The Missionary Review of the World — November 1933

1933

A Flying Visit to China Samuel M. Zwemer The Day of Opportunity in Peru w. M. Montano Among Migrant Spanish"Americans Laura I. Makepeace The Gospel for the Poor in India Sam Higginbottom The Type of Missionaries Needed s. w. Clemes A Self"Made Madagascar Bishop Theodore C. Benze

Your Chris'mas Cards Letters

and Scripfure T exf Calendars Nettie Fowler McCormick, FREE wife of Cyrus Hall McCormick, inventor of the reaper, are desired by her children. Soon everybody will be looking for Christmas cards that convey a Scriptural For this purpose the Nettie Fowler McCor~ greeting, and Scripture Text Calendars with mick Biographical Association requests that a message for each day in the new year. Here persons having any of her writings kindly is an opportunity to secure yours free- send them to the address below. The family either for your own use, for gifts, or for re- of Nettie Fowler McCormick will be grateful sale. Your choice either of an excellent as- for co"operation and glad to make approsortment of sixteen Christmas cards in a priate payment for such papers. Address box, or two beautiful Scripture Text Calendars, for every new subscription you send us. Nettie Fowler McCormick Biographical Association, The Missionary Review They are produced by 664 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago Value, 50 cents. Christmas Card Box Dates To Remember Assortment October 3I-Fall meeting. New York Conference, Woman's Foreign Mis- This gift box contains six- sionary Society. Calvary Church, teen beautiful cards. each with New York City. a Christmas sentiment and engraved Bible text and a . November 10-II-Annual Meeting. lined envelope. Every World Alliance for International ture-text card you mail Friendship through the Churches a Christian greeting. The qual- and the International Goodwill Conity and variety of boUl message gress. Philadelphia, Pa. and design found in our cards are most attractive. one of the finest art lithograph houses in America. November 20-22-Annual meeting, Methodist Board of Home Missions The Messenger and Church Extension, Philadel- phia, Pa. Scripture Text Calendar United Missionary Meetings There's a definite need in every home for this beautiful, inspira- October 29 to November 3-Greater tional calendar with its thoughts New York. for daily meditation. Also it is an appropriate gift at Christmas time November S-IO-Chicago, Ill. –one that remains interesting and November 12-13-Milwaukee, Wis. useful for a full year. November 14-IS-Des Moines, Iowa. November 16-17-Sioux City, Iowa. Features November 19-20-0maha, Neb. November 21-22-Lincoln, Neb. This Htionally advertised calen- November 23-24-Topeka, Kan. dar has thirteen full-color copies of November 26-27-Kansas City, Mo. religious paIntIngs. of suitable size for framing. November 28-29-Wichita, Kan. It offers inspiration. instruction, and information. ,November 30 to December I-Okla- Brief stories of the pictures. Daily Scripture quotations. homa City, Okla. Schedule showing how to read the Bible through in a year. December 3-4-St. Louis, Mo. Golden Texts for International Sunday School lessons. December S-6-Springfield, Ill. Flower and Birthstone of each month. December 7-8–Indianapolis, Ind. Preceding and following month on each page. December 10-12-Washington, D. C. Phases of the moon, tides. holidays. etc. December 13-IS-Philadelphia, Pa.

Fourteen pagrs–9!4 x 15 % inches-of usefulness and beauty. Personal Items This offer must necessarily be withdrawn December 31, 1933 Dr. Yi-Fang Wu, President of Gin- ling College, is in America as one of SUBSCRIPTION DEPARTMENT the invited foreign guests of the In- ternational Congress of Women that The Missionary Review of the World met in Chicago, July 16. Dr. Wu is also Vice-President of the National Third and Reily Streets, Harrisburg, Pat Christian Council of China, and at- tended the Institute of Pacific Rela- tions held at Banff in August.

She is the first graduate daughter of GinIing and now leads her college, challenges its undergraduates, coun- sels on the affairs of Church and its progress, represents her country's womanhood at international gather- ings; above all else, Dr. Wu bears the mark of Christlikeness in her life and labors.

(Concluded on page 521.)

MISSIONARY I If the

REVIEW OF THE WORLD Our Free Catalog Saves calls you East of Suez … sail DELAVAN PIERSON, Editor Money for Foreign Missionaries VOL. LVI Nov., 1933 No. 11 FOREIGN MISSIONARIES every- where have confidence in our Mis- publication and Business Olllce sionary Bureau as the most economical Third and Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. source for personal supplies and mis- Editorial and Executive Olllce sion equipment of high quality. 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City Entered as second-class matter at SECRETARIES and Purchasing Agents Post Olllce, Harrisburg, Pa., under of Foreign Missions find that our Act of March 3, 1879. free catalog and special discount list enables them to save money for their 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year stations. Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. Published monthly-All rights re- MISSION Boards can economize by served. Copyrighted 1933 by the selecting hardware, paints and other building materials from our catalog, for MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- shipment abroad. LISHING CO., INC. BOARD OF DIRECTORS If you haven't a Montgomery Ward catalog, write TODAY for a free copy. ROBERT E. SPEER, President WM. I. CHAMBERLAIN, Vice-President MONTGOMERY WARD & CO. WALTER McDOUGALL, Treasurer DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary Export Department Chicago, U. S. A. SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD PERSONAL ITEMS WM. B. LIPPHARD ERIC M. NORTH (Concluded from second cover.) THE ROUTE PREFERRED MILTON T. STAUTFBR A. L. WARNSHUIS Leonard Fiske Wilbur, M.D., SINCE 18401 SAMUEL M. ZWEMBB nephew of Ray Lyman Wilbur, who Cross Cunard to England Editorial Chat was Herbert Hoover's Secretary of and embark at London in a great the Interior, is to become Dr. Percy ship of this Line that tradition- Do not neglect to send your sub- ally and for nearly a century has scription or renewal now for 1934. Watson's assistant in Harwood Me- carried the vanguard of the The January and February numbers morial Hospital in Fenchow, North Church eastward to all the lands for 1933 are entirely sold out and were China. beyond Suez. P & 0 Liners, of exhausted soon after they appeared. transatlantic size and comfort, The January number is to be devoted *** stand for the Progress ofthe West to the addresses given at the United in scores of tropic ports and teem- Missionary Meebings-Dr. E. Stanley Mrs. Egerton R. Young, of To- ing harbours of the Indian Ocean Jones, Dr. Herman C. E. Liu, Dr. Wu, ronto, who' passed her 90th birthday and the Pacific. Natives measure Dr. Charles R. Watson and others. time by their swift and sure last April, is the sole survivor of a arrival. Low rates and new. fast, *** luxurious ships make the voyage Methodist Mission party which set an exceptional value. We plan in an early issue of THE out for western Canada in 1868 to REVIEW for 1934 to publish a series of work with her husband among the t'tN I N:)U LAR brief articles on "Has the Church at AND ORIENTAL AND Home Grown Tired of Her Mission- Indians. ary Job?" Don't miss the answers BRITISH INDIA STEAM from leading laymen, pastors, women, *** NAVIGATION COMPANIES missionaries and secretaries. Dr. Robert A. Ashworth, formerly *** editor of The Baptist, which is now merged with The Christian Century, Our Methods Department Editor re- has been appointed education secreports that she is being kept b~sy answering inquiries on the materIal that tary of the National Conference of appears in our "Effective Ways of Jews and Christians. Working." There is a larger response this fall than ever. Is this an evi- *** dence that the Churches are taking hold once more in earnest to promote Rev. Charles W. Turner, Ph.D., has the missionary enterprise? become Assistant Secretary of the *** Brazil Agency of the American Bible If you find this magazine of interest Society, with headquarters in Brazil's and help, your friends will also be new Bible House in Rio de Janeiro. benefited. Tell them what you and other readers think of the magazine. Dr. 'rurner was born in Argentina, It supplements but does not supplant of British parentage and spent a your own church paper. Here are a few unsolicited testimonies: number of years in business in South America. "I find that I cannot do without the REVIEW. I would miss an old friend." *** Regular sailings from London, MRS. A. A. BUNCE, Brooklyn, N. Y. Gibraltar and Marseilles to India, Dr. Harold W. Dodds, newly elected Ceylon. Burma. Straits Settle- *** President of Princeton University, is ments, China. Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Egypt, Sudan, "I have just sent my check to the a brother of Rev. Joseph L. Dodds, Per8ian Gulf, East and South Subscription Department feeling that Presbyterian missionary to India Africa, etc. I shall greatly profit by following since 1917, who is now on furlough your magazine in its presentation of Complete information from the facts and news pertaining to the in America. Upon his return he will YOU1 Local Agent or missionary cause. be Secretary of the Council for North (;UNARD~LINE BISHOP BENTON T. BADLEY, Bombay, India. India. … … …

Rev. Edwin W. Smith of London, GENERAL AGENTS has been elected President of the Roy- al Anthropological Institute. The son" 25 Broadway New York of a missionary, Mr. Smith g.ave 17 years to !la-speaking peoples. His treatise on these people of Northern Rhodesia is a classic among books of anthropology.

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Rev. Cl(w.de L. PickeWl of

EXPERIENCES WITH DR. ZWEMER IN CHINA (See page 529.) Eurasia plane. Pilot putting baggage In plane. Dr. Z.'s book sack Leaving the Chinese Inn at Nien Pal, Tsinghai, on Sunday morn- just being handed In. Big Chinese character; sign of Post Omce. ing. Mr. Harris coming down steps toward Dr. Zwemer. Sian, Shensi. Intensely interesting conversation with a Moslem Mullat. East Miss G. Sayre and Mr. Ma, a converted Moslem pastor with Dr. Suburb, Sinlng, Tslnghai. Zwemer at the entrance to chapel in Moslem quarter, Cheng- chow, Honan. Posters on wall of East Gate. From right to left: For Moslems, Tibetans and Chinese—-Sinlng, Tsinghai. Audienoo coming from the American Southern Baptist Church after first meeting with Dr. Zwemer. Chengchow, Honan. REVIB ORLD VOLUME LVI AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER ELEVEN NOVEMBER, 1933 — – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ———~ Topies of the Times LET US GIVE THANKS release from the slavery of fear and the bondage Thanksgiving Day! This year many are tempted to sin and are realizing the 'power of new life and to feel that the present-day trials and hardships liberty and service. Note the revivals reported from China and the growth of the Church in make mourning more suitable than rejoicing and Korea and Africa; the changed lives in British sackcloth more appropriate than garlands. But and American communities. this is not true of Christians. Even the children of the Old Covenant gave sacrificial thank-offer- 5. For the many thousands who are quietly but ings all through their wanderings, hardships and earnestly praying, working and giving sacrificially to win men to Christ and to establish His control privations in the wilderness. Jesus Christ gave over every part of life. Note the street evanthanks over a mere handful of loaves and fishes gelism and personal work, and the movements to which were all He had to feed a hungry multi- Christianize all international, social and domestic tude; again He gave thanks when He was about relations. to be betrayed and crucified. The Apostle Paul gave thanks when he was facing certain ship- 6. For the young people who are volunteering wreck and repeatedly when he was a prisoner in for Christ's service in spite of the fact that the chains in a Roman dungeon. funds provided are only sufficient to send a very few to the field. Today African Christians give thanks to God in the midst of dire poverty; Chinese Christians 7. For the spirit shown by Christian workers give thanks in the midst of famine, flood and war; at home and abroad in the face of greatly reduced Indian Christians give thanks when enduring os- budgets, separation from children, and other diftracism, persecution and great privations. The ficulties. This spirit is shown in their faith, good spirit of Thanksgiving is not conditioned on phys- cheer and readiness to make further personal sacical health and material prosperity. rifices in order that the work may continue.

Today in America there are a multitude of Every Christian who thinks and prays can find reasons for Thanksgiving in the midst of world- innumerable other reasons for thanksgiving at wide unrest, threats of war, economic depression, this and at all seasons.

sickness, poverty and social evils. While the A CHRISTIAN RECOVERY CODE Word of God does not direct us to give thanks for everything, Christians are enjoined to give America has many patriots working hard to thanks in every circumstance. bring about better economic and industrial condi- Consider a few of these causes for thanksgiv- tions, under the principles and codes of the Na- ing today? tional Recovery Act promoted by the United 1. For the unshaken and unchanging founda- States Government. Leaders in various industries tions for our faith in the goodness, power and and trades have endeavored to draw up rules to love of God, as revealed in Jesus Christ. govern hours of labor and wages, to increase em- 2. For the victorious life, here and hereafter, ployment and to stimulate buying. Many minds made possible to all men through Christ. are at work in an honest attempt to relieve the 3. For the Church of God-made up from all present distress and to bring about a return of nations, races, tongues and classes-which is to- public confidence and of national prosperity.

day carrying on the ministry of Christ on earth. Others are still working for what they consider 4. For the multitudes of men, women and chil- personal self-interest, regardless of codes and dren in all lands who are experiencing the joy of general human welfare.

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All should honestly cooperate with the govern- men. Avenge not yourselves, but give place unto wrath. ment in the effort to improve conditions. At the same time we must recognize the fact that many (Romans 12: 16-19.) important factors are neglected or overlooked. Bear ye one another's burdens and so fulfill the law The N. R. A. program is an experiment; it does not include all activities-government employees, of Christ…… But let each man prove his own work, and high officials in state and business, the profes- then shall he have glorying in regard to himself alone sional classes, or most of the church and domestic and not of another. For each man shall bear his own workers. The adoption of codes cannot guarantee burden. Let us not be weary in well doing for in due the success of a business; high wages may involve season we shall reap if we faint not. (Galatians 6: 2-9.) inability to pay any wages. Labor unions are naturally taking advantage of the drawing up of Do nothing through strife or vainglory, but in lowliness codes to force from employers more acceptable of mind each counting other better than himself; not working conditions but they do not promise bet- looking each of you to his own things, but each of you ter service or fair returns to employers and in- also to the things of others. (Philippians 3: 3, 4.) vestors. The N. R. A. and the codes do not change human nature or guarantee truth, honesty and 4. If any will not work neither let hirp. eat …… We exunselfish service. The "new deal" offers no pro- hort, in the Lord Jesus Christ, that with quietness they gram for world recovery, and yet no nation to- work and eat their own bread. (2 Thessalonians 3: 10, day can effect national recovery while ignoring 12.) world-wide depression and unrest and while neglecting to make every effort to establish peace and The laborer is worthy of his hire. (Matthew 10: 10.) improve world conditions. Extort no more than that which is appointed you ….. . Extort from no man by violence, neither accuse wrong- Nineteen hundred years ago a Christian Re- fully; and be content with your wages. (Luke 3: 13, 14.) covery Act was promulgated by One greater than Work not (only) for the meat which perishes, but for any president or administrator. This code still the meat which abides unto eternal life, which the Son offers a program, not merely for personal and na- of Man shall give unto you. (John 6: 27.) tional benefit, but for world recovery, not only Putting away lying, speak ye truth each one with his for material and temporal unlift, but for spiritual neighbor; for we are members one of another. Be ye and eternal improvement. This code represents angry and sin not; let not the sun go down upon your the wisdom of the Creator and Ruler of the uni- wrath (provocation); neither give place to the devil. Let verse–and yet men ignore or neglect its provi- him that stole, steal no more but rather let him labor, sions. Would not these principles and regulations, working with his hands the thing that is good, that he if widely and honestly observed, in all lands and may have to give to him that hath need. (Ephesians 4: among all classes, bring about a national and 25, 28.) world-wide recovery that would abide? The sign Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon the earth of the Cross-a symbol of sacrifice–is a great ad- …..but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven ….. vance over the sign of the Blue Eagle. for where your treasure is there will your heart be also. (Matthew 6: 19-21.) The following are some quotations from the Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good. Bible C. R. A. that deserve attention: In love of the brethren be tenderly affectioned one to an- other; in honor preferring one another; in diligence not A Christian Social Code slothful; fervent in spirit; serving the Lord. (Romans 12: 9-11.) 1. Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, 5. Whoso shall receive one such little child in My name receiveth Me; but whoso shall cause one of these and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with little ones that believe on Me to stumble, it is profitable for him that a great millstone be hanged about his neck all thy strength …… Thou shalt love thy neighbor as and he should be sunk in the depths of the sea. (Mat- thew 18: 5, 6.) thyself. (Mark 12: 30, 31.) Suffer the little children to come unto Me, forbid them not, for to such belong the kingdom of God. (Mark 10: 14.) 2. Owe no man anything, except to love one another; W.hosoever would become great among you shall be your servant and whosoever would be first among you for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law ….. . shall be your bondservant. (Matthew 20: 26-27.) Let us not judge one another any more; but judge this Love worketh no ill to his neighbor; love, therefore, is rather; that no man put a stumblingblock in his brother's way, or an occasion for falling. (Romans 14: 13.) the fulfilment of the law. (Romans 13: 8, 10.) 6. Render therefore unto Cresar (the government) the things that are Cresar's; and to God the things that are This is My commandment: that ye love one another, God's. (Matthew 22: 21.) as I have loved you. (John 14: 12.) Take heed and keep yourselves from all covetousness; for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the Be ye kind to one another, tenderhearted, forgiving one things that he possesseth. (Luke 12: 15.) another; even as God for Christ's sake has forgiven you. Let everyone be in subjection to the higher powers …. Render to all their dues; tribute (taxes) to whom tribute, (Ephesians 4: 31, 32.) . custom to whom custom, fear to whom fear, honor to whom honor. (Romans 13: 1, 7.) Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good 7. Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good. to them that despitefully use you and persecute you. (Romans 12: 21.) (Matthew 5: 44.) Seek ye first the kingdom (supreme sovereignty) of God and His righteousness. (Matthew 6: 33.) 3. Be not wise in your own conceits. Render to no man All things, whatsoever ye would that man should do evil for evil. Take thought for things honorable in the to you, do ye even so to them. (Matthew 7: 12.) sight of all men. If it be possible, as much as in you Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel (good news) to every creature. (Mark 16: 15.) lieth (as far as you are concerned) be at peace with all

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

Such a C. R. A. code, under the Sign of the missionary endeavor. Some students of missions Cross, includes: believe that there are too many of these colleges and universities in some fields, supported by for- 1. Acknowledgment of the sovereignty of God, as He eign funds, and that many are run on too expen- sive a scale. is revealed in Jesus Christ, His Son. He has first claim When failure of home income makes it necesupon our lives, our love, our loyalty and all our posses- sary to reduce missionary budgets the question arises as to how the cut shall be distributed among sions. ' various forms of work. The expenses of institu- tional work are most difficult to reduce because of 2. The recognition of human brotherhood, the respon- the teachers employed and the general overhead costs. This is regardless of the comparative efsibility of all men, of every race, nation and class, to work; fectiveness of the work from a missionary point of view. We agree with the Bishop of Persia, Dr. and their right to the fruitIi of their honest labor, with J. H. Linton, that the chief question to be consid- ered in apportioning budgets and cuts is not which freedom from oppression, and the enjoyment of God's is the most difficult to discontinue but which is the most effective in winning men and women to good gifts. Christ and in the building up of strong Christian leaders and an effective, Christ-like, body of dis- 3. The responsibility of all men to serve their fellows ciples.

unselfishly, and to cooperate in efforts to promote peace, It is difficult to appraise the true effectiveness of any form of missionary effort. Some fruitage good government, goodwill and human welfare. is not seen for years after the seed has been planted. Other apparent fruit proves to be worth- 4. The recognition of the equal rights and privileges less. It is undoubtedly true that higher educa- tional mission work has done much to break down of both labor and capital to a just return for their invest- prejudice against Christianity and to promote in- telligence in the study of religion. At the same ment of time, talent and money, when used for the welfare time the question may fairly be asked: Are the results from a missionary standpoint what Christ of man and in harmony with the laws of God. and His followers have a right to expect? It is not possible for human agents to insure or pro- 5. A recognition of a higher life and more enduring duce such spiritual results; that is the work of the Spirit of God. But it is the work of Christian values beyond the temporal and material values, secured missionaries, teachers as well as preachers, to carefully prepare the soil, to plant good seed and only through Jesus Christ, and the life He has made pos- to care for it with the definite purpose of produc- ing a truly Christian harvest. Has any educasible by His life, death and resurrection. tional institution a right to be called a Christian missionary work that has not the definite aim, 6. Recognition of the need of all men for the best that fearlessly, lovingly and prayerfully carried out, to win men and women to an intelligent and sincere God has provided, the right of all to these gifts, and the acceptance of Jesus Christ as divine Lord and Saviour? With this aim and effort institutions obligation of those who have them to offer these privi- and workers may still be sorely disappointed in the results, but without it they cannot expect to leges to others. be effective in helping to carry out the purpose of Christ to "save the lost" or to "disciple all na- 7. The conviction that God is the One rightful and tions."

good Ruler of the universe, and that all mankind should The Aims of Mission Colleges cooperate in the establishment of His kingdom and pro- What are the acknowledged purposes of these missionary colleges and universities? The denomgram, which must and will prevail. inational insti,tutions are usually marked by the characteristics of the churches that conduct them. ARE MISSION COLLEGES EFFECTIVE? The union institutions, of which forty-three are listed in the new "Directory of Foreign Mission," There are listed in the World Missionary Atlas announce differing aims-some of which are desome one hundred and one Protestant missionary institutions of higher learning (colleges and universities) in the foreign fields. Most of these are in India (37), China (24), Japan (12), and the Near East (11). These do not include medical or Bible training schools. Among them are fortythree union or interdenominational institutions; the other fifty-eight are (or were recently) conducted by individual mission boards or independent organizations.

These institutions undoubtedly render an important service; they also represent the most expensive form of work conducted by mission agencies. The large outlay in buildings and other equipment, the maintenance of the staff employed and student support represent millions of dollars annual expenditure. They also present some of the most difficult problems in missionary work, due to the large proportion of non-Christian students, the number of non-Christian teachers, the need to maintain high technical standards, the influence of governments in dictating the policies and curricula, and the hostile attitude of parents and non-Christian leaders toward any effort to turn the students away from their traditional faiths.

Many of these institutions have been severly criticized on the one hand for failure to win the students to Christ, or on the other hand for overemphasizing the evangelistic purpose in Christian

cidedly disappointing. Four of these union col- support goes to missionary enterprises that are leges are theological seminaries, and four are true to Christ and to His Gospel as offering the wholly medical. Of the other thirty-five, eleven, only Way of Life revealed to men.

or about one-third, give no aim or purpose what- ever; twelve candidly state that their purpose and RE-THINKING HOME MISSIONS the character of their work is wholly to give a high type of secular education. Here are some of Every human enterprise needs to be critically the aims expressed: examined and revised from time to time to meet new conditions and to utilize new resources. To provide a college education of high standard for the Greatly increased power and new inventions make youth of China with a view to developing character and old machinery out of date. An ancient water- intellectual capacity.

To aid the youth of China to acquire a literary, scientific wheel would be out of place in the Muscle Shoals and professional education. To cultivate the highest type of character, to provide pro- Dam. A one-horse reaper is too antiquated to use on the great wheat fields of Manitoba. Even fessional training, to promote higher learning, and to in a divine enterprise, such as the work of the meet the needs of society in the spirit of love, sacrifice Church, the human equation calls for constant and service of its founders (China).

To carry out the educational aim of the Republic of China. improvement and better cooperation. To provide education for boys in arts, sciences and engi- The work of foreign missions has been sub- neering (Turkey). jected to many searching inquiries, and radical recommendations have been made for changes in Education of young men and women in the Near and Middle East (Syria).

Might not these colleges, so far as their aim is ideals and methods, and even for the adoption of expressed, be Confucian, Buddhist, Moslem or an entirely new aim and basis. Great progress Bolshevik? Have not many of them departed a has been made, both at home and abroad, in the long way from the purpose of their founders? If education of the Church; in the preparation of they seek support from Christians, it should be candidates; in the men and money available; in on an educational basis, rather than as Christian the development of self-supporting churches; in missionary institutions. the education of national Christian leaders in the mission fields; in the preparation and use of In contrast we note that twelve colleges and Christian literature and in international and inuniversities do not hesitate, more or less clearly, ter-church cooperation. Not all changes have been to express their definite Christian aim and pro- wise or effective-particularly those that involve gram. For example: departure from the ideals and standards of Jesus Christ as set forth in the New Testament. There Extension of the Kingdom of God in West China by means is still great room for improvement and progress of higher education under Christian auspices. in the use of our resources and in the discovery Christianization and education of young Chinese men. To provide a Christian higher education for women (India) . of more effective methods.

To provide broad foundations for the richest and fullest Has not the time come for a careful and fear- Christian living and to give (Korean women) special education in literature, music and home economics. less re-study of the whole Home Mission Field, That the institution (in Brazil) be founded on Christian program and problems? The changes in condi- principles, and that in the institution God and His tions, resources and needs are almost as great in Word for all time shall be distinctly acknowledged and America as in China or Japan.· There are no honored. longer vast unreached areas in Alaska and among To promote Christian education for the youth of Egypt the Indians, Mormons, Mexicans and pioneer set- and adjacent lands ……of the highest standards of tlers. Millions of immigrants are not now com- educational efficiency, and so as to discover to the Mos- lem world those living springs which are to be found in ing annually from Europe. There is a change in Christ….. . the problems presented by the Negroes and moun- It is true that the influence of some institutions taineers in the South. The saloon was formerly may be more Christian than their expressed aims, omnipresent and all city slums were moral and and that others may be less so, but is there any physical pest houses. In Eastern and Central good reason why Christians, who are seeking to states rural districts were either neglected or make Christ and His Way of Life known, should over-churched. Fifty years ago old fashioned fail to acknowledge this purpose? As we read of methods prevailed and there was almost no in- the early days of the Christian Church, and the terdenominational cooperation. Schools and col- history of pioneer mission work, we are thrilled leges then offered definite Christian education.

by the courage of those who were ready to live Immoral theatricals, dance halls and literature sacrificial lives, or to die the martyr's death for were under the ban of public opinion.

their faith. God honored their courage, fidelity Today great changes are noted in the occupa- and sacrifice. Loyal Christians in America and tion of all the former Home Mission territory; in England may well wish to be assured that their the restriction of immigration and in the new

Negro, rural and industrial problems. The com- sion fields and unemployed preachers can be brought to- ing of the automobile and improvement of roads, gether. has enlarged parishes; there has been a develop- 8. To study the relation of Christian principles and ment of community churches and growth of cooperation; prohibition of the traffic in strong drink ideals to such problems as war, race relations, temperance, morality, amusements and industrial and social justice, so as to include effective teaching on these subjects in has-for a time at least-altered the city slums. the regular program of the churches. 9. To suggest ways in which sacrifice and efficiency can But new, and often more difficult moral and re- be promoted in missionary administration by putting secligious problems, have arisen and call for solu- retarial, pastoral and all missionary work on the same tion. These are due to the increase of apartment high spiritual plane, independent of financial inducements. houses, the weakening of family ties, the spread 10. To study ways by which church members may be of immoral and degrading amusements and liter- more generally and effectively trained to understand and ature; the increase of materialism, rationalism sympathize with the needs and opportunities in the home and atheism in educational institutions; the de- field, so that they will give systematically, intelligently crease in church and Sunday-school attendance; and sacrificially to the work.

the growth of divorce, the spread of lawlessness, The Home Missions enterprise is complex. It and the general revolt of youth from old stand- cannot be separated from national, religious or personal problems but it has become so compliards and control.

