The Missionary Review of the World — October 1934

OCTOBER,1934

SPECIAL JAPAN NUMBER JAPAN~ A PROBLEM-OR A CHALLENGE? . Chas. W. Iglehart JAPANESE VIEWS OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONS .. E. C. Hennigar INFLUENCE OF CHRIST IN JAPAN . ……. .S. H. Wainw.right SOME JAPANESE CHRISTIAN LEADERS . …… . H. W. Myers THE UNFINISHED TASK IN JAPAN …. .Gordon K. Chapman THE YOUTH OF JAPAN-WHITHER? .. Willis Church Lamott FACING A CRISIS IN JAPAN . ………… Toyohiko Kagawa THE KINGDOM OF GOD MOVEMENT ……. William Axling THE VALUE OF CHRISTIAN EDUCATION ……. L. J. Shafer SOME EFFECTS OF OVERLAPPING . ……… William Vories PRESENT-DAY RELIGION IN JAPAN ……. A. K. Reischauer TWENTY-FIVE BOOKS ON JAPAN . ……… Willis G. Hoekje IMPORTANT FACTS AND FIGURES ….•…… …. Editorial

to Remember Dr. Robert Laws, the famous her Society Mrs. Goodman made

Scotch missionary to Livingstonia, September 30-0ctober 3 – Ninth Bi- trips around the world, a journey ennial Convention of The Women's died in London on August 6th. He through Africa, and attended the Missionary Society of the United was in his 84th year. In 1875 the Lutheran Church. Dayton, Ohio. Jerusalem Conference. !lata, a little steamer brought from September 30-0ctober 7 – Religious the mouth of the Zambezi, entered * '" '" Education Week. Lake Nyasa; of the eight persons on Susan Reed Howland. 57 years a missionary of the American Board in October 2-3-0ne Hundred and Fif- the boat Laws was one; in Nyasaland Ceylon, passed away July 25th, in tieth Anniversary of the founding of New Brunswick Theological Sem- he made his home and laid the founda- Claremont, California. She was born inary, New Brunswick, N. J. tions of a great church and mission. in Ceylon in 1849, and was graduated October 4-13 – General Conference In common with all Scottish ministers, from Mount Holyoke College in 1872. Evangelical Church. Akron, O. he had a thorough preparation, being not only a theological graduate but She served for 52 years as principal October 6-Sunday School Teachers of the Udivil Girls' Scfihvoeoly, eJaarfsfnaa~ Recognition Day. also a Doctor of Medicine. As a mis- Ceylon, and then for sionary he was a practical preacher missionary evangelist in connection October 10-14- Sesquicentennial of the Methodist Episcopal Church. and administrator. Like Stewart of with Udivil Hospital. More than a Baltimore, Md. Lovedale, he laid great stress upon in- thousand girls passed through the October 10-20-General Convention of dustrial training. When the jubilee Udivil school during Miss Howland's the Protestant Episcopal Church. Atlantic City, N. J. of the Livingstonia mission was cele- administration. brated, Laws was still at his post. He October 16-Institute on the Church had lived to see the one convert of * * '" and Social Relations of the Con- 1881 become 10,000. He was modera- necticut Council of Churches and tor of the United Free Church in The Rev. Elliott Speer, Head Religious Education, Hartford Sem- 1908. In 1923 for his public services inary Foundation, Hartford, Conn. Master of the Mount Hermon School in Africa he was made C.M.G. In for Young Men, was murdered on Sep- October 16-21-International Conven- 1927 he left Nyasaland for Edin- tion, Disciples of Christ. Des tember 14th by some unknown person Moines, Iowa. burgh, where to the last his days were spent in the service of Africa. and without any conceivable reason. October 17-United Lutheran Church Mr. Speer was in his study at Mount in America Convention. Savannah, *** Hermon, Massachusetts, when a shot Ga. James H. Ingram. M.D., an hon- was fired through the window, strik- October 17-Seventy-fifth Anniver- orably retired missionary of the ing him in the chest and causing his sary of Hartford Seminary Founda- American Board, formerly connected tion, Hartford, Conn. death. Mr. Speer was born in Engle- with the hospital of the North China October 25-27-National Council of Union Medical College, was killed by wood, N. J., in 1898, the son of Dr. Young Men's Christian Associa- bandits on June 15th, while at his and Mrs. Robert E. Speer. The school tions, Statler Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio. summer bungalow near Peiping. Dr. was prospering under the leadership Ingram was graduated from the Uni- of. t~is beloved. and ~onored young November 5-Annual Spiritual Ad- versity of Pennsylvania's Medical De- prmcIpal. He IS surVIved by a wife vance Conference, Philadelphia Fed- partment, and sailed for China in and three young children. eration of Churches. 1887. He was first located at Tung- A SECURE INCOME November 1S-Men and Missions hsien and did pioneer medical work. Sunday. In 1919 he was active in relief work (431 to 9 per cent) in Siberia and took under his care a December 4-7 – Federal Council of transport with fifteen hundred sick To you and your dependents the Churches of Christ in America, Szechs. He was an authority on the Biennial Meeting. Dayton, O. derivation of Chinese words, was co- Regular author with Geo. D. Wilder, of the Obituary Notes "AnalYSis of Chinese Characters," and Generous translated a number of medical books Dr. R. B. Teusler, founder and di- into Chinese. He was one of the sur- Guaranteed rector of St. L~International vivors of the Siege of Peking in 1900 Hospital in Tokyo, di~on August and was loved and honored by the Unvarying 10th of heart disease. Dr. Teusler Chinese and by his fellow-missionwas born in Ro~, Georgia, 58 years aries. Your gift on the ago. After receiving his medical degree from the Medical College of Vir- *** ANNUITY ginia in 1894, he practiced in America PLAN and was a professor in a medical col- Dr. William C. Terril, who died lege until he went to Tokyo in 1900 May 4th in Portuguese East Africa, will provide it for you and make as missionary of the Protestant Epis- you a partner in telling the peocopal Church. He founded a small will be remembered for his pioneer ple of the world about Christ. clinic which in 30 years has grown work in cleansing the lepers. It was to be a five million dollar hospital. ————— This was opened on June 5, 1933, in at Inhambane Camp, founded by Dr. ERNEST F. HALL. Secretary the presence of the brother of the Terril, that the first help was given DEPARTMENT OF ANNUITIES Japanese Emperor and other officials. Presbyterian Board of It has beds for 500 patients and a to African lepers. Foreign Missions College for Nursing, accommodating 156 Fifth Annue. New York. N.Y. 200 students. It is operated under the Rev. Penn E*. M*oor*e, Baptist mis- Please send full informaauspices of the American Protestant tion about your annuity Episcopal Church but is directed by sionary in Assam for 30 years, died gift plan. an interdenominational committee. at Pinehurst, Florida, May 3, in his Name ………………….. . Aaares. …………•….•.•.. 79th year. He had only two fur- loughs in these 3'0 years. After his retirement he collected and sent large sums for the support of the work in Assam.

*** Miss Frances E. Crooks, appointed to Burma by the Baptist Woman's Foreign Mission Society in 1906, died suddenly of a heart attack July 1st ' at Bassein, Burma.

Mrs. H. E. '"Go*odm*an, long presi- dent of the Woman's American Bap- tist Foreign Mission Society, died in Chicago, July 31. While president of

MISSIONARY Church (U. S. A.) as a furloughed 10 DAYS TO YOKOHAMA •

missionary from Teheran, Persia, I shortest Pacific crossing . • . by REVIEW OF THE WORLD have repeatedly urged people, espe- sister-ships, Empress of Asia and cially ministers, to subscribe and read Empress of Russia. Or via Hono- DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor THE REVIEW." lulu in 3 days more on the Pacific speed queen, Empress ofJapan, or VOL. LVII OCTOBER,1934 No.10 REV. IVAN O. WILSON, Dayton, Ohio. on Empress of Canada.

ThirPdubalnicdatRioenilyanSdtsB., uHsianrersissbOufrfgic,e Pa. *** Luxurious First Class, excellent Editorial and Executive Office TouristClass, low-costThird Class. 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City "The June number on the Orientals FREQUENT SAILINGS .•. from Van- Entered as second-class matter at was perfectly great and I shall be couver (trains to ship-side) and glad to have the October issue." Victoria. Orient fares include pas- Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Act sage from Seattle. Orient ports-of- of March 3, 1879. MISS ALMA J. NOBLE, Executive call: Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki, Secretary, The World Wide Guild. Shanghai, Hong Kong, Manila. 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. Reduced round-trip tares Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. *** Booklets, information … from your Published monthly, except August. local agent, or any Canadian Pacific All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1934. "THE REVIEW is so admirable in agent: NewYork, Boston,Chicago, every respect I do not see how anyone St. Louis, San Francisco, Montreal, MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- can resist it. And how it is needed in Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg, LISHING CO., INC. these troublous times!" and many other cities in United BOARD OF DIRECTORS States and Canada. MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD, Brooklyn, ROBERT E. SPEER, President N.Y. Go "Empress" .•. choice of two routes WM. I. OHAMBERLAIN, Vice-President WALTER McDOUGALL, Treasurer *** DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT Marshall, Morgan & Scott, Ltd., MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD Publishers, 12 Paternoster Buildings, WM. B. LIPPHARD London, E. C. 4, are now the British ERIC M. NORTH agents for THE RIDVIEW. Subscrip- MILTON T. STAUFFER tions may be sent to them at the usual A. L. WARNSHUIS rates (10 shillings a year plus 2 shill- SAMUEL M. ZWEMER ings for foreign postage). Copies of current num,bers may also be obtained Editorial Chat from them at one shilling per copy.

Here is our special number on *** Japan. When you read it will you also recommend it to mission study A correction should be made in the classes and others interested in Japan personal item regarding Bishop John and its progress? McKim, D.D., which appeared in our September issue. Bishop McKim was A few articles, planned for this bishop of North Japan and has offered number, are necessarily held over un- his resignation, which has not yet til November. Among them is one by been acted upon. Dr. Albertus Pieters on "Present-Day Shinto"-a most interesting and valu- "There Go My Glasses!" able contribution; another is on "The History of Omi-Mission" – a very Save your eyes and your money unique self-supporting work. A third by using the is the fascinating story of "The Gospel in the Japanese Press"-the story K&M AUTOMATIC of newspaper evangelism; and there EYEGLASS HOLDER are others you will not wish to miss. Your Best Protection *** Against Loss or Breakage What will you do to help extend the Especiallv valuable to Missionaries and usefulness of ·THE REVIEW? Some others away from the base of supplies. friends are giving subscriptions, loaning copies, recommending it to others, Beautiful Designs. 75 cents to $2.00 each. using it in churches and societies. Will Guaranteed against defects. you help? Here are what some readers have to say: Write today for circular, or order a holder now from your dealer or from "May I telI you how very much I like the REVIEW and appreciate having [433 ] it come to the house every month. I admire it and enjoy reading it for its lack of controversy, its attention to things specifically Christian and religious, and its simple, clear evangelical tone. I am not exaggerating in the least when I say that I get more out of it than all of the other religious, or so-called religious, periodicals I read. After some of the others have left me tired and weary, I can pick up THE REVIEW with delight to restore a pleasant taste. I am recommending it to all my friends who have not yet known the pleasure of reading it."

REV. W. SHERMAN SKINNER, Beth- lehem, Pa.

*** "I have long admired THE MISSION- ARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD and in my promotion work for the Presbyterian

of Japan TouriRIt

A RELIGIOUS PROCESSION AT THE AOI FESTIVAL IN THE IMPERIAL PALACE GROUNDS, TOKiYO A CHRISTIAN DAMP FOR JAPANESE BOYS~WHERE BODY AND SOUL ARE STRENGTHENED Two VIEWS OF RELIGION IN JAPAN TODAY

NARY

REVIB ORLD VOLUME LVII AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER TEN OCTOBER, 1934 Topics of the Times THE IMPORTANCE OF JAPAN more interesting. None can deny that they are Few Americans clearly understand the Jap- well educated, intelligent, ambitious, energetic and anese. Many distrust them, some fear them, influential. They are intensely artistic and yet others admire them, but few understand them. they are practical. They are philosophical and And yet it is increasingly important that we know scientific and have a keen sense of humor. Their their place in the life of the world, that we know history, customs and religion are worthy of careful something of their history and their character- study.

istics, that we understand them and cultivate 3. The history of Japan is unique and fascinat- friendly relations with them. ing. Japanese claim to be descended from "the The coming year is set aside by the Interdenomi- . Gods" and their present dynasty goes back 600 national Mission Study Committee for a general years. Eighty years ago they were isolated and study of Japan and the Japanese. It is ten years exclusive; the masses were ignorant and super- since this has been the foreign mission study topic stitious. The government and civilization were and great changes have taken place since then. primitive and she exerted no influence outside of It is eighty years since Commodore Perry effected her own small islands. Today Japan is the most a treaty with Japan, opening the country to for- literate country in the world. In eighty years she eign commerce and residence. The large number has made progress in government and commerce, of valuable books, pamphlets and articles being in education and industries, in science and social published offer a golden opportunity for the study reform such as required three hundred years for of this land and people of the Rising Sun. Here the nations of Europe. She has become the great- are some reasons for making the most of this op- est force in Asia and her influence extends to all portunity. lands. Japan is America's neighbor across the 1. The country of Japan is one of the most in- Pacific-for good or ill-and we cannot ignore teresting and picturesque in the world. It is an her if we would. There is no people with greater island empire, like Great Britain, and has a geo- loyalty to recognized government and ideals and graphical relation to Asia, similar to that of Great none more ready for self-sacrifice for honor or Britain to Europe. While the whole territory of loyalty. Japan proper comprises only about 150,000 square 4. Japan's religions are important and interestmiles or one-twentieth that of the United States (not including Alaska), the population numbers ing. Here is a people that profess three religions over 60,000,000 or 400 per square mile-ten times at once-Shinto, Buddhism and Confucianism. the density of population in the United States. All are worthy of study for they have truth and And yet 80 per cent of the land in Japan is not fit beauty. In Japan Buddhism has assumed its for farming. Of necessity the Japanese must be purest, most philosophical form. And yet these an industrial, an industrious and a colonizing or religions or philosophies have no clear revelation expanding and emigrating people. of the Eternal God, no adequate moral law, no Gospel of forgiveness of sin or sure promise of 2. The Japanese themselves are intensely inter- immortality.

esting and virile. That they are different from 5. The progress of Christianity in Japan has Americans and British, in their psychology, their been remarkable. In spite of fierce opposition in manners and customs and religion makes them still the early days, the number Qf disciples has grown [435 J

until there are some 260,000 evangelical Chris- pioneer missionaries and the spot where the first tians. Many of these are leaders in governmental Bible classes were held. From these small seedpositions, in education, in business, and in social lings there have grown today many great churches, reform as well as in moral and religious advance- schools, hospitals, Bible Institutes, a Christian Litment. Most of the churches are self-supporting erature Society representing an extensive work, and Christianity is now considered as an indige- and many thousands of Christian homes, as well nous religion. as Bible Society work and the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. activities. 6. Japan has a future. She is "leading the Orient-but whither?" Already she has extended In our next number of THE REVIEW we expect her mantel of authority over Korea, Formosa, the to publish a full account of this celebration, writ- Caroline Islands and Manchuria. Everywhere she ten by one of the special representatives from goes Japan takes modern education, equipment, America, Dr. Francis Shunk Downs, of Berkeley, industrialism and commerce. Japan is now a mili- California. taristic nation, depending on a strong army and navy to protect her citizens and commerce and to The "Findings" of this Golden Jubilee Annicarry out her program. But the Japanese people versary reveal the aims and principles that have are a peace-loving race ready to be friendly with characterized this Presbyterian Mission; they other nations. It is worth while to cultivate their show the solid foundations on which the work has friendship and to promote understanding and co- been built and some of the secrets of success. operation. These findings are, in brief, as follows: 7. Finally and firstly, the Japanese are potential 1. The Place of the Chdstian Scriptures. We record Christians. They have souls made for immortal- the conviction that the unique and dominant place given ity; they are men and women for whom Christ tQ instruction in the Scriptures has been the outstanding died and to them He calls His disciples to declare factor through these 50 years in the evangelization of His Gospel of Love and Life. Unregenerated the Korea. Our commission being to proclaim the superna- Japanese may become the greatest menace to the tural revelation of God's plan of salvation from sin, reworld's peace; regenerated they may become the demptiQn through grace, the mission believes that the most loyal disciples and the greatest missionaries Bible should have the preeminent place in all our work. of Christ that the world has known. They may become human mediators between the East and 2. Biblical Instruction. The very large development the West, between God and men. of the system of Bible classes and conferences and the short term Bible institutes in every station have been a It is worth while to study Japan and the Japa- prime factor in the conservation of the Church and in nese. It is more worth while to win them to its extension. Christ and His service. 3. Self-support. It has been accepted that the estab- SECRETS OF SUCCESS IN KOREA lishment of the Church as the God-given instrument for the proclamation of the Gospel is the responsibility of One of the outstanding examples of effective the mission, but that the financial support of the Church missionary work is that carried on for the past is the responsibility of the Church itself. Self-supPQrt half-century in Korea. Both American Presby- is a basic factor in the establishment and proper developterians and American Methodists have been in ment of the Church and its institutions. that field for fifty years and have had remarkable spiritual results. The Presbyterian Church has 4. Standards of Christian Living. We believe that recently celebrated the beginning of Protestant Scriptural standards of Christian living should be asserted missions in Korea by special anniversary meet- and maintained and that those coming short of standards ings. The early history of the work in the "Her- should be dealt with sympathetically but without IQwermit Nation" was reviewed, the remarkable prog- ing the standards. ress was noted, the ideals and forces were revalued, and plans for the future were proposed. 5. Every Missionary an Evangelist. We believe that The keynote of the celebration was "What God every missionary should have a distinct evangelistic as- Hath Wrought." Besides the Korean Christians signment of work. and the missionaries, there were visitors from America, Japan, Manchuria, China, Siam and 6. Missionary Spirit in Korean Church. We believe India. The historic spots, made memorable in that the missionary spirit in the Korean Church should the history of Christianity in Korea, were visited be stimulated and that the whole influence of the memand the early persecutions, sacrifices and tri- bers of the mission should be exerted in maintaining umphs were recalled. These sites included those foreign missiQnary activity. of the first chapel, the original mission hospital, the first Christian book shop, the homes of the 7. Mission Educational Work. We believe in the prin- ciple of "The Gospel for the people and education for the Christians," as a guiding principle helping to de- termine the purpose and purview of mission educational work, which is to be Christian education for the Church, not secular edu<,;.ation for the public.

8. Mission Medical Work. We reassert our convictioh that medical work should be continued and should be of a high professional order. We record the conviction that all of our hospitals should continue to make provision fQr bringing the Gospel message to all patients, and also for encouraging the whole medical and nursing staff to do personal work in presenting the Gospel, they having unusual opportunities to make· a plea for acceptance of Christ.

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

9. Christian Literature. The mission regards the pro- lavish; institutions were large and growing, and duction of a well-written, strongly evangelical, up-to-date, were looked upon as evidences of real power or Christian literature as of primary importance in the pres- of spiritual fruitage; approval of men was misent stage of development of the Christian movement in taken for the approval of God. There was need Korea. to stop and think; to examine the guide book, 10. Social Service. The mission, realizing the seri- ousness of the many and far reaching social problems we the sign posts and the road; to check up on the are facing throughout the land, suggests that the mem- machinery and on our relation to the Source of bers in each station seek to acquaint themselves with Power. The recent and present dangers that these problems and endeavor to awaken the Korean threaten the work have caused caution; a slack- Church to a sense of its responsibility for more active ening of pace has been accompanied by more effort to remedy these conditions.

11. Christian Religious Education. We recognize the prayer and a closer study of the essentials of importance of religious education, the content of which safety and progress. should be distinctly Christian. In the inception and development of the Christian life we would emphasize the Some missionaries, executives and supporters responsibility of the Christian family. of the work of Christ have always emphasized the 12. Women's Work. Deploring the inferior position prime importance of prayer, of dependence on accorded Oriental women, we believe in distinctly wom- God, of acceptance and study of the Bible as the en's work for women in order that they may receive ade- Word of God, of faith in Christ and His atonequate instruction and opportunities for leadership. ment for sin as the Gospel message, and of sacri- ficial Christ-like life and service. Other workers 13. Comity. We believe that our efforts in comity have at home and abroad have allowed secondary aims resulted in the elimination of strife, competition and waste. We reaffirm our belief in the great advantage to the work of the division of territory between the de- and activities to obscure the primary. The period nominations. of "depression," with all its hardships has thus led to a reemphasis of spiritual aims and realities 14. Devolution of Mission Institutions. Rejoicing in -these include personal evangelism, Bible study, the independent self-government of the Korean Church prayer, loyalty to Christ, spiritual unity and and its response to the principle of self support, we recognize that more and more the government, control and support of the mission institutions should become the Christlike living. Mission Board executives are responsibility of the Church, and we record our readiness today emphasizing this need; so are the missionto transfer these institutions to Korean control just as aries, and many well informed supporters of the rapidly as proves to be possible and wise. work. Weare beginning to realize more than THE NEED FOR SPIRITUAL EMPHASIS ever that what we need most is new spiritual life, before we can have spiritual power and As long as the road is clear and smooth a driver growth.

is inclined to speed and to congratulate himself With this conviction in mind – more or less on his ability to control his machine. When the clearly-a National Committee for Religious and road is dark or rough, or when danger is threat- Welfare Recovery has recently been formed which ening, a wise man drives carefu,lly. At any time it is hoped will reach out and enlist members in he will do well to make sure that his gas, his every section of America. The committee pro- oil, his battery, his brakes are all right while he poses to launch a campaign which has for its pri- looks out for others as well as himself, and obeys mary objective a mobilization of the religious and the rules of the road. welfare forces. Every religiously inclined person In missionary work, as in personal life, when is urged to attend a religious service on October the outlook is encouraging, when income is steady 7th, which is designated as Loyalty Sunday. Its and sufficient, when health is good and the whole slogan is "Turning to God."

organization is running smoothly then those at Walter W. Head is chairman of the committee the wheel are tempted to be over-confident, believ- of more than 200 nationally-known leaders of re- ing that their aim is true, and their methods are ligious, educational and character-building organ- beyond criticism, and that the results will be satis- izations. On the list are 31 pastors, priests and factory. But danger may lie just ahead and a rabbis, 20 college presidents, educators and editors, breakdown may be imminent. The Psalmist con- 79 national officers of church benevolent boards, fesses: "In my prosperity I said: 'I shall never and 45 prominent laymen of the Catholic, Protes- be moved.''' But he was wrong. tant and Jewish faiths. The program for strength- In days when incomes were increasing, new ening and undergirding the moral and spiritual workers were being sent out, and mission work forces of the nation include "Fellowship Mon- was advancing, then, too, many Mission Boards day," when all pastors, priests and rabbis, church yielded to the temptation to be over confident. and welfare leaders in each city and community, Activity was mistakenly thought to be a sign of will be expected to meet and discuss how this ob- vitality, confidence was considered an indication jective may be attained. In "Mobilization Week,"

of wisdom and strength, bigness was confused (October 1-6) every welfare organization will be with success. Expenditures were inclined to be asked to support the campaign for 100 per cent

church attendance on October 7. From December political implications. The views expressed were 9 to 16, International Golden Rule Week will courageous and definite but the requirements of have as its goal the practical application of the courtesy were observed in all discussions.

Golden Rule by every church member and citizen, The Congress furnished an opportunity for prosacrificing some of the customary luxuries to give moting better understanding. German Baptists help to the needy at home and in other lands. have been wounded by the tone of certain com- Our convictiop is that this program is too gen- ments upon them by their brethren abroad. eral and too shallow to be effective. Wholesale A resolution of the Executive Committee was "cures" and half way measures are disappoint- adopted as follows: ing and inadequate. Repentance for sin, a real The members of the Executive Committee rejoiced to turning toward God by faith in Christ, and spirit- . hear that, in the present conditions of Germany, German ual new birth are essential for individuals and for Baptists have not compromised on essential Baptist prinorganizations, if there is to be an abiding change ciples, but have steadfastly maintained their witness to in the present conditions-individual, ecclesiasti- the spiritual freedom of the Church of Christ and the cal, national and world-wide. We need to learn duty and privilege of the Church to serve all men of by practical experience the meaning of obedience whatever race or nationality for whom Christ died.

to the two Great Commandments: "Thou shalt Reichsbischop Mueller invited a number of the love the Lord thy God with all thy heart …. ; and delegates to meet him in order that he might thy neighbor as thyself." These understood and make the following statement (summarized): put into practice will make a new world. But "There is no question of a compulsory incorporathis is impossible without new life from Christ tion of the Baptist churches in the Reichskirche." and an experience of constant guidance and power from the Spirit of God. Therefore spiritual em- German Baptists are a comparatively small phasis is needed, and spiritual regeneration if we and poor people, but they showed evidences of are to have success in the work of God. true hospitality and Christian strength.

Resolutions adopted at the Congress included THE BAPTISTS IN BERLIN those on The German Baptist Movement, Re- ligious Repression in Russia and The Russian The Fifth Baptist World Congress was held in Famine; also resolutions on Peace, and on Charles Berlin, Germany, August 4 to 10, and was a not- Haddon Spurgeon, whose birth occurs this year. able occasion. The attendance was larger than A resolution on Racialism emphasized the fact the gathering in Stockholm, in 1923, the gather- that despite all differences of race, there is in ing was eminently successful in spite of the fact Christ an all-embracing unity, so that in Him that many thought the disturbed conditions in it can be claimed with deepest truth there is Germany made such a congress there inadvisable. "neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor uncir- cumcision barbarian scythian, bond nor free, but The impression was profound. German news- Christ is all and in all." Another resolution papers published many articles on Baptists but was adopted on The Church and State, expressdid not discuss the present issues. Such news- ing the conviction that "any interference with the papers as the Tageblatt, the Deutsche Allgemeine freedom of the Church is an intrusion between Zeitung, Der Tag, and others had much to say God and His people and that to limit the liberty of Baptists whose distinctive message was not of the Church is to hinder the working out of ignored. They were not wholly inarticulate in God's purpose of redemption for mankind through respect to the resolutions passed and it was more his people. a matter for surprise that so much was freely printed rather than that so much was suppressed. Dr. George Truett, of Dallas, Texas, was elected The radio was open on two occasions, one for a president of the Baptist World Alliance, the nation-wide broadcast which included addresses vice-presidents of which include, Dr. A. W.

by Dr. Truett and Dr. Clifton Gray, Dr. J. H. Beaven, of Rochester, and Dr. Simoleit, of Ger- Rushbrooke, a Chinese Baptist, an East Indian, many; the Rev. B. A. Nag, of India; the Rev.

and a South American. Manoel Avelino,of Brazil; Mr. J. A. Packer, There was no governmental interference with editor of the Australian Baptist; Principal Nord- the program which had been drawn up nearly strom, of Stockholm and Dr. L. K. Williams, rep- three years ago before the National Socialists resenting the Negro race. The ex-president of came into power, nor was there any suggestion the Alliance, Dr. John MacNeill, was also re- of modification though it was obvious that on such tained as an officer of the Alliance; Dr. J. H.

subjects as Nationalism or Racialism, or the re- Rushbrooke continues as secretary, and Dr. Clif- lations of Church and State, an international Bap- ton Gray as honorary associate secretary. The tists Assembly would express opinions which had next Congress is to be held in Atlanta, Georgia.

a Problem-or a Challenge?

-..ai By the REV. CHARLES WHEELER IGLEHART, D.D.

Tokyo }54-.- Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church O F ALL the problems in our modern troubled have their place, while the history of twenty cen- world Japan stands in the forefront, at turies is telescoped before our eyes. The build- once the most civilized and the most pro- ings, the means of communication, the dress of vocative, the most perplexing nation in the East. the people, the art, the music, the literature, the medical science, the standards of ethics, the re- She is a problem to the countries of Asia. China ligious symbols-everything is in the melting pot, seems to confront her at every point where a and the product is both East and West, and not dawning national life desires expression. Russia quite either the one or the other. has once faced her in battle and appears to be preparing for another encounter. Korea has gone While this is of engaging interest to the tourunder her yoke. As for the other countries of the ist, to Japan it is nothing less than a spiritual Orient, they all look to her with a disillusioned crisis involving life and death. Many times in the fear. Thirty years ago not a liberal leader from past she has had to assimilate one after another Manila to Cairo but turned to Japan as the com- of the cultural streams that have come eastward ing champion of a new Asia to save the tinted across the world until they stopped at her shores. peoples from the oncoming dominance of the Her history has been a long succession of periods Western "powers." Today they fear as they see of receptivity to new ideas and then of incubation her join the West;-a power herself-adopting until she has made them her own. The last of its grim philosophy of arms and of national ex- these periods, during which she achieved national pansion in what they deem the great apostasy of unity from a clannish feudalism, was abruptly the East. brought to an end by the sharp prows of Com- modore Perry's fleet-our act of coercion which Japan is a problem to the West, as well. Re- resulted in all the dizzy changes of life and luctantly accepted as our peer in many fields, she thought that make life the problem it is for Japan is yet an enigma. Her reactions are different; today. her thinking seems remote from ours. Her economic competition is touching every exporting She thought to save her life by taking on the and importing nation on earth; her shipping, her protective defenses of the West; to learn the manufactures, her international banking-all secret of power by science, education, and con- have their repercussions throughout the world. stitutional government; and to keep all her own The American people, too, view Japan as very best culture while adding what she might choose from the spiritual wealth of the world. But who much of a problem. She is our nearest neighbor among the sons of men has wisdom sufficient for to the west, but we do not desire her as a neigh- such a task, and where in human history has any bor. She is most close to us in her organization nation changed the course of fifteen hundred of society, her development of material civiIiza- years' growth within the span of a single lifetion, and in her view of life, yet of all the peoples time? What has happened is that with the conof the East we like her the least. Racially she fusion of the new and old, the East and West, all chafes us; economically she both serves us and standards are in danger of being lost, and the irritates us with her cheap goods. Politically she splendid Japanese character, noblest of all the puzzles us; and she is looked upon by many as gifts of the past to her, has disintegrated. the "enemy" of our pyramiding naval defense. The demands of an industrial life are exacting, But if Japan is a problem to the rest of the -and Japan with her population half the number world, how much more of a problem must life be of ours crowded into her chain of rocky islands as it presents itself to Japan herself! The visitor the size of California cannot escape the fate of a to that island empire finds himself fascinated by city, manufacturing civilization in the years the life everywhere about him. The East is there, ahead. But the resources for this, the iron, coal but it is interpenetrated by the West as well. and oil are not to be had at home. Thus there has Life is modern, to be sure, but it is medireval, and grown up the Manchurian myth, of a life or death it is ancient also. In the intriguing medley of a dependence upon the undeveloped physical wealth Tokyo street all the cultures of the earth seem to [439 ]

of the mainland next door. And for this Japan, tion of this idol worship in America is Japan's who in all the two thousand years of her history first challenge to us. never once fought a war against her neighbor Not only are we a pattern for Japan, but we China, has now in the last four decades three share in the causes of her troubles and her sins. times taken up arms. Today in her policies she is We need not dwell on the effect of our discriminadaring the condemnation of the world, but she tory tariffs. Quite legal they are, but by them sees no alternative if she is to live. millions of Japanese silk-raisers and laborers are thrown into a state of confusion and economic de- Furthermore, her problems are not all at home. spair; as a resldt social disorders arise with She was invited into an open world by us eighty which their government is powerless to deal. years ago. Today the world is closing. Trade barriers, immigration laws, price wars, and po- By our immigration exclusion policy we relitical alignments in the West are a chilling nega- buffed an unoffending friend and flung her back, tion to the expansive mood which we then asked stinging under legislation that was viewed as an her to share. Her head is swimming and fear insult, to a more determined accomplishment of clutches at her heart. "destiny" on the mainland of Asia. Our naval expansion-nearly one billion dollars having been To the Christian every problem is a challenge, voted this year-has left the entire world breathand Japan is a conspicuous example. Just because less with amazement, and has driven Japan to a she so completely and extremely typifies the prob- frenzy of fear, in which state of mind she is lems of modern life she offers us a challenging ready to go into bankruptcy through over-taxa- tion rather than leave herself the possible victim of our power. Our Atlantic and Pacific fleets have remained in the waters of the Pacific for three long, provocative years, with no apparent cause, except Japan. Can anyone doubt our share in the causes for Japan's militarism?

And Japan, whatever may be her sins in Asia, has yet to make her first move of disloyalty or unfriendliness to her neighbor-nation across the Pacific. The second challenge, then is that of Christian good sportsmanship. Let us lay aside our unworthy suspicions, and our haughty pride, and ourselves exhibit that trust of others coupled with inner integrity which we are asking of Japan. Here is a task at home worthy of the ST. LUKE'S INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER, TOKYO mettle of every true follower of Christ.

This work was begun in 190-0 by Dr. Rudolf B. Teusler, a Mis- A further challenge is for us to cease thinking sionary of the American Protestant E:piscopal Church. He began of Japan in impersonal national and political in a one-room shack and in two years built a small hospital. Last terms, and hold out to them arms of human year the large Medical Center was opened. friendliness as individuals. If we would do that our harsh judgments and our fears would disapsummons to solve them. By this we mean, the pear, for we would find them as lovably human as challenge to look within our own hearts, and to any people on earth. Missionaries in Japan rate set our own house in order that we may be an high in life insurance actuaries, and very few example to her. For if we think we are spectators have died a violent death. In fact they are usually in this Far-eastern struggle we are making the treated as guests and kinsfolk from the day they terrible mistake, caused only by ethical blindness. arrive until they lay down their work, many of The pattern of American life is more creative of them to spend their last days in simple homes standards in Japan than all the sermons preached built from the slender funds of loving Japanese by missionaries. friends as a testimony of loyal gratitude.

