war, but there also is the great opportunity for an experiment in international government. Surely the interests of Africa are the interests of Christendom, and we cannot afford to be indifferent as to what becomes either of Africa's territory or Mrica's people. We are not here mainly concerned with political considerations, but with those which bear upon the progress of the Kingdom of God in Mrica.

Let us first review what the war has meant to the African and to the missionary work in Africa. The former German territories in Africa, which have been conquered by three ycar~ of hard campaigns and severe fighting, are in area five times the size of Germany in Europe. Their population, estimated· by some writers as high as 13,000,000, has been under the arbitrary, militaristic rule of the power which knew no scruples that might prevent the attainment of its ends. Even before the war its population had been reduced by cruelties, private and official, to an alarming extent. Slavery still existed, so that 185,000 slaves to be freed is one of the legacies left in East Africa.

It is said that about 200,000 lives were lost in the Kamerun campaign alone; native communities were scattered, never to be reunited, thousands of natives were driven from their homes by war or drawn from their homes for service with the forces. Twenty thousand Bantu from South Africa served as drivers with the forces in East Africa, besides an equal number who saw service in labor battalions in France. About 167,000 natives from Nyasaland, Uganda and Rhodesia served as carrier corps. Native troops from Nigeria and Sierra Leone took part in the actual fighting in East Africa. Native levies were, drawn from the territory of every allied power in Africa, which means every province of the great continent. It is not too much to say that the great continent, accustomed to be called the "Dark Continent," still almost as much a terra inoognita to most Americans as before the explorations of Livingstone and Stanley, has felt throughout its mass and amongst its millions of backward peoples the upheaval and distress that has come to so large a portion of the world during the Great War.

Perhaps, to a degree beyond our knowledge, there has been felt throughout the length and breadth of Africa the throb of the same great hopes that the war has brought to other peoples. We do not say that the full meaning of democracy has penetrated to the mind of the pagan African, nor that he knows and sympathizes with the ideals of a League of Nations, but he is shaken out of his old pagan inertia, he has uew and

SOME EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON AFRICA

. WHA'I' SHAI,I, BE HIS PLACE IN 'l'HE NEW DEMOCRACY?

larger ideas of the rest of the world, and his ambitions arl3 awakened as never before. There is therefore created a new psychological atmosphere for missionary work, an atmosphere at once full of hope and full of danger; hope in the arousing of ambition, the broadening of horizons, the attaining even to a small degree of a world point of view, the inevitable result of which will be a turning toward the education which he recog-

nizes as the basis of the white man's power. The point where that education is most accessible to him, in most cases the only point where it is obtainable, is the Mission Station. Mass movements, already a marked feature in many parts of the continent, for example, in Nigeria, Kamerun, Uganda and Livingstonia, will probably become more general. A sense of helplessness in the new conditions, as well as ambition for the white man's education, will drive the natives to the missionary as their nearest and most trusted friend.

The danger in the situation lies in the fact that there will be more or less blind reactions to poorly understood influences. The heathen prophet will find good soil for his dangerous· sowing, as he does in every great crisis. Already in South Africa the native is learning to use the dangerous weapons of democracy. Strikes are becoming common. Those nearest the life of the native feel that he is in a turmoil of unrest. Hard times, the pressure of discriminating legislation and the tension of racial adjustments are producing a mental attitude in the native dangerous to himself and dangerous to the State. Even the Church is feeling the tension. Ethiopianism, the policy of no white control in the native church, is reviving after a somewhat quiescent period.

Truly it is a time for great activity and great prayer on the part of the Christian forces. The native is learning to use the dangerous weapons of democracy, the strike, passive resistance, political agitation. It is for us to furnish him with its useful tools, an understanding of Christian ideals and ethics, an education in industry; we must provide social outlets and opportunities; we must direct the growing sense of racial solidarity; we must labor to secure for the native rights and opportunities, fair land tenure and a share in the privileges as well as in the responsibilities of civilization. The war has intensified the conditions which the· white man's civilization was already bringing to Africa. It has also vastly enlarged and intensified the missionary opportunity and responsibility.

. The war has to an appreciable extent crippled the missionary forces which were already inadequate to the great task. The great German missionary organizations in Africa have for the most part been put out of business by the war, except in South Africa where they have been able to continue on a limited basis.. A~ the conquest of the territory has proceeded, the stations have gradually been reopened and Christian communities collected and reorganized, but under British and American societies which have had to stretch their Blender resources of men and m(lney to take on the new responsibilities. The closing out of

SOME EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON AFRICA

the German societies has removed several hundreds of mISSIOn- aries, together with their support.

The necessity for the snbstitution of the French for the Ger- man langnage in the schools of those areas of Togoland and Kamerun under French control has brought a further strain upon the missions in those areas. A complete and sudden adjustment to new language and new laws cannot be made without serious strain on organizations always undermanned for the size of the . task.

A still further crippling of the missionary force has been by the drawing away of large numbers of missionaries into military service. Some have been combatants, as in the case of the French; others have been chaplains or officers in labor contillgents. Some have officered carrier corps. Medical missionaries have in many instances given either whole or part time to military service.

Building enterprises have been held up by the prohibitive cost of building materials. Missionaries have had to give an unusnal amount of time to the raising of local products to serve as substitutes for foreign necessities of life unobtainable owing to shipping conditions. Government grants for education have either stood stin or in many cases been decreased or withdrawn. Self-support has been made difficult in the native churches on account of eoonomic conditions.

Cooperative efforts have been handicapped. For example, the General Missionary Conference of South Africa which should have met in 1916 has not met since 1912. Preoccupation with war interests, the financial stress, the impossibility of securing cooperation with German missionary forces, formerly a factor in the Conference, all have operated against such important co- operative enterprises. Mohammedanism has undoubtedly suffered less and bene- fited more by the war than Christianity. Upon Christianity, the gospel of peace on earth, rests the burden of acoounting to the native for the war among Christian nations. Mohammedan priests have been chaplains of pagan African battalions in the Sudan. Mohammedan soldiers have gained new prestige in many fields. The Christian propaganda centers' in mission stations and schools, which have in many instances been closed or scattered diH- ing the war. The Mohammedan propaganda· centers in the mobile trader who can quickly resume his travels on the caravan routes. Mohammedanism, broken as a political power, is perhaps more alive than ever as a religious power and is pressing southward to the very borders of civilized Africa.

LESSONS FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION 1. The African, not only in the conquered German colonies,

JOHA NNESBURG MIN E WORKERS-FOR GOD OR FOR THE DEVIL but in all of Africa, must get a square deal. He has had his share in the sufferings of the war. He must share in the privileges of life, liberty and self-government which the war has bought. His present capacity to enjoy the full benefits of democracy is limited, but to the limits of his capacity he should benefit by the new conditions. There is something pathetic and one may hope prophetic in the fact of thousands of Africans; the hewers of wood and drawers of water of the world, the nation without a nationality, fighting for the cause of world democracy, or laboring that an equal number of white meu might fight. It is a saf.e guess that the number of native Africans who have contributed to the Allied man-power will run well toward half a million. They have given their lives for the cause. Not only must the millions who have been freed from Germany's oppressive rule not be placed again under such control, but the League of Nations should see to it that throughout the continent the African secures equitable possession of land, self-government to the limit of his capacity and protection from exploitation by the white race. It must be secured alSi() that governments shall give the freest opportunity and the most cordial cooperation to the missionary forces which are laboring for the uplift of the African. The Portuguese and French colonial governments have been and are antagonistic to missionary effort in some of the areas under their control. .

We do not ask that African populations living in primitive tribal conditions, and still in the grip of fetishism shall be asked to decide by ballot what European nation, if any, they would choose

SOME EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON AFRICA

CHRISTIAN PREACHERS IN TRAINING AT UNION THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE. NATAL to rule over them, nor that the conquered territories be handed over to the rule of native chiefs, but we do insist that in all territories there shall be recognition of native rights and provision for native development, not according to the standards that the economic or political interests of the rulers may make expedient, but according to the standard that shall satisfy the conscience of the Christian world. Whether this international responsibility shall be exercised through the international commission government proposed by the British labor party for all of Africa between the Sahara and the Zambesi is a question of practical politics; the maintenance of the principle is an obligation of Christian statesmanship.

2. The native church has shown itself in the trying circumstances of the war to have the faith and the staying qualities that prove its capacity for a large place in the reconstruction plans of the missionary enterprise. In German East Africa Christian communities, of British origin, passed through· severe persecution wi.thout flinching. In Kamerun, where there was so much of suffering, the progress of the Church toward self-support was not stayed and its magnificent evangelistic enterprise continued unhindered. in Uganda the Church has seized eagerly upon the missionary op- . portunity that the war has opened of carrying the gospel to other

tribes. E:verywhete the native Christian has made good. As a steadying influence in the overseas labor corps, in the Christian carrier corps, in East Africa, and as a medical unit in the same campaign the native Christian has won high praise. Unquestion- ably the native church is a steadying influence amidst the social turmoil in South Africa.

The inference is that much is to be hoped from the de- velopment of the· native church into full self-support, self-con- trol and self-propagation; and the greater also is the emphasis upon the necessity for the training of a strong native leader- ship in the pastorate, the teaching profession and the trades.

3. The end of the Great War is the psychological moment for the intensifying of the war against the great remaining . atrocity in Africa, the liquor traffic. The liquor interests of South Africa have selected th~ most critical moment in the history of the South African native to launch a campaign to break down the prohibitive laws in the mining areas by opening can- teens for the sale of Cape wines and beer to natives. No timE' will be lost by the trade in recovering lost ground in Nigeria and else- where on the west coast,where war conditions have t.emporarily suspended the importation of liquor. The war has proven more conclusively than ·ever that the traffic is a cancer in the life of nations. The moment of peace is the moment for the temperance forces of America to back the missionary forces in Africa in a great campaign for the abolition of the liquor traffic throughout the continent.

4. All that has been said puts new emphasis upon the neces- sity for co-ordinating the missionary forces on the field. Kikuyu has sounded the trumpet of advance in its declaration of purpose not to rest till all the societies in that area shall share one church and one ministry. The German societies must be welcomed back to their share in the common enterprise of the Church. Denomi- national lines must fade, national churches from abroad must take on more truly African character, there must be greater recogni- tion of the essential oneness of all churches in Christ; there must be a re-survey and a more definite attempt than has yet been made to avoid overlapping in the more settled portions of the continent j there must be unity of effort in great social service and educa- tional programs that the resources of the Kingdom may not be squandered and that the greatest opportunity Africa has ever pre- sented may not be wasted.

Altogether the tasks that face the Church in Africa after the war are such as emphasize the duty of the American Church to keep Africa very much to the front in its prayers and its giving at this critical time.

Church and the Industrial Situation*

BY THE REV CHARLES A. BROOKS, Do Do, NEW YORK Secretary of the American Baptist Home Mission Society T HERE is a striking and significant coincidence in the way the united missionary education program fits in with the re- cent rapid development of interest and importance of the situation as concerns the world's industrial workers.

The united home and foreign mission topic agreed upon a year ago, "Christianity and the World's Workers," recognizes the fact that the issues involved are not sectional or national but universal j that they are not remotely "foreign" or too inconveniently "home" to be interesting. This is a happy assurance that there is no real rivalry or competition or division of interest between" home" and "foreign" missions. Even more full of promise, is the recognition that the subject itself is missionary, inviting the challenge of adventure for God and humanity, the conflict of long esfablished wrongs with divine truth and light and love and 0 the dawning kingdom of Brotherhood and Peace.

The working men and women the world over, the common people whom God must love, according to Lincoln, have become intensely conscious of themselves as a class, and the necessities of the war have made them aware of the dependence of the world upon them and their co-operation. They have alarmed the more conservative elements by their ins~stence upon immediate satisfaction of their claims, reasonable or unreasonable. The highest wages ever paid have not proven sufficient to keep many groups of labor active and productive even though any slacking of their effort imperiled the cause of world freedom in which they had as much at stake as anyone. Then the debacle in Russia, the 80ciaJist opposition to the program of America in the war and the proven disloyalty of the 1. W. W. has roused bitte'r resentment and deep suspicion in the minds of conservative people that the class struggle is brutally and blindly selfish, and is a menace which must be put down at all costs.

But these facts do not tell the whole story nor do they finally dispose of the matter. Weare not to be done with this struggle until the moral leadership of the world courageously finds the way to permanent and just industrial peace.

America in 1800 was largely a rural nation. In that day eightyeight per cent of the people lived in the country and cultivated the soil. Today only twenty-four per cent are farmers. There are seventeen great cities, each of which is larger than anyone of our ten smallest states. In 1910, 13 cities had an aggregate population *This article was written before the Armistice was signed.-EDlTOR.

447

of 17,000,000 lJ,nd employed in great industrial concerns more than 2,500,000 workers. The annual output of those concerns accord- ing to the government report was valued at $7,500,000,000. The mining and lumbering industries, with transportation, represent vast investments of capital and employ many thousands who live under conditions far less favorable to the general welfare than many of the cities and larger towns offer. The entrance on a large scale of women into industry and the great army of the foreign born present their own peculiar problems. The presence of chil- dren in the struggle for daily bread is a dark blot upon our civi- lization. Professor Fairchild of Yale well reminds us that our knowledge of how to produce satisfactory social conditions has not kept pace with our knowledge of how to produce wealth.

When the war began, America underwent very radical in- dustrial changes. The future significance of many of these changes and the establishment of many precedents, only an inspired prophet would attempt to foretell.

The tremendous industrial expansion which followed the un- precedented demand for war materials has revolutionized many communities and created outright many more. The Government established numerous centers under the Ordnance Bureau of the War Department for the production of chemicals, the loading of shells, etc. with populations varying from 1,000 to 25,000; built the houses and schools, the sanitary equipment and established a City Manager form of government. Old established industrial centers such as Newark, N. J., Bridgeport, Conn., Akron and Youngstown, Ohio, Bethlehem, Pa., Camden, N. J., Chester, Pa., etc., experienced an almost inconceivable growth in populatiQn·. The Delaware River Basin has become one of the busiest industrial areas of its extent on the globe. It is a conservative estimate that over 90,000 new population, including many foreigners and negroes, moved into the region. It is impossible even to estimate with any fair degree of accuracy how many people have been affected by these new conditions the country over. Some of these industries very naturally have now experi~nced a reaction but many others are not so much affected. Shipbuilding must go on for many years, the great chemical expansion begun under the pressure of the war will not be allowed to lapse. Many of. these communities will have a great industrial future.

The migration of negroes from the Southern States to North- ern industrial centers has in it great possibilities for good or ill. The railroads have been pioneers in importing negro labor to re- place the returned immigrants called home to take their part in the war. Not less than 750,000 negroes have crossed the Mason . and Dixon line to find a place in our Northern cities. Perhaps no single section has felt this more than Ohio, Indiana and Michigan.

THE CHURCH AND THE INDUSTRIAL SITUATION

A recent survey conducted under the auspices of the Home' Missions Council indicates conservatively that J30,000 new negro population has settled in these States. They naturally are oblige,d to live in the most undesirable quarters. They have been met by a hostile attitude on the part of many workers. The fearful outbreak in East St. Louis is an indication of the social and industrial upheaval, fortunately less serious in other sections than on the border. The higher wages and generally better conditions than most enjoyed in the South makes it apparent that in all probability these people will remain permanent residents in the North. These recent developments add a new importance and urgency to the industrial situation.

THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CHURCH No argument is needed to prove that the Christian Church in America is still too much of a negligible factor in the industrial world. It has little influence upon the masses of workmen and is either openly denounced or completely ignored. It is generally suspected of being partisan in its attitude and of representing the conservative element of society.

Without attempting any discussion of this very important problem may I suggest some ways in which the Church should reclaim her rightful leadership and influence.

1. The leaders of Christian thought and activity, pastors, laymen, secretaries and editors m?tst recognize the existence of a crucial opportunity in the period of reconstruction. It will not ' do to fall back upon our own formulas, strafe the Socialists, the Industrial Workers of the World and the Bolsheviki and take anattitude of hostility toward the labor leaders who in. many instances have merited criticism. We must' give ourselves to an earnest and open minded study of the issues involved and have an intelligent grasp of the situation. To-day Socialism seems to offer many earnest men the only medium of expression or outlet of their social passion. But there are thousands of men equally earnest and devoted to the cause of human welfare who cannot accept the doctrine of Socialism, and yet must line up with some constructive force which will not compromise with injustice nor tolerate human exploitation. The Christian Church can have these men and women any time she makes it evident that she stands foursquare and uncompromisingly for the supremacy of human rights in the name of her Lord. If the Church cannot lead these socially minded men and women, she will be thrust toone side, for God is mar<}hing on.

2. The Church must show its spiritual vitality and loyalty to the Spirit and mind of Christ by its passion for human welfare. Only a spiritually dead church can be indifferent to human need or

suffering. The great spiritual awakenings 'Of the Church have been fQllQwed by great refQrms. The revival which aWQke England under the ministry 'Of Wesley and Whitefield arQused England tQ realize the social wrQngs 'Of that day.

The Snnday schQols established by RQbert Raikes 'Of GlQucester were the beginnings 'Of a PQPuiar educatiQn. By writings and by her 'Own persQnal example Hannah MQre drew the sympathy of England tQ the PQverty and crime 'Of the agricultural laborer. The passiQnate impulse 'Of human sympathy with the wronged and afflicted raised hospitals, endowed charities, built churches, sent missiQnaries tQ the heathen, supPQrted Burke in his plea fQr the Hindu and Clarkson and Wilberforce in their crusade against the iniquity 'Of the slave trade. John Howard drew his inspiratiQn fQr prisQn ~efQrm frQm the same fountain head of spiritual plOwers newly 'Opened fQr the healing of the nations.

There can be nQ such thing as devDtion tQ Jesus Christ which dDes nQt carry with it lQve fDr men, especially fQr the fQlk whQ need it most. In fact our Lord said that the only assurance 'Of our devQtiQn He wDuld accept as valid is what we do for thDse whQm He lQves.

3. The Church must democratize its service and its fellowship. The Church was meant tQ be a kind of wQrking model Df the Kingdom 'Of GQd, an ideal society. There can be no such thing as a class cDnsciQusness in a truly Ohristian Ohurch. A "labQr" church is as much an anQmaly as a "capitalist" church. When Phillips BrQDks was tQ preach befDre Queen VictQria, SDme 'Of his English friends were anxiDus that he should appreciate the distinguished hDnDr and rather brDadly hinted this and asked what sermDn he had chQsen tQ preach. This great Christian replied, "I have but lOne sermDn." 'When asked tQ address a working man's meeting in Faneuil Hall he replied, "I dQn't knQw hQW tQ talk tQ wQrking men. " They were just men tQ him and he had the same message fDr them as fQr the men and WQmen 'Of the Back Bay. The wQrking men liked him the better fQr it and it was while serving as their chosen arbitratQr tQ settle a street car strike in BQston that he cQntracted the CQld which later caused his death.

Before DemQcracy was ever written intQ the cQnstitutiQn 'Of any natiQn it was written intQ the cQnstitutiQn 'Of the universe. DemQcracy is the Christian valuatiQn of human persDnality. Democracy should begin in the HQuse 'Of GQd.

A pastor in a Western city one day, as we were planning SQme cQmmunity service for an unchurched section of the city, tQld me Df a neighbDring pastQr who said when he had SQught tQ interest him in the prQject: "I am 'On a still hunt fQr substantial peDple." That undemQcratic and essentially un-Ohristian attitude has alienated many working people, and has actually turned many Df these

same "substautial people" from its doors. The Church can have the people any time it really wants them. But to want them, really and truly and deeply want them, is a spiritual achievement of a very high order.

4-The Church must proclaim with unmistakable clearness and unwaverin,q emphasis the stewardship of wealth and social position. The recent book by David McConaughy, "Money, the Acid Test," rightly makes ste,'ardship include not only the giving of money, .but the conscious and recognized obligation to society for the possession and use of every thing we possess. If we had been faithful a half a century ago in proclaiming the broad conception of stewardship we would have avoided many tragic mistakes and saved many wasted lives. This inability to recognize the application of Christian principles to business has been the root of untold injury to the cause of Christ. Whenever the Church will consider unsocial and dishonest stewardship as a ground for discipline and a basis for disfellowship it will have done much to regain the confidence of the man in the shop and the mine.

But in the light of the late crusade against world oppression and injustice, against exploitation and disregard of human rights, we have found our souls, we trust, and are ready to dare all things, make any sacrifice, endure any hardship in order that our dream of brotherhood and redemption may be realized. It is. this new temper of soul which should enable the Church to rise up and attempt the impossible.

A NEW MISSIONARY PROGRAM This attitude and spirit for which we have been pleading must of necessity be reflected in the missionary program of the churches.

I-There must be effective co-operative planning and execution. That was at once apparent in the new industrial centers developed under pressure of the war. It was this conviction that led to the organization of The Joint Committee of Sixteen to represent the War Time Commission of the Churches and the Home Missions Council. This Committee adopted a tentative budget, for the first year, of approximately $900,000, and plans to establish Community churches with an adequate staff of workers in the new permanent communities and is enlisting the support of the various Home Mission Boards to strengthen already existing churches in the older established communities which have been called upon to meet the emergency of this industrial expansioll.

This spirit is finely illustrated in the organization of "The Calumet Church and Missionary F€deration," which is really a missionary planning Board to study and provide for the needs of that rapidly developing industrial region contiguous to Chicago on the East. Christian unity to be of any value must be wrought

out as the unity of allied military action has been wroughtardluu out in France, under the pressure of a great common peril and challenge which makes the recognition of a common cause absolutely essentiai to victory. 'The great. masses of laboring men and women, the people of the great congested areas in our cities, neither know nor care about our historic or theological differences. What they will understand readily is incarnate love and friendliness which reveals and interprets the Saviour.

2-0ur missionary program mnst be a comprehensive community program projected not upon the basis of theories, but on the ground of meeting the needs of the community.

During the frightful suffering endured by the poor in New York City in the winter of 1917 to 1918 the churches endeavored to keep the buildings warmed and opened to the community. The children came from school and the mothers and babies from the tenements, to seek refuge. One of the missionary organizations, when the coal for the churches was exhausted, appealed in vain for more. Finally the head woman worker went in person to present the urgency of the situation. She at once met with the sharp reply that they were not furnishing coal for churches. Then pleading for two minutes' time she told the story of the heroic service they had been doing to meet the emergency. Before she had finished the coal administrator called on the telephone to a supply yard and the missionary heard one end of the conversation and her imagination supplied the other. "Send some coal to the Second Avenue Baptist church. Yes I know we are not supplying any coal to churches, but this isn't a church. They call it a church, but it isn't a church, it's a place where they take care of children and women with babies. Send them some coaL"

The missionary program which is to minister to the community where congestion and poverty abound, where life is barren of beauty and warmth, must provide for the whole life of the whole community. The foreign mission program has long ago recognized that obligation, but some way our conventional religious activities have not made room for a building which shall be a community center, with a day nursery, a dispensary, a laundry, recreational and educational equipment. But we see it now, and the great Home Mission Boards will never be content to confine their ministry to a program that calls for a twice a week opening of a meeting house.

There can be no substitute for personal religious experience. What we plead for is what John the Baptist came for, a preparation for the Lord, a prepared way, with rough places smoother, the crooked straightened, the low places filled up and the high places leveled, that the glory of the Lord may be revealed and all flesh see it together.

@ @ ~

. _ " BE S'TDD.M~UETJtHJO…"Dau.S"". . . ,,~O ,,"_ EDiTED BY MRS. E. C. CRONK, NEW YORK CITY_ Working By Proxy METHODS OF HELPING OTHERS DO THEIR WORK Is it true that no one can do 'another's work? Perhaps so, but equally true is it that every one can help some one else to do his work better. Some of the most effective workers in the world to-day are effective because of the people who are helping them, while the greatest things accomplished by men and women are not always the things they actually do themselves but the things they make it possible for others to do.

WILLIAM CAREY did a work conserve valuable strength and mul- which reached to the ends of tiply efficiency.

the earth. A widow unknown to The American women who gave fame in whose home he began his Dr. Ida: Scudder an automobile lit- work helped to make possible a work erally made the strength of that which she could have in no wise done splendid worker in India as the herself. strength of ten, for doctor plus A woman who never set foot in an automobile can cover as much Africa made possible much of the ground and see as many patients as work done by David Livingstone by ten doctors minus an automobile.

handing him a cash gift as he was A missionary who has been in going out to his work. With this service for thirty-two years recently gift Livingstone employed the native wrote to a friend: "It would be so man who cared for him in many easy for some one to make possible ways, who conserved the strength of a longer period of efficiency for the his master by attending to details of older missionaries by a little thought- his work, and, who actually saved ful provision for aids in our work.

the life of that greatest of all mis- . We go through our first and second sionaries to the dark continent, in and perhaps our third decades with an encounter with a lion. enthusiasm and energy, struggling We are inclined to most extrava- with the ever unsolvable problem of gant economy in withholding the making two very inelastic ends meet equipment which would make the to cover the needs of the family.

work of missionaries and missionary We do it cheerfully and get so used leaders really effective. to it that stretching one dollar to the Extravagance garbed in the guise purchasing power of five, and making of economy is it which bids a mis- something out of nothing, grow to be sionary secretary save on clerical help in time almost second nature.

to the exhaustion of his own vitality, "But when we start in on our while truest economy is found in the fourth decade we face a very difficult expenditure of sufficient amounts to situation. By virtue of our thirty. or 453

more years' residence and work in Many people have given thought to our adopted land we are at last really increasing the efficiency of the young in a position to do many things we missionary, but here is suggested a have longed to do. Now we meet great opportunity of prolonging the evidences of a love and confidence, efficiency of workers, already trained gained only by long years of residence and acclimated, who have a hold on and work. Now come requests to the work and a position of influence take charge of many important ac- not to be had by any new comers to tivities and, after working for all the field, no matter how gifted and these years to reach this vantage energetic they may be.

ground, we have to fail to make the UNLISTED IN WHO'S· WHO most of it, because of physicallimitations. If an adequate means of Yet they have made some great traveling about the large city in work possible.

which our work may lie were pro- . During the days of the war it vided, we might be able to do some seemed that a missionary secretary, of these things we have longed to who was doing exceptionally fine do and now have the opportunity of work in rural communities for the doing. If we could have enough Federal Council of Churches, would help in our homes, so that the enter- have to give it all up because his taining which is at once a great wife's strength was not sufficient to privilege and a great drain on the meet the demands made by the care strength of the senior missionaries, of the home and the children, with might be less of a drain and more of no servant to be had on any terms.

a privilege, we could have strength A bright young schoolgirl saw the released for the outside work that situation and proposed that she would calls so insistently. Even if he is come in for several hours every day able to get along without it in his to cook.or to wash dishes or to clean younger days, a missionary after his house or nurse as the need was.

third furlough should have some kind Some of her schoolmates made horri- of conveyance for his own use, or fied ejaculation: "Surely you are else a fund to enable him to use more not going out to help to do house- freely the public motor cars when work !" "Oh, no," said she. "I'm such are available. To his former going out to help the Federal Coun- salary should be added enough to cil of Churches carry out a program enable him to live and entertain the for a great work in rural communi- many guests who come to his door, ties."

without the straining economy which In the Centenary Campaign of the exhausts him. Methodist Church a man was needed Here for instance is the wife of a to do a fine piece of organizing work missionary. She is over sixty but in looking after the allocation of five is in good health and goes about four . thousand minute men to speak in miles to her work. She takes two different churches. A New York lines of cars and walks five blocks pastor was found who was peculiarly each way, occupying about an hour fitted for the task, but there seemed in· making the trip. She returns no way to secure his release from home exhausted. If she had been the heavy pastoral work which de- able to go in an automobile she could manded all of his time, until a young have made the trip in less than fif- layman said, "Now I cannot manage teen minutes and been rested instead as big a proposition as this area of wearied by it. Why does she not proposition with the assignment of live near her work? Because her speakers and all it involves, but I can husband's classes must be considered organize the executive work of this first and their home is convenient to congregation so as to release a large these." part of the pastor's time on six days

BEST METHODS

of the week. Whereupon he applied delegate to the International Sunday himself to the task of having the School Association. Of course you members of the congregation take are going." "I'm a delegate, but I'm care of many of the week day not going," was the answer. A bit activities which had previously been of questioning brought the informaattended to by the pastor. New- tion that he was not going because comers, and new members were called he did not have money to pay his on, the sick· were visited, and a expenses. Then the Bible class splendid system of work was set teacher said, "Now see here, I believe in motion which made it possible for in you and what you're going to do the pastor to give his time largely in the Sunday-school, and I'm going through the week to the big piece of to see that you go to that convenwork for the Centenary. This was tion." the main objective, but a valuable by-product was the increased activity The young man went, and there his of the membership of the congrega- eyes were opened to the possibilities tion in the work of the church: of the Sunday-school, and he has given his life to the realization of There is a woman whose name has these possibilities. never appeared in a list of missionary workers, but who is doing a great The Bible school teacher had only work by proxy. She does not speak a local influence through his own at meetings nor is she known to work, but when he found Marion executive councils, but she slips Lawrance and gave him the $20.00 quietly into the home of a prominent which paid his expenses to his first and busy missionary leader who is Sunday School Convention, he set in eminently fitted to both of these tasks, motion the greatest influence of his and takes. charge of her darning bas- life. ket, thereby releasing much of her gifted friend's valuable time for He little dreamed that he was service which she alone can give. An- helping the future General Secretary other woman who was doing a fine of the International Sundav Schaol piece of public work in addition to Association to find his work and to her own housekeeping was enabled do it in a way that has for years to continue it without interruption made him the outstanding Sundaybecause a practical friend said, "I sch001 leader of the world. cannot do the speaking you are doing, but if you will keep right at it, I'll In like manner some one saw the attend to your canning and preserv- possibilities in a young law student, ing this summer." and made arrangements for W. C. Pearce to go to his first Sunday- A business man proposed to as- school convention, which was a great sume the salary of one of the great influence in directing his exceptional missionary leaders of this country, ability in dealing with men in the making it possible for this most con- channels of Christian and Sundayvincing speaker to go all over the school work. country giving his message. He has stirred the hearts of men everywhere' DANGERS OF SELF-CENTERED and secured multiplied thousands for missions and many missionaries for SERVICE the field, The business man could not have done the work, but he made At a summer conference some one it possible for another man to do it. spoke of the magnetic personality and the outstanding success of one of the In the year 1884 a Bible class leaders. teacher put his hand on the arm of a young Sunday-school superinten- "Yes," said a thoughtful man dent. "I'm glad to see you are a quietly, "I have noticed his success and have noted that it has been attained at the sacrifice of other men's success. He seems to have had no thought beyond his own

classes. He has kept the members of rosetted and looped, artistically them beyond the hour, and knocked draped, and gaily streamered.