Problems to Be Studied cated that the secondary aims and projects have often overshadowed the primary purpose. We These changes, with the increase of' national are in danger of losing sight of the central pur- wealth and the development of industry, call for pose, which is to lead the people of America to an a systematic and intelligent re-study of the whole intelligent and wholehearted devotion to Jesus Home Mission aims, needs and program. The Christ as Lord and Saviour and to enlist them in present results of Christian work in America are sacrificial service to advance His rule over all.

not building up a Christian nation. An investi- This can only be done by making Christ supreme gation should be undertaken by trained men and in all life.

women who have Christian ideals, knowledge, ex- perience and courage. Is it not time to reshape THE Y.M.CA. AND THE EASTERN CHURCH our plans, to realign our forces, to revise our methods and to reapportion our budgets, and to No interdenominational Protestant organization unite in earnest prayer in order that the Cause in the world has done a more remarkable and farof Christ in America may be advanced? The re- reaching work than the Young Men's Christian thinking of the whole home mission problem Association. The foundations were laid in a might include the following lines: prayer meeting nearly ninety years ago by George Williams, as a young business man. It grew out 1. To discover and reach the unoccupied and unevan- of a Young Men's Missionary Society and its exgelized areas – geographical, racial, social, industrial, pressed object was to "influence religious young spiritual. men to spread the Redeemer's Kingdom amongst 2. To eliminate waste of money and effort by reappor- tioning fields and types of service and by uniting kindred those by whom they were surrounded." This asorganizations, withdrawing many subsidies and closing sociation has spread over the world until there are 10,619 associations in fifty-four countries with fruitless enterprises. 1,442,315 members. Work for boys and young 3. To readjust Christian schools and colleges, closing or uniting some to form stronger institutions that will be true to evangelical standards, with good scholarship, so women has grown out of it and these organizaas to make them more effective in training Christian tions have become equally important. "Y" work leaders. has been broadened to include educational, social 4. To link wealthy city and suburban churches with and physical development as well as prayer, Bible study, and personal evangelism. Thousands of those that are struggling in needy fields in city mission districts and in rural areas, to divide incomes and ex- penses so as to curtail selfish expenditure on the one large buildings have been erected and national hand and to build up weak churches on the other. leaders have been trained in every nation. With the wide growth one difficulty has been to main- 5. To prepare better Christian literature adapted to tain its central purpose and definite evangelical present-day needs. This should include effective tracts and leaflets, children's books, more satisfactory Bible text books and project courses for church schools, upholding Christian character. New Testament teaching and preparing the coming generation for Christian life and service. One of the difficult problems faced has been the guidance of the work among people Christian in 6. To devise more adequate methods for enlisting and name but out of sympathy with Protestant evanpreparing trained teachers for church schools, as well as students for the Christian ministry and other Christian gelism. Roman Catholics have repudiated the work. Much of the present-day preaching and Sundayschool teaching is entirely inadequate. Y. M. C. A. but Greek Orthodox, Syrian, Arme- nian, Coptic and similar churches have generally 7. To study the supply and demand in the ministry and adopt some plan whereby unoccupied churches and mis- ,held aloof. Should the Y. M. C. A. seek to con-

vert, to placate or to bring new spiritual life to and principles for which it was founded-Bible these groups? study, prayer, evangelism, spiritual fellowship and Christian service. The great problem every- Recently (May 19-21) a conference was held in where is always to interpret and apply these Bucharest, Roumania, to consider the "objectives, ideals in a Christ-like spirit, according to New principles and program of the Y. M. C. A.'s in Testament standards, and in the face of prevail- 'Orthodox countries.''' This third "consultation" ing formalism and materialism. With an Associaof leaders from Eastern churches was held with tion, as with a church or a mission, its character leaders of the World's Alliance of Y. M. C. A.'s is determined, not by a set of principles adopted, and was presided over by Dr. John R. Mott. They but by the character of the personnel. Given a considered the great needs, perils and problems George Williams or a D. L. Moody, an effective of modern youth in these countries of Eastern leader in vital fellowship with God, and the suc- Europe, Western Asia and Egypt. These perils cess of the work is assured. The Associations and problems are due to unemployment, poverty, can have no higher ideal than loyalty to Christ as ignorance, materialism, moral laxity and atheistic expressed in the purpose and spirit of the founder, propaganda. It is not surprising that large num- but great care is required in the selection of secbers of the youth have become a prey to habits retaries, boards of control and other leaders. of immorality and dissipation. BIRTH OF A NEW RELIGION As a result of this and previous "consultations" a list of objectives, governing principles and a Moscow, Idaho, is known as the home of Psyprogram were adopted for use in the Y. M. C. A.'s chiana-the new psychological religion-founded in all these countries. The objectives include co- in 1930 by Dr. F. B. Robinson. This former Bapoperation with the existing churches "to afford all tist preacher and licensed pharmacist is the chief young men and boys adequate opportunities to promoter. have a personal experience of Christ and to communicate His Spirit in their daily relationships." He has succeeded in selling his courses, books They shall also seek to promote personal Chris- or magazine to over 100,000 inquirers in sixtytian character and faith, meet individual prob- seven different countries. The Rev. Clifford M. lems, give spiritual guidance, encourage devo- Drury reports, in the Presbyterian Banner, that tion to Christ, and develop leadership, unity and Dr. Robinson's bill for advertising Psychiana was service. $10,000 in thirty days. These advertisements are said to reach thirteen million readers. Dr. Rob- The Governing Principles state that the Y. M. inson is forty-eight years of age, the son of a Bap- C. A. is "distinctly Christian …… and seeks to tist minister in England, and for a time studied unite those young men who, regarding Jesus in McMaster University and the Bible Training Christ as their God and Saviour, according to the School of Toronto. After a short experience as a Holy Scriptures, desire to be His disciples in their Baptist minister he took up the study of psydoctrine and life, and to associate their efforts for chology and metaphysics. the extension of His Kingdom amongst young men." The Y. M. C. A. declares its "unswerving Dr. Robinson is of a religious nature and, while loyalty and faithfulness to the Church." All na- not now a Christian in the New Testament sense, tional associations are autonomous, any church claims to be a believer in God as a divine spiritual member may participate freely, and the field of law – the all-powerful, ever living source of service comprises all men and boys of the nation energy. He is an individualist and not interested in which it works. in the social application of what he teaches. He does not accept the deity of Christ or beliefs in The Association program "develops those atti- the virgin birth, the resurrection, the atonement tudes and practices in both the individuals and or inspiration of the Bible. He attacks many society which will increasingly reveal the whole church beliefs and practices-especially of the Roof the Christian Gospel." This constructive pro- man Catholic Church. A corporation he has gram includes educational work, mental, physical, formed in Idaho pays him $500 a month and large social and religious. The last· involves the inner returns have come in from advertising his courses. spiritual life and development into "the measure Sales for his books, courses and magazine subof the stature of the fulness of Christ." The pro- scriptions number 146,329. He has also entered duction of literature, community and world serv- into the practice of faith or psychological healing ice, stewardship, missionary responsibility and and a clinic has been established in Moscow. His leadership training are all excellent far-reaching religion seems to be a psychological experience objectives. promoted by clever advertising and a human de- sire for something new. This outline for the Y. M. C.A. work in Eastern "Orthodox" countries seems to indicate that the Association there is reemphasizing the purposes

A Flying Visit to Northwest

By the REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D., Princeton, N. J.

Editor of "The Moslem World"

N o JOURNEY by magic-carpet in "The Ara- Methodist Mission, and seven Chinese delegates bian Nights" could be more strangely fas- traveled with us for a similar conference at cinating than to travel by aeroplane from Chengchow. Here a meeting had also been ar- Sian, the old capital of China, to Lanchow in ranged for Chinese Christians to the number of Kansu, a distance of over four hundred miles in three to four hundred. The same evening an outthree and a half hours. Formerly this journey door meeting was held for Moslems where over took several weeks. Traveling afterwards by eight hundred were present. The message given mule-litter eight hours a day was on the Five Pillars of toward the borders of Tibet the Christian Religion. Here, and back across the great as elsewhere, we visited sparsely occupied areas of Northwestern China, where )! mosques and met inquirers. brave men and heroic women are facing loneliness and From Chengchow we travhardship with first century joy, gave one the opportu- eled to the end of the rail- road at Tungkwan, s eve n hundred and fifty miles from Shanghai. This railway will nity of re-thinking missions soon be extended to Sian, the in a way of which the Ap- old capital of China, but at praisal Committee n eve r present all passengers and dreamed. Such was our ex- freight must travel the long perience this summer. Days trail of ninety miles by of rare privilege, of an- motor car along roads that swered prayer, and of spir- are a I m 0 s t impossible beitual fellowship with the cause of blinding dust or saints on the frontiers of the deep mud and floods. Kingdom. We left Tungkwan at 10 The object of my visit, as a. m., June 25, expecting to in 1917, was to study Islam A CHINESE MOSQUE TOWER IN SIAN, SHANSI be in Sian at 3 p. m. But in China and to give a series we stayed that night in a of addresses at the summer small village off the main conferences. It proved im- road, east of Lin Tsz, which possible to hold the usual is less than one-third of the conference at Peitaho, be- way to Sian. All went well cause of disturbed conditions, but at Kuling and for the first twenty miles until a heavy wind and Mokanshan there was a very large attendance. To driving rain from the West caught us. Our back fill the time preceding these two conferences an left tire went flat; we put on a spare and drove a itinerary was arranged through the Society of mile or so and that tire also went flat; then we Friends for Moslems, of which my son-in-law, the had to mend one in the rain. The tire lasted a. Reverend C. L. Pickens, is the secretary. He ac- mile, until we came to a small wayside Taoist companied me, kept a diary of our experiences, Shrine where we had an old-fashioned blowout. and also took the photographs that accompany Off again at 6: 20 the next morning, we did not this article. arrive at Sian until the following afternoon. At The day after my arrival in Shanghai, June 20, Sian we were entertained at the home of the Rev- erend W. Englund of the Scandinavian Alliance we took the train for Kaifeng, central China. Mission.. The English Baptists and the Seventh- Two meetings were held here for missionaries and Day Adventists also have work here. There were Chinese Christians, and when we left the follow- conferences with the missionaries and large pubing day, Miss Murray, of the American Free [ 529]

lic meetings for Chinese Christians. We visited river current. Buckets on the rim of the wheel the site of the old Nestorian church in the West carried the water to a trough at the top. Our suburbs. The foundations of the church are in- party consisted of two muleteers, a Chinese cook side a large compound. Outside the main gate, at and ourselves, but at the various stages of the way the south, are a number of mounds said to be we were accompanied or met by missionaries who tombs of famous Nestorians. The gates are also rode out long distances to show their hospitable friendship. OUR PARTY CROSSING THE YELLOW RIVER On June 29 we crossed the Yellow River on a believed to be the original. The actual church small ferry boat. Everywhere the streams were foundation is about in the center of the compound. in full flood and our little boat carried some twenty Nothing is left now but the foundation of the pil- horses and mules of other travelers, a larger numlars and apse. The columns were about ten feet ber of men and all their baggage. When we were apart, with a large flat stone at one end, possibly in the middle of the stream, one of the horses tried where the baptismal font was placed. The Nes- to jump overboard. Soon after this Mr. Harris, torian tablet is no longer here, but is kept in the of the C. 1. M., met us coming from Sining. Just "Forest of Tablets," the Chinese archreological before crossing the Sining River we passed fl museum at Sian. very old, important Moslem center with ancient mosques. Everywhere there was evidence that we It was thrilling to remember the work of these were among the followers of the Arabian Prophet. earliest missionaries to China and the indelible The new Mohammedan Governor of this part of record of their faithfulness inscribed on the Nes- China is building roads and widening the mule torian tablet. We visited the Imperial Mosque at tracks to make them fit for motors, but the result Sian, one of the largest in China. is not always satisfactory. This plateau is some five thousand feet above sea level, and the moun- On June 28 we arose early for our journey to tains rise two or three thousand feet more on Lanchow by air. The Eurasia Airdrome is just either side of the gorges. Everywhere there were outside the city and our German pilot did every- fields green with grain and trees in full foliage. thing for our comfort. The air journey was with- Wheat, barley, mustard, peas, and clover seemed out incident, but we learned on arrival at Lanchow that the packing cases which formed our seat were :;~'- – ••••.~.w • all filled with munitions and dynamite for the .::-0 __ _ Chinese army. From Lanchow to Sining our way ::::. =~_-. :: .. was along the Yellow River valley and one of its I branches, the Sining. On the old maps this part of China is called Kokonor. At present it forms I the new Province of Tsinghai. to be cultivated here in profusion. We spent from We passed opium fields with poppies in full eight to ten hours a day traveling, but our mules bloom and learned that they yield twelve times and horses did not do much more than four miles the revenue of any other crop. As soon as we an hour. At night we stayed in Chinese inns. crossed over into Moslem areas, however, opium was no longer cultivated. The hills around us On July 3 we arrived at Sining, welcomed by a were of loes formation with deep canyons as pic- large company of missionaries. We had come in turesque as one could desire. The irrigation sys- six days a journey that took one of their missiontem used is that of large water wheels, forty to sixty feet in diameter with paddles turned by the

1933J A FLYING VISIT TO NORTHWEST CHINA

aries twenty-eight days, two years ago. In the on July 17 and after the conference and a delighthome of Mr. and Mrs. George Harris we not only ful visit at the Borden Memorial Hospital, went had lavish hospitality but our first bath for a by air to Sian and by motor to the railhead. On week, for Chinese inns do not resemble American the 23d we were at Hankow, and from there to hotels. Kuling and Mokanshan for the summer confer- Sining has a population of 100,000 and the ences. whole east suburb is Moslem. We visited the Some Indelible Impressions 1. The call of the unoccupied areas and the sta- tions so sadly undermanned. The Borden Me- morial Hospital, a fine institution, is the only hos- pital in Kansu for five million people. The three provinces of Kansu, Chinghai, Ningsia, and be- yond them Sinkiang, are all desperately in need of foreign and Chinese evangelists. The recent visits of Dr. and Mrs. Rhees and the Rev. F. D. Learner to the borders of Tibet bear out Miss French's statement that "To call Tibet a closed land is merely a piece of Satanic bluff!" Of the Moslem population the Reverend G. K. Harris says: "When one considers the peculiar stubbornness of the Moslem mind and the slowness with which the Christian message is admitted, and the small pro- A CHINESE MOSLEM GIRL mosques and had interesting conversations with A TYPICAL TUNG HSIANG MOSLEM Ahungs and their pupils. Last year some seventy Moslems from this province went to Mecca on pil- portion of the population touched in each village, grimage. Two days across the mountains brought it may be said that just a few dents have been us to Payangjung, another C. 1. M. station; and made ,in the outer edges." one day further on to Tsunhwa where we met the Holtons of the Christian and Missionary Alliance. 2. The ability and heroism of the rank and file Our highest point, 11,250 feet, was reached on of the mission workers. Again and again, while this part of the journey. On the next stage we re-thinking missions in the mule-litter (where came near to serious accident, when the newly made roadbed gave way because of rain storms and our mule-litter went over the side. We were at Hochow in Kansu by July 12. This is the great Moslem center which, with its villages, has a population of 400,000, and is a station of the C. and M. A. Here was the scene of the terrible massacres of the rebellion in 1928. We saw evidences of villages destroyed. The Moslems are now dominant. In the Pa Fang quarter they have a new mosque w.here 3,000 faithful worship on Friday and have a school of 400 pupils who study Chinese, Arabic, and English! We reached Lanchow again

one could neither sleep nor read), the moral beauty vide his own food. New bridges, new schooland glory of the enterprise carried forward by houses, new mosques were often in evidence. We such devoted pioneers dawned on us. The Lay- met no bandits and found the people, including men's Appraisal Committee should have met some the soldiers, everywhere friendly and the innof them. It would have modified their verdict. keepers hospitable. One of the China Inland missionaries, for example, is an Arabic as well as a Chinese scholar, and can 4. Islam in China is not moribund but chal- lenges attention through its program of education THE BORDEN MEMORIAL HOSPITAL and publication. Arabic books are printed at Sin- ing and the ahungs order scores of Arabic dicvie with Persian calligraphists in writing orna- tionaries from Beirut. The Nile Mission Press mental script. Missionaries who can collect bo- publications were eagerly accepted. No less than tanical specimens, study the geology, or correct twenty-two Chinese-Arabic periodicals are pubthe aneroid readings, the spelling of names, and lished in China and recent attacks on the Christhe course of rivers on the French and British sur- tian faith have appeared from the Peiping press. vey maps of China, are not "of limited outlook At Sining we found "Moslem Forward Moveand capacity." Of all the missionaries we met in ment" literature. General Ma has established Honan, Shansi, and Kansu, the last thing one schools in all the Moslem villages of the Province. would say is that "their vision of the inner mean- Chinese is taught in the morning and Arabic in ing of the mission has become obscured by the the afternoon. The Sufi Orders are in evidence intricacies, divisions, frictions, and details of a and we were surprised to find fairly large collectask too great for their powers and their hearts." tions of Arabic and Persian works in every Rather are they one and all doing a work whose mosque library. Many Tibetans have embraced inmost conditions even now are full of moral glory Islam. The Conference resolutions call for speand whose eternal issues (where they think there cially qualified workers and new literature to meet has been most failure) will redound to God's glory. this situation. "How fair the feet of the gospellers of peace of the gospellers of good !" The following Resolutions were passed at the Lanchow Conference confirming similar action at 3. There is a new China in the making. We Sining and Hochow. These resolutions were also saw signs of road building, reforestation, rail- endorsed by the larger conference held at Kuling. way extension, and plans for bus lines and ::erodromes. The new railway ferry between Nanking That there should be a sufficient proportion of qualified and Pukow is soon to give through service from full-time Moslem workers in Kansu. Ningsia and Tsin- Shanghai to Peiping. The use of motor cars is ghai Provinces to present the Gospel adequately to all extending to the frontiers of Tibet. Passengers classes of the Moslems, not forgetting the women and can be booked by the Eurasia Aviation Corpora- girls in scattered villages. tion from Shanghai to Urumtchi, 3,525 kilometers (2,188 miles) west from the coast, The great That these full-time work~rs should give special atten- "silk road" used by caravans and carts for cen- tion to the preparation of literature in Arabic and Chinese turies is being transformed. At Lao Hwa Cheng to meet all classes of the people. we passed many men going east to work on the road in the pass. Each family must furnish one That in districts where there are Moslems residing, all man with shovel or pick to work ten days and pro- missionaries should have some general knowledge of how to meet this special people, and that concise helps should be provided for giving such workers the necessary infor- mation.

That mission councils in designating workers to areas where Moslems reside, should take into consideration the appointment of those who, interested in the Moslems, are prepared to devote at least a proportion of their time to the work.

That a manual for workers among Moslems should be compiled, giving concisely all elementary information nec- essary and advisable for new workers to have, including sources of further information.

That in all tracts for Moslems in Chinese, the basic truths of our Christian faith, such as-the inspiration of the Bible, the Deity of Christ, the Virgin Birth, Cruci- fixion, Death, and Resurrection of our Lord, while pre- sented to the Moslems in a spirit of love, should never be toned down to avoid giving offense to them.

5. The Chinese Christians we met were spir- itually minded and increasingly conscious of their responsibility. They need our prayers and we need theirs. I shall never forget the outburst of revival prayer at Kaifeng and Chengchow, when the Chinese pastor who was my interpreter re-

AN ADVENTURE IN ETHIOPIAN EXECUTIONS

quested intercession. Also at the Conference for plans for evangelism, for better literature, and Chinese Christians at Kuling there were leaders, for closer cooperation. Best of all there is a felt men and women, who had the real missionary pas- need of God. In the words of the C. I. M. annual sion, for which there is no substitute. A number report: "IT IS WHAT He DOES THAT COUNTS. If volunteered to devote themselves to special service through the efforts of some 1300 (C. I. M.) misamong Moslems; one, a layman, expects to study sionaries and some thousands of Chinese workers Arabic. At Kuling, through the kindness of anything effective has been accomplished, God has Bishop Lorin H. Roots, of the Protestant Epis- been the doer of it. No one who has seen Him at copal Church, I met General Chiang Kai-Shek, work will ever be satisfied with anything less than head of the present government, who became a a manifestation of His power. The Gospel may Christian about three years ago. He is rightly be preached, meetings may be held, and statistics described as "taciturn, imperturbable, far-sighted, tabulated; there may be evidences of conscienautocratic, and one of the ablest Chinese in office." tious self-denying activity, but all will be utterly He and his charming wife, a graduate of Welles- fruitless unless His Hand is stretched out to ley, welcomed us into their Christian home and bless." And it is. asked for the prayers of the missionaries in the present crisis and need of China. At Shanghai we Our safety on the journey was an answer to met a distinguished group of Chinese Christians prayer and it is with thanksgiving to God that at a Chinese dinner, all of them members of the we record the memory of His great goodness and Church of Christ in China. They are laying large express our firm faith in the sure coming of His Kingdom in spite of sword and flood and famine.

An Adventure in Ethiopian Executions* By DR. J. ALVIN ORR, Jr., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia George Memorial Hospital, United Presbyterian Mission N OT long ago there was brought to this hos- lowed to go free and may not be punished again. pital a man who had stared death in the Only rarely does a man so doomed to death es- face and escaped it. He had been, by Ethiopian law, adjudged a murderer and been cape his fate. But if his bonds are loose, or the condemned to death because of his crime. In this rifle not accurately pointed, he occasionally does part of Ethiopia, legal executions are performed cheat death. by shooting-provided the incensed relations of the deceased refuse blood money or the criminal Such a patient came to us with two bullet is unable to pay it. wounds. One of the missiles had torn away a piece of his neck, but had damaged no vital struc- The condemned man or woman is strapped into ture. A second had traversed his chest, entering a chair and the bonds are made tight. The rifle just above the heart and emerging below the is in an adjoining room and is mounted on a tri- shoulder blade. The third bullet had missed him pod fixed in stone. Between these two rooms there entirely. Truly, this man had escaped death "as are two doors, closely resembling each other, but by fire." one is a door of wood and the other is of pasteboard. It is through this latter door that the We treated him and he recovered. Meanwhile, bullets come. our evangelistic teachings had not fallen on un- willing ears. When this patient left the hospital, The relatives of the murdered man or woman well and strong again, he requested the gift of a have the right to fire the gun-done by simply Bible (for he had no money) that he might go pressing the trigger, for there can be no aiming and tell to others the Glad Tidings he had re- -if they so desire. If not, it is discharged by a ceived. soldier. Only three bullets may be shot. If, by any combination of circumstances, the condemned Here was a man who had been a murderer; is not killed by the volley, he may be taken to a had been condemned to death and had almost hospital for the treatment of what wounds he has miraculously escaped. He had been healed of his received. If he survives these wounds, he is al- wounds, and had heard the Word of God. He had desired to tell others of Christ and what He had * From The United Presbyterian. meant to him. Surely this was part of God's di- vine plan.

Day of Opportunity in

By DR. W. M. MONTANO, Lima, Peru Evangelical Union of South America, Lima, Peru POR a long time we have been praying that had a Sunday school, and Easter Sunday at Sun- God would raise up at least one of our young day school the attendance had increased a great people that, without fear or shame, would go deal due to the special announcements and inter- through the streets of Lima carrying a sign board est that had been created. Sunday afternoon, as with announcements of the meetings on one side the programs had all been given, the young men and a Scripture text on the other. During Easter were sent out with their sign and the congregation week one of our young men, a member of the Gid- in the evening again proved what splendid result eon League, said that he was ready. I began to this way of advertising was giving. The church paint the sign with large letters on a piece of was again filled and for the greater part new faces cardboard. Some young men appeared "with hid- could be seen and they remained during the whole den gifts." One knew how to draw, another was service listening to the sermon, "The Risen a carpenter, another a splendid announcer. We Christ." We would like to put these souls in finished the sign and let the announcer go through your hearts so that with your prayers you may the streets. It was a true novelty for Lima. The help them.

people, accustomed to seeing announcements of One side of the sign had the following: LISTEN!

theaters carried in such a way through the streets TODAy…… (naming the day) (theme of the were greatly surprised. On Thursday of Easter conference), PUBLIC SERVICE BY. . . . .. ADDRESS, week many were coming out from the Catholic FREE ENTRANCE. On the other side, "John 3: 16"

churches. The sign board was written with great was written in clear and large letters. The young prudence. The people asked the young man and men told us that this text was read by all classes his companion to stop long enough so that they with much interest, and that many asked many might be able to read the notice on one side and questions concerning the Protestants, for the most the text on the other. Many gathered and with part the people think that we do not believe in consideration asked the announcer how to reach God, or in Christ, nor in anything that has to do the church. It was necessary to wait until the with religion and heaven; that we harm the peo- evening to see what effect the sign would have on pIe and that we are Satan's agents. It is hard to the meeting. What a marvel! The church was believe that in a city such as Lima the people will filled, and eighty per cent were new people, intelli- believe everything the priest tells them and can gent people, people of society. be so deceived. It is not so strange that the more This encouraged us to follow the same practice simple country folk that live in the mountains be- for Good Friday. The young men announcers lieve these things; and there they believe that we went toward the "Plaza de Armas" (Main have horns. That is what they said when I visited Square). The majority showed consideration and one of these places. The priest had said to his respect, but at the hour of the procession some congregation "that one has Devil's horns on his fanatical women called the young men "Judas," head, and you will notice that he wears his hat and said that no doubt they were receiving at least quite low so as to hide them." When these poor 100 8ole8 as pay for announcing the meetings. people begin to realize the folly of all of this, They spat, pushed and threw stones at them. Be- they begin to have more confidence in us and little fore these young men left to do this work prayer by little they follow the Way of the Lord. But the was offered for them and while they were out we most difficult is to get them to trust us and to do prayed for their protection. They conquered away with their prejudice and suspicions. It may through God's power and their prize was to see be due in part, the attitude of the Romanists the church filled to overflowing, and benches were against Protestants, to the fact that many of the placed in every spare place. Among so many the workers and missionaries instead of feeling the believers could hardly be distinguished; the pulse with great caution and prudence as to their greater percentage were new. God gave us the beliefs, and accommodating their messages to the victory. Sunday was the next meeting to be held. idiosyncrasy of these people, they hold arguments During these special days we announced that we and controversy against their belief, which is [ 534 ] their life. "If you tell me that Mary had more their lessons of work without any interruption.

sons, I will never become an evangelical," a Cath- God is showing us as well that another of the olic priest told me when we began some very in- secrets toward the road to success is to form in teresting talks together as he has recently become the Church, as Church, the habit of prayer. When interested in the Gospel after being a priest for the believers are ready to get up at an earlier hour 25 years. He has asked to be baptized, but I told than they are accustomed to doing and pray to him that this· act could not save him. I answered God, the same thing that happened in China and neither I nor anyone else could say that Mary had in Japan will happen here. More than a year ago more children, although such an act would not we established prayer meetings at six o'clock in harm her condition of santification. Another the morning, and after sometime, for different cirpriest, a short time ago, called in a very urgent cumstances, we suspended them. Now we have manner, saying that he wanted to leave the con- started them again. The first Sunday nine came vent and become an evangelical. These reports to the service; the following, thirteen; and the show how these people think on religious mat- third, sixteen. In the same way, we have again ters. The subject of the text had a very good started that which we had a little more than a effect and I am sure that it was used as fire and sword by God's spirit to speak to hundreds of hearts, and I could almost say to thousands, be- cause of the great number of people that were in the streets during those days. The number that came to our service on "Good Friday" was far greater than all of those other congregations put together.

Lately God is showing us His way of accom- plishing the best results. He is putting into our hands humble and simple instruments that are necessary. We have often forgotten what God did with Moses and with David, using their AN EVENING MEETING IN THE EVANGELICAL CHURCH strength and vigor. Here we have a group of young people and to know how to lead them is the year ago-special meetings for the edification of method of winning them in Latin America. The the believers. In these services we enter into the older believers, with all of their love and inter- innermost of our Christian duty. We ask for est, have been born in prejudice and have been prayers that there may be great blessing in these reared lacking true character in our countries. meetings as well as in the others. Just now we Studying the glorious history of the Protestant are praying that God will lead us in enlarging our Saxon, we find that the young people had to ac- circle of action. Having at present seven differ- complish that which those that had gone on ahead ent places for our Cottage meetings in the differ- were not able to accomplish. From all this we ent sections of the city, we would like to have find greatest results. God has used those of long another hall where it would not be at the mercy experience generally for edification, but He has of the owner of the house that for some reason or raised up the young people to explore and to pierce other he would have to move away, leaving us through the enemy's camp. That which is lacking without a house in which to go on preaching and is to realize "that who does not venture" cannot obiliging us to lose sight of our interested ones pass over the sea. There will not be those who after we have worked hard to have them as be- can build up or confirm if they have not gone to lievers. It would not only help us to reach new the attack and have come back with their con- souls having meetings firmly established, but it quered. The older believers' fear is made up in would be a place where some of our gifted breth- its lack with the fervor and bravery in the new ren of our Church at Mandamientos could exer- believers. It is not the same in Saxon countries, cise in the ministry of preaching and thus have where for many years has had evidence of Prot- a ministry among the laic brethren. With this estantism. The actual generations of Saxon same thought we have established meetings here Protestantism have their inheritance of strength at the church on every Monday night. We have and they were born in bravery and it is natural these meetings on the style of a small institute that they keep this same vigor, this same passion where we prepare the members of the Gideon and this same vitality. In our countries it does League in the art of winning souls, teaching them not happen that way. For that reason the desire how to distribute tracts, how to invite people to a burns within us to educate this group of young meeting, how to give a testimony, how to preach.

people so that with the coming generation, this We do not know what the result will be, but I ask same group leave their footprints of strength and you to pray.

Migrant Spanish~Americans

Results of Religious Work in Northern Colorado –<111_ By LAURA MAKEPEACE, Fort Collin" Coloudo l~o- HAVE you ever known a Ladies' Aid Society is a state affair, sponsored by the Denver Com- that was so popular that all of the men munity Players. Because of the colorful costumes wanted to attend? Such a society meets and Spanish music, they won first place in the every Tuesday afternoon in the First Presby- church group. terian church in Fort Collins, Colorado. It is ~omposed of Spanish-American women. They and One evening, about two years ago, when the cheir families do seasonal work in the sugar beet young people met in the church for a rehearsal, a fields. Their pay is pitifully small, and the living strange youth appeared. He introduced himself problem during the winter months is serious, at Bernardo Valdez and said that he and his famoften tragic. These women have made many ily had recently moved to Fort Collins. He had quilts for the needy of their own number, and heard that Protestant services were held in this they do other sewing whenever they are able to church for Spanish-Americans and that the young secure material. Under the supervision of a few people were meeting that evening, so he had come American women of the church their meetings to get acquainted. are such happy occasions that old and young attend, even the young men if they can find any Mrs. R. A. Johnson, who has sponsored this excuse. work from the beginning, was impressed with his bearing, so different from the usual hang-dog shy- The Christian Endeavor Society also, while ness of the other young men. As she had not yet planned for young people, is so interesting that it assigned the leading man's part in the "Wedding is difficult to limit it to them. In Spanish-Amer- Feast," she gave it to Bernardo. When he began ican communities, the girls are closely chaperoned to practice, she feared that she had made a misand as they are never permitted to associate freely take for he could scarcely speak intelligible Engwith young men, the older generation find the lish. But he worked hard and was determined to American custom hard to understand. They do make good. not feel just right in allowing their young people to work and play together without their parents' He attended the services faithfully for a time, supervision. and then came less and less frequently. While he had had very little schooling, he was far superior There is little or no wholesome recreation for mentally to the other boys and girls in the church. the Spanish-Americans in this community, so that They recognized this and were not very friendly the church is trying to fill this need. In addition with him. This made him feel so lonely that he to the regular services and group meetings, there found friends elsewhere. Some of these were not is a Christian Endeavor social every month and good companions and he began to drink and let a party for the entire congregation. down his standards generally. Mrs. Johnson found out the difficulty and, after a time, was abl8 An annual Thanksgiving dinner is given at to win him back. which only Spanish foods are served. There is always a Christmas party with a tree, Santa Claus, Bernardo's story seems strange in these United and gifts for the children. Each little girl receives States. He was born in a tiny plaza in New Mexa ten-cent doll that has been dressed by girls in ico, twenty-one years ago. His father was a clever the American Sunday school, and each little boy Spanish-American politician who could read and receives a ten-cent toy. They bring much joy for write both Spanish and English, and had more that is all the Christmas that most of them have. than average intelligence. Mrs. Valdez is igno- rant and superstitious, and has little in her favor. The young people have produced several plays. Last year they portrayed a Spanish wedding and They were Roman Catholics and Mr. Valdez fiesta at an Old Fiddlers' contest in Fort Collins. was also a Penitente, a sect of the Spanish Cath- It was so well received that they repeated it at an olics who take most solemn vows and perform amateur players' contest in Denver. This contest many secret rights. During Holy Week, they tor- ture themselves unmercifully and one of their [536 ] number is always placed on a cross until nearly is a college graduate, is helping him with his dead. Bernardo joined the Penitentes and was a studies there. faithful member as a young boy. Bernardo wants to become a Christian minister The father was not satisfied with what he found but is handicapped with his family. He manages in his religion and left it, but took nothing in its his mother and the younger children like a father place. He read his Bible, however, and was con- and they adore him and obey him. Mrs. Valdez is stantly seeking for the light. Bernardo also read too ignorant to be of any help, and is really his his father's New Testament as a child without most serious problem. Some months ago, while knowing that it was part of the Bible. he was working in a quarry some miles from home, she dropped the coffee pot on her foot, scald- Later the family moved to Denver and there ing it badly. Bernardo was sent for and took her came in contact with the Rev. Jose Candaleria, to a doctor. He then returned to his work and in pastor of a Protestant church for Spanish-Amer- his absence, a neighbor came in and began to tell icans. They began to attend his church, and after Mrs. Valdez that doctors are no good, and that a time, Mr. and Mrs. Valdez joined it. Bernardo the foot would never get well with his treatment. had heard of Protestants in New Mexico, but had She was persuaded to call in a Spanish herb docbeen taught that they were terrible people, tor. This woman boiled some weeds in a pot, rescarcely human. It was hard for him to get away moved the doctor's bandage and placed the injured from his early teaching, but after four years, he foot into this concoction at the same temperature decided that there must be something in this new as the coffee that had scalded it. She charged $2 religion. His father ceased to get drunk after he a visit and had made four visits before Bernardo joined this church and never again abused his came to town again. Thus his scanty earnings wife. were wasted and the foot was made worse. This is only one instance of his difficulties. Before Bernardo joined the Protestant church, he returned to New Mexico to the old plaza to re- BERNARDO VALDEZ-A BORN AGAI:-; MEXICAX nounce his vows to the Penitentes. When the purpose of his visit became known there, all of the doors of the plaza were closed to him. Finally, one boy friend persuaded his parents to allow Bernardo to stay in their home for a short time but they were none too cordial.