The noblest Japanese spirits are grieving over their people's worship of false gods. These are not the harmless, picturesque Shinto deities of Touching stories of kindliness from neighbors, mountain and glen and sky, but a modern trinity and even from strangers could be multiplied from of gods of death-Moloch, the lust of the flesh; the experience of almost any American Christian Mammon, the lust of the world; and Mars, the worker in Japan. We are convinced that this lust of power-have pushed the other objects of same almost romantic outburst of loyalty would worship aside. Is every altar to this composite be the reward of all American people if they were Anti-Christ torn down from our own hearts or to make an investment of initial friendliness to from our own society today? A general repudia- the Japanese nation. If we won their hearts we

JAPAN, A PROBLEM-OR A CHALLENGE?

might save them from the madness of their pres- Can we leave these Japanese Christians unaided ent course. by our comradeship in service and prayer?

And when we come to the Christian scene the In 1923, when Japan was broken by earthquake, whole situation is challenging. Christ is walking we cast across the Pacific a bridge of silver gifts. in Japanese society today just as surely as He is It has never been forgotten, and today challenges on the Indian road, or treading the highways of our commonwealth, and He is torn asunder when The late Dr . R. B. Teusler , h ead of St. Luke's Hospital, Tokyo, our hearts are turned away from His brothers of s howing H . R. H. Prince Takamatsu of Japan, and the American the East. There is scarcely an area of life or Ambassador, the new Medical Center EqUipment. thought in Japan where His words and deeds are not making their creative imprint on character. us to a greater feat. It is nothing less than the No one can count the unknown Japanese disciples flinging of a golden span of personal love and who love Him in the quiet, or perhaps in the timid- sympathy and sacrifice across the yawning gulf ity of their inner hearts, and who yearn for that of suspicion, fear and selfishness that divides us. evidence of loving fellowship from the West that Across such a bridge alone can our Lord move to would confirm their hopes that He is indeed the win the world. divine centre of a brotherhood that shall take in the whole world. THIS IS THE CHALLENGE OF JAPAN.

Of all the challenging voices from Japan, the The Burden of Japan Macedonian plea from the Japanese Church rings loudest in our ears. We pause to let pass before A Prayer our memory the panorama of Japanese Christians whom we have known all these years and have By TOYOHIKO KAGAWA admired for the purity of their lives and the rich- Take ThQU the burden, Lord; ness of their faith. They flood upon us-sweet- I am exhausted with this heavy load. faced little children, manly young lads, gentle maidens, young mothers, strong men on the farm My tired hands tremble, and in the office and in the school, and many And I stumble, stumble, ripened saints who came into the faith before we did, and whom we shall never overtake in our Along the way. soul's pilgrimage toward the City of God. Oh, lead with Thine unfailing arm Think of the challenging gravity of their task. Again today. Insignificant in numbers-they enroll but a half Unless Thou hold me, Lord, of one per cent of the total population-they know The road I journey on is all too hard; themselves to be the leaven of Japanese society, Through trust in Thee alone the "city set upon a hill." They must maintain Can I go on. their own experience of Christian redemption Not for self thus do I groan; against a pagan environment. And how deeply My country is the load I bear. they meditate, how fervently they pray, how joy- Lord, hear my prayer. ously they sing and how bravely they serve in May Thy strong hand their Church life! Strike off the chains of my loved land. God, draw her close to Thee! Beyond this these Japanese Christians feel a sense of mission to save their people. Particu- -Translated by Lois Erickson. larly does the Kingdom of God Movement undertake this colossal task. As the churches of the Protestant bodies swing into line under the challenging motto: "Thy kingdom come! In my heart; in my world!" the pulses of Christians in America who number half our total population and have not yet struggled our way up to that banner -must beat more quickly. Such daring calls us too to become heroes for Him. Kagawa, the Godappointed leader of the Movement says: "I call myself God's gambler, for I have staked my all on Him; and I can not lose."

In rural communities, and also in city factory lif~, the Japanese church is moving on to the conquest of poverty, degradation and sin by loving service and by the testimony of faith in the Christ.

INTERESTING FAOTS ABOUT JAPAN* AREA-Japan proper 152,357; total area (including Chosen, Taiwan, etc.) 265,129 miles (about size of California and Washington). 47 prefectures with 104 cities, 1,700 towns and 10,109 villages. 5 large islands-Hondo, Kiushiu, Shikoku, Hakkaido, Taiwan (Formosa).

POPULATION-83,456,929 (including 19,500 in Chosen and 3,993,408 in Taiwan, of whom 70 % live in rural districts. 22 cities with over 100,000 inhabitants each. The Japanese population is about one-half that of the United States.

RELIGIONS: Shinto-Native religion, with Emperor Worship. 13 sects with 49,567 principal shrines, 62,883 minor shrines and 14,804 priests. This religion combines nature worship, with an- cestor and hero worship. Buddhism-Entered 550 A. D. 12 sects and 56 sub-sects; adherents, 49,500,000; 71,329 tem- ples and 35,048 minor shrines; 54,650 priests and priestesses. Confucian ethics are accepted by most of the educated higher classes. Christianity-with 1,522 churches and 2,895 licensed Japanese preachers of Protestant, Ro- man and Greek Catholic Churches. Protestant Christianity enrolls about 230,000 mem- bers in some 3,000 Churches.

CHRISTIAN MISSIONs-First Catholic mission, 1549, by Frances Xavier.

First Protestant Mission, 1859. First Japanese Protestant Church, Yokohama, 1872. First Greek Orthodox work begun 1861. Protestant communicants in Japan proper; 185,387.

64% of the missionaries labor among 82% of the popUlation, while 93.60/0 of the foreign workers are stationed among 18% of the population-those living in cities.

PROTESTANT PROGRESS (In Japan-not including Korea, Formosa and the Mandated Islands) : Missionary societies, 60. Missionaries, 1,130 (ordained men, 276; single women, 465). Japanese force, 4,807 (ordained pastors and evangelists, 1,495). Stations, 108; outstations, 764; organized churches, 2,2'05. Communicants, 185,387; added in year, 15,510; total constituency (including Roman and Greek Catholics), 350,000. Contributed by Japanese Christians (in 1932), Yen 2,364,148. Sunday school enrolment, 225,303. Christian school enrolment, 42,800. Roman Catholics, 79,983. Greek Orthodox Church; 38,104 adherents.

GENERAL INFORMATION: Mythical period, "Age of the Gods." Empire founded 660 B. C. (Timeof Manasseh, King of Judah). Legendary Period, 660 B. C. to 480 A. D. Portuguese discovered Japan 1542 A. D. Xavier came in 1549. Persecution of Christians began in 1617. Japan opened to foreigners by Commodore Perry, 1853-1854. Constitutional government instituted Feb. 11, 1889.. Edicts against Christianity promulgated, 1682; renewed in 1868; repealed, 1873 Currency-The Yen (100 sen) is normally worth about 50 cents.

• Compiled mainly from the "Statesman's Year Book" and the "Christian Movement in Japan."-EmToR.

Views of

Achievements, Failures, and Present Opportunities of Missionaries as Seen by Japanese Christians A Symposium Arranged By REV. E. C. HENNIGAR, Tokyo, Japan Some Remarkable Achieve.. operation. It does not necessarily come into con- ments flict with racialism. But racialism is often apt to degenerate into isolated nationalism and also By REV. S. IMAI aggressive imperialism. It can only be saved by ethical ideas. Pastor Central Tabernacle (Methodist), Tokyo Protestantism has been in Japan for little more T HE Japanese history, after the Restoration than 70 years. When we think of the time ele- of Meiji, can be divided generally into three ment, we should not mention failures-the achieve- parts: ments are really the wonders. It is remarkable to First: Meiji era ……. 1868-1912 see that so many of the present leaders in Japan Second: Taisho era …. 1912-1926 have received some sort of moral influence from Third: Showa era …… 1926- missionaries in their lives. But, what will be the possible failure? For this, we might say that mis- The chief characteristic of the first period was sionaries inevitably brought the nationalized an uncritical attitude in imitating Western civili- Christianity with them from the countries whence zation. This expressed itself in economy as capi- they came. Many Japanese did not feel at home talism; in politics as democracy; and in religion with it. This can be seen not only in Christianity as Christianity. Under such conditions, the thing but also in political and social institutions as well. which represented and promulgated the Western Dress specially made for an adult does not fit chil- civilization most effectively in this country was dren, and the dress made for Western people was none other than Christianity. The Meiji era is too big for Japanese, in the beginning. very significant as a rebirth of Japanese civilization. The leadership which came under the influ- Missionaries are, of course, missionaries of Christian churches. But, at the same time, they ence of missionaries, in that period, was a strong naturally represent the countries where they come one. For this Japan can never be too thankful. from. Consequently, the vicissitudes of the civili- In the second period-The Taisho era-we find zation in their home lands can not but influence that, after the outcome of the World War, Japan their actions. Therefore, whether the mission- began to take a more criUcal and sceptical attitude aries can contribute to the future problems in towards European civilization in general. Conse- Japanese lives depends greatly on the condition of quently, average minds in this country lost their their own countries-how strongly the Christian uncritical attitude which they had maintained all spirit is influencing the political and economic life through the first period towards the work of mis- of the country.

sionaries. This may be one of the chief reasons If each country in Europe and America were why the work of missionaries showed an appear- Christianized to its heart, the effect of missionaries ance of decadence in comparison with that of the from those countries would be multiplied. preceding period. Japanese consciousness, or, shall I say "Japanese The third period-that is, the Showa era-is a spirit," at present, shows rather a militaristic apself-conscious period. This is a time when we feel pearance. But 58 per cent of the people in Japan as though we have learned what we can from the are farmers, and the farmers want peace more West, and Japan of the past finds its positive self- than anything else. The philosophy of Japanese assertion. Naturally, in all phases of our lives, farmers is a philosophy of peace, and their relithe racial mind is in ascendancy. gion is that of peace.

It can be seen that one of the most general dan- The thoughts and practices of Ninomiya Songers, in such a time, is a tendency towards racial toku, who is still the idol of worship of Japanese egoism as well as racial exclusiveness. The inter- farmers, are one hundred per cent pacifism. It is national expression of Christiantiy is world co- a mistaken assumption to regard the Japanese [ 443]

mind as essentially militaristic. Militarism is one form a Board which would unite the Mission of the evils which they have learned from the Boards of the sending churches and the Japanese West. The true Japanese mind which is essen- Mission Board. Going one step further, let the tially peace-loving, longs for cooperation with the missionaries work under the Japanese Church, messengers of peace in Western countries. We leaving the control of both personnel and finances need a missionary-a true prophet who would entirely with the Japanese. In a word, the mis- criticize Japanese militarism without fear and sions should cease doing something from the out- who would, at the same time, open his own eyes to side and should cooperate from within.

the egoism as well as to the militarism rampant in all countries in the world in the present age. The Future Policy Japan needs the rea:l cooperation of the West! By REV. YUGORO CHIBA, D.D. One very effective method has been that of English teaching. Many young men and women of this country have come in contact with the per- President of the Baptist College, Yokohama, and Chairman of sonalities of missionaries through their English the National Christian Council of Japan studies and have had their eyes opened to Chris- I T IS only seventy years since the Christian tianity. But, all through the three periods, the churches beyond the seas opened mission work most effective element of the missionary work has in Japan. The great influence that Christibeen the personalities of the missionaries them- anity has achieved in our country is a real source selves. In other words, the thing which Japan of wonder today, an influence not at all measured wants most at the present time is the personality by the number of churches or number of church which is itself burning with the real spirit of members. Christianity has driven its roots down Christ. deep into the thought and life of the people. Not only has it had a great influence of the general Success and Mistakes culture of Japan but it has touched and stimu- lated Buddhism, Shintoism and the other religions By REV. WATARU SABA of the country. .

Pastor of Omori Presbyterian Church, Tokyo, and former To take one illustration near at hand, it is said Moderator of the General Assembly that no less than fifty members of the Imperial Diet are either now active church members or have T HE success of Christian missions in Japan is been connected with the church in the past. Fifty due to the fact of the superior personality of out of over four hundred is no small proportion. the early missionaries and their ability to Also in the business world, the educational world, make a great contribution to the culture of the in science and art not a few leaders are Christians.

then only half-open Japanese Empire. We still remember that four or five years ago three Among the mistakes or weaknesses of missions of the five Imperial Universities had Christian we have to note that although the culture of this presidents. Judging from this, if within the next country has advanced until it stands on a par with few years the overseas churches were to withdraw the culture of other countries, and has thrown up their missions from Japan, while there would be some great personalities, the quality of the mis- some delay in the work and even retreat on some sionaries who come to these shores seems to be, if fronts, there would be absolutely no danger of we may say so, rather deteriorating than other- Christianity dying out in our country. Christi- wise. In view of this, :it is only to be expected that anity has driven its roots deep into the national the range of the activities of the missionaries, soil and has become a national possession.

handicapped as they are by language and customs, The primary reason for such a phenomenal ad- will naturally shrink. Missionaries also find great vance in so short a time lies, of course in the na- difficulty in this day in attempting to do a really ture of Christianity itself. It must also be recog- strong piece of work, standing as they do between nized that the early missionaries were very wise the Mission Boards of the sending countries on in their policy. They did not limit their activities the one hand and the Mission Boards of Japan on to merely preaching the Gospel in person. They the other. set up a strong program for the educaJtion of a One feels acutely, therefore, that the missions- Japanese ministry. They selected the most prom- since by their aid the Japanese Church is ap- ising men for study abroad and then used them proaching the place where it can stand alone- widely in the work of evangelism. Certain bodies should with a gr.eat decision attempt a reorganiza- where the early missionaries limited their activi- tion. Throwing aside a system of cooperation that ties to direct evangelistic work and put Christian is cooperative in name only, not standing apart education definitely in second place show little from or ignoring the Japan Church, they should progress.

JAPANESE VIEWS OF MISSIONS

As to the wisest policy for the future-in the cially of girls, and social philanthropic work, which evangelistic work the missions should gradually is said to have been enormously developed in redecrease the subsidies given to the Japanese cent years in Japan, have practically all been startchurches. This will be in the interest of self- ed by Christians. The idea of brotherhood, the support and self-propagation. In the educational recognition of the proper place of women and chilfield, unless we are willing to abandon the high dren in the social order, the idea of monogamy and standards set up for Christian education, one of the number of international peace movements, all two things will be needed, either the overseas of which are advocated by the majority of Japachurches must continue their support for a period nese today, are also of Christian origin. of time or else a way must be found to make the schools independent by securing an adequate en- 2. Splendid as missionaries' achievements are, dowment. At present our Christian schools are there are yet some mistakes in their work. Japan forced into a weak pos·ition by stress of economic is one of oldest countries in the world. lIt has a circumstances. They are compelled, in order to history of three thousand years and its own civilisecure income from fees, to take in too large a zation at its back. Without studying these things number of students (one school of middle grade and knowing the fundamental thoughts and ideals takes over 1,000 students, over 60 in each class), of the people it is imprudent to preaoh; that is like and secondly, because they cannot give adequate sowing seed without adequate know~edge of the salaries to teachers they are letting down their nature of the soil. Most of the missionaries I have standards. In this way the schools are becoming known have made this mistake. This seems to be commercialized and are departing from the high one of the reasons why Christianity has not penestandards of Christian education. We hope that trated the heart of Japan, and why there are many the overseas churches, who have given so self- backsliders among converts. sacrificingly of men, money and prayer for the evangelization of Japan, will carefully study how A feeling of superiority on the part of missionthey may best crown their great contribution to aries as to race, wealth and civilization is another our country. hindrance in approaching certain classes of Japa- nese. The material help which is so generously The Past, Present and Future given by them and welcomed by some people is often the cause of dislike and opposition to others. By RT. REV. P. V. MATSUI 3. Japan still needs missionaries, whatever may Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Tokyo be the impression otherwise. The nature of their work has changed with the growth of the Japanese THE missionary enterprise in Japan has proved Church, but it does not follow that the need for to be a great success. Since the coming of the them has diminished. first missionaries, nearly fourscore years ago, nearly three thousand churches have been estab- Let me mention some of the spheres of work in lished, most of them now self-supporting. There which missionaries are still needed. They are are 1,608 ordained ministers and 901 lay workers, needed, both men and women, for work among while there are about 200,000 Protestant Chris- students. Hostels for stUdents in the universities tians. Yearly gifts to church work from native of the great cities are greatly needed and Chrissources have amounted to Y 2,810,000. A large tian hostels are the best. Then they are needed part of these achievements are due to missionary as school teachers, teaching English, for which efforts of Christians in America and England. there are opportunities open in all parts of Japan. Their services in establishing self-supporting, self- An earnest Chris·tian teacher is a great power. controlling and self-expansive indigenous churches Also a limited number of specially prepared men have been invaluable. They have prepared the are needed for the theological colleges. Christian ground for the future evangelization of the whole missionary doctors are needed for the work of hoscountry. Moreover there are a number of native pitals and dispensaries which should be opened in Christian leaders whose learning, knowledge and many parts of Japan outside the great cities. personality far exceed that shown by men and Women missionaries are~till very greatly needed. women in other communities, and because this is In connectiop with the churches, especially the so remarkably the case Christianity in this coun- newer ones, there is a great sphere for district try is honored and looked up to by the Government evangelistic work by women only. The opportuniand the public as a trust-worthy religion. ties for personal work and teaching are in most cases more than one missionary can fill. The high It should also be noted that Christian influence educational standard now open to the girls and upon the thought and idea.ls of the nation has been young women creates a wonderful sphere and opremarkably great. Education, for instance, espe- portunity for Christian evangelistic work among them.

There is always work in connection with the churches in both town and country, to which all

missionaries can lend a hand. The ordained mis- 3. They have been wonderfully successful, more sionaries can act as ministers-in-charge in the than in any other thing, in producing the promi- younger and less developed churches, which as yet nent leaders by their professional contact, leaders ~annot support a Japanese pastor. They can direct not only in Christian circles but also in the wider much of the church work and evangelistic efforts, sphere in every branch of social activity. We often and be real missioners in the district. try to imagine what a different world this would Every part of the field in the whole country have been if the missionaries had not followed up needs men and women of deep spiritual experi- the conquering military powers and the commer- ence and broad outlook, who are ready to come in cial forces of exploitation!

the spirit of Him Who "came not to be ministered It is rather an easy matter to point out mistakes to but to minister." Men and women are needed arid even to criticize the work of others done in who will reveal Jesus Christ. the midst of many hardships and dearly bought at great cost. We do not want what we say here to be taken as cold criticism. We all learn by mis- Some Missionary Readjustments takes and nothing under the sun is perfect. There has been some mistakes made by missionaries Needed which it would have been far better if they could By REV. AKIRA EBISAW A, Congregational Pastor have been avoided.

Let us frankly call attention to some hindrances General Secretary of the National Christian Council of Japan standing in the way of success. We shall summa- N o ONE can doubt the achievements of the rize them in the following items: missionaries in bringing about the. Chris- tian influence upon the national life in (a) Theological controversies and intolerance among workers. Japan. But it seems there are prevailing some doubts (b) Personal and denominational pride and iso- lation to the ignoring of the importance of in regard to the future function of missions. We united efforts. know that the time has already come for us to stop and think because the rapidly changing social situ- (c) Racial prejudice affecting the minds and ation and the growth of our national life make it customs of some workers, which deprive imperative to re-examine our plan and program in them of real personal respect. the light of the new situation. Broadly speaking, there are two fundamental motives which necessi- (e) Too much evaluation of work in terms of tate and invite readjustments in the methods and numerical and material standards on the policies of the missionary enterprise; i. e., the part of the Mission Boards in the mistaken new discovery of the indigenous genius and the limitation of capitalistic investment. appreciation of the psychological differences between different cultures. We believe that the mis- (d) Too much secularization of the Christian sionaries will have a wonderful opportunity for activities, alienating them from the real the next fifty years provided the new adjustment Christian way. is consummated intelligently before it is too late. (f) Absorption in trifling things and the lack It goes without saying that Japanese Christian of wide vision and far reaching insight. churches would not be in existence at all unless the missions have been working in this country giving (g) Such a lack of appreciation and knowledge so many men and women and so much funds dur- of the cultural heritage, social customs and ing the last seventy-five years. We admire and ap- psychological differences as to pass a supreciate the wonderful work of the missionaries, perficial judgment on all things expressed judging from the results achieved by their pro- in the vernacular. ductive and creative work. (h) Lack of real Christian internationalism. 1. It is generally recognized that they have (i) Un-Christian behavior of the so-called Christian nations and some merchants in their dealings with international, political, economic and military policies, thus repu- diating the ideals of Ohristianity.

helped to enrich the national culture with invalu- Of all the various cultural movements-politi- able ·contributions through scientific, philosophi- cal, industrial, social, educational and communica- cal, ethical and religious thinking, all based on tional-now- pervading the world, the Christian Christian civilization. missionary enterprise stands as a prominent light- 2. They ,have had wide influence in raising the house, commanding the whole world with its glo- living standards of the nation and in purifying the rious light. No other movement can compete with social customs, through their daily life which set this enterprise in its extent as well as in its intent.

the standard for Christian life even among those The methods and policies might be modified but its who are not professed Christians. value must not be minimized. The time for the

ARE !.lORE MISSIONARIES NEEDED IN JAPAN?

denominational mISSIOns attending to their own sociations, the Woman's Christian Temperance work with the duplication of the similar kinds of Union and the Sunday School Association. staffs and facilities may have passed, awaiting for a speedy readjustment. (b) Cooperation in the rural work. There lies a large field as yet almost untouched by the Chris- There is a wonderful opportunity before the tian forces. General economic depression makes it missions for more concentrated, coordinated plans doubly necessary to reach the farmers in their and a more unified program, all in cooperation urgent need for spiritual guidance. The work has with the indigenous c h u r c h e s. The Japanese been initiated by the Council and the missions; churches must strive for their own maintenance but it will need the mobilization of all the Chrisand expansion until the Kingdom is firmly estab- tian resources in order to fully meet the responsilished; and while they may go that way for next bility. hundred years, the missions should have their large part in working along the lines on which (c) Cooperation on a big scale with church work hitherto they have been successful. for residential sections. The missions can render a great contribution under their united capacity (a) Cooperation wit h interdenominational in opening a well equipped institutional church agencies. They should have tremendous future if work to exert a strong influence over the multithey cooperate with the indigenous international tudes morally, socially and religiously, on so large agencies like the National Christian Council, a scale as to appeal to the imagination of the citi- Young Men's and Young Women's Christian As- zens.

Are More Missionaries Needed in Japan?* By DR. WM. MERRELL VORIES, Omi-Hachiman, Japan I N THE old and generally accepted sense,- ties to usurp special authority and assume the rOle of teachers, merely because of their race, or re- . that a missionary is a foreigner temporarily ligion, or possession of funds. Mission Boards sent to supervise a movement from abroad; should not send out men and women to the cultured nations on the same basis as to backward peoples. possessing authority because of his position (not to say race), regardless of his abilities being su- Not all missionaries of the past have been of perior or inferior to his native associates; living the objectionable type. Far from it. Many, in a life aloof from the community; using his mother spite of the possibility of exercising authority and tongue chiefly; always looking forward to even- of living luxuriously, have from their own innate tual return to his land of birth; and in general sense of propriety and their Christlikeness of remaining a "foreign" element in the work,-the character refused to be bishops or bosses or to in leaders among Japanese Christians consider ad- any way exalt themselves above the Cause. But ditional missionaries not only undesirable, but this was often due to their personal virtues rather even detrimental to the establishment of a Chris- than to any virtue in the system. tian Church in Japan. It is a different proposition to have a fellow- We agree 'with them in this, and we would go worker from a foreign land, who brings to the farther and believe that it might have been better Christian movement some positive contribution of for the Cause of Christ in Japan if that type of ability, training, experience, devotion, or personal missionary had never come. worth-and brings it without self-seeking or sec- tarian motive; who comes to a work ready to give It is hard for some American or the British sup- his life to it-expecting to become a part of the porters of traditional missions to conceive of the community; asking no special privilege or considactual conditions in the "mission fields" today. eration for himself; demanding no provision for Too many of them see no difference between illit- his own comfort or security which is not available erate savages and cultured peoples of Asia when for the rest of the staff; ready to adapt himself to it comes to attempting evangelistic work. As a local conditions. matter of fact the culture developed in ancient China, and that spread over a large part of east- This kind of missionary is welcome anywhere. ern Asia, was, and in some respects still is, far in There will always be a place for such-so long as advance of that developed in the West. Christianity is true to its essential supernational- ism. It is presumptuous for persons of inferior abili- • Condensed from The Omi llIu8tard-Seed.

of Christianity in

By the REV. S. H. WAINWRIGHT, D.D., Tokyo Manager of the Christian Literature Society W E GRATEFULLY recognize the hand of Polygamy in the form in which it existed in God in the modern life of Japan. The Japan, is dying out. The newer day has an illus- Christian religion, in the course of half a trious precedent in the Imperial Court life. The century, has become one of the recognized reli- Shintoists have adopted the Christian custom of gions of Japan. It was prohibited and COll- performing the marriage rite in the presence of demned by public notices when the first mis- the deity. The Woman's Christian Temperance sionaries arrived in 1859. Now Christianity is Union began a work which is now taken over alrecognized by the Government, by the traditional most wholly by the national organization which religions and by the people. The property for calls itself The Customs Reform Society. This churches and schools, for mission residences and Society does not limit itself to temperance reform, hospitals and for other Christian uses is legally , but conducts powerful campaigns for the abolition held and incorporated under Japanese law. The of other national evils and is one of the liviest or- Christians, along with Buddhists and Shintoists, ganizations in the nation. The same may be said have their share of chaplaincies for prisons and of the National Temperance League, perhaps the other State institutions. The Home Department most powerful and effective temperance organizaof the Government has called together for confer- tion in the world.

ence on a number of occasions the representatives Along with the reform of customs, Christian in- of the three religions – Buddhism, Christianity fluence should be credited with the inauguration and Shintoism. Fifty years ago the three religions of social service and philanthropy, neither of would have been Buddhism, Confucianism and which had any place worthy of mention before Shintoism, but since then Christianity has re- Japan was opened to modern Christian missions.

placed Confucianism as a positive religion. The Salvation Army, conducted for the most part In visible results of Christianity statistics have from England, has done noteworthy work in the a place. When t went to Japan, there were 23,000 Protestant Christians. There are now 232,000, field of social service and receives an annual grant not to mention the Roman and Greek Catholics. from the Imperial Household. Dr. Kagawa, by Since I arrived in Japan the Protestant commun- his life in the slums, has interpreted Christ's mind ion has gained by a tenfold increase while the towards unfortunate members of society. He and population has doubled. It might seem discour- other Christian leaders have been in close touch aging to be able to report only 232,000 Protestant with the labor population and have done some- Christians while the population has increased by thing to impart to the labor movement an appre- millions, but the rate of increase is much greater ciable Christian influence.

with the church than with the nation. The pop- All sorts of Christian charities have sprung up ulation increases about one and one quarter per and, unlike the wooden thousand hands of the cent per annum, while the Protestant church Goddess of Mercy (Kwannon), bring relief and membership increases about five per cent per blessing to the leper, the Eta class, the unem- annum. A mass movement may occur at some ployed and other needy members of society. St.

future time when great numbers will be admitted Luke's International Medical Center in Tokyo is into the church. an outstanding enterprise of tlie Christian move- Great changes have taken place in the national ment.

Japanese customs under Christian influence. Philanthropy is an increasing expression of the Sunday has been made a legal holiday. Christmas mind of Christ though practiced by many who are is observed as a festival of giving by thousands not identified with the Christian movement. The in the great cities. There was a time when Christ- most outstanding recent instance is the thirty miImas decorations were sold only by the Christian lion yen foundation established by the Mitsui Literature Society but now the smallest neigh- family. Benevolence in the Confucian sense is borhood shops in the big cities put them on sale. essentially a paternal virtue, and is exercised to- . The Christmas story has a fascinating appeal in ward inferiors in the social organism. It does the Orient. not feel compassion upon the multitudes, nor does [448 ] it m~ke the weak a burden of the strong as a broad the new Japan and is the answer to its deepest principle running thqmgh all society. need. All that Buddhism has been able to do in Christian influence has contributed much to the adjusting itself to the new order of things is to State, including converts i~'Cresar's household. struggle against its own decadence and to copy The wives of five of the Ministers of the present the methods of the Christian propaganda in its (Saito) Cabinet, including the wife of the Pre- own present-day activities.

mier, and some of the Cabinet Ministers them- Mission institutions, which now occupy an es- selves were trained in mission schools. Parlia- tablished place, are organs of the new Christian ment, since its organization in 1889, has. not been spirit. Christian Educational Work, the Christian without Christian leaders and Christian judges Literature Society, and St. Luke's Medical Center, have been members of the Supreme Court. A have a national prestige, a wide patronage and a wide knowledge of the Scriptures in Japan is fruitfulness which no one would deny. Their posi- shown by quotations from public speakers and tion is secure and they are the instruments by writers. Japan's great Finance Minister, Junno- which the new Japan is being formed. These but- suke Inouye, in a speech at the Peer's Club just standing institutions are deeply permeated by the before his assassination, made use of Scripture Christian spirit and if they should suffer decline when he said, "And whether one member suffers, through lack of funds the loss to Japan wO'uld be all the members suffer with it." He referred to irreparable.

the world depression and the new dependence of The Christian Church is becom'ing increasingly the nations, each upon the others. Not only th,e, independent. It is far advanced in self-support Scriptures but Christian history is widely known and possesses the spirit of initiative and apostolic among the Japanese. Augustine and Calvin, Lu- zeal for the spread of the Gospel. It possesses a ther and Wesley, are familiar names and some- spiritual quality as is revealed by early morning thing is understood about their place in history. pray~r meetings and other gatherings for the cul- Striking a little deeper, one will find, in the less tivation of the spiritual life. The Japanese Church obvious realities, the deep impression Christ has cannot yet carry the load of institutional Chris- made upon the thought life of Japan. The dic- tianity, created by the foreign missions. Out of tionaries and encyclopedias reveal this transform- its own reSQurces, it cannot meet the requirements ing influence. An intelligent Japanes~ man will of the vast field of rural evangelism; nor can it refer to "personality" as if the term had been afford at present to be cut off from the body of used traditionally by the Japanese, while as a mat- Christ in other lands.

ter of fact Jts vogue is of very recent origin. One In contrast to other Asiatic fields Christian suc- cannot acquire in the shops pure specimens of cess in Japan has been with the middle and intel- Japanese ceramic ware if of recent manufacture. lectual classes. The creation of the new Japan is All the current styles betray the touch of the West to be credit~d very largely to middle class intel- upon the artist's designs. So it is with current lectual population from which its leaders have ideas. Nothing is purely Oriental. A distin- come, in politics, in business and in education, as guished Shinto teacher in the Tokyo Imperial Uni- well as in the Christian movement. It is no acci- versity expounds Shintoism as if the Kojiki were dental circumstance that Christianity has dis- a Hegelian masterpiece! placed Confucianism for the Christian triumph As regards the deeper influence of Christianity has been largely with the Confucian population.

upon modern Japan, the substance of the present The Confucian background is more like that of situation was recently expressed by the former the Old Testament than any other in the non- Minister of Foreign Affairs Baron Shidehara, Christian world. Hence the response to Chris- who said that as Buddhism formed the spirit of tianity has its source in a traditional background.

the Heian period, so Christianity was the moving The national system of education had its origin spirit of the recent period in Japanese history. with the Confucian population in Japan, though Christianity possesses a great advantage over the projected on a nation-wide and popular scale with traditional religions which are bound up with a open doors to all classes. Christianity has been passing order of society. The new Japan has preeminently successful in winning converts from created forms of national life according to West- among the student classes. Indeed Christianity ern molds by means of which Christianity finds it in Japan is highly educational though not without easy to give expression to its message. In the past the fervor of evangelism. The new slogan of the the Christian religion has been a determining Church is significant, sounding as it does the call factor in the formation of those molds so freely to rural evangelism. At present the cities are the adopted by Japan as a nation. To try to bring centers of Christian activity and Tokyo, the cap- Christianity and the traditional religions together ital, is probably more Christian than was the city in any syncretistic enterprise would be a hopeless of Rome in the third century after Christ.

undertaking. Christianity has a deep affinity with The depth of Christian influence consists of

progress through more stages, owing to close con- greater depths in prayer than in preaching. In tact with higher education than any other mission the prayer life of Japanese believers Christianity field, the higher education not only in Japan but has reached its highest level. One often hears an in Western countries, resulting in a maturity of extraordinary prayer by a pastor, full of spiritual mind scarcely reached elsewhere on the mission depth and fervor, followed by a very dull sermon. fields. The work has passed through a greater The vocabulary of prayer, molded largely by the number of stages, both in thought and practical Scriptures, and especially by the Psalms, is bound methods, than elsewhere owing partly to the quick- to be different from that of preaching in which ened movement of general progress 'in modern the language of the people is used with its tradi- Japan. The Japanese Christian mind in a true tional coloring, in the use of which the Buddhists sense is one with the Christian mind in the West are more effective than Christian preachers. The and quickly reflects changes in Western thought younger generation readily understands Chrisand movement. tian preaching and its phraseology becomes fa- miliar to them in the schools of Japan where Eng- The Buddhist religion controls the masses of lish is the major study. The Christian movement population and it is into this field that Christian- has, however, among its preachers a few whose ity n(),}V proposes to enter. The fervent evan- word is with power. gelism permeating Christianity from the beginning in 1859 is in part owing to the influence of Christian influence has produced a greater op- American missions but also in part is accounted portunity in Japan and in other Asiatic countries for by Japanese reaction, expressing a deeper re- as well, than it has as yet fulfilled. The youth ligious consciousness than that of the Confucian trained in the schools are more open minded and mind. This may have its source in part at least are in a better position to understand Christian in Buddhist mysticism. It is an interesting fact preaching than the first generation to which the that the Japanese Christian ministry exhibits far appeal was made.