the heart out of the work of the man The hat was presented as a "going who followed him. He has featured away hat" for the summer confer- his own work, but has done nothing ence trip and the application thereof in a big cooperative way to help was evident. The committee testi- others do theirs." fied that they had no difficulty in se- To constantly have a thought for curing the gifts and that practically the success of others; to make it pos- everyone to whom they mentioned it sible for some one who is about to immediately wanted to have part in fail to succeed; to help some one who the plan.

is doing good work to do better Here lies a suggestion for sending work; to lead into the work some one delegates from various organizations.

who has been on the outside: here is A bright little rhyme to accompany broader opportunity than unconsider- the presentation adds to the occasion.

ing, self-centered achievement of ONE WOMAN'S INFLUENCE one's own task alone. The day was done, and a woman HER GOING AWAY HAT tired and weary signed her name to Modes and Methods in Missionary the last note to be written as the clock struck twelve. "Another day Millinery • gone and what have I done?" she The members of the miSSIOnary said. society wanted their pastor's wife to go to the summer conference, but the She read over the two notes: "Dear Miss Blank: There comes to financing of the trip was the thing me so constantly the feeling that the that clouded their brow. nurses in our hospitals are so overcworked and that they have so little relaxation She was a fine missionary leader, but for years she had been giving from their constant association with a world of sickness and suffering that I freely out of her store with no iust long to snatch them away from it chance for training or for stimulating all for a little while into an entirely differassociation with other leaders and ent atmosphere which would put a new teachers. The summer conference song in their weary hearts and a new spring in their tired steps. I have enwith its rich program of methods gaged two seats for all the orchestra conand study would be just the thing for certs this season which I want to place her, but where was the money to at your disposal, as you are in charge of come from, and just how was it to the nurses. I cannot do the work they be. presented to her? are doing but perhaps this strain of music Then began much whispered dis- in their lives will help them to do it better." cussion and many mysterious references. Whenever "the hat" was men- She sealed this and then glanced tioned, people smiled a little knowing over the other note.

smile and stock in millinery straight- "Dear Pastor; I am sending you a line way became popular. to let you know that a little bird flew At the close of the next meeting past and whispered to me that my pastor of the society a delivery boy ap- and my pastor's wife were tired and needed a rest. This same little bird flew peared at the psychological moment on up to Poland Springs and engaged a with a huge hatbox addressed to the room for you for a month on the very pastor's wife, who was asked to come forward to receive it. When the spot you said you would choose of all spots for a vacation, and tells me that the bills are all paid in advance. It was a box was opened a straw hat, product blue bird, by the way, and I am sure if you follow its leading you will find of a five and ten cent store, was happiness and new strength." lifted out. Interest centered not in the shape but in the most startling Before she went to sleep, her trimming, eloquently suggestive of St. thoughts traveled back over the busy Patrick. Greenbacks were gracefully hours of the day. No great task had

been done. She had attended a meet- lips tightened, her eyes flashed the ing of the Orphan's Home Board and spirit of the conqueror. By sheer had succeeded in getting an assistant force of her will she seemed to hold for the superintendent. She had her patient back from the out-reach- gone by the hospital to make sure of ing arms of death. In defiance of the delivery of the victrola and the the doctor's sigh she continued her records the nurse had told her would ministrations, not submissively but be such a wonderful help. She had combatively, until, as the hours of lost time there because one of the the night broke before the coming young doctors looked so tired and of the dawn, the doctor whispered worn she had stolen him away for a exultingly: "You win!"

little ride in her automobile. As the patient breathed evenly and Then she had mailed to a mission- regularly he said, "I marvel at your ary friend in Japan a number of endurance and your unconquerable dainty little dresses which her own SpIrIt. You simply held this man little daughter had outgrown, and back from death to-night, after I had sent with them a batch of late gave up."

magazines. In the evening she had The eyes of the nurse became given a birthday party for one of the dreamy. "I would have given ~p deaconesses at the mother house. too if it had not been for the con- For years it had been her custom to cert. I was completely exhausted be hostess for the birthdays of the last night but to-day some one sent sisters, most of whom were far awav me a ticket for the concert. It was from their families. Then she had wonderful and it put new life and finished up with the dressmaker who spirit into my work. I just could not was working on a dress for her give up with that music in my heart."

friend. She thought of this friend **** as she went to bed, and prayed that A pastor came back to his wor!: God would speak through her His after a month's vacation with a ne,1:'

messages as she traveled through light in his eye and a new energy in the land addressing important meet- his planning. Throughout the parish ings. Several years ago she had pro- it was evident. New members were posed that she would become "Lady enrolled, and far reaching plans were of the Wardrobe" to do her friend's projected. The church officials were shopping and look after all the time- full of joy. Now he seemed to be consuming details, so that her full getting a masterful grip on the situa- time might be released for missionary tion. He had been very tired and service. his vacation had made a new man of She slipped out of bed to write yet him. A woman who could not do a another note to assure this friend of pastor's work had made it possible hers that she was following her for a pastor to do his work more schedule with prayer. Then she went efficiently. * At an orphan's* ho*me*a- superintento sleep, little dreaming of what she had done that day. * * * * dent was carrying out her dream of In the dim light of a hospital years to give more time to some of room a doctor and a nurse sat by a the things she counted most vital, but which had been impossible for lack patient's bed. . "We lose," whispered the doctor to of assistance. Now, with her new the nurse, as he admitted the hope- assistant, had come new hope and lessness of the long, hard fight by a new courage and dreams come true. sigh and sat down dejectedly by the – With grateful heart her thoughts turned to the woman who had made patient's bed. No relaxing was evident in the this possible. "If there is any ~uccess nurse's face. The lines about her in my work just about half of the

reward is hers, because her hearty a birthday and cared to celebrate it.

support and understanding sympathy The few hours of happy relaxation have made my work possible. had bound all of the guests closer * *** together and put a clearer note of A nurse rolled a victrola into the fellowship and joy in their work ward on Sunday morning. As the "Bless her," whispered one, "she soft strains of "Rock of Ages Cleft just seems to live to help other peo- for Me" came to each ear the drawn ple to live up to their best and to faces in the beds relaxed and an air do their work"

of peace pervaded the room. Then **** followed others of the old hymns, A missionary secretary faced an bringing blessing and assurance to invitation to address a great gather- those who listened. From room to ing. "No more this year," she said room the victrola was taken and in as she glanced at her suitcase, "I each it gave its message and accom- must go home for rest and repairs."

plished its work. "It is one of my Then there came a letter written at first and one of my last aids," said midnight.

the nurse. "It has helped many "I am following you with my back to health and has comforted prayers as you speak Then, my some in the valley of the shadow. dear, I am worldly-minded enough This dear, dear friend of mine litt~ to follow you with the new dress you knows how many hearts she has had fitted several weeks ago. Never 'reached through her gift nor how get it into your head that the Lord much easier she has made my work" can speak better through a woman * * A * who is carelessly dressed than through young d*octor patients one who is hooked uP. straight with met his with a fresh breath of air in his no buttons dangling. I know how lungs and a new light in his eye, little time you have to give to details, just because of a little spin around and I count it a real privilege to the beautiful driveway of the park. relieve you of as much care of your **** wardrobe as possible; and while I Over in Japan a woman unpacked cannot address the audiences you can, little dresses while a deep wave of yet I hope you can get in more meet- thanksgiving swept her heart. She ings than you could if you had to be hugged her little daughter impul- bothered with this shopping."

sively. "This means, precious, not At a meeting next day four young only that you can have these lovely people decided to give their lives to dresses, but that mother can go right missionary service and a gift of five on with the kindergarten work in- thousand dollars was secured for stead of having to stop to sew as the work.

she had planned. And these maga- "These are her -trophies," said the zines! We must begin right away speaker to herself, Hfor I could to divide them up among all the not have accepted this invitation nor missionaries who are so hungry for a host of others if she had not taken a sight of them. They will bring on her shoulders so many details of joy all along the line. I wonder jf shopping and planning for me."

that friend across the ocean knows **** that she makes it possible for me to The day was done. A woman do many things that could neyer have tired and weary fell asleep. What had been done but for her?" she done? No newspaper recorded **** any great achievement with flaring A deaconess had gone to her work headlines. No audience thronged with a new glow about her heart. around her in appreciation, yet she It made such a difference to know had made possible work which reached that some Qne actually remembered the ends of the earth.

Woman's Foreign Mission

Edited by MRS WM. H. FARMER, Montclair, N. J. Representative of the Federation of Woman's Foreign Mission Board· CHRISTIAN LITERATURE IN MISSION FIELDS A Letter to the Woman's Foreign Mission Boards ONCE more the Committee on ment and urged upon all Christian Christian Literature for Women teachers throughout the land, reads and Children in Mission Fields de- like a romance. By this method sires to lay before ·you its pressing thirty-nine characters are made to do need of funds to carry on its work. the work of the 5,000 or 6,000 which This Committee is one of the the most limited reading and writ- ing of Chinese has heretofore re- Standing Committees of the Federa- quired. With the pos3ibilities bound tion of Women's Boards. Its re- up in this new system, when the port for 1918 is included in the an- seven hundred thousand Ch.:_tians nual report of the Federation, which shall each say to his neighbor, may be secured from Miss M. H. "Know the Lord through the pnnted Leavis, West Medford, Mass. page," it is manifestly of the gr:::atest importance that books shall be pre- As a Committee, we have become p2recl for women and young people responsible in 1919 for several im- which shall give them pure Christian pOItant pieces of work, but mnd our- ideals. selves, at this date, with less than The Chinese Christian Literature $500 in our treasury. Council, of which Miss Laura M. May we ask that you will, at the White is a member, has asked the Woman's Committee to provide earliest opportunity, bring to your $1000 gold for this great new en- Executive Committees these requests, terprise. The Committee has guarand urge an immediate and generous anteed this sum. support of this appealing and evergrowing branch of foreign mission- 3. In Japan a new weekly news- paper for women has just been ary work? started under the auspices of the 1. The Committee has promised Christian Literature Society of Japan. Miss Bosanquet (Bo~zan­ $500 annually for the publishing ex- kay) in charge of this department penses of "Happy Childhood," the only Christian magazine for Chinese says: children. Through the generous and self-sacrificing efforts of Mrs. Donald MacGillivray, of Shanghai, the Committee is able to place this little "We shall be very glad if friends will illustrated magazine in the hands of help us to make the 'Ai No Hikari' about four thousand of the children (Light of Love) known and get it into of China, at the nominal cost of the factories and workshops. It will also twenty-five cents gold per year. But be found suitable for home use, for moth- ers' meetings and for farmer and fisher there are millions of children who people."

have no "Happy Childhood," and The Committee has assumed $300 we beg for funds to lengthen the as its yearly gift for this much- list of those who shall be gladdened needed new paper. Ten dollars wilt . by this messenger from Christ's peo- . place it for a year in the hands of ple. one thousand Japanese women, who Z. The story of the new alphabet perhaps have never had a glimpse of for China, endorsed by the Govern- such a life as Mary SJessor's, the 459

story of whose girlhood begins in the to learn the le'ssons of the war. A initial number, February, 1919. dozen new democracies have sprung A new magazine for English into existence over night. The new speaking students in India has been peoples eager for popular govern- already guaranteed under the super- ment, as a rule, are ill prepared for vision of Miss Flora Robinson and its exercise. A vast responsibility her sister Ruth of Isabella Thoburn rests upon missionary boards in the College, Lucknow. We have the first matter of education in democracy, $500 for this. A second will be especially as to the Christian basis needed before January 1, 1920. for democracy. One of the tasks is Other smaller undertakings, all the preparation of the 400,000,000 beneficial and all greatly needed, Chinese for self rule. There is an make a budget of approximately $3,- urgent call for books and trcatis.·'~ 000 to be financed during 1919. This· emanating from America which shall is a very conservative estimate, really deal' with this problem in a popular only a drop in the bucket needed to yet fundamental way.

assuage the thirst of the new Chris- 2. Along with the new political and tians in our mission fields. economic aspirations, there has come We ask therefore that you will re- a heart hunger to the nations. Their spond as soon as possible with a sub- time honored institutions are failing stantial appropriation from your to meet their deeper needs. Their Board for these most appealing ob- religions have not stood the test of jects, and that you will also try to modern conditions. In many lands, secure immediate gifts from inter- notably in China, we see a reaching ested friends, women's clubs, inter- out for the secret of vital Christian- denominational groups and summer ity. Multitudes who have never at- conferences. tended a mission chapel are in a Surely we cannot fail in this bit of mood to read a well written book in world rebuilding, nor refuse to share which the essential truths of our our riches of books and magazines religion are set forth.

with the newly awakened women 3. Synchronizing with this new and young people of lands brought … situation is a rapid increase in the near us by a world-war. reading public. Not in vain have the Please make checks payable to L. mission schools throughout the world V. North, Treasurer, Bradford Acad- been pouring out their thousands of emy, Bradford, Mass. graduates year by year. In countries Christian Literature leaflets and like Japan, the government has seen programs may be obtained from Miss to it that the people generally have M. H. Leavis, West Medford, Mass., been taught to read. In India not for ten cents in stamps. less than a million new literates are Yours in Christian service, being produced by government and ALICE M. KYI,E, Chairman. mission schools every year. Are we L. V; NORTH, Treasurer. to create a thirst for knowledge and MRS. HENRY W. PEABODY, then not supply the means for its Central Committee on United Study satisfaction? A particularly encour- of Foreign Missions. aging sign in the Far East is the THE NEXT STEP growing literacy of women. There By CORNELIUS H. PATTON, D. D., are many opportunities now to reach the mothers in tqe homes by means Boston, Mass. of books, magazines, and leaflets.

Four considerations point to the Where this is impossible, Bible wo- ·expansion of the literature movement men and teachers can read good lit- as the next step in missionary strat- erature to eager groups of listeners egy. in the bazaar, the harem, and the 1. The world is awake and eager home.

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN

4. Back of all these conditions is in the matter of meeting this new de- the ineradii:able respect of the Orien- mand. That attractive little maga- tal for a book. In lands like China, zine for the children of ·China en- Arabia, and Turkey, a book is an titled "Happy Childhood," which has almost sacred object. The common come into being under the stimulus people have a respect for the printed of the Committee on Literature o'

page which finds no parallel in the the Federation of Woman's Boards, western world. The mere fact that is a happy augury of similar ventures a statement is made in prirrted form to be made in behalf of other Lands.

carries great weight with the Orien- It is proposed now that the Woman's tal mind. Boards shall help in the publication It is the consensus of the best mis- of a weekly newspaper for the wo- sionary opinion that the pushing of men of Japan. One of the most en- our literature department is a matter couraging events is the agreement of of the utmost urgency. The situa- the Woman's Literature Committee tion will brook no delay. We are to raise $1000 to cover the item in much farther behind in this line of the Literature budget for women and effort than in any other. In fact children drawn up by the Literature every other department, most of all Council of China.

evangelism, is being held back for Through such ventures as these it lack of adequate literature. is demonstrated that we are working It is also a matter of common con- along right lines in this effort. May sent that by far the larger part of I urge that the Woman's Boards our Christian literature should be should consider most earnestly in- produced on the cooperative basis. creasing their appropriations in order There will always be a demand for to meet the above responsibilities and denominational and board publica- that we may take advantage of the tions, but it is safe to say that fully unprecedented opportunity of our three-quarters of the literary output times?

may be produced more economically In my opinion this is clearly the and effectively through union agen- next step for us to take.

cies.