The father died when Bernardo was sixteen, so that he became the head of the family and had to support his mother and four younger children, ranging from three to nine years old.

Last summer he was a delegate to a religious conference for Spanish-American young people at Geneva Glen, Colorado. This opened a new world to him. He found the leaders to be wonderful Christian men who encouraged him and helped him solve some of his personal problems. He learned what a real Christian life could be and, since returning home, has tried his best to live such a life. He is now president of the Christian Endeavor society and teaches a class of boys in the Sunday school. Bernardo has a burning desire to get an education. When talking about this with Mrs. Johnson one evening, she asked, "Do you really want to study?"

"Do I? Just give me a chance," he replied. Mrs. Johnson gathered together some old school books, assigned some lessons in them and told him to return in a few days for his first lesson. As he went out of the door with the books in his arms, he turned and said, "Now I have hope." "Hope of what, Bernie?" she asked. "Hope of being somebody," he answered. He studied faithfully all winter and made remarkable progress. At present, he is working in a reforestation camp and one of the foremen, who

The Spanish-Americans were brought to north- day service. The work grew rapidly and soon Mr. ern Colorado by the Great Western Sugar Com- Sanchez was conducting church services after the pany, mostly from their homes in the little plazas Sunday school. A mid-week prayer meeting is in New Mexico though a few come from old Mex- held every Friday evening in the Sanchez home ico. With the closing of European immigration, with more people attending than there are resilaborers were needed in the sugar beet fields, and dent members of the church. One hundred and these people seemed to solve the problem. They nine people have been received into the memberwork for a season on one farm, and the next year ship of the church. Since there is no other Protmay be located many miles away, so the group is estant work among them in this community, it constantly changing. Most of these people were draws members from all denominations. born in the United States; their ancestors were here before the English landed on the Atlantic Owing to the fact that these people remain in seaboard, but they are just as foreign as immi- the community for such a short time, the actual grants fresh from Spain. Few of them speak number of resident members is always small. The English, and few have ever been to school. Their Sanchez family is the only one that has remained superstition and ignorance are almost unbe- here during the six years. lievable. In March, 1933, the Rev. Uvaldo Martinez was Most of them are Roman Catholics, but there appointed to look after the work in Fort Collins are a few Protestant families. Outstanding among and Greeley. Both Mr. and Mrs. Martinez are them is the family of Lino Sanchez that arrived graduates of mission schools in New Mexico. He is also a graduate of McCormick Theological Sem- SPANISH AMERICAN SUNDAY SCHOOL IN FORT inary, and is well fitted for the work. COLLINS, COLORADO The Spanish-American Protestants are happy in 1924. Mr. and Mrs. Sanchez attended mission to have religious services and the work has met a schools in New Mexico, and Mr. Sanchez has two real need. The leaders have three obstacles to brothers who are Christian ministers. Soon after meet. their arrival, they joined the Presbyterian Church and their children began to attend Sunday school. First, is the migrant character of the people. In two or three years, there were children from Many move on before they make any progress, several families in this Sunday school, but they often to communities where there is neither relidid not mix very well with the American children. gious nor social work for them. Noticing this, two primary teachers, Mrs. R. A. Johnson and Mrs. E. G. Mickle felt that these chil- Second, they are so ignorant that most of them dren should have a Sunday school of their own. must be taught and looked after like little chil- dren. At first, they spent their money as fast as These women called on the pastor of the church, they made it. Automobile and radio salesmen Dr. Leon Stewart, and put their idea before him. could easily persuade them to buy what they did He suggested that they call upon Mr. and Mrs. not need, usually on the installment plan. When Sanchez and this family was delighted with the they could not keep up their payments, as was idea. They not only promised to attend the Sun·- often the case, their purchases were taken back. day school themselves, but to get word to all other Thus they lost both their money and their car or Spanish-American Protestants that they knew. radio. The depression has taught them many things. They do not now buy luxuries as readily The new school was organized on the first Sun- as they did and they make their little money go day of March, 1927, with Mr. Sanchez as super- farther. One family of five is living on $15 a intendent. There were eighteen Spanish-Amer- month. icans present. These women have continued in this work during the six years since its organiza- Third, even though they may be years or even tion, while Mr. Sanchez has never missed a Sun- generations away from Roman Catholicism, they fear the priests. If a child is very sick, the priest is sure to arrive. He tells the poor, ignorant parents that their baby is lost unless they let him baptize it at once. Many times he is able to frighten them into submitting. They need educa- tion as well as religion for they are not inferior mentally when given a chance. Even with good educations, it is difficult for them to obtain good positions outside of their own communities.

This can never be a tolerant or Christian nation while we continue to discriminate against some of its citizens. This intolerance is holding these Spanish-Americans down and is keeping them from their birthright as American citizens.

Gospel for the Poor in India*

How Christ's Program Is Being Carried Out Among the Outcastes By DR. SAM HIGGINBOTTOM, Allahabad, India The Spirit of the Lord is upon me because he hath an- me looking for Indian illustrations for economic nointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent truths?" me to heal the broken hearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at All of my previous reading had lead me to think liberty them that are bruised; to preach the acceptable year of India as the land of pomp and pageantry; the of the Lord.-St. Luke 4: 18. land of the nabob and the Maharajah; the land of elephant processions with their gorgeous trap- I N 1903 I landed in India, a layman; expecting pings; the land of sumptuous splendor. I have to do evangelistic work among the outcastes. seen spectacles in India which could scarcely be No people in the course of human history have matched in any other country. During the war I suffered for so long a time as was director of agriculture for the outcastes and untouchables one of the Indian maharajas of India. They have been de- It is difficult to reach a who maintains an army of ten nied ordinary human rights; man's mind when he is igno- thousand, including an elephant they have been oppressed, sup- rant and oppressed. Perpetual battery. To watch these great pressed, depressed, by the famine is not good prepara- beasts pull the guns down the upper castes. tion for spiritual life. Few parade ground is enough to When I reached India, in- who have not seen it realize give one a real thrill. the extreme poverty, ignostead of letting me work among There is still this India of the untouchables, the mission rance and spiritual depression splendor and munificence, but sent me to teach in a college. in India. Dr. Higginbottom the India I saw with the stu- They didn't ask me what I could shows how the full program dents in the mud village, was a teach; they told me what I of Christ not only includes land of great poverty. I saw must teach. The subject had the preaching of the Gospel men and women eating millet, interested me little in college. but the feeding of the multi- which we in America call bird tudes, the enlightening of It was economics. The text- minds and the release of the seed. In India men and women books were English and Amer- physically oppressed. None will take some of this in the ican; the students Indian, do- of these lines of service suf- right hand, throw some of it fice without the Gospel but ing their work in a foreign lan- they are necessary features of into their mouths and chew, guage. It is much harder in the Christian missionary pro- chew, chew. Some people told India for a student to secure his gram. us that if they could have all of education than in America. this seed they needed every day Thus it was easy for me to per- they would be satisfied with suade these students to come life. But sometimes in the hot with me on some of the frequent holidays-which weather they have no work, and therefore no form a pleasant feature in Indian education. wages and no food. Very frequently they have About eighty per cent of the students are Hindus, to skip a day, and so have nothing to eat.

ten per cent Moslems, five per cent Christians, the I saw little children, from toddling age to seven other five per cent might come under that category or eight years old, simply dressed in their birth- Mr. Kipling speaks of as the "lesser breeds with- day suits; strutting around with enormous, pro- out the law." In the interest of religious liberty tuberant stomachs, supported on two little straight we permit students to observe their own religious sticks of bone. The faces of these children were holidays. I said to them: "Won't you forego the pinched and !?trangely wizen.

pleasure of some of these holidays and come with "What is wrong with these children?" I asked.

"Are they suffering from some disease?"

• An address delivered before the United Brooklyn Foreign Mis- "Oh no, Sahib; they are the children of the sions Conference, Thursday, April 20, 1933.' not revised by the poor." speaker, [539 ]

There is not a cow in this village that will give common material for cleaning the walls and floors.

more than a quart of milk a day; therefore milk The women take fresh cow dung, mix it with clay, is a luxury beyond the reach of these children. and make a smooth plaster. It is also used as They are fed on a diet of rice with a little split pea medicine, both internal and external. The other soup poured over it. In seeking nourishment out manures they cannot use because of caste. I think of this, the children gorge themselves. Many of about thirty per cent of the disease in India would them die. disappear, dysentery, the cholera, hookworm and All India, measured by any standard, is a land other intestinal parasites, if proper sanitation of great poverty. I thought it was not right that could be introduced. Certain villages show one people should live permanently undernourished to hundred per cent intestinal parasitism; many such a degree they were physically incapable of schools show that 80 % are suffering from disease good work. So I said to government officials and that would be prevented, if there were simple missionaries, "If you are justified in giving any obedience in India to the sanitary code of the education, surely you should teach the majority of Mosaic law.

the people of India how, out of their own soil, to People also say, "You protect your crops against grow crops to provide enough food to have a sur- wild animals and birds; we can't do that." Mr.

plus with which to pay taxes and rent and buy Gandhi holds to the doctrine that when a man or things required." animal or insect dies, the spirit goes into some "Don't you know," they replied, "that these In- other body. In India they believe that hundreds dians have been cultivating the Ganges Valley for of millions of rebirths must be experienced before centuries? They have worked out a very delicate Nirvana is attained. Where the Ganges and balance between the fertility of the soil and the Jumna and Sarasmati rivers come together I amount of crop they dare take out of it." have seen a crowd, estimated to be between four I have come to have a profound respect for the and five million people, gathered at one place, at Indian farmer and I do not suggest a departure one time, for one purpose; they come together from their methods until I have found a good rea- from the ends of Hindustan, believing that if they son. can dip in the water where those sacred streams Finally, after spending two years in America, meet they will get rid of one hundred thousand studying agriculture, I returned to India and rebirths for each dip. They are anxious to reach started an agricultural college. We have now Nirvana, which is a state of Being without con- learned how, on this very poor land, to grow sciousness or personality; they wish to escape crops so large that if all of the cultivated acres of from life-the greatest gathering of human be- the United Provinces produced as well as the mis- ings anywhere in the world, bear witness to a con- sion farm produces, then the United Provinces ception of life as a burden, a weariness, something would be the richest agricultural district in the to be escaped and avoided. No greater contrast is world. No other equal area of the earth's surface possible than between this concept of life and the has so many people as the Ganges Valley. We cut concept of Him who said, "I am come that they alfalfa ten to fourteen times a year; four tons to might have life and have it abundantly." This be- the cutting. My boy, David, who is now thirteen, lief in transmigration makes a great difference in was interested in counting how many things we India because the people believe that every bird could have on our table that could be home grown and beast and reptile and insect possesses a soul if we so desired. Some days he would count and spirit, and that i;f they destroy one they think twenty or twenty-five things on the table, grown it is committing murder.

on the farm or in our garden-milk, butter, cheese, A few days before we left Allahabad, I was sugar, bread, oranges, lemons, limes, qumquats, asked to visit a village eight miles away, where pomelos,grapefruit, custard apples, bananas, jack it was said the rats were doing great damage to fruit, peanuts, Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, crops. My colleague went with a low caste man cauliflower, peas, beans, beets, garlic, onions, rad- who carried a calcium cyanide gun-being an out- ishes, lettuce, celery, egg plant, squash and cu- caste he can kill animals. When this low caste cumbers. Weare now growing these things in man comes to a rat hole, he pumps the plunger great variety, and in amazing abundance. and sends the calcium cyanide dust into the hole, I pointed out to my village neighbors that this puts in a plug of wet mud and goes on. He knows poor land, which they said was useless to plow, that if a rat, porcupine or snake is in that hole was producing these good crops. They said, "Yes, in due time it will become first-class fertilizer.

Sahib, but you use manures that we can't use be- In this village, where the rats had destroyed grain, cause of our caste, and our religion. We could use we used this calcium cyanide gun on a field of cattle manure, but there are so many other uses five-eights of an acre. In the four days we killed for it that there is little left for fertilizer." Cow over eleven hundred rats. But these caste Indians manure is a common fuel in India; it is also the say: "Sahib, didn't God make rats as much as he

THE GOSPEL FOR THE POOR IN INDIA

made me; aren't rats entitled to their share as "We all know the cattle problem is because the much as I? Sahib, I won't kill a rat." Hindus worship the cow. They permit all of the Two Indian gentlemen-two Hindus-one a pro- cow family to live and breed; the result is the fessor in the Allahabad University; the other one cattle of India are not only increasing in number, a farmer, estimated that the rats of India destroy but they are deteriorating in quality. India has ten per cent of the grain every year; that is from too many cattle, let's have packing houses and re- seven to ten million tons, but because the people frigerating ships; Europe will take all of India's have such respect for the rat, they permit it to go surplus beef." My good friend, the Hindu pundit, on destroying the grain. expressed his regret that t)1e chairman had not The monkeys of India make commercial or- ruled the remarks out of order, for said he, "I charding almost impossible. Thirty per cent of could not have stayed in the room, had I known the diseases are said to come because people eat you would permit such discussion; I would as soon too much grain, and not enough milk, vegetables discuss the murder of my mother as the murder of and fruit. You would think, since fruit can be a cow."

grown so easily, they would grow more fruit. A This orthodox Hindu pundit got his religion Hindu friend of mine, one of the most enlightened from his mother. India is what the mothers of men I have ever known, a wealthy landlord, was India have taught it. I do not see how India can anxious to improve the status of his tenants. He flake much progress until we tackle in some more owned several thousand acres, equadistant from adequate way, the problem of the village woman.

three of the greatest cities of the Ganges valley. She is almost one hundred per cent illiterate, and He said, "With these markets so near, my tenants can only hand on to her boy what she has. If we would do better were they growing fruit and vege- can educate her, train her, give her mind a con- tables than wheat and barley." He helped the tent, give her something worth while to pass on to farmers plant thousands of fruit trees and for the her boy, we will see a different India. There are first few years they did well. Then the monkeys many noble women in India but they are the vic- got in and made themselves intolerable. The peo- tims of a system.

ple said, "Sahib, we would better chop the trees The longer I live in India, the more respect I down, the monkeys are getting everything and we have for the Old Testament as well as the New.

can't get a living, we would better grow wheat. The first two chapters of Genesis are especially The old gentleman called in the monkey catchers, rich because in them are laid down the principles who, for eight annas (or sixteen cents) for each by which a continuing, progressive society may monkey, caught and deported the monkeys fifteen endure. Take the last part of the promise, "Man or twenty miles. Those other villages wondered shall have dominion over the fish of the sea, and what they had done to receive this addition to their over the fowl of the air and over every living population; after a year or so, when the monkeys thing that moveth." Mahatma Gandhi and all had worn out their welcome, the people invited orthodox Hindus say, "We cannot accept that; we these same catchers to return and catch the same venerate the cow; we regard as sacred every bird, monkeys and take them back where they came beast and reptile." The price India pays for ig- from. So the old landlord wrote to the papers noring this first direction of Almighty God is that, complaining of the rascality of these monkey whereas she could be the richest agricultural coun- catchers, but he didn't suggest that they destroy try in the world, she is cursed with a degree and the monkeys. He did suggest that a large block kind of poverty that beggars description. The of land be secured as a monkey preserve and that main cause of India's poverty lies in her social a monkey proof fence be put around it. customs and her religious belief. Our Lord, that The wild pig of India also does so much damage Sabbath day in the synagogue at Nazareth, read: that the Bombay Government is now publishing "The Spirit of the Lord is upon me because he bulletins on it. Vegetables, sweet potatoes, Irish hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the potatoes, peanuts are nearly impossible to be poor." Dr. Stanley Jones tells us how this applies grown where wild pigs abound, so that the farm- today in India. In the last decade, each year 150,- ers' choice of crops is restricted to those not ac- 000 non-Christian Indians have come into the ceptable to the pig. The indirect damage is still Christian fold, very largely as a result of this greater than the direct damage and there is little preaching of the Gospel to the poor. Some sneer of economic importance left. and say, "Yes, but they are outcastes and untouch- But when you come to the cow you see, as it ables that are coming into Christianity and they were, the flower of animal worship. Mahatma have much to gain by the change. But the poor, Gandhi says, "I hold to the veneration of the cow." the downtrodden and the opressed are especially Last year the leader of the Orthodox Hindu Party mentioned in the program of our Lord. We must was appointed to study the cattle problem of India. have preaching in the Gospel, but it is a mistake When the committee met, an Englishman said, to think that is all there is to the Gospel.

Our Lord went on to say, "We are to heal the and farming in India?" It has been the purpose of broken-hearted." Is there any place on earth my life to do God's will. That will is richer, fuller, where you will find any more broken-hearted peo- better than any will of my own could be for my ple than among the sixty million untouchables of life; so when critics come, with their questioning India. Mr. Gandhi, from his jail, sent out about and say, "Why do you do this?" I go to my Lord a year ago a statement about the untouchables and I ask him about it. I think He gives an answer something like this, "To be born an untouchable is in that great picture in the twenty-fifth chapter of the equivalent of having a life sentence of penal St. Matthew, when he says, "Come ye blessed of servitude, from which in this life there is no es- my Father," and when they ask, "Why do you call cape; birth and birth alone determines the un- us blessed; what have we ever done?" He replies, touchable. His position is inescapable in this in- "You saw me hungry, you gave me to eat; I say, carnation." "When" and Jesus says, "Don't you remember you When the orthodox Hindus challenge Mr. Gand- went to that little famine cursed Indian village; hi's right to remove untouchability, they say that you saw those children with great, distended stom- these people are born in that position, that is their achs; you knew there wasn't a cow in that village fate and that no one can remove untouchability. that would give more than a quart of milk a day; Christ comes along through his servants and you took a beautiful cross-bred cow that could give looks into that horrible pit, and as one whose arm twenty to twenty-five quarts a day, wasn't that is not shortened that it cannot save, He reaches doing something for the least of my little ones?

down and lifts up and heals the broken hearted. They were growing coarse grain and low yields of These untouchables have, in Hinduism, no hope of wheat. You quadrupled the yields and improved better things in this life; but the God of hope lifts the quality. Is not that helping to feed the hun- them out from that horrible pit. Today we almost gry? They were growing sixty to eighty pounds have to say to them, "Why do you come so fast; of cotton; you taught them how to grow four hun- we can't care for you; we haven't sufficient help- dred, isn't that helping to clothe the naked? There ers." The outcastes are almost one hundred per had been a great drought, every stream is dry, a cent illiterate, degraded through centuries of op- woman comes to the well, she drops her vessel pression, suppression and depression. down into the well curb, but there is no water in it.

Some of my Indian friends in Allahabad are Terror is in her eyes, for it is a dry and thirsty charming, cultured men; and yet, they are cap- land where no water is. That village faces suf- tives; they are bound by chains of social custom fering and death. You go into that village with a like caste and religious belief, such as the doctrine good American boring apparatus, and bore down of transmigration and the veneration of the cow. sixty, eighty, maybe one hundred feet, until you Christ came to set the captive free; to break those strike a good vein of water, enough for man and fetters. Our Lord, when he sent forth the twelve, beast and some over for irrigation. Is not that said: "As you go, preach, heal the sick, cleanse giving drink to the thirsty?" If I understand the the leper, raise the dead, cast out demons." When Gospel of Christ right, what He lived and prac- John the Baptist sent two of his disciples to ask ticed, what He bade his disciples take to the end Jesus if He was the promised Messiah, Christ told of the earth, that Gospel is the only practical pro- them to return and tell John what they had seen, gram this world has for meeting every human "how the blind receive their sight, the lane walk, need, whether the need be physical, mental or spir- the lepers are cleansed, the sick are healed, the itual. Of all those who have trod the pages of his- dead raised and the poor have the Gospel preached tory and have come within human ken, Jesus unto them." If J-ohn knew what He was doing Christ is the only one who proved Himself able that would reveal Him to be the Saviour of men. to save to the utmost all who come to God by Him.

Yet some say: "After all is it right for mission- So let us all do our part to fulfil His great com- aries to take money from the home Church and to mand to take His Gospel of life to all men every- go out and engage in cattle breeding, raising fruit where.

MISSIONARY WORK WITHOUT MONEY If money is lacking now, there are many ways to work without it. Russia carried out one five-year plan without money, and has now begun on a second. A plan of world evangelization must inevitably involve changes; but it is against the purpose of Ohrist to retrench! If there is no money to support missionaries, let us get together and start many Gospel schools and thus create lay leaders, and continue doing so for scores of years. There is need now to set up such aggressive, constructive planning. Why not start occupational evangelism on a world-wide scale? When even the Rotary Club has an occupational fraternity as wide as the world, why cannot those who belong to Christ achieve such constructive planning?-Dr. Toyohiko Kagawa.

A Self~Made Madagascar

_•..ef i Translated by the REV. C. THEODORE BENZE, D.D., Mt. Airy, Philadelphia )at- President of the Lutheran Theological Seminary I N THE foreign mission field the most unex- the island and an Arab element on the northwest pected things happen. God moves in a mys- and southeast coasts. There are traces in the terious way. Within the Anglican Church an interior of an aboriginal people of a different indigenous church has come into being through stock. Roughly speaking, the people of the island the ministry of a self-constituted bishop who are called Malagasies. They may be divided gen- evangelized a district, founded churches, ordained erally into an eastern group comprising a number presbyters and deacons, and accomplished these of tribes, a central, among whom the Hovas are results unaided by any missionary society. Here the dominant tribe, and a western group, common- is a story so novel and almost incredible, that it ly known under the general name of Sakalava. deserves to be widely told.* These latter, mixed with Arab blood, and a mixed The story is so unusual that Bishop King quotes race called Antankarana, form the population of a statement by Bishop O'Ferral: "The Northern the northern triangle.

Church of Madagascar is quite inexplicable ex- The Antankarana people are virile but lazy, ac- cept by belief in the Holy Spirit." While such a cording to Bishop King, and live on their rice saying may be applicable to the faith of any in- fields raising cattle. Along the coast they also en- dividual or communion, there are bodies of Chris- gage in fishing. They were never subdued by the tians to whom its truth applies so strikingly, that French but, having always harbored friendly feel- one must accept it. This Northern Church of ings toward them, submitted when the French Madagascar is such a body of believers. finally made a colony of the whole island. While The island of Madagascar lies for the larger the introduction of Christianity in the island falls to the credit of Anglican missionaries, the people part north of the tropic of Capricorn, its northern in the northern triangle received their first educatip reaching to about twelve degrees south. Its tion from the French Catholic Mission in Diego climate is entirely tropical and the northern tip and Nossibe. of the island, which is the scene of our story, is of course the warmest. It consists of the province Such is the background for the history of John of Diego Suarez and parts of two other provinces. Tsizehena, called Bishop John not because of the The entire island is one thousand miles long and validity of the title, but for the sake of simplicity. about three hundred miles across at its widest Dr. King first saw Tsizehena in July, 1910. John point. It is thus almost a small continent and the was then about seventy years old and is described province in question forms a sort of triangle, its as a short, broad-shouldered man, a little bandysides being one hundred and fifty miles long and legged, rather bald and having a strong and honits base one hundred miles from east to west. est face. He was old and infirm and blind; but When the first Anglican Bishop, Robert Kestell- when he took Dr. King into his church, he sang Cornish, visited this part of the island in 1876, he through the Litany in the Malagasy tongue withmade a long voyage around the north of the island, out a mistake. It must have been a rare experitraveling partly by canoes and partly by palanquin ence to meet such a Patriarch, who took himself with bearers. It was then the wildest part of so seriously that he never claimed any real right Madagascar and the time had not yet come to to call himself either "The Bishop of the North" plant a mission. or a doctor of divinity, and yet had accomplished a remarkable work under these titles, with no Although Madagascar is classed as an African one to dispute his claims. As a matter of fact, island, the inhabitants really belong to the Malayo- this native Malagasy, with his simple faith, was a Polynesian stock. Racially and linguistically that real hero and as truly an apostle as anyone who seems to be established; and the traditions of the ever went fort~ to preach the living Christ. All people also point to such an origin. There seem information we have concerning him was preto be African admixtures on the western side of served in his own diary, written in his own poor • It is related most entertainingly by the Right Rev. G. L. King, manner, for he was never taught reading or writaDn.Dd .,wAasngimlicparnesBseidshboyp ohfisMtraudeagCashcraisrt,iawnhochkanreawcttehre.-sCe.lfT-m. aBd.e bishop l·ng by anyone. He nevertheless tells hl·S story l·n [ 543]

a simple straightforward manner that constitutes The Christians had two books which had been its charm. translated into the Malagasy language: the Bible He begins with the story of his baptism, which and the Book of Common Prayer. These were the occurred when he was twelve or thirteen years foundation of their faith. But they knew that the old. He had come under the influence of two mis- sacraments which were enjoined in the Prayer sionaries of the Church Missionary Society, Thom- Book, demanded a priest and a bishop. They rose as Campbell and H. Maundrell, who had begun to the occasion. Ordinarily Christians in like cir- their pioneer work in the region of Vohemar on cumstances follo.w the example of apostolic times the East Coast in 1862 or 1863. When Dr. King and, under prayer, elect one of their number and visited this region in 1910 he found that these two consecrate him by the laying on of hands to be men were still unforgotten. Campbell baptized their pastor. John Tsizehena called his friends John Tsizehena on April 27, 1864. together and told them that he would be their Bishop John's conversion, as is often the case, bishop! He also told them the title by which he was a remarkable experience. He was believed to was to be known among them, namely, "The Right be dead and his body had already been wrapped Rev. Lord Bishop of the North, D.D." That was in linen and bound with cords to make it ready the title by which his "right reverend brother"

for burial. In this state, which he describes vivid- the Bishop of Tananarive was known so that he ly, he says he even heard his mother say, "He is and his fellows saw no impropriety in adopting dead." He adds, "I that was called dead, was a similar title. Bishop John's wife, as a faithful taken by the Spirit, together with a great multi- helpmeet, also did her part. She made him a cas- tude of people, up a dark and slender ladder. sock, a rochet and the best imitation of a hood There was a bright city there, with many glorious that she could devise, for she had never seen one people riding horses. They had tunics and shoes except at a distance. Dr. King calls this hood a and crowns of gold. There was music and the study in black and yellow; but John's fellows saw sound of a trumpet." Then he says that he heard no reason why they should not respect him or his the Commander say, "Who brought this boy hith- vestments. From that time on he was a fully er? Take him back, for there is much work for fledged bishop with the North as his diocese!

him to do down there!" When he became con- One is almost tempted to smile at the simplicity scious he heard his mother crying out that he was of the man, and the flock which followed him, and alive. He tells us that thereafter he was regarded yet such was their earnestness and consecration as a "wise child." that one cannot but respect them. The bishop Two years later he was at Andevorante, two built himself a little wooden church at Namakia.

hundred miles south of Vohemar, where a new He could not find a service for dedicating a church, mission had just been opened. Soon after that he but again his inventiveness stood him in good went to Tananarive. He was following the course stead. He adapted the Service of Holy Baptism of the newly opened mission stations and it seems to his purpose, sprinkling water on the floor of that he was active as a lay preacher. About 1874 the building, and saying, "I baptize thee in the he attracted attention by wearing a cassock with name of St. Jacoba" (St. James in Malagasy).

a tinkling bell, in imitation, it is thought, of Aaron Then he preached on James 3 but confusing Jacob the High Priest. Such idiosyncracies do not seem at Bethel with the Apostle James. Finally he to have interfered with his influence among mem- sprinkled ashes on the floor in the form of a St.

bers of his own race. Andrew's cross and thus his cathedral was conse- In 1882 or 1883, when he returned to Vohemar crated. Every morning he went about his village an event occurred which became decisive in his tinkling a tiny bell and he told Dr. King that his own life. The French took the town and harbor favorite text was, "While I live I will praise the of Diego Suarez and held it. When they reached Lord."

Vohemar, they treated the Christians there so By such a humble vessel did the Lord send His kindly that, when they withdrew to Diego, John Gospel to the people of the North and establish and most of his fellow Christians went with them, His church among those simple-minded Malaga- settling in a village called Namakia about ten miles sies. From his base in Namakia John proceeded from Diego. This cut them off completely from to evangelize his diocese. In September of the the fellow Christians in Tananarive and East year of the dedication of his church he went with Coast. They were so completely separated from a native harpist about sixty miles to the south and their fellow Anglicans of the coast, that a mission- soon after, at the Feast of St. Michael and All ary of their own faith told them to manage as Angels, he dedicated a church there. Thus he best they could, since they were under French went about on long journeys, preaching the Gos- rule, while the rest of the island was still true to pel wherever he found hearers, founding churches the Queen of Madagascar. How were they to and ordaining priests and deacons, using the Or- maintain their Christian faith? dination Service of the Prayer Book. His biog-

RE-THINKING MISSIONS IN 60 A. D

rapher tells us that he baptized rather too freely, chapter in Dr. King's book, who seems to have but he never administered Confirmation, although handled the situation with the utmost tact and he himself had been confirmed in his youth. wisdom. His directions met with no actual oppo- sition and were followed with a fine sense of order We cannot follow Bishop John on all his jour- on the part of the Malagasy Christians. John neys, nor can we describe his perilous adventures Tsizehena seems to have laid thorough foundations in evangelization. There is a splendid account of and to have proved himself a master workman in the man and his deeds in the fascinating account many respects. The life and work of this devoted written by Dr. King. native Christian of the North are an inspiring example of how God's Spirit uses the simplest of When the properly consecrated bishop came to men and means, that to some may savor of the organize the church thus founded it became a foolishness of the Gospel, to lead men to the savdelicate problem to do so without doing anything ing knowledge of His truth. antagonistic or derogatory to the work of the selfconstituted bishop. This forms an interesting Re~thinking Missions in 60 A.D.* By the REV. CHARLES GRANVILLE HAMILTON Rector of St. John's Church, Aberdeen, Miss.