Your Church – A Clock or Dynamo?

Some churches impress me as being first-class clock-towers. They have a certain amount of good machinery and some power to give a useful message. You can depend on them to tell the time and the seasons. They tell the time for Sunday services, the hour for the Women's meeting and the Men's Club. The seasons are indicated: Easter, Christmas and even the Saints' Days. They have a minister (servant) to wind them and see that they keep going and tell out the correct time.

We would lose something if the minister stopped working or if the clock or the church were removed. We need them to help us lead well regUlated lives. But the clock-tower church exists largely for itself; its wheels go round and round, year in and year out, but they never move from their place to help others. Their range of usefulness is small. Stationary churches, with pastors satisfied with the duties of winding and oiling the works, seem never to get any- where. They may be orthodox but they have very little power and a narrow field of service.

I grow impatient with this type of church and am in search of one that is a dynamo– charged with power to do things. A dynamo does not exist for itself but in order to make ma- chinery accomplish some task worth while. Placed in a powerhouse it sends forth heat, light, and power through wires for long distances in every direction. It is a missionary force.

We may live in a town far away from the powerhouse so that we do not see it or hear it, yet we are ever conscious that it is there, working night and day to help by giving light, heat and power for all kinds of service. It may be stationary but the power that is stored up is constantly released for the benefit of the thousands all around. Its motto is "Not for self but'

for others."

Other dynamos are placed in ships, electric locomotives or automobiles. They are con- stantly on the move, conveying passengers and goods; hauling loads, distributing the necessi- ties of life to other places, near and far. Their usefulness may react to the uttermost part of the earth. They are missionary dynamos. _ The clock in the church-tower is useful but if we must choose between the clock and the dynamo, who would hesitate for a moment? Why be satisfied with clock-tower churches?

Shall we not pray that the Spirit of God may make dynamos of our churches so that their spir- itual power to help, to enlighten, to comfort, to save and to invigorate may be felt far and wide among all classes of people, not only at home but in other lands where there is need.

-Adapted from W. E. Gordon, in the "Sahayah-Patrikai" (India).

Japanese Christian

By the REV. H. W. MYERS, D.D., Kobe Missionary of the Presbyterian Church, u. s.

Won by a Christian Woman The Salvation Army Leader H I IRoSHI HATANAKA was born in Oka- F A great orator is one who can grip and hold yama in 1885. He was sent to the primary an audience, win them to his beliefs and influ- school and went as far as the third year in ence their lives, then few men have a better the city high school, when the death of his mother claim to this distinction than Col. Gumpei Yama- wrought a crisis in the boy's life. His mother, muro of the Salvation Army in Japan. He was though not baptized, had been a Christian be- the eighth child of a mountain farmer and was liever, while his father was definitely hostile to adopted by a relative who was better able to pro- Christianity. After Mrs. Hatanaka's death, Miss vide for him. When his new father refused to M. E. Wainwright led the boy into the Christian send him to Tokyo to school, the boy ran away life, and later took him to live as a son in her home.

He went to Kyoto and finished his high school course in the Doshisha College.

From Kyoto Kiroshi went to America to study in Oberlin College and Seminary. While studying at Oberlin, Mr. Hatanaka helped to pay his way by acting as janitor and office clerk. In the sum- mers he worked on farms, on the railroad, in the kitchen of a hotel and at anything he could find, and in this way earned money for his education and gained a wide knowledge of men. Later he worked for two years as Secretary in the Boys' Depart- ment of the Y. M. C. A. in the mill district of Pitts- burgh where he had a good deal of experience with the rough neck element. When one young- ster had to be dragged home by main force, his parents upheld the young Japanese Secretary who won the friendship of the family.

Returning to Japan in 1914, at the age of twenty-nine, Mr. Hatanaka served for a year and a half in the Osaka Y.M. C. A., spent a year in the army, and seven years as pastor of a Kyoto church. In 1923 he became President of Kobe College, but resigned this position after two years to become pastor of the Osaka Congregational Church, one of the greatest of all Protestant churches in Japan. He was thus the successor to the great Mr. Miyagawa, who had been pastor of COL. GUMPEl YAMAMURO this church for forty-three years.

A thorough scholar and an eloquent speaker, with the intention of working his way through the with brilliant mind and a lovable personality, Mr. higher schools.

Hatanaka combined social, intellectual and spir- Gumpei was converted to Christ in an out-door itual gifts. He is one of the most influential citi- meeting' when sixteen years old and immediately zens of the great city of Osaka with its three mil- became an ardent Christian worker. He would lion inhabitants. sing over and over again the only hymns he knew: "Stand up, stand up for Jesus," and "Bringing in It was the love and the prayers of Miss Wain- the sheaves," and sing wherever he could get anywright that first won him to Christ and then won one to listen to him. With little outside help he him to the Christian ministry.

[451 ]

worked his way through a Christian college-on a preacher of righteousness, a social reformer and several occasions nearly dying of starvation-but a friend of the poor. Many will rise up to call in thi,s student period he won for Christ a number Col. Yamamuro blessed. of young Japanese who later became eminent Christian workers. Mr. Kameshichi Nishiyama Shortly after the opening of Salvation Army MANY poor country boys leave the farm and work in Japan young Yamamuro met some of the move to town to go into business and make Army workers and read the books they gave him. a fortune. Till he was thirty-five years of He was deeply impressed with their spirit and age, there was little to distinguish Kameshichi methods, and asked to be allowed to join them. In Nishiyama from thousands of other middle-class the course of time was made an officer, was given business men in Japan. Shrewd, industrious, charge of the training of new recruits, and was sober, economical, and keen on making and saving later made editor of the Japanese War Cry. This money, he was just another ordinary, good busimarked a new era in his life. ness man, with neither time nor inclination for religion, and a special dislike for Christianity. In his earlier work, Yamamuro distributed tracts among friends who complained that they An annoying attack of rheumatism that would could not understand them. So he went to work not yield to ordinary treatment was the means to prepare tracts and books that people could understand, and has written many that are intelli- KAM;ESHICHI NISHIYAMA gible, interesting and impressive. For many years he was the most prolific Christian writer in used to bring. him to Christ. The Japanese all Japan. The most famous of his numerous books know that for rheumatism or a crick in the back is "The Common People's Gospel," of which many there is nothing quite equal to a good massage. hundred thousand copies have been sold since it One of the commonest sights in the country is to was first published in 1900. Some years ago in a see a dutiful small boy pounding vigorously on the Korean city I met a godly Japanese judge, con- aching shoulders of his old grandmother. The verted through reading this book before he had best masseur in Kochi was a man named Okamura, ever met a Christian minister or entered a church.

As a preacher Col. Yamamuro has mastered the art of bringing from his treasures things new and old. Bits of poetry, apt proverbs, quotations from Chinese classics, burning statistics, humorous experiences, joyous conversions all help to carry the Gospel message home to his hearers.

Perhaps Col. Yamamuro's most spectaCUlar work has been on behalf of the girls virtually en- slaved in the licensed quarters. The system today is bad enough, and its supporters are fighting a losing battle; but up to the year 1900 it was especially iniquitous. Recruiting agents would scour the country to find attractive daughters in homes of the poor; they would promise pretty clothes, good wages and easy work as waitresses, and lend the parents a few hundred yen, to be repaid from the wages of the daughter. Charges for medical service and new clothes and interest kept the debt up to its original figure, so that the girl was kept as a virtual slave as long as she was profitable. Sometimes in desperation these girls would run away; but the law was on the side of the keepers, and the police would aid in returning them to their "duty." In those days almost any morning paper would have an account of an exciting chase of the police in capturing some escaped girl. More, perhaps, than any other man, Col. Yamamuro worked and fought till he won for these wretched girls the legal right to leave their prisons, debt or no debt.

He is a man of prayer, an eminent soul-winner,

SOME JAPANESE CHRISTIAN LEADERS

a devout Christian, called the happiest man in meted out to him was to stand for an hour with Kochi, whose bright smile and bicycle are as well a cup brimful of water in one hand and a stick of known as his skill in rubbing out aches and pains. lighted incense in the other, till both arms fairly When Mr. Okamura was called in, he began by ached. No Japanese teacher is ever allowed to explaining that it was a part of his treatment to slap a pupil or inflict corporal punishment, hence talk of Christ while he worked. At first Mr. Nishi- they devise various ingenious substitutes. Late yama would have none of it, but when rheumatism he became an honored and enthusiastic alumnus became worse, he decided to take the treatment- of his Christian alma mater, Aoyama Gakuin of Christianity and all. For days Mr. Okamura lit- Tokyo. erally rubbed and pounded and talked until he had led his patient to a living experience of salvation On completing his college course he secured a in Christ. position in Osaka at a salary of ten yen a month This was about fifteen years ago, and from that GINJIRO KiATSUDA time Mr. Nishiyama has been a power for righteousness in the city and in his church. He is a till the company went bankrupt, when he went to wholesale rice dealer, with oil, sugar, fertilizer Kobe and found a similar position. After two and automomiles as side lines, with an annual years he went into the shipping business, where he business running into the millions. His eighty soon found himself on the crest of the wave of employees work six days in the week and are paid prosperity. He made a large fortune which he for seven days on condition that they attend spent with generous abandon; among his gifts is church Sunday morning and evening. As a result the beautiful "Katsuda Hall" and the principal's all of his men are Christians, and the business has residence at Aoyama Gakuin. been greatly prospered. A large, beautiful room in his building is set aside as the chapel, and every Mr. Katsuda served many years in the Kobe morning the entire staff gathers for a half hour of City Assembly, in the House of Commons and in worship beginning at five o'clock in summer and the House of Peers, and last year, at the urgent at six in winter. One of the employees is given insistence of the Kobe Assembly became Mayor of the oversight of the religious needs of the men. the city. Unpretentious, friendly and genial, Mr. Katsuda makes friends and holds them, and is es- Mr. Nishiyama's partner, Mr. Yokota, started teemed as a public servan.t who can be trusted. life as an errand boy whose entire capital Such men though they are not baptized are the amounted to two sen. He became a Christian best justification of the Christian college in misthrough Mr. Nishiyama's influence, and is now a sion lands. wealthy man, whose entire family are devout Christians.

Mr. Nishiyama is an elder and treasurer in the great Kochi church. He is a systematic tither, and a generous free-will giver as special needs arise. He is universally loved and trusted, and is one of the best business men as well as one of the best Christians in all Japan.

When the Wright brothers were making their historic flights at Kitty Hawk they were pestered by newspaper men eager to get a good story. One of the brothers put them off with the remark that among all the birds the parrots were the best talkers but the poorest flyers. Mr. Nishiyama is the most modest and retiring of men, and would sooner fly than tell the story of his life for publication.

A Christian College Graduate GINJIRO KATSUDA was born in 1873 in Matsuyama, in the Island of Shikoku. He recalls with amusement how he hated to study, and was scolded and punished by his teachers for his laziness. One of the punishments

Christian Women Leaders* en city problems to her. Over seven thousand would-be suicides have come to her after reading By ELIZABETH H. KILBURN, Sendai her sign boards: A BoUT one-half of the population of Japan WAIT A MINUTE. GOD IS LOVE are women, so bringing in a new order in Japan is certainly a woman's problem too. IF You MUST TAKE YOUR LIFE The following women are recognized as taking a COME AND TALK IT OVER FIRST very important part in the Christian Movement in WITH NOBU Jo (giving the address) Japan. These signs have made her famous throughout Furuta Sensei-A Religious Leader the length and breadth of Japan, for the response to them has been unbelievable. Not only those Miss Furuta, is an example of how one woman who had decided to end all through suicide, but encourages devotion to God through Christ in all others who were unhappy and did not know where whom she meets. It would be interesting to know to turn, having seen the signs, came for help. how many young people and women this one ear- "Wives cast out by concubines, girls running nest Christian has so far led to Christ during her away from brothels to which they had been sold, ministry. children kidnapped by shows, women beaten by drunken husbands wives displaced by the jealous One winter's night, when the home in which she mother-in-law, girls hiding from the police, the was rooming was totally destroyed by fire, the wives and children of murderers, pickpockets and home of Mr. and Mrs. Alexander, Miss Furuta es- thieves"-scores come for help and comfort, and caped, Mrs. Alexander did not. As she was escap- find Christ. ing, she heard a voice saying to her distinctly, "Your work in the future must be evangelistic." Nobu J 0 has established a home where the girls From that time there has been no uncertainty as and women can be provided for and protected. to her call. She has filled various positions since There are some eighty living with her all the time. then but always with the evangelistic purpose. Within the last few years her work has received public and government recognition, and now wel- Miss Furuta is at present national secretary of fare organizations other than Christian are using the Woman's Board of the Japan Methodist these sign boards to prevent suicides. Church, and also conference evangelist. She is also superintendent of women evangelists of the In Japan there are certain popular suicide Tokyo and Kevanto districts of the church, and spots, such as a sharp turn in a railroad track or gives counsel and strength to these younger evan- certain volcanoes. Hundreds of girls and boys gelists. She is also superintendent of the asso- throw themselves, often several in a day, in Mount ciation of Tokyo Christian women and is superin- Mihara. Within the last two years there has been tendent of the evangelistic department of the a great increase of suicides in Japan, especially of Japanese W. C. T. U. (both interdenominational young men. Many suicides occur out of protest groups). against their country's marriage customs or their government's recent activities in world affairs. Last winter a very unique opportunity to do The police have tried to stop the tide but they newspaper evangelism opened up to Miss Furuta. seem to be powerless. One woman cannot do it The women's section of a popular morning news- all. We need many more women like "Noble J 0." paper introduced her through their columns as an experienced religious leader, inviting the readers Mrs. Kubushiro, a Purity Worker to correspond with her if they had any problems or burdens on their hearts. The many answers She tells her own story: that came in response to this showed that there "My father was a Christian minister and so were many people in Japan who had a longing to was my husband. In 1906, at the time of the San know Christ, the One who can solve problems and Francisco earthquake and fire, refugees came to remove burdens. Oakland where I was living, and among them came Chinese who were accused of setting up Nobu Jo, Representing Service gambling dens and Japanese, accused of starting brothels. I was asked to interpret for Dr. Charles Here is a woman whom one can never forget. Brown and the chief of police who were to inves- The graceful lines of the kimono cannot hide her tigate the matter, and I saw for the first time strong, almost masculine figure but she has a most Japanese girls who were in that kind of business. gentle mother-heart. Her strength can always be What an impression it made on my mind! The relied upon by a poor, weak, fugitive prostitute, newspapers and magazines were using this to stir and her good judgment is recognized by the Kobe up anti-Japanese sentiment. 'Why? Why?' I police for they bring many of their girl and wom- asked. 'Japenese women and girls are generally to be trusted. When millions are living most • From the Woman's Missionary Fj·iend.

worthy lives, why do they urge Japanese exclusion their support cooperatives would be a failure. because of the few?' Then the answer gradually Realizing this, the Federation of Cooperatives has came to my puzzled mind. Prostitution, in Japan, put in a very able woman, a Christian, Mrs. Maruis treated as a matter of course. The moral stand- oka, as head of the women's department. Her husard is unequal. 'Chastity' is a word only for wom- band worked in the Ohara Social Problems Reen and all laws are made by men. So they legalize search Bureau. She says: and make profit from this vice. We must cut at the very root of the evil-legalized prostitution. "I studied cooperatives, and as a housewife For over ten years this question burned within me realized keenly that we women, the buyers, must and hardened in my soul like gunpowder, till it have consumer cooperatives. I have been travelexploded. Then suddenly a call came to work for ing about the whole country, for the women's side the National Woman's Christian Temperance of the development of the cooperatives has become Union in Japan as its general secretary and I ac- very vigorous. Rural cooperatives have grown cepted." greatly lately, and the rural women need practical domestic science. Their understanding and co- This brave, determined woman is not working operation must be won; they must be called out alone. There is a strong force of Christian wom- and organized." en who come from all the different churches, and they are working together with the Purity Asso- There is no necessity for the periodical depresciation (a men's group) for the abolition of li- sions as the capitalistic world knows them. It is censed prostitution and also against the licensed because our economic life is unchristian that we sale of liquor. Already seven prefectures have have these periods of suffering and also the ridicuentirely abolished the prostitution system and lously unequal distribution of wealth. Christian eight more have passed resolutions to do so. women must take their responsibility in this im- There are forty-eight prefectures in Japan so portant part in bringing in the Kingdom. there is still much to do. Mrs. Kora-a Peace Leader "The central government is also moving and the home department is making up its mind to abolish Mrs. Kora lost her position as teacher in the it. But the abolition of licensed vice is not the Tokyo Women's University (non-Christian) beabolition of vice itself. We must work even cause of her peace activities. She told me someharder if that should ever be accomplished. We thing that made me hang my head with shame, for must look after the army and navy, the young had not we Westerners almost two thousand years people in rural districts, students, boys and girls. of Jesus' teaching as a backgro.>md for our ac- We must study the question on a national scale in tions? "I entered Columbia Unh:ersity just at the special reference to its rescue work problem and time when America was entering the World War. sex education. Young people must be protected, I must have been very innocent before I went to they must be given healthy amusements, mar- America, for I thought all Christians were paciriages must be arranged early. Sex morality must fists and that all thought war was wrong. The be firmly established and deeply grounded into the first Sunday I went to a large New York church national life, just as filial piety and loyalty to and heard a very famous Christian preacher. To country have been established." my amazement ~e urged his audience to go to war, 'For this is a war to end war,' he declared. I Mrs. Maruoka and Ohristian Economics was disillusioned. I felt crushed. A light had gone out of my heart. If at that time I had not The business of getting a living is a very im- come in contact with a small group of Christians portant part of human life. It seems strange that who were not afraid to be called cowards because Christianity has neglected, to the extent that it they were pacifists, I should have lost my faith has, this very important human interest. Many forever. Christians have accumulated great wealth through manipulation of stocks, etc.,. while their brothers "I am facing the same thing now, only in some have received very little for the long days of toil ways it is so different. There are so few of us with their hands. Christians have started many here, and our whole background has been so difgreat social reforms; why have they not faced ferent. Our government is different, too. Durthis question fearlessly? Competition has been ing the World War, if an American could prove the keynote of all business in the so-called Chris- that he was a conscientious objector, he was extian world for centuries. Kagawa declares, how- cused from active service. But in Japan no one ever, that as Christians we cannot recognize the is excused. If we could feel that by sacrificing our necessity for cut-throat competition but that "co- lives we might help the cause, it would be an inoperation" should be the guiding principle of all centive to resist. But we should be given no pub- Christian economics. Women are the buyers in lic trial at all, in such a case-just be quietly put Japan as well as in the West, so without enlisting out of the way…. However, we must be true to our Leader, the Prince of Peace!"

of Overlapping in

By WM. MERRELL VORIES, LL.D.

Omi·Hachiman, Japan 11— Founder 0/ the Omi Mission, 1905 THE only force that will bring the world to our province, so as to work there intelligently?

. Christ is "faith working in love." The first Do you realize that the capital is a small city and and most fatal indictment of sectarian over- the only place in the province in which overlaplapping in the mission field is that it repudiates this force and exhibits, on the contrary, rivalry ping already exists? It has unfortunately half working in competition. In short it is a misrepresentation of Christ. a dozen struggling sectarian groups, none of them The second indictment is that overlapping in able to be self-supporting." evangelical missions is not fair to the supporters of missions. There may be certain givers who "But our mission policy," calmly replied this deunderstand that their contributions are designated for denominational aggrandisement, but the termined gentleman, "is to place a church rank and file of conscientious and constant givers -many of whom make real sacrifices to give- in every provincial capital." nearly always make their offerings to give the Gospel message to people who otherwise would Within the past three years the same mISSIOn have no means of hearing it. To spend such gifts to maintain duplicate ~fforts in communities al- has started one of its churches in another small ready being evangelized by some other Christian agency is to come close to being guilty of misap- city of Japan already having three other Protespropriation of trust funds. tant bodies. Most Christian people deplore overlapping and many believe that the practice has long been aban- Some years ago a survey of the situation in doned. Unfortunately it still exists in many parts of the field. Japan is no exception, though the Japan was made by a committee appointed by the majority of cases are doubtless left-overs from the former days of noncooperation. It seems almost Federation of Christian Missions. If the question impossible to persuade the promoters of any once established work to withdraw from a field, no had not been a vital one, the report of that commatter how flagrant the overlapping. This shows a spirit unworthy of the representatives of Jesus mittee would have been really funny. The com- Christ. Some denominational leaders still hold to definite policies of sectarian expansion regardless mittee men belonged to the missions who were of overlapping, and without much apparent concern for the neglected districts. guilty. They solemnly reported that after exam- Not long ago an official of one of the largest ining all the circumstances they considered no missions said to me: cases of overlapping then existed; but-and here "We are planning to enter your province" (at the time our mission was the only one here). came the amusing naivety-they added that were I replied that since there were more than a any new churches to be started in any of the cities thousand towns and villages in this district still unmanned by Christian workers they would be a already having from one to five or six denominawelcome reinforcement, and I offered to help them discover the most needy and strategic location. tions, it would constitute overlapping! Thus if A "Oh, no," he explained, "We expect to go into had six competing sects at work and B had only your capital city." two, the addition of one society in B would con- "But," I asked, "do you know anything about the situation there? Have you made a study of stitute overlapping, whereas A with six would be guiltless!

A definite standard should be agreed upon as to what constitutes overlapping and how to avoid it if the will to cooperate is present.

Even in the largest cities more than one de- nomination generally confuses the situation if they do not cooperate.

If the local people, in any city, of their own choice desire an additional denominational church they can have it by paying for it-in complete self- support. But it should not be supported by mis- sion funds. – i .

The neglected rural field in Japan continues to wait for men and means, while churches in cities work in rival duplication.

An honest elimination of overlapping in mission work would not only release men and means for neglected areas, but would stimulate more sup- port for the entire Cause of Christ.

[ 456]

Unfinished Task in

il By the REV. GORDON K. CHAPMAN, Kobe in_d_ry===~~Ja- -<l§f,.!,;;;;===p_r_ol.e.s;;;;s.o.r=in=th;;;;e=c.en.;;;;t.rd..l..T..h..e.;;;;ol_O.8.'.'C.d.l.;;;;s;;;;e.m…

"IS OUR distinctive missionary task in Japan (2) Increased respect for labor. completed ?" (3) Growth in democracy. This question is often asked these days and (4) Development of parliamentarianism. (5) Growing respect for human life and personality. a variety of answers have been given. Obviously, (6) Consideration for the former outcaste classes. the answer will depend largely upon one's view (7) Widespread philanthropy, so that even the Budwith regard to the aim of missions. Most so- dhists are imitating Christian social enterprises. cieties have found their chief inspiration in the Great Commission of Christ to His disciples. Has Dr. Kagawa also stated that "Christianity has the Gospel been adequately proclaimed to the laid the foundations of personal purity and mo- Japanese? One of the larger missionary societies nogamy; has cultivated the spirit of service, the states that its controlling aim "is to make the spirit of love and universal peace; and has given Lord Jesus Christ known to all men as their Di- basis to the labor movement." Missionaries were vine Saviour, and to persuade them to become His the forerunners in social reform, and many of the disciples; to gather these disciples into Christian conspicuous leaders in the matter of social leaderchurches which shall be self-propagating, self- ship and thought guidance have been Christians. supporting and self-governing…… " Has this aim been fulfilled in Japan? If not, there is still The influence of Christianity upon social policy the unfinished task. in Japan has been very great indeed. Although Christians only represent four-tenths of one per Measured by any standard, it must be admitted cent of the population, a list of influential men that the progress of Christianity in Japan has in Japan shows 5% professing Christians. The been slow. This does not mean that the influence labor movement was born in a Christian church of the Christian religion upon the life of Japan and Christian leaders are still conspicuous in the has not been great. This has been over and above unions and federations of laborers and farmers. the influence attributed to that common world cul- While the influence upon industry has not been ture which, though perhaps Christian in its or- great there are conspicuous examples of execuigin, is not now necessarily a product of Christian tives who are seeking to humanize the industry missions. over which they have control. There are some 246 Christian social service institutions in Japan. A The Christian movement in Japan is vastly number of Christians are employed in the Governlarger than the actual church membership. Many ment social service system which embraces over prominent people, while not listed on the roll of eight thousand institutions with a wide range of any church, either claim to be Christians or ac- activities, including social settlements, clinics, cept the Christian ideals. "A Study of Japanese lodging houses, pawn shops, semi-public housing Attitudes Toward Christianity," published by the experiments for the poor, institutions for the re- Institute of Pacific Relations, reports that Chris- habilitation of the crippled and the handicapped, tian influence was recognized as very strong in pub I i c restaurants, markets, employment exthe movements for temperance and against li- changes, etc. censed prostitution; in social welfare and relief work; in the peace movement; in child welfare The original movement for the improvement of work; in the development of health agencies and agriculture was Christian in its initiation and sanitation; and for woman suffrage, for the edu- some of the outstanding men today in agricultural cation of women and for greater freedom in so- economics are earnest believers in Christ. The cial fellowship between the sexes. Government maintains an elaborate system of ag- ricultural extension which has done much to solve Dr. Toyohiko Kagawa asserts that Christianity the problems of production and marketing. Over has produced seven great social changes in Japan: eight million farmers are enrolled in the various societies and with over eleven thousand advisers (1) Transformed home life. Concubinage is dying out and technicians are employed so that all of the vaonrdceprraotsetiitsutdioencreiassignrgadanudallwyombeeinngandabcohliislhderedn. arTehbeeidnig- ruraIsecf IOnsf 0 J apan are benefited. Christian leaders have been instrumental in the organizing respected.

[457 ]

of the "Peasant Gospel Schools," ninety-four of Christians, while in one metropolitan area, at least which were held last year in thirty-four prefec- half of the students expressed a religious prefer- tures. These are modeled after the Folk Schools ence in favor of Christianity.

of Denmark and are intended to select and train While Christian influence is strong in Japan, promising young men from the villages in a new yet if one surveys the situation either as a whole program of rural development which includes, or in detail, it becomes evident that most of the economic, social and religious features. The co- efforts lack the spiritual vitality which would operative movement, which now includes over make them effective. This is not hard to under- 14,000 organizations has received much of its in- stand when we realize that the vast majority of spiration from Dr. Kagawa and other Christian the people are still believers in the old religions leaders. which have held their allegiance for generations.

Without doubt, it is in the field of education If the Apostle Paul were to visit Japan today, he that the Christian enterprise has had its greatest would undoubtedly still be stirred to see the formative influence. Mission schools were the masses of the people given over to idolatrous prac- pioneers in popular education and thus enabled tices. The Japanese are essentially pantheistic, Christianity to find a place of respect in the eyes and thus the various works of nature-mountains, of the nation, and did much to off-set the earlier rivers, rocks, animals, trees-are constituted ob- prejudice against this religion. It has been said jects of worship; even the fox comes in for a that "Christian schools pioneered in the essential large share of propitiation. Like the Athenians basis of culture and set high standards which have of old, the people are so religious that they try to had great influence in shaping the educational give all gods the worship which they believe to be system of Japan …… " Mission schools were their due. There is constant danger that even also the pioneers in education for women and Christian workers will succumb to that tempta- thereby were partially instrumental in securing tion which presented itself to Paul when he vis- for womankind ·that full recognition to which she ited Athens. Well kept temples and shrines is entitled. When one thinks of the magnificent abound everywhere and are eagerly patronized by system of Government education with its 47,408 the masses; even the intelligentsia are faithful in schools of all types, with over 260,000 employed the performance of the various ceremonies con- teachers, it is possible to realize partially the sig- nected with the respect and worship shown to nificance of this contribution. Illiteracy has prac- ancestors and national heroes.

tically been banished so that the Japanese people Japanese Buddhism claims over forty million have become a nation of omnivorous readers. Of adherents, with 71,310 temples, 6,982 preaching the 145 Christian secondary and collegiate insti- places, and over 150,000 professional religious tutions in Japan, half are located in two great workers. Under the influence of Christianity, metropolitan areas. In addition there are 468 modern Buddhism is undergoing a revival and Christian kindergartens scattered throughout is now imitating Christian social service. Sun- most of the prefectures. Of the educational insti- day schools, the Salvation Army, and even uses tutions in Japan conducted by the various reli- Christian methods and language in its new propa- gious sects, fully half are under Christian au- ganda. No less formidable is modern Shinto, spices. While these institutions were originally which must be distinguished between State Shinto evangelistic, it must be admitted that this purpose and Sectarian Shinto. While State Shinto is said has now become but subsidiary, so that most of to have its roots in the original religion of Japan, the students refrain from becoming professing in modern times it has become more theistic and Christians. One Christian leader asserts that is now chiefly associated with ancestor worship "the students are only being inoculated with a and patriotic idealism. It has thus become the mild form of Christianity which makes them im- religion of patriotism which heads up in the lofty mune to the real thing." With the Government sentiment of the people toward the Ruling House, so fully meeting the educational needs of the Jap- which is regarded as divine. By placing this type anese, it becomes a grave question as to whether of Shinto under the regis of the State and by fi- the time has not come to withdraw from the gen- nancing and controlling its activities, the State is eral field of education, continuing to maintain only taking part in a religious movement. However, a few Christian schools that can make real contri- for convenience sake, it is declared to be "not a butions. Could not more effective service be done religion" or "something above religion," and pil- by concentrating on the evangelization of the stu- grimages to the shrines are fostered in the in- dents in the Government schools, as well as seek- terests of patriotism. The Government recognizes ing to win their teachers to Christ? There are 111,339 shrines with 15,199 priests in charge.

great possibilities in this field of effort as is While it is true that certain modern thought shown by the fact that in one Imperial University movements are tending to undermine the belief thirty or forty of the teachers are professing in the supernatural and cause particularly the

THE UNFINISHED TASK IN JAPAN

student class to forsake all religion, yet it is also Japan are now fully self-supporting, 250/0 are true that new religions are spreading rapidly helped by the national home mission boards, while among the common people. These sects claim to have 14,269 places of worship, 101,597 teachers only 43 % are aided by foreign missionary soand over eighteen million followers. This is part of the religious situation in Japan where the Lay- cieties. In numbers and in financial strength the man's Commission stated that there is no longer Japanese Church is still relatively weak but in need of Christian missionaries to do evangelistic ethical, literary, political and industrial life and work. in social reform movements, its influence is very much greater than might be expected. The Japanese Christian Church is not yet strong enough to evangelize its own land. In- An analysis of the membership of the Christian cluding Catholics, there are probably not more Church reveals that it is in the main made up than 280,000 Christians in Japan, two-thirds of from the middle class; the majority of the memwhom are Protestants. To every thousand per- bers are students, clerks, business men, officials sons there are only about four believers, half of belonging to the various professions. Only 160/0 whom are said to be "non-resident members." of the members are from the industrial class of Eight prefectures have less than one Christian in farmers and laborers. The huge farming popua thousand of the population; twenty-one pre- lation of over 27 million, the laboring population fectures have less than two per thousand; seven of over five million, and the fishermen, numbering have less than three; four prefectures less than a million and a half, constitute the major unfour; three have less than five and three less than reached classes of Japan. Their evangelization six believers per thousand. Over eleven thousand constitutes the unfinished missionary task. There towns and villages of less than 10,000 population are desirable modifications in the programs of the are reported to be without Christian churches, churches which will enable them better to reach and of the towns and villages of ten to twenty these classes, and at the same time to hold such thousand population there are still 323 which groups as the students and other young people for have no Christian churches. Christian efforts have whom a suitable youth program is desperately tended to concentrate work in the cities and larger towns in order to d eve lop self-supporting needed. churches. While fewer r u r a I churches have While it is rather difficult to determine how reached full self-support, it is claimed that 70- 750/0 of the believers and workers have originated fully the missionary force, both Japanese and forin the country districts. Of one denominational eign, is adapted to carrying out aggressively the group of 1,314 churches reported by the National penetration of the unreached areas of Japan with Christian Council, 801 are urban while 513 are the Gospel, there are certain factors which are rural. Thirty-two per cent of the churches of evident. For one thing, during the last ten years, the missionary force has been decreasing. But the reduction has had little effect upon the work of the various educational and social institutions, for their staffs remain about the same. The tend- JAPANESE .sTUDENTS IN TRAINING FOR EVANGELISTIC WORK. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, KOBE Dr. H. W. Myers is in center of first row; Mr. Chapman is at extreme left, second row.

ency has been rather in the direction of eliminat- will make it their aim to press forward to occupy ing qualified ordained workers who were chiefly all the villages and towns of Japan for Christ. engaged in direct preaching of the G 0 s pel. The call of the hour is for evangelism, and the Through retirement, one large mission had a net peril is that the Church may substitute something loss of thirty workers in ten years. Practically else in its place. As one of the Japanese Christian none of these workers were replaced, although the leaders has said: "It would have been better if educational institutions of that mission maintain the emphasis of Christianity on the social gospel a full staff of foreign teachers. Comparatively could have been delayed until Japan was a little few missionaries are able to give their full time further along in her church development, until we to pioneer evangelistic work. The Japanese work- had become more thoroughly trained on the side ers are mainly occupied with the work of existing of personal religion …… There is a great danger churches and institutions and it is the exceptional that the churches of Japan may attempt to build man who is engaged in distinctively rural evan- a house without a foundation." gelistic work. Of some 1,013 missionaries, residing in 113 different places, only 86 are classified Another Japanese leader put it: "No amount as rural workers. While the number of Chris- of social regeneration and improvement can save tians is increasing, when it comes to the occupa- Japan. What is needed is a spiritual reformation tion of new territory, and the founding of which only Christ can give." As Dr. John R. Mott churches in hitherto unreached places, the enter- once said: "We are producing Christian instituprise is certainly in a state of arrested develop- tions faster than we are producing Christian ex- perience and faith; the discipline of our souls and ment. the deepening of our acquaintance with God are Many circumstances favor the spread of Chris- not proving sufficiently thorough to enough of us to meet the unprecedented expansion of opportutianity. Socially the Japanese are a homogeneous nity and responsibility of our generation." people, and there is an absence of strict caste divisions. They are a highly literate people with a A group of Japanese leaders connected with the voluminous press and literature. Japan is a land National Christian Council has stated that it is of order and safety which makes for stability of their conviction that the Christian forces of the life. Religious liberty has been granted and the indigenous churches are today insufficient to un- Government is exceedingly tolerant toward Chris- dertake the task of evangelization and Christianitianity. Transportation and communication fa- zation of the whole nation with its vast unoccucilities are highly developed so that all parts of pied areas. They continue to call upon the the country are easily accessible. But what is churches in western lands to send evangelistic lacking are properly qualified workers, who, re- missionaries to fellowship with them in this task; lying upon the equipment of God's Holy Spirit, the unfinished missionary task in Japan.