Fortunately during the years of the HELPING THE CHILDREN war the Boards have been organiz- An Address by ing union literature committees in MRS. DONALD MACGILLIVRAY, Shang- Japan, Korea, China, Moslem Lands, and Latin America. The union or- hai, China ganization exists ready to our hand. In all these areas careful surveys Train up a child in the way he .should have been made so that we are in go and when he i.s old he wilt not depossession of data as a basis for poli- part from it.

And Jeous called a little child unto him and set him in the midst of them.

cies covering the whole range of lit- .In non-Christian lands the value erature. In the surveys special at- and importance of the child has not tention has been paid to the reach- yet been grasped. I fear that even in ing of the women and the children our missionary work we have not put through attractive picture books, the child in the midst. And yet if we story leaflets, magazines, and treatises are to capture these lands for the on domestic economy and the care of King of kings, we must have the chil- children, as well as by means of dren. Judging by the wealth of works dealing with the devotional literature published in America for life and the building of character. children and young people, the child May I express the satisfaction felt specialists must consider it a very by many who are interested in this important part of the child's life.

line of effort over the enterprise and At Christmas time in Toronto I was promptness of the Women's Boards struck as never before by the wealth

of literature prepared for children. the New Testament at least. Let us Several times I stood outside the prepare and distribute books teaching shop windows and gazed, then went the child truth, love, kindness and inside and gazed, and handled. the good-will. Then the world of the beautiful, attractive literature for our future will be safe fo'r democracy. children. Books for the tiny tots, We were told yesterday that a transbooks for young boys and girls, lator occupied a throne of power. books for the young people, who, I fear we have not been very quick to occupy those thrones. Standing with reluctant feet, Where the brook and river meet, For the Chinese child under ten years of age, we have almost no need no such guiding, books of poe- special literature prepared and pubtry, adventure, and travel. Authors, lished by the Christian Church. artists, and publishers all seem to combine to make the path of litera- We have also sadly neglected the ture a flowery one for our children, boy of teen age, with his many deand rightly it should be so. But sires waiting to be guided and inas I gazed and handled, I felt some- spired. what like the Psalmist, "My heart was hot within me; while I was mus- Before leaving China I obtained ing the fire kindled," and I thotlght the following figures from the China Continuation Com mit tee. (You of China and her millions of children, know, in China the "C. C. C." is the authority. We expect them to know of· India and Africa, and of the poor, everything and to tell us the truth, pitiful, little efforts we have made to especially in statistics.) In China supply the needs of childhood in we have one hundred millions of these lands. We have been thinking children under ten years of age, and of the man and forgetting the father another one hundred million under of the man. We have not put the twenty years of age. I have heard it child in the midst. Literature for stated that the population of China men is important, for women even doubles itself in eighty years. Here more so, for children most important. then is the real yellow peril if one exists. We talk much of making the world safe for democracy, whatever that Does it stagger us? It should not. phrase may mean. The boy of today The Good Shepherd said, "Feed My will be the man in ten or fifteen lambs." He also said, "Whatsoever years' time; the girl of today will be ye shall ask the Father in My name the mother in ten or fifteen years' He will give it to you." Surely, that time. It is a difficult task to alter promise is equal to any task. the finished product, especially when that finished product is a man. It is estimated we have 60,000 girls in our mission schools in China, also Why is it the -doors are open in a large number of girls in the Gov- China and other non-Christian lands? ernment schools, and a still larger There are doubtless many reasons, number of boys in mission and nonbut one obvious reason is that these mission schools. We have also 500,- lands are now dotted over with grad- 000 children under religious instrucuates from our mission schools, who tion every Sunday in China. I have are leaders of public opinion. If we hellrd many teachers in China behad paid still more attention to the moan the fact that the young people child and his needs in the past, per- are not acquiring the reading habit. haps there would have been no need Why? – Because they have so little to have discussed how to promote suitable reading matter. We have internationalism. thought much, and rightly so, of es- tablishing mission schools for the We hear of the value of the Bible children, but we have not thought and Christian literature in our work. enough of the desires and longings Let us see that every child in non- Christian lands possess a copy of

that are being born in the child's "Tell me who i~ this Jesus of wnom mind as he or she passes through the this paper speaks so often." Then, schools. like Philip, the apostle of old, she sat Thanks to the Committee on Chris- down and preached unto her Jesus. tian Literature for Women and Another official in Peking, ordering Children, wt: have a children's maga- the magazine for his family, wrote: zine in China. it had its birth dur- "The paper is a light for the children ing the war, but has nevertheless of China." reached a subscription list of 4,000 copies per month. When we think of We want to enlarge this magazine the number of children in China, we so as to meet the wide opportunities feel like exclaiming, "What is that awaiting it, and we also need help in among so many ?" We believe, how- distributing it. The extreme poverty ever, that each magazine has large of the people makes it difficult often audiences. It goes into all denomina- for them to buy it. If the children tions, to all parts of China; also it cannot afford to buy it we ought to finds its way into Burma, the Malay give it to them. States, and to Chinese in Canada and America. Let me quote from one or Yes, we need more literature for two letters from missionaries. From the Chinese child, and the Indian Kiangyin :' "I find it a valuable paper child, and the Korean child. We need to put "the child in the midst" for the young people"; from. Man- -realize his value as did the Savchuria, "We all enjoy the magazine iour-study his needs and then supimmensely, it supplies a long-felt ply them. We dare not put the chil~ want. All of us who work among dren into our mission schools, make the children are specially 'grateful"; them hungry, and then leave them. from Shanghai, "Not only to scholars in day and Sunday school does it A Chinese young woman, writing come as a delight and a much-coveted to me some weeks ago, sai~: possession, but also to the pastors and teachers and church members-all Our young people la,ck high ideals and love the paper." large visions. If they possess high ideals and large visions they will be more use- Reading broadens the outlook, en- ful to society and far more beneficial to lists the sympathy of the Eastern future generations. We want books for child, as it does that of our own chil- our young women, books for our children, dren. picture books for our little ones.

We also have a competition page Do you know how many picture in our magazine, in which the chil- books we have published by the misdren take great delight. A Band of sion presses in China for the little Kindness pledge has also proved very ones? I know of just one-not very popUlar, and many hundreds of Chi- attractive-but it has had a large nese children have signed this pledge sale-lOO,OOO,OOO children and one from all over China. Letters to the picture book! The mothers and editor from the children are often teachers in China do not need to received, showing the real interest the spend much time in turning over children take. I need hardly say that books trying to decide' which book books are one of the most valuable they will buy. I claim that books are evangelistic agents we have on the necessary for our children in nonmission field. A lady missionary was Christian lands, also that we have not visiting and teaching in the home of put this subject in the place it dethe late Yuan Shi Kai. She left a serves. We need more books, we copy of the children's magazine with need help for distributing the books. the ladies several times on her visits. One day one of the young wives of I plead for the child in China, in the palace called her aside and said: India, in Africa, in Korea, in Japan, that in our budgets, our confer- ences, our plans, we may place the child where the Saviour did-"in the midst."

fROM l1rANY

AFRICA countless government bulletins on New Ideals in Barot8e-Dand "Care of Infants," laws regulating child labor, etc. With all these helps BAROTSE-LAND Mission, Rho- infantile paralysis and other chil- . desia, under the care of the Paris dren's dise<rses are still a menace. Evangelical Society, has been se- In Egypt, however, a land of intense verely tested during the four and a heat, fiies, filth and ignorance, it is half years of war. No contributions small vronder that all manner of reached it from Belgium, Alsace or children's ailments are prevalent. Northern France, and nineteen work- , Mothers need to be taught that yearers were lost to the staff, either old babies cannot thrive on waterthrough illness, death or the call to melon and cucumbers. Eye diseases military service. Notwithstanding are common because of infected dust, these handicaps, ten new out-stations, so that few, even of the well-cared with schools, have been organized. for American babies escape entirely. The social and moral level of the If the appalling death rate among locality has risen very perceptibly. Egyptian babies is to be checked, The native chiefs have mapped out there must be a campaign of educaprogrammes of reform in marriage, tion for Egyptian mothers. This is education and temperance, and while one reason why the Nile Mission not always carried out by their pro- Press is starting a magazine for moters, the plans mark a new level Egyptian mothers. of aspiration. At a recent baptismal service the king addressed the people Communion Sunday in Elat A in an admirable manner, reminding LTHOUGH seven churches have grown out of the original church them that their task was not completed because they had been bap- at Elat, West Africa, the membertized, but that it was only begun, for ship of the present church is still temptations would assail them. over 4,000. The communion service Scriptures lor Africa is so large as to be almost unwieldy. Rev. W. C. Johnstone reports that THE British and Foreign Bible So- at the last communion service he ciety has published some part of baptized fifty-five babies and 225 the Scriptures in one hundred and adults. More than 300 were ex- thirty-seven African languages. These amined for membership. This is include the complete Bible in twenty- "just an average service in Elat!

two languages, and the complete New Testament in thirty-one more lan- Orume, an African Convert P guages. In the continent as a whole ERHAPS this little African boy understood as much theology as about eight hundred recognized languages are spoken, according to the Samuel did when he prayed the estimate of W. J. W. Roome, secre- prayer that influenced all his after tary of the Society for British East life: "Speak, Lord, for Thy servant Africa. heareth."

Orume, seven years old, is the son of an African chief, and was given Chnd Welfare Work for Egypt AMERICA has many forms of by his father to a missionary as a child welfare work, including present. He has been the subject of visiting nurses for the city slums, much prayer and training. Small bureaus of instruction for mothers, wonder then that he has made prog- laws guarding against infected milk, ress. One day he sought out the 464

19191 NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

missionary's wife to tell her that he walked 400 miles, bearing letters wished to follow Jesus. "What is from Dr. Moffat, and asked to be following Jesus?" "Doing only what put to work for Christ. Mr. Bailey pleases Him," said Orume. "But was obliged to tell them there was suppose you find it hard sometimes, no money for their support, but afwhat then?" "The Holy Spirit will ter praying over the matter, he sughelp me let sin alone," was the reply. gested that they go to three diff",rent "Do you know what sin is, Orume?" localities where chiefs had asked for "Oh, yes, doing things that make the teachers and promised to provide Lord's heart sore." them with food. Bravely they went. In 1916 Mr. Bailey completell the Orume's influence promises to be translation of the Gospel of John, very great as he grows up. which the Mbunda, Nkangala and Yauma can all understand. Casting in her All Six hundred miles stretch between AN old black heathen w:oman lay this lonely worker and the Atlantic in a hut so filthy that when the Coast of Africa, and not a missionmissionary went to see her she could ary in that distance. The American scarcely believe it contained a human Board station at Bihe is four hunbeing. The doorway was so low a dred miles northwest and other misdog could not enter without having sions are a two weeks' journey to the his back scraped. She was ill in south and east. body, but more ill in soul. "I asked you to come," she said, "because NORTH AMERICA your God answers prayer." After a few visits from the missionary and A Programme of Americanization the evangelist, light began to break, the Light that gives Life. She be- AN Inter-Racial Council has been came a new creature in spirit, though formed for the welfare of immirapidly nearing the close of her grants coming to our shores. Three earthly life. The last visit found her lines of work will be undertaken: fumbling with the filthy rag wound education in the English language about her head, fI:.om which she and the ideals and principles of finally extracted a shilling, and hand- America; industrial co-operation by ing it to the evangelist she said: "Go which the immigrant will be made to and give that to the missionary and feel at home and will be brought on tell him it is a thank-offering for the better terms with his employer; varjoy of salvation." ious groups will be brought into association with each other so that Angola and the South Africa General race jealousies may be lessened and devotion to America take its place i,1 Mission every life.

I N 1853, Livingstone passed through United Presbyterian. Portuguese West Africa; thirtyone years later F. S. Arnot passed Russian Orthodox Church Reorganized through and promised to send a missionary. Twenty-eight years after BEFORE the Revolution in Russia, that (in 1912) Rev. A. W. Bailey, the Russian Orthodox churches of the South Africa General Mission, in the United States were under the visited the Luchase country and direct control of the central authority found it still untouched with the in Petrograd. Since the Revolution Gospel. In July, 1914, he began the it has been a serious question just building of a small stick-and-c1ay what the Russian churches here were house of worship, and for the past to do. A solution of the problem five years has taught the Gospel in was reached Feb. 28 in a meeting that heathen center. In 1915 three in Cleveland, Ohio, of the representanative Christian men and their wives tives of more than two hundred Rlls- sian parishes who united to form an

organization under the above title. It the city, were sufficient to furnish was participated in by representatives twenty grains of these drugs daily of the Roumanian, Bulgarian, Alban- to 2,000 persons. Figuring the norian, Serbian and Syrian peoples whQ mal medicinal dose at one-sixth to are in communion with the Rus- one-fourth grain daily, the commissian branch of the Greek Orthodox sioner estimated that these sales Church. would supply 40,000 persons had it been administered medicinally, which Almosl all these churches are would seem to indicate that a large located in great industrial centers, proportion of the sales in the thirtyand exert an immeasurable influence three stores mentioned was m~. de to over a large portion of our foreign addicts. The New York City Compopulation. missioner of Correction, Dr. fames A. Hamilton, emphasizes the fact Congregationalist and Advance. that the drug habit is not confined to the poor, but extends to all strata A Jewish MissIon (Jonference of society. "It is an increasing men- ace to society," says Dr. Hamilton, THE Chicago Hebrew Mission has "and if allowed to continue un- arranged to hold its Annual checked, will ruin not only the in- Conference on behalf of Israel, al dividual but the nation as well." the Moody Bible Institute, Chicago May 20th to 23rd inclusive. Friend~ The Lutheran "Inner Missions" of Israel, who discern the signs oj the times, are asked to pray that THE Lutheran Church in America this Conference may be greatly is large. and powerful. Most blessed of God. For further infor- Christian people know more of their mation write Supt. 'Norman H. foreign work than of the work in the Camp, 1505 So. Sawyer Ave., Chi- United States. The term "Inner cago, Ill. Missions" is not generally familiar to those of other denominations. During January and February, the The idea of "inner missions" is to Chicago Hebrew Mission has con- re-establish the primitive ideal of ducted a systematic house to house Christianity, so that loving service distribution of tracts in three large to a needy will becomes the manifest Jewish districts of Chicago. One sign, wherever there is a Christian. tract in' English and one in Yid- The ideal is to have the entire memdish were left in each home, and bership of the Church in active servduring the two months a total of 86,- ice. 526 tracts were given out, in this way evangelizing approximately 200,000 The aim is to bring all men to people. The workers are now re-vis- Christ and the primary method is by iting this same territory with Bibles, the direct personal work of each Testaments and Gospels. Christian in ministering to the physi- cal, mental and spirituaJ needs of all Increase in Sale of Habit-Forming who are in want. The secondary method is by institutions to care for Drugs the homeless, the sick, the aged, the orphaned, and the needy of all THE Health Commissioner of New classes, and for the special training York City has been gathering of those engaged in such work. The information as to drug addicts, and care of the mind and body are subreports that in the month of Janu- ordinated to the care of the soul. ary last more cocaine was sold to And so the "Inner Mission" ,differs wholesalers in New York City than from Social Service. in all of 1918, and the February demand was so great that manufac- Lutheran home missions are conturers had to restrict their sales. ducted under a separate Board that The legal sales of morphine, cocaine and heroin in December, in thirtythree of the 2,600 drug stores in

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

has for the immediate and ultimate years ago, "consists of about one aim the establishment of self-sup- hundred citizens who are actively porting churches, The Inner Mis- interested in the promotion of sion endeavor is a helper to the home moral and religious education in the missionary enterprise in compassing city of Malden." this aim. The school is interdenominational, The Inner Mission institutions of and by means of the hearty cooperthe Lutheran Ghurch comprise 64 ation of local talent with some of orphan's homes, 48 homes for the the faculty of Boston University a aged, 7 homes for defectives, 9 comprehensive curriculum has been deaconness' mother-houses, 50 hos- submitted for the following year, conpitals, 14 hospices, 9 immigrant and sisting of sixteen courses in all, dealseamen's missions, 11 miscellaNeous ing with Biblical, pedagogical, and institutions, and 13 Inner Mission social-service topics. The expenses societies and city missions; making are provided by far-sighted citizens, a total of 225 institutions and mis- and a small tuition fee of two dolsions with property worth over $14,- lars a semester. The. effectiveness 000,000, and an. endowment of nearly of this plan depends on the courses $2,000,000. During the past year and the teachers. There is danger about 100,000 persons were cared for that the teaching may omit the vital in these institutions. Christian truth.