T HE Laymen's Committee, sponsored and said to have quarreled with the original leader of the financed by the generosity of the Church of Church in an Antioch street. Yet non-Christians must form their impressions of our faith from such! Laodicea, has just released its far-reaching The final section of the report deals with the findings. All first-century minded thinkers who basic purposes of the average missionary: are not in bondage to the remote past and to lit- Today we are menaced by the possibility of barbarian eralistic conceptions of religion will find solace and invasion and servile uprisings. A lower class movement for communism is growing. And instead of resisting this strength in its stirring words. To re-think mis- revolutionary tendency, many of these missionaries teach the possession of all things in common. And two spesions is the supreme task of all who would meet cifically, Matthew and Brother James, have written docu- ments arousing class hatred and manifesting anything but the problems of today. love for the rich. An upheaval in the social structure would destroy the efficient, prosperous, and liberal benevo- The report strongly emphasizes the poor quality lence-giving Church of Laodicea, and all other churches which represent modern thought and the people to whom of personnel which so hinders progressive work: God in His infinite wisdom has given the riches of the world. The idea of sending ignorant Galilean fishermen as messengers in this intellectual age is absurd, said the report. To preserve modern society from communists, radical These men of no scholarship, scarcely literate, lacking in plebeian and agrarian demagogues requires a united front. grace of manners and person, prone to petty bickerings, We should disregard nonessentials and walk together in are totally unequipped to face the intelligentsia. love. Jews and Mithraites, Pythagoreans and Stoics-all who believe in any form of religion-must stand together Thy are very credulous peasants with no special back- against the red tide of irreligion. ground and are utterly scorned by the rich, powerful, and learned citizens and scholars through whom alone our mes- Instead of cooperation, though, we find these missionsage can be extended. aries still harping on Jesus as the Messiah, His death, His resurrection, and similar concepts which even if historical And a "convert," with all the implications thereof, who are unimportant. By insisting on His impossible ethics, calls himself by the nickname of "Paulos" is probably the when not liberally interpreted by scholars of the scientific worst of these products of undiscriminating selection. A mind set, they are doing nothing to aid the cause of unigood physical examination would have debarred him (this versal religion. is an age of mens sana in corpore sano); and so would a psychological test, as he exhibits a persecution mania, and If these Christians of this type do not join in a syncrenumerous inhibitions and complexes. A proselyte Jew is tistic movement to share with all other religions and fight naturally offensive to Jews, yet he continually preaches with them the common foe of materialism, we predict the to them. Christian movement will die out in a century.

To let a man of such physical ugliness work with such Facing the future bravely, we, on re-thinking the whole admirers of beauty as the Greeks is folly, only surpassed subject of missions, insist the Church must continue to by the sending of such a denominationally trained man support missions, but with radically changed personnel, with only Tarsus and Gamaliel education, both unaccred- program, and purpose, and keep as its goal the brotherited schools, and no degrees, to reason with Stoics and hood of all faiths and all creeds. Epicureans. And this hook-nosed Jew even undertakes to speak to Romans as though they were not the rulers, but (Signed) THE LAYMEN'S COMMITTEE. merely some of his own class and race. Tact and diplomacy seem to be absent from his personality. He is even • Reprinted from The Living Church.

~rhe Christ Works Today in the

-'~I By the REV. J. HARRY COTTON, Ph.D., D.D.

Pastor of the Broad Street Presbyterian Church, Columbus, Ohio Joseph Cook Lecturer in India, China and Japan, 1931·2 I "A God without quality is a God of whom noth- We have expected that revelation in terms of over- 1l.. ing whatever can be affirmed. He of whom whelming majesty. We were hardly prepared for nothing whatever can be affirmed is for us that highest revelation which did come: in the as good as nothing, and is of no value to our ex- life of one who for the sins of the world was will- perience." ing to die upon the Cross." When one hears such It was a quiet evening in October in a southern words from the lips of a confessed Hindu one Indian city. Two hundred students had gathered wonders how far the indirect influence of the to listen to a lecture on the Christian Gospel. In Christ has gone.

the course of the lecture emphasis was laid upon In Kolhapur, Western India, lived a Hindu pun- the personal God of the Christian faith. Contrast dit and his wife who, for twelve years had been was drawn between the God and Father of our childless. They had long prayed for a child and Lord Jesus Christ and the impersonal quality- their prayer was answered a few days before we less Absolute of Hindu theology, and the Amer- arrived. It was a critical delivery and the whole ican lecturer made the statement quoted above. Mission engaged in prayer for this non-Christian At the close of the lecture a tall and dignified family. The child came safely. The mother was Hindu arose and resented the remarks made in the Christian Hospital at Miraj, and the Hindu against the Hindu conception of God. He said, father wrote to one of our missionaries, saying: "The Christians worship a big man set up in the "If only this child will exhibit a part of the spirit heavens." Immediately three or four bright young of service that I have seen in Christian mission- Hindu students arose and protested against the aries I shall be satisfied." older man's remarks. "Many Indians," said they, It would be impossible for a human observer to "do not worship this impersonal Absolute." estimate accurately the impact of the Christian They spoke truth. All through India the faith upon the eastern world. One thinks of the younger students are turning away from the im- spread of medical science, the development of the personal to the personal conception of God. We schools and colleges, the growth of the scientific asked one of the leading thinkers of India if this attitude, the new sense of the dignity of human was a fact. He replied in the affirmative, and personality, the new champions of the poor and that Christian thought was sending its influence under-privileged, the protection of the "untouch- into the heart of Hindu thinking. abIes" in India, the new sense of unselfishness that This is an example of what we may call the in- is beginning to appear in China. In countless direct influence of the Christian Gospel. The in- ways Christ has been changing the life and fluence of the Christ in India is not limited to thought of the Orient.

those who become His professed followers. The The scope of this change is partly indicated by Gospel truth permeates every area of life. One the almost unconscious deference to the mind of wonders how many uncounted thousands of be- Christ on crucial questions. Like Gandhi himself, lievers there are who for one reason or the other many non-Christian writers condemn the West have not yet taken a public stand by severing their because it is not living up to the standards of connections with their historic faiths. Jesus Christ. Often they praise their own civiliza- One thinks of Mr. Purushottam, brilliant Pro- tion because they claim that it embodies more fessor of Philosophy in Pachappas College, a fully the spirit and teachings of Jesus. In any Hindu institution in Madras. Himself a Hindu, case what they conceive to be the mind of Christ he was called upon to preside over a meeting at becomes the standard of judgment. They are de- which the American lecturer spoke on the Cross. ferring to His teaching. All this indicates the At the close of the lecture he made this astound- growing influence of the Christ. In fact where ing observation: "For many years we in India men do not take the mind, the spirit, the judgment have been asking for a fuller revelation of God. of Christ into account, it is difficult to see how [546 ] they can claim to be his followers. Any estimate from an "untouchable" home. But for Christ he of the missionary enterprise that leaves out of ac- would have been condemned to a life-long degrada- count the vast outreach of the indirect influence tion and the collection of sewage from some In- of Jesus Christ is neither fair nor accurate. dian village.

But the indirect influence is not alone sufficient. Turn to a Christian product from the other ex- No enthusiastic believer in Jesus Christ will be treme of Indian society, a Brahmin named Chak- content until, not only indirectly but directly, the raverti. He had been a member of a Hindu mo- lives, the conscience, the desires, the mind of the nastic order and was commissioned as a Brahmin Orient come under His direct transforming and missionary to America. He wanted te prepare renewing grace. We can see the need of the di- his way by a thorough study of the Bible and so rect influence of Jesus in the story of a Hindu boy. came under the spell of the central figure of the He was a student in Madras and came one day for New Testament. At the same time he was dis- a personal interview. Said he, "I worship two satisfied with his own work and his own life. At gods: One is Narayana, my chosen Hindu deity, last he was sent to Muttra and fell in with two the other is Jesus." He explained that each morn- Methodist lady missionaries. Their Christian ing he put a bouquet of flowers before the image character impressed him. At length, after much of Narayana and the picture of Christ in the prayer, he was baptized on Christmas day. That garden of Gethsemane. Then he paused in rev- was five years ago. Today he is pastor of the erent· adoration of both his divinities, and read church in Brindaban, a strong center of Hindu- some Hindu scriptures and something from the ism. He is a man of amazing physical vigor, in New Testament. "Do you think this is all right?" his early forties, a striking personality, a clear he asked. The question was his to answer, and I mind. We traveled all day to hear his testimony asked him, "Is there anything you get in Nara- and it was worth many days' journey.

yana that you cannot find in Christ, and is there One thinks of the women and girls of the Orient.

something in Christ that you have not yet discov- We went into countless girls' schools and colleges.

ered ?" Two days later he came back with the in- We saw these girls in the Christian Sunday sistent query, "How can I know Christ in my schools. We saw the women in Christian churches heart?" I was afraid at first that he was merely from Mt. Lebanon to Madura, to Bangkok, to Can- mouthing a pious question which he had heard so ton, to Tsinan and on to Seoul, and everywhere we I asked him what he meant. In reply he unfolded saw the unforgetable light in their eyes. It was a tragic tale of moral defeat, a tale that is to be one of the distinguishing marks between the multiplied in the lives of thousands of Hindu stu- Christians and the non-Christians. If only that dents. What his urbane and academic interest in light of the eye could be captured and brought Christ had not accomplished, what his loyalty to home it would speak its all powerful appeal to the the best of Hindu deities had not achieved, was a American church.

moral transformation that could come only One thinks of the countless poor and under- through a direct experience of the indwelling privileged folk in the East; the outcast villages, Christ. It is this moral dynamic which is the and of all that Christ has meant to them. These great crying need of the Orient. poor, hopeless folk had never known joy until they These transformations are not such as can be heard the "Good News." One thinks of their chil- pointed out. They are hidden and inward. We dren enjoying education, their mothers freed from cannot say: "Lo, here!" or "Lo, there!" I am some of their suffering through Christian medi- skeptical whenever anyone comes back from the cine. One evening we saw a Christian minister Orient with tales of wholesale conversions: and his wife, who was a doctor, go into a stricken For not with swords loud clashing, Indian home where disease was working a dread Nor roll of stirring drums, result. We saw the swift yet careful ministry of But deeds of love and mercy, the doctor and heard the tender earnest prayer of The Heavenly Kingdom comes. the missionary husband as he called upon the Nevertheless we find human individuals who, by presence and the keeping power of the Eternal.

the fruitage of their lives, show what has been It seemed to us that we had seen Christ in person taking place. Here was a brilliant preacher, a coming into that humble home.

product of Harvard Graduate College with high I think of the Christian groups that we saw in honors in philosophy, professor in Wilson College India, the songs that they sang – weird Hindu in Bombay, and pastor of a large church in that melodies to the accompaniment of crude instru- city under the American Board. We heard him ments but lately carved out of the materials of the give a sermon whose words we could not under- jungle. The so·ngs had an air of the jungle and stand, but we talked with him after the service yet their central message was the message of was over. What had been the origin of that bril- righteousness and peace. I think of the Christian liant and effective Christian leader? He had come homes where women and children were no longer

creatures of desire but where the spirit and at- sturdy Christian character that there is to be mosphere of the home was Christian. One Sun- found. Were all the Christians to disappear from day evening we came to such a home in Osaka, the rest of the world I am sure that out of Korea Japan. The husband was a prominent business there would come a church that eventually would man and both father and mother were graduates reconquer the world. of American universities. The six children were all present at the supper table and at the conclu- We think of the pathos of China, and of the sion of the meal a number of the neighbors were sober, intelligent, devoted leadership that comes invited in for prayer and Bible study. They were from some of her Christians. We think of the too far from the Christian church. After some future of Christ in Japan. One day their mescomments on a passage of Scripture, there fol- sage will transform that land. We think of the lowed discussion in Japanese which I could not stupendous significance of the Orient for the world understand, but the spirit of that home I shall of tomorrow. Then we think of what Christ is never forget. doing there. We pray that His work may be multiplied until their kingdoms shall become His We think of the multitudes that thronged the very own. We see many signs of His coming churches of Korea, of the intense conviction and Kingdom and we take courage.

New German Christians By PFARRER THOM Member of the Executive Committee of the "German Christians"

THE "German Christians" have for their aim cently in a broadcast speech placed the general to unite the 28 different "Landeskirchen" in position of State, people and Church under the Germany into one German evangelical following aspects: Church, and to include the German coreligionists all over the world, attaching them to the home The traditional articles of faith in the evangelical con- Church. The German Evangelical Church Fed- fessions, the religious life, thought and feeling peculiar eration, which was concluded over Luther's grave to them, as also the institutions and formations in the inat Wittenberg by the 28 "Landeskirchen" aimed at dividual congregation and in the Church, valuable from a mediating the relations of the Landeskirchen with religious and ecclesiastical point of view, are in no way to one another and uniting the foreign congregations be hampered or infringed upon. The assimilation of Gerto the German Church people. man ways to the Church is not supposed to push aside or replace by other elements foreign to the Christian faith "German Christians" profess a positive Chris- the belief of the fathers in doctrine, public worship and tianity, in keeping with Lutheran spirit and Lu- community life, but rather to render this Christian faith theran piety. In matters of faith, they take their intelligible, elucidate it and bring it nearer to the people, stand on the confessional foundations of the evan- especially to those that have become estranged from the gelical churches, i.e., the whole Bible and the writ- Church, thus making it afresh dear and valuable to them. ings of Dr. Martin Luther's reformation. It is to furnish to the national movement the indispensable religious-ecclesiastical substructure, and make Church and The "German Christians" are anxious to put people come together anew. into prominence in their Church the reawakened German lebensgefiihl (feeling of life) and wish a The "German Christians" demand an independ- Church that shall not stand aside in the mighty ent Church, free from the State. To this end it is struggle for existence of the German people. The requisite that the Church should enjoy the full faith movement German Christians reject the sep- confidence of the State, and the State can trust a aration between things temporal and spiritual, Church only if it knows that the leaders of this not in the interest of worldly power, but for the Church are prepared to serve it enthusiastically. sake of the faith and the pure Gospel. The "German Christians" want to be prophets The state commissioner for the evangelical of God, who hear God's call to the German people Landeskirchen in Prussia, Dr. Jaeger, has re- and are following this call to evangelism with all the passion of their souls. By the REV. S. W. CLEMES, Delhi, India Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church T HE type of missionary needed on the mission -enrolled in the mission class. Here vital contacts fields as given by the Laymen's Commission, and enduring friendships were made. centres around these characteristics: Self- The pastors are key men in knowing personali- sacrificing spirit, utter devotion, moral courage, ties and I bear witness to their sympathy, coopera- high intelligence, love of adventure, love of peo- tion, and willingness to give one all the oppor- ple, willingness to serve rather than command, tunities available.

evenness of disposition, sense of humor, serenity Many of the young people seriously considering and patience. Personally, we do not wish to the field abroad as their lifework have different quarrel with this list. It exemplifies a' perfect, motives from those of a former generation. Some human equipment. are moved by an interracial urge. They want to Would that we had more men with power in come out to get as well as to give. Their contacts prayer to change situations like "Praying Hyde!" with peoples of other nations have given them a Men with the ability to win others to Christ like love for foreign people. Moreover they have E. Stanley Jones; men with the creative literary strong feelings regarding war-that the best way ability of E. L. King; men and women with the to foster brotherhood, international understand- educational genius of the Harpers of Moga and ing and goodwill is through missionary service.

the versatility of Albert Schweitzer. Perhaps it Nor is the element of the lure of high adventure is too much to expect of a single missionary to lacking in these young people. It would be strange exemplify all these characteristics. I could men- if it were when we consider that their companions tion some whose names are not so well known, take to the air with wings and fly across rugged but whose lives bring to birth new creatures in mountains and lovely valleys and wide, open Christ Jesus, whose daily practice shows that they plains. In attempting to find candidates we must have enduement from on high – experts in the take into consideration these urges.

knowledge of God, experts in heart culture, and The time has come when appeals for mission- experts in tact and in wisdom. aries to some fields ought to have the endorsement "There came a man sent from God whose name of Nationals. When I was at home I was greatly was John." There came a missionary sent from stirred by letters written by my Indian brethren God whose name was. . . . .. What matters most urging me to hasten back to India. I met a mis- is that God sends Him. In this man's heart is the sionary doctor on his way back to China who told imperative, "I must be about my Father's busi- me that he was going principally because of the ness." In raising this question, how to find the request that came from the Nationals of that coun- type of missionaries needed, we need to remember try. It will carry far more weight with candi- that Jesus found his Peter and James and John dates contemplating the foreign field if they knew and Matthew by making contacts with them. that the positions open for their services are When home during my last furlough I had the places recommended by the national church. They privilege of making many contacts with the youth will come feeling that they are really wanted by of our high schools and grammar schools. If we those whom they are to serve.

are ever going to get the type of missionaries It is taken for granted that each mission board needed we shall have to begin early. I found the has a candidate secretary who is accessible to all students keen and greatly interested in India, her contemplating the foreign field. Nationals would habits, customs, and her great men. Our colleges do well to make their wants known through him also offer an opportunity for making the most of as he has direct contacts with all possible can- our stay at home. The Epworth Leagues and didates.

Christian Endeavor Institutes are large in num- The son of a preacher in Kansas, from the time bers and draw to themselves the finest in the land. he was in grade school, said that he wanted to be Out of an institute of about 400 nearly 90 were a medical missionary; and he stuck to it through high school, college and university. When he had pri•ntCeodndinenTsehde Ifnrodmian·a Wpiatnpeesrs. read at the Landour Conference and gone through college and medical school with high [549 ] scholarship honors and the Gold Key, he offered as natural abilities, culture, capacity, outlook, tact and himself to our church for medical missionary serv- training. To this we agree; but, realizing that there is a ice, and they told him they could not send him for spiritual and a supernatural aspect to the work. We lack of funds. would insist that there are certain qualifications essential which do not come under any such list. The assurance of The uncertainty of income, the recall of mis- a divine call, the conviction of a God-given duty, the possionaries, the increased number detained at home, session of a divinely-certified message that is for the glory and compelled, if they want to return at all, to of God and the welfare of men, the aid of an empowering raise their own passage money and perhaps their Holy Spirit, with an inward illumination that minimizes own salary is making it increasingly difficult to human error …… are moral qualifications and spiritual secure the proper kind of men and women. Never- helps that under the humanistic theology of the Appraisers theless the young people are there. There is no would largely disappear. magic formula for finding the type needed. Jesus found Philip because he deliberately went after We frankly doubt whether the humanistic call would him. In seminary, in college, in church and in secure workers, and if it did we further doubt whether professions we will find that man and woman who the human qualifications they might possess would enable will best fit in with the life here. Missionaries, in them to persist in the disheartening and difficult service conversation and consultation with others, can be they would have to face. . . . .. One of our missionaries potential factors in determining whether the man writes: "For myself, if I had all the gift of leadership or woman is desirable. and the best specialized training that is recommended for the missionary personnel, I could not go to the foreign I once asked Mahatma Gandhi what Christian- field with no more of challenge than this. If there is any ity could contribute to the religions of India. He challenge to the Report it is a call back to America, there replied that it was like digging an artesian well. to preach the Gospel to our people who se€m to be losing One had to dig deep into the soil to get the right their grip on the very heart of the Christian message. kind of water. "If you missionaries," he said, "will dig deep into the heart of India through the Regarding the truth of the conditions at home well of sympathy you will find that India will re- let me quote from a pastor of our church in spond." It can be done. It has been done. It America: must be done. One cannot think about and pray about our foreign mis- I heard a brother missionary telling of a revival sionary work without being compelled to face the situation in his boys' school. Out of that experience had at home. 0, how we need a spiritual awakening in all the come a great change in his own inner life. In churches! Our American Protestant churches are taking analyzing his own self he stated four things that in thousands of people who know absolutely nothing of a be believed necessary to bring one to the place of life of prayer and fellowship with God, who are appallpower. There must be an overwhelming desire ingly ignorant of the Bible and its meaning and message for it; second, every known sin must be given up, for our day; whose homes are prayerless, graceless, Godeven the little ones that so easily upset one; third, less; whose philosophy of life and outlook upon life and there must be absolute surrender of the whole life reaction to life are just as pagan as that of the men who to God; and fourth, which perhaps impressed me never darken the door of a church. more than all the rest, there must be much time spent with God. I know something of the habits To summarize: of that missionary and know that he is an early riser and that he spends much time in communion First: Accept the description given by the Comwith God. I am convinced in my own life that he mission and add spiritual qualifications. is right. If ever I am to be that type of missionary needed not merely by a board or a commis- Second: Make contacts with young people beginsion, but by Christ, I must spend much time in ning even as early as the grammar school prayer, much time in thought with God. grades.

Let me quote from a booklet recently prepared Third: Nationals through publications should exby representatives of the Methodist Episcopal press their desires in regard to missionaries. Church in Southern Asia on a Study of "Re-thinking Missions" : Fourth: Missionaries on the field might come nearer the type needed by: The Commission holds that in the selection of the candi· date for the field, emphasis must be placed on such things a. Sharing material advantages with Na- tionals.

b. Sharing spiritual experiences with Na- tionals.

c. Allocating men to the work for which they are fitted.

d. Rededicating ourselves in a new way to God.

THE MEASURE OF A CHRISTIAN Our interest in missions is a mark of our Christian character; our knowledge of mISSIOns is the measure of our Christian attainment; our participation in missions is the measure of our Chris- tian efficiency. HENRY C. MABIE. Effective Ways of Working fI crested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA S. AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO A SCHOOL OF MISSIONS ica. Then a missionary at home stay in Africa and we hurried FOR JUNIORS on furlough from Japan took us aboard our Friendship and By MRS. H. M. JACOBS, Rocky on an imaginary world trip. We sailed for India. River, Ohio packed our baggage and went on There we met another of our The first morning of our Junior Missionary Conference at board the good boat "Friend- own missionaries and went to Lakeside last summer we organized a "Follow the Leader" club ship," assuming to start on our her school. Here we played such as we prepared to present the study book of that name. We tour from Lakeside, where an a fine native game called "Ko." donned arm bands of blue cardboard bearing the initials F. L. American flag was flying (from Two rows of children, seven in in silver, blue and silver being our colors for King's Heralds- a center table). A long clothes a row, squat opposite each other, the Methodist junior organization. We made fish and fan and line was tied from one place or three facing each way. Seven in kite invitations and distributed them to children on the grounds chair to another, and we recog- the second row run, one chasing. inviting them to attend our club meetings. nized the country we were ap- The others may dodge in and Each morning began with a proaching by the foreign flag out, but the chaser must run devotional period directed by different conference and district which was waving a welcome. around the ones squatting. Howofficers, the general topic being, "God's Way of Working and Liv- As we traveled, we learned dif- ever, the chaser may tap one of ing Together." We were thinking of Jesus as a friend to all of ferences in dress, customs, lan- the squatters, yelling "Ko!" and us and trying to learn the meaning of friendship at work, at guage, etc., but found that all take the latter's place. The new home and at play, also trying to become a friend to all the other children laughed, played, sang chaser follows the same plan and children of the world. We sang, "Tell Them the Stories of Jesus" and worked in much the same the game continues until all are instead of "Me," and prayed this prayer: way. caught. We were presently so Our Father in heaven, we thank When we reached Algiers, Af- breathless that we were glad to Thee that Thou dost help us to find rica, we were welcomed by one sit down and look at curios. Rathe best and the happiest way to live. of our own missionaries who is jas told us of her life and how We would try to live like Jesus, for supported by these juniors of the hard it was to earn her bread. He lived a perfect life that brought Cincinnati Branch. She told us (Chapter 5 in study book.) We joy and strength to those about Him the story of Philip and his won- thought it fun to exchange clothand to thousands of people ever since. derful trip to see Jesus 2,000 ing and dressed up in each oth- Help us to share gladly and to work years ago, and in imagination we er's attire. and play together happily throughout went up the hillside not far from Then we went to Korea. We the summer. In Jesus' name we pray, Cyrene and saw His old home. did not stay at Seoul but went to Amen. We met Ferhan and some of her a far distant village where we school friends. She had lost her found one of our own mission- The first morning Takae Ta- parents in the plague and needed aries and the native people who gawa San and Yoko Matsuoka a home and was so happy in our love her so dearly. We did not San, of Japan, visited our school mission school. (Chapters 1 and like the way they cooked their and told us of their experiences 2 in study book, Follow the Lead- rice with hot pepper and a sticky at home, in school and in Amer- er.) We joined hands and sang gravy, but thought our way of serving rice was so much better. to the tune of "Juanita": But we enjoyed their fragrant Now through· the jungle where the tea and dainty rice cakes. forest children roam, Sounds the joyful drum beat saying, Passing on, we stopped at Mexico where one of our mis- "Help has come."

Health and hope are promised, abun- sionaries is caring for the kin- dant life is free to all; dergarten children and training They have heard and answered–an- lovely Mexican girls to carryon swered our call. Africa, 0 Africa, we would praise His her work. Some of the children name with thee. . still had the toys and books we Africa, glad Africa, we give thanks with thee. had sent in the "friendly bags" a few years ago. We especially A farewell party with ex- liked their carving and brought change of small gifts ended our home a manger scene skilfully [ 551 ] MISSIO~ARY SPEAKERS IN COSTU:.IE AT LAKESIDE CO~FERENCE carved out of wood. (Chapter its church, a town hall, commu- in any group of the church or as VIII, study book.) nity house, hospital, school, play- an evening service that will draw even better than the pas- When we rounded up at Lake- grounds, happy homes, parks, tor's missionary sermon. The sketches may be arranged by any side again, we placed the Chris- markets, etc. As we pay our clever writer in the congregatian flag higher than all the oth- dues and bring in the mite boxes tion. The following directions and sample sketch (abridged er flags and sang and prayed with .our thankofferings in them, and adapted) will serve as a pace-setter. Miss Mary Brown, together that God's love would we will place the different build- director of religious dramatics dwell in the hearts of all the lit- ings in this village. And so the in the Downey Ave. Christian Church of Indianapolis, found tle children of the world. Not King's Heralds will "Grow and them so successful in creating a demand for the study and readmerely in these school group ac- Glow and Go"-which is our ing books and making their sub- ject matter real and vital. tivities but in our recreation we motto for the year ahead. "We of the missionary groups kept the missionary motive up- earnestly desire our members to read; but it is often difficult to permost, having supper on the CREATING AN APPETITE get a person to read what he or shore and holding a consecration she knows nothing about. The service, making lotus blossoms FOR THE STUDY BOOKS purpose of the sketches is not entertainment but the creation out of our paper napkins and We are familiar with the lure of interest that will lead to the reading of the book. Therefore setting them afloat on Lake Erie of the food demonstrator who laden with good wishes and love proffers a tiny taste of the appe- for Japan, etc. tizing viand and thus creates an We decided that in our own. irresistible demand for more.

King's Heralds meetings during This principle is admirably "sub- the winter we would help build limated" by presenting brief a Friendship V i II age. We dramatized sketches from mis- thought of all the things needed sionary reading and study books to build a successful village- in order to introduce them into first, a Christian. flag to fly over circulation, and it may be used

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

we would not advise the presen- Boy-Yes, white man; my mother imaginary variety used by the had a child last night and I want you Woman's Society in the First tation of the sketch unless you to excuse me from work today. I am Baptist Church of Topeka, Kanhave a copy of the book which sas-a movie at each meeting. going to get her some firewood. you will make available to the Missionary-What! Have you a group for reading. new brother or a new sister? This is a game or any diver- "Regarding costumes and Boy-Sister. sion tending to make the mem- Miss'ionary-All right; you may go. bers move about and get better characters: One of the most ef- acquainted. At the November fective presentations of these How are your mother and sister? Boy-They live.

sketches was given with women Missionary goes on thinking and meeting the P's and Q's handed dressed in their ordinary clothes presently is interrupted by the entaking the parts, with the merest to each person entering the room trance of a man. a small cardboard lantern with a hint of costume to designate the Man–White man, may I be ex- letter on it-S, E or W. These cused from work today as my wife part. A folded handkerchief has borne a daughter and I must go represented the work in South made a nurse's cap: a felt hat to get some firewood and food? and a man's handkerchief to mop Mlissionary-All right, Bondoko, China, East China and West the perplexed brow character- you may go. Is Boyengo your son? China, which was the theme of Man-No, white man; the child the program. When the "movie" ized "Mr. Smith": a cane and a that was born in my house last night was announced, the W's went to feeble tone portrayed "grand- was my first born. Missionary goes on thinking and the west side of the room, the mother." One could have costum- E's to the east side and the S's ing. One could have men and presently a small boy comes up. Bo'koji-White man, may I be ex- to the South. At a given signal boys and children to take the cused fr.om work today? My child they formed a triangle, spelling parts. If it is to be given before has borne a girl child and I want to the church, let the characters be the word S-E-W. Then using worked out with men and chil- go and get firewood. these initial letters they recited dren. If it is a group of young Missionary-Why, what's this? the characteristics of the mis- sionaries-Sincere, Ear n est people, let them work out their Your child has a daughter and you own characters. And as for staging, none is necessary. Use are not old enough to have a wife. the imagination. Dim lighting with the actors entering and tak- Is Bondoko your father? Workers, etc. ing their places in the dark is Bokoji-No, white man, Bondoko is quite as effective for the purpose The P's and Q's have many of this type of dramatization as no relative of mine. and varied duties. They keep a more elaborate preparation. One Missionary-Is Boyengo your broth- record of those present at the group staged an African scene in study class, the Quiet Hour and er? the program and report before shadow pictures behind a screen." Bokoji-No, white man; Hoyengo the close of the session. They provide a pianist, distribute comes from the same village that I do, books look after the souvenirs, table 'displays, costuming, and but he does not belong to my family. arrange for the comfort of those Missionary-What is the name of the person whom you call your child and who has a new daughter?

Bokoji-Bolumbu. Missionary-And what is the name of Boyengo's mother?

The Call of the Congo Bokoji-Bolumbu. present.