A VERY UNIQUE CHRISTIAN SCHOOL Under the influence of the late Pastor Uemura, Mrs. Moto Hani decided that a school with Christian principles would best promote her ideals. With a handful of young girls she started such an institution, and within twelve years Jiyu Gakuin, or "Garden School of Freedom" has become a model school for experiments in new educational ideals. Girls come there from all over Japan, but Mrs. Hani limits each class to forty. Her school is unique 'in Japan and, in some ways, in the world.

The 1933 commencement presented a record in graphic form of their daily school life- health statistics, school management, time and labor-saving devices, cooperative system and rural settl~ment work of the alumnre, dresses both foreign and Japanese, experiments in ap- plied art, mural painting, book illustrations, musical compositions and self-government evi- dent everywhere. The school has had no cook, no janitor, no office-worker from the begin- ning-all the work is done by the girls.

Mrs. Hani started a magazine, devoted to information for wives and mothers, called The Housekeeper's Friend, which later became The Woman's Friend and is today the most educa- tional and uplifting periodical for women, with probably the third largest circulation among women's monthlies in Japan. It covers the whole field of everyday home life.-Japan Chris- tian Quarterly.

and Non..Christian Forces in

DISTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIAN FORCES IN THE PREFECTURES BUDDHIST TEMPLES, SHINTO SHRINES; GOVERN- MENT AND CHRISTIAN EDUCATIONAL OF JAPAN AND WELFARE WORK (Protestant work only) ~~ o§ e;., =gj .., ~S~ 6 =S=…. $00 = 0 oo~ …. ~~ _~§:-o3 'Ogj …=~;+~~> ,,~ …,gj .'J.:::: Se<1·_!)'!g·:>2~ ~=g'" "0p'o.0'=0" :;l~ Prefectures z§6 0", …. .= "il< 0=~…. ~-a .'g.",j 00 !l ~oo~ .~.g .~ ;; .=00 .~~ ,3!: ~~ .g~ 'J:: :S=a gj ~ 'c) p., p., zS.,e"3 'ge. 00 f 0 P< 0 0 0 -:-1-:- —:- —–:- -:- 1—– Hokkaido …………………….. 1 2,997,900 – 8,905 .29 102 – 67 – 22 1,071 972 483 254 2,136 325 16 — –78- -:- –1 Tohoku: — — – — — Aomori ……………………… 1 919,500 1,471 .16 25 17 7 grs I ~g l,ro!

Iwate ………………………. . 1,020,000 1,108 .11 22 16 6 677 I 549 ~~ 1,~~~ ~~~ 1~ ~ Miyagi ……………………… . 1,201,200 5,390 .45 64 Akita ……………………….. ' 1,018,100 57 48 1,307 317 835 120 5 4 649 .06 20 18 5 Yamagata …………………… 1 1,111,200 3 1,546 i 1,217 1,187 .09 36 24 2,278 513 881 80 1 1 Fukushima ………………… .. 1,549,900 .14 55 6 1,613! 9'ZI 4,138 455 1,415 198 9 1 — — – – – 2,2M – – 38 – – ———————- I Kanto: — Ibaraki ……………………. .. 1,533,300 1,683 .11 42 33 9 1,337 865 2,742 380 1,195 89 8 Tochigi ……………………. .. 1,172,100 989 .09 43 20 4 974 696 3,312 269 832 82 4 Gumma …………………….. . 1,225,900 2,707 .22 30 32 6 1,217 827 1,276 200 695 112 10 4 Saitama ……………………. . 1,497,600 1,110 .07 Ohiba …………………….. .. 1,512,100 1,663 .1 42 29 1 2,244 1,449 2,312 372 943 265 10 Tokyo …………………….. .. 5,954,900 27,005 .45 48 29 8 3,262 1,827 4,741 306 999 85 8 12 312 250 303 2,543 2,046 1,847 423 1,737 1,250 122 107 – – – – Kanagawa ………………….. . 69 -4-7 Hokuriku: 1,739,600 6,900 .4 – — – 54 – 1,563 1,308 1,254 215 706 – 439 23 15 – — – – – – – – – – – – . – – – – – — — – – – 1 596 1,700 172 6 …… Niigata …………………….. . 1,982,700 1,480 .07 29 15 7 2,993! 2,383 5,391 Toyama ……………………. . Ishikawa ………………….. .. 796,500 453 .06 15 11 4 11,,243690 1 11,,023233 2,663 160 684 126 10 Fukui …………………….. .. 760,400 1,656 1,360 1,912 630,100 1,037 .13 14 10 11 208 743 126 9 -….-..3 1,682 179 633 191 766 .12 23 14 7 – -7 ———– Tozan: Yamanashi …………………. . 649,000 Nagano …………………….. . l,769,1OU 2,233 .34 36 17 6 11,,563597 1 11,,203472 1,603 175 581 60 3 2,985 .17 71 41 27 3,349 Gifu ……………………….. . 1,205,500 343 1,215 227 18 1 594 .05 21 16 10 2,192 1,860 4,714 286 1,146 136 5 2 ———– —— Tokai: Shizuoka ………………….. .. 1,872,700 Aichi ……………………….. . 2,714,100 3,223 .17 87 57 16 32,,683210 I 1,966 3,291 459 1,193 211 20 5 4,014 .14 70 51 34 3,295 3,517 472 1,278 350 21 2 – – – – Miye…… .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .

Kinki: 1,186,800 2,381 . 2 – 21 – 17 – – 3 2,250 1,876 721 – – 538 – 935 – 162 4 — — 1—, 1 — – – — – – – — — — Shiga ………………………. . 708,900 1,105 .15 27 18 8 3,1881 2,457 1,917 319 590 96 14 4 Kyoto ……………………… . 1,639,500 8,274 .5 41 73 53 42 32,,708790 122'4,25312 2,708 386 872 331 37 12 Osaka …………………….. .. 3,824,300 13,210 .35 126 101 662 Hyogo …………………….. . 2,759,700 9,367 .33 119 393 1,011 518 43 20 Nara ………………………. .. 603,600 94 130 3,055 2,468 4,810 443 1,401 383 44 16 649 .11 15 9 17 1,764 1,181 1,519 312 638 102 4 Wakayama ………………… .. 856,300 1,624 .18 25 14 9 1,778, 999 474 233 828 67 6 Ohugoku: Tottorl …………………….. . 499,300 628 .12 15 10 3 423 385 850 222 502 51 5 2 Shimane …………………… .. 749,600 384 .05 18 12 1 1,317 1,077 1,371 506 570 74 1 Okayama ………………….. .. 1,310,900 3,602 .27 50 28 5 1,499 1,064 5,012 492 1,149 173 8 1 Hiroshima ………………… .. 1,736,200 2,142 .12 55 41 26 1,412 1,201 5,308 428 1,471 191 15 3 yamaguchi ………………… .. 1,160,000 2,084 .17 30 24 12 1,271 1,157 862 335 901 162 7 1—-1— ———– ——————– Shikoku: I Tokushlma ………………… .. 732,400 1,080 .14 17 12 7 595 472 2,714 219 679 72 2 1 Kagawa ……………………. . 752,100 833 .11 18 13 10 619 542 2,498 186 500 40 2 1 Ehlme ……………………… . 1,169,200 3,492 .29 53 34 7 1,089 855 1,333 419 962 174 1~ ….. 4 301 738 Kochi ……………………… .. 736,300 2,886 .39 14 9 5 252 186 4,658 III Kyushu: Fukuoka ……………………. 2,660,500 5,799 .22 92 70 28 1,659 1,428 5,002 468 1,166 258 17 Saga ………………………… 695,500 405 .06 11 8 4 999 795 1,852 177 426 68 2 Nagasaki ……………………. 1,274,400 1,653 .13 27 20 17 466 402 1,420 246 839 146 8 3 Kumamoto ………………….. 1,388,300 2,407 .17 27 21 10 1,056 795 4,289 288 1,141 86 14 7 . Oita ………………………… 963,300 1,228 .13 25 22 8 1,304 1,030 2,121 324 874 72 4 Miyazaki ……………………. 801,500 1,386 .17 24 15 3 207 190 743 271 505 74 3 1 17 —:21—u -,w-i— —-m- Kagoshima ………………….. 1,606,700 1,163 .07 25 4 178 154 1,571 Okinawa ………………………. 1–58-9-,3-00-11–1,-2-41- 387 1,009 51 2 –1-1 ~ —-;;) 9 —7- –38- –1- ~ 1—-1———— – – – – ————– ………… ………. …… …….. …….. …….. 6,982*…….. 14,269t 101,597t …………………….. ..

———–1—-·1— ———– ——————- 67,238,600 196,965§ .29 2,036 2,518~ 1,013 78.292 64,904 125,608 116,796 47,40811 8,442 613 246 * Other Buddhist preaching places. t amrches of various Shinto Sects. t Workers of various Shinto Sects. ~ PIuS' other evangelists.

§ Plus others, locality not designated. II Plus others, locality uncertain. nata regarding the number of OhrIstians, churches, Japanese workers are from the Yearbook of the National Ohristian Oouncil for 1934; data regarding missionaries from the Japan Ohrlstian Yearbook, 1933; data regarding population from the Im~rial Oensus Report, 1933. Data regarding Buddhism Ihlld Shinto, social and educational iIlBtitutions, are from the Imperial Oeusus Report for 1933; data regarding Ohristian irutltutlons are from the N. O. O. Yearbook for 1934 and the Japan Ohrlstian Yearbook for 1933. N.B.-Educntional Institutions include all from Kindergarten through the University.

[461 ]

Youth of Japan-Whither?

By REV. WILLIS CHURCH LAMOTT, Tokyo Author of "Suzuki Looks at Japan"

.n.A S IN few other countries the youth of Japan ing the steps and motions of the traditional dances are continually, and defiantly, in the public of the countryside, but singing modern words, eye. As this is being written a group of such as, young men are being tried for a series of assassi- Are those swallows flying in the sky? Ton to se no se! nations. Brooding over the wrongs of the de- They are airplanes, patriotic airplanes, don't forget them! pressed farming classes and the futility of Government efforts to offer relief, they accepted a And the crowd joins in the clapping of hands and "mandate from heaven" to purify the state. News the singing of the "ton to se no se" (tra-Ia-Ia).

just released tells of a similar plot discovered and The whole country seems swept by the contagion foiled by the police last December. Imagination of this union of traditional music and ultra-na- calls up the stories of other youths who, discour- tionalistic words. Yet not entirely; on the other aged and baffled by the decadence of the times, side of the street the modern boys and girls pass have assumed the roles of patriotic assassins. by disdainfully on their way to the cinema, the Another group of young men-scions of noble dance hall, or the latest third-rate musical show families and students or graduates of the Peers' that has been expelled from America to corrupt College-are being punished for their connection the morals of Japanese youth.

with communism. Distressed by the stagnation of The Youth of Japan-whither? Viewed from political life and the slowness of social reform, the outside, Japanese young men and women are they espoused the cause of a proscribed movement bent on going nowhere, or rather are bent on which aims not only to overthrow the peerage breaking forth in defiant and often tragic protest system of which they are a part, but also to over- against a social system in which they have not turn the very foundations of the Japanese Em- yet found their place. These outward manifes- pire. During the past three years, tens of thou- tations, including as they do only the more ex- sands of persons, all young, most of them students treme cases, are symptomatic of the inner conflict of exceptional or superior ability, have been de- which is going on in the minds of all Japanese tained by the police because of their connection youth.

with the communist movement. Born near the beginning of the great European Six young people today threw themselves into war modern Japanese young men and women have the crater of Mount Mihara on the island of witnessed the success of the great effort of na- Oshima in Sagami Bay. Two of them were stu- tional reconstruction begun by their grandpar- dents, afraid to face their families after their ents; they have passed through two periods of failure to pass the entrance examinations of a feverish industrial activity and material pros- certain higher school; two were a youth and his perity; they have been educated at a time when sweetheart, whose marriage had been forbidden the influx of Western ideas, theories and social by their families; one a discharged clerk in a customs has almost inundated traditional Japa- hardware store; one a boy of fourteen, who did nese culture. Japanese education, geared to pro- not want to be a burden to his family. All were duce men skilled in the science and art of the under twenty-five. The number of suicides last West, rests upon the naive assumption that these year exceeded twenty-five hundred. could be retained and the explosive ideas and the- From outside my window come the lilting meas- ories of the West sloughed off, that the external ures of a pseudo-folk dance, the third of a series aspects of Western life could be acquired and the of such that have swept the country this past year. old moral underpinning of Emperor Worship, filial A great crowd has gathered to view the move- loyalty and the feudal virtues left intact. This ments of a company of young men and women has not proved to be the case. Under the bom- (mostly of the lower classes) dressed in tradi- bardment of new ideas-individualism, democ- tional costumes, who are dancing to the music of racy, the class struggle, self-expression-and the a gramophone set up in a highly-decorated shrine- attractive presentative of Western manners and like booth. Around and around they go, perform- customs through the media of magazine, news- [462 ] paper, cinema, and music, the old moral controls the race that will supply this impetus to youth? and sanctions of Japanese youth have begun to "Bushido, our inherited moral code," answers an give way. All too late the Government a few intelligent young Japanese physician, "brought us years ago began the impossible task of "control- this far, but it can carry us no farther." He voices ling" thought and morals. the convictions of thousands of Japanese youth. A new ideal is needed. An all-encompassing devo- The fact remains that the great mass of Western tion that will take up the traditional moral ideals, ideas, manners, abilities, and methods which Japan relate them to life as it is now lived in a real world, has acquired cannot be moved by the traditional transform them by bringing them into clear commotive power. The patient oxen-whose shoul- parison with other ideals which have been proved ders have carried the burdens of Japan for cen- by experience to be valid. . turies-strain as much as they can, will not be able to budge the magnificent bulk of Japan's crack Intelligent Japanese youth realizes that the express train-the Swallow. No more can the ultra-nationalistic program will result only in cutgreat mass of Western civilization which Japan ting off his own country from the life of the world; has adopted be moved by the simple morals of a that communism is too great a menace 'to the culfeudal age and sustained by the rationalization of ture and genius of the Japanese people; that even myths which place Japan at the center of the uni- democracy, which thrilled his father, must wait verse and endow the Emperor with the aura of until the demos, the great mass of Japanese comdivinity. mon people, attain greater self-consciousness and develop a real desire for self-expression in govern- Youth, conscious of the tension, responds in ment. He realizes also that there stretches out bevarious ways. A lad, in true moving picture fash- fore him a time in which Japan must find its soul ion, finds a sweetheart. Their families refuse to again, must achieve an idealism adequate to susconsent to marriage. Then begins an illicit rela- tain and support the weight of its material accomtion which all too often ends in double suicide- plishments, must sift the true from the false in the the easiest way out when the self and the family hastily adapted civilization of the West, and blendcome into conflict. Another lad seeks to learn ing the best from the Occident with the best of the more about the social movements of the world. traditional culture, form a civilization that will be He is told that he can study so far and no farther truly Japanese. -and at the end he either closes his eyes to facts, or becomes a cog in the underground machinery Youth in few countries has been faced with so of communist intrigue. Another accepts as gospel challenging a task. The intelligent young man or truth the nationalistic theology taught by his pri- woman realizes that to face it adequately some mary school teacher-and following it logically new idealism must come into Japanese life. Conthrough to its conclusion is driven later to assassi- sciously or unconsciously he realizes that he must nation or to suicide as a protest against the "trea- :find a religious philosophy of life. A few-a very son" of internationally-minded statesmen. Others few-young people today are turning to the old escape from the tension by joining the cult of religions. The makers of New Japan, flushed with pleasure and slavishly aping the manners and the utilitarianism of their day, despised Buddhism customs of the West as depicted in motion picture as a superstition, and their children and grandmagazines and heard in the talkies; still others children find in it little more. "What are the perseek refuge in the ton to se no se of traditionalism. manent values of Buddhism that you can retain to help you in finding your philosophy of life?" The Such examples account for only a few, but indi- teacher puts the question to a group of college stucate the state of mind of the many. They are lost dents. They flounder. Buddhism teaches kindin confusion. For Japanese youth is idealistic- ness to animals. It has a deep philosophy. It is incurably idealistic. He is seeking something to comforting to the ignorant and the old. The live for-something to die for. He is seeking in teacher does his best to open the way for a fair his own way to serve his country as did the leaders treatment of this noble but superseded expression of the Restoration. The great national efforts of of man's faith. Some one laughs-"Why, sensei, the past half-century produced great men, great you know more about Buddhism than we do!" personalities, men worthy of being compared with Such scenes are often repeated when Christian the outstanding leaders of any race. Now that missionaries and ministers deal with modern Japa- Japan has become great, youth asks, "Where does nese youth. true greatness lie for me? What ideal shall I live for as my father and grandfather lived and la- For, to Japanese youth of today, religion means bored for the ideal of a unified nation modernized Christianity. When religion is mentioned, Chrisin organization and meeting on an equality the tianity is forthwith called to mind. This is one nations of the West?" reason why men like Toyohiko Kagawa never fail to have a hearing, even though the growth of the Is there nothing in the inherited moral ideals of

Church is not so rapid as might be desired. This In the Christian schools of Japan thirty-seven is one reason why, outside organized Christianity, thousand boys and girls, young men and young there exists in Japan today an unnumbered multi- women are enrolled, receiving an education based tude whose thoughts have been influenced and on Christian principles, in the midst of a Chriswhose ideals have been molded by Christian prin- tian environment; in the government schools ciples. are other thousands of students from Christian homes, from Christian churches, Bible classes, and In a peculiar way the men who compose the study groups, "graduates" of kindergartens and present super-party government of Japan are Sunday schools; out in the world are thousands more of their elder brothers and sisters at work SPElkKING TO TWELVE' HUNDRED GIRLS IN A COTTON MILL, building Christian homes, conducting business on WHERE CHRISTIAN WiORK IS CARRIEID ON EFFECTIVELY Christian principles, standing for social ideals, working in the church. To this great number, products of early Christian activity in this coun- and to others in the churches, in the Christian try, for many of them in their youth came in touch associations, in Christian groups connected with with the great Christian leaders of the past, and factories and shops, Christ has brought the revivare connected, directly or indirectly, with present- ing idealism which is necessary if Japanese youth day Japanese Christianity. Youth is not slow in is to find itself in the modern world. There are drawing its conclusions. The idealistic youth of problems, of course. Not all who profess to follow Japan are turned toward Christianity. Christ will cast their lot with the church; not all will openly confess the One whom they claim as Master in their hearts; not all are willing to face the acid test of carrying their Christianity into actual life. But taking all this into consideration, the Christian Gospel is the only answer today for the unsatisfied yearning in the heart of Japan's youth.

Japan today is a land of defiant youth. But the communist youth, the reactionary youth, the de- cadent youth, the hopeless youth-these do not tell the whole story. Japan is the land of ideal- istic youth, and the idealistic youth of Japan face toward Christ THE NEED FOR OHRIST IN JAPAN By TOYOHIKO KAGAWA The so-called Christian nations are but fifty per cent Christian. So when Christianity came to the Orient we had two kinds of people: some were angel missionaries, who belonged to Heaven, and some were pirates who belonged to the Roman Cresars. It was because the white races set the example, that Japan became a student in the school of the pirates.

The Orient is having a terrible time because Japan is not Christian. Our nation has com- mitted a terrible mistake toward China and inflicted many wrongs upon her. Christians of Japan have issued strong protests against the actions of their government. I wrote in my own magazine twice about peace between China and Japan, and have been warned that if I wrote again I should be punished severely by imprisonment. Such opposition has been de- void of result, however, because our militant pacifists are so few in number.

Our Gospel today must be made effective to move society. Just as the missionaries ask re- pentance of individuals, we must demand repentance of the nations. We must repent and ac- cept the principles of Jesus Christ. Mere preaching will not get us anywhere by itself; we must put ideals into action. Like electricity, the cooperative movement is a discovery, but even this movement must be based on Christian character. And the basis of Christian character is Redeeming Love. Apart from that there is no permanent peace.

The one assurance of peace is the triumph of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, both in indi- vidual lives and in organized society. It is imperative that more efforts be put forth to make Japan thoroughly Christian.

a Crisis in

Why the Kingdom of God Movement Was Started -~I~I=-=-=-~B_Y~T~O~Y_O_H_I_K_O=-K_A_G_A_~_A_'_T~O_kY_O=-=-=-~II~ T HERE are three reasons why we had to start We prayed for a million souls to be won to Christ . the so-called Kingdom of God Movement in so that we might have indigenous Christianity Japan. First, we had terrible Communism. when the missionary forces withdraw. With only Nowhere in the world is there so much Commu- two hundred thousand Protestants we could not nism, outside of Russia, as in Japan. Thousands be able to maintain an indigenous Christian of books on Communism are published every year. church.

Second, we were facing a crisis in the Christian After the Jerusalem Conference we started a Church, because some missionary forces were Central Committee of the Kingdom of God Move- withdrawing rapidly. ment, and a hundred local federations of churches Third, our church membership was decreasing. each elected district committees. A Central Com- To counteract these three conditions we started mittee was formed and decided to divide the the Kingdom of God Movement. When we take Movement into three parts: (1) Evangelism, (2) the offensive, we can win the victory. Education, (3) The Cooperative Movement. They The Kingdom of God Movement had to deal agreed to begin with the evangelistic movement, with three aspects of the situation: 1. Against for which purpose we started mass meetings, Communism it had to lay emphasis on the love of preparation of literature and conferences. I went Christ; showing that the love of Christ is not around speaking at mass meetings for about three only preaching, but that one must realize the love years. My friends found that I had probably of Christ in our individual lives-our social lives, preached to altogether more than a million people our ethical lives and our political lives. We needed and decision cards, recording a desire to be Christo make an immediate start in the practical evi- tians, were signed by about 65,000. Many could dence of Christian love in action. But the churches not be followed up but there were some nineteen were not prepared to do this. thousand additions to the churches per year. If We have 2,205 Protestant churches, of which we could have done more follow-up work, the . nearly eight hundred are self-supporting Japanese results would have been larger.

churches. Of the three leading denominations, the For literature we published the Kingdom of Presbyterians are the biggest, the Anglicans are God Movement News, at one time thirty thousand second, the Methodists third. These are self-sup- a week at one sen per copy. We did not lose any porting indigenous churches, and eighty per cent money and the united paper was agreed upon by of the Christians of Japan belong to these three all the Protestant churches. We: also planned to bodies. There are also 439 independent churches sell the New Testament at ten sen (five cents) a of the Oriental Missionary Societies. copy, and one of my books "New Life Through Missionaries are usually pioneers. When a God," for the same price. We also printed more church becomes independent they give it to the than three million leaflets which Christian mer- home church and they go to the front and do more chants were willing to distribute free. pioneer work. Since the Communists were draw- We did not pay the evangelistic speakers but ing away the young men from the churches, and provided only traveling expense and incidentals.

missionaries were withdrawing from the older During the world boom when I went around lec- fields, and communicants were decreasing, it was turing, I had found it advisable to charge 50 sen a most critical period. admission to lectures on Christianity, and Quring About ten years ago we organized a society the economic depression we charged ten sen in called the Friends of Jesus, as a service band to the city and five sen in the rural districts. If we help any chu,rch. Since I happened to be baptized do not charge people they are apt to think the in a Presbyterian church, I do not want to change meetings are not worth while; so we charge but in America when asked what church I belong enough to pay the rent of the auditoriums used.

to, I say: "To the New Testament church." The churches were not big enough to hold the The Christians realized that we must be re- crowds, and many non-Christian people feel more vived in Japan, and so started prayer meetings. at home in theatres. When we pray, they kneel [465 ]

down, and when we pass decision cards, many grafting will make trees good fruit-bearers. The sign them. last book in the New Testament-Revelation- describes a river on both sides of which are trees, We prayed especially that we might reach the bearing fruit each month. So in the New Jerusacountry people. After seventy years of Christian- lem, the trees of life are regained for Paradise ity in Japan, the members of the churches are which was lost. mostly middle class in the large cities. There are very few in the smaller towns and almost none In Central Africa six million people live on in the villages. It is very necessary to have bananas-in the morning bananas, at noon, ba- Christian leaders in the rural districts. nanas, at supper, bananas! If you analyze the nutrition in one banana it is almost the same as a Educating Rural Leaders meal of rice. In Japan if we eat polished rice we get beri beri; if we eat bananas we do not get It is also necessary to have educated rural lead- beri beri. Therefore when you must live very ers. For this reason we started an educational cheaply eat bananas! Then there will be no need movement to train Christian lay leaders. There to ask the ravens of Elijah to feed you. Instead are two thousand Christian preachers in Japan, of the ravens of Elijah dropping bread from and about two thousand Christian teachers in heaven, you can eat bananas. In tropical regions mission schools. How can we reach sixty-four there is no fear of starvation, but in most parts million people with only two thousand preachers, of the world, especially in Japan, you will find when one million people are born every year! life very· difficult unless you learn to utilize the We need more workers and especially since the mountains and poor soil. We need to use the milk missionaries are withdrawing from Japan. The of goats, chickens, fruit, honey, bananas, cushi more the missionary forces withdraw, the more nuts, and pili nuts, as well as rice. That is the we need lay leaders. So we started Gospel schools. way for lay leaders to manage. Most of the graduates of the theological seminaries in Japan forget to be practical. It is necessary We teach Biblical agriculture in a hundred to have Gospel schools to show the way to prac- Farmers' Gospel Schools.We have also started tice the message of Christ in daily life. We have Laborers' Gospel Schools in the cities. In Tokyo, started revival schools of two kinds, for the the churches of all denominations sent delegates farmers, and for the city dwellers. These schools and we had a conference. The reason why we are teach four main subjects: New Testament, the very poor in the country rural districts of Japan history of Christian brotherhoods, biblical agri- is that we do not trust each other. In the cities culture (for farmers), and the cooperative move- we have many people coordinating in factories, ment. with machines, in the use of capital, and in the division of labor; but in the country there are no We teach the New Testament thoroughly, some- factories, no machines, no capital and only nipa times spending 72 hours in teaching three chap- houses! So the country people are very poor. ters. We do not teach the history of doctrines, nor the history of schisms and persecutions in the The farmers are poor because they are by them- Church. We teach how the grace of God mani- selves, each one isolated. If they coordinate, like fested itself in the brotherhood movements of the the fingers on my hand, they can drive autos and Christian Church. have machines and do everything. That is the meaning of the Cooperative Movement. Without In Genesis we find that God gave permission to Christian brotherhood in rural life, there is no Adam and Eve to eat the fruits in the Garden. If profit. we want real cultivation of the soil today so as to eat the fruits of toil, it is necessary to use the There are seven kinds of cooperatives: Promountain sides everywhere, and plant trees on ducers, Utility, Marketing. Producers must sell the mountain slopes. If we analyze the pili nut as a body, for when they compete, the middle man we find there is more nourishment in it than in seizes the profit. We need Consumers Cooperarice. But people think pili nuts are only for cake. tives and Credit Cooperatives because money is We are tempted to eat too much polished rice, required when someone in the family is sick, and therefore we get beri beri. What we need is to for other emergencies. There is need of the eat more fruits. Civilization requires the use of Credit Cooperative, instead of borrowing from a the surface of the earth in more civilized ways. bank at a hiKh interest. Through Mutual Aid Co- We learn much about farming in the Bible. In operatives we can have physicians and hospital Proverbs there are many stories about farming- service by paying one yen each month. In Nakano with honey, bees, weaving, etc. In Isaiah there three thousand have joined the Mutual Aid Coopis the restoration of desert land, and in the New erative, and have one big hospital under the lead- Testament Jesus tells us many things about how ership of Christian brothers. We need Insurance to plant seeds, how to sell land, about growth, Cooperatives so that the money in the rural disabout seed-selection, etc. In Romans we learn tricts may remain in them. If there is a panic or

RESULTS OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD MOVEMENT

depression, we need Harvest Insurance, Health wishes the carpenter to build a building and the Insurance, Sick Insurance, Stock (cattle) Insur- carpenter in his turn prays, send us timber, nails, ance. The seven kinds of cooperatives are based iron frames, cement. But if the carpenter should on Christian economic morality. But so far our begin to pray to the proprietor for cigarettes and church leaders could not adopt the Cooperative whiskey, that is not true prayer, that is self-de- Movement, so I started Medical Cooperatives. But sire. We confuse self-desire with God's purpose. it is impossible to have successful cooperatives When our desire can be harmonized with God's without Christian leadership. purpose, that becomes true prayer. Therefore we must pray for personal piety, for full devotion to Officially the Kingdom of God Movement will God, for absolute service to God, and for the realend this year, but though the churches stop the ization of God's purpose on earth. Without prayer movement officially, we shall carry along this we amount to nothing. Without united prayer movement till we die. We must practice the love there is no success for the Kingdom of God Moveof Christ on earth, then there will be hope for all ment. For this reason we ask people to prepare nations. Practice the life of Christ and the teach- for six months before hand by prayer. When that ing of Christ in your heart and in your body. has been done, there is some success. When they do not pray, we fail. There are six petitions in the Lord's Prayer. Prayer is like the occasion when the proprietor Results of the Kingdom of God Movement By the REV. WILLIAM AXLING, D.D., Tokyo Author of "Life of Kagawa"; Director of the Tokyo Misaki Tabernacle T HIS organized Christian crusade is drawing movement. Approximately 750,000 of these were to its close. Toyohiko Kagawa, its inspired non-Christians. Of that number over 30,000 pub- dreamer and spearhead, launched the move- licly enrolled themselves as inquirers seeking ment in January, 1930, to run for a three-year further instruction and guidance in the Christian period. At the close of that period an All-Japan way. It is difficult to know just how many of Christian Conference was held for the purpose of these have definitely allied themselves with the evaluating the work of the movement and to de- Church. It is significant however that since this vise methods for conserving its results. movement was inaugurated the annual baptisms throughout the Empire have increased eighty to It was unanimously voted that the most effec- ninety per cent. tive kind of follow-up work would be a two-years' extension of the movement itself and in January, Not only has the movement been a great evan- 1933, this crusade entered its second period, with gelizing force, through the messengers it has sent the main objective of bringing the work to a full, up and down the land during this period, but also rounded close. through the printed page it has carried the mes- sage where its messengers could not go. It is now possible to evaluate some of its results. Like every spiritual movement there are impon- Six million, five hundred thousand copies of the derables which lie beyond the range of any hu- Kingdom of God weekly paper have been pubman yard-stick. These are built into changed lished and sent into every part of Japan. Many, hearts, redirected lives, revitalized personalities, if not most of these copies, have been read by a new life goals, homes redeemed, and communities number of readers. Some 50,000 copies of the lifted to higher moral and spiritual levels. special "Kingdom of God Movement" issue of the New Testament have been sold. Hundreds of The goal of one million Christians, which thousands of copies of other special Christian Kagawa feels that the Church in Japan must have publications have also been sold and distributed. before it can become a molding, directing force in the total rife of the nation, has not been real- Opening Up New Areas ized. He had no expectation that it could be realized within so short a period. This is his goal for One of the most significant accomplishments of an on-going Kingdom. of God Movement which the movement has been the blazing of pioneer shall know no time limit. paths into large sections of the hitherto untouched rural field. In recent years the industrialization More than one million people attended the evan- of Japan has been carried forward fast and gelistic meetings held under the auspices of the

furiously. This has caused whole blocks of the have been characterized by tendencies and events population to trek from the farms to her fast ex- which have rocked the nation's very foundations.

panding cities. Many of these have been unfriendly to the things Forty-four per cent of the population is how- for which Christians stand. Moreover such anti- ever still rural. The Kingdom of God Movement Christian tides as Communism, Fascism, and anti- from the beginning set up as one of its goals the religious propaganda have swept across the driving of a wide entering wedge into this long nation.

neglected area. Under Kagawa's leadership it During this period of unprecedented strain and adopted the strategy of trying to capture the na- . stress the Kingdom of God Movement not only tion's -11,000 rural villages by evangelizing and kept the Church steady but also kept her per- training potential village lay leaders. One hun- sistently pressing forward toward fixed goals.

dred short-term "Peasant Gospel Schools" have This kept her morale on a high level and enabled been held in 25 different prefectures, either under her to ward off attacks from many quarters.

the direct auspices of the movement or with its Moreover, this period was characterized by the assistance. Each of these schools has gathered withdrawal of many missionaries and wholesale some twenty or twenty-five young men and women reductions in grants of aid from abroad. With- from as many villages and has given them a week out the stimulus of this movement the Church or ten days of intensive training for Christian would have found it most difficult to have held leadership in their respective villages. her own. It helped her to face the storm unmoved Over 2,000 rural young people have been en- and unafraid and to hold her line intact.

rolled in these schools. Most of these have gone ANew Conception of the Task back to their villages and started something – a Sunday School, a Bible Class, a Reading Circle, a The Kingdom of God Movement has brought to Recreational Center, a Better-Farming Lecture many Japanese Christian leaders a new concep- Course-anything to give Christ a chance in their tion of their mission. The need of winning the village. individual for Christ has lost none of its emphasis The industrial centers with their mushroom or urgency. Early and late the movement has pled growth are also largely unreached territory. Here with individual men and women to get right with 10,000,000 people live and labor. The movement God.

has endeavored to adapt the technique of these Many Christian leaders have however, through Gospel Schools to the needs of these industrial Kagawa and this movement, discovered a larger areas. This effort however is still in the experi- Christ than they had formerly experienced. They mental stage. have found a Christ big enough to save not only The movement has conducted two Conferences individuals but also the group, the community with on Industrial Evangelism. One of these confer- all its varied problems and relationships, a chaotic ences was held in Tokyo and the other in Osaka. unjust social order, and a world that has lost its Representatives of 115 factories and 72 interested way. With a new sense of mission and an en- Christian workers attended these two gathering~. larged vision they are praying: "Thy Kingdom These conferences with factory owners and man- come, Thy will be done, as in Heaven so on agers considered not only the question of evan- Earth."

gelizing the industrial areas but also the all-im- The movement has also demonstrated that the portant problem of Christianizing the industrial Christian forces in the Empire can be mobilized order, especially as related to the relations be- and move out as a unit toward a common goal.

tween the employer and employee. Out of the experience of the past five years there During the last year and a half the movement has been created among Christians of every name has also made a special effort to reach the student a new sense of solidarity and a new readiness to centers. Speakers specially qualified to speak to cooperate. A devisive denominationalism is by students and to counsel them regarding life prob- no means dead but the yearning on the part of lems have been sent to 122 educational institu- many to destroy the barriers that separate has tions and 60,000 students attended the meetings deepened and is becomi~ more and more in- addressed by these speakers. sistent.