ASoul TImber in United States Forests Fighting MormoniSlD on its own Ground N interesting proposition has re- cently come before the Presby- A RECENT issue of the Rsvn;:w terian Board of Home Missions. mentioned the dedication of the It is the proposal that" there should first Mormon church building to be be sent at least fifty industrial chap- erected in Brooklyn, New York, lains for the lumbermen of the one of the 335 propaganda centers Northwest. These chaplains would of the Latter Day Saints scattered have the same function in the in- over the country. Neutralizing dustrial army that the regular army agencies are not lacking, and one of chaplains have. They could be the these is the Utah Gospel Mission, connecting link between employer and employee, having access equally carried on by Rev. J. D. Nutting, to both, deal with all problems affecting the welfare of the men and, who resembles Mormon preachers in of course, be directly charged with so far as he accepts no salary. their religious oversight. In Washington, Oregon and Idaho at least Mr. Nutting proceeds on the theory 150,000 lumbermen are at work, and that only a traveling mission can probably 600,000 in the United reach the people of the outlying re- States as a whole. The missionary gions, and the work is therefore carproblem in this field calls for states- ried on by field missionaries who manship and thorough-going meas- cover the country in wagons not unures. like the old-time "prairie schooners." Evangelistic meetings are held in Organized Religious Education every settlement, ~upplemented. by personal visits to each home, where AN interesting community scheme the aim is to stimulate the daily use seems to have passed the experi- of the Bible, a copy of which is supmental stage, and bids fair to be fol- plied by the missionary. Through lowed elsewhere. The Malden personal interviews of this sort and (Massachusetts) Council of Reli- by means of anti-Mormon literature, gious Education, organized three the mission combats the Mormon propaganda in its own territory. In a single year no less than 14,000 calls

are made, 194 meetings held and "The Society of Independent Douk- 4,000 Bibles distributed. hobors, having learned of the mag- nificent and most praiseworthy re- Congregationalist and Advance. lief work conducted in Russia by the Society of Friends through your Negro Citizens In America Committee, does hereby with due humility enclose the sum of $1,264.50 FIFTY years ago only five per cent as a token of its appreciation of the of the Negroes could read and efforts of, and its willingness to co- operate with, this Society." write. Today seventy per cent are literate. Fifty years ago there were LATIN AMEIUCA but four colleges that admitted Ne- groes. Today there are 500 higher Cooperation In Seminaries institutions of learning in which the Negro is welcomed. Twenty millions UNION Theological Seminaries of dollars are invested in these are in prospect for Cuba, Porto schools, and an annual expenditure Rico, Chile and Brazil. Such a sem- of $13,600,000 is made for their up- inary is already in operation in keep and maintenance. Of this Mexico. The lack of a sufficient amount the Negroes raise $1,500,000. number of students in anyone de- Fifty years ago there were no public nomination to support a seminary, as schools for Negro children. Today well as the inability of any denomina- there are 1,750,000 colored boys and tion to supply enough teachers for girls in the public schools. Fifty a faculty, make the union seminary years ago there were 550 Negro the most practical and obvious form churches with about 55,000 com- of interdenominational cooperation. municants and church property to The one being organized in Brazil is the value of approximately $1,000,- to be maintained by Presbyterians, 000. Today there are 40,000 both North and South; Congrega- churches, with more than 4,000,000 tionalists, and Methodists. communicants, and with property valued at about $70,000,000. These Central America is also to exper- churches are raising annually about ience the results of cooperation. $200,000 for home missions and Methodists, Baptists and Presbyter- more than $100,000 for foreign mis- ians have divided the responsibility sions. for the six republics, including Pan- ama. Home Mission schools have been the key to this upward progress. Porto lUc~-a Mission Laboratory Sunday School Times. THE United States Government and missionaries have been at Doukhobor Help for Russia work in Porto Rico twenty years, THE Doukhobors in Canada have and great things have been accom- plished. " furnished an example of Christian good will at work, which is Everywhere schools have sprung worthy of notice. They have offered up, and they now have nearly 200,- to give large tracts of their land to 000 pupils. Both Spanish and Eng- returned soldiers, who are unable to lish are used in these schools. Many find work in cities; and in many cases of the pupils have already become the women' have volunteered to work teachers or have entered important in the fields in order to make up the professional work. Porto Ricans loss in the family income through have attained self-government, and this turning over the land. The the first vote taken was on prohibi- Doukhobors, being a non-resistant tion. They proved their far-seeing sect, have been interested in the work wisdom by giving an overwhelming of the Friends Service Committee, majority in favor of the measure. and have sent the following letter to the Russian section of the Committee: Best of all, the United States has

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

established freedom of religion. five different schools sent represent- Protestantism has already gained atives. Rev. George P. Howard, 15,000 members, representing a very Field Secretary for South America, large number of families, and exert- writes of Sunday-school equipment ing an influence disproportionately as follows: great. Medical missions, Christian "I found that there were no prop- education, and evangelism have gone erly organized kindergartJ!11 classes hand in hand. in any of the Sao Paulo Sunday- The American MissiotUlry. schools.. In none of their schools had they ever used a sand table, so I Pagan Argentina made up my mind that they would REV. J. L. HART, missionary to have a demonstration of how it was Argentina, was one day talking done. We got a table and sand, also a with some cultured women about the class of little children, and in one of Bible. "Oh," said one, "I once had the Presbyterian churches we had a that Book. It is of the devil for it kindergarten institute. There and then made my husband's horse run away, ten different Sunday-schools gave me throwing him out of the buggy and orders for the Beginners' Spanish nearly killing hiin. I at once burned Graded lessons which we have been producing in provisional form in Arit."- "Well," said Mr. Hart, "that is gentina. Naturally, in Brazil they very interesting. How did it hap- need this material in Portuguese, but rather than wait until they were pub~ pen?" In reply she said, "The day after lished in their own language they the accident I went to confession preferred to begin immediately, workand on telling the priest what had ing out the lessons from the Spanish happened he asked me if I had not text."

bought a book called the Bible from a man who had been going from War's Effect on Ch:Ilean Missions T house to house selling them a few HE Chile mission of the Presby- terian Church, U. S. A., has four days before. I told him that I had. He said the book caused the acci- principal stations-at Santiago, Val- 'paraiso, Taltal and Concepcion. The dent and advised me to burn it." A man bought a Bible while sick working force consists of twentyin the hospital. I went to see him three American missionaries, men and was trying to explain what the and women; and sixty helpers, com- Book was. A nun came along and prising ordained Chileans, teachers, on seeing the Bible flew into a rage Bible women, etc. In the sixteen and cried out, "Don't read that here- organized churches and thirty-five tical book. It speaks against the preaching places there is a -communiholy virgin." Said Mr. Hart, "You cant membership of 1,023. Sundayare quite mistaken." Opening the school pupils riumber 2,637, and the. Bible at the first chapter of Luke he pupils in day-schools of all gradeSc asked her to read. She did so, and are 1,083.

with some embarrassment, said, "Oh, This thriving mission feels keenly I thought it was the Protestant the changed financial conditions due- Bible." Then turning to him who had to the war. The .Chilean peso, for- bought the Book she said, "It is all merly worth sixteen cents, American right, you may read it." gold, is now worth thirty-six cents; Home and Foreign Fields. but the man who formerly received'

1,100 pesos as his monthly wage, now Sunday Schools in Brazil receives 450. At the same time prices THE Sunday School Association have not decreased, but have re- of Brazil held its annual conven- mained the same for local products,. tionat Sao Paulo, to which thirty- while the prices of all imported ar..,

tides has mcreased 25, 50, 100 and until, at last, the pureness of it, his even 200 per cent. bearing as a citizen and a father, and the heartiness with which he con- Many of the congregations for ducted family worship, ended by imlack of money cannot dress as de- pressing upon me that 1 ought to conceRtiy as formerly, and have ceased fess the Chtistian faith. This 1 ::tid to appear at the services. The poor- one night before all the family, in the est Chilean boy could not be per- midst of thanksgiving to God. suaded to come to the Sunday-school bare-foot, nor a girl who could Rot "Only the evangelical religion has muster what she considered a fitting power enougb. to inspire men with a headdress for her station. Some are love for work, a life of faith, acts of sufficiently sensible to come bare- honor, fufilment of duty, respect for headed, but they are few. laws and, alilove all, with the virtue of sacrificing self for an ideal, a The New Era. virtue so much needed in Peru."

A WIde Open Door South America.

THE administration of the Uni- EllROPE versity of Montevideo, Uruguay, the leading University of South All American Opportunity in Eur6pe America,is reported to have issued a decree making Bible study part of the I N the French Colonies there are regular curriculum. Senor Vigil, di- 50,000,000 inhabitants who are still rector of a review with a weekly wa,iting for the Gospel. And in circulation of 100,000, frequently France alone there are 20,000,000 to urges the public to buy Gospels or 25,000,000 people who are not affili- New Testaments. ated with a,ny church, but, after four years of war, are open-minded and Conversion or a Peruvian responsive to religilm.

THE following extracts are taken The door is wide open.but as the from the story of a Peruvian's Protestant missionary societies of conversion to eVaFlgelical Christianity: Great Britain and America are not in a position to occupy these fields, the "Having been cradled in the Ro- work can be done most effectively man tatholic faith, which is man's through French societies. religion and not Christ's, .1 was in the nature of things enshrouded in During the war the French misthe darkness of fanaticism, indiffer- sionary societies were sustained by ent to the most important, practically special gifts, Itut their financial conan atheist; for no one believes less in dition is now so seriously crippled God than the Roman Catholic. that the work cannot be carried on without outside support. To meet "One day, by chance, 1 heard a this need, there has been formed an Gospel sermon,. in Echaurren Square, international and interdenominational itt Valparaiso, preached in such a Committee for Christian Relief in manner and upon such real, living France and Belgium," with headquartopics, that 1 was deeply stirred. ters at 289 Fourth Avenue, New Later I went to the town of Ayaviri, York, which is supporting and cowhere 1 met a Christian of the most operating with every Protestant orkmdly simplicity of character, and ganization in France and Belgium. soon became persuaded that one does The director is Mr. George O. Tamnot always find the truth he is in blyn, the treasurer, Mr. Alfred R. search of in heated debates, but often Kimball. Mr. Charles S. Ward, of in the gentle form of a sincere con- the Red Cross, United War Work versation. So it was our talks usually and other national fund campaigns is turned to religion, but more than all advisor. else, Senor Sartagena's life at close sight was a constant sermon to me, The Committee has mapped out a program of work that prevents over-

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

lapping or duplicating the efforts of the laundries of Madrid. Women other bodies in the work of rehabili- bring their household washing to tation and reconstructi@n. Protestant these places on Sundays as on other churches in the devastated areas must days. While they work, the evan- be rebuilt, congregations reassembled gelists read and explain to them such and temporarily succored, pastors parables as that of the Prodigal Son.

must be supported for a time, homes, The women have been so interested orphanages and asylums must be con- and delighted with their religious in- structed, and both home and foreign struction that they have attempted missions must be supported and to give money to the evangelists.

strengthened. Chaplain Daniel Couve which of course has been refused.

has pointed out that the industrial "No one ever told us such good news fJopulations of Northern France have before," they say. .

been exceedingly responsive to evan- Record of Christian Wark.

gelical efforts among them, and that the present offers a rare opportunity. The MiiUer Orphanages at Brfstol After a careful survey the Com- I N spite of the war, the work mittee announces that $3,000,000 is founded by the late George Miilneeded to accomplish tkis great work, ler of Bristol, England, 82 years and a campaign to raise this sum has ago, has been even more generously been started among the Protestant supported than in past years. It is churches of the United States. As a "faith work" for whick no dipart of the money-raising campaign, rect appeals are made. Last year there were 2,000 orphans cared for Sunday, June 1, has been named Me- in the Ashley Down Homes, rangmorial Day for France and Belgium ing from four to sixteen years of in the Protestant churches of this age, and the total amount received country, and appeals have gone forth to pastors to take special collections for all the work was £17,000 or for the cr' ie. nearly £3,000 more than the previous year. The Homes are conducted on Another Door of Opportunity a non-sectarian but a strictly Chris- A DELEGATION of Georgians. tian basis. No children of legitimate which went to Paris to present birth, mentally sound, in destitute their claims for recognition and pro- circumstances and bereft of both tection at the hands of the Peace parents, are refused admission. Conference, heard of Dr. James L. In addition to the orphanages Barton's presence in the city' and there are conducted Bible, tract and sought an interview with him to ask missionary enterprises at home and that missionary work be undertaken. abroad. All of the work has been in their country. The Georgians in- richly blessed under the direction of habit the country east of the Black Wm. M. Bergin the director. The Sea and have their capital at Tiflis. faithfulness of God has been abun- They number about three million dantly manifested. and are nominally Christian, but in reality, wild, superstitious, half pagan. Protestants in Alsace-Lorrafne Their spokesmen in Paris were DR. RUBEN SAILLENS says deeply in earnest, saying they had that Alsace-Lorraine will bring watched American missionary effort over to France a Protestant populain Turkey and Armenia, and would tion of about 500,000 people-pracdo all in their power to facilitate such tically as many as there are now work among their own people. in France. This means, as Dr: Sail- The "Good News" for Spanish Women lens adds, that there will in all prob- TWO Spanish evangelists have ability soon be open doors for a been teaching and preaching in French evangelist in that country.

MOSLEM LANDS grounds have been occupied by the Turks as a military hospital and Tnrkish Governor Hung for Armenian orphanage; student income has been reduced to nothing; eight of the Massacres teachers, all Armenians, were killed and three more are dead, while four- 17EMAL BEY, governor of Diar-. teen others have been in military :… bker, has been publicly hanged service. The endowment of $130,- in Stamboul, as one of those re- 000 is still intact, and there is every sponsible for Armenian deportations reason to expect a large attendance and massacres in the Yozghad dis- of students, Armenians, Greeks and trict. The trial by the Turks of Russians, as soon as the buildings those responsible for Armenian mas- can be made ready to receive them. sacres was begun in February at Constantinople. Kemal Bey was former Turkish Minister of Food.