Missionary-Then how many chil- The following sketch is se- dren were there born last night? A Plan for the Elderly Folk Three? lected from a number by Miss Women of the congregation of Bokoji_We know of but one new the First Baptist church of Mo- Brown because it may fit in with the use of God's Candlelights, baby in town, white man. Missionary-Tell me; is the mother which is a study book for the of Boyengo, Bolumbu? Bolumbu is the line, Illinois, who were 70 years current year: wife of Bondoko and likewise Bolumbu old or over were special guests is the child of Bokoji, and yet these "The one introducing the people profess not to know one an- of the missionary society at a sketch reads an introductory other. What are you trying to put meeting whose topic was, "Faith paragraph explaining that the over on me? of Our Mothers." Devotionals, Bokoji – That is easily explained. prayer for "mothers of the past, humorous scene chosen is illus- present and future" and speci~l trative of the difficulties a mis- We don't have the same relationships sionary encounters in trying to unravel the relationship of cer- you do. All aunts are called mother, tain natives in the village. Mr. Smith is trying to concentrate and all uncles are called father. Now music all focussed on the mam on his work when he is inter- theme. The meeting marking rupted by a native boy, a man Bolumbu was the aunt of Boyengo, and a small boy. The curtain and she was the wife of Bondoko and the 60th anniversary of the goes up or the lights come on or founding of the Woman's Amer- Mr. Smith simply enters and the baby is their first-born. The faseats himself at his desk or ther of Bolumbu and my father were table. He sits in a brown study when a school boy steps up and related but my father is dead; so I ican Baptist Foreign Mission.So- take his rank and therefore I called starts the dialogue. pcaiegtey~nsti,x members took part III a Bolumbu "child" because I have my each represen!ing .a father's rank. Is that all clear? decade of work, and attired III Missionary sighs and goes on think- ing! the several period costumes, de- MISSIONARY MOVIES scribing the work accomplished ,in the time. Following this, each Boy-White man, are you awake? The real kind are among the elderly guest was presented with Missionary-Yes, Boyengo! Are best of our promotional materi- a gaily costumed doll represent- ing some period in the 60 years' you awake? als. But "The Open Forum of work. Methods" in Missions tells of an I BULLETIN OF The Council of Women for Home Missions ANNE SEESHOLTZ, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, 105 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK ~~~~~~~~~~~~==~~==~~====-I~ I had fainted unless I had be- ALBRECHT DURER'S "PRAYING HANDS" lage. The worst storm of the lieved year in Honolulu depleted but a company of over 1,500 in Py- did not stop the meeting-which To see the goodness of the Lord engyang, Chosen, to ravaged and means much to those who know In the land of the living. famishing Puerto Rico, where what a Honolulu storm can do! Wait for the Lord; "we were about forty-and One, -and elsewhere in the islands Be strong and let thy heart take the One who makes any gather- were held eight different serv- ing, however small, a rich ex- ices, all interdenominational and courage; perience." interracial. At the meeting in Yea, wait thou for the Lord Salonika, the leaders were one Turning the Pages of an Atlas. American, one Greek, and one -Ps. 27: 13-14. This harmony in diversity is Armenian. The audience in- one of the most impressive fea- Let my prayer be set forth as in- tures in the constantly increas- cluded women of about a dozen cense before Thee; ing observance of the World Day nationalities. Four languages, of Prayer on the first Friday in English, Armenian, Greek, and The lifting up of my hands as Lent. New Zealand, Australia, Turkish were used during the the evening sacrifice. the Philippines, Hawaii, India, hour. Even more polyglot was Syria, Ceylon, South and West the gathering at Sofia, Bulgaria. -Ps. 141: 2. Africa, Japan, China, Greece, They added to their program the South America, Germany, Den- Master's gracious and familiar UNITED IN PRAYER mark, the Balkans-one could invitation: "Come unto me, all more readily indicate the scope ye that labor and are heavy laden By AMELIA JOSEPHINE BURR of this day of sisterhood simply and I will give you rest," in four- by turning the pages of an atlas. teen different European lan- ELMORE It brought a fresh impetus to the tired workers for world guages. A beautiful old poem describes peace at Geneva. At 'Ndabeni the angel Sandalphon hovering in South Africa, native women There is a touching similarity above the earth, gathering in his literally hailed the day, for at arms the prayers that rise from dawn they were singing their in many of the reports. "In the human hearts. At his touch they call to prayer through the vil- group were grandmothers who turn into flowers which he lays at his Lord's feet. One may pic- [ 554 ] have known many years of toil ture Sandalphon, on the third and heartache, and mothers who of last March, loaded with every have worked hard and have sacflower known to earth, for never, rificed to give their children surely, have the remote corners 'book larnin' and other advanof our world joined with its pop- tages which they never had. All ulous centers in so unanimous denominationalism was forgotan upreach of prayer. From ten and together we asked God's Valparaiso comes the word, "For blessing upon our own American the second time the women of and other nations, and reconse- Chile have held a World Day of crated our lives to a closer walk Prayer Service. Last year it was with our Master. Some of the something new suggested by the women had walked two miles missionaries; this year it was over rough roads to attend the something they all knew about meeting; others had gotten up and wanted." The report from our own State of Montana says: at four o'clock and had worked "There are men and women on hard all morning, but as we left their knees today by the hundred. the 'church they said, 'This has thousand who are meek for the been the finest meeting we ever first time in their lives." The had, and cannot we meet more gatherings were as diverse in often for an hour of prayer?' numbers and in members as they We all felt that although shut in were in location, but marked by by our hills we were joined in a divine harmony of spirit, from heart to thousands of women, all

BULLETIN OF THE COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS

praying that America and the women may be free, as we are; ternational leader, "is the Doll world may be won and kept for for we used to be in bondage Festival. The dolls displayed in Christ." Those hills were in too, but the Lord Jesus has set almost every home in Japan to- Kentucky-but we feel a strong us free.' day represent a custom which bond between those strong- "It will not be long before all came from China, and has in it hearted hill-women and others the babies will join those of Af- originally the meaning of sacriwhose mountain homes are in rica at the meeting, at the in- fice for sin. Japan cannot be another hemisphere. A mission- creasing rate of interest shown saved by the sacrifice of dolls ary in Shantung writes, "They in the Day by Youth. A Chil- nor of sheep, but by God alone. met at our house and have just dren's Service was held this year Those who really love Japan left. There were about thirty- at Bennington, Vermont, and at must be the first to indict her five present including two old Cape Town, South Africa, there militarism and call her to return men and three small boys. Of was a special evening meeting to righteousness. We have talked the number, six walked in seven for young women at which too much of mere national momiles to attend, and are now on prayers in three languages were rality; we must press forward their seven mile walk home, with offered. In the United States, into religion and attain to the a hazy sunshine and chilly the Y. W. C. A. observed the day salvation of Jesus Christ. It is, breeze"-not in their spirits, we from Texas to North Dakota, to be sure, not only Japan that know. Whatever the outward and the Canadian program bore is in the wrong now. All naweather may have been, surely on its cover a thought to quicken tions have sinned to bring about those faithful ones bore home- and inspire the imagination of this present situation. But we ward with them clear shining youth. ~'Girls of all nations join must not think of the sins of and a glow of heart. other nations but repent of our From West Africa comes the in the observance of this World own sin first. We must get our Day of Prayer. While we in following letter, "It is no won- Canada are yet sleeping, the day national nature transformed, der that the work in Africa is so changed by God. We must refruitful, for African women do will have dawned in Oriental countries. The girls of Japan pent and be born again.

pray! The service was to begin will lead in this circle of prayer This confession might be at 9: 30, but the women began to round the world." made, this prayer offered, not gather at 8 o'clock. One group started out from their town Prayer for the Nations. In only by a Japanese, but by the about two miles away, singing the Christian Women's Federa- citizens of almost any country in hymns, and other women joined tion of Tokyo, prayer kindled this troubled world. May each them on the road. They came action. They cabled to Shanghai, return of the World Day of from all directions, and when "We, the Tokyo Christian Wom- Prayer bring nearer the realizathe meeting began there were en's Federation, are today unit- tion of God's Kingdom on earth, three hundred and sixty-five ing in prayer for love, peace and women present, to join in sing- and the fulfillment of His will in ing the Doxology. We had silent goodwill between our countries," each individual life! prayer for a few moments, and and moreover, they took a subhow reverent they were-it stantial and practical step to- The annual observance of the seemed even the babies tried to ward that peace and goodwill by World Day of Prayer for 1934 be quiet! Then Kabiyen spoke will be February sixteenth. ()f the need of church leaders for a memorandum to the Premier prayer, especially mentioning asking him to make a special By agreement of the three national 'our friends who send us the mis- effort to stand by the principle cooperating organizations, promoting sionaries.' of interdependence and coopera- the observance, the interdenomina- tional enterprises chosen for the of- India tion, and also by a delegation to ferings given on the World Day of protest against the radio broad- Prayer are Christian Literature for "After a talk on India, one of casting of war news every eve- Women and Children in Mission the women prayed 'that those ning. "Today," said Miss Michi Lands, Christian Service among Mi- Kawai, principal of a school of grants, Women's Union Christian Col- her own and a national and in- leges in Foreign Fields, and Religious Work Directors in United States In- dian Schools.

Our Father, mlffJl we recognize all oys and girls, no matter what the color of thei~' slcins, as Thy children; and may we treat them as our brothers and sisters. Amen.

!, OUf W Outlook ~~~~~~~==~==~==~~==i~

orld~wide j; ~i A Missionary Newspaper of Current Events i~'

NORTH AMERICA women in church work, to have is reported in the Catholic popu- Religion Among Students house to house visitation, and to lation in the United States, a conduct some form of worship gain of less than one-fifth of one Here are some discoveries on Sunday but not to deliver a per cent. For the entire United made by Prof. Philip Parsons of sermon.-Presbyterian Banner. States the directory lists 12,537 the University of Oregon, in his churches with resident priests survey of religious conditions in A Telling Temperance Lecture and 5,723 missions. The clergy twelve state universities west of totals 29,782, which includes sixthe Rocky Mountains: Wilfred W. Fry, president of teen archbishops and cardinals, the great advertising agency, N. 102 bishops, 21,016 secular Ninety-one per cent of students W. Ayer & Son, in a statement come from homes where one or both of his firm's policy, delivered a priests and 8,766 priests of reliparents are members of the church, broadside against the liquor gious orders. There are 7,462 while only 40 per cent of the general business, by canceling a contract parochial schools enrolling 2,- population are church members; 67 of ten years' standing for adver- 170,102 pupils and 1,998 instituper cent of the students attended tising Canada Dry Ginger Ale, tions for higher education enrollchurch at least monthly in their Inc., because the company is to ing 179,345 students.-Missions. youth; 81 per cent went to Sunday school either weekly or occasionally; sell whisky and beer after repeal. In Many Tongues Mr. Fry, who is also an officer of 60 per cent still consider themselves The Met hod i s t Episcopal members of the church. During college years there is a drop of only five the International Committee of per cent in church membership; 42 the Y. M. C. A. and President of Church supports six mission per cent of the students attend church the Trustees of the Northfield enterprises among immigrants at least monthly, while an additional Schools, says that the return of 35 per cent have occasional church liquor will divert purchasing in the United States; the Hacontacts while in college; only 18 per waiian, Latin-American, Puerto cent go to Sunday school with fair power from essential commodi- Rican, Pacific Chinese, Pacific regularity; 24 per cent are members of some religious organization, 14 per ties; that its contribution to fed- Japanese and the Bi-lingual. cent of whom are not church mem- eral and local treasuries will be These six missions are working bers; 90 per cent of all students be- made at the expense of the class among seventeen racial groups.

lieve in God; 60 per cent-and not all that can least afford it; and that They have 235 pastoral charges, of these are church members-"consider themselves religious." "the liquor business has not with 20,000 members and 36,000 changed and will be run by the Sunday-school pupils. The Bi- -Herald of Gospel Liberty. same old crowd in the same old linqual Mission consists of sixty- way." four churches, missions and de- Service for Vacant Churches To handle the advertising of a partments within six areas, seventeen con fer e n c e sand A plan is being tried out in . liquor-selling firm would put the thirty-three districts. The mis- Iowa and Illinois whereby some N. W. Ayer agency "in the posi- sion has fifty-eight pastors. tion of making alcohol attractive Forty are Italian, three are of the mission churches unable to the youth of this country," Portuguese, three Slovak, two to provide salary for a full time Chinese, two Lithuanian, two minister may have religious which would be "for us an im- Spanish-speaking, and one Ar- possible situation." Further- menian, one Japanese, one service from trained leaders, as more, N. W. Ayer & Son does Korean, one Polish, one Russian a substitute until a minister can not care to force upon other cli- and one Syrian. Accessions for be engaged. As soon as the the past year number 878. Sunchurch is able to call a pastor, ents any connection with the day schools have an enrolment of the worker is transferred to an- liquor business, or to have it 6,377. -Christian Advocate. forced upon themselves. This is other needy field. Dr. Robert a plain forceful statement by a Better Negro Ministers Lee Sawyer, President of Presbyterian College of Christian business man who holds definite Very little has been done to- Education, Chicago, is the orig- convictions.

inator of the plan, and is encour- Slight R. C. Gains aging young women graduates to undertake this missionary serv- According to the "Roman ward providing an educated ice. The purpose is to upbuild Catholic Directory for 1933," as ministry for Negro churches. the Sunday school and young summarized in The New York Gammon Theological Seminary peoples' work, to encourage the Sun, an increase of only 32,012 at Atlanta, the only Negro the- [556 ] ological school with even moder- supper with the Indians, also a The meetings were full of power.

ate equipment and resources, has covered dish luncheon. Steps The conference was directed by an Indian pastor. The missionaries gave not added five thousand dollars were taken to stock the reserva- messages and offered a few minor sugto its endowment in the last thir- tion creek with fish, and to en- gestions here and there, but all in all ty years. During this time great courage the building of a small it was an Indian conference, called, advances have occurred in all recreation hut. Assistance was directed and financed by Indians. other fields of education. The given with clothes and a real -So S. Times.

multiplication and improvement friendship established with the Bibles for Devil's Island of schools for Negroes has pro- Indian women. -Congregationalist. duced an increasing number of The Salvation Army has been educated Negroes, and the Negro LATIN AMERICA given permission by the French church cannot function properly Government to inaugurate Gos- unless its leaders are on an edu- One Missionary Journey pel work among the prisoners on cational level with its intelligent Devil's Island, the convict settle~ members. In the State of Chiapas, Mexi- ment off the coast of French co, which has an area of 22,000 Guiana. The National Bible So- Indian Schools square miles and a population of ciety of Scotland has at the 450,000, Senor Jose Coffin, of the Army's request, dispatched to Partly due to the administra- Reformed Church Mission, is the them 500 New Testaments and tion's economy plan, federal day only ordained Protestant minis- 3,000 Gospels. schools are to be substituted for ter. All ministers must be nasome of the Indian boarding tives, according to Mexican law. -Alliance Weekly. schools. This decision was The following is an account of reached after a careful review of one of his recent missionary Christian School in the Andes the situation by the Office of In- journeys: dian Affairs. While most primary and sec- Last year we took a three months' ondary schools in the United Between 4,000 and 5,000 of the horseback journey, givmg emphasis to States draw their students from 22,000 Indian children formerly our rural work. J: took a diagonal line the immediate neighborhood, it attending fed era I boarding across the entire state from the south- is interesting to note that the schools now attend local day east to the northwest corner, visltmg schools or public schools. Funds also the cities of the central mountain American Institute, Methodist will be set aside not only for the region. I visited all of the districts School of La Paz, Bolivia, draws payment of tuition but for health under the jurisdiction of the several students from all parts of the rework, social work and commu- Consistories and established thirteen public, even some from Peru and nity development. new missionary stations. Three new Chile. The present enrolment is chapels were dedicated. Our emphasis 562 and includes boys and girls Indian, boys who are advanced always is on personal work and our of pure Indian blood. Tuition conviction is that this form of work in age will be offered an opportunity to enter the special Indian will continue to give far-reaching re- cost varies from about three dolreforestation camps. As a fur- sults. lars for kindergarten to five dolther departure from segregated lars for high school. With these institutional care of Indians, I received sixty-three people on con- fees it is possible to pay about more and more opportunities fession of faith, baptized ninety-two 95 per cent of the total running will be given them for vocation- children, married twenty-seven couples expenses of the institution, inal, as well as higher, education (previously married according to civil cluding the salaries of twelve in established state and local in- law) and made ten hundred and thir- missionaries and twenty-six Bostitutions.-The Living Church. tY-SIX pastoral calls. livian teachers. Only about 5 per cent of the annual budget is paid Helping Indian Neighbors -Christian Intelligencer. by the Board of Foreign Mis- sions.-Christian Advocate. The women of the, Good Will Indians at a Bible Conference Congregational Church of Syra- EUROPE cuse, N. Y., were not content At the request of Indian with merely studying about In- Christians a Bible Conference Laymen's Report dians in a book; they turned was recently held in Guatemala, Mr. N. B. Cox writes: This report is coming in for a At 4: 45 a. m. believers from Atitlan had two large dug-out canoes waiting on the shore and soon fifteen of us got into one and seventeen in the other.

their attention to neighboring For three and a half hours they pad- great deal of discussion, much of dled across the lake. On the other side Onondagas whose reservation is believers from several other towns it adverse, in the missionary peonly a few miles south of Syra- riodicals of Europe. Prof. Lar- were awaiting and took us to a house cuse and discovered that all their that had been cleaned and made ready sen of Copenhagen reviews it land, except that lying along a for our sleeping quarters. Another fully in the Nordisk Missions- was to serve as our dining room and creek, is worthless for farming. near by they had built a shelter of Tidskri/t. The Dansk Missions- Consequently they have no live- branches where some twenty women blad gives a translation of Dr.

stock and can raise only a little were grinding the corn and preparing – Robert Speer's evaluation. Ger- food. In the past they have de- meals. The believers had secured a man Protestant periodicals have large house that made an excellent pended upon finding outside chapel, and the five daily meetings given it much attention and latework which is now very scarce. were attended by all the believers and ly the German Roman Catholic These women shared a church many unbelievers. monthly Katholische Missionen

publishes the following which is Supporters of missions in the Missions ,to Jews in Hungary so characteristic, that it will German Evangelical Churches Mr. Forgacs, the Hungarian bear quoting. Alfons Vaeth, S.J., are concerned about the future member of the International under the title, "A criticism of of the work. What place will be Committee on the Christian Ap- American Protestant Missions" assigned to the 25 or 30 mission- proach to the Jews, sends the sums up his appraisal as fol- ary societies under the recon- following notes concerning a conference recently held in Hunlows: struction scheme? Will the gary. Nordic or Aryan families draw These laymen have in view a fu- themselves aside in proud exclu- A group of the leaders of the Hunturistic Christianity without Christ's garian Reformed Church, including cross and resurrection, without the siveness? several distinguished laymen, met in Holy Ghost and His grace, without A well-known Director of Mis- conference in Balatonkenese, and church and sacraments. Rather, it is among other topics, discussed the Jewno Christianity, but a belief in a non- sions, Herr S. Knak, attempts to ish problem. The conclusions arrived descript divine being and a "religion" answer such questions in the Das at may be summed up briefly thus: of universal humanity. Many mission Evangelische Deutschland. He societies, especially those of the con- 1. We, the disciples of Jesus Christ, tinent of Europe, will reject this re- admits that many people are for are pledged to proclaim the Gospel to port with determination; but the ma- the moment little concerned with all men following the Apostolic order: jority of Americans will find it to the world beyond the limits of "to the Jew first." their liking. In this way their mis- Germany. Some prophesy that sions will become still more degraded the work of missions will be seri- 2. We disapprove of Jews entering than before, into a social, educational ously hindered, if it does not end the Christian Church for any political and philanthropic reform movement, altogether, amid the changing or material motive, believing as we do with the utmost possible favoring of spiritual movements in Church that a radical change of heart is the the mortal foe of true religion, syn- primary condition of membership in cretism. For us Catholics the most and nation. Thousands of earn- the Christian Church. This radical incredible thing about it is, that lay- est men and women are deter- change, we believe, is the work of the men feel themselves called upon to sit mined, however, that the life- Holy Spirit through the Gospel, showin jUdgment on their churches and giving stream of missionary ing itself in the life and character of that the mission boards consider this those who accept the grace of God in quite a matter of course. endeavor shall continue to re- truth, and thus become good Chris- tians and useful members of the Christian German Jews fresh the fields which would oth- Church of Christ. erwise be barren. They fear lest, 3. The Christian Church must The Jewish Daily Bulletin re- "the nature of the Church itself ports 25,000 Jews converted to should be narrowed, impover- steadily oppose flagrant forms of sin among all men and especially such sins as are peculiar to racial character Christianity in Prussia alone ished, crippled and hopelessly whether Jew or Gentile, e. g., obscene publications and literature which has during the past 25 years. This secularized. A Church which such devastating effects on morality, only expressed what was be- and in which the Jew is not less does not take account of Jews lieved, felt, desired and regarded guilty than the Gentile. . who went over to Catholicism, or of Jews who accepted the Chris- as correct by the nation or its 4. In receiving the Jew into its midst the Christian Church as such, tian faith in sections of Germany leaders, would no longer be a and its members in particular, must outside of Prussia. Church of Christ. The Church take responsibility for the new broth- From the same source it was can only serve if it draws the er, and are obliged to the utmost of reported on June 27th that "The sources and the impulse for its their ability to help him in his Chris- Protestant Church of Germany, action from the Word and will tian development.

under its new Nazi leadership, of God." Christian Youth in Russia will study the question raised as The Berlin Missionary Society to the position of the baptized has passed a resolution at its In spite of all interdiction, Jews in relation to the general spring conference welcoming the groups of young people in Soviet discriminatory laws against the prospective union, and appeal- Russia meet in the name of Jews. Hitherto conversion has ing for a clear declaration in fa- Christ to strengthen Christiannot exempted Germans of Jew- vor of a vigorous foreign mis- ity among youth, and have reish descent from the laws." sion policy on the part of the ceived the name "Christomol,"

Vexing Questions in Germany new State Church. in contrast to the name "Komso- Baptist Advance in Italy mol" which means "Union of Prof. Karl Barth, theologian, One thousand, three hundred Communist Youth." The organof Bonn, Germany, has issued a and sixty-one baptisms are reforty-page pamphlet, setting ported by the Baptist Church in ization of this Christomol has Italy since 1929 when the Con- taken place in conditions almost forth his views on the problems cordat was adopted by the Ital- identical with those which exthat are vexing German Protes- isted at the beginning of Chris- . tantism. The new uGerman tianity.

Christian Movement" he pro- o ian State and the Roman Cath- Church Collections in Greece nounces umore national than olic Church. Not all obstacles Christian." As for a church are removed, but such a number The Greek Orthodox Church which must "please Hitler," be of baptisms in a country where in Greece is experiencing a relimited to Aryans, uphold the 39,000,000 out of 40,000,000 per- vival. Churches are crowded; majesty of the Nazi government, sons are nominally Roman Cath- people listen with rapt attention etc., Barth will have none of it. olics, shows a marked advance. and give evidence of changed

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

lives. While the people are feel- primitive custom was of real use with which native leaders ac- ing the effects of the depression, to the native and not readily to cepted the invitation to such a church collections have shown an be set aside. It was of greater conference. Time was not found increase. The i r catechetical importance to investigate what to discuss such subjects as the I'Ichools (corresponding to Sun- generally accepted ideas among adequate observance of the day schools) are having a re- the natives were mistaken, or Lord's Day, the use of intoxicat- markable development. Las t were the inevitable accompani- ing drinks, questionable dances, year there were 341 of these ments of witchcraft and super- fetishism, slavery, etc., which schools, with 28,594 students; stition which must be replaced had been placed on the agenda, this year they have increased to by more accurate opinions. The but attention was focussed on 468 schools with 45,404 students. demand of European settlers the difficulties connected with Their curriculum material is that all natives should be clothed native marriages. Missionaries practical and life-centered. while passing through towns has seldom joined in the voting.

robbed them of much of the ben- There was absolute unanimity AFRICA eficial action of the sun's rays, that the truly repentant trans- Modernizing Islam especially in winter; so that gressor of the marriage vow, they have become predisposed to who finds restoration to his for- The subtle influences of mod- tuberculosis and respiratory dis- mer married estate impossible ern thought are causing signifi- eases. Under-nourishment may might be restored to fellowship cant changes within the hoary be tolerated if there is an abun- after convincing proof of sincere institution of Mohammedanism. dance of sunshine, and the na- repentance. The way the natives The Mosque of AI-Azhar, Mos- tives' .custom of exposing their grasped the point, the lucidity of lem university in Cairo, and the bodies to the sun is one of na- their statements and the earnestoldest university in the world is ture's commendable remedies to ness of the prayers commanded being modernized. Old courses enable them to withstand the admiration. are modified or abandoned for ravages of drought. -Congo Mission News.

modern sciences, made necessary -South African Outlook. Testing Time at Ikau to defend the criticisms of Mos- Census for Nigeria The work of the Congo Protlems whose faith was liable to be estant Council at Ikau and sursapped by the influence of mod- A census, completed by the rounding districts comprises 149 ern conditions of life. This government of Nigeria in 1931, outstations, with a church memmerely shows that Islam must throws light on the development bership of over 4,000. The adjust itself if it is to survive. of that country. The largest Egypt Checks Persecution tribes are the Hausa, the Ibo and shrinkage of funds put native the Yoruba, each being over teachers to a test, when a circu- As a result of an attack by three million. The non-native lar letter was sent to each one, Moslems on a Franciscan Mis- population is 5,442, an increase stating clearly that no salary sion at Kafr el Zayat, Egypt, the of 32 per cent. From the reli- could be guaranteed. In two government has taken steps to gious census it appears that 2,- weeks replies began to come in, check the anti-missionary agita- 055,305 are unclassified as to and all the teachers were willing tion. It has forbidden the Com- religion; 7,709,807 are Mos- to continue their work whether mittee for the Defence of Islam lems; 7,543,220 are Animists. they received much or little pay, to hold public meetings, and only Protestants number 710,453, and many adding that they were not the Ulema of the Al Azhar Uni- Roman Catholics 188,507. in their work for the sake of versity is permitted to appeal for There are 36,626 schools in money but that they might serve subscriptions from Moslems to Nigeria, attended by 380,305 the Lord Jesus Christ and adrender the "charity" of the mis- scholars and staffed by 240 Eu- vance His Kingdom. sionaries unnecessary. Newspa- ropeans and 8,815 Africans. Of But the real test came when it pers desiring to increase their these 2,678 schools with 135,162 was decided to call in the teachcirculation have been constantly pupils are under government ers and overseers with their colagitating opposition to mission- and native administration. lecting boxes, and count what aries.-Alliance Weekly. -The Church Overseas. money was there to be distrib- uted. When the total sum in the Good Native Customs Bolobo Conference on 149 boxes was known it was At the recent Science Con- Marriage found to be very little, but after gress at Barberton, Dr. F. G. two days of thought and prayer, Cowston read an interesting and A successful conference of suggestive paper on "Conserving missionaries and native mem- only four teachers handed in bers of the churches at Tshum- their resignations. Native Customs." A careful biri, Bolobo and Lukolela was -Congo Mission News.

study, he said, of primitive agri- held at Bolobo, May 30th to June. Paying in Brass Rods culture, native dress, the treat- 2d. It was necessary to discuss ment of the sick and the whole the church's attitude toward va- H. D. Brown, missionary in manner of life in a native kraal rious native problems, and it was the Tondo region of the Congo, led to a conviction that much gratifying to note the eagerness writes that native' gifts to the

church have been drastically re- to create a popular language. settle on Cyprus. Land, labor, duced. "Because of the scarcity The whole nation was called to water and other power can be of money the old medium of cooperate and for about one year had quite cheaply on the island, commerce, brass rods, are ac- there has been a passionate hunt- and these factors, combined with ceptable. These have been in ing after Turkish words both in the thought that Cyprus enjoys circulation more or less among Turkish folklore and literature. imperial preference, have conthe people, and it is used in the Over 100,000 words are now sub- tributed to make it decidedly atpayment of an African 'dowry.' mitted and from these the new tractive to Palestinian farmers. We have received about 1,560 Turkish language is to evolve. Being a British possession, Cyrods. These helped to pay the The new Turkish dictionary is prus can afford a haven for preacher-teachers. likely to be a monument of hu- German-Jewish refugees in a -Watchman-Examiner. man work; but much more im- greater measure than a land portant and also much more dif- governed by considerations such Harvesting in Madagascar as Palestine. ficult will be its practical en- -Christian Century. Madagascar is a land of per- forcement. plexing problems. Present con- Massacre in Iraq ditions have let loose disinte- -Christian Century. grating forces; there has been a A massacre of Assyrians has re-emergence of pagan practices A Moslem Boy at School been reported in northern Iraq. in certain areas and a break- Strong protests have followed. down of Christian restraints in At Gerard Institute, a Presby- The patriarch of the Assyrians others. The Malagasy Chris- terian School near Sidon a series has taken refuge in British tertians have on the whole stood of evangelistic addresses was ritory, Sir Francis Humphreys the test but some have fallen by given. One meeting was in has set out to Iraq and there is the way. The Malagasy are re- charge of the graduating class, reason to suppose that the Britligiously responsive, but need and each member spoke. One of ish Government will do all that constant encouragement. The the most impressive was a Mos- it can, but great injury has been hope lies increasingly with those lem boy from Transjordania, done. Safety measures had not of their own people who are and of the well-known Mufti been taken to secure these loyal trained to take responsibility in family, who said: Assyrians against their tradi- When I came to this school I spent tional enemies, the Kurds. the first few days cursing the school INDIA church life. There are now sev- and even those who sent me here, and eral such Malagasy Christians; I vowed that under no circumstances The Gospel Focus three on the staff of theological would I remain in a Christian school. schools and another in charge of But as you know, we Circassians are Three public preaching serv- Sunday-school work in Imerina. trained from our birth to obey our ices are held every day by the The most encouraging features leaders; so I wrote to my eldest evangelist at different centers in of the past year in Imerina were brother, who is head of our family, the Presbyterian hospital at saying that I could not stay in a Miraj. Bibles, New Testaments, the "Pastors' Refresher Course" Christian school and be under the or- Gospels and religious books are and Sunday school expansion. ders of Christians. My brother an- distributed to patients, both pri- swered me and said, "I know what you vate and ward. Magic lantern In the examinations held in Sep- need, and that is to be in this school. lectures on the life and work of You will remain, study hard, and obey, Christ are given every Wednestember, out of 2,500 who took or you cease to be my brother." So the second examination over I stayedjand now.I thank God that I have a wise brother, and as long as I 1,500 obtained from 90 to 100 live, I shall never forget what I have per cent.-The Chronicle. learned here of true brotherhood.