Noone can review the past five years in the life The King<i<>m of God Movement has not realizl;!d of the Japanese nation and fail to be impressed all the goals which it set up but under God it has with the evident fact that in the mind of God this tided the Japanese Church in triumph over one of movement was meant to meet an emergency not the most critical periods in her history and opened only in the national life but also in the history of a new era for the Christian advance in this Em- the Christian movement in this land. These years pire.

Value of Christian

By the REV. L. J. SHAFER, Litt.D., Yokohama, Japan Principal of Ferris Seminary, Reformed Church in America MR. HOMMA, one of Japan's great Chris- need Christ. The ordinary school in Japan is tians, whose per~onal advic.e is .constant~y purely secular and the atmosphere is very often sought by the highest officials III Japans anti-religious and anti-Christian. Mission schools government today, remarked recently to a friend carryon education in an atmosphere that is Chris- that if there were no Christian schools in Japan tian and here men and women are being led to the country would go to pieces. Mr. Homma is Christ.

not a product of these schools and holds no brief In order to hold religious exercises on school for them; he is an impartial ob- property and teach the Bible in server of wbat the schools are the curriculum our schools have actually accomplishing. been compelled to accept a dif- Dr. Kagawa, a graduate of the ferent type of registration from Meiji Gakuin in Tokyo, remarked that of the public school where once to the writer, after one of religious exercises are forbid- his campaigns covering many den by law. Some few mission parts of the country, that the schools have preferred to give Christian community is strong- up direct religious teaching in est in the centers where there the regular curriculum but most are Christian schools. A case in have accepted the special type of point is a church in Hirosaki recognition. This is a disad- which has sent out more than vantage for our schools have 120 young people into full time been classed with those of in- Christian service, as preachers, ferior scholastic requirements.

women evangelists and other For about ten years Japanese workers. Most of these were Christian educators have been students in the two Christian agitating for a change in the schools of that city. law to permit the teaching of Japan has a marvelous educa- religion in private schools so tional system with a very high that this disability may be re- percentage of literacy – one of moved. Last year the National the highest in the world. If the Christian Educational Associa- aim of Christian schools is to tion decided to discontinue this give education to those who agitation on the ground that it would not otherwise be educated was a real asset for our schools there is little need for them in to be regarded as "different" be- Japan. There is an efficient MISS KANAMORI cause of our Christian teaching. slehsrsinweelblu-orregaau.niiznedJatepmanp,lecs,ouanntd- A Christian graduate. This marks a very significant change. A regulation which was well-managed organizations for inculcating cer- once viewed as a disability is now regarded as a tain life ideals among young people. Why main- valuable means of calling attention to the dis- tain Christian churches in the midst of this tinctive character of Christian schools. This new highly organized religious and moral activity on attitude is so significant that it might be said to the part of this ancient and highly civilized mark the birth of Christian education as a dis- people? tinctive type of education in Japan. Christian The reason for establishing Christian churches schools are needed because they are Christian and continuing to maintain our schools is the and for this reason it is necessary to maintain same. There is no reason for either activity if we them if Christianity is to have a permanent foot- do not believe that men and women everywhere hold in Japanese society.

[469 ]

Christian schools are being more and more them the drive of a Christian constituency de- valued among the Japanese for what they are- manding a greater efficiency and a truer Chris- with Christianity at the center of their educational tian impact. In uris movement for self-support theory and practice. Christian educators are get- this factor should be given careful consideration.

ting a new perspectlve which makes it possible What Results Are We Getting? for them to welcome a rating that calls attention to their Christian character. It is a curious irony In the first place, much is being done to break that just when Christian education is coming to down opposition to Christianity. At the recent its own on the field, certain sections of the sup- opening exercises of Ferris Seminary the mother porting constituency in America (see Rethinking of a fourth year high school girl came with tears Missions, pp. 151-2) should be suggesting pro- in her eyes and said: "Three years ago I put my gressive withdrawal from our schools. daughter in your school. My husband and my Has the time arrived when these schools can father were both strongly opposed to my doing it be put on a self-supporting basis? The financial because they were not in sympathy with Chris- straits in which the Boards now find themselves tianity. Now I have just entered my second are actually operating to accelerate the movement daughter in the first year class. My father is still for self-support. A recent study of the situation unconvinced but my husband says, 'The only place shows that out of 31 girls' schools, 20 are either for our daughter is Ferris.' "

without mission grants or are definitely planning Much is being done in character building. As to become self-supporting within the next ten- Dr. Schneder writes, "We hear often that our year period. Out of 11 boys' schools all but four graduates are 'different' from those of other are well on the way to independence. The plans schools. They have higher ideals, better defined for self-support include increased income from principles and are favorable to all that is good." fees through enlarged enrolment and the securing One of Dr. Schneder's students in the Tohoku of endowments. Thirteen schools are now engaged Gakuin writes just before graduation, " 'What did in raising permanent endowment funds. Aoyama you learn during your college years?' I'll answer Gakuin, for example, has a campaign to secure at once, 'The Spirit of Christ I caught.''' When Yen 300,000 of which Yen 190,000 is in hand at Government commercial schools were having diffithe end of the first year of the campaign. culty in getting positions for graduates, schools These facts seem to be encouraging. If our aim such as the Meiji Gakuin had little difficulty in is to establish indigenous Christian institutions getting commercial positions because their grad- ought we not to rejoice at this growth in self- uates could be counted upon for business integrity.

support? Two or three things, however, need to But we cannot be content with this leavening be taken into consideration. The Commission on influence alone. Are young men and women in Christian Education pointed out the undoubted our schools giving their lives to Christ? Does our need for strengthening the existing schools both school worship, our Bible teaching, our personal on their scholastic and on their Christian side. interviews, our Christian atmosphere commend This present movement for increased enrolment Christ to these young people? We asked a num- in order to secure larger income is not likely to ber of educators to take the graduates of their improve the quality of the work. Furthermore, schools for a ten-year period, beginning twenty to push the schools to self-support now will mean years ago, and tell us how many were today ac- the shifting of the burden for the support of our tively identified with the Church. If any who long Christian schools from the sending Churches not to bring men and women to Christ are skeptical to the new Churches on the fields but to quite in- about the value of Christian education they should dependent foundations drawing much of their see the letters received from teachers and leaders support from non-Christian groups. The history in our schools who have this burden upon their of church schools in the United States tells us hearts. Of 298 graduates of a girls' school be- enough to make us think twice before forcing tween the years 1914 and 1921, 13 are engaged in these schools to secure support from other than some form of Christian work and 121 are in active Christian sources. Prof. Latourette, of Yale, in connection with the Church; another school with discussing the Christian College in America, says: 424 graduates reports 167 active Christians to- "A third cause of secularization is in the sources day, 15 of w110m are teaching, six the wives Qf of the institution's financial support …. " Sup- ministers and one a Secretary in the Labor De- port is sought from (those who) …… care little partment at Geneva; out of 137 college graduates or nothing for the religious side of the college's of this school 111 are Christians. A boys' school life …… In the long run those who pay the piper with 700 students has 20 groups in special en- call the tune." Christian schools have a mission quirers' classes, each group under the leadership to perform in Japan so long as there is behind of a Christian teacher with two or three of the

THE VALUE OF CHRISTIAN EDUCATION

older Christian boys to assist. This school sends teaching English in a school in Kobe, is working two or three graduates a year into the ministry. as a volunteer probation officer. At times she has Another boys' school which is not yet twenty years had as many as seven waifs in her charge. A few old has nine graduates in the active ministry with of our schools are carrying on settlement work to three others now in the Seminary. One mission- train students for this and other forms of social ary writes, "I went over the names of our grad- betterment work. Mrs. Yamamoto, of Baiko J 0 Gakuin, is making her influence felt throughout the City of Osaka, an example of what so many are doing through the Christian homes which they have created. In her home are held special men's discussion groups,' young women's classes and church meetings, and her home is known as a center of Christian influence throughout western Japan.

We are sometimes upbraided for having to take second-rate pupils in our schools. Miss Kanamori, of Kwassui, at twelve years of age, took her first train journey to take the entrance examination AT THE MABlE SCHOOL (KANTO GAKUIN) to the Girls' Normal School in Nagasaki. She SETTL,EMENT, YOKOHAMA failed and for a month refused to go out of the house feeling that she had brought disgrace to Here are workers and families, with Prof. K. Tomoi. Students her family. Then she heard of Kwassui through who help in the work are at the back, center and extreme left.

uates for the twenty-four years up to 1914 and her older brother who was a student in Steele found 30 names of women whom I know who have Academy. She became a Christian and has clung served faithfully and effectively as wives and to her Christian purpose in spite of all opposition. often as 'better halves' of pastors or evangelists." When her brother-in-law became head of the household she steadily refused to serve sake to What sort of Christians are these? Do they him or to his guests and he came finally to redare to stand for their convictions? The only spect her decision. She is now head of the large member of the Japanese lower house who voted Household Science Department of the Tokyo against the recent large budget for military ex- Y. W. C. A. influencing hundreds of girls for penditure is a graduate of Tohoku Gakuin. Christ. Had she succeeded in passing the gov- Are they leading others to Christ? Miss Nishio, of WiImina, is us,ing her talent as an evangelist.

She has recently spoken in every large town in Wakayama Prefecture at the special request of the Governor and by his arrangement.

Mr. Ishikawa, a graduate of Tohoku Gakuin, has organized a "Christian Club" consisting of about fifty employees of the Mitsui Trust Company where he has a leading position.

A graduate of Koran has brought into the faith first her sister and brother-in-law, then her mother, then her grandmother; then her children and her sister's children were baptized, and finally her husband.

A graduate of Toyo Eiwa has brought up four sons in the love and fear of God; one is the super- intendent of the Sunday school and another, a high officer in the Navy, the teacher of a Bible class and FERIMS SEMINARY STUDENTS IN YOKOHAMA a strong advocate of peace. These girls were recently ba,ptized as Christians. Five or six In the grad1llating class who were baptized had left school before the Many graduates are engaged in some form of photograph was taken. Christian service. One man has been principal of a public deaf and dumb school for ten years. He ernment examinations she would undoubtedly have has gathered about him four other graduates of been a teacher in a government primary school his own school and they have established a deaf without the knowledge of Christ.

and dumb church just outside the school com- There are hundreds of other witnesses to the pound. Miss Hasegawa, of Kobe College, while real worth of the Christian school in Japan.

Prese1!t,Day Religion in

By the REV. A. K. REISCHAUER, D.D., Tokyo, Japan Executive Secretary of the Woman's Christian College, and Lecturer in the Japan Theological Seminary JAPAN is a land of religion in a rather unusual stantly replaced by new ones, often by structures way. We are so accustomed to picture present- of a new type better adapted to the needs of the day Japan in terms of modern industry and as rising generation. a powerful military state that we are likely to for- To be sure, religion in Japan has had its evil get that Japan is at the same time the repository days. In- fact, it is a doctrine of Japanese Bud- of Asia's religions and cultures. dhism that there are periods when the "Law is It is in Japan that Buddhism, originally a reli- . Destroyed" and men fall away. It would be easy gion of India, had its finest development and is to illustrate t~€ truth of this from Japanese relitoday in its most vigorous state. Confucianism, gious history. One might characterize the Meiji China's age-long ethico-political philosophy and Era (1868-1912) and several centuries preceding now thrown into the discard by China's modern this era as a time when real religion was none too leaders, is still held in high regard by enlightened vital to men. Undoubtedly from the standpoint of modern Japanese. Shinto, Japan's native reli- the conservative Buddhist and Shintoist the whole gion, though primitive and crude when judged by trend of modern Japanese life seems to be away its early literary deposits and though frequently from religion. The major interest of men, espe- overshadowed by the more advanced religions and cially of the progressive elements, seems to have ethical systems imported from the neighboring centered on education, scientific knowledge, indus- continent, nevertheless has persisted down through trial transformation, the modernization of Japan's the centuries and today shows a vitality in certain army and navy, and, in short, the transformation of its sects which is amazing. This land, that has of a medireval, feudal people into a strong modern been so hospitable to the religions and cultures of nation able to hold its own in the family of nations southern and eastern Asia, has been equally open- which Japan after centuries of seclusion was prac- minded to the culture of the religion coming from tically forced to join. Modern Japan has been so the western world in more recent years. It is true terribly busy with getting on in the world that that Christianity was persecuted when first intro- there has been little time for the quiet and leisurely duced in the sixteenth century and rigorously sup- things of religion as the Orient has been accuspressed for about 250 years but this was due far tomed to think of religion. Men have been tre- more to fear of political complications than to any mendously concerned with the enrichment of life real opposition to Christianity as such. At any along such lines as modern science and industry rate, in present-day Japan Christianity is being makes possible. This enrichment was conceived of widely recognized as one of the "Three Religions" largely in terms of the national life and not merely indigenous to Japan. Until recently the tradi- in terms of individual gain, and to that extent tional "Three Religions" meant Shinto, Buddhism there was in it all a certain idealism. In fact, this and Confucianism. Today Christianity takes the enthusiasm for making Japan over into a strong, place of Confucianism, this latter never having modern state was the real driving power of life been really an independent religion in Japan but and constituted a sort of religion, namely, the rather a system of ethics incorporated with Bud- Religion of Patriotism, in devotion to which many dhism and Shinto, and as such it still remains. a Japanese leader showed a spirit of unselfish serv- In short, then, Japan has been for centuries a ice that would be worthy of the devotee of true repository of the religious and cultural inherit- religion.

ance of many peoples; and not only a repository In a sense this religion of patriotism is still the but on the whole her people have made this inher- chief driving force in the life of many, if not most itance their own and to this day regard this in- Japanese. Even when religion in its true sense is heritance with real respect. In many parts of the major interest, the religion of patriotism is Asia the shrines and temples of religion are fall- always a close second in the heart of every J apa- ing into ruin, but not so in Japan. Here they seem nese. But after making due allowance for this to be in good repair and old ones are being con- ever-present element and after recognizing the [ 472] fact that just now there is a peculiarly strong In short, Japan which during the Meiji Era had spirit of nationalism abroad which threatens to reached out eagerly for the things in western civi- warp every other spiritual interest-as is the case lization that pertain to material prosperity and also in many other lands today-we nevertheless military strength, has during these later years maintain that there is in present-day Japan a real been seeking also for the secrets of a true culture interest in a religion which is more than mere pa- of the spirit. What a tragedy it is that during this triotism. It is rather a growing recognition of same period the so-called Christian nations of the the fact that the very foundations of a nation's West to whom Japan turned with such an open strength and greatness rest upon certain qualities mind, have themselves been so chaotic in the things of personal life which ultimately spring from reli- of the spirit and have so largely spurned their own gion, and also that there are deep needs of the spiritual inheritance! It sometimes seems as if individual human being which can never be fully there were in present-day Japan a truer reverence met simply by his being a citizen of a great and for and appreciation of the great cultural and reli- victorious state but only by his becoming a citizen gious inheritance of the western world than there of an eternal kingdom, the Kingdom of the Spirit. is in these lands themselves. We say this in spite A New Attitude Toward Religion of the fact that there is just at present a reaction- ary mood in certain quarters in Japan tending to This recognition of the place of real religion and exalt things distinctively Japanese and having at the whole range of values for which religion should , its objective an exclusive nationalism.

stand, including also the welfare of the state as one A second way in which the recognition of reli- of these values, is manifesting itself in present- gion is manifesting itself in present-day Japan is day Japan in several ways. the actual rejuvenation and transformation of the There is first of all a change of attitude towards non-Christian religions, Buddhism and Shinto. religion on the part of statesmen and leaders of Both these religions show more vitality than they thought. During the Meiji Era ending in 1912, did either during the Meiji Era or during the two religion was looked upon as an out-moded thing- or three centuries preceding that era.

something which may give consolation to old peo- New Activity in Buddhism ple who have retired from life but hardly a real force in the life of men and women who were doing In Buddhism this is manifesting itself in a the work of the world and who were trying to rather wide range of activities some of which are make their nation strong. That Japan was achiev- definitely inspired by the influence of Christianity.

ing this goal of national power seemed to be indi- There is an enormous literature being produced cated by her triumph over Russia, supposedly a not only along the lines of antiquarian interest, representative of the western world. But hardly such as the numerous pUblications issuing from had the flush of victory passed when Japan awoke the universities, but also numerous books and mag- to the fact that in spite of this outward strength azines calculated to reach the average man on the there was inner weakness and rottenness as re- street. Buddhism today has its Sunday Schools, vealed in the corrupt practices of men in high Young People's Societies, Ladies' Aid Societies places. The great ideal of the Meij i Era, univer- and the whole range of activities characteristic of sal education and enlightenment, was seen to be a modern Christianity. The Y. M. C. A. has its one-sided ideal and failed in producing men and counterpart in the Y. M. B. A. Some of the new women of real character. This awakening to the temples being built look far more like Christian need of moral qualities expressed itself strikingly churches than the traditional Buddhist temples, in the very name chosen for the new era begin- and even temples which stick to the beautiful Budning in 1912, namely, Taisho, Great Righteous- dhist architecture of the past in their outward apness. The World War made a mockery of this pearance adapt their interiors to the needs of a ideal but Japan was hardly to blame for this. generation educated along modern lines. A strik- More significant than this name of an era was ing example of this is a monstrous temple in Tokyo the growing respect for religion shown by the where the architect reached back to the most an- leaders of thought. This manifested itself, on the cient Buddhist architecture of India for his style one hand, in the renewed study of Japan's ancient in outward appearance but where the interior sat- culture and religion and in the numerous publica- isfies the latest demands of the present semi-west- tions which made the values of Japan's spiritual ernized generation. This modern structure in inheritance known to the present generation. It steel and concerte, blending the old and the new, showed itself, on the other hand, in the numerous is but symbolic of what progressive Japanese Bud- translations of books dealing with the culture and dhists are attempting in the realm of spiritual religion of the West. The classics of Christianity values. A leading exponent of Buddhism wrote were made available to the average man in Japan. 'recently that "Japan stresses the practical phase 474 THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [October of Buddhism and attaches importance to the actual themselves in difficulty when they are required to life of faith. Buddha's teaching is regarded in take part in the ceremonies conducted at these terms of human life and is not identified with shrines. either the doctrines expounded by Gautama or their meanings." By this he probably meant to Our purpose here is, however, not to discuss this say that present-day Japanese Buddhism, though question of "Emperor worship" but rather the relicalling itself Buddhism and in general being true gious vitality in Sectarian Shinto. These sects to the spirit of traditional Buddhism, nevertheless naturally make the doctrine of loyalty to the throne gets the real content of its message for men today an integral part of their teachings and they find not from the teachings of the founder but from no difficulty in worshipping at the state shrines other sources, probably from present-day life. In since they have always worshipped at these shrines fact, it seems quite plain that at least the progres- long before the present official distinctions were sive elements among Japanese' Buddhists draw made. But the interest of Sectarian Shinto goes their inspiration and the content of their message beyond this and centers more frequently upon the far more from our modern world culture than problems and needs of man as an individual human from the teachings of traditional Buddhism. And being who seeks help from God, or rather the gods. as this world culture is in a large measure a product of modern science and Christianity, it is not To the western student of religion perhaps the strange that many an enlightened Japanese Bud- most interesting of these thirteen Shinto sects is dhist is far nearer in his general outlook on life to Tenrikyo, the Heavenly-Reason-Teaching. It is the average modern Christian of the West than he often comp~red with Christian Science and has inis to his own Buddhist brother who still thinks in deed much in common with it, for it is a religion terms of the old. which puts stress on Faith Healing. Faith Heal- ing in Tenrikyo is, however, not so much a matter The Growth of Sectarian Shinto of a change of mental attitude in the individual suffering from a malady as a faith in the miracu- What is going on in Shinto circles is in a way lous. The individual does not so much heal himeven more striking. There is fiI1st of all the phe- self by right thoughts as call upon the deity to nomenal growth of so-called Sectarian Shinto. work a miracle of healing on his behalf. Also There are today thirteen Shinto sects, most of them where Christian Science draws its adherents of comparatively recent origin and several of them largely from the privileged class, Tenrikyo has its counting their adherents by millions; Taisha and following among the underprivileged, especially Tenrikyo each having upward of four million. among the peasants. The striking thing about this What is significant about the growth of these sects sect is the large number of religious workers who is that they stand more definitely for the religious usually without remuneration are working for the needs of the individual than does the so-called propagation of their faith. They hunt out espe- State Shinto which, according to official interpre- cially the sick and afflicted, and even though they tation, is not supposed to be a religion at all but may fail in working the desired miracle of healing only a Cult of Patriotism to which every citizen of their unselfish service and sympathy wins many a Japan should be loyal be he Shintoist, Buddhist or new adherent. It may puzzle the student of reli- Christian. The heart of this cult is loyalty to the gion to explain why it is that in modern Japan throne and the state; and a vi'sit to one of these where medical science has made such strides in state shrines, according to the official interpreta- recent years a religion that places its chief emtion, need not be regarded as religious worship but phasis on Faith Healing should win its adherents simply as showing loyalty to the throne and rev- by the millions. The explanation is probably that erence to the heroes of the nation-something like the suffering individual realizes through his physithat which goes on in the heart of a loyal Ameri- cal suffering that there is also a sickness of the can when he bows to the flag or takes off his hat spirit which even modern medical science cannot at the Lincoln Memorial. Unfortunately Shinto cure and which finds more help from the sympathy religious tradition is so bound up with the doc- of a friend or from faith in a power other than trine of sovereignty and the Emperor's divine de- man that can heal all man's infirmities. scent, and these shrines of the state cult of Patriotism have for so many centuries been the very One of the striking things about Tenrikyo and leading shrines of Shinto as a religion that the several others of these modern Shinto sects is present official interpretation is not understood their changing conception of "that power other by the people. And furthermore, the ceremonies than man." As is well known, Shinto has always conducted officially at these state shrines of pa- been grossly polytheistic. The conception of the triotism have definitely religious elements in them. divine has been rather crude and still is in the Thus both earnest Buddhists and Christians find minds of the masses, both among the Shintoists and the Buddhists. The writings of the founder of Tenrikyo also exhibit exceedingly unworthy conceptions; in fact, in so far as they have any or Buddhists. It is naturally from this large circle clear meaning they represent a hodgepodge of that Christianity wins most of its adherents since popular Shinto and Buddhist beliefs which could many of them are already adherents in spirit if make little appeal to the intelligent mind. But the not in name. very obscurity of meaning in these writings lends itself to "Re-interpretation" and this reinterpre- From what we have said thus far about the re- tationis going on today in the most astonishing newed interest in religion manifesting itself in way. Thus in a volume by a recent apologist of present-day Japan the reader might get too san- Tenrikyo we read that while this religion affiliates guine a picture. Th.e situation is on the whole itself with traditional Shinto it constitutes in real- rather encouraging, especially to anyone who ity "a religion quite new and independent, without knows what was the attitude towards religion in savouring in any way of Shintoist creed." We Japan some twenty to twenty-five years ago. But are also told that though in its creed it does not in spite of this more favorable atmosphere today rej ect belief in the myriads of gods of old Shinto religion still has an uphill fight. Japan is in the it reduces their number to ten original gods; and stream of modern life. There is here, as there is then the apologist explains that these ten gods are in America and Europe, a preoccupation with so but "ten attributes" of the divine. All through many things in life that religion often does not -the volume the writer speaks of "Kami" God, get a real hearing. There is also that ignorance rather than of the various gods.. And more sig- about what religion might mean to an intelligent nificant is the fact that the content of the word modern man, the assumption being that religion God is taken far more from the Christian concep- must necessarily mean what it meant to one in tion of God than from the old Shinto conception. childhood and what one naturally outgrows. Then in Japan there is the adqitional difficulty that even The Widening Influence of Christianity though there are progressive elements in the old religions the vast majority of the adherents of A third major index of present-day interest in these religions are the more or less backward ele- religion is in the steady growth of Christianity ments of the population, thus confirming the and its influence far beyond the circles of profess- thought that religion is necessarily identified with ___ _ ing Christians. What we have just said above something which the enlightened man outgrows. about the transformation that is taking place in On the other hand, religion in Japan has an advanthe non-Christian religions of Japan is itself elo- tage because of its connection with the old which quent testimony to the tremendous influence of it has not in the western world; for Japan, in Christianity on modern Japanese life. This is spite of her open-mindedness for the new, still openly acknowledged by leaders in these religions shows a remarkable reverence for the experience and is self-evident to anyone who, with an open of the past, including man's religious experience. mind, looks at what is taking place. If, then, Christianity can, on the one hand, give Organized Christianity in Japan is still rather a message of life that has met the needs of men in weak when measured in terms of numbers, con- the past and yet, on the other hand, formulate this stituting less than one-half of one per cent of the message in a way that will be really intelligible to population. However this small Christian church modern men it will get an increasing hearing and is now truly indigenous to Japan. It stands on its following in present-day Japan. Critics of J apaown feet in a way that can hardly be said of the nese Christianity point out its preoccupation with young church in any other land outside of Europe doctrine and its failure to apply Christian princiand America. The leadership of the church is in- ples to the actual problems of life. It is true that telligent, truly pious and thoroughly Christian. there is perhaps too much interest in mere doc- In actual Christian quality the church in Japan trine but it should be remembered that in a land compares favorably with the church in any land. where there is such a mingling of things new and Then beyond the organized church is a large circle old and where Christians come into close contact of so-called "non-church" Christians. Many of with adherents of other religions it is important these are of the finest Christian type. And beyond that men know clearly what are the great essenthese "non-church" Christians is a much larger tials of the Christian Faith. A religion of mere circle of people who do not call themselves Chris- activity might only add to the confusion of thought tians but.who are nevertheless truly religious and which is already too characteristic of the modern religious in the Christian way rather than other- world. The religion Japan needs is the religion wise. 'Their whole outlook on life is in many ways the world needs, a vital faith in the Living God that of the average Christian, and if they would known supremely through Jesus Christ, and a call themselves by any name they would rather faith that expresses itself in service to one's felcall themselves Christians than either Shintoists low man in the spirit and manifesting the love of Christ.

Twenty–Five Books on

Recommended by REV. WILLIS G. HOEKJE, D.D., Tokyo, Japan Missionary of the Reformed Church in America Not since 192'3-24, the year of the great earth- closes with an appeal in the words of one of the quake, has the foreign mission study of the Amer- younger Japanese Christian pastors and eduican churches concentrated on Japan. The accom- cators. panying list of books, chiefly of later date, is intended to serve study groups and their leaders, WORLD TIDES IN THE FAR EAST discusses the and to contribute to deeper understanding of the leading factors and tendencies in the spiritual life Japan of today, her development and her needs. of Far Eastern lands, and presents the claim that their quest can only be satisfied by Christ.

A. THE STUDY BOOKS. B. GENERAL REFERENCE BOOKS.

For Adults: 6. Japan Christian Year Book. Published in 1. Suzuki Looks at Japan. By Willis Lamott. Japan. Available from Foreign Missions Friendship Press, New York. 1934. Conference, New York. 1934. 2. Christ and Japan. By Toyohiko Kagawa. Friendship Press, New York. 1934. 7. Japan. By Inazo Nitobe. Charles Scribner's 3. Japanese Women Speak. By Miss Michi Kawai Sons, New York. 1931. and Mrs. Ochimi Kubushiro. Central Com- mittee on the United Study of Foreign Mis- 8. The Romance of Japan Through the Ages. By sions. Cambridge, Mass. 1934. J. A. B. Scherer. Doran, and the Hokuseido, Tokyo. 1933. The first four study books listed are alike in their effort to present the point of view of J apa- 9. The Tinder Box of Asia (Manchuria). By G. nese Christians rather than that of onlookers or E. Sokolsky. Doubleday, Doran, New York. 1932. outsiders. They may with profit be compared with the still noteworthy study books of 1923: Fisher's 10. Laymen's Foreign Missionary Inquiry Reports: "Creative Forces in Japan"; Axling's "Japan on Volume VI, Japan. Fact Finding Group. the Upward Trail"; and Miss De Forest's "Women Harper and Brothers, New York. 1931. and the Leaven in Japan." 11. Christian Education in Japan. Report of Com- SUZUKI LOOKS AT JAPAN is a thoroughgoing dis- mission, International Missionary Council, cussion of the outstanding aspects of the Christian New York. 1932.

movement in Japan, set against the related back- 12. Japanese Customs: Their Origin and Value. grounds. The writer employs the method of try- By W. H. Erskine. Bethany College Book ing to state his conclusions very much as would a Store, Bethany, W. Va. typical, thoughtful head of a Christian family in 13. The Faith of Japan. By Tasuku Harada. Japan. Macmillan, New York. 1914. CHRIST AND JAPAN, by the most widely known THE JAPAN CHRISTIAN YEAR BOOK, published Japanese Christian, discusses the crucial facts and annually by the Federation of Missions with asthe unsolved problems which reveal his people's sistance from the National Christian Council, gives a resume of recent significant events, a sur- vey of the immediate situation, and other up-to- date information, including statistical material and a list of missions, mission stations and mis- sionaries.

supreme need of Christ. Dr. Inazo Nitobe, Japanese internationalist and Two outstanding Christian women of Japan col- Christian, before his recent death wrote on JAPAN in one of a series of books on the world's nations. laborate in JAPANESE WOMEN SPEAK, to present This is a comprehensive discussion of the essential a survey of the activities and aims of Christian facts, developments, and interests of the life and women in Japan; and in doing so they introduce history of his people. us to many of their notable colleagues.

For Young People: THE ROMANCE OF JAPAN THROUGH THE AGES 4. Typhoon Days in Japan. By Robert S. Spencer. is suggested as offering an understandable outli1).e Friendship Press, New York. 1934. of Japan's entire history, although other books 5. World Tides in the Far East. By Basil Math- serve much the same purpose. Dr. Scherer inter- ews. Friendship Press, New York. 1934. estingly records the special characteristics of the A missionary of the second generation, writing successive historical periods, and of their repre- TYPHOON DAYS IN JAPAN, describes for America's sentative cities.