Relief In the Oancasus The Old Order Ohanglng REV. WALTER N. JAMES, a SAID an old Mohammedan Sheikh member of the American Com- not long ago to the head of a mittee for Relief in the Near East, mission school for girls in Alexan- has sent the following report from dria: "We do not wish to have our Erivan: dau~hters stay in school very lang." A young Egyptian lad, who over- "I am surprised to find so many heard, quickly rejoined: "No, that is Armenians here south of the Cau- past. Our country can never be casus Mountains. The race is very great until our women are educated." far from becoming extinct and we Contact with western nations and find them here in all conditions. missionary homes has given many a They range f rom the Turkish sub- young Mohammedan a new ideal of ject, bearing the marks of that civili- companionship which only an eduzation,· to the Russianized Armenian cated wife can satisfy. Many Perwho snaps his finger at the Sultan. sian mothers of today speak of their daughters with pride, and are keenly "The refugees are in sorry plight, interested in their progress. The but their condition is mitigated 100 Moslem ladies of India are so much per cent by the efforts of the com- in earnest in their desire for admittee. .There are 3,000 people em- vancement that 400 of their leaders ployed by the Americans, not to met in Lahore last year to discuslS speak of the 16,000 orphans reached, their problems. Even among nonbesides others helped by direct char- Christians, the elements of Chrisity. Wool and cotton are bought tianity are manifesting their influand every process from the sheep's ence. back and field to the finished garment is carried on· by the refugees; France and Her Moslem Subjects carding, spinning, dyeing, weaving, tailoring, until clothi1}g is provided A STRIKING development of refor all and occupation for thousands cent times is seen in the in·· who would otherwise be beggars. creased intelligence and sympathy on Longfellow's 'Evangeline' is not one- the part of the French colonial adhundredth part sad ~nough to de- ministration in Africa. Governor scribe what one sees and feels each General Panty, who fell in the war, day. The great consolation is that created a tradition of keeping the so many are being helped." administrative authority in close touch with the people, giving each United Presbyterian. race its rightful opportunity of devel- opment. He was insistent upon AnatoUa OoUege after the War not allowing Moslem chiefs authority to Moslemize their pagan subjects. AN ATOLIA College, Mimovan, Turkey, is war-wrecked for the time being. All the buildings and

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

During his' governorship he abol- James M. Taylor in British Baluch- ished cannibalism, ritual murder, le- istan, the brother of the Khan of gal suicide, and that deep-rooted Ke1at, the largest native state in Moslem institution, domestic slavery. Baluchistan, sat near the speaker.

These reforms were not merely car- Next to him was one of the wealthi- ried through with characteristic force est wholesale merchants. Other men and efficiency, but they were effected of position and culture were present.

with the most scrupulous considera- The message so took hold of them tion for Af'rican prejudices and that they secured the largest hall in ideals. The impartial distribution of Quetta for Dr. Taylor's next meet- war allowances in Algeria has also ing. One Khan was so impressed done much to consolidate native loy- that he invited the speaker to come alty. The knowledge that the Mo- to his khanate and bring a mission- hammedan wife and widow receives ary with him for permanent work, her allowances on exactly the same offering to give of his means to for- terms as the Frenchwoman has done ward the mission. All this is the much to increase self-respect and more remarkable in that these people intensify the consciousness of suf- are bigoted Mohammedans. Noth- fering for a common cause. ing' of this sort has ever happened before in Baluchistan.

INDIA Record of Christian Work.

Christian Ethics of Non-Christians MANY in India, even though they Salvationists In India are not ready to accept Christ as Master, are ready to acknowledge THE Salvation Army in India had, His ethics as the only hope of social in 1909, 100 European workers salvation. The Indian Social Reform and 2,000 native missionaries in some Advocate, though making no profes- 2,000 villages. In 1918, the number sion of Christianity, had this to say had risen to 280 Europeans and 3,236 Indians at work in 3,059 centers. in a recent article: The Army has imported silkworm "Christ won for humanity by His eggs from China which have given life and His death a deathless ideal- good results in various parts of India. ism combined with mysticism, which has issued in real and practical ac- Its agents have visited some of the tivities in the world of men, transforming it . . . the· very opposite principal silk centers in China, Japan, of the world principle of domination Korea, Manchuria and French Tonof men by men, of exploitation of the quin, and from their investigations weak by the s.trong. . . . It is the are convinced that India could easily disregard of the principles of love become one of the great silk-produc- ing countries of the world. They are working towards a rehabilitation and truth in Christ that has turned of two of India's greatest cottage the world to-day into a huge slaugh- industries,-silk growing and weavter-house. And. . . in the inter- ing. course between man and man, and class and class, and nation and nation Christian Journalism in Western India M it will be the application of the prin- ORE and more, India is be- coming a reading country. Newsciples of Christ which alone can save, help, and advance mankind, and papers have mUltiplied during the bring peace where there is strife, and war, and a broadening interest in life and joy where there are death world affairs has developed among ana s.orrow." all classes. Probably there is no more influential missionary instru- ANew Order in Baluchistan mentality in Western India than the AT the first of a series of evan- Christian newspaper, Dnyanodaya, gelistic meetings held by Dr. which means "Dawn of Knowledge."

It was founded 77 years ago by nearly 1,400 boys on its roll. Rev. American Board missionaries, and al- C. E. Tyndale-Biscoe is the enterthough many other such· journals prising and original head of the have been started and passed into School. His one aim is to train his oblivion, this one has continued and boys to become strong, courageous enlarged its service. The paper has and healthy in body and soul, and it two pages in English and six in was from his observations of. the Marathi, the latter edited by Mr. N. working of this .High School that. Tilak, an eminent patriot and man of General Baden Powell derived his literary attainment. The paper has idea of the Boy Scouts. Last year just entered upon a new career, and both staff and pupils distinguished from January, 1919, five missions, themselves in social service, even prerepresenting four denominations- venting a local food famine, which English, Scotch and American-will profiteering bakers attempted to enunite in its support and control. gineer.

Christianity in a Hindu Setting Most Indian boys are averse to athl~tics, and seldom learn to swim NOT long before his death Mr. except under compulsion. Accord- Howard A. Walter had a long ingly, extra fees are charged to nontalk with a leading Indian Christian, swimmers. Another odd difference one who, more than. most Indian in Indian boys is revealed in one of Christians, is in touch with Moslem the School regulations: "In order to and Hindu leaders, political and stop early marriages, we charge otherwise. This man said he was double fees to every boy who marries constantly surprised to learn how before the age of eighteen." many of these men are admitting that the future of India, religiously, can- The School Crest consists of two not lie with the ancient Vedas, nor paddles, one heart shaped to symbolwith any phase or school of Hindu- ize kindness, the other strength; and ism; but that the one Figure in the crossed to signify· the sacrifice of religious world Who can possibly Him who taught self-sacrifice. serve as a unifying, uplifting, progressive, inspiring· force, around Bible Society Record. Whom all creeds and races can ultimately gather, is Jesus Christ. CHINA One of the men to whom this The Way Open in Tibet Indian Christian probably referredthe editor of The Indian Social Re- THE last obstacle in the way of former-told Mr. Walter that he and missionary entrance t6 Tibet has others of his friends read the New been removed. Officials are inviting Testament every day. He asserted missionaries to come, and the others his belief that the best in all religions put no hindrance in the way. It is to be found in the Christian faith is without doubt the most difficult which, he said, he and his friends field in the world. There will be must interpret in the light of Hindu months and years of unending study rather than of Jewish metaphysic; of an intricate language. There will and he volunteered the suggestion be the cold indifference of centuries that possibly India may evolve a new of passive Buddhism. There will be type of Christianity, possessing an the imbedded suspicion of all for- Oriental character. eigners. There will be the blighting influence of hundreds and thousands Boy SooufB in the Panjab of Buddhist priests. There will be the very instincts of the people them- THE C. M. S. High School at selves for religion, but a religion Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir, without a moral uplift and entirely is a remarkable institution, with without the idea of a divine Saviour. Tibet is a belated nation, without a railroad, without street cars or

NEWS FRO,M MANY LANDS 4~5

electricity, so far as is known even man. His name shall be fubliShed in the without an automobile. Mo good newspapers so that he wi! not be able to roads, no modern cities. Not a find employment elsewhere. church, nor a sCRool, nor a hospital except at Batang on the eastern bor- 3. If a wealthy man be discovered dealder. Everything that stands for ing in opium his name shall be given to progress is yet to be done in Tibet. the elder of his family with the request To those who go, there will be no that he be cast out from the family (one romance, but if they have faith and of the greatest of disgraces) and he shall, vision they can look forward to see- without mercy, be opposed by all as an ing within the next quarter of a cen- alien. tury a host of Christian churches, scattered throughout that land. 4. Landlords shall not rent their houses to opium dealers. If they do they will be Amurlcan "Cnrlos" dealt with as if they were opium dealers themselves. A TABLE set for dinner or a 5. If damage is done to opium dealers , baby's bed and bath scarcely seem and their properties the Chambers of Comlike keys .to the Gospel story, yet merce ,shall refuse to grant compensation. such things prove an effective means of reaching the hearts and minds of More about the Brewer. In ChIna Chinese women. All sorts of foreign articles are used in some mission THE International Reform Bureau station "exhibits," the Chinese wo- has received protests from pracman's native curiosity being made use tically all American mission stations of to bring her within sound of the in China, signed by missionaries and Gospel. native workeJ;s, asking that our De- partment of State proclaim a ruling As the women come in they are that no American shall make or sell welcomed with friendliness and cour- beer in China after national prohibitesy, little addresses are given as they tion goes into effect in the United rest, setting forth the gospel in the States. Through lectures and literasimplest way, the foreign curiosities ture, extensive efforts are also being are explained, invitations to Chris- made to arouse the provinces of tian worship are given out. So con- China, first to prohibit the erection tact is established, and a hope of fu- of breweries and distilleries; and ture opportunities of teaching. second to prohibit the making and selling of all intoxicants. Death to the Opium Syndicate A Valuable Donkey THE Chinese miRd has a direct- ness which merits emulation. In SOME years ago a ClIinese farmer order to insure discouragement of was confronted with the difficult any attempt to reopen the traffic in l'roblem of securing a donkey withopium, so ruggedly dealt with by out any funds. He had a number of the recent burning episode in Shang- children, but no money, and without hai, the following measures were de- the donkey's assistance in cultivating termined upon in the four provinces his bit of land, he could not feed his of Kiangsu, Kiangsi, Chekiang and children. After much seriousthought Hupeb, where it was proposed to re- he concluded that a donkey would commence the sale of opium: serve his purpose more effectively than anyone of his children; and 1. If the opium dealer be a shopkeeper therefore sold a son as a means of all the banks and money shops shall re- 'supporting the others. Not long fuse to have anything to do with him in afterward the son was rescued from money matters so that he will have to a life of slavery and placed in a misclose his shop for lack of funds and sionary institution, and quite recently banking iJacilities. a visiting missionary was addressing the student body of a large Chinese Z. If an employee of a shop deals in school through an interpreter. The opium the shopkeeper shall dismiss the accuracy and alertness of this inter- preter won the admiration of the

speaker and he inquired into the better foundation in Bible training- young man's history. He was none is invariably the result.

other than the boy who had been ex- changed for a donkey, grown into A Study in Church-Going T manhood and beginning a career of OO many American husbands. have to be coaxed by their wives usefulness in his community.

into church attendance, but here is a A Long Wait case where a wife could not drag her "RULLO! I have been waiting husband out of church. The incident twenty years to hear this," said is related by a missionary at Nanking, an old grey-bearded Chinaman to a China. For six years a Christian colporteur in Honan. convert in Gu Yung labored with his "Twenty years ago I bought this three brothers, all gamblers and idol- book," said he, pulling a well-worn ators. 'Finally one brother accepted copy of Dr. Griffith John's "Gate of Christianity, but his wife was infuri- Virtue and Wisdom" from the folds ated, rightly inferring that his con- of his garment, "and I have been version would end her life of lux- waiting ever since to know more .ury. She wept, coaxed and cursed.

about it." The speaker was 84 years Her husband continued to attend old, hale and hearty. He and the church services. At last she pursued colporteur were soon in earnest con- hi~ to the church door, seized him versation, and as he listened, light by the belt, screaming wildly that he came to the old man. He was bap- should not enter. Slipping out of the tized and for over two years endured belt, the undaunted husband took his the persecution of his eldest son, a place in the church, the wife rushing man over 60, whom the old man still after him shrieking curses. Two spoke of as "his little child." Last Bible women quieted her and later year he passed peacefully away, re- took her to dinner, when they ex- joicing in Christ Jesus as his Saviour. plained some of the meaning of Home and Foreign Field. Christianity. The happy ending to the story is that the woman gave her Sunday Rest in Chlna husband no further trouble and now I T is noteworthy that the observ- attends church with him. ance of the Sabbath as a day of New Era Magazine.

rest is gaining ground among the Chinese. Christian employers are "Sleeve Editions" of ChInese Bible Helps showing more willingness to make "SLEEVE editions" of Bible helps such arrangement as will relieve their in Chinese are being prepared workers from Sunday labor, and by Dr. Henry C. Hallock of Shang- the physical blessings of such a day hai. His new books-a brief diction- of rest are beginning to be apparent ary of the Chinese Bible, an abridged to all. Naturally, many difficulties concOrdance and a topical text book present themselves in an endeavor to -will not take the place of larger make Sunday rest applicable in all works, but are to be convenient little cases. Christian boatmen, for in- volumes, about the size of a small stance. cannot insist that those who New Testament, with soft cloth cov- hire their boats give up their jour- ers and printed on thin paper, which ney for a reason quite beyond their can be carried' easily on a journey, understanding, and the only recourse and which will be published at so is a change of occupation for the cheap a price that they will he ob- boatmen. Insistence upon the Fourth tainable by even the poorest. As the Commandment makes entrance to the Chinese use their large sleeves in Church more difficult, and some mis- place of pockets, they are called sionaries deal leniently with it; but "sleeve editions."

where adherence is made a test, a

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

.JAPAN-cIlOSEN all Christian activities-educational, medical, social and evangelistic. 'Creating an Atmosphere for Japanese Some Korean Tithers Visitors THE Haiju Tithing Society of Ko- A NUMBER of Japanese Com- rea is more spiritual than finan- cial, for the emphasis is laid upon , missions are visiting America the spiritual blessings accruing to the to study methods and conditions conscientious tither; A unique char- acteristic of this organization, is that along various lines. These alert visit- it collects no funds for distribution, but allows every man the priVilege of ·ors are .taking note of the forward using his tithe as under God's direc- tion he thinks best. Thus the giver's reconstruction movements in business, direct responsibility to God is im- planted in his thinking, and the soeducational and religious fields, and ciety steers clear of all controversy and eliminates all discussion of how upon their return will become propa- the society's funds are to be dis- tributed to best advantage. Every gandists of the best things they have prominent man, every paid worker seen. American Sunday-school lead- and every leader is in this organiza- tion. ers have not been neglecting this Korea Mission Field. o()pportunity, and have seen to it that ISLANDS OF THE SEA the visitors have come into contact Bibles and Soldiers with Christian business men in each THE Bible in Polynesia is a faccity visited. They have been shown tor in the security and freedom of the world. In a New Zealand the best things in civic life, and paper appeared an account of a parade of Rarotongan troops: Christian homes have been opened "Steadily they marched, in perfect to them. ' step, heads up, knee to knee, and with arms swung in regulation style. Two members of the House of "A sturdy lot, well fed, well Peers have been among these visitors, trained, and well looked after, proud of their uniform, proud of their o()ne of them being Baron Megota and officers, and trebly proud of the servthe other Mr. K. Uchida. Both are ice to which they belong, they seem keenly interested in promoting the to epitomise the influence of ¢e grand old army. World Sunday School Convention "As they jauntily tramp past we in Japan in 1920. notice that each dusky hand clasps, not the accustomed rifle, but a book. Japan and Democracy It is their Bible, for this is church parade." D R. Sherwood Eddy is half way on a journey around the world, It is not the chief end of mission~ holding meetings for students in ary societies to make good soldiers, Japan, China, India and other lands. but when the Bible-trained Rarotong- This affords an excellent opportunity ans were called to help make nations for observing conditions which are free, it was found they were better the outcome of the war in those soldiers than some others, because lands. Japan, says Dr. Eddy, has they were better men. had a development parallel to that of Prussia. Both were expanding nations, both were organized under militarism and upon materialism. But the failure, of German militarism has pointed out the certain failure of Japanese autocratic rule, if persistently maintained; and the increasing liberty of press and speech in Japan proclaims an advance toward democracy. "If America, to which the eyes of the Japanese are turned, can live up to the ideals of brotherhood which she professes. the issue will be decided for democracy and Christianity," writes Dr. Eddy. The great need is for a strengthening of

OBITUARY NOTES education and social betterment. But he was above all a messenger of the Bishop Bashford of Cbina Gospel of Christ.