WESTERN ASIA -Syria News Quarterly. day in the men's and women's wards. Song services are con- Reforming the Turkish Jewish Colonization Expands ducted on Sunday evenings. The Bible women go daily to the Language An Anglo-Palestine exhibition women's and children's wards To nine out of ten Turks, in London has attracted renewed for a service of song and Bible written Turkish is incomprehen- attention to Palestine as the only teaching. Crowds of men, womsible. The past few months have country in the Near East, and brought nearer the fundamental perhaps in the whole world, not en and children hear the Gospel reform which will probably to have suffered from the depres- from the hospital evangelists as sion. Groups of German Jews they wait their turn at the clinic count as the most remarkable fleeing persecution in Germany to see the doctor.

ever undertaken. The language have crossed Turkey with a view -Presbyterian Banner.

is a compound of Turkish prop- to getting to Palestine. Mean- Christians in Gara Hills er, Arabic and Persian. When· while, news from the Holy Land the Gazi decided to clear the represents an expansion of Jew- Nearly thirty per cent of the Turkish language of its foreign ish colonization to Transjor- Christians of the whole Assam components, he had two objects dania as imminent. There is al- mission are in the Garo Hills and in view: one to sever connection so, it is reported, a tendency Goalpara district, where the with the oriental past; the other among Jewish agriculturists to number has passed the 15,000

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

mark. There are more than 200 has started a self-supporting built up a prosperous business Sunday schools with 10,000 in school of sixty children as a re- as a soap manufacturer. His attendance. To visit the 325 sult of petitions signed by thirty interest has always been keen in churches throughout that area to forty thumb prints. the work of the Bible Society, would mean a year of constant -Christian Advocate. and he is a liberal giver. He has recently pledged 500 ticals for travel, Sundays excepted, and Untouchables at Trichinopoly three years, to train a colporteur. would leave no time for the hun- dreds of non-Christian villages. The first session of the Madras CHINA . -Watchman-Examiner. Presidency Untouchable Chris- Gandhi's Ashram Closed tian Conference was held recent- Only a Beginning ly. One of the resolutions passed Mr. Gandhi's famous ashram at this conference called upon The Protestant Christians of at Sabarmati, near Ahmedabad, the members of the community China number hardly more than established in 1915 for training not to associate themselves with 450,000 among a population of men in the pursuit of truth is to those who still regard them as 447,757,876 in the eighteen provbe closed. Mr. Gandhi gives his untouchables. Another ominous inces. A force of 5,753 missionreason in the following words: resolution warned the ecclesias- aries are located at 601 stations tical authorities that unless they scattered through 1,608 counties. . Hundreds of thousands who took came forward to redress their There are 6,000 churches. Of part in the struggle have lost their grievances in three months' time the 1,608 counties 293, with 146,- all. Having heard the story of the they would consider changing 500 villages, are unoccupied; sufferings of the villagers, I felt that their faith and the canon law 206 others, with 103,000 vilsome drastic action was necessary on would not be binding on them. lages are practically unoccupied. my part. What is it that I could sac- There are 440,000,000 Chinese rifice? I have nothing on earth which Fighting Leprosy in Madras who either heed not the gospel, I can call my own. But I have something which is more precious to me or know it not. -Watchman-Examiner. than what would be considered as The modern method of com- bating leprosy in the Madras mine. Among these the most precious thing is the ashram, and I felt that on the eve of my embarking upon what Presidency was initiated by the Communism Waning is to me a fresh and sacred mission in British Empire Leprosy Relief life, I should invite fellow-workers in Association Survey Party in Writing in the July World Tothe ashram to join me and give up for morrow, Mr. T. Z. Koo discusses the time being the activities in which 1929. In 1931, the Government, the question, "Will China Turn they have been engaged all these in order to organize leprosy Communist 7" He considers the years, and I am glad to be able to say work throughout the presidency, threatened disintegration of Chithat not one of them had the slightest sanctioned the appointment of na's rural economic system the hesitation in believing that the time six group leprosy officers, each strongest factor favoring comhad come for the ashram to make the munism, but cites a number of sacrifice. of whom was directed to open as elements in the general situation many leprosy clinics as finances which are unfavorable to the Champa Leper Church success of communism, among would permit, train the medical A large church has been officers in the up-to-date meth- them: erected at Bethesda Leper Home, ods of diagnosis and treatment Champa, C. P. The earnest of leprosy, do propaganda and 1. The social ethical code of China, developed over a period of nearly two listeners who are able to read survey work and examine school thousand years, exalts such virtues as bring Bibles, with pencils, and children for leprosy. As a re- filial piety, respect for age and learn- suIt 200 new leprosy clinics have mark passages at the preacher's request. The Sunday school has been opened, bringing the total ing, chastity and obedience in women; ten classes; as a rule, every in- available up to 250. In the past and emphasizes tolerance and benevo- lence in mutual relations between man mate attends. Weekly prayer year, in the Madras Presidency and man. When the communists murmeetings are led by an Indian some 28,000 cases were treated der and loot in the name of commu- worker, a leper or the mission and 400,000 injections given. nism and show their contempt for superintendent. -The Church Overseas. China's traditional ethical code by -Without the Camp. preaching against filial piety and A Siamese Chris,tian practicing free love among themselves, A Chance for Bhil Girls they are encountering a stone wall. The Rev. Robert O. Franklin, The Central Provinces Meth- Secretary of the American Bible 2. The Communist Party in China odist Conference has organized Society in Siam, writes of a small is essentially a mass movement, and a woman's unit, and reports a boy, Koo Ngak Song, beginning as such requires a new type of leader- ship as well as following. These ele- ments are absent in the general situa- school project which will give to his school days in the Bangkok tion in China. The Communist Party Bhil girls a chance. Only six- here is dealing with an undisciplined teen girls from the Bhils are in Christian College, who earned mass through an untrained leadership. 25 stangs per week, (about 10 Such a combination of handicaps is the eleven schools of that sec- cents), for sweeping and scrub- . enough to cripple even a popular politti-on. Hitherto "no Bihl woman bing the floors of the Bible ical movement. and the Communistic has ever learned to read or write, Movement in China has already outnor had they learned habits of House. lived its days of popularity (1923-27). cleanliness." Godhra District That boy has become one of 3. The close connection of the Chi- the rich men of Bangkok, having nese Communist Party with the Third

International is another factor against trained Chinese philosopher who for as many as possible of its success in this country. Its pro- is known as "the father of the China's needy children. gram for China is hatched in Moscow. Chinese renaissance," has been When national feeling is so strong in lecturing at the University of -The Christian Century. China as it is at this moment, any po- Chicago on the general theme, litical party which takes orders from "Cultural Trends in Modern The Investment in Pishan an extra-national source is bound to China." Two disquieting feabe working under a serious handicap. tures of his estimate were his Pishan is a walled city of West opinion that China's present China with a population of about 4. Ever since 1927 the Communist weakness, as compared with 11,000. About 40 years ago the Party has been torn by a series of vio- Japan, is due to the fact that Methodist Church began work lent internal dissensions. These have China has no military class, there, and soon had a church and seriously affected the strength of the shows little honor to its soldiers, schools. The buildings are not party and show no sign of abatement. and "will need several genera- impressive-adobe walls and tions to get over its prejudice cement floors, and for seats, saw Madame Chiang's Evangelistic against the military and to build horses without backs. For years, Campaign up a strong army and navy"; the annual appropriation did not and his judgment that the trend exceed $20, and the largest Mr. Robert W. Porteous of the of Chinese culture is away from amount the mission ever re- China Inland Mission writes all religion, the attitude of the ceived in a year did not exthat Madame Chiang Kai-Shak leaders of thought being that re- ceed $150. The total investment' recently attended the missionary ligion is an enemy of progress for plant and running expenses prayer meeting for the workers and must be replaced by science in 40 years has been $4,000. of the various missions working by which alone both the moral Now for the return in transin Nanchang Ki, and asked that and the material aspects of life formed lives: the missionaries do something to can be improved. meet the needs of the wounded President Dsang of West China and dying soldiers in the govern- -Christian Century. University; ment hospitals, adding: "I want them to have the comfort of sal- Cooperating in Rural Areas Lien Ya-go, vice-president of the vation !" Chamber of Commerce of Chungking, Rural reconstruction is being a city of 800,000 people; a Christian The next afternoon, under the promoted by government and man of great influence in the city and direction of Madame Chiang, Christian forces. The Ministry province; three preaching bands, including of the Interior provided the picked workers from each mis- funds and the Department of Dr. Chien Jia-hong, superintendent sion, were organized and have Agricultural Economics of the of the Methodist Hospital, Tzechow, since been working effectively in University of Nanking the per- West China; the three larger military hos- sonnel, for economic and health pitals. studies of rural families. The Dr. Woo Yuei-Dsu, superintendent Tinghsien mass education move- Government Hospital, Shin Du; Mr. Leland Wang, the well- ment has entered into cooperaknown Chinese preacher, gave tion with the University of Nan- Miss Den Lien-fang, principal, the first talk to the men. They king in crop improvement. The Methodist High School for Girls, responded well and a number of University of Nanking is coop- Chungking; hands were raised indicating erating to secure a complete their desire to accept this offer agricultural census of one dis- Six prominent pastors in Szechuen of a crucified, risen, glorified trict in Kiangsu. Likewise the Province; Saviour. The workers visited government is financing and the the wounded in the various university cooperating in a study This list can be lengthened. wards, telling them, as Madame of the marketing and transporta- -Christian Advocate. Chiang herself suggested, of the tion of farm products. One who suffered more than they Reaching the Children ever have. The attitude of the Among the private organizaofficers and men has been more tions aiming at reconstruction For two years Miss Florence friendly with each visit. of life at an important point is Nickles, missionary of the South- the National Child Welfare As- ern Presbyterian Church, has In addition to tracts, booklets, sociation of China. This organi- been giving the major portion of Gospel portions, a nicely bound zation, while linked neither to her time to women's and chilpocket New Testament has been the government nor the Chris- dren's work in the tent evangelgiven to each of the soldiers who tian forces directly, has the sym- istic campaigns conducted by would use it. pathetic favor of both. It has Mr. George Hudson in old estab- been in operation about four lished churches in China, and These New Testaments were years. Its leadership is Chris- also in new centers. The meetthe gift of the American Bible tian. It aims to study the legal ings last fall were more largely Society. status of children, promote their attended than ever before, the health and education and care tent, seating 500, being usually -Bible Society Record. filled at the evening service, with sometimes as many more stand- Dr. Hu Shih Interprets Trend ing on the outside. The most significant part of the work has Under the auspices of the been that among children, since Haskell Foundation Institute, government restrictions have Dr. Hu Shih, the American been laid upon religious teaching in day schools. The meetings are held after school hours, and bring an average attendance of

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

300. One hour of religious in- Christian Story-tellers tainted children of lepers, and struction each afternoon for Following the earthquake of by an attempt to get under eight or ten days is equivalent 1923, a group of Tokyo Christian proper care leper patients in the laymen have been back of a initial stage of the disease. This to what the child would receive movement to provide Christian has been next to impossible with in one term in a mission day story-tellers for the public pri- methods hitherto in use. mary schools of the city. Arschool. There is, however, little rangements are made with the -Without the Camp. opportunity for dealing with the school authorities to have these speakers visit their school and Ex-Prisoner Sells Bibles individual, but at the close of a tell the children Bible stories. series of meetings where there is These speakers are accompanied One of the most reliable and a church the local pastor is al- by a skilled Christian singer successful Bible sellers in Japan ways present to extend an in- is an ex-prisoner who had been vitation to the children to attend who teaches the children Chris- sentenced for life. He was so the church Sunday school. The tian songs. unruly as to be a problem to the enthusiastic children are often institution. A fellow inmate frethe means of stimulating a During the past twelve months quently read the New Testament, sixty-nine primary schools were but this prisoner's hatred of the somnolent pastor.

-Christian Observer.

visited and 123 Bible story peri- book was so bitter that he turned ods were held. All told, 80,017 his back to avoid seeing it. But JAPAN one day he opened and began to school children attended these read it. Later, he told of his ex- Vigorous Women's Movement meetings. Not only are these Christians continue to public- Bible stories given in the school perience. ly challenge the moral life of the auditorium with the cooperation "I lay prostrate on the cold nation, and none more heroically of the school authorities, but the prison floor. Some one seemed than Mrs. Kotoko Hani, editor Educational Section of the City's to say, 'Come unto me, all ye that of one of Japan's leading maga- Social Welfare Bureau sponsors labor and are heavy laden, and I zines for women, Fujin no Tomo, this movement and cooperates in will give you rest.' I had no jdea and principal of a modern school its work. Since the movement what happened, but I found my for girls in the suburbs of Tokyo. began, 463 schools have been burden gone and my heart at Another vigorous Christian visited, allowing for repetitions, rest." women's movement is the Japa- and 455,430 children have had The change was instantly apnese W. C. T. U. with its 171 an opportunity to listen to Bible parent to officials and prisoners, branches. In fighting Japan's stories told by men and women so that he was given a degree of "white slave" traffic, in efforts who are experts in this field. freedom and entrusted with imfor temperance, and more re- Can this unique piece of Chris- portant responsibilities. A year cently in the endeavor to prevent tian service be paralleled in so- or so later he was released, came into the service of the Bible Sothe government's manufacture called Christian nations? ciety, and after fifteen years is and sale of a special brand of -National Christian Council the most efficient man in the cigarette for women, in peace ac- field. Review. tivities, and in the struggle for -Bible Society Record. better education, the Japanese Setting the Pace W. C. T. U. is rapidly assuming The friendly attitude toward ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC moral leadership. mission leper hospitals in Japan, Korea and Formosa continues to -Christian Century. Church Union in Australia Rest for Store Employees be an inspiring example to other There is a movement on foot countries of the Orient. This at Canberra, Australia, for the The Dai Maru department has found expression in an in- establishment of organized local stores in Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe crease of official literature on the church cooperation, embracing were the first in Japan to give a subject, and in more frequent the Presbyterians, Methodists weekly day of rest to their em- public meetings enabling the and Congregationalists. The ployees. Two of the three man- people to gain intelligent infor- scheme would provide for both agers are Christians. Two of mation regarding the nature of ministers and people to retain the three store buildings were the disease, and ways of pro- their own status in their respecplanned by the architectural de- tecting themselves against it. tive communions. Final appartment of the Omi Mission. A Donations to supplement the proval of the cooperative scheme new extension of the store has government budget for leper pa- by the Presbyterian General Asbeen opened in Osaka, designed tients have followed, while a sembly of Australia is still within and without by Mr. H. third practical result has been awaited for its definite comple- Sato, head draftsman at the Omi the enlargement of the govern- .tion. The Council for Coopera- Agricultural School. It was al- ment budget for treating a tion has appointed committees to most the last piece of work be- larger number of leper patients prepare further necessary defore his death. and for methods of prevention, tails, and it is expected that the -Omi Mustard Seed. by providing homes for un- actual launching will take place

in the near future. "When the operation on her forehead would Never has a Christian preacher had a more wonderful opportunity than Federal City was in process of necessitate her holding her hand today to show the religious spirit, to offer a practical plan for social salvainauguration," says the Austra- up there for the rest of her life tion in the world of here and now. Mine is a religion of the minority and lian Christian Commonwealth, to keep the brain in, did not seem I am debarred from the strategic ad- vantage of effectiveness, but Chris- "it was publicly suggested that likely to understand the Gospel tianity is overwhelmingly in the ma- jority in our Western civilization. Let its creation would furnish a good story. Yet she came to know the it speak out, plead in the name of Christ, and society is bound to listen. opportunity for the practical Lord, and her life was so If I were a Christian preacher I working out of a program of changed that her sons attended would read the life of the Nazarene to catch a solution for the problems church unity; and the present the hospital services to find out among which I live. "What would Jesus think?" would be the test I scheme is an attempt in that di- what had changed her. They would apply to all matters of today, and I would speak out, regardless of rection." made the great discovery, and social displeasure and congregational opposition. now there are several members I would lift my voice in and out of In the Dutch East Indies of that family trusting in the season for the outlawing of war ex- Saviour. Two men who were cept for the sheer defense of our fire- Missionary Inspector Dibelius converted in the hospital came to sides. I would take my stand on the reports on the consolidation of us and said, before their physi- Sermon on the Mount-words of Jesus congregations in the Dutch East cal needs were fully attended to, that scintillate with pacifism. I would Indies. He mentions the fact "The people in our town don't call anything glorifying the battlefield that in 1930 the Christians of know about this-we must go or condoning belligerency as antithe Batak race in Sumatra, num- back and tell them now." They Christ. bering 330,000, framed a consti- went, bought a little Chinese tution and gained recognition as house, cleared everything out of .I would lift up my voice in opposia Batak Church. They were fol- it, placed seats, and began to lowed in 1932 by the congrega- read to those who came out of tion to the rising tide of nationalism tions of central Java. Their the Word of God. and the cult of race. If I were a first synod met in February, Christian minister, I would love my 1932. In December of the same -Omi Mustard Seed. country not less but humanity the more. I would refuse to let nationalyear a general synod was organ- GENERAL ism gag the teaching of the Gospel of Believe It or Not man. ized also in eastern Java. Now steps are being taken to bring I would say much on the economic order in which we live. I would reabout a self-sustaining Indian The May-June, 1933, issue of fuse to see society exploit its weakest Church, which at present is The Mediator, says: members, to see ground down in the closely bound up with the colo- dust the Dodies and souls of helpless nial government. "In his scholarly work, 'Pa- millions. ganism, Christianity and Ju- I would have a message with regard daism,' the famous Jewish au- to the Jews-the people among whom Opportunities of Medical thor, Max Brod, has this to say: the Saviour lived while on earth. Missionary 'I am constantly amazed at the -Southern Churchman.

"In South Formosa, where the naivete of our teachers and lead- Historical Religions Gospel has been faithfully ers who are surprised when I tell them that the best of our History records twenty-three preached since the pioneer work youth, our intellectuals, become distinct religions, of which of Dr. J. L. Maxwell, founder of Christians out of conviction…. twelve have disappeared. The the London Medical Missionary Our 'leaders' do not believe it. eleven living religions have their birthplace in Asia, four in south- Association, 86 % of the hospital To them a Jew never becomes a ern Asia-Hinduism, Jainism, Christian unless he wants to bet- Buddhism and Sikhism; three in patients had never once heard ter his position. That Christian- eastern Asia-Confucianism, the Gospel," says Dr. Percy ity has drawn to itself such noble Taoism, and Shintoism; and Cheal. "A young man came to souls as Pascal, Novalis, Kirke- four in western Asia-Judaism, gaard, Amiel, Dostojewsky, Zoroastrianism, Mohammedanthe hospital needing an opera- ism and Christianity. Eight of tion on his stomach. During his Claudel, etc., etc., and that it ex- these religions have no missionstay he heard the Gospel for the ercises a most overwhelming in- ary vision; only three aim to be first time and came to know the fluence on the most earnest universal-Buddhism, Moham- Lord Jesus as his Saviour. When truth-seekers among us, of that medanism and Christianity. our teachers know nothing.''' Buddhism is struggling for suhe went home his father, who (Vol. 1, p. 120.) premacy by using the methods had the same trouble, came in of Christianity; Mohammedanneeding the same operation. He, ism would conquer the world by too, was converted. After him the sword, and Christianity would prevail by love. Chriscame the original man's uncle, Christian Preacher's tianity is the only religion that and finally that uncle's two sons. Opportunity All came to a saving knowledge· of the Saviour, and one sug- Rabbi Louis D. Mendoza regested that the Church, which cently addressed his congregathey hope to start in their south- tion in Norfolk, Va., on what he ern district, might be called the would preach if he were a Chris- 'stomach' Church!" tian minister. Among other An old lady, who thought an things he said:

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

deals adequately with sin and quently than business men. They active worker for Social revoluself; the only religion that offers live more frugally. The real tion. At a Young People's Conto mankind a Saviour who has missionary need not worry about ference he made the following risen from the dead; and the tenure of office for he is a crank statement: only religion whose Founder who believes God has called him abides with power in the hearts to a life job and he intends to Today I detect a changing attitude of those who trust in Him. The stick to it. The missionary is toward missions-less enthusiasm and fundamental difference between human. We must not expect considerable doubt as to the wisdom Christianity and all other living him to be continually doing of the movement. Some of this is due religions is that, while the dev- something original. "How many to a changing theology. While I do otees of other religions blindly of the twelve apostles did any- not wish to press economic determinseek upward, from earth to- thing original?" the b ish 0 p ism too far, I do want to warn you wards God, Christianity pro- asked. But within the last cen- that Christians must expect to find claims the fact that God has tury the missionary has planted capitalistic, imperialistic, nationalistic come to earth in the person of Christianity so deeply in the and race-conscious propaganda agen- His Son Jesus Christ to seek and Orient that it cannot be up- cies attacking subtly or openly the to save those who are lost. rooted. Let anyone try to rein- present-day missionary, not because troduce into India or China cer- he is not doing a good job, but be- -Alliance Weekly. tain social practices common cause he is doing his Christian duty there a hundred years ago and as a citizen of the new world commu- Last Year's Church Gain he will discover how profoundly nity we are trying to build. Our wide- Christfanity has changed the life awake missionaries are to be found on In 1932, churches and reli- of those nations. "I have been the front line in the fight against gious organizations showed one through nearly half of that cen- imperialism, against exploitation, of the largest annual gains ever tury and I have never known a against racial prejudice, against narecorded. The total membership missionary who did not try to see tionalism and militarism. The best of in the United States was 50,- the Gospel in its essence apart these workers are the salt of the 037,209. from his Western training and Church. Support them in their trying who would not gratefully accept "front line work," defend them against Growth in church membership help from his Oriental converts patrioteers and imperialists who dein the United States has steadily and urge them to find their own nounce them as pacifists, un-Ameroutstripped growth in the coun- interpretation of the Christian ican, "pink," "red," etc. The Christian try's population, according to the life." -Christian Century. Church can partake directly in the report issued by the Christian struggle against imperialism by send- Herald. From 1900 to 1933, cov- Christian Pictures Wanted ing just such workers to the actual ering approximately a single centers of conflict to support the opgeneration, church membership Miss Clementina Butler, chair- pressed and to report the struggle to increased from 2'7,383,000 to 50,- man of the committee on Chris- us back home. 037,209, or 82.8 per cent; while tian Literature for Women and the population increase in the Children in Mission Fields, who -Congregationalist. same period was 65.8 per cent. spent last year visiting missions Baptists led all the denomina- in the Far East, reports that Missionary Expenditure tions with an increase of 357,353. chromo pictures in glaring colors In the matter of finances, the are sold at the melas and ba- Dr. A. L. Warnshuis has preshowing of the churches is better zaars. These depict the lives of pared, as in previous years, the than that of most secular enter- the gods and some of them are following table to show the agprises. Contributions for all far from desirable. Even in gregate expenditure of the Mispurposes were $19.02 per capita Christian families, whose chil- sionary Societies cooperating in in 1932, compared with $22.62 in dren attend Sunday school, the 1931; and the per capita contri- walls were adorned by these the national missionary organbutions for benevolences were Hindu pictures. When asked izations represented in the Inter- $3.12 in 1932, compared with why, they said they no longer national Missionary Council in $3.71 in 1931. believed in them but thought the the years 1929~31. pictures pretty. The Christian In Defense of the Missionary Literature Committee asks help Average to provide cheap, colorful pic- Bishop Frank G. Mosher, of tures of beautiful subjects, such Expenditu1'e the Protestant Episcopal Church, as Christ, the Good Shepherd, whose experience covers 40 years and Christ Blessing Little Chil- Australia ………….. $1,390,381 in China and the Philippines, dren. -Watchman-Examiner. made a brilliant defense of mis- Belgium …………… 3,664 sionaries he has known, during a A Marxist on Missions meeting of the National Chris- Denmark ………….. 518,386 tian Council in Manila. They Tucker Smith is president of tower far above any other group Brookwood Labor College and an Finland……………. 117,674 of foreigners in the Orient. They go on furlough less fre- France ……………. 197,838 Germany ………….. 1,525,494 Great Britain ………. 11,031,513 Latin America ……… 4;401,990 Netherlands ……….. 443,827 New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . 449,266 North America * …….. 28,171,146 Norway …………… 604,608 Sweden …………… . 1,020,521 Switzerland ………… 292,761 South Africa … . . . . . . . . 794,870 $50,963,939 • Exclusive of expenditure in Latin Amer- ica.

-International Revieu' of Missions.

~t=1====~~~="""",,,~==""~==-==—=—-=——-=I~

1 Our Missionary Bookshelf r Recent Books Reviewed for the Readers' Information I.~~~II~~~===========================~ Today's You t h and Tomorrow's tangible" about the book, that it make it a success in tomorrow's World. By Stanley High. 12 mo. world." We know that only Cloth, $1.00; paper, 60c. Friend- does not draw conclusions and Jesus Christ himself can change ship Press, New York. 1933. propose definite solutions. If it tomorrow's world, but we know were to do so, it would be play- also that even He cannot do it Just what today's youth will ing false to its fundamental as- without today's youth. do with tomorrow's world the sumption, which is that the soluauthor does not try to predict, tions are yet to be discovered S. FRANKLIN MACK. but he leaves no stone unturned and that what our too-complain an attempt to put squarely be- cent Christians of today need Wayfaring for Christ. By A. M. fore American boys and girls of most is to be stabbed awake. It Chirgwin. 160 pp. Paper cover, 2s. high school age (for whom it is seeks to provide not panacea but Livingston Press. London. 1933. written) some of the major ills provocation. The remedies are that will need treatment if it is implied, but they must be dug The secretary of the London to become better and more Chris- out. Missionary Society wrote this tian. It is his conviction, not little book after his return from only that these problems of a Like the other two young peo- a twelve months' visit to mission sick world are of real interest to stations in Africa and Madagasyoung people today, but that it ple's study books for this year, car. It is not a mere report of is the supreme obligation of Bartlett's "Builders of a New his tour but a general discussion Christian youth to put Christ at of evangelistic missionary work World" and Stock's "So This Is from the days of the Apostle Missions!" "Today's Youth" has the very heart of the modern as its theme "Christ and the Paul down to the present, enworld, and in doing so to match Modern WorId." It makes no riched by many incidents and and surpass the zeal of those distinction between "home" and impressions of his journeyings youth of other lands who are "foreign" mISSIons, but ad- on the field. He "saw the aucommitted to the spread of dresses itself rather to the in- thentic work of the Kingdom of tensive task of the Christian God and men pressing forward Fascism and Communism. His unusual background of Church, a task just as real in the the frontiers and proclaiming world travel and his close and home church as in any mission the Good News in a hundred difcontinued contact with youth field: the making of life truly ferent ways." A. J. B.

movements in other countries, as Christian. It does not thereby Mother Whittemore's Modern Mirwell as with the young people I)f imply that the extensive work acles. Edited by F. A. Robinson. 8 of the Church has been com- vo. 304 pp. Illus. $2. Missions America, enable Stanley High to pleted, but that in our commend- of Biblical Education. Toronto, paint the now familiar problems of race, war, industry, national- able eagerness to spread the Canada. 1933. ism, high-speed living and the Gospel across the geographical Here is a fascinating book of rest on a large canvas and with world we have too long over- actual experiences in leading more than the usual degree of looked the fact that spread is straying and lost women to perspective. For this reason, not synonymous with permea- Christ and His Way of Life. and because the author speaks tion, and that our world has Most of the material is gathered the language of youth with un- other than geographical aspects. from Mrs. Vhittemores' own usual facility, "Today's Youth The spirit of the book may be records and addresses. Her son and Tomorrow's World" will un- caught from the words with and daughter also bear testimony doubtedly prove to be one of the which it closes: "There are to the record. No one can symmost popular mission study texts many movements of youth today. pathetically read these experipublished in years. Where it A new one is called for: a youth ences without being stirred with was used this summer in the movement that accepts Jesus' sorrow at the sad fate of many young people's conferences the . program as its platform and wayward girls, with indignation classes were both large and en- which takes Jesus' spirit as its at the devilish wiles that lead thusiastic. driving power. Enough of to- them astray and with admira- It may be remarked by older day's young people will read this tion and thanksgiving for such readers that there is "nothing book to start such a crusade and sacrificial and faithful ministry Any of the books noted in these columns wlll be sent by the REVIEW pUblishers on receipt of price.

[566 ]

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

as that shown by the workers in dirt; how they labor night and WEIGH the "Door of Hope." day, travel long distances and THE work without proper facilities FACTS • •• and Mrs. Whittemore was led in and with insufficient supplies. He the Water Street Mission from tells of their work of prevention, GO fmPR£SS a life of thoughtless gayety to a their contributions to science life consecrated to God and His and their training of native docservice and was later healed in tors and nurses. A skilled phyanswer to the prayer of faith. sician can do much to relieve suf- She tells thrilling stories of fering in a neglected land but women saved in body and soul only a true follower of Christ and led into lives of beautiful can be a medical missionary. Christian character and ministry for others. "The Blue Bird John .Barleycorn. By Daniel A. Polof Mulberry Bend" is only one of ing. 8 va. 245 pp. $1.50. John many. Here are examples of applied Christianity that are unan- C. Winston Co. Philadelphia. 1933. swerable arguments to those who doubt the reality of God, the Here is a popular presentation Fact No.1 ••• The "Empress" fleet value of prayer and the power of of the case against the legalizing is the largest-ship-fastest-ship fleet. Jesus Christ to save unto the of the manufacture and the sale uttermost. The "Door of Hope" of intoxicants – in the form of Fact No.2 ••• Fares are extremely in New York was founded in "The Life and Letters of John low, First and Tourist Clas, 1890 and for forty years Mrs. Barleycorn." Dr. Poling pre- Whittemore car r i e d on this Fact No.3 ••• You save time by "work of faith, labor of love and sents the facts with conviction, going on an"Empress"ship. Empress of patience of hope." The work with humor, with pathos, and Japan (largest, fastest liner on the Pa· continues in many cities and the cHic) and Empress of Canada reach story is graphically told. with stirring satire. It is illus- Honolulu in 5 days … Yokohama in 8 trated with numerous cartoons. more! Empress of Asia and Empress How Far to the Nearest Doctor? By If Americans could be made fa- of Russia take the Direct Express Route Edward M. Dodd. 12 mo. 163 pp. miliar with these facts they • .. and make Yokohama in 10 days flat! 60 cents and $1. Friendship Press. would find some other remedy than repeal for curing the pres- New York. 1933. ent evils in business, society and the underworld that are charged These stories of medical mis- to bootlegging and Prohibition. sion work for young people have been gathered by Dr. Dodd in The First Wife and Other Stories. GO EMPRESS to Honolulu, his missionary experience, his By Pearl S. Buck. 8 va. 312 pp. Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki, world travels and his reading. Shanghai, Hong Kong, Manila They give a true and stirring pic- $2.50. The John Day Co. New ture of the great need of a healing ministry and what Christian York. 1933. All sailings from Vancouver and Vicmedical missionaries have done and are doing in many lands. These fourteen stories vary in toria. Fast, convenient trains direct to They are interesting stories, well told and show not only how interest and character. They ship.side at Vancouver. Orient fares inphysical suffering is relieved, but how these ministers of Christ are tragedies written in the same clude passage from Seattle. Reduced also bring spiritual comfort and salvation through Christ. Here beautiful style as Mrs. Buck's round·trip fares. Information from any we read of how Dr. Paul Harrison has gone into the desert of earlier volumes but are without Canadian Pacific agent: New York, Chi· Arabia; of the millions in Persia and India, in China and some of the coarse and objection- cago, San Francisco, Montreal, Vancou- Africa who are beyond the reach of any skilled physician. Dr. able features found in "Sons" verand 30othercities in U. S. and Canada. Dodd tells inspiring stories of such pioneer missionaries as and "Good Earth." "The First Pennell of Afghanistan, McKean of Siam, Livingston and Sch- Wife" is an illuminating picweitzer in Africa and Shepard of Turkey. He describes the ture of Chinese home life. Ansacrificial service of these Christian physicians in their conflict other describes the failure of inwith witch doctors, deadly diseases, poverty, ignorance and terracial marriage. Four show the change from the old to the new order in China; then come four to paint scenes connected with the revolution and com- munist activities and four sad pictures of the sufferings caused JAPAN· CHINA· MANILA by floods. They are sad but sym- pathetic stories of the ChinesE.'.