Christian youth the questionings of modern young The Laymen's Inquiry FACT FINDERS' REPORT Japan, and its desire for understanding. He ON JAPAN presents the fruits' of the survey of [476 ] 1930-31, in an interesting variety of source mate- devotion to Christ, son of the God of Love. A rial, partly interpreted by graphs, etc. book that will help is LOVE THE LAW OF LIFE. CHRISTIAN EDUCATION IN JAPAN is the report of the Commission which carried out a full survey What the missionary is doing, in close associaand study of this educational work a few years ago. American and Japanese Christian educators tion with Japanese colleagues, is set forth for cooperated in preparing this authoritative summary of their findings. evangelistic work in the brief sketches included in An approach to the interpretation of JAPANESE HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS OF JAPAN. A recently CUSTOMS from the viewpoint of comparative religions and culture is illustrated in Dr. Erskine's developing movement of rural evangelism and work, which is always thought-provoking, even when entire agreement is not won. The same ef- Christian service is outlined and its importance fort of missionaries to get at the essence of the religious forms and customs about them is evident strongly emphasized in THE OTHER HALF OF in Brumbaugh's "RELIGIOUS VALUES IN JAPANESE CULTURE," recently published by the Christian Lit- J APAN. The gratifying success of the method erature Society of Tokyo. known as Newspaper Evangelism is set forth in Within the faiths of Japan there are several common religious conceptions, almost universally THE PRESS AND THE GOSPEL. ' held and understood. Dr. Harada's presentation of these in THE FAITH OF JAPAN will be found sug- A unique method of Christian service, the work gestive, although not an adequate substitute for detailed study of religion in Japan. For those who of a lady missionary among prisoners, is introwould go deeper, one might mention as of recognized worth, though not always readily available, duced to us by the account of A GENTLEMAN IN Reischauer's "STUDIES IN JAPANESE BUDDHISM" and Holtom's "THE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF PRISON. Such life stories take their own' worthy MODERN SHINTO"-books by missionaries. place as fine apologetics for Christian missions. C. POPULAR BOOKS. Japan's womanhood is introduced to us in THE 14. Kagawa. By Wm. Axling. Harper and Broth- ers, New York. 1932. DAUGHTER OF A SAMURAI, "very charming auto- 15. Love the Law of Life. By Toyohiko Kagawa. biography of a Japanese Christian woman." We John C. Winston Co., Philadelphia. 1929. must not, however, forget the new world in which 16. Highways and Byways of Japan. By Mrs. Lois J. Erickson. Fleming H. Revell Co., New many of her sisters live, something of which we York. are told of in Dr. Faust's NEW JAPANESE WOMAN- 17. The Other Half of Japan. By Edward M. Clark. Evangelical Press, Harrisburg, Pa. HOOD.

18. The Press and the Gospel. By W. H. Murray- D. FOR YOUNG PEOPLE AND CHILDREN. WaIton. Student Christian Movement Press. London. Available from Missionary Educa- 21. A Japanese Grandmother. By Mrs. Emma G. tion Movement, New York. 1932. Lippard. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York.

19. A Gentleman in Prison. By Miss A. C. Mac- 22. Japan and Her People. By Ethel M. Hughes. donald. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. Friendship Press, New York.

20. The Daughter of a Samurai. By Mrs. Etsu 23. Japanese Here and There. By Margaret E. Inagaki Sugimoto. Doubleday, Doran & Forsyth and Mrs. Ursul Moran. Friendship Company, New York. 1925. Press, New York.

One biography that must be read by up-to-date .' 24. Kin Ghan and the Crab. By Mrs. Bertha H. students of Christianity in Japan is Axling's Converse. Friendship Press, New York. KAGAWA. It is sympathetic, orderly, passionate, and revealing. Well worth mentioning is blind The theme of Japanese family life is portrayed Prof. Takeo Iwahashi's brief autobiography, in A JAPANESE GRANDMOTHER. Mrs. Lippard's "LIGHT FROM DARKNESS"; also Dr. Hiromichi ability to present attractively things Japanese is Kozaki's "REMINISCENCES OF SEVENTY YEARS," further illustrated in her FLORAL CALENDAR. with its comments upon evangelistic and educational policies. Both are published in Tokyo. Some would include among the study books JAPAN AND HER PEOPLE, JAPANESE HERE AND Once introduced to Toyohiko Kagawa, one will THERE, and KIN CHAN AND THE CRAB. Prepared wish to abide a little longer under the spell of his as they are respectively for Intermediates, Juniors, and Primary groups, they are intended not merely for reading or consecutive study, but also as sug- gestive for projects and other activities.

E. PICTORIAL.

25. Japan, a Pictorial Interpretation. Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, Tokyo, Japan. 272 pages. 3 Yen.

Various mission study materials aiming at visu- alization are available upon application to denomi- national Boards. Among these may be mentioned copies of the monthly, "The Christian Graphic," published in Tokyo, Japan. The last book of our list, a popular, not religious publication, will also aid beyond measure in visualization of Japan as a whole. JAPAN, A PICTORIAL INTERPRETATION, all in rotogravure, covers many subjects.

Studies on

Prepared by REV. C. W. IGLEHART, D.D.

I. Japan, the Land and the People. Location. doms. Temptations. Moral tests. Marriage cus- Reef. Skirting Asatic mainland. Islands. Moun- toms changing. The city. Swift migrations to fac- tainous, forests, volcanoes, earthquakes. Nature tory life. Overcrowding. Slums. Bad laboring varied and beautiful. Contacts with China and conditions. Poverty. Sickness. Vice. Exploita- Korea. Natural isolation. Size. The people. tion. Despair. Social movements. Communism.

Whence immigrated? Northern Mongols; South Both laborers and farmers. Students. "Danger- Sea Islanders. But not homogenous. Their homes. ous Thoughts." Fascism. Worship of emperor Food: rice, fish, tea. Industries: silk, cotton, and State. Army and Navy espouse cause of com- manufactures. mon people against financiers. Materialism.

Reading. "Japan" in Encyclopedia Britannica, Troubles abroad. War with China 1895, with Rus- or Clement: "Handbook of Modern Japan," La- sia 1905, World War. Manchuria and the loss of tourette: "The Development of Japan." world sympathy. Meaning of the struggle. The Discussion Questions. 1. What is the difference panic of fear over security. Access to basic neces- in outlook of people who live on islands and those sities. Overflow.

who live on a continent? 2. What is meant by Reading. Same as I. Also Matthews: "World "race"; and how may they be distinguished? 3. If Tides in the Far East," or Brown: "Japan in the we were overcrowded, how should we solve our World Today," or Eddy: "Challenging the East."

problem? Discussion Questions. 1. What did Japan gain, II. THE JAPANESE, Their Civilization and and lose, by accepting the modern ways? 2. What Spiritual Heritage. Original stock. Lovers of na- makes Japan militaristic? Nationalistic? 3. Has ture. Worshippers of sun, mountains, trees, etc. America truly renounced war? Have you? .

Buddhism comes to China. Its teachings, worship, IV. THE CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT IN JAPAN.

literature, art, music. Confucianism. Philosophy. First missionaries. Their contribution. Reli- Ethical code. Ancestor worship. Family system. gious freedom. Wide diffusion of Christian ideas. Feudelism. "Bushido." Chivalry. Medireval art, Influence upon leaders. Present work. crafts, disciplines. Folklore. Legends. Some The Kingdom of God Movement. Kagawa. His Japanese heroes. "Japanese spirit." Life. His work. The Movement. 1930-1934. Indi- Reading. Same as for I. Also Nitobe: "The vidual conversion. 12,000 meetings. 50,000 deci- Japanese Nation," or "Bushido," or Mitford: sions. Rural regeneration. Farmers' institutes.

"Japan's Inheritance," or Brinkley: "History of Social salvation. Employes and labor conferences.

the Jap." Lay workers' training schools. Christian "Inter- Discussion Questions. 1. In what respects is our nationale."

cultural heritage different from that of the J apa- Reading. Fisher: "Creative Forces in Japan," nese? Better? or worse? 2. What values do we or Matthews: "World Tides." Axling: "Kagawa."

see in Buddhism? Confucianism? Shinto? Also literature from M. E. M. or Bd. of Foreign III. MODERN JAPAN, Transformation and Missions. Otis Carey, "History of Christian Mis- Problems. Opened by Commodore Perry, 1852. sions in Japan" (2 volumes). Accepts modern ways. Political changes. National Discussion Questions. 1. Is it easier for a youth government. Communications. Transportation. to be a Christian in Japan or America? 2. What Roads. Social classes abolished. Universal pub- is the secret of Kagawa's power? 3. How defi- lic education. Health and sanitation. Armyand nitely are we applying the Kingdom of God Move- Navy. Merchant marine. Commerce. Industry. ment motto, "Thy Kingdom Come-in my heart, Growth of cities. Confusion today. Eastern and in my world!"

Western traditions side by side. Houses. Archi- V. FUTURE RELATIONSHIPS, Our Share in Sav- tecture. Art. Music. Dress. Drama. Movies. ing Japan and the East. America's initiative in Literature. Personal traits and ideals. Moralob- opening Japan. Helpful and creative influence for jectives. Religious beliefs and organizations. fifty years. Change since Russo-Japanese War. Critical problems at home. The farmer. Lack of Present negative trends. California agitation.

land. Low price of crops. Taxes. Mortgages. Immigration exclusion. Newspaper war propa- Tenancy. Backward conditions. Isolation. Dis- ganda. Censure regarding Manchuria. Navy content. Break-up of the family system. Sons building program. Dislike. The Challenge to going into industry. Daughters, also. New free- Christians. (1) To be friendly, intelligently criti- [478 ] cal, understanding, sympathetic. Thus creatively resourceful, competent, and have a large capacity help Japan through American public opinion. for leadership. Their feudal history has developed (2) To influence public policy. Must allay Japan's in them intense personal loyalties, and their na- fears. Find peaceful security for all nations. tional tradition continually calls forth amazing (3) Correct evils in America that we condemn in responses of self-sacrifice.

Japan. Become pattern Christian nation, thus Today, the Christian constituency is still small; lead Japan. (4) To maintain missionary link with but out of all proportion to its number is the in- Japanese Churches, and assist them in winning fluence it exerts on the life about it. The Koku111Jin Japan for Christ. Shimbun, one of Tokyo's great dailies, this year Reading. Recent magazine articles. Apply to listed six hundred people as the foremost leaders Missionary Education Movement or Missionary in all walks of life. Among these it included Research Library, New York. thirty-two Christians-ten times their ratio to Discussion Questions. 1. List all unfriendly acts population. It is these people, and the other of Japan toward us in the past 25 years. List our church members behind them, who are Japan's friendly acts toward her. 2. Are missions less hope in leading her away from a worship of mam- needed or more in an increasingly complicated mon or Mars, to the humble but victorious path- world? 3. What alternative is there to an inter- way of the Cross of Christ.

national Christianity in solving modern world Need for Missionaries in Japan problems? 4. The need of Japan and all nations for Christ. Are missionaries really needed in a country like Japan where law and order are well' established, Some Japanese Problems Japan stands at a pivotal point in the world's where the people are civilized and intelligent, and history, full of potentialities for good or for evil, where the Christian Church is already planted?

challenging the efforts of Christians within her 1. There are ten thousand villages in Japan borders, and the prayers and friendship of Chris- where the Christian message is never heard. Not tians in America. Her problems are legion. They all the Japanese evangelists during this genera- are the problems of growth and unfolding life. tion can get around to them. There is a crying She, therefore, faces in exaggerated degree, and need for the help of missionaries in pioneering with inadequate preparation, all the difficulties evangelism.

common to the other advanced nations in this 2. The rural community-serving church would modern world. exactly suit the present needs if adapted to the Japan also has her unique problems in her peo- country people in Japan. The Japanese church ple's struggle for a bare subsistence. With the feels the need but is lacking in trained leadership modern knowledge of health the population is in- for this field. She is calling for missionary help.

creasing by a million a year. Under basic strains 3. Rapid city developments with their industrial like this a people are likely to give way to a panic problems have shown the place of the neighborof fear, with consequences which they never in- hood church, and of service for laboring people. tend. Every other country has its own troubles, The church in Japan longs for expert guidance in so that they have made it harder for Japan by this area of need. closing their doors to her people, by raising trade barriers, and by agreements among themselves. 4. In the past, missionaries have done effective work not only in evangelism and the development The lot of the farmer in Japan is well-nigh un- of churches and in education, but in the field of endurable. He is the nation's strength, but he public morals and reform. There never was wider cannot get a living for his family from his two- opportunity for such tasks than today. and-a-half acre farm, much less fill the mouths of the city people. So debts are piling, mortgages 5. Every school is a seed-plot in which missionare strangling him, and his children are leaving ary teachers find unlimited scope for shaping the the old home for the city. The swift industrializa- ideas and ideals of large numbers of young people. tion of Japan has sucked her people into the cities 6. Professorships in the theological seminaries faster than social or moral adjustments can pos- offer places of creative influence on the Japanese sibly be made. These two fields-the farmer in church leaders of tomorrow.

the rural community, and the factory worker in 7. Individual work for individuals, and the use the congested city-are white unto the harvest, of the home for personal contacts will always re- calling to the Christian Church for laborers. main the central task of any missionary. With Notwithstanding their problems and difficulties, only one Japanese in two hundred a Christian, and the Japanese are sound material on which the yet with almost everyone ready to listen, a mis- Spirit of God may work. Adversity has trained sionary may exert Christian influence in many them to industry and thrift. They are dependable, directions and be effective. Effective Ways of Working 'Tested Metlwds for Increasing Interest at Home EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA S. AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO ~'==========~I~ Fellowship Plans for Better it sounds a call for Japan and paper animals, etc. This book is Service America to join hands in work- a child's treasury of delight. ing for peace. (Cloth, $1.00; ($1.00 and 75 cts.) "Little Kin No more profitable and cer- paper, 50 ets.) Chan" (75 cts.) and "Mitsu; A tainly no more picturesque sub- Little Girl of Japan" (50 cts.) ject could have been chosen for Junior high school pupils will this year's foreign mission study find fascinating reading in "Ja- are delightful reading books for than that of Japan-the pic- pan and Her People" ($1.00 and the smaller tots. turesqueness deriving its value 60 cts.); "Young Japan" (25 not from "art for art's sake" but cts.); "Our Japanese Friends" Not included among the books rather from its lure to lead from (50 cts. and 35 cts.) the resthetic to the evangelistic. of the United Study Course are The happy coordination of home "Friends in Nippon" is the several charming supplemental and foreign topics enables each outstanding book for juniors. Its to furnish background and at- stories were prepared especially volumes. "Leaves from a Japamosphere for the other and so with a view to establishing nese Calendar," by Emma G. enrich the entire program. The friendship between the boys and Lippard, (special price 35 cents) effort should not be to emphasize girls of Japan and our own land. differences in manners, customs, It is well adapted for program is a fascinating book for juniors social conditions, etc., but rather work, worship services or use in of which the introduction by a to seek an understanding of the week-day meetings. (75 cts. and Japanese ambassador says: Oriental heart and find therein 50 cts.) Its leaders' book, "Jathe basic needs and hun g e r panese Here and There," is par- The splendid response attending which Christ alone can satisfy, ticularly valuable in its many your efforts in missionary activities whether in East or West. suggestions for activities, discus- warrants you in placing first hand sions, etc. Any intelligent person knowledge of the children of Japan In the abundance of material can handle a group with its help. before every American child. May for study displayed at summer ($1.00 and 50 ets.) "If I Lived they learn the truth about the land of conferences, your Department in Japan" is a valuable supple- the cherry blossoms and come over to Editor is at a loss how to choose mentary book imported from the few that can be exploited in England. (40 cts.) see us someday. The book is said to the space available. Send to your be "a most accurate, clever, natural own denominational headquar- "Kin Chan and the Crab," for and up-to-date account of our chilters for the specific publications primary children, is invaluable. dren's life and their ways of thinking. with which to augment the fol- The first section contains stories The information is absolutely accurate lowing; but in one way or an- for the little folks, while the sec- and the words and expressions the other, conserve the values of ond has background notes cover- most natural and adequate ones for the united effort by using the stand- ing all important details of J apa- respective circumstances, which shows ard mission study books either nese life, and "specific notes on the author's wonderful command of for study or as a basis for pro- each of the stories furnishing our language." grams. full teaching details." Section 3 is rich in outlines of materials, Each chapter stands for a Jap- Glimpses of the Literature plans, devices, games, pictures, anese month, dedicated as they suggested activities, projects are to special flowers, thus: [The Mission Study books are also noted (inclusive of that for making a on pages 476-47,9'.] village), songs and worship serv- 1. Taro takes his age in the Month ices. "Notes from a Teacher's "Japanese Women Sneak" will Notebook," in the last portion, is of Pine. be quite generally used by wom- full of directions for trips to mu- 2. The Great Cold comes in the en's societies. It is "a message seums, dramatizations, puppet from the Christian women of shows and such like devices. The Month of the Plum. Japan to the Christian women of final folder has designs for trac- America," and on a background ing off patterns of friezes, dolls 3. The girls have their festival in of what has been accomplished and their wardrobes, silk and by and for the Japanese women, the Month of the Peach. [480 ] 4. Taro starts to school in Cherry Blossom Month. 5. The boys' festival in the Wis- teria Month. 6. Rain and fireflies in the Month of Iris. . 7. Summer festivals in the Month of Morning Glory.

8. The Great Heat in the Month of the Lotus. 9. Grandmother begins to learn in the Month of the Seven Grasses. 10. The Emperor's birthday in the Month of the Maple.

11. The Emperor eats the new rice in the Month of the Chrysanthemum.

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

12. The Price of Peace in the Month The invitations may be real Japa- is always served. Make Japanese flags of the Camellia. nese cards or sketches copied and tint- and stick one in the top of each nap- ed. The wording conforms to the kin. As a final course, pass around a "A Japanese Grandmother," J,apanese custom of humbling hostess tray on which are pieces of crystalby the same author, introduces and exalting guest, such as: lized ginger, around each piece being us into intimate family life by wrapped a fact about Japan. These way of a keen, capable, sacrifi- "We invite your noble self to con- should be read in quick succession. ciallittle grandmother. (75 cts.) descend to be present at our humble "Beautiful Japan"-a solo with cho- Still another good story by Mrs. Japanese 'At Home,'" with date, time rus, will be furnished with words and and place following. music for three cents. Lippard is "s e con d Hand," The program is heralded by the In the "Program Plan Book" used which portrays in a Japanese set- playing of Oriental music at the piano. by the same national society, Alma ting the story of an American Then the person in charge gives a young man working out his dif- greeting to the assembled guests ex- Palmer McKibben gives valuable helps ficult life problems and his ulti- plaining that the Japanese, in their for those using the children's book, mate decision for Christ and mis- extreme politeness use phrases which, "Friends in Nippon." (Price, 5 cents.) sions. (75 cts.) when interpreted into English, sound She states that while the textbook may very strange, such a'S: "Your un- be used as a story book, "It will be of "The Monologue of a Japanese worthy sisters of the – – – Society, infinitely more value if it comes to the Bride," by Mrs. Lippard, is a which they represent in so inconsider- children in the midst of activities and three-page leaflet of graphic able a fashion, welcome you, their dis- experiences which make the Japanese word picturing, adapted for a tinguished guests, to this wretched children real people rather than story memorized impersonation by a Japanese party. It is a contemptible book characters." "Japanese Here and girl in native costume, and makes hospitality which they offer you in this There" (mentioned among books cited good program material. (2 cts.) shabby room; but they rejoice greatly in a foregoing paragraph) is strongly Still another exercise by this that you have so graciously honored writer is an excellent adaptable the unrivalled persons who organized recommended to effect this transforprogram for a thank-offering our unexcelled Society as to be pres- mation of subject matter. meeting entitled, "Japan Gives ent this evening. The insignificant Thanks." It contains devotional, ladies who offer you these paltry greet- Miss McKibben urges that the active impersonative and dramatic ma- ings implore you to hang your pre- cooperation of all the children should terial, with full directions for eminent selves upon the meagre seats be enlisted in the entire program of action, stage settings and cos- and kindly receive their inferior ef- activities of the group, making them tuming. (10 cts. Mrs. Lippard's forts to entertain your most superior feel that the organization is their own leaflets and books may be ordered selves." in every sense of the word. from the Literature Headquarters, The United L u the ran A song and pantomime by two lads The monthly programs may well be Church in America, 723 Muhlen- in Japanese costume may well follow. planned with reference to the special berg Building, 1228 Spruce St., The boys look at each other scowling Festival Days of Japan, a poster Phila., Pa.) and then wonderingly at the audience: stressing each day and decorated with its flower symbol being displayed well Programs Oh, dear! what can the matter be? in advance of a meeting falling in the Dear, dear! what can the matter be? same month. (See citations of chap- The following outline, abbre- Oh, dear! what can the matter be? ters in "Leaves from a Japanese Calviated from a program in "Com- endar" in foregoing text, for the fesplete Program Outlines for Aux- Strange is this land of Japan. tivals.) iliaries," a pUblication of the Woman's Foreign Missionary The rooms they first dust to make The November Thanksgiving pro- Society of the Methodist Episco- ready for sweeping; gram fits well with "The Month of the pal Church, B 0 s ton, Mass. Chrysanthemum," as the Emperor al- (price, 10 cents), shows how On hard wooden pillows and quilts ways eats his first new rice and gives textbook subject matter may be they are sleeping; thanks, which is followed by a general used for popular meetings. It is Thanksgiving in Japan. "Perhaps the called, "A Japanese 'At Home.''' With funny old clogs what a racket children can bring rice and fruits to they're keeping; be distributed to the needy, as this is Japanese atmosphere is created by a custom prevalent in both countries." abundant decorations of crepe paper (Shuffling noise with feet.) The story. for this session should. be wisteria, plum and cherry blossoms Things are oddly mixed up in Japan. the second chapter, "Little Thmk fastened to tree branches, pine boughs, paper lanterns, miniature Japanese He begins at the end when he reads Nothing." gardens displayed here and there, etc. his queer paper; The platform or a corner of the as- The third chapter about "The Ricksembly room is arranged as in a Japa- He draws his plane toward him-an- sha Man" fits in with December celenese home-few, simple furnishings, other odd caper; brations in Japan and America, the matting or rugs on the floor, low stools text being used to guide the children for tables, cushions to sit on cross- He builds his roof first-what a funny to an understanding of the meaning legged, and at one end a tokonoma or house-maker- of stewardship-the sharing life. place of honor, a step higher than the rest of the room, with flowers arranged What upside down ways in Japan. "The Strange Little Girl," in the in native style upon it. It is the place (Motions illustrate each line, whirl- fifth chapter, fits in with the flower where special respect is shown to any- ing the hands around for the last one.) and the New Year's festivals in both thing placed on it or anybody invited countries, the children using the greetnear it. Japanese Women at Home: The ings and salutations of their Japanese leader introduces this part of the pro- gram with brief statement of the po- friends. sition of women in the home, using material from this year's textbook, Chapter 6, with its story of "The pages 132 and 158, last paragraph to Old Plum Tree," adapts itself to the end of chapter. She then presents February meeting "in the Month of the those who are to impersonate in cos- Plum." Since this festival marks the tume Japanese women, for which see birthday of the hero, Jimmu Tenno, it textbook (1) p. 145; (2) pp. 141-143; falls in nicely with our own hero (3) p. 139. month. Other Japanese heroes, like Kagawa and Neesima, may be intro- A Japanese tea ceremony or a pan- duced. tomime, "Froth of the Liquid Jade" (price, 10 cents), may follow. Re- In March, which features the girls' freshments may consist of small sand- festival of dolls, the story from the wiches, wafers, cakes,. candies, nuts, book might be omitted and descriptive etc., putting one portion of each kind matter from other sources substituted. into a white paper napkin,. bringing "The girls might each bring a little the four corners together and fasten- ing securely by twisting or tying. Tea

doll and these could be arranged on Should citizens be asked to promote "Cruise with Christ" and its shelves as the Japanese girls arrange international welfare at the expense program theme, "Starting on their dolls, a tea party served in Japa- of their own national welfare? Our Queen Esther Cruise," City nese style ending the day." Missions being featured. Oc- If you were a Japanese Christian tober brings Citizenship, "Cruise April features are the reading of would you send your son to a Chris- with Christ," and the considerachapter 7, an outdoor meeting similar tian college in view of all the circum- tion of migrant work on the first to the picnics held by the Japanese stances? port of call. when everyone goes out to view the beautiful cherry blossoms, etc. Should every denomination in Amer- November has Stewardship, ica or Japan have its own theological with thank-offering features and Quite full details for .use of text, seminary? a program topic of "The Negro" handwork and specific program devel- as the port in view. opments in each month of the year are Should we ignore other religions althus given in the pamphlet. Its group together and confine ourselves to the In December there is Worship, projects include: Arranging a Japa- presentation of Christianity? and the port is any point where nese room, making a miniature Japa- a mission hospital is under the nese garden, kiites, paper flowers, Should we look forward to the decay direction of the Women's Home kimonos, wall friezes, scrap books for and disappearance of other religions? Society. Japanese kindergartens, collecting things made in Japan, taking a trip Or shouW we look forward to their January majors on Friendship to a Japanese store, practicing flower gradual transformation until they and the beginning of the textarrangement, sending flower seeds to eventually pass into Christianity? book study on "Out of the Far Japan, dramatizing a day in a Japa- East" and "Gold Mountain," the nese home, a doll festival, etc. Cita- Should we study other religions cruise being considered as adtions are given for directions in carry- carefully in order to attack their weak venturing in Christian friending out the activities. points and expose their inconsisten- ship with Orientals. cies? Helps for Pastors and Leaders February continues the mis- Or should we study them in order to sion study, directs the cruise to Do you want material for understand what in Christianity will Spanish-American ports and feas t ron g, challenging presenta- make the greatest appeal? tures payment of the budget to tions that will link them up with the Island Possessions. the world situation and com- Should we cooperate in efforts to mand the respect of thinking reform other religions? March deals with "Friendmen and women, whether they ship." The textbook study is think they favor missions or not? Think over the whole situation in rounded up by touching at the Read "Suzuki Looks at Japan," Japan and decide on something definite Indian's port and studying him the study book by Willis Lamott, that you will do to help. in his native surroundings. and then let its subject matter filter through t hat analytical ALL ABOARD WITH THE In April "Discipleship" afpamphlet, "What Do You Think fords opportunity "to test our about Japan?" Here the mean- METHODISTS own discipleship as we visit the ings and implications of the J ap- Oriental after our three months' anese situation are brought into This is nautical year among study of him." the spotlight and the immediacy the Methodist women, the theme of a major world problem stands for their home missionary year In May, "Kinship" takes the out. In addition to true-false being "Fellowship," with protests for class work, s t ron g gram features developed under passengers to far Alaska to statements of national and inter- that figure. The Queen Esthers study child life. national problems and keen anal- (the girls' organization) are yses of con d i t ion s we have definitely going on a cruise to In June, "Workmanship" is glossed over, there are many visit all the places listed on their questions for discussion that de- budget. Their declaration of tested as the year's study and mand the severest soul-searching purpose says: work near their close, this venand honesty. How would you ture involving a landing and a answer such as these? Life is a great ship loaded with a trip overland to the National rich cargo of many things to be de- Training School at Kansas City. How do you explain the fact that so livered to many people in many places. large a share of the earth's surface is God is the owner of the ship and I July and August are given to under the control of the white races? am the captain. Everything I have Comradeship, in vacation expe- aboard-my talents, capacity, person- riences with a purpose. The Because Japan started late in the ality, privileges, my money, my time- summer camps furnish "Optionrace for colonies, should she. be de- is a cargo to be delivered. God has al Trips." Incidentally, a fiveprived of her share? intrusted it to me for his children in dollar award is offered for the every place. I do not own what I best digest of study books or an Has Japan as good aright to con- possess. lowe it. God made me the original daily prayer or a new trol Eastern Asia economically as the capta;in of the. ship and it is my job United States has to control Latin to brmg the ShIP to the right port and design for the cover of "The America? discharge the cargo. Queen Esther Guide."

Is there any difference between Jap- In the list of the year's cargo What a fertile motif this anese expansion in Manchuria and are the textbook and auxiliary year's theme furnishes for im- European expansion in Africa? literature, the special depart- aginative young folks! ments in the woman's home mis- What foreign policy do you think sion magazines, certain leaflets The foregoing plan was ex- Japan should pursue in view of her and demonstrations, etc., promincreasing population and limited sup- inent among which is "The Of- ploited and illustrated in a conply of food and raw materials, and in ficial Log Book." ference of Queen Esther girls at view of the exclusion acts and tariff barriers of other nations? Each monthly program is Lakeside, Ohio, last August. fascinatingly developed in har- mony with the dominant figure. Thus: September topic is Member- ship, its devotional keynote is BULLETIN OF The Council of Women for Home Missions ANNE SEESHOLTZ, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY,. 105 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK ~'=I~~~========~~====~~H~ An Experimental Utopia in Hawaif PROBABLY THE EARLIEST OF THE FIVE KAW.AIAHAO CHURCH BUILD- The present Kawaiahao church INGS. THE PRESENT BUILDING OF STONE IS SOMETIMES building was erected by the men THOUGHT OF AS HAWAII'S WESTMINSTER ABBEY of the congregation, who worked as volunteers in five groups, each Together in Worship iloko a ka Zuni), St. Paul and all group working one dav a week. missionaries like him would be The coral blocks of stone which Praising God is not dependent moved to adore "the Father, make up its walls were hewn on language forms. When the from whom every family in from the reef near the harbor Kawaiahao congregation, the heaven and on earth is named.'" entrance. The church was six oldest Hawaiian church in Hono- years in building and is the fifth lulu began the morning services On April 19, 1820, a mission of church buildings. It was dediwith, Hoonani ika Ma Kua Man band of ten workers, with the cated in 1842, "to Jehovah our (Praise God from whom all five C ham b e rIa i n children, God, forever and ever." It is blessings flow) and continued the bravely began housekeeping in sometimes referred to as "Hapraise with Ku lou i ke Lii, ke thatched huts in Honolulu. On waii's Westminster Abbey." In Lii Malu na e (0 Worship the April 24th, the first Sabbath was the regular Sunday morning King, all glorious above), the observed "to bring to the notice services there is a short English white persons present worshiped of the people the sacred day of message (Haiolelo Haole) folalso, for truly God is a Spirit to God." The message was based lowing the Hawaiian sermon be worshiped in spirit and truth. on "Fear not, for behold I bring (Haiolelo Hawaii). The interior Likewise, when the congregation you good tidings of great joy is impressive in the beauty of its prayed, E kai oe, e I ehova (Guide which shall be to all people." It simplicity. A beautiful white me, 0 Thou Great Jehovah) and was probably interpreted, al- cross dominates the spacious, united in the prayer which unites though the missionaries had quiet interior. all followers of Jesus Christ, studied the Hawaiian language namely "Our Father who art in during the one hu'ndred and On Sunday, August 5, 1934, Heaven" (E Ko Ma Kou Makua sixty-three days journey from the English message concerned Boston. Several educated Ha- the visit of Nicodemus to Jesus. • The title Is copied from one at the head waiian youth had accompanied Nicodemus went because Jesus of a different article written by Dr. F. G. them. It is' of interest that be- Himself was a miracle to him. Krauss, Director of Agricultural Extension fore leaving Boston the church We today can be miracles as Service of the University of HawaII, and body or congregation had been Jesus. Why go over the world appearing In The Friend, January. 1934. organized. to seek God when He is within The Friend is the oldest newspaper West of each of us? "Get down on knees, the Rockies. Published once a month since [ 483] seek the inner man within our- 1843. selves, and bring forth the God expression of each of us, to be made perfect like Jesus."