BISHOP JAMESW.BASHFORD The people of Rabat and the tribes died at a sanitarium near Los for many miles around feel that they Angeles on March 18. Bishop Bash- have lost a beloved friend and minisford was ordained to the Methodist ter by the death of Dr. Kerr. The Episcopal ministry in 1878 and served Khalifa of Rabat wrote of his deep as pastor in various churches until grief over the loss of "our pre- 1889, when he was chosen President cious doctor." Dr. Kerr's son, who is of the Ohio Wesleyan University. also a p.hysician, expects when his Since 1906 Bishop Bashford has war work is completed, to take up been actively engaged in missionary his father's mission. work in China. William Albert Briggs of Slam Rev. W. P. Sprague or ChIna ON February 24, William Albert REV. WILLIAM P. SPRAGUE Briggs, M. D., an honored and of Kalgan, China, died on Feb- efficient missionary of the Presbyruary 9, 1919, at Shortsville, New terian Church and founder of the York. Dr. Sprague went to China Overbrook Hospital at Chiengrai, in 1874, as a missionary of the Amer- Siam, died in the General Hospital ican Board to the Mongols. From of Vancouver, B. C. Dr. Briggs was that work he was transferred to a native of Canada, having been born China, and served a period of in Toronto, March 1, 1867, a son of thirty-five years in helping to extend Dr. William Briggs, the publisher. the Kingdom of God on both sides He retained his British citizenship, of the Great Wall. although his medical training was re- ceived in New York. He was ap- Dr. Robert Kerr or )l01'OlCC0 pointed a foreign missionary under the Presbyterian Board in 1890 and FOR thirty years Robert Kerr assigned to Laos, northern Siam; lived in Morocco as a missionary and in 1897 was commissioned to physician, healing the siq.: and preach- break new ground at Chiengrai, ing the Kingdom of God. When he went to Robat, there was not one characterized by Dr. Arthur J. Christian missionary in central or southern Morocco. Me lived a busy Brown as "one of the most isolated life and healed over 2,000 sufferers stations in the world." The small in the course of his ministry. He and poorly equipped plant with also preached the Gospel faithfully which Dr. Briggs began broadened and wrote much on Morocco and the into the Overbrook Hospital, where Moors. The wild tribesmen of Beni thousands were healed both with Hassan, Zenior, Ziarr and El Arab medicine and the Gospel. During the counted him their friend and often war Dr. Briggs rendered such incrowded into the patio of Dar Zabeeb, valuable aid to his government that listening to his stories and asking the British Consul General in Bangfor his medicine. Moors and Jews kok wrote him a letter of warm apboth consulted him. preciation; and as he lay on his death bed three English Army Offi- Moreover, Dr.Kerr acted as a judge cers invested him with the gold in many disputes and as a peacemaker badge of "Officer of the Most Excelin settling quarrels and incipient wars. lent Order of the British Empire." He insisted on justice and his de- Dr. Briggs lost one of two sons in cisions were accepted as right. Dr. the fighting in France. Mr. S. Ed- Kerr also took an interest in farm- gar Briggs, a brother, is manager of ing, in animal ann bird liff' and in Fleming H. Revell Company.

MISSIONARY LIBRARY'

~ Hudson Taylor and the China Inland liefs and characteristics. This in- Mission. By Dr. and Mrs. How- formation would have given a clear- ard Taylor. Illustrated. 8vo. er picture of the setting in which the 640 pp. 9 shillings. Morgan & missionary work was done, and Scott, London. China Inland would have shown more vividly the Mission, London, Philadelphia obstacles to be overcome. The his- and Toronto 1918. tory is peculiarly a narrative of The first part of Hudson Taylor's God's dealings with Hudson Taylor, with incidents from letters and life, from 1832 to 1860, was pub- diaries to illustrate his trials, his lished a few years ago, and the con- faith, his courage, his spiritual wiscluding and most important part is dom and power, and the many dinow issued thirteen years after his rect answers to prayer. It is un- fortunate that the lack of an index death. It is distinctly -a sermonic and of descriptive chapter headings biography, not a chronicle of events, makes it difficult to find references or a character study. Hudson Tay- to specific incidents and people. lor was an unusual man, with positive character, firm convictions, a The life of Hudson Taylor was an living faith in God and indomitable unusual life, a divine life fulfilling courage and perseverance. a divine mission. No one can read the story of God's dealing with him This history, with its record of and of his faithfulness, without the growth of the China Inland Mis- realizing that here 'is a picture of sion and its manifold lessons, is full what God can do with a truly surof wonderful experiences of an- rendered life. swered prayer, vivid pictures of hardship and suffering and inspiring The Christian Approach to. Islam. evidence of the power of the Spirit By Rev. James L. Barton, D. D. of God. It is a truly extraordinary 8vo. 316 pp. $2.00 net. Pilgrim record, and one from which every Press Boston, 1918. missionary society and every Chris- The problem of the conversion of tian may learn many lessons. No one who reads and believes this Moslems has all but baffled the record of Hudson Taylor'S life can Christian Church. These people have doubt the truth of Christianitv, and so much truth, are so numerous, are the present working of Almighty such aggressive exponents of their God. faith and are so bitterly opposed to apostasy that they have success- From the viewpoint of the reader, fully withstood the advance of the length of the biography is a Christianity in almost every land. drawback. The biographers evi- Dr. Barton is a Christian authority dently labored under the difficulty on the subject of missions to Mosof choosing- from a great wealth of lems. First. he was a missionary material. There is also, in spite of in Turkey and has since been a its excellent literary style, a gen- student of the subject and a most eral sameness in the material efficient Secretary of the American selected and in the method of pres- Board. entation. Comparatively little – is told of the Chinese people among The studies here clearly and ably whom Mr. Taylor's life was spent. presented describe first, the history The work of the Mission and the and extent of Islam as a religion answerea prayers crowd out infor- and a potential power; and second, mation as to Chinese customs, be- 479

Mohammedanism as a religion-Al- facts are given to show Germany's lah, the Koran, its theory and prac- influence in Turkey and her respon- tice and the Moslem sects. The dis- sibility for the massacres. It is not tinctive part of the volume is that an up to date book in its facts and which deals with the "Relation of is of very secondary value except Islam to Christianity" and to mis-· as an expression of an Armenian's sionary work. Here is where "doc- desire for freedom from oppression.

tors sometimes disagree." One Reconstruction in Turkey. Reports school of missionaries believes in compiled for the American Compolemics against Islam, revealing mittee of Armenian and Syrian its errors and evils; the other ad-' Relief. New York. For private vocates seeking points of contact. distribution. Dr. Barton is of the latter schooL These valuable reports by au- The volume is of real value to all thorities on their subjects give an interested in solving the Moham- outline of the history, ethnology medan problem from a Christian and religious conditions in the point of view. The story of mis- Turkish Empire, the social and sions to Moslems is excellent, and economic needs, industries,' the edu- cation, status of women and finances. shows that the problem is much less difficult than formerly. Dr. Barton believes that a new day has dawned Foreign Financial Control in China.

for missions to Moslems, and that By T. W. OverIach. 295 pages.

we must adopt new methods to lead $2.00 net. The Macmillan Com- Moslems to Christ. The volume is pany. New York, 1919.

worthy of very thoughtful study. Books on the Far and Near East are numerous, but the interest of America Save the Near East. By thoughtful men and women in the AbrahamM. Rihbany. 16mo.176 subject has become so great that the pp. $1.00 net. The Pilgrim Press. demand continues unabated. It is 1918. now recognized that in this era of The Syrian pastor of an American close international relationships, the Unitarian Church makes a plea for readjustments in Asia involve prob- the reconstruction of Syria, its de- lems of the first magnitude which liverance from Turkish misrule involve all other nations and particu- through an American protectorate larly America. This and the .four which will rejuvenate that land and succeeding books present various guide the people to enlightened phases of the problem, and each deals self-government. It is a sane appeal, with some important aspect of the but there· are two great difficulties general theme.

in the way of this program-one is Mr. Overlach in his volume on the selfishness and jealousy of Eu- "Foreign Financial Control in ropean nations and the other is the China," writes out of fullness of hesitation of America: to undertake knowledge and clearly indicates the the task. official and other documentary evi- dence upon which he bases his ar- The Tragedy of Armenia. By Ber- gument. He makes a valuable con- tha S. Papazian. 12mo. 164 pp. tribution to the literature on the $1.00 net. The Pilgrim Press. finances of China and the financial Boston. 1918. relations of other countries to it.

A member of the martyred nation He presents an unbiased analysis of here makes a powerful appeal for the financial and political activities her people. It is a tragic and pa- of the six leading powers in China thetic story, the half of which has during the last twenty years, and not been told. The history of the emphasizes the need of international Armenians is briefly traced, some financial co-operation. China and the World War. By W. foreigners of all denominations and Reginald Wheeler. 263 pages. nationalities in Canton, but by the $1.75. The Macmillan Company, Chinese, who almost overwhelmed New York, 1919. her with their tributes of praise and "In China and the World War," honor. The book is largely an ac- W. Reginald Wheeler, who has count of the rise and development of spent three years in China, vividly the educational institution with describes the attack upon China which her life work has been identi- from without during the first year fied, and it gives much: information of the war; the attack from within about this honored missionary during the second year; the progress leader, and about Christian effort in republican government and the to mould and train Chinese girls for new foreign policy; the severance a high type of womanhood.

of diplomatic relations with and the declaration of war against Germany The Riddle of Nearer Asia. By and Austria; the Lansing-Ishi Basel Mathews. 216 pp. $1.25.

agreement between America and George H. Doran Company, New Japan concerning China; the Chi- York, 1919.

nese-Japanese military agreement The value of Basel Mathews'

of 1918; and China's future as af- "The Riddle of Nearer Asia" is tes- fected by the aims of the allied tified to by no less an authority Powers. This is rather a wide field than Viscount Bryce, former British to cover in a small book of only 182 Ambassador at Washington and pages, so that only a bare outline is himself an international authority given; but an additional 74 pp. are of the first rank. He says that the devoted to appendices which give book is admirably calculated to pro- official documents and a bibliography vide the student, who. wishes to un- of a "five foot shelf" of books on derstand the conditions of mission- China. For a fuller discussion of ary work in Southern Asia, with the great subject of Chinese re- essential facts and illuminating lationship to the world war, one views stated in the clearest and would need to go to larger volumes, briefest way, and that seldom does but as a convenient and comprehen- one find so much good matter sive hand-book, this little volume is brought together in so small a com- to be highly commended. pass. This is high praise and the book deserves it. Mr. Mathews A Light in the Land of Sinim. By treats of the social and economic Harriet Newell Noyes. 250 pp. conditions of the Near East, the $1.50. Fleming H. Revell Com- menace of the Turk, and the prob- pany, New York, 1919. lems of reconstruction, and he does "A Light in the Land of Sinim" this in a way which makes his book comes laden with special interest to delightfully readable.

the many friends and admirers of the author, Miss Harriet Newell World Facts and America's Respon- Noyes, who has been for fifty-two sibility. By Cornelius H. Patton.

years a Presbyterian missionary in 236 pages. $1.00. Association Canton, and for forty-five years of Press, New York, 1919.

that period the Principal of True The Rev. Dr. Cornelius H. Patton, Light Seminary, the largest and Secretary of the American Board most influential boarding school for of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- girls in South China. Her semi- sions, brings our study to the prac- centennial of missionary service was tical issue of "America's Responsi- celebrated two years ago with ex- . bility" for ten world facts: the re- traordinary demonstrations of re- naissance of Asia; the decadence of spect and affection not only by the the non-Christian religions; the rapid extension of Christianity; the kaleidoscopic. These stories are fight of the East and the West for naturally impressionistic rather a common cause; the expectation of than scholarly. They are a witness's the East that America will give example and help; the emergence of testimony rather than a judge's ver- America from her isolation; Amer- dict. They will, however, dispel ica and Great Britain in a' fellowship some prejudices and correct some of service; democracy the organ- false impressions. Miss Bryant, an izing principle of the world; the rise American socialist who was in Rusof the new idealism; and the Church sia for six months last year, sees girding herself for her great task. Dr. Patton is one of the able mis- the turmoil and recognizes many ionary leaders of the modern Church, of the dangers, but she does and is familiar with the bearing of not prescribe the remedy. Her the present world situation upon largest contribution is the descripthe churches of America. In this tion of Russian leaders, Madame little book, he has packed argu- Breskowsky, Kerensky, Lenine, ments and appeals which make it Trotzky, and others. She is strongly one of great power. anti-German, but writes with much sympathy for the Soviets and trav- eled from Petrograd to Stockholm The Democratic Movement in Asia. as a Bolshevist courier. Her view By Tyler Dennett. 16mo. 252 of the Russian Church and its priests pp. $1.50. The Ass 0 cia t ion is far from attractive, picturing Press, 1918. drunken, dirty and immoral men These papers which appeared in acting as intermediaries of God. The Russian Church is dead. Will the organ of the American Asiatic there be a resurrection or will a Association, Asia, are filled with new evangelical Church take its most interesting facts in regard to the progress of Asiatic peoples. Mr. place?