Noone would gather from them ORlfnT that any Christian missionary had been to China, that hundreds .

of thousands of Chinese had CANADIAN PACIFIC learned to follow Christ or that the author was herself a mis- sionary.

Seal. The Witness of the China Obituary Notes Yale University and Chicago Theo-

Inland Miss,ion to the Faithfulness logical Seminary. He went to Africa of God. By Marshall Broomhall. Dr. Donald Fraser, the well known in 1890. After giving up mission work 12 mo. 173 pp. $1. China In- and greatly loved missionary of the in 1925 he served as pastor of land Mission. Philadelphia. 1933. Church of Scotland to British Central churches in America until he retired Africa, died in Scotland on August the in 1931. There is no more remarkable 20th. For thirty years he was misstory of God's guidance, protec- sionary in Livingstonia, Central Afri- *** tion, provision and blessing than ca, and later in administrative work that found in the records of connected with the Board of Foreign Miss Sybel G. Brown, honorably nearly seventy years of the Missions of the Scottish Presbyterian retired missionary of the Presby- China Inland Mission. God has Church. Few men in our day have terian Board, died in Los Angeles, set His seal on the work of His aroused more enthusiasm for the cause June 26. She was in India 21 years, servant Hudson Taylor and his of missions in Scotland and England. retiring in 1924, and was known as successors and they, in turn, set He was a forceful speaker and dealt the introducer of the Sloyd system of their seal upon the faithfulness with vital issues. The missionary call manual training into India. At her was a life passion and his deepest con- death she was 81 years old. Miss of God to fulfill his promises. cern was bringing the Gospel to those Brown was a graduate of Mount Mr. Broomhall recalls the strik- without it. He was a missionary with Holyoke College. ing and enheartening facts in the the broadest conception of missionary service, saying: "When Christ is pre- .. * * history of the mission – in its sented and received, the whole indifounding, its enlargement; in vidual and social life of the person Dr. Edwin W. Simpson, Presbythe calling of missionaries and will be affected." terian missionary at Islampur, India, died July 10 of peritonitis. He was the support of the work; in times *** born at New Castle, Pa., in 1880, and of war and persecution, of de- went to India in 1902 after graduapression and temptation; in the William Revell 'Moody, the son of tion from Union Seminary at Richwinning and training of converts the famous evangelist Dwight L. mond. He was engaged in evangelistic and in guiding the great work Moody and for thirty years the. presi- and educational work at Islampur, dent of the Northfield Schools and di- Sangli and Kohlapur. with over 1,000 missionaries in rector of the Northfield Conferences, died at his home in East Northfield, *** the largest.and the most difficult Mass., on October 12th at the age of mission field in the world. The 64. Dr. Moody did a remarkable work, The Rt. Rev. Ludwig H. Ihmels, personal testimonies show clear- carrying out the bequest of his father D.D.. Th.D., Bishop of Saxony, died ly God's ability and readiness to in the Northfield work. For nearly suddenly on June 18, at the age of protect, provide and guide. It thirty years he was also editor of the seventy-four. would be well if every mission- Record of Christian Work, and was ary candidate and those on the the author of two biographies of When the churches of Germany re- Dwight L. Moody. As the presiding organized in the post-war period, Dr. field would read this record. It genius of the conferences and schools Ihmels was elected bishop. He was will strengthen and enrich faith. he has made a remarkable contribu- an educator and theologian, having tion to the educational and spiritual been director of a theological sem- progress of America and the influence inary, then teacher in Loccum Con- has extended all over the world. vent, finally professor of systematic theology in the Univer.sity of Leipzig. Printin *** In 1908 he was elected president of the United Evangelical Lutheran When You Require It Dr. Yoshiasu Hiraiwa, Bishop of Conference of Germany. Bishop the Japan Methodist Church from Ihmels was greatly interested in the We wish to extend to you an invi- 1912 to 1919, died in Tokyo, July 26th. cause of missions and his son, Dr. tation to become acquainted with Dr. Hiraiwa visited America several Carl Ihmels, is the present director THE EVANGELICAL PRESS of times. During one of these visits he of the Leipzig Society. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. was honored in Washington by being invited to open the Senate of the Unit- 1,180,000 Bibles Placed by Thousands of institutions and individ- ed States with prayer. He was a tireuals have accepted a similar invitation, less worker and had been prominent THE GIDEONS and have 'enjoyed a profitable printing in evangelistic and educational work association for years. of Japan Methodism for over forty in Hotel Bedrooms for the years. Our specialty is Books, Magazines and o Benefit of Those Who Travel Booklets. We have modern equipment *** You are invited to have a part in this to meet all the requirements of your important work bv sending a contribu.. particular job. Our service is quick, Mr. Manly R. Hubbs, for many tion to the Bible Fund. $1.00 will place careful and courteous. years a warm friend and supporter of a Bible. 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Autobiography of a Japanese Pas- The Independent Arab. Maj. Sir Hu- tor. Hiromichi Kozaki. Translated Supplies bert Young. 344 pp 15s. John by Nariaki Kozaki. 406 pp. $2. Murray. London. Kyo Bun Kwan. Tokyo. S()ulld splilluu/ The Muslim Creed-Its GEnesis and The Chinese Church in Action. John ~1I$oF/IIe Historical Development. A.•T. Wen- Foster. 144 pp. 28. Edinburgh sinck. 304 pp. 158. Cambridge House Press. Edinburgh. 11'~lnol~~~~OCh~~.SWIu/lnfI~kmrKAoWliK~Iulim/I~s University Press. Voodoos and Obeahs-Phases of 1ite (or Bogadi-A Study of the Marriage West India Witchcraft. Joseph J. Laws and Customs of the Bechuana Williams, 257 pp. $3. Dial Press. and Tribes of South Africa. A. E. Jen- New York. nings. 82 pp. 18. L. M. S. London. China-So P. G. Handbook Series. U. Jewish Views on Jewish Missions. K. Shebbeare. 105 pp. lB. S. P. G. From Pacific to Atlantic-South 62 pp. 6d. Jewish Religious Union. London. American Studies. Kenneth G. London. Grubb. Illus. 255 pp. lOs. 6d. The Epistle to the Ephesians. Chas. Methuen. London. Blazing Trails in Bantuland. Dugald R. Erdman. 130 pp. $1.00. West- Campbell. 228 pp. 38 6d. Picker- minster Press. Phila. Life in Lesu (New Ireland)-The ing and Inglis. London. Study of a Melanesian Society in Gospel Sword Thrusts. Mark A. Mat- New Ireland. Hortense Powder- Borneo-S. P. G. Handbook Series. thews. 156 pp. 18. Pickering & maker. Illus. 352 pp. 15s. Wil- L. E. Curry. 96 pp. 18. S. P. G. Inglis. liams & Norgate. London. London. Chinese Rhymes for Children. Ed. by A Classified Index to the Chinese Lit- How Chinese Families Live in Peip- Isaac Taylor Headland. Illus. 156 erature of the Protestant Christian ing. lIlus. Sidney D. Gamble. 348 pp. $2. Revell. New York. Churches in China. 260 pp. Gratis. pp. $3.00. Funk & Wagnalls. New $1.00 per copy asked towards ex- York. The Christian Experience of Life- penses. Kwang Hsueh Pub. House. Joseph Cook Lectures in the Orient, Shanghai. China Year Book-1933. Ed. by H. 1931-2. J. Harry Cotton. 160 pp. G. W. Woodhead. 786 pp. $12.50. $1.50. Revell. New York. PopUlation and Education in Papua. University of Chicago Press. F. E. Williams. 67 pp. Government Christian Activities Among American Printer. Port Moresby, New The KeswickConvention-1933. 275 Indians. Geo. W. Hinman. 32 pp. Guinea. pp. 28. 6d. paper; 48. cloth. Pick- Society for Propagating the Gospel ering & Inglis. London. Among the Indians and Others in Agricultural Missions – A Study the U. S. Based Upon the Experience of 236 A Threatened Hospital in China. Missionaries and Other Rural Mary Moline. 20 pp. 3d. S. P. G. Workers. Arthur L. Carson. 111 London. pp. Agricultural Missions Founda- tion. 1933. Tristan da Cunha-The Isle of Lone- liness. A. G. Partridge. 24 pp. 3d. S. P. G. London.

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The Missionary Review of the World — September 1891

THE YEAR 1890 IN JAPAN

MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD.

VOL. XIV. No.9.-OldSeries.–SEPTEMBER.–VoL.IV. No.9.-NewSeries.

THE YEAR 1890 IN JAPAN.

BY REV. PROFESSOR GEORGE WM. KNOX, D. D., TOKYO, JAPAN.

The foreca!l.t of 1889 was fulfilled in 1890. The year was full of difficnlty, and in empire and Church the cheerful confidence of the past gave way to uneasy anticipations and fears.

THE SUFFERING PEOPLE.

A short harvest in 1889 sent the price of rice up so high that thousands could not buy it. The multitude who ever Jive near the starvation liue became wholly dependent. Had benefactions not been large and constant they would have died from the lack of food. In the spring and summer the suffering was at its height, the abundant harvests of the autumn first giving permanent relief. During the summer cholera carried off tens of thousands, and late in the autumn the influenza paid a second and virulent visit that was fatal to very many.

Business suffered in sympathy with the general distress. The poverty of the people interfered with the usual course of trade; and a number of circumstances, which need not be repeated here, combined to render business unprofitable; failures were very many. But for the most part the distress, both physical and financial, was endured in silence. These Orientals have not yet learned our Western fashion of loud wailing over the misfortunes which they accept as a part of nature. Does our thought of the Heavenly Father, in whose hands are the issues of life, render us less patient than these who know no such all-loving guide and God?

THE STRUGGLING POLITICIANS.

Politics occupied a new place of importance in the popular esteem. The struggles which had been obscure and underground came out into the light of day as the elections for the first members of the Diet drew near. But no great issue divided the nation, and the contests were between factions and individuals. No faction or individual obtained a decisive majority of the whole number of members, though the" Liberals" constitute the largest group. When the Diet met in the autumn, only one thing was settled beyond doubt-the Lower House of the Diet was not friendly to the present Ministry or to the system which that Ministry represents. It was clear that a struggle for power. involving fundamental constitutional questions, would ensue. The leaders on both sides deprecated such a struggle, but they have proved unable to prevent it. The weeks passed have been tempestuous. The Diet has won some victories on minor points; but the most Radical section has forced the fighting on the budget, demanding such reductions that the Ministry declares itself wholly unable to comply. The Moderates seek only such economy in administration as may reasonably he agreed to. The Radicals want the fundamental political problem solved at once j the Moderates seek a compromise that shall permit a gradual and peaceful emergence from the difficulties that everyone admits. There is no party which advocates the Government outright, or def4ilnds the present system. As in so many other questions, all are progressive, the dispute being as to the pace. And all well-wishers to Japan must Jeilire the defeat of the Radicals, since their victory will result in the sharpest crisis the empire has k~wn in years. Unfortunately they control the Lower House by a decisive majority.

THE MEDDLING YOUTH.

The oddest feature, and the most inexplicable, of the situation, is the fashion in which young men of no apparent claim to influence or position constitute themselves the guardians of the empire's honor. As in years past such men have assassinated ministers of State, so now they band themselves together that they may coerce the Diet. Their influence is Radical, and they have repeatedly attacked members not of their way of thinking, and their threats of vengeance are constant. Some of them have been banished from the city; but the strangest element in the situation is the comparative immunity from punishment which they enjoy. Some influence seems to protect them, and accordingly reports are not wanting that they are in the pay of various influential personages. Until Japan learns in private and in public, in the family, the school, and the State, to discipline and restrain the youth who now grow rank, we cannot expect a peaceful and orderly development.

THE FOREIGN TREATIES.

The parliamentary struggle has diverted attention somewhat from the question of treaty revision, but indications in plenty show that the subject is not out of mind. And t-he popular demand rises with each delay. The foreign powers missed their opportunity when, years ago, Count Inoue was ready to grant all that reasonable men had any right or wish to demand. But the foreign powers could not agree among themselves or with him. Now popular sentiment must be taken into Rerious account. No minister would dare make a treaty which public sentiment disapproved. His life would not be safe for an hour. And public sentiment is not more reasonable in Japan than elsewhere. Since in the past the representatives of the powers have been unable to agree with the most reasonable and fair-minded Japanese ministers of State, there is small chance that now they will listen to the people. In the past Japan has been in the right j but it is a question whether the popular demands do not put it in the wrong. This much is sure-so long as the treaties are unrevised, so long will the anti-foreign agitation continue, so long will it be impossible that foreigners in any calling shall regain their former position. At the same time every new demand makes foreign compliance more difficult, so difficult, indeed, that revision would seem to be indefinitely postponed.

THE YEAR'S MISSIONARY WORK.

All of the facts related above have affected injuriously the work of foreign missionaries. The hard times have reduced gifts to the Church and hindered its extension. The political struggles have diverted the public mind, the meddlesome young men have given some of their attention to missionaries and to foreigners, and the question of treaty revision has so affected society in general that even the Church has participated to some extent in the anti-foreign spirit. The table of statistics just published shows the effect of these and other causes. The entire net gain of the whole Protestant body in Japan for the year is 1199, a gain smaller than single missions have repeatedly reported in the past. The table is not wholly trustworthy, it is true, 111 spite of every endeavor to make it 80 j but I do not know that the errors are greater than in other years. The Methodist Episcopal Church reports a decrease of 198 in the total membership, and the Congregationalists a loss of 169. The latter is in spite of the facts that they report 1615 baptisms for the same period. It can be accounted for only on the supposition that the reports for the two years have been made up from different data. The Church of Christ (Presbyterian) I·eports 1280 baptisms and a net increase of 517, the losses being through disaffection caused by the Plymouth Brethren, and, to a much larger extent, the revision of congregational rolls. The Nippon Sei Kokwai (Episcopalian) shows the largest net gain, 578 j but the figures are only approximate, and appear not to allow for the losses so noticeable in the other reports. The Canadian Methodists are the only others who show a gain of more than one hundred.

The contributions show a gratifying increase, the total being, en 69,3.24.95, a gain of 15,821.22. (The en is equivalent to the silver dollar.) Most of this increase is to be credited to the Congregational churches, though the Methodists and Episcopalians also report an increase.

Most of the other columns show a decrease, and some hardly show the full extent of the losses. Especially has the year been full of discouragement to those engaged in the higher schools. The mission schools were never so well prepared for large and successful work, and were never before so little esteemed. Some of the boarding-schools have lost half their pupils, and the losses continue. A strong national feeling is asserting itself. It insists upon a training that shall be more distinctively Japanese in management, methous, and subjects. It strongly objects to institutions that seem to subject Rtudents to the control of foreigners. The change of sentiment on this subject within the past two years amounts to a revolution. It is to be hoped that a reaction will before long restore the schools to their old position. Shonld such prove not to be the case· the question of the discontinuance of some of the schools must be seriously faced.

THE MISSIONS AND THE MISSIONARIES.

One mISSlOn has been added during the year-the Universalist. The Unitarian Mission also gives its report. The entire missionary force is 577, including the wives. This is an increase of 50 men and women. The force is distributed in 29 societies.

I would again venture the opinion that our prescnt missionary methods are in the extreme wasteful of money and life. Rightly distributed and massed, one half the present force could accomplish all, and more than is now done. Instead of so much earnest appeal for men and money I propose a year of appeal for the better use of the forces we have. UntiI something is done to combine the Protestant forces the waste must continue. Is confederation in the great work of evangelizing the world still impossible ¥ Can we expect thinking men to continue and increase their gifts if the half goes to waste 1 Doubtless the case is not so pressing in other lands; but, for the things I see and know, my language is none too strong.

Nor can I fail to say that the time is not auspicious for an increase of missionaries, apart from the great waste resulting from divergent plans and aims. It is not impossible that in certain parts of the field the missionary adds little to the effectiveness of the work. The complaint is heard, e.g., that schools have too many missionarws in their faculties, and the popular demand for addresses and sermons from foreigners has greatly fallen off. The way iR not so open, nor the invitation so pressing, as a few years ago. It may be only a passing wave of sentiment, but while it lasts we may well give the precedence to calls from other fields, as they, in the past, have given way to us.

And yet the time is by no means past for foreign missionaries in Japan. In some parts of the empire, in the interior provinces and in the south and west, they can still repeat the triumphs of the days gone by. They are still welcomed, and their leadership is ardently desired. They can still, even in Tokyo, find work of the last importance in educating a Japanese ministry, and in the preparation of a theological literature. And wherever there are earnest, spiritually minded men, their influence must be felt. But beyond all this the missionary organization is still necessary. The Church and the work would suffer were it withdrawn. The missionaries supply the unmoved framework, the inner form little influenced by superficial change, that is essential to the strength and permanence of the Church as an organism. Premature withdrawal would subject it to a strain we may well wish for a while postponed. Such function may be far from the ideal entertained by the missionary of his own position; it is certainly less imposing than the missionary position in most lands; but if thus service is rendered to the Master, we shall be content.

TIm THEOLOGICAL UNREST.

Japan participates in all the movements of our age. No wall or tariff shnts the empire out from frecst communication with the world, and the ideas which agitate thinking rilen find ready entrance here. For years the leaders of the Japanese Church have followed with intense interest the course of theological thought. They read freely both sides. Papers, reviews, and books are in dcmand in proportion as they reflect the current intellectual life. Not the wisdom of ourfathers, but such as our age can furnish, they desire. Coufucianism has satisfied their longings for an ironbound conservatism. They are proportionatcly eager for progressive thought. Disposition and public sentiment combine to urge in one direction, and there is no opposing power that shall attempt to hold them back. If the intelligent, influential young men are to be orthodox Christians, it will be because orthodoxy makes the strongest appeal to mind and heart. The newest and extreme thought is not left to the printed page, it has its living representatives. The German Evangelic Mission is led by men of solid learning and strong ethical and spiritual powers. They are naturalists in their exposition of the Bible, denying all miraculous elements. '1'hey reject the Divinity of Christ, His miracles and His resurrection. Yet, with what seems to an American a peculiarly German inconsistency, they declare that their one desire is that Christ may be accepted by the Japanese, and in walk and conversation they breathe the spirit of the Master. They give in lectures and printed articles a wide circulation to the advanced views of the German schools, ancl their words are eagerly read and heard by the young men of our churches. The Universalists and the Unitarians, from different points of view, are in sympathy with the Germans, and the three bodies form one party of considerable strength and influence. Some of the ordained ministers of other bodies have returned from the United States more or less in sympathy with the cruder forms of the new theology.

This condition of things fills some of the conservatives with alarm. But I deprecate the views they insert in American periodicals. Weare not in a panic at all. We welcome and rejoice in this full and free and fair discussion. When did the truth ever ask more than a fair field and no favor ~ It is a strange novelty that we who profess to hold the truth should seek to hide timidly behind traditional defences. If the truth cannot protect itself-but who would thus doubt His power who is the Truth ~ If some of our opinions cannot stand, is not the truth better than our opinions, howefer venerable 1 For our part, we do not fear the result. We do not for a moment doubt the final triumph, nor can we believe that the Church has been mistaken all along in accepting Christ as Son of God, and the Bible as supreme in doctrine and life.

THE SYNOD OF THE NIPPON KIRISUTO KYOKWAI.

The most significant event of the year in matters ecclesiastical was the meeting of the Synod of the Nippon Kirisuto Kyokwai (the Japanese Church of Christ, with which are connected the Presbyterian and RflfOimed mis- sions). This Church has long been considering the revision of its constitu. tion. In 1877, when the present organization was effected, the Church yielded to the earnest desire of the missionaries, and adopted unabridi!ed and unamended a Form of Government, Book of Discipline, and Confession of Faith, imported from the United States. The Confessions-there were two of them-had not even been translated, but were adopted purely on faith. They were adoptcd, but thcy have never been the true Confessions of the Church's faith. Years ago a committee was appointed for their revision, but its labors were interrupted by the negotiations for union with the Congregationalists. After those negotiations were broken off a nf>W committee on revision was given df'fi~ite instrnctions. The committee rcported in the early summer and Synod met iu December to discuss the report.

Synod was a thoroughly representative body, most of the leading men being present. Foreigners were in a small minority, and from the start the Japanese took the lead. The result is their work, and this it is which renders the meeting so significant. We have a fair test of the true faith and spirit of the Church, and not a mere reflection of foreign missionary sentiment.

The Japanese Christians think for themselves, that is the most evident comment. They are almost morbidly avcrse to leading-strings-especially now are they eager to show their intellectual independence. Any attempt to coerce them will result in disaster. At the Rame time they will listen to advice and reason.

The Church is soundly evangelical. It stauds firmly by the great essentials of the faith. It is not infected with Unitarian or Rationalistic virus. No one expressed himself as other than in entire sympathy with the truth once delivered to the saints.

But the Church inRists that there shall be widest liberty in non-e8sentials. It is eager to reje,ct the systems of theologians. It would embrace all who truly accept our Lord and Saviour. In its brief creed it desired to embody these two aims, and to show itself thoroughly evangelical and yet so free that none may be excludEd who do not deny the faith. It would have no imported Confession. It asserted at onpe its indifference to thc strifes and shibb(lleths of Westem lands, and its desire to hear testimony against the errors that threaten in Japan. Whatever may be onr opinion as to the snccess of the endea'or, or as to the sufficiency of the Confession as finally adopted, there is no doubt about the sincere purpose of the Church. Nor need there be question that this purpose in the main was right.

The Church has a strong missionary spirit. The debate on the Confession was dominated by the desire to make it an effective missionary document. The Christians never forget their position in the midst of a non- Christian people, nor their duty as witnesses for Christ, however much their labors fall short of their admitted obligations.

The Church accepts gladly the Presbyterian polity as a form of organization, but it rejects all exclusive claims even for its own forms, and occupies theoretically no position that may hinder union with other bodies. A strong desire for the organic union of Christians of every name was manifest throughout, though there is no immediate prospect that such desires may be realized.

TIlE HOPEFUL OUTLOOK.

It is not to be denied that the year has left a feeling of uncertainty and fear in the minds of many. Some ev{;n look forward to indescribable dis-" aster; but a calm review of all the facts warrants us in saying that the out- look is full of hope.

Even with so strong an anti-foreign spirit as the last year has shown, our Japanese Christians have held their own. Thirteen were elected to the Diet. One of them was chosen President of the Diet, and a second, permanent Chairman of the Committee of the Whole. These two posts were most keenly sought, and their occupants are very prominent and important in the public's thought. Christianity has further shown its wide influence by the long-continued agitation against licensed prostitution, an agitation that has enlisted a large share of popular approval and sympathy. It is no small triumph that Christianity so soon manifests itself as a moral force in the national life, and that it is so secure in its place that its profession is no hindrance to high political advancement.

The fact that the Church contains so many men of prominence, so many men second to none in their wide influence, is high encouragement, although, as a natural consequence, the foreign missionary is thereby remanded to a somewhat secondary place. As the Church thus reckons judges, professors, members of the Diet, prominent journalists, and high officials among its active members, we cannot expect the same position we should occupy in lands where the converts are for the most part from the lower walks of life. But we must be narrow indeed if this success becomes a source of discouragement. Let us thank God and take courage.

Though the year has been a trying one to forcigners, still has the Church remained remarkably friendly. There have been sharp criticisms of lIlen and methods, it is true; but we should hesitate to demand submissive silence from our friends. And it is not to be forgotten that the prevalent hostility to foreign institutions of every kind, and the association of the Church with missionaries in the popular mind, has been the cause of denial;

OR. GRIFFIS ON JAPAN

that the Church and foreigners are identical-a denial that has sometimes been more emphatic than agreeable in expression.

The theological nnrest, too, gives rise to hope. One minister joined the Unitarians, bnt he carried no one with him, and there is no disposition to follow his example. Already there are signs that the Radical flood has Ilassed its height and begnn to recede. We shall hear less of it in the years to come. It is not to be overlooked that the Unitarian Mission has a new leader of a spirit very different from the former " ambassador, " whose hostility to orthodoxy and to other missions is rep~aced by friendli- ness and a desire for such co-operation as is practicable. . The Plymonth Brethren, too, have about exhausted their capabilities for mischief, and almost cease from troubling the congregations. Some of the keenest of the Japanese ministers feel that the tide now sets with us.

There is no falling off in the numbers of young men who press into the Christian ministry. And for the theological department of the Meiji • Gakuin I may say that our junior class is not only the largest but the best that has entered the school. There is no better test of the true condition of the Church.

The difficulties have culminated in Tokyo. In the provinces the state of things has been by no means so trying. In a letter just received, a mis- sionary of much experience and sound judgment writes: "The condition of affairs in Central and Western Japan was never more promising. Con- verts are not gained so rapidly, perhaps, as in some years gone by, but the churches were never in so good condition before." That testimony can be duplicated by many witnesses in widely separated fields. And even in Tokyo onr most intelligent pastors say they find no widespread opposition to Christianity, nor any cause for real discouragement.

Surely God has done great things for Japan, and His Church may trust Him for the days to come. lIe does not leave us without evidence of His presence and blessing. Through His grace the Church shall go forward, that it may be Hi~ witness and the preacher of His Gospel to all the inhab- itants of the land.

MEIJI GAKUIN, TOKYO, February 12, 1891.

DR. GRIFFIS ON JAPAN.

BY THE EDITOR-iN-CHIEF.

Dr. Griffis has recently published an article on the Constitution of Japan which deserves wider circulation. He refers to the meeting of the Imperiltl Diet, which entered upon the work of sharing with the Mikado the government of the forty millions of Japanese, and remarks that on July 1st, 1890, the national election took place and proved to be quiet and decorous. The privilege of voting for members of the House of Representatives was restricted to certain taxpayers, so that the electorate probably did not number more than one million yoters. Bya decree dated July 10th, the administration of the two houses was organized by the appointment of a Chief Secretary, ten assistants, two probationers, and twenty subordinatcs for each branch of the Diet, and the proccedings were opened by the emperor in person.

Mutsuhito, the one hundred and twenty-third Mikado, was born, by a strange coincidence, on the very day that Commodore M. C. Perry stood on the deck of the Mississippi ready to sail for Japan. 'Vonderful changes have taken place within these thirty-nine years, and Dr. Griffis asks what grounds have we for believing in the solidity and permanence of representative political institutions in such a nation.

The story of the Japanese begins with the foundation of the empire, B. c. 660, which is in many other respects a very marked era in the annals of the human race. Their actual hIstory begins very nearly a thousand years after. The dual system of government, under the Mikado at one end of the empire and the Tycoon at the other, lasted until 1868, when the Tycoon gave way to the Mikado. Japan has always suffered from having no external foe or force to compel national cohesion, and society was split up into eight or more grades from gods to pariahs, and the country itself into three hundred feudal clans. Historical research and the fear of subjection by foreign nations begat that new thing in Japan, public opinion, and to save the unity of Japan from divisions such a& were seen in India, the dual system of government fell at the dictation of public opinion. The American Naval Expedition of 1853 simply brought the crisis. The Tycoon, hitherto despotic, felt compelled to ask the opinion of the clans as to wtat should be the answer to Commodore Perry, and the first informal Parliament was summoned.

The events from 1853 to 1890 simply record the march of public opmlOn. Dualism first went. down and feudalism followed. Provision was made for a permanent national parliament, and the leaders of the revolution constrained the Mikado, then but sixteen years old, to swear that he would call a deliberate assembly and submit to it affairs of State. This charter oath of five articles forms the basis of the new Japan. The way was accordingly prepared for the complete separation of the executive, legislative, and judicial functions, and in 1878 provision was made for the education of the people in their new political duties.

After much popular agitation in behalf of a national parliament, on October 12th, 1880, the Mikado signed the decree promising to limit the imperial prerogative, and call a parliament to meet in 1890. The constitutions of various other governments were carefully examined, and on February 11th, 1889, on the anniversary of the ascent of the throne, B.C. 660, by the first Mikado, Jimmu Tenno, this grand document was published, the magna charta of Japanese liberties.

The constitution consists of Rcven chapters with seventy-six articles, which treat of the Emperor, his subjects, the Diet, mini8ters of State, the Privy Council, etc. The upper house, or House of Peers, is a mixed body. Members of the Imperial family, princes, and marquises sit for lif",. Counts, viscounts, and barons are elected for seven years. Certain men notable for ability and learning have a life term. There is also a provision for commoners to be elected to this house, which thus involves representation from the three estates of the realm.

The constitution approaches closely the model of Germany and Great Britain. Most important are the thirty-two articles of Chapter II., which grant and define the rights and duties of the subjects. Hitherto the masses had politically been ciphers, bound to obey, pay taxes, and hold their tongues. Now the status of every subject is fixed by law, and by law his rights are guarded. Modern Japanese law is based Oil the code of France. The judiciary conllists of local courts, district courts, court of appeal, and a supreme court, and judges are appointed for life..

Western nations look with intensest interest to the unfolding of Japan's future.

JAPAN AND THli: BIBLE.

Twenty years ago the people of Japan had never seen any part of the Scriptures in their own tongue, and placards prohibiting Christianity were displayed on the corners of the streets.

In 1872, aided by a grant from the American Bible Society, Dr. Hepburn's version of Mark and John wall printed in Yokohama, and a committee was formed for translating the Bible.

' The. first edition of the New Testament appeared in 1880, and the entire Bible in 1888. From 1874 until now the American Bible Society has circulated in Japan more than 550,000 volumes of the Scriptures; and there are now more than 250 churches with over 30,000 members.

In view of the many agencies employed, it is gratifying to have so competent an observer as Dr. Hepburn ascribe one half of all the results of Christian missions in Japan to the work of the Bible societies.

Similar work is being done in connection wi.th the labors of American mi2sionaries in various parts of the world, and a secretary of one of our largest missionary boards has recently said : "I know of no single agency which can for a moment begin to compare with that of the Bible Society in giving permanency to Ollr missionary work in every field. I find myself depending upon its work more and more as I come to appreciate more fully what its volume is and what its significance is."

Of the publication of the complete Bible in Japanese, Dr. Griffis further says: "An able English editor declared that the publication of the Bible in Japanese was 'like building a railway through the national intellect.' This was perhaps the proper metaphor to employ in this industrial age, when civilization moves on rails and wires. To ono not hlind to the !esthetics, or deaf to the harmonies, of a noble work of letters, the human mastery over difficulties suggests rather the slow building of a glorious cathedral. The Bible in Japanese as we have it to-day-despite our thrills of joy and pride that it is mainly the work of American missionaries-is not a finished product. It is, however, so substantially near the ideal that it must be the basis of all future enterprise. Even its very shortcomings, felt most keenly by the master·builders of this stately edifice of language, point in the direction of final triumph.

" When in Tokio on the 3d of February, 1888, the veteran translator, Dr. J. C. Hepburn, suiting the action to the word, took the Old Testament in one hand and the New Testament in the other, and reverently laying them down-a complete Bible-sa~d : 'In the name of the whole body of Protestant missionaries in Japan, and of the whole Church of Christ in America and England, I make it a loving present to the Japanese nation,' the audience, made up of Christians from three continents, was deeply moved at the simple and touching ceremony. It was less like capping the obelisk at Washington with its polished aluminum finial than it was setting the headstone upon a glorious cathedral. In that completed work of pen and type, as in the splendors of some saintly minster, were embodied the hopes and aspirations of a nation awakening to new life, the prayers and sufferings of martyrs slain for Christ's sake, the toil and tears, the patience and hope of noble missionaries, the triumph of success after many failures. Of one of the first translators who delved for the foundations, laid the first courses of the edifice, and even saw its fair walls arise, it may be said with truth that he rests from his labors, but his works do follow him. The labor is over; the work remains. As I hold in my hand the comely duodecimo volume, which moves the scale at twenty·one ounces avoirdupois, I think of the far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory which it suggests.

" In the presence of the mountain of to-day it is well to remember the plain. Before our shoutings of' grace, grace unto it,' and praises richly deserved to consecrated workmen, let us look back at the toils of the masterbuilder!!.

" There is a pathos, and there are streaks of humor, in the evolution of this, the fittest expres~ion of the Word in Japanese, which is sure to be a survival of the first order. The naturalists who follow Darwin or Wallace may not be able, owing to ' the imperfection of the geological record '-or otherwise-to furnish at call the 'transitional forms ;' but in the processional movement toward a perfect Bible, even our slender Japanese library holds some interesting and grotesque 'missing links.' True, we have searched the story of Roman Christianity in Japan from 1539 to 1637, and find no translated Scriptp.re; nor does Mr. Satow in his' Jesuit Mission Press in Japan,' though he has ransacked all Japan and the libraries of Papal Europe. Have we not, however, the amazing and amusing first attempts of Dr. Bettleheim in Loo Chooan 1 Do we not possess that wonderful translation of Matthew, by an immersionist, in which we read of 'John the Soaker, preaching the Gospel of sqaking unto salvation;' , Whoever believeth and is soaked shall be saved,' etc.? It is 'soak,' , soaker,' '!loaking,' 'soaked,' to the end of the book, when hitashi, meaning to steep, macerate, moi&ten, is used to translate tho C; reek variants of a certain much·discussed word. VVould that we had what we know existed, the versions of ' the books of Genesis and Matthew, and the Gospel and Epistles of John,' made in China by Dr. S. Wells Williams, and the work of Dr. Gutzlaff; hath of whom learned the language from castaway Japanese sailors. It would touch heart and imagination deeply to look upon the translations made from the Dutch Bible by native interpreters for themselves or others! It was for reading these that men, groping after God, seeking Christ when there were none to lead them, suffered imprisonment, torture, aud bloody death. How thrilling also are the stories of the power of the Bible in Chinese, bought from junk-captains or Chinese tradcrs at Nagasaki, over such men as the father of l'tev. J. T. 1se, who started the first- Japanese students to the United States, and Joseph Ne~sima, of whom we all know! Mr. 1se's father was assassinated in Kioto in 1869, because he was a Bible student, and was suspected of being a Christian, as he indeed potentially was. In 1888, his son, pastor of a Christian church in Tokio, the new capital of the new nation, made the principal Japanese address at the completion of the Bible in his own and his father's tongue.

"The writer, in 1870, saw the chips in the workshop, the dust and debris of foundation laying. lIo hoard the groaning of the missionaries concerning the difficulties and hardships, the gloom of the situation, the refractory and unspiritual nature of tho vernacular, etc. Yot already Dr. Hepburn had made a beginning, and tho writer, on disappearing from civilization into the interior, in February, ] 871, took with him to Fukui a manuscript copy of the four Gospels, of which he made good use, in a Bible class which he began in h.is house, with some of the students. Stopping for a day at the sunny home of onr veteran, Rev. Dr. D. C. Greene, he found him already expert in nirely discriminating Japanese equivalents for the crystal-clear terms in the Greek New Testament. It afterward be· came Dr. Greene's pleasure to translate four of the New Testament books, to do years of work in revision, and with Rev. Dr. L. H. Gulick to superintend the printing, and to read all the proofs of the entire Japanese Bible.

" It was not till 1872 that a convention of missionaries formed definite plans for translating the New Testament. After several years of labor, in which Dr. Hepburn and Rev. Messrs. S. R. Brown and D. C. Greene were the chief, though by no means the only workers, the Scriptures of the New Covenant were issued, and at once widely read by the Japanese. Far more than is the custom in American churches, the Japanese bring their Bibles to church with them, and follow the minister in his reading.

"From the first the native brethren, with characteristic and laudable ambition, desired to take part in the work of rendering the word of God into their mother tongne, despite their lack of acquaintance with the original texts. Six years of training, however, and daily intellectual and spiritual contact with the missionaries during the prpparation of the New Testament, gave to several elect native scholars a wonderful grasp of the general subject, as well as mastery of the problems of translation. The men of God from America and Great Blitain enjoyed the reciprocal and inestimable benefit of these native scholals, such as Rev. Messrs. T. Matsuyama, Uyemura, and Ibuka, and of the brilliant and versatile man of letters, Takaha~hi Goro. From the very first day until the last, Mr. T. Matsuyama wrought with fervor and untiring patience, and· it is the testimony of a missionary of nearly twenty years' experience in Japan that' the influence of this native scholar is seen in almost every sentence of the translation.' Mr. T. Matsuyama, who is now pastor of the Hei-an Church in Kioto, is one of the most learned and painstaking students of the old Japanese literature. His acknowledged excellence as a scholar not only shows what kind of material and personnel the missionaries have been enabled in God's providence to utilize, but makes both ridiculous and contemptible some recent criticisms, spoken even in Tremont Temple, upon the work of our missionaries in Japan.

"Plans for translating the Old Testament were not made until 18'76, nor perfected until 1882. Portions were printed at intervals between 1882 and 188'7 ; but the difficulties were great, and the failur~s were many. Delay in this case proved neither dangerous nor fatal, but eminently advantageous; for it secured uniformity of style. In this one respect, the Japanese Bible excels even the English, and can safely be ranked among the most successful missionary translations of the world. Pmctically the same men, with many assistants, performed the whole work from Genesis to Revelation. In the gracious providence of God, Drs. Hepburn and Verbeck, Rev. F. K. Fyson, T. Matsuyama, Takahashi Goro, Rev. D. C. Greene, and Rev. David Thompson, were spared to see the completion of the work. The Rev. S. R. Brown was unable to witness on earth the crown of his hopes, for he died in 1880. The translation, first in separate portions, and then in its complete form, was printed at the expense of the American, the British and Foreign, and the Scotch Bible Societies, all of which had also made generous contributions for the snonort of the translators, and the expenscll incident to their work.

"The style of the version is as loyally close to pure Japanese as the form of the book language will allow. Indeed, it is the very simplest form of the book language. In it special prominence is given to the pure native element, as against the Chinese-Japanese so fashionable during the last half century or more. It is the style best adapted to liturgical use, and its fitness is generally recognized. Indeed, in his grammar of the written language, Professor Basil Hall Chamberlain, of the Imperial University of Tokio, and perhaps the highest living authority in Japanese literature, quotes from this version in illustration of points in Japanese idiom, thus acknowledging it in some sense as an authority as to idiomatic usage. The gem of the Old Testament work, as all acknowledge, is Dr. Verbeck's rendering of the Psalms. To this labor of love-one of the most scholarly pieces of work in the Japanese language-he devoted much time during a

BUDDillSM: AND CHRISTIANITY

period of seven years in .constant association with natives who were acute, learned, and devout.

" It is not too much to hopc thlt this version of the Bible may do for the Japanese mother-tongue what the English Bible has done for our own noble language and literature. Competent native observers declare that it has already exerted a noticeable effect upon the development of Japanese literature. How comforting and full of reward it must be to the translators, who have toilcd long on certain passages, to hear them quoted by the eloquent native preachers in impassioned discourse that sways the lives and eternal destinies of thousands !

" In briefly outlining the history of this noble monument of scholarship and consecration, the writer trusts that his brethren, Thompson, Davidllon, :Maclay, Cochran, Piper, '''right, Waddell, Goble, Knecker, Shaw, Blanchet, and others, who have borne a noble share in the grand work of giving the Bible to this nation of nearly forty million souls, will forgive the shortcomings of this article, limited as it is in space. In due time, the Japanese Christians, becoming masters of the Semitic and Greek tongues, will erect on the foundations laid by the missionaries a still more stately edifice of sacred scholarship to enshrine that word of God which liveth and abideth forever. Yet the writer is presumptuous enough to hazard the prophecy that even future generations of native Bible translators will no more be able to ignore Hepburn, Verbeck, and Matsuyama than were the English revisers of 1611 or 1881-85 able to forget Tyndale.-Congregationalist.

BUDDHISM AND CHRISTIANITY.

BY REV. E. SNODGRASS, TOKYO, JAPAN.

The Buddhists of Japan, especially the well-informed Buddhists, are by no means ignorant of the scientific references in the Bible ; and, more than this, they were not ignorant of Sir Edwin Arnold's attitude toward Christianity, the deadly antagonist of their withering faith. This being well known on both sides, it was not surprising that Sir Edwin, in his addre~ses in Japan, should say that man is made" not of clay or dust, as is ignorantly said, but of carbon, lime, etc." And, moreover, it was not surprIsing that Sir Edwin experienced the unpleas~nt necessity of having to refuse "numerous influential invitations to address the Buddhists of Japan." Dr. Ellinwood's reference to the fact that Christian phrases and conceptions were read into Buddhism by the author of "The Light of Asia" is parallel to the fact of the same author's attempt to harmonize Buddhism with modern science in a lecture which he delivered here before the Japanese Educational Society the third Sunday in December, 1889. "The Sun Goddess is tempted from her cave by Ii mirror. This is more scientific and less mythical than the legend of a Hebrew chieftain commanding the snn to stand till he could finish a bloody battle. The now to us incognizable sounds, colors, and distances are the Maya of Buddhism. Darwinian evolution is the lJharma and Karma. " 'With these revelations before us, why has it not occurred to some one to start the cry 10at modern science is plagiarized Buddhism 1 But what is the worth of such an unfounded claim that Christianity has borrowed from Buddhism 1 Nothing. I, for one, feel grateful to Dr. Ellinwood for the excellent store of facts given in his article in the February REVIEW. I wish to simply emphasize some of them.

1. The very I!tarting-points of the two religions are antagonistic, and hence oppose the idea that the superior could have copied from the inferior. Ask an educated Japanese to-day, " Has Buddhism a god f' The answer comes, "None other than the man himself." Buddhism is now thoroughly atheistic, though it may not always have been so. The most reliable history we have of Buddha sets him forth as a reformer. His early teachers were two Brahman ascetics. At first Buddhism may have held an idea of a supreme being, a Brahma j for in the oldest writings it is often mentioned that the supreme Brahma influenced Buddha. This may have been the foundation for the divinity which was afterward bestowed upon Buddha.

In regard, again, to a supreme being, Dr. Oldenberg* reasons that the Indian Brahman worked out a supreme being from the inner consciousness -the ego, the Atman. Separating the Atman from the individual, a new being is found which converges back into Brahma, the one and supreme being. Mr. Collinsf would reverse the above and say that the Hindu had gradually dropped the supreme from his faith, and in Buddhism the Atman, the ego, the human mind, is the only god j and this the remaining vestige " of a once purer faith and a truer worship. "

2. An argument often used here by Japanese evangelists is that Buddha worked no miracles. This is another vital difference iuimical to the life of Buddhism.

3. The most serious obstacle probably in the way of the theory of Christianity copying from Buddhism is the date of the Buddhist scriptures. According to the Ceylon books (Buddhism still survives in Ceylon), Gautama Buddha was born 623 B. c. It is not certain that he was not born later. Job probably lived 1500 years before Buddha. Moses lived 1000 before Buddha. Daniel was contemporary with Buddha. This was the time of the captivity, when the Jews were scattered throughout the East, probablyeyen as far as to China j we know that Jews were in China, but at so early a date that we know not when.

As far as we know, Buddha wrote nothing. The claim for the earliest written Buddhist scriptures is about the beginning of the Christian era, or later. Before this date we have all the Old Testament books. We must not forget how the great Babylonian and Syrian kingdoms intellectually • Oldenberg, Buddha, p. 23, et. seq. t Buddhism in Relation to Christianity. linked Judea with the East. We remember some time ago the bronze gates of Shalmaneser the Second were discovered at Balawat. The date is when Jonah visited Nineveh. Upon this monument are shown Jewish sacrifices. It is claimed by some that the Jews in great numbers after the seventy years' captivity emigrated toward the East. I do not know how much truth is in such a claim j but the fact of the Jews being early in China would lend some weight. We cannot close our eyes to the fact that Jewish influence went into the East.

4. What is the state of the claim that Buddhism came West? It is easier rather to prove that Christianity extended East early enough to influence the composers of the Buddhist scriptures. There is no historical evidence that Buddhism came West before the third century A. D. Clement of Alexandria speaks of some who follow Boutha. He derived his information probably from his teacher, Pantamus j and the latter gained his information from Megasthenes, who in India wrote his Indica about 300 B.C. Between Clement and Megasthenes there is no reliable evidence that Buddhism exerted any influence westward.

5. But what abont Christian influence eastward? Cosmas Indicopleutes found Christians in Ceylon in the sixth century. There are still probably 250,000 Christians on the coast of Malabar. Near Madras is an ancient cross with Pahiavi inscription. It belongs probably to not later than the seventh century. There are other inscriptions. The most reasonable explanation of these inscriptions is the early connection between the Indian Christians and Edessa. One of those Pahlavi inscriptions reads: " Who believes in the Messiah, and God above, and in the Holy Ghost, is redeemed through the grace of Him who bore the cross." Pantamns found a Hebrew Gospel of Matthew in India in the second century. A bishop, " Metropolitan of Persia and the Great Indi," was at the council of Nicrea in 325 A.D.

6. Whether or not at first it was the genius of Buddhism to borrow, it is certainly its genius now in Japan. Externally it is becoming a parasite of Christianity. Besides adopting other Christian methods of propagation, it is plagiarizing Christian names. For instance, instead of using the word temple as the designation for their religious houses, they say church now. On the road from Tokyo to Yokohama was a temple to which was attached a school for children. Recently the temple and school were burned. The man who kept the school made an ingenious appeal to foreigners here for help for the poor school which was attached to the church. No doubt many subscribed, thinking that the church was a Christian house of worship. The story of the god Krishna is manifestly taken from Christianity.

7. It is said that asceticism came from Buddhism, and through the Essenes ; that John the Baptist was a half Buddhist j that he was a Gnostic, which has the same meaning as Buddhist. * " Bunsen's Angel-Messiah. Asceticism was practised in the time of Job, 1500 years before Buddha j and the doctrines of the Essenes connect them more with Greece and Persia than with India. The real marks of Buddhism, the Karma, are not found in the Essenic doctrine.

S. What are the false parallels resorted to to establish claims of Bud- dhistic priority ~ That Buddha was born of a virgin j that there is a close con- nection between Maya, the name of his mother, and Mary j that Buddha's birth was attended by miracles j that he taught the doctrine of " vicarious suffering j" that Buddha was born on December 25th; that prophecies were made of the coming Messiah. These and many other claims are made for which no reliable proof can bc produced, as that he was miraculously conceived, presented in the temple, tempted by Mitra.

9. From the earliest Buddhist writings we learn a simple story of his life. He was the son of Suddhodana, a king residing at Kapilabatthu. He married, but at twenty-nine years of age left his home and became an ascetic, with two Brahmans as his teachers. Dissatisfied here, he went to Uruvela, near Patna, where he spent seven years in discipline and study. It is said that he det.ermined to be a " follower of the Buddhas [sages] of bygone ages." In this we find nothing very remarkable.

But when we turn to what are true parallels, we find something remarkable. The Hindu temple is on the same plan as the Jewish temple-two rooms, an inner and outer one j priests, altars, sacrifices, propitiations, oblations, sacred feasts, sacrificial fire, etc. Whence came all these things 1 Mr. Collins claims that they came from the divine revelation of God made to man long before the dispersion. They are vestiges of the true and primitive revelation to man, carried both into the East and vVest. The Western worship was reformed by Moses.

Again, when we look into the two moral codes we find much similarity, which confirms a primitive revelation. The ten prel!epts of Buddhism are remarkable. The reader can note for himself their similarity to the Ten Commandments. The last six are uttered against the prevailing sins of * Buddha's day. It is discouraging to reflect that these rules have been so utterly abandoned by Buddhists in Japan to-day. Buddhism teaches that freedom from suffering comes by righteousness.

This presupposes a deliverer j and this idea must have come from some primitive revelation. But in emphasizing the precept the revelator has been forgotten. This revelator was surely the one true God. While Buddhism is now atheistic, and the doctrine of the Nirvana annihilation, in the be- • 1. The taking of life. 2. Stealing. 3. Adnltery and sexual interconrse. 4. Lying. 5. The nse of intoxicating drinks. 6. The eating of food after midday. 7. The attendance npon dancing, singing, music, and masks. B. The adorning of the hody with flowers, and the use of perfnmes and ungnents. 9. The nse of high or honorable seats or couches.

10. The receiving of gold or silver. ginning this was not so. A dialogue in a passage of the earliest writings represents the present doctrine of annihilation as unorthodox. Sariputta says: "Thus then, friend Yamah, even here in this world the Perfect One is not to be apprehended by thee in truth. Hast thou, therefore, a right to speak, saying, ' I understand the doctrine taught by the Exalted One to he this: that a monk who is free from sin, when his body dissolves is subject to annihilation; that he passes away; that he does not exist beyond death'~" Yamaka replies: "Such, indeed, was hitherto, friend Sariputta, the heretical view which I ignorantly entertained. But now, when I hear the venerable Sariputta expound the doctrine, the heretical view has lost its hold of me, alJd I have learned the doctrine. "

'Vhen the past course of all religions shall have been traced, the investigator will probably arrive at the primitive av.d divine revelation recorded in the Book of God.

BUDDHISM AND ROMANISM.

BY REV. GEORGE L. MASON.

The author of the chart, the" Twin Monuments," which appeared in the June issue, did not seek its publication in this REVIEW, and d028 not know how a copy of it came into the hands of Dr. Sherwood ; but he now begs to add a word of explanation.

A cartoon teaches only in broad outline. It deals with gpneral truths rat.her than details. It depicts a system or a tendency rather than individuals. The picture in question judges no man, but describes systems. That it is fairly accurate and just the following considerations may show.

By Buddhism is meant not the teaching of Gautama or the early Buddhists, but the developed form of doctrine and worship as it now exists practically in eastern Asia, and especially as seen in Thibet, at least since the fourteenth century. Its resemblance to the papal system has been noted by Nevius, Gilmour, Du Boge, and other Protestant missionary authors; and with such candor by the Roman Catholic traveller, Abbe Hue, that his book was placed on the" Index" of writings to be expurgated, as is stated by Max Muller in his "Chips." Professor Monier Williams, who has finely drawn the contrasts between Buddhism and Christianity, says, "Koeppen, Rhys Davids, and other writers have well shown thnt the Buddhism of Thibet, with its pope-like grand Lilmas, its cardinals and abbots, monks and mendicant friars, nuns and novices, canonized saints and angelic hosts, temples and costly shrines, monasteries and mummeries, images and pictures, altars and relics, robes and mitres, rosaries and consecrated water, litanies and chants, processions and pilgrimages, confessions and penances, bell-ringing and incense, is, in everything except doctrine, almost a counterpart of the Romish system." The most of thes() features exist in China proper, as well as in Thibet i and to the list might be added self-torture, vigils, compulsory fasts, charms to prevent accident, wayside shrines, dependence on State endowment, alleged miracles, indulgences, prayers to the dead, and worship in a dead language.

Further, is there not some resemblance in doctrine also, at least in its practical working 1 1. Theology. By this is meant here the teaching as to the objects of worship. In books the Roman Catholic Chinese are taught the truth concerning the Creator; but this teaching is invariably joined with many commands to worship men, so that man practically holds the place of God, as in Buddhism. Perhaps the most popular god in China is Kwan-yin, a female form of Buddha, often represented as a fair woman holding a child. Certainly the most devout worship of the native Catholics is given to Mary. That this is idolatrous has been clearly shown by Dr. Blodget in the Chinese Recorder. The cult of Joseph, "patron saint of China," is growing. The natives are taught to bow to the images and pray to the spirits of deceased Jesuit missionaries. Even the living 1ishops assume the title " A god (or spirit) by imperial decree."

It is not true that God alone is worshipped and all the rest only reverenced ; for the distinction between latreia, hyperdoulia, and doulia, which Catholics like to insist on, is very rarely made in their Chinese books, one word being commonly used for all degrees of worship.

2. 'Phe .Doctrine of Redemption. Sin against God, requiring His forgiveness, of course is not known to Buddhism. But the necllssary misery of life may be more or less, according to one's evil or good deeds. Here comes in the value of merit, stored up on one's own account or transferred to another's credit on payment of money. The rich often hire women to recite rosaries and monks to say masses, the merit of which accrues to those who pay the money, or to the deceased whom they designate. This is the precise principle of papal masses for the dead.

In theory both religions emphasize asceticism, especially celibacy, as the path of highest virtue. Destroy desire, reduce life to its lowest terms. In practice the "religious" of each are very comfortable livers. The monks may even be drunkards, or opium smokers, or dissolute, and still retain good standing. Immorality does not involve excommunication, but only removal to some other field.

3. Eschatology. The Buddhist heaven is a later addition to the popular belief. But the interest of the people centres far more in the dreadful physical pains of hell, which are represented by images in the temples; and most of all in the state of the departed souls who are awaiting re-birth in the endless round of transmigration. Chinese Buddhist monks get immense sums for masses for the relief of these souls, just as the Catholic priests everywhere become very rich by the pretended release of souls from purgatory. Indulgences reduce the pains of the good Catholic, according to the amount of money paid. And millions of Buddhists toil up to famous moun. tain shrines and buy of the monks stamped cellificates wl,ich have a cash value of thousands of dollars when presented at the bank-in purgatory.

4. Doctrine of the Clturclt. No higher authority can be named than T. W. Rhys Davids, who says, in the Encyclopcedia Britannica: "In Thibet especially the development in doctrine was followed by a development in ecclesiastical government which runs so remarkably parallel with the development of the Romish hierarchy as to awaken an interest which could scarcely otherwise be found in the senseless and fatal corruptions which have oVE'rwhelmed the ancient Bnddhist beliefs." In China the ecclesiastical resE'mblance is l~ss than in Thibet. The Buddhist monks, with vows of celibacy and poverty, though lIot of obedience, are more like the begging friars than like the regular Catholic pliests. Yet in each case superhuman sanctity and merit nre supposed to reside in the person, robes, and office, and espeCially in the ceremonies performed; and such belief is enforced by pious frauds and lying wonders. In both Romanism and Buddhism, not the whole company of believers, but the clergy alone are the Church, holding all property and privileges, and so recognized by civil law.

5. The Doctrine of Public Worship. The ritual resemblances have been sufficiently indicated in the sentence quoted above from Sir Monier Williams.

6. Ethical Teaching. Here there is both likeness and contrast. Both systems condemn murder, stealing, lying, adultery, covetousness; but Buddhism is without any authorized system of casuistry by which, when desired, these offences may be regarded as very light and venial faults or eveu as virtues. That this is true of Romanism, and that a lax Jesuit morality has during the present century repeatedly received the highest official approval of the Catholic Church, no one will dispute who has studied in the impartial Encyclopcedia B1·itannica the articles" Probabilism" and "Liguori." One example is enough to quote here-the four sentences which any priest may suggest to an unfaithful wife, with any or all of which she may deceive her husband, without harming her own conscience. Buddhist ethics are defective; but Roman Catholic ethics, a strange mixture of truth and error, can hardly be described in terms too severe.

With these resemblances in doctrine, do papal and pagan systems tend to produce the same practical results 1 Again let Rhys Davids answer, "That the resemblance is not in externals only is shown by the present state of Thibet-the oppression of all thought, the idleness and corruption of the monks, the despotism of the government, and the poverty and beggary of the people." Buddhism in temperate Mongolia or torrid Siam, and Romanism in Canada or Mexico, in Ireland or Ecuador, are fairly judged by their fruits. Widely varying environments of race and climate do not prevent a marked sameness in moral re.'Ults. It would have been quite as pertinent to picture an Italian wedged under the column of Romanism as an Irishman.

EDUCATION AND EVANGELISM

I might give from various parts of China ana .Tapan such testimony as this in a letter from an experienced English missionary, " It is well known that the Roman Catholic people are not a whit better than outsiders. Some smoke opium, many gamble; they are not a bit better in morals than the heathen. Their Sabbath consists of mass soon after daybreak, after which they work as on other days. The priests arc ever ready to assist in lawsuits; in this and in financial aid lies the secret of what success they have."

The apparent ruling motive with the leaders of each system is love of gain. "No money, no worship" is as true in Buddhism as " no money, no sacraments" is in Romanism. The revenue of great estates does not satisfy. By systematic begging, by sale of masses, and by taxation or through political influence vast sums arc got from the public, and no account is given of how they arc spent.

In conclusion, no friend of missions can afford to neglect the study of this chapter in comparative religion. One of the best-known American missionaries, with a very successful experience of thirty years in China, said to me last year. in substance, "During the next fifty years our struggle will be not so much with Asiatic idolatry as with Romanism. "

EDUCATION AND EVANGELISM.

THE FREE CHURCH MISSIONS IN INDIA.

BY REV. CHARLES C. STARBUCK, ANDOVER, MASS.

It is known how predominently Scottish Presbyterianism in India, especially as represented by the Free Church of Scotland, has devoted itself to education, particularly to the higher education. It would be impossible that Presbyterianism could neglect this and, above all, that Scottish Preshyterianism could. That remarkable intellectual strength of the North British race, which before the Reformation led the French nobility to en· deavor always to secure Scottish tutors for their sons if they could, makes it impossihle that it should ever content itself with missions that are not deeply interwoven with knowledge of the world as it is-in other words, with the higher education. This was first brought more distinctly to our knowledge in this country when Dr. Duff made his great "iisit to us in 1853. Those of us who have had the privilege of being helped onward all our lives in our interest for missions by his wonderful eloquence can never have had any douht that the deepest and most central interest for the evangelization of India glowed ill the mind of the man who, with a far-sighted regard to the future, was content for awhile to forego the repute of large immediate fluccesses in order that in Christian education he might lay" the foundations of many generations. "

To this policy of a firm and large prosecution of the higher education, the Free Church of Scotland declares itsclf immovably resolved to adhere, as providentially determined for it from the beginning, as hallowed by the memories of Duff and his a!lsociates, as crowned with many noble results, and as peculiarly agreeable to the Scottish genius. And of the many eminent gentlemen, clergymen and laymen, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Congregationalists and others, who have been consulted whether by the Established or by the Free Church, the great majority, as already shown in the REVIEW, heartily concur with the judgment of the Scottish churches themselves.

Nevertheless, the question has lately been moved in the Free Church at home, whether this prol'identially designated work of the higher education may not have been pursued with a disproportionate zeal, and whether the evangelistic side of missions, towards which the educational work ought always to tend, and from which it ought to be reinforced, may not have been unduly depressed. Accordingly, the Free Church of Scotland has sent out to India the Rev. Professor Lindsay, D.D., and the Rev. J. Fairley Daly, B.D., as a deputation to examine thoroughly every branch of the missions of the Chnrch in India, and to report accordingly. We wish to note the general results of their investigation.

The deputies begin with a cordial testimony to the work. "They have seen mission work growing and spreading out in every direction, a native church taking visible extent and increasing, devoting itself in some cases to hearty evangelistic work, and they have rejoiced to observe the beginnings of self-support. E"erywhere they have seen their missionaries enjoying the respect and confidence of the people among whom they are laboring, and their unselfish and devoted work appreciated by the most eminent and thoughtful members of the European and native official class." They say also: "Our mission work has vastly iucreased within the last forty years, and on one side has necessarily come in contact with the educational policy of the Indian Government. Our missionaries in the old days were accustomed to combine the evangelistic and the educational sides of our mission in a manner not possible now, owing to the pressure of the Government University and upper school systems, which has compelled them to concentrate their attention on the educational side, and to give an amount of time and strength to prepare their students for examinations which was not required in the earlier days. In former times one man could attend equally well to both sides of the work, but this is impossible now. We need one set of men to take the educational, and another to take the evangelistic side. " The Church years ago perceived this, and "during Colonel Young's Convenership much was done to increase the evangelistic side of the mission, and two resolutions of Committee attest the fact that the committee have had it in mind to cnrl, the educational Ride until the evangelistic bas been bronght into line with it." The deputation declares its sugge~­ tions to be mainly in the line of this already determined policy of the Church. The deputation says: "We have been greatly impressed with the vast- ness of the missionary enterprise of our church in India, with the high po- sition almost universally accorded to our missionaries among their brethren of other missions, and with their devotion to the work given them to do by the Church." The Free Church, indeed, has in India not one miflsion, but four mission~, scattered over an area of 543,000 square miles~ and among a population of 12;,000,000. In Bengal, its centre, Calcutta, has a population of 872,000, commanding a population of 70,000,000, and a region of 193,000 square miles, almost as large as France. The South India Mission is centred in Madras, with 406,000 inhabitants, commanding a district of 141,000 square miles, with a population of 31,000,000. In the west the mission is centered in the twin capitals of Bombay and Poona, having a population respectively of 774,000 and 129,000, and commanding a region of 124,000 square miles, more than all Great Britain and Ireland, and a population of 16,500,000.' The Central India Mission, of Nagpur, and two outlying missions in Hyderabad and the Derar, make out the whole.

But this "astness of operation, while stimulating the imagination and increasing interest at home, has made it impossible to combine the work of the four: missions. There has been no esprit de corps. Help' given to one has done nothing for the others. They are in exact contrast to the concentrated and wonderfully successful work of the American Presby"' terian Mission of Lodiana, to say nothing of the Methodist Episcopal Mission around Bareilly, or the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Mission on the Khasi hills. The early Scottish missionaries, being bitterly opposed by· the authorities, were glad to find lodgments where they could. Later missionaries, since the tide of feeling has turned, have been at leisure to choose their strategic points in view of effectiveness and concentration. The deputies, however, after fuJI reflection, by no means advise withdrawal from any of the present centres. But they earnestly advise that new centres bo not opened, but men and money be given for the consolidation and development of the work at the centres already occupied.

The deputation regards the Free Church work as wisely cootred, like that of most of the missions, in great cities, but it finds less laudable