The Church of the Crossroads, begun over ten years ago in Hon- olulu, has served youth of both the student and the past student groups. Young married people of the community, unaffiliated with other churches, have become members. The Covenant in which each member joins as his decla- ration of faith and loyalty, fol- lows: We believe in one God, the Father, BIRTH RATES AND DEATH RATES IN HAWAII 1931-1932 through Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord and Saviour. We believe in (Births Classified by Racial Stock of Child Born) the Lord Jesus Christ as the revelation of the loving purposes of God for Population Births per Deaths per Rate of Increase all men, and we are united in seeking, 1930 1,000 1,000 per 1,000 by the power of fellowship with him, to make ourselves more abundantly 12,592 Popu.lation Popu.lation Population useful in the service of our common 780 Master: Asiatic-Hawaiian 78.1 13.2 64.9 15,632 We therefore covenant together to 139,631 All others 57~ 33~ 24~ uphold this Church of Christ for worship, for mutual helpfulness in Christ- 6,671 Caucasian-Hawaiian 49.7 13.8 35.9 like living, and for more effective serv- 63,052 Japanese ice to our fellowmen. 27,179 30.3 7.2 23.1 Porto Rican The Church of the Crossroads 6,461 Filipino 28.9 12.5 16.4 is the outgrowth of the convic- 27,588 tion of young people of Oriental 44,895 Chinese 23.3 8.5 14.8 ancestry for services conducted 22,636 Korean in the English language. The 22.9 12.1 10.8 Religious Education Committee 1,219 Portugese of the Hawaiian Board of Mis- 22.6 10.1 12.5 sions desirous of seeing whether Other Caucasian such a religious group would Hawaiian 21.7 9.1 12.6 pro v e permanent launched a Spanish "Young People's Service." In 17.8 8.4 9.4 1923 forty persons requested the formation of a church and a full 16.5 23.7 -7.2 decrease time pastor. Galen R. Weaver, was called June 1, 1923 to work 11.9 10.3 1.6 as full-time pastor of the congregation. There are two classes of 368,336 Total all Races 28.2 9.7 18.5 membership, namely, resident (1920) (1921-22) and affiliated. There were 77 39.3 14.3 25.0 charter members of whom twelve 255,912 Total all Races were adults or non-students. Today there are Chinese, Japanese, is principal, is a public school. To day Palama's $200,000 Anglo-Saxon, Filipino, and other The children are all American budget brings medical, dental, races in membership, and the citizens but of the varied ances- nursing, recreation and health children are in the C h u r c h try indicated above. The teach- education to some 50,000 indi- School. The majority of mem- ers a Iso are a cosmopolitan viduals. The Settlement as a bers are originally from non- group. The school does not be- voluntarv agency stands ready Christian homes. little the importance of subject as always to assist the official matter. The objectives of the governmental agencies in the Playing Together program of t his "laboratory adequate performance of their school may be stated in terms of tasks. The above chart of "Birth The school pupils, in their com- social or character education, in Rates and Death Rates in Hamunity, interested in playing to- terms of vocational education, waii" will indicate "the togethgether are not hindered by dif- and in terms of cultural educa- erness" of the task of having ferences in color of skin, dress, tion." The teachers constantly people dwell happily and wholeor language. They understand evaluate their work in terms somely together. each other and playas well as such as health, initiative, restudy together even though there sponsibility, whole-heartedness, A not her illustration of tomay in a group of forty pupils cooperation, and open-minded- getherness in worship, study, be Hawaiian-Chinese, Hawaiian- ness. The occupational activities play, and service can be found in Japanese, Hawaiian-Caucasian, are planned to do three things; the activities of the federation Hawaiian-Puerto Ric a n, Chi- "first, to supply those conditions of business girls' clubs of the nese, Japanese, Filipino, and most adapted to developing gen- Y. W. C. A. Four hundred young others. No adult might fully un- eral social insight and responsi- women of the different nationaliderstand the mixed language bilities; second, to enable the in- ties in Honolulu are bound tospoken on the playground; in dividual to find himself vocation- gether by their common needs, the school hours they speak Eng- ally; and finally, to lay the foun- interests, and enjoyment of life. lish. dations for competence in some specific vocations." Paradise of the Pacific Studying Together The curriculum all must center Jesus said to the neighboring The Kawananakoa Experi- around real needs of the pupils. thief on the cross, "Today thou mental School, Honolulu,of The big aim of (the new educa- shalt be with me in Paradise." which Robert M. Faulkner, M.A., tion) is to bring about a fuller The territory of Hawaii is often and more intelligent living, right referred to as Paradise. This now." title quite obviously applies to climate and natural beauty of the Together in Service islands, and to a discerning ob- server, Paradise might refer to In the heart of Honolulu's the actual dwelling together in most congested district, Palama one place of national groups who Settlement, founded thirty-six in other places misunderstand years ago as Palama Chapel by each other. True, the term "par- a few courageous exemplars of adise" does not necessarily im- Christian service, today wields ply 100% perfection. It does an influence throughout the is- connote much that is desirable. land of Oahu. It is in fact a great It implies successful social ex- public health and social welfare perimenting and a possible center. "utopia in Hawaii."

OUfM!~~~'!::!~feCuS~~~?ok

~'-'=-=-=====-=====-=-==-===============-==~I~' —-: JAPAN -CHOSEN sion sisters will work among the Tokyo Y. M. C. A. dealt with girls employed in factories and camp leadership. Camping in- A Fontune Put to Work native helpers will work among creases in popularity. men. What may be the result in Anniversary of St. Paul's Japan if men of wealth and vi- The Bible by Radio University sion surrender wholly to Jesus Christ and His service may be The first Bible Society broad- St. Paul's University and Midseen in the following statement cast from Tokyo took place last printed in the Indian Witness: March, when Dr. Ibuka spoke on dle School, Tokyo, founded by "Deeply impressed by the work "The Bible and Its Moral Influof Nishida Tenko, a noted Bud- ence." A few days later, a Chris- Bishop Channing Moore Wildhist social worker in Kyoto, a tian lawyer – a teacher in the son of K. Okazaki, Japan's larg- Imperial University, and a pop- liams in 1874, is celebrating est bicycle manufacturer and ular and earnest Bible expositor millionaire politician, decided to -spoke six mornings in succes- its sixtieth year. Alumni and leave home and spend three sion on the cardinal points of years in service to others. He Christianity. As one result of friends are marking the event traveled over the country doing this broadcasting there have all sorts of menial tasks for the been increased sales of Bibles, by an effort to secure additional poor, without thought of remu- and many letters are received neration. During this period he daily. local gifts. The school began wore a band about his shoulders proclaiming his belief that the Sacrificial Service with six little boys in a rented inheritance tax in Japan should be doubled. At first his attitude Mr. Kurihara, Rural Secre- house. Now there are about greatly troubled his family, but tary for the Japanese National finally Mr. Okazaki was com- Christian Council, completed his 2,000 stUdents, boys and young pletely converted to his son's first year of service last March. view of life, and has, as the first During the year he visited fif- men; 254 were graduated last step in his project for social teen prefectures and rendered service, placed 1,000,000 yen at valuable assistance in the Peas- spring from the university, and the disposal of a committee com- ant Gospel Schools, by conferposed of Yoshida Tenko, Col. ences anO addresses on rural 200 more fro m the middle Gumpei Yamamuro of the Sal- work. The Council's budget vation Army, Mr. Tokutomi, a would have made it impossible school. Full government recog- Christian newspaper editor in to continue this work had not Tokyo, and Dr. Toyohiko Kag- Mr. Kurihara sacrificially de- nition was accorded twelve years awa." clared his readiness to carryon regardless of a 68 per cent cut ago. -The Churchman. A Novel Mission in his salary allowance. Korean Boys Accept Christ The Liebenzell Mission began Leadership Training its work only five years ago The Rev. Bliss W. Billings, among the country people in J a- Japanese Christians are stress- missionary in Seoul, spoke durpan. In 1933 the first forty-one ing leadership training. Recently ing five days' visit in the city of Japanese were baptized in four several conferences have been Hamheung, at the Y. M. C. A., stations. The method of work conducted, one of the most out- the Christian Boys' School, and consists in street preaching and standing being under the aus- the Higher School for Girls. At the sale of Christian literature. pices of the Kingdom of God the boys' school he had an audi- A novel feature for reaching the Movement in Tokyo. It discussed ence of about 300. This is in a people of the country consists in the following problems: Chris- district where there has been a Gospel wagon drawn by a cow tian education, literary evan- much communistic talk, and and carrying a tent. The mis- gelism, industrial evangelism, there was fear that the meetings sionary travels from village to social reconstruction, rural re- might be disturbed. village with this model equip- demption, and international coment, preaching the Gospel. Mis- operation. Another interdenomi- "At the close of my meetings national institute held at the on Monday morning we had a decision service for the boys," writes Mr. Billings. "Two-thirds of these boys came from non- Christian homes, but one hun- dren and fifty-four promised to accept Christ as their Saviour and follow Him. One hundred and seven who were already Christians dedicated their lives anew to His work. One hundred and eighty-four promised to be more regular in church attend- ance. Only four out of 276 boys turned in blank papers."

-Christian Advocate.

[485 ]

ISLANDS OF THE SEA NORTH AMERIOA shall become operative in this and in other questions which now confuse our Missions on Bali Questionnaire on Union thought and action.

The work begun a few years A large partial union of Prot- -Presbyterian Survey. ago by the Chinese pastor, Mr. estant churches in the United Tsang, among his own people, States, embracing nearly three- Federal Oouncil's Movie is progressing in a most encour- fourths of the present Protes- Pledge aging way. To the 105 baptized tant church membership, is en- Chinese and natives of Bali, 130 visaged by Dr. H. Paul Doug- Before October 21, when a more have been added and the lass in a report of church unity concerted registration of views pastor is instructing 300 in- movements in the United States. on the motion picture industry quirers. But recently great ob- The study, which has taken be- is sought, the Federal Council stacles are put in the way of this tween three and four years to will send to all Protestant paswork. Many Christians are boy- complete, is based on replies tors, copies of the following cotted. Hindu landowners are from more than 20,000 persons pledge: refusing to rent land to the con- to questionnaires. These were verts and are cutting off their designed to test prevailing senti- I wish to join with other Proteswater supply and even refuse ment for or against church union tants, cooperating with Catholics and burial to the dead. in the United States. The re- Jews, in condemning vile and un- plies came from church leaders, wholesome motion pictures. I unite Rural Work in Philippines ministers, church officials, and with all who protest against them as the rank and file of the member- a grave menace to youth, to home life, In the face of retrenchment, ship of many different denomi- to country and to religion. I condemn the American Board is develop- nations. Of 16,355 persons re- absolutely those salacious motion picing new and effective methods. plying to a ballot on church tures which, with other degrading One is the approach to the rural union, two-thirds stated that agencies, are corrupting public morals problem, initiated jointly by Dr. they favored union of some sort, and promoting a sex mania in our Frank C. Laubach and the mis- either federal or general, while land. I shall do all that I can to sion churches. The latter em- one-third preferred separate de- arouse public opinion against the porploy a rural life expert, Am- nominations. Nine out of ten of trayal of vice as a normal condition brosio Torres, B.S., Iowa Agri- those voting favored the union of affairs, and against depicting crim.- cultural College. Half his time of related denominations. Al- inals of any class as heroes and is spent among the Mohammed- most exactly twice as many re- heroines, presenting their filthy philan Moros, the remainder in lead- plies favor union in some form osophy of life as something acceptable ing a group of Christian work- as favor the continuance of the to decent men and women. I unite ers who understand the needs of present denominational system. with all who condemn the display of rural folk. Theory is combined suggestive advertisements on billwith practical field work in a -The Churchman. boards, at theater entrances and the way to give a new conception of favorable notices given to immoral religion.-Missionary Herald. Declaration Against War motion pictures. Considering these evils, I declare my purpose to remain Outposts and Hotp.e Ohurch The Young Men's Club of away from all motion pictures which Broadway Tabernacle Church, offend decency and Christian morality. One of the little known, far New York City, has framed the I will try to induce others to do the distant outposts of Christianity following declaration: same. I make this protest in a spirit is the little Episcopal Church at of self-respect, and with the convic- Zamboanga, P. 1. The congrega- I have quietly considered what I tion that the American public does tion is made up about equally of would do if my nation should again not demand filthy pictures, but clean English-speaking people, either be drawn into war. entertainment and educational fea- American Army officers or Eu- tures ropean business men and their I am not taking .a pledge, because families, and of natives of Min- I do not know what I would do when School System Arraigned danao and Chinese. English is the heat of the war mood is upon the the language used in the serv- country. But in a mood of calm con- Prof. Walter B. Pitkin, author ices. Since Bishop Brent began sideration I do today declare that I of "Life Begins at Forty," says: work at Mindanao about 30 cannot reconcile the way of Christ years ago, between 50 and 60 with the practice of war. Almost everything we have done in Americans have been confirmed, the United States in education, and and many of these have con- I do therefore set down my name to especially in higher education, has tiued to be faithful church mem- be kept in the records of my church, been wrong. Recently I looked up the bers on returning to their own so that it will be for me a reminder educational record of several of those land-an evidence that the mis- if war should come; and will be a financiers who have ruined others in sion may reenforce the Church solemn declaration to those who .hold the past few years. Most of them at home.-Spirit of Missions. to this conviction in time of war that were either college graduates or the I believe them to be right; and I do recipients of honorary degrees from desire with my whole 1nind and heart our American colleges. I cannot be that I shall be among those who keep proud of an educational system that to this belief. turns out guilty barbarians.

I set down my name to make concrete Warden Lewis E. Lawes; of my present thought upon the question Sing Sing, has this to say: of war, and declare my purpose to think and talk with others about it, There is no moral force in the class- that my belief in the Way of Christ room. The prisoner boasts of a com- plete public school record and in many cases has reached high school and even higher institutions of learning. The failure of our schools and gen- eral educational methods is filling our

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

juvenile homes, our reformatories and Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Missis- convert of a revival a year later our prisons. There is hardly a juve- sippi and Louisiana, numbered nearly in Godthaab, largest town in nile institution that is not a crime in- 4,000, and at present the number of Greenland, felt the call, and soon cubator. students is only a little below the he and his wife were on their average for the past ten years. The way. Here is the sequal: A re- -School Executives Magazine. attendance at farmers' conferences cent Danish paper, Kristeligt and other specialized activities run- Dagblad, says: "The last heathen Capital Well Invested ning from a day or two to a week or more has actually increased, so that Eskimo in Greenland was bap- The 53 colleges and academies more than 10,000 Negro adults and tized on Whit-Sunday." This affiliated with the Presbyterian young people have received either Church have a total capital in- limited or full term instructions dur- tribe numbers 300. vestment of $94,931,847, of ing the year as compared with about -Alliance Weekly. which endowment funds consti- 9,000 during previous years. In adtute about $48,000,000; and dition to the actual school and con- LATIN AMERICA grounds, buildings and equip- ference work specially trained teachment about $46,000,000, an in- ers are sent to homes and cross-roads Perpetual Revolution vestment which during the year far back in the country districts, for 1932-33 benefited 24,831 stu- community service and school exten- In Mexico City a new monudents. Of the 46,476 graduates sion work. In this way definite in- ment is being erected which of all these schools, the number structions in home-making, sanitation, bears the inscription: To THE of ministers is 4,290; of mis- canning, agriculture and better living REVOLUTION – YESTERDAY, Tosionaries, 878; of full-time re- of every kind is conveyed to many ligious workers, 465; of work- thousands too remote, or too poor to DAY AND FOREVER. ers in the field of religion, 5,653 ; come to the schools. of workers in the field of edu- The National Revolutionary cation, 13,298;. of workers in -The Living Church. Party, which controls the presother fields of service, 27,525, ent administration, has dedicated according to statistics published Opium Smoking in U. S. itself afresh to the cause of soby the Presbyterian Board of cial reformation. Mexico is defi- Christian Education. Opium smoking is increasing nitely developing a large meas- in the United States to such an ure of federal control over all Bank Becomes a Church extent that Federal officials are departments of life. A recent alarmed. Stuart J. Fuller, Ameri- issue of a Mexico City news- can delegate to the sessions of paper carried these significant the League of Nations advisory headlines: committee on traffic in opium, A Mexican Baptist Church in shows that opium is smuggled "COMMISSION TO REGULATE "THE into the United States chiefly PRICE OF MEDICINE." Chicago meets in a building for- from China and Manchukuo. He says: "PROPOSAL FOR THE NATIONALIZAmerly a bank, but closed by the TION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." The opium smoking vice, hitherto depression. Where the riches of on the decline in the United States, "PROPOSAL TO UNIONIZE THE PRO- has undergone a marked recrudes- FESSIONS WHERE INDIVIDUALS MAY earth were once closely guarded, cence. Over twice as much smoking PRACTICE AND WHAT FEES THEY MAY opium was seized in the United States CHARGE." the riches of heaven are now in 1933 as in 1932, and the first three months of 1934 showed seizures befreely passed out to the spirit- coming more frequent and quantities It is confidently expected that increasing. ually needy. In this church the this year an amendment will 8th Annual Spanish~speaking Triumph in Greenland pass both branches of the Mexi- Baptist Convention of the North In northern Greenland, a prim- itive tribe of Eskimos, as re- can Congress, 'which will require was held last April. Registered cently as 1904, lived entirely on raw meat and were clad only in that the Marxian type of socialdelegates numbered 171. Two bear skins. Two Danish ex- plorers who visited them that ism be taught in all schools. To new Mexican Baptist churches year to study their customs met an aged Eskimo who said to quote the language of the prowere recognized at Pontiac and them: "If you can give us a better religion which can help posed bill, its purpose is to free Flint, making a total of 22 us to live rightly, and give us peace with the spirits and with the country from religious prejchurches and missions scattered ourselves in this world and the next, please give it to us." udice and dogmatism, and to from Wichita, Kansas, to New Returning to Denmark, these provide a culture based on scien- York City. -Missions. explorers roused the church to answer this appeal, but while the tific truth, and to orient the church was willing to assume re- Kingdom Building for Negroes sponsibility, no one volunteered ideals and activities of the youth to go. A young Greenlander, The American (Protestant in the ser'l)ice of the collective Episcopal) Church Institute for Negroes reports valuable work body. Under this law it will be during 1933. impossible for any evangelical In spite of drastically reduced income, the Institute, which maintains school to continue. However, nine church schools for Negroes, has succeeded in paying every dollar there are no limitations put upon promised its teachers and other employees, and in discharging all finan- the distribution of Bibles or cial obligations of every kind incurred for the maintenance of the schools. tracts. There is also liberty to The total enrolment in the Institute's schools, which are to be found in teach children and adults in North and South Carolina, Virginia, church buildings. This opens be- fore the evangelical churches of Mexico an effectual opportunity to Christianize the rural masses which are at the base of the na- tion's life. -Missions.

One Man's Effort pel message. A petition signed it; I will strive to make it every- by men in ten Quicha villages where and always impossible." Here is the result of a Baptist begs for instruction in Chrisveterinary surgeon moving into tianity. An Australian mission- -The Christian Century. the town of Banes, Cuba. A ary, who visited them reports: new church with 65 charter Revival in France members was organized in this The Indians came in to end their city of 15,000. The veterinarian quarrels over land, and to give each A group of pastors in the dedicates a part of his income the right of neighborly good will. valley of the Drome, southern to rent a gospel hall and con- Fifty or sixty women and children sat France, are leading a revival ducts the services. Once a month on the ground, and standing round throughout the whole country. a Cuban pastor visits them. The them, in ranks four to five deep, were While the Protestant population achievement was without finan- the men. Nothing could exceed their of France is only two per cent, cial help from the Baptist Home eagerness in listening. Then they pre- there has been going on in that Mission Society – an organiza- sented a paper, written by Marcelino country for some years a movetion which supports four mis- Quespi, the one baptized Indian in the ment comparable to the Welsh sionary pastors. village and signed by forty-two men. revival. The Drome is an old In this they declared their united pur- Huguenot country, and the "good – WatchrJW,n-Examiner. pose to obey the teaching of the Lord seed" has been thoroughly sown Jesus Christ." through this region. Led by their Salvation on Devil's Island pastors in repentance, confession -So S. Times. and reconsecration, the congre- The French Government has gations followed, and a great inpermitted the Salvation Army to EUROPE crease in spirituality was noted, carryon Gospel work among the first in the lives of individual French criminal deportees of William Carey Centenary pastors and then in their flocks. Devil's Island, which is off the Conversions have followed in east coast of French Guiana. The 100th anniversary of the every village save one where this The Scottish Bible Society has death of William Carey was re- group has conducted meetings. recently sent 500 New Testa- cently commemorated in many Church attendance has doubled ments and 3,000 Gospels to the villages of England. At Moul- in many places, sometimes inisland. ton, where he was a pastor for creasing fivefold. Among the four years, two bells were added Christians there has been a re- Another "Christ of the Andes" to the parish church, one of them vival in spiritual life, in prayer, bearing his name and the other and in Bible study. Another statue similar to the the heads of his famous sermon. famous "Christ of the Andes," In other places where he had -Alliance Weekly. is being erected high in the dreamed his great dream "Carey mountains of South America on Sunday" was observed. This German Evangelicals Seek Aid the boundary line between Chile learned cobbler missionary masand Peru. The original statue tered thirty languages in India, The Protestant churches of of bronze stands 26 feet high on and superintended the transla- the world, represented at the ana granite pillar ~n the border tion of the Bible into all of them. nual meeting of the Universal between Chile and the Argentine He wrote grammars and diction- Christian Council in Fano, Den- Republic. Here it was placed 30 aries of these languages. He mark, were requested to send a years ago to mark the peaceful also farmed, ran an indigo plant, special emissary to reside in settlement of a boundary dispute built a printing press, estab- Germany for a few months. This that had disturbed the relations lished schools and colleges, evan- represents the desire of insurof the two countries for more gelized, visited the sick, and as gent orthodox German pastors than half a century. The new pastime, engaged in botanical to have a spokesman for the rest statue will commemorate the end research. of Protestant Christianity on the of strained relations between scene to help resist Reichsbishop Chile and Peru that began with Manifesto Against War Ludwig Mueller's determination the war of 1870 and ended in to place the entire German 1929 with an arbitration in The Christian pacifist groups church under the yoke of his which the United States had an of the British Isles, under the swastika dictatorship. important part. – Methodist chairmanship of Canon Raven Protestant Recorder. and Rev. Henry Carter, have is- Accompanying this proposal sued a manifesto, which con- will be one that all churches that Indians Respond in Peru cludes: are members of the Council di- rect their clergy to read from The Melbourne, Australia, Bi- We dare not go on pretending that the pUlpit periodically a report ble Institute, with a student body the ways of war are the ways or the on the condition of Protestantof 80, and the Perth, Australia, Father of all men. Nor dare we any ism in the fatherland of the Ref- Bible Institute have sent mis- longer tolerate the continuance of po- ormation. The press will be resionaries to Bolivia, where In- litical systems that, leading inevitably quested to give more publicity dians are responding to the Gos- to war, frustrate the will of God. A to the Reichsbishop's persecu- world that in its governments flouts tion of his opponents. God is blindly preparing for itself disaster ….. Each of us is bound in loyalty to say: "Because war is against the character and purpose of God, I will not only take no part in

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Children in Spain pressure of the times required the converts number more than three giving more self-government to hundred, including two village chiefs The new government in Spain the native churches. There was -the first Gbari chiefs to confess tries especially to take care of much discussion of the financial Christ. Seed sowing in this southernchildren where the mortality un- stress (which was not caused most part has been done mostly by der one year of age had reached merely by the economic pressure converts visiting near-by villages, and 115 per thousand as compared of the times, but even more seri- in the space of a few weeks the 'Jesus with 70 in other countries of ously by the religious agitations ~ews' has spread and the people have Europe. In Madrid alone there which were unsettling the faith Joyfully responded. The converts inwere over 1,000 children street of Christian people). On the clude several very old men. In the beggars and in other cities the background of the trends in na- town farthest south, a young man percentage was little better. The tional thinking, the strain be- heard there were Christians in places government has now increased tween nationalism and the world to the north and came to Karu (a the number of public schools by wide nature of missions, received round trip of about 250 miles), to 7,000 in its fight against illit- an unusual amount of attention. find out if the Jesus news was true. eracy, and plans to add 5,000 It was agreed that un-christian He joyfully accepted Christ, and his yearly until there shall be 27,000 and unbiblical things must be whole village, including his father new schools. excluded as much as at all pos- who is the chief, have now turned to sible, but that the nationalistic ~he Lord. Two villages recently joined Lutherans in Denmark and racial tendencies are to be III one group, and spent the whole more fully considered in the night singing hymns. Denmark's established religion building of new churches. is the Lutheran. The national Love's LaboT Not Lost church, or iolkkyrkan, has over AFRICA 3,000,000 members, or about 98 Rev. Daniel Hastings, misper cent of the population. The The Bible or Death sionary of the American Board s~ate church has 2,393 congrega- in Bailundo, writes of seeing tIOns, 1,276 parishes, 90 dis- The Bible Society Record tells 4,000 people worshipping totricts, 1,564 ministers. of a robber chief in Egypt who gether; most of them first gen- stole a Bible from a colporter. eration Christians. A new church Other adherents numbered 67,- No Moslem could read it to him. was needed, and a call was sent 459, according to the census of At last he heard of a Copt who out to every adult Christian 1921, distributed as follows: could read it, and, throwing the church member to give four Book into the Copt's lap the rob- days' labor. This meant 11,000 Roman Catholics …….. 22,137 ber commanded him to read it people giving four days' work Greek Catholics ……… 535 to him. each – more than was needed, Methodists ………….. 4,858 but since all wished to help, they Baptists ……………. 6,989 "Oh, no, I cannot." were given that privilege. Adventists ………….. 2,622 "Why not?" Quakers……………. 13 "The Coptic priest would ex- In the Quipeio division, 100 Followers of Zwingli ….. 3,459 communicate me." miles from Bailundo, 75 new Reformed …………… 1,164 The robber chief brandished members have been received, and Anglicans. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 409 his club, and bade the man take after a series of conferences in Unitarians ………….. 195 his choice, to be excommunicated Omungo, 124 new members. Other Protestant Churches 1 762 or killed. So the Copt read. The Other Christian Churches '196 robber became interested, sought -Missionary Herald. Mormons …………… 487 out missionaries, and later was Jews ………………. 5,947 converted to Christ. Calling his Open Door in the Congo Otper Religious Faiths .. 3,942 robber band together he said: WIthout Any Designation 12,744 "I have always dealt squarely A medical school of the Eng- with you. Don't be afraid I will lish Baptists at Yakusu, turns -Lutheran News Service. squeal on you. But from now out boys who can stand up to on I don't know you, and you an hour's oral medical examina- Continental Conference don't know me." He became a tion in French by two visiting Christian elder, and helped to government doctors, and come This conference which was build a Christian church. through with 80 per cent. There founded in 1866 met this year are now 15 Christian boys in in Bremen. There were 70 rep- In Southern Nigeria training, and six have already resentatives of 35 mission so- gone out with the school's dicieties. They came from seven A spiritual awakening among ploma. Dr. Clement Chesterton, states of the European continent the Gbari tribe in Southern Ni- who has devoted several years and represented a total of 2,500 geria is noted in the Moody to building and equipping this missionaries. All reported finan- Bible Institute Monthly. Mr. hospital and school, has now cial difficulties; all were deter- Oliver, of the Sudan Interior been asked to organize complete mined to carryon, in spite of mission, .says: and regular visitation of two hindrances caused by the· active provinces, all traveling expenses encroachments of Islam, the in- A great advance has extended to being paid by the government. creasing propaganda of Rome the banks of the Niger River, and He writes: and the irresistible advance of Western culture. All reported Weare to arrange for treatment that doors were wide open every- of the sick, by erection, equipment where; but that the increasing and staffing of village dispensaries such as we already have in operation.

Organization and discipline of the WESTERN ASIA INDIA, BURMA, SIAM staff are to be entirely in our hands. Then and Now We have already accepted half the Turkey's Educational Advance area offered, and shall be receiving In spaking of the changes in from the government about £600 in According to the 1927 census, India, Canon Holland says: "I cash per annum and £4,000 worth of only 10 per cent of the Turkish cannot help but contrast the drugs. This means the sole provision population could read. At pres- series of meetings held by E. of medical aid to over 150,000 in- Stanley Jones with the series I habitants in an area of over 10,000 ent it is estimated that half the arranged for John R. Mott 25 square miles. people are literate. This prog- years ago. He spoke to that au- ress is chiefly due to evening dience for three nights and dared -So S. Times. schools for adults, introduced not mention the name of Jesus Why Change the Class Hour? four years ago. Education in Christ until the fourth night, the army has done much to di- Two women in Nairobi, East minish illiteracy. Primary edu- and when he did the whole meet- Africa, who come in from the cation is obligatory, and many ing broke up in confusion; the country every week to attend a a Turkish village school com- leading Hindus stalked out. The class in an English mission in pares quite well with similar in- East Africa asked recently if name of Jesus Christ stood for the class might begin and end stitutions in Western countries. everything that they hated. Now one hour earlier. The reason they Education is free of charge and gave was that the lions along even in government boarding you begin with the name of the way were getting trouble- Christ as your first word; you some, and even before sunset schools no fee for the mainte- nance is made. interpret Him for them in the light of their need; they sit here were prowling the roads. The Press in Persia night after night and want more -The Living Church. of it; I am astonished at the Livingstone Enshrined Political propaganda, espe- difference." cialy that of a communist type, – Watchman-Examiner. Overlooking the great cataract, has led the Persian Government Interest or Conversion? to issue strict rules as to the which he was the first European publishing and importing of lit- An Indian Christian who gradto see, a statue to David Living- erature. For a time no religious uated from St. Augustin's Colstone was unveiled on August 5, pUblication of any kind was per- lege, Canterbury, writes from 1934, on the brink of Victoria mitted in Persia, but permission Madras: was finally secured to publish a "Since my return to India and Falls. The ceremonies were pamphlet on Bible study by Dr. being in the thick of it, I have Robert P. Wilder. This is the become strongly convinced that broadcast to hundreds of thou- first formal recognition of the sands of listeners in Africa, right of the Persian Church to this is no time to draw attention publish literature in Persian for to what is good and noble in England and America. Former its own nurture-a milestone in Hinduism, but to emphasize the Premier H. U. Moffatt of South- the progress of religious liberty. A Christian dervish, Mansoor fundamental difference between ern Rhodesia unveiled the me- Sang, has kept up his great work our philosophy and theirs. The of scattering literature in outmorial in the presence of the of-the-way places, and the steady former method doe s make use of books and tracts by indi- friends for Christianity, particlargest crowd ever assembled at viduals continues.-Intermission Literature Committee of Persia. ularly among the Nationalistthe falls. The statue is so near minded youth of the country, but Persecutions in Turkestan we simply are not getting conthe thundering water that it will The Swedish Mission in Chi- verts. There is friendly curibe covered by spray during the nese Turkestan, which works osity, but not conviction of sin rainy season. The voice of the among Chinese and Moslems and or the need of a Saviour. The Premier was almost drowned in has its field of labor next to the heart still remains untouched the roar of the mightiest of mission of the Moravians in the and will remain untouched as cataracts as he said (in part: Himalayan country, has suffered long as we give the impression, "While Lincoln freed 4,000,000 inexpressibly through the col- however unwittingly, that one slaves in North America by a lapse of the Chinese rule in those religion is as good as another; stroke of the pen, David Living- that is to say, that Christianity stone in Africa struck at the at the most is only a crown and roots of the evil by exposing to fulfilment of Hinduism, and not the world the horrors of trade something essentially and radiin human beings, and he may cally dissimilar ….. The results well have saved an equal number."