Dennett shows clearly what. mis- sionaries have done and are doing In the East Africa War Zone. By for Asiatics and the appreciation in J. H. Briggs. Pamphlet 88 pp.

which missionary work is held by Church Missionary Society, 1918.

the most intelligent Asiatic leaders. A British missionary in German The papers thus form a splendid East Africa describes briefly the apologetic for missions and the country and people and relates the book is especially suitable to place story of the mission and recounts in the hands of business men who the experiences-interesting if may be uninterested in missions rather unpleasant-through which because uninformed as to the fruit~ he and his fellow-workers passed of missions. Mr. Dennett takes up under German hands during the American work in Asia, Education, war. German officials immediately Medical Missions, Women's Eman- put an end to British missionary cipation, Sacial Progress, Church work and "told the native Chris- Unity and Foreign Missions. . tians, especially the teachers, to sev- er their connection with the English Six Red Months in Russia. By Mission by either going over to Louise Bryant. Illustrated. 8vo. Mohammedanism or returning to $2.00 net. George H. Doran Co. heathenism, and to destroy at once New York. 1918. their Bibles, Hymn books, Prayer A newspaper writer's story of Books and other books printed in Russia during these days of revolu- English." They did not however tion is sure. to be stirring and follow this advice. WORLD PROHIBITION FEDERATION (Successor to International Prohibition Confederation.) Founded at London in 1909 for the object of suppressing the harmful traffic in all Intoxicants throughout the world–whether Alcohol, Opium, Hashish, etc.

The operations through its numerous Vice-Presidents cover the majority of the countries of the earth without respect to race or creed.

President, GUY HAYLER, International Electoral Superintendent I. O. G. T., Courtfield, South Norwood Park, London, S.. E., England.

Treasurer, REV. CHAS. SCANLON, LL. D., General Secretary Board of Temperance of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A., Columbia Bank Building, Pittsburg., Pa" U. S. A.

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AJso, send, gratis, literature, etc., to the following persons: Please mention THE MISSIONARY R~IJCW OS' t'ult WORI.D in writing to advertisers Missionary Personals MR. ROBnT P. WI!;DER, who has been for the past few years Director of Religious Worle in the International Committee of the Y. M.C. A., has resigned that position to become General Secretary of the Student Volunteer Movement. He takes the place of MR. F. P. TURNER, who has become Secretary of the Committee of Reference and Council of the Foreign Missions Conference. Mr. Wilder was one of the original founders of the Student Volunteer Movement in North America.

DR. JOHN McDowE!;L of Baltimore *and* D*R. WM. R. KING of St. Louis have been elected as associate secretaries of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions. Dr. Mc- Dowell will be located with Dr. Marquis in New York, and Dr. King with Dr. Fullerton in the St. Louis office.

REv. CHARLES S. DEMING, Profess*or *in t*he Union Theological Seminary and in the Pierson Memorial Bible School of Seoul, Korea, is in America on furlough.

* .. .. MAJOR STEPHEN V. TROWBRIDGE, who is in charge of relief work in' Palestine for the American Red Cross, has received the rare honor of the Gold Cross of the Holy Sepulchre, in token of the gratitude of the people of Jerusalem. This distinction was also conferred upon General Allenb..y. . … ..

DR. HowAIm Buss, President of the Syrian Protestant College in Beirut, has recently arrived in New York by way of Paris and the Peace Conference. The College of which he is the head remained open throughout the entire period of the war, never . . having less than 650 students, most of them Syrians and Egyptians. ..

PRES. CAMPBlll;L WHITE, having accepted the call to become General Life Service Secretary of the Interchurch World Movement of North America, has resigned as president of Wooster University. * .. ..

. . . Rllv. G. CAMPBllL!; MORGAN, D. D., of London has accepted a professorship in the Bible Teachers' Training School of New York. He expects to spend August in Washington and Northfield, and September in Seattle. Rllv. F. M. NORTH, D. D., corresponding secretary of the Methodist Board of Foreign Missions, after visiting France and Italy, spent a week in North Africa .. .. '" and a short time in Spain. He has now returned to America. MR. CHAO, President of Pei Yang University, Tientsin, one of China's foremost educators, was recently converted to Christianity. Mr. Chao, as the head of a large government school, will exert a wide influence for Christianity throughout all North China. .. * ..

MR. E. C. FAITHFUL, Secretary of fhe South Africa General Mission, is in America .. . . in the interests of the Mission, particularly the plans for enlarged work in Portuguese West Africa.

PANDITA RAMADAI, the famous Indian Christian worker for child widows, has been honored by the Emperor of India with the presentation of the Kaiser-i-Hind gold medal. .. * ..

MR. CHURCHI!;!; H. CUTTING has been elected President of the American Bible Society. Mr. Cutting is a prominent Baptist layman who has· been connected with the .. … … Society for some time.

RJiv. SAMUllL H. WIl;KINSON, Director of the Mildway Mission to the Jews, has gone to Palestine under the auspices of the Soldiers' Christian Association.

.. * * DR. SAMUllL TRAIN DUTTON', an officer of the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, who has been active in many organizations for human welfare, died on March 28. Dr. Dutton was a trustee of the American College For Girls in Constantinople, and Treasurer since 1908.

* .. * MISS MARY HARDING of Sholapur, India, died on January 4, 1919. She was the daughter and granddaughter of notable missionaries. A sister and brother gave up their lives in service for India, and another sister, Mrs. Charles Burr, is a missionary of Ahmednagar. –

BOOKS ON MISSIONS

The Mastery of the Far East. By The Latest Arthur Judson Brown. 8vo. 671 Missionary Publications pp. $6.00. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1919. Themes for Mission Study, Iglg-ZO Handbook of French and Belgian Christianity and Human Conservation- Protestantism. By Louise Sey- Christian Americanization mour Houghton. 12mo. 245 pp. 75 c. Missionary Education Move- The Missionary Education Movement ment, New York, 1919. Presents these New and Striking Book.: "'''''e Voice of the Nation and Other Verses. By Frank M. Gregg. New Life Currents in China 12mo. 96 pp. 75e. Fleming H. Revell Company, New York, By MARY NINDE CAMEWELL 1918. Owing to the present interest in China, The New Opportunity of the this book comes at an opportune time. in- Church. By Robert E. Speer. forming chapters on public health, general 16mo. 111 pp. 6Oe. The Mac- and medical education, and Christian Mis- Millan Company, New York, sions. Illustrated. 1919. CIGth, 75 centsj paper, SO cents, pestpaid. God Over All. By A. T. Schofield, M. D. 12mo. 1/6. 109 pp. Pick- (Ready) ering & Inglis, London. Foreign Magie Not Dead but Living. By Harring- ton C. Lees. 16mo. 46 pp. 6s. By JEAN CARTER COCHRAN Morgan & Scott, Ltd. London. This volume reveals, in a striking way, the Can A Young Man Trust His Bible. "magic" exercised by Christian doctors and By Arthur Cook. 12mo. 64pp. nurses on the ru-edy population of China. A Is. Pickering & Inglis, London. serious subject, touched with a gentle humor. Artistic binding and illustrations. Prophecy and Authority. By Kem- per Fullerton. 12mo. 213 pp. Cloth, $1.50, postpaid.

$1.50. The MacMillan Company, (R.ady) New York, 1919. Christian Americanization Mexico Under Carranza. By Thom- By DR. CHARLES ALVIN BROOKS as E. Gibbon. 12mo. 270 pp. $l.SO. Doubleday, Page & Co., An outline of the "after-the-war" task that New York, 1919. awaits the Christian forces of our country; the outcome of extensive European investiga- Dr. Elsie Inglis. By Lady Frances tion by a man rarely qualified for his task. Balfour. 12mo. 264 pp. $1.50. Illustrated. George H. Doran Company, New York, 1919. Cloth, 75 centsj paper, 40 cents; postpaid.

Adventures in Alaska. By S. Hall (Ready) Young. 12mo. 181 pp. $1.25. Ministers of Mercy Fleming H. Revell Company, New York, 1919. By DR. JAM.ES H. FRANKLIN The Lincoln Cabin. By Saxe Churc- The stories of ten famous medical mission- hill Stimson. 12mo. 49 pp. aries whose fields were, mainly, in the Far Published by the Author. East. This book is valuable as literature and also as a basis for serious study. Illustrated. League of Nations. By Alfred Owen Crozier. 12mo. 196 pp. Cloth, 75 eentsj paper,50 cebhj postpaid. SOc. L~couver Press Co., New York, 1919. (R••dy Jun. 5) Friends of Ours. By Elizabeth Col- The Honorable Crimson Tree son. 12mo. 86 pp. Missionary Education Movement, New York, By ANITA B. FERRIS 1918. China is well nigh treeless. Try and picture what it must be, else you will not appreciate the courage of a little Chinese lad, who, to save a tiny tree, faced a savage bandit. Seven other fine stories for children. Illustrated.

Cloth, 60 eentsj paper, 40 centsj postpaid.

(Ready) The foregoing books may be ordered from any denominational headquarters, or from tbe MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 1110 Fifth A_nu., N.w York City Do not miss the coming articles in Christianity and Industrial Problems in Japan By J. Merle Davis What the Salvation Army will do with $13,000,000 By Col. William H. Cox Daniel Uhlane-A Trophy from Central Africa By Rev. Donald Fraser The Largest Leper Colony in the World By William M. Danner. Also The Medical Mission Number with articles on Medical Missions in Africa, China, India, Japan and Moslem Lands, and in relation to Evangelism- Home Life- Child Life- Leprosy Plague and Famine–Rockefeller Foundation and The World Sunday School Number with articles on The Sunday School in Many Lands; The Re- lation of Sunday Schools to Evangelization-Home Life–The Development of the lNative Church-Christian Literature- Training of Leaders. The Tokyo Convention.

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~~~~:-de 2~o~;:,gr2;nE;~~~~e;asJla?:,anl:~t ~r!~~e~~~ J.; John C. Wick, Youngstown, Ohio; C. E. Welch, West.

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Notary Public, Queens County, Certificate filed in N. Y. Co., No.533, Also in registering office No. 8451. My commission expires March 30, 1919.

Have You WHEN you plan your vacation be sure it includes a Consulted Summer Conference. It will be a real joy and inspiratio the List of and will not only help you, but will benefit those with whom you will work nertyear. SUMMER CONFERENCES Let us tell you how you can earn part or all of your. ex- penses to attend a Summer School of Missions~ In This Issue 7 Write today to: page iv . MISS WILMA DI1NTZE Missionary Review Publishing Co.

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The Old Corner Boo" Store, Ine., 27 BloomfielCl St.. Booton. OPPORTUNITY To the PROTESTANT CHURCHES of America Has Come a GREAT MISSIONARY OPPORTUNITY With the Signing of the Armistice There are 50,000,000 people to be reached through the French Protestants in their Foreign Missionary Work.

French Missionary Societies alone are qualified, under present conditions, to occupy some of the world's most needy fields, the French Colonies. In Asia, there is the whole of French Indo-China, with 20,000,000 inhabitan.ts. In Africa, are French Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Dahomey, the greater part of the French Congo, itself nearly three times as large as France, and above all, the Sudan,' where the final conflict between the Crescent and the Cross is to be decided. The African Colonies contain 30;000,000 inhabitants.

There are 20,000,000 Frenchmen in France who are not vitally connected with any religious organization.

"Since the war,"- says Chaplain Daniel Couve, "these 20,000,000 have been moved,to a greater respect for and interest in religion. The great need of France is to make French Christianity more democratic, and French Democracy more Christian. Protestantism, through its history and tradition, is peculiarly fitted for the task, and its great opportunity lies in the openness of the people to religious appeal."

Protestants ought to seize this opportunity or others will The financial purden on Protestants of Stricken France is so heavy that Protestantism in the devastated areas is in danger of being wiped out.

Do you want this field to be lost to Protestantism? You know the consequences if it is.

Do you want to lose the great opportunity in Foreign Missionary Work?

$3,000,000 Needed at Once An Int~ational and· Interdenominational Committee, sUpported by every Protestant Denomination in the United States, supporting every Protestant organization in France and Belgium, has been formed with headquarters at 289 Fourth Ave., New York.

GEORGE O. TAMBLYN, Director CHARLES S. WARD, Advisor ALFRED R. KIMBALL, Treasurer You will help deCide whether France shall be Protestant or not by a contribution. . I· Make a Memorial Day Gift. LATEST BOOKS ON MISSIONS ,$ , w. CHRISTINA FORSVTHOF FINCOLAND By p~ Livingsto'lte _0. AUthor of "Mary …..or .'·C……..r,.. Awa,y. off in Fingoland, down in the f~r, S()uth-Eastern Africa, Christina Forsyth, or "Smoyana,"

as shE! was adoringly called by the'Kaffirs, gave thirty years of her life t() work among one of the Wildest and most treacherous tribes in the dark continent. Like Mary Sle880r of Calabar, ~'Smoyana" lived a life of. superhuman self-sacrifice-a life of romance and tragedy. Mr. Liv- Ingstone's story of the "Ma of the Kraals," as the Fingos called Christina Forsyth, will be counted among the most fascinating annals ()f missi()nary biography. Such a wonderful example of supreme devotion to the cause of missions will be sure to awaken an answering response in thousands of hearts. . ., . 12mo. Net,$1.50 FOREleN MACIC By Jean Carter Cochran ~ere is a book whict throws an intensely vivid light upon the inter-rela:tions of resident'Amer- 1ca':ls and the people of China. The author's delicate vignettes of Chinese life reveal to us cur~ously drll;matic pictures. of the magic wrought by American physicians upon the minds and ~041es of their Chinese patients. It is across"seetion of Oriental life of today, told with delica~e Insight and sympathy, revealing to us the strength, weakness and possibilities of this awakening giant among the nations. 12mo. Net, $1.50 DR. ELSIE INCLIS , By La.dy Fra.nces Ballour In the annals of glorious, unselfish wartime service, the name of Elsie Inglis, nurse, doctor and hospital executive, will be blazoned among the heroines of the world. 12mo.. Net, $1.50 THE RIDbLE OF NEARER ASIA By Basil Mathews, with a Foreword by Viscount Bryce This book admirably supplies the student of missionary conditions in Western Asia with the 12m~. Net, $1.25 essential facts regarding the problems of the Near East..

MARY SLESSOR OF CALABAR By W. P. Livingstone The enthusiasm universally awakened by this great missionary biography marks it as a classic. "Not since David Livingstone has such a biography appeared."-Word and Way. "Mary Slessor's life stands alone in the annals of heroic women."-Dr. J. T. Faris. avo. Net. $1.50 THEWHITEQUEENOF OKOYONQ By W. P. Livingstone The stol."Y of Mary Slessor retold lor young people. A thrilling, fascinating narrative of a wonderful woman and her wonderful work in Africa. 12mo. Net. $1.00 TH1NKINC BLACK By D. Crawford, F.R.G.S.

This most·amazingly original and picturesque recital of missionary life and adventure in Central Africa has taken its place in the annals of missionary work and sacrifice. 8vo. Net, $2.50 OUTLINES OF MISSIOJItA1tYHIS'tORY By Allred DeWitt Mason, D. D.

The very best single volume hand-book of missionaTy activity trom earliest times to the present day. . /. . 12mo. Net, $1.50 LETTERS FROM MY HOME IN, INDIA· By Mrs. George Churchill Cheerful, intimate letters filled with the glorious faith and courage of the ideal· missionary. extending over a period of nearly fifty ~~ars. 11iimo. 'Net, $1.25 ·OUT OF THE SHADOW By Rose Cohen The vivid autobiography of a Russian girl emigraqt. "ThIs book offers the truest, most wise, 'reticent and absolute condemnation of child labor I ever read. . It should be read by every lover of democracy in the country."-Lifll and Labor..· . 8vo. Net, $2.00 GEORGE H~ 'DORAN COMPANY, Publishers,· New York p ub 1 i • he. • I n A me. i c a I o. It 0 b D E R &: S T 6 U G-H TON tt·