This fitting tribute to one of the greatest of modern mission- parts. According to travelers of making a compromise with aries will immortalize for generations to come the life which and fugitives the mission has paganism are all too apparent brought the Light of the world been almost exterminated and and healing to Africa. many native Christians have in this area among Roman Cath- been cruelly put to death on ac- olics who are losing converts by – World Call. count of their faith. the hundred on the question of caste."-The Living Church.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Progress in Morals years has swelled the number of A Look at Burma Christians from about 10,000 to Under the Bombay Children's 90,~00. The dynamic principle Seven different languages are Act of 1924, 75 destitute children were rescued in 1933 and WhICh has contributed to the re- used by the Methodist Church in ~ent to the new Children's Home sult is expressed in the motto of m Umkerkhadi. In two cases the Medak Boy Scouts: "A clean its work in Burma. There is at the children were rescued from h~art, ~, clean home, and a clean prostitutes' houses. Under the vIllage. Some years ago a Hin- le~st one organized congregation ~ombay Prevention of Prostitu- du shopkeeper had been drawn tion Act of 1923, there were 196 t~ Christ by a piece of paper in wIth a regularly appointed pascase.s dealt .with according to hIS waste paper basket that con- ~ectIon 3 WhICh refers to solicit- tained the words "Blessed are tor for each language group. The mg. Of these, 195 resulted in the pure in heart,' for they shall cor;viction and only one in ac- census shows that there are q~Ittal; 28 cases were also dealt see God." When he heard that wIth under ~ection 5 for living it came from the Gospel of St. about 14,600,000 people in Buron the earnmgs of prostitutes, Matt~ew he bought a copy and and of these, 19 ended in con- read It through. Finding there ma, of whom about 10,000,000 viction, five in acquittal and four cases are still pending. These were other similar books in what are Burmans; but of the 33ce1~0s0u0s facts show that while the new was called the New Testament Christians listed in the laws to purify Bombay city op- he bought and read them all, and er~te .slowly, yet they are surely t~en ~sked the searching que~ report for 1931, only about 11 – brmgmg about a purer Bombay ~IOn, . Are .there any people livand are rescuing India's young mg.lt~e thts Book?" Becoming 000 Burmans are numbered. ' people from the grip of vice. a dIscIple of Jesus he did volun- tary Christian work so well that The Chinese-Indian District -Dnyanodaya. he was set apart for the min- combines in one administrative Sarda Act Evaded istry, and when he was ordained unit five language sections of There is g row i n g concern he preached for his ordination throughout India over the way sermon from the very text that ~or~ among Chinese and Indian the "Sarda Act" of 1929 (for ~ad led hi.m to Jesus, impress- ImmIgrants. t~e prevention of child mar- mg the Hmdus who heard him r~ages) has been systematically by his message on the clean The educational program is clrc.umvented. During the brief perIOd between the passing of heart 3;s the only remedy where- varied, racially. About 3 200 tth~eousAacntdsanodf Iintds iaennfuonrdceerm-eangt~ by IndIa can gain that vision of gIrls. were married, with the boys and girls have been redeivconmvance of Hindu priests. God which is India's goal. Money penalties were so light as -Dnyanodaya. ing Christian education in a systo be considered merely as an additional dowry. Women's con- tem of schools ranging all the ferences all over India are now resolved to create a healthier ,":ay from small, unregistered public opinion. While other religionists are not guiltless, vIlI~ge schools to high schools among the greatest culprits in the matter are the orthodox Hin- WhICh prepare candidates for dus. At a recent Sarda Conference, resolutions were passed university entrance. to the effect that marriages should be null and void that are -Christian Advocate. contracted in contravention of existing laws, that district mag- The Church in Dornakal Winning a Hold in Burma istrates should be empowered to prevent such marriages, and At a meeting of the Andhra .E.. Carroll Condict, Baptist that the age of consent should mIssIOnary dentist, writes that be raised.-Dnyanodaya. Christian Council it was shown he extracted 78 teeth for Bur- ~ans, Chinese and Indians dur- Living the Gospel that .there were 25,000,000 peo- mg a seven-hour visit at Kama. He feels that in no other way Methodist work in the Nizam's ple m the Madras Presidency could he have done so much to dominions during the past 25 prepare ~he way for the Gospel, and the Nizam's Dominions. Of and that It was a splendid object lesson in helping others. He re- these 818,699 nuarmebeCr hwreisrteiaRnos~' p.ort~ a movement toward Chris- 85,760 of this tlamty among Southern Chins. The 372 baptisms in 1933 was a man Catholics, i. e., about four- d?zen m.ore than double the pre- YIOUS hIghest number baptized teen per cent. The growth during m a year, which 'was 180 in 1932.-Burma News. the decade in the Christian com- munity in the Telugu districts w.as fifty-two per cent as against Another Boon Itt nmeteen per cent only in the non-Telugu dis t ric t s. The One of the results of the for- growth in the Madras – Telugu ~ati?n of the Church of Christ districts during the last forty m Slam was the withdrawal of years may be shown thus: m.issionaries from the city of No. of Christians: Pltsanuloke, 250 miles north of 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 B~ngkok. The name of Boon Itt 136,122 288,689 348,604 455,766 693,692 Percentage wIll always be associated with of increase 112% 21% 31% 52% the founding of Christian work Chr:istians have increased five- in this city in 1897. He was the fold smce 1891. The increase in the Hyderabad State during the first Siamese to study abroad last ten years was 142 per cent. and return to his own land for -C. M. S. Outlook. Christian work. He died in a1f9t0er4~ from cholera. Not long

ward the Boon Itt Memorial In- year-has just reached maturi- The services of Buddhists and stitute was founded and served ty, so to speak. Its growth has Taoist priests shall be dispensed with. as a center for young men until been slow but steady, a growth taken over by the Y. M. C. A. with a great purpose always in All superstitions in connection with Today there is another Boon Itt the foreground, that of giving the funeral shall be disregarded. his son, at Pitsanuloke. Dr. S: aid both spiritual and physical B. Boon Itt is a graduate of to those afflicted with leprosy. Finally the hope is expressed "that Silliman Institute and the Uni- all . farsighted people can combine versity of the Philippines. For On January 29th, the anni- theIr efforts to break down extravaseveral years he has had an im- versary celebrations took place. gant customs." portant government position in Foreigners, officials, 1e a din g Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok. He merchants, church members, stu- Flood and Drought Losses has now resigned to take charge dents, all who could make the of the mission hospital at Pit- trip to the islands were invited. An official report represents sanuloke with the aim of making H. E. the Lord Lieutenant of it self-supporting. No mission Bayab Circle was the principal China's flood and drought losses doctor has been resident for sev- speaker. It was His Excellency's eral years, and the need is great. father who was largely instru- as in excess otwf o$-1th,0i0rd0,s00o0f,0t0h0~ That the son of the founder of mental in securing the island site and covering Christian work there should join for its present use, and it was with other national leaders in his father who opened the first nation's area. The drought has an all-Siamese program is a permanent buildings in 1913. hopeful sign that the new church affected 343 counties in four- CHINA will succeed. teen provinces; the floods 112 -The Christian Century. A Needed Reform counties in thirteen provinces, Paul Whang, an observing Ch~nese with a Yale background, and the locusts 68 counties in belIeves that one of the principal causes of poverty among his eight provinces. countrymen is due to the enor- mous sums they expend on mar- It is believed the death list in riages and funerals. He calls this "atrocious improvidence." Antung exceeds 600, most of In Shanghai it is common for $20,000 (Mex) to be spent on a these being Chinese in the poor- single wedding or funeral. In marriage it is the fashion that er section of the town. Prob- spacious halls must be rented for the occasion, dinners of no less ably 30,000 persons are home- than thirty courses must be given, and noted actors and ac- less. The Manchukuo Govern- tresses must be engaged to en- Getting Into Operation tertain the guests. ment has rushed aid to the area.

In the first General Assembly "In case of a funeral a costly -New York Times. native or imported coffin must be of Siam's National Christian procured for the deceased, and Opium Problem Again Church, representation was not a long procession, with the parconfined to church officers; there ticipation of hundreds of Bud- The National Christian Counwere women delegates, teachers dhists and Taoists and other par- cil has recently appointed a comand evangelists. While the newly aphernalia, must parade through mittee on narcotics in order to organized church is of Presby- as many busy thoroughfares as find out what the Church can do terian background regarding or- police permit. with regard to China's rapidly ganization and doctrine, groups growing drug menace. State that had other forms of baptism An Association for Marriage monopoly in Manchukuo and the are to follow their own custom. Reform has adopted a number emergence of clandestine fac- Three major standing commit- of regulations, among them: tories in China present a new tees were formed-Evangelistic phase of the problem. A Chris- Educational and Medical, and That all wedding gifts and dowries tian conference held in Manthese in turn were subdivided to of the bride must be Chinese native churia decided to get in touch embrace every phase of activity. goods. with the Japanese churches to see what could be done about the The churches are grouped into That banquets given on the wedding uncontrolled nature of the traffic day shall not exceed $4 for each table. in that territory. Since the narseven districts, or presbyteries, cotic traffic in China is now so six according to geographical di- That no wedding gift shall exceed largely involved with militaristic vision and the seventh consisting the value of $1. interests, what was once mainly of Chinese churches and groups a moral problem for the church wherever they may be. They are In regard to funerals it is proposed is now an intricate political that: problem.-Christian Century. as follows: The cost of the coffin shall not be Chiengmai Province; Chiengrai and more than $200.

Lampang; Nan and Prae; Pitsanu- loke and Bangkok; Nakawn PSrraittoammae~ Bible Discussion Group Ratburi and Petchaburi; Rev. Lyman V. Cady, of Cherat and Trang; the Chinese churches. 100 School of Theology, writes in the Missionary Herald of a General Assembly is to meet Bible discussion group formed once in three years, with ad in- largely from the faculty of the terim business assigned to a new 1y organized Shantung Provincial Medical School. On council of fourteen members. that faculty are two Christian -Siam Outlook. doctors, one of whom especially was an eager witness to his Leper Home Silver Anniversary Chiengmai Leper Asylum has just passed its twenty-fifth

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

faith. Mr. Cady, who was asked of Christ in China. Over 50 per planation of the origin of all war to lead the discussion, writes: cent of the Shensi church mem- and human strife. This is that bers were found to be illiterate, most human beings eat meat of Dr. Chow, whose daily Christian the percentage of learners un- one kind or another. This necesliving, charming persol1ality, and able to read being as high as 75 sitates the killing of the animal Christian enthusiasm had outworn all per cent. It was thereupon eaten. After death, the soul of derision and criticism of his col- agreed that the first essential the slain animal is born again in leagues, had brought the president of was to organize literacy classes, a human body; but the soul the college, the dean of studies, four to require that the voluntary su- maintains its hatred of the huother faculty members, and a number perintendent and teacher should man that killed its former incarof nurses and students. We talked be found locally; students to pay nation, and in the body of the freely, had typically skeptical Confu- for their own books and writing human it seeks revenge for the cian reactions to spiritual things, and materials; and a suitable build- past wrong. Thence comes all the reflection of Western materialistic ing, with tables, forms, a black- human strife, bitterness and scientific training which these men board and chalk, to be provided hatred into the world. To beg had been through; yet there was locally. For each class conform- forgiveness for having eaten an open-mindedness, and a readiness ing with the above regulations meat is thus to ask mercy at havfor discussion. a grant of $6 would be given. ing wittingly created hatred and strife. We have passed from the question Rev. A. Keith Bryan writes: of whether tqere is a God, to the MISCELLANEOUS closer and more personal one of "How From the way in which their eager Can I Know God?" Weare now com- faces lit up when we made known our Men and Missions Sunday ing to the heart of things in "Draw- proposal, it was evident that the suging Near to God in Jesus Christ." gestion met a real need, though in Sunday, November 18th, is rec- Each time we use our New Testa- some cases it was difficult to find a ommended for the observance of ments. Some teachers come from suitable building, and in others to find "Men and Missions Sunday," in other government schools; wives of persons willing to undertake this piece all churches. Last year this was faculty members; two trained agri- of service as teacher or superin- observed by Christian leaders culturists from Cheeloo Experimental tendent. In others there was fear in 837 cities and towns. The Farm; two lawyers from the city. that the grant would be insufficient churches need some plan by The enthusiasm and the personal work to cover necessary expenses. Next to which the responsibility for the of Dr. Chow is the living center of the eager way in which those unable missionary task might be shoulthis whole enterprise, and he con- to read and write welcomed the idea, dered by the men of the church. tinues to draw men into our group. the most pleasing thing was the will- The women have a Women's Mis- ingness of some people to undertake sionary Society-but only where A Steady Growth this voluntary service. In a few cases exceptional leadership is avail- the difficulty was not to find a teacher, able is there a Men's Missionary In the Paotingfu field of the but to select a teacher from the five Society or club. American Board there are 90 or six people who were all eager and organized churches and 17 vil- willing to teach. A missionary-minded pastor lages which have regular wor- will not find it difficult to enlist ship services. An important The Buddhist View of War the cooperation of some of his phase of the work is the reli- laymen in planning for an apgious education in these village Chinese Buddhist seers and prc,priate service once a year. churches. Classes have been held the Lamaists have prophesied a An interdenominational commuin 87 of them this past year, world war of unprecedented pro- nity men's missionary supper with a total of 2,070 men and portions which is to break out may be arranged where the lay- 533 women enrolled. More than this year. Just now 108 Lama men of one church may encourthree quarters of that number monks are chanting prayers day age the men of other churches are under 30 yers of age. In the and night for 108 days that the or communions to take their Leaders Training classes 2'35 world may be saved from such a missionary obligation more serimen and 21 women were en- catastrophe. There are alto- ously. rolled. From these classes in- gether 170 monks, 60. of whom creasingly better material is are snatching brief periods of An attractive manual entitled found for the work in the local rest while the 108 continue their "The Hope of the Nations," has churches and classes. chanting. This is happening in been prepared by the Laymen's the chief Lama Temple of Pei- Missionary Movement, 19 South -Missionary Herald. ping. The ceremony is said to be LaSalle Street, Chicago, giving most impressive. The prayers suggestions and material which Mass Education in Shensi are being offered to bring man- will be of help to any who wish kind to cease their strife and to assist in this nation-wide pro- The Christian Church in Shensi hatred. They express repent- gram. has been stirred to attack the ance on behalf of humanity for literacy problem within its own having eaten meat, and promise Money, received and administered borders, and success has fol- never to do so again. The Pei- and distributed at the feet of Jesus, lowed the effort. A Shensi ping Chronicle gives an explana- becomes one of God's choicest channels Synod of Religious Education tion of this: "This rather pecul- of grace to myself and others.-An- Board was formed in 1933, to iar way of praying for peace drew Murray. coordinate the branches of reli- springs from the Buddhist exgious education already existing in Shensi, and to develop them along lines advocated by the General Assembly of the Church Our Missionary Bookshelf Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information The Other Half of Japan (A Rural pire. There is rich illustrative who was born in Baghdad near Perspective). By Edward M. Clark, Ph.D., Professor of New Testament material for ministers, class the very spot "where the last of Exegesis and Rural Evangelistic Problems in Chuo Theological Sem- teachers and friends of mis- the 'Abbasid Califs surrendered inary, Kobe, Japan. 198 pp. $1.50. Evangelical Press, Harrisburg, Pa. sions. Incidents of heroic Chris- to the Mongol conqueror." In six 1934. tian pioneers among the J apa- chapters we have the story of Here is a valuable piece of nese, facts revealing need be- Harun better known from the work. Dr. Clark's double appointment is an interesting one yond any thought of casual Arabian Nights than from the and the book reveals both aspects of his interest. A typical American Christians, plans for historic sources on which this bisentence on page 73 refers to "the full Gospel, of which good approaching these great rural ography ought to have been health must be admitted to be part." In similar fashion Dr. areas, description of the Rural based. Clark warns us that "nothing is Community Parish, of which The author first sets the stage, to be gained by assuming too pronounced an attitude of sym- 1,000 are needed in Japan, and then portrays his hero in golden pathy with these fine old religions. They are fine and they a score more of vital matters' prime, followed by the tragedy are old but they have not the dynamic which Jesus portrays have their place. Readers will of Barmak, a stain on his otherand which He alone can give learn many things in this book wise great career, and closes through faith. The prevalent superlative attitude of friendli- which they never knew before with an account of the aftermath ness toward the old religions seems to reveal either a lack of but need to know if they are to and retrospect. experimental knowledge of the help Japan most rationally. power and value of the Chris- S. M. ZWEMER. tion religion or little more than a book knowledge of the older re- The average farmer's family Chrisltian Missions and a New World ligions." Culture. By Archibald G. Baker. lives on 1,044 yen a year and a S vo. 321 pp. $2.00. Willett, In this definitely Christian yen is worth just now 30 cents mood, and with no harsh terms, Dr. Clark discusses the rural with normal value of 50 cents Clark & Co., Chicago. 1934. problem in Japan, using the factual material from the Japan American money. Dr. Clark This book is an attempt to volumes of the Laymen's Inquiry and many other documents proposes the "planting" of a ru- deal with a very real problemwhich authenticate or illustrate his theses. The Danish Folk ral group on a small plot of the relation between religion and Schools furnish a background for part of the discussion, but ground to maintain a full Chris- culture. It deals in particular stress is laid on Farmer's Gospel Schools for Japan. The tian witness, showing how farm with the relation between Chris- Harima Mission, a project under the eye of Dr. Clark him- life can be lived nobly, self-sup- tianity and a universal culture self, is a large begining of such a movement but it appears in porting, helpful, expressive of of the future. The volume conmany other sections of the Em- the total Gospel of our Lord. tains very interesting descrip- Foreign agencies, like missions, tive data of the psychological may become sponsors for these and historical forces which de- rural projects so long as they termine the relationship between need such aid. The whole scheme culture and religion, but it does involves a 40-year project, of not seem to us to deal basically which the first five years would with the true problem of either.

be preparative, the next five ex- Two main impressions are left pansive until at least 100 Par- upon the reflective reader after ishes are under way, followed by he has gone through these pages.

a 30-year continuous program. The first is the naIve lack of It appeals to the imagination realism in dealing with the cul- and to Christian common sense. tural problem; the second is the CLELAND B. McAFEE. strangely naIve affirmation of Harun Al Rashid. By H. St. J. B. religious naturalism. Philby, C. I. E. 159 pp.; 5. Pub- How extraordinary that a book lished by Peter Davies, Limited. like this could be written at a London. 1933. time when its underlying as- This remarkable little book is sumptions of an immanent law by the well-known explorer of of progress in human affairs, Arabia. It was written at Mecca and of the autonomy and self- and is dedicated to his daughter sufficiency of man, are being AllY of tile bools lloted in these colllmns will be sent by the I!,EVIEW publi~hers Qll receipt of prIce.

[494 ]

1934J OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

rudely challenged by contempo- against the affirmation of a cos- Yonan, was for some years rary events and thinkers. We mic Power, which is supremely professor in Urumia College, can detect in these papers no Process, stands a living God in Persia. audible echo of awareness that whose power all process is plas- tic. Above and beyond Jesus, Japanese Women Speak. By Michi something very revolutionary as the "center of reference" for Kawai and Ochimi Kubushiro. 12 has taken place in life and mo. 204 pp. Paper, 60 cents; cloth, thought during the last two an incomplete culture in search $1. The Central Committee on the decades. No one can adequately of an apex or a soul, stands United Study of Missions. Camface the problem of culture with- Jesus Christ, the center of his- bridge, Mass. 1934. out facing Albert Schweitzer's tory, the meaning of life, the This mission study book is in- tended also for collateral readcontention that in our time there Seeker and Saviour of men. J.A.M. ing. It is charmingly written by is no such thing as a true "cul- these two exceptional Japanese ture" which can be shared with The Belo,ved Physician of Teheran. Christian women. Miss Kawai anyone, because modern thought By Isaac Malek Yonan. Illus. 12 and life are informed by no is sometimes spoken of as "the mo. 117 pages. $1.00. Cokesbury greatest woman leader in Jagreat ethically signIficant idea. Press, Nashville. 1934.

A basic discussion of culture to- Here is a truly remarkable, pan," and Mrs. Kubushiro is at day cannot escape the reexami- and remarkably true story of a the forefront of all movements nation, whether to justify it or for helping girls and women. In reject it, of the whole conception Moslem Kurd of Persia who be- the course of the book more than of autonomous personality which came a great Christian physi- forty Christian Japanese women cian to his own countrymen. and their special work are deis the cultural ideal accepted in Sa'eed was the son of Mullah scribed in some detail. In addithis book. Moreover, in dealing Rassul, a devout Kurdish Mos- tion there are frequent lists lem of Sanneh, Persia. The boy which go into fewer particulars. with cross-fertilization and the was unusually bright and after It ought to be a reassurance to interchange of ideas, it becomes studying law and theology be- anyone regarding missions in necessary to take into account, came a priest and an approved general and the Christian move- ment in Japan in particular. what has been overlooked in this teacher at the age of fourteen. Just this time when the military book, that ideas have a much In two more years he was recog- forces in Japan are so much in more than academic or mild cul- nized as a brilliant and pious evidence it is refreshing to have tural value; they have, also, an Moslem theologian, a master of revealed the quieter but more uncanny demonic value, as Paul Persian classics and the Arabic enduring forces brought to sight grammar. so clearly. The book should re- Tillich would call it; a fact ceive a wide reading among both which is demonstrated in the Later he came into contact men and women. Much of the crusading movements of our with a humble Assyrian evan- social system of Japan has been gelist with whom he studied disturbed or destroyed; here are time. It is this demonic quality Syriac. This man's Christian life the women and the faith which of ideas which is apt to upset and character and his knowledge will establish a new system, usall the predictions of academic of the Bible and the Koran fi- ing all the values of the old but thinkers on culture and which nally led to Sa'eed's conversion. making it new in Christ. makes one smile sadly that in His life was often threatened this time, above all times, Chris- and he escaped to Hammadan C. B. McAFEE. tian missionaries should be where he studied medicine in the The Story of the Brethren Movement. asked to curb their euthusiasm mission hospital. The story of By Thomas Stewart Veitch. 8 vo. within the sedate frontiers of 108 pp. 28. 6d. Pickering and deliberation and so leave all per- his life is of thrilling interest. suasion to the apostles of the He became not only a highly new crusading faiths. honored physician but a great As to the question of the in- terpretation of religion and a Bible teacher and personal Inglis, London, Glasgow, Edinphilosophy of missions, it moves worker. His escapes from those burgh. 1933.

one to sadness to find such a who plotted his death were many The author describes his book shallow and passionless interpre- and remarkable but still more as "a simple and straightforward tation of Christianity as this wonderful was the way in which account of the features and failvolume contains. We submit that he won his enemies to Christ. ures of a sincere attempt to whatever may be the theological Today Dr. Sa'eed, Khan, is liv- carry out the principles of Scripinadequacy of the first four chap- ing in Teheran, 70 years old, ture during the last one hundred ters of the Laymen's Inquiry, honored by all and still active as years." It is the story of the they sprang out of a warm, ro- a Christian physician. Those Brethren who became known as mantic idealism-Neo-Hegelian, who think Moslems cannot be Plymouth Brethren because of if you like. This book brings converted, or that the age of the large early congregation out of a cold Chicago positivism, miracles is past, should read this which grew up in the city of to which the author strives to stirring story. It is a strength- Plymouth, England. The movebe loyal, but of whose essentially ener of Christian faith and a ment began with a little company superficial character we do not stimulant to more sacrificial of Christians in Dublin in 1825 believe he is fully aware. Over service. The author, Prof. Isaac who met together in unorganized

fellowship and worship on two Personal Items has been elected head of the Moody principles "the oneness of the Bible Institute, Chicago, to succeed Dr. Nicol MacNicol, who served Dr. James M. Gray who is 81 years of Body of Christ," "the absence of for many years in India, and was one age. Dr. Houghton is the first Bapa clerical caste in the New Testa- of the secretaries of the National tist to hold this position, although Christian Council, is to give a course many evangelical denominations are ment Scriptures, and the un- of lectures in the Kennedy School of included in the faculty and student scriptural character of the man- Missions, at Hartford, Connecticut, body. ordained ministry." during the present school year. The Rev. D*r. W* il*liam Decker, a It is tragic to read this story Dr. Alton L*. *Mi*ller, prominent widely known missionary serving in and to see how a movement Baptist layman of Boston, has been China, has been chosen to succeed the which began with such a prin- elected Chairman of the American Rev. James H. Franklin, of East Baptist Foreign Mission Society, suc- Orange, as Secretary of the Baptist ciple of unity should have de- ceeding Dr. H. J. White, of Phila- Foreign Missionary Society. Dr. veloped into one of the most delphia. Franklin has accepted the presidency of Crozier Theological Seminary. schismatical and fissiparous *** movements in history. Under New Books Darby, and the various separa- Rt. Rev. Heber J. Hamilton, retir- ing bishop of Mid-Japan and first The African Today. Diedrich Westertions and excommunications of Canadian missionary bishop in Japan, mann. 343 pp. $3. Oxford Unithe "Exclusive Brethren," rup- has given 42 years of service. He has versity Press. New York. returned to Canada. ture followed rupture until in Administering the Young People's later years there were solitary *** Deparment of the Local Church. Brethren who could fellowship Cecil Daniel Smith. 219 pp. 85 Dr. and Mrs. Silas F. Johnson for cents. Pilgrim Press. Boston. with no other Brethren. forty years missionaries in the Cam- Well would it be if this book eroun country, West Africa, have re- The New Chain Reference Bible. cently been honorably retired by the Compiled and Edited by Frank were read by all of our present- Presbyterian Board of Foreign Mis- Charles Thompson. Illustrated. day groups who disfellowship sions and have returned to America. Kirkbride Bible Co. Indianapolis. Their daughter, Mrs. Joseph McNeill and denounce as unsound in the continues in service in West Africa. Check Book of the Bank of Faith. faith all other Christians who do Dr. Johnson has done remarkable Charles H. Spurgeon. 170 pp. $1. not agree with them. medical work in Africa and he and his Baptist Sunday School Board. wife have ministered to many thou- Nashville. Mr. Veitch quotes with ap- sands with the Gospel. They are proval, as the lesson taught by greatly beloved by the Africans. Education of Primitive People. Al- bert D. Helser. 316 pp. $3. Revell. the Brethren's history of the *** New York. Standards of the Relief Church of Scotland (alas, a dissenting Dr. E. J. Pace, the Christian car- The Great Commission. Henry W. toonist, has been in England since the Frost. 47 pp. 25 cents. China In- Church) two hundred years ago: middle of June and on October first land Mission. Philadelphia. plans to leave for the continent of On the subject of communion, it is Europe to meet engagements in Insights into Modern Hinduism. of importance to inquire whose table France and Belgium. In December Schermerhorn Lectures No.2. the sacramental table is? This is a he expects to sail from Marseilles to Hervey DeWitt Griswold. $2. 284 question so plain that a child of eight Casablanca, Morocco, from thence pp. Holt. New York. years old could answer it, and yet its traveling to West Africa, the Sudan, import is unknown to thousands ar- Belgian Congo and South Africa. Japan and Her People. Ethel M. rived at the state of manhood. It is Later he expects to spend some months Hughes. 145 pp. $1.00 cloth; 60 in India and French, Indo China, the cents paper. Friendship Press. m.ean, unworthy prostitution 0/ this Philippines, China and Japan. New York.

Table to call it the tale of a party. *** Japanese Here and There. Margaret It is the Lord's Table. For',whom is E. Forsyth and Ursul R. Moran. the Table covered by the generous Bishop Hiram Hulse, since 1915 the $1.00 cloth; 75 cents paper. Friend- Entertainer? Is it covered for Burgh- representative of the Protestant Epis- ship Press. New York. er or Antiburgher? for Church peo- copal Church in Cuba, was one of the ple or for Relief people? for Inde- survivors of the terrible tragedy of Japanese Boys and Girls. Based on pendents or Episcopalians as such? the Ward Liner Morro Castle, on Sep- "Friends of Nippon." Handbook No. For whom then? For the chil- tember 8th, off the coast of New Jer- for Leaders of Junior Groups. Inaaren of God, not as they belong to any sey. With Mrs. Hulse he was return- belle G. Coleman. 26 pp. 10 cents. particula,r denomination of professors, ing from Cuba when the vessel took Sunday School Board, Southern but as they are His children in reality fire, causing the death of 156 pas- Baptist Convention. Nashville. and rnppear to be so by their deport- sengers and members of the crew. ment. It is the most daring presumJp- Bishop and Mrs. Hulse were rescued Kingdom Come. Hugh Redwood. 128 tion in any to deny the children's from the water, not seriously injured pp. $1. Revell. New York. bread to the children of God. but deeply affected by their expe- rience. Kagawa in the Philippines. Friends Yes, or to break the Body of of Jesus Library No.4. 90 pp. 25 *** cents. Can be obtained from Galen Christ or usurp authority as the M. Fisher. Pleasantville, N. Y. Evangeline Booth, daughter of sole arbiters of sound doctrine. General William Booth, has been Our Priceless He~itage. A Study of elected General of the Salvation Christian Doctrine in Contrast with The Bible belongs to all Chris- Army. She thus succeeds her father, Romanism. Henry W. Woods. 204 her brother, Bramwell Booth, and the pp. $1.50. Marshall, Morgan & tians, and no man, but the Holy recent commander, General Higgins. Scott. London. Miss Booth will leave America, where Spirit alone, is its authoritative she has been Commander of the Army Suppressing Communist Banditry in in the United States, and will make China. "China Today" Series. interpreter. R. E. S. her headquarters in London.

NOTE:-The Institute of Social and Dr. Will Ho*ugh*ton*, pastor of the Religious Research has transferred their list of publications (33 active Calvary Baptist Church, New York, titles) to Harper & Brothers, New York.

by T'Ang Leang-Ii. 110 pp. 40 Cents MARSHALL'S 40

$1.50. China United Press. Shang- hai. MISSIONARY STORIES The Translated Bible. O. M. Orlie, for BOYS and GIRLS Editor. 222 pp. $1. United Lu- theran Pub. House. Philadelphia. Each book contains three stories of intrepid Missionary adventure and the undaunted self- The World Mission of the Christian sacrifice of pioneers, attractively written for Religion. Wade Crawford Barclay. young readers. Beautifully produced, printed 301 pp. $1.25. Gokesbury Press. on antique wove paper, and profusely illus- Nashville. trated with colored Frontispiece, half-tone plates on art paper and line drawings. The Why God Became Man. P. B. Fitz- jackets have been specially drawn by John F. water. 79 pp. 60 cents. B. I. C. Campbell and each represents a scene from the Assn. Chicago. life of the Missionary reproduced in full color. Attractively bound in illustrated full cloth Southern Baptist Handbook – 1934. boards. A splendid series of Reward Books. E. P. Alldredge. 414 pp. 50 cents. Southern B apt i s t Convention. ".•. brightly written … substantially bound … we unreservedly com- Nashville. mend these books for Sunday-school libraries."-Baptist Times.

On Five Continents. 97th Annual "Sunday-school workers will nnd them invaluable."-New Chronicle. Report, Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Chureh, U. S. A. 94 Heroes of the Cross Series ONE pp. 25 cents. New York. DAVID LIVINGSTONE : ROBERT MOFFAT APOLO & THE PYGMIES The Japan Christian Year Book- 1934. $1.75. Committee of Refer- Heroes of the Cross Series TWO ence & Counsel. New York. PANDITA RAMABAI : : : MARY SLESSOR The Beloved Physician of Teheran. Isaac Malik Yonan. $1.00. 117 pp. RASALAMA & HEROES IN MADAGASCAR Cokesbury Press. Nashville. Heroes of the Cross Series THREE Biblical Backgrounds. J. McKee Adams. $3.75. 482 pp. Baptist S. WILLIAM BURNS GILMOUR OF MONGOLIA HUDSON TAYLOR S. Board. Nashville. Heroes of the Cross Series FOUR The Bible at the Bar. W. M. Robert- son. 18. Pickering & Inglis. Lon- JOHN WILLIAMS JAMES CHALMERS ABEL OF KWATO don. Heroes of the Cross Series FIVE The Bible and Evolution. H. R. Kin- dersley. 32 pp. Marshall, Morgan JAMES HANNINGTON : : MACKAY OF UGANDA & Scott. London. AGGREY: THE AFRICAN TEACHER Chinese Ethical Ideals. Frank Raw- linson. 122 pp. College of Chinese Heroes of the Cross Series SIX Studies. Peiping. DR. FREDERICK BAEDEKER : : HORACE UNDERWOOD Church Unity Movements in the United States. H. Paul Douglass. ARTHUR NEVE OF KASHMIR 576 pp. $3.00. Institute of Social and ReIigious Research. New York. Heroes of the Cross Series SEVEN Experiences in Witnessing for DAVID BRAINERD : : : DR. WILFRED GRENFELL Christ. George Irving. 52 pp. 50 cents. Association Press. New McCULLAGH AND THE RED INDIANS York. Heroes of the Cross Series EIGHT Escape from the Soviets. Tatiana Tchernovin. 320 pp. Dutton. New DAVID HILL : SAMUEL POLLARD : DR. APRICOT OF "HEAVEN BELOW" York. Colored Wrappers! Illustrated Cloth Bindings! "Eye to Aye." Paul H. Graef. 127 pp. $1.00. Christian and Mission- Colored Frontispiece! Four Pages of Photographs! ary Alliance. New York. Numerous Black and White Illustrations! A History of Religion. Herbert H. Gowan. 698 pp. $3.50. Morehouse for PRIZES……finest value obtainable Pub. Co. Milwaukee. "Lovely books-exciting adventures-thrilling tales."-Methodist Times. India's Social Heritage. L. S. S. O'Malley. $2.00. 194 pp. Oxford MARSHALL, MORGAN & SCOTT, LTD. University Press. New York. London and Edinburgh Liang A-Fa, China's First Preacher. Agents for the United States: Geo. Hunter McNeur. 126 pp. 75 THE ZONDERVAN PUBLISHING HOUSE cents. Kwang. Hsiih Pub. House. 543 Eastern Avenue, S. E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, U. S. ~ Shanghai.

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LONDON TIMES says: "First as a missionary teacher, then as a companion to the mar-

tyred Chalmers, then as director of the mission station Abel spent forty years in transforming cannibals into Christians."

CHARLES W. ABEL of KWATO By RUSSELL W. ABEL THE RELIGIOUS BOOK CLUB BULLETIN says: "The story of thrilling life in a little- known corner of the world. Abel was known in the United States as well as in England. His life, strangely and tragically enough, was terminated by a motor accident, in quiet England, but the story of his astonishing and peculiarly successful career will travel the roads of the world for years to come." Illustrated, $2.00 EDUCATIONof PRIMITIVE PEOPLE BACK OF THE MOUNTAIN By ALBERT D. HELSER By MARY BREWSTER HOLLISTER A revelation of what education among a primitive people The author of "Mai-Dee of the Mountains" has given us essentially is. Becoming one of the community, sharing the another engrossing and informative story of child-life in life of the people, respecting their traditions and their ways China and the effect of missionary influence upon it. A of working, the author helps them to help themselves. Any- book of real value and genuine interest for missionary gath- one interested in getting a glimpse of African mission-work erings, reading circles and affiliated spheres. $1.25 today will be delighted with this book. Introduction by Prof. Mabel Carney. $3.00 N,EW BIBLE EVIDENCE A JAPANESE GRANDMOTHER By SIR CHARLES MARSTON, F.S.A.

By EMMA G. LIPPARD From the 1925-1933 Excavations The author of this attractive and informative little volume "Christians everywhere ought to read Sir Charles Marsis the wife of Dr. C. K. Lippard, who, for more than thirtythree years, has labored as a foreign missionary in Japan. ton's book. It is a deep mine of rich lore . . . contains Mrs. Lippard portrays everyday existence as it obtains among many facts which corroborate the truth of the Bible, and upper middle-class people in the Island Empire. Illustrated, Boards, 75c confute the vagaries and inventions of unbelief, which should be widely known."-S. S. Times. Illustrated, $2.00 FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY 158 Fifth Ave., New York AT ALL BOOKSELLERS DO NOT MISS THE MOSLEM WORLD SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, Editor SOME ARTICLES IN THE OCTOBER NUMBER: Behold the Lamb of God I (Frontispiece) …………………. Samuel M. Zwemer Mohammed and Previous Messengers ………………………….. Richard Bell Modern Persian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dwight M. Donaldson Islam in North Africa …………………………………. Joseph J. Cooksey The Moslem Minority of Bulgaria ………………………….. Irwin 1. Sanders The Apology of John of Damascus (Translated) ………………. John W. Voorhis The Nestorian Church of China ………………………………… Sten Bugge Financing Religious Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . Paul Erdman A Christian-Moslem Calendar Current Topics …. Book Reviews …. Survey of Periodicals …. Index for the Year SUBSCRIBE NOW « 50 Cents d Copy. $2.00 d Yedr (postpaid) In combindtion with THE MOSLEM WORLD THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City $3.50 d Yedr. (Foreign Postdge, 50 Cents) British Agents: MARSHALL, MORGAN a SCOTT, 12 P.temoster Buildings, London, E. C.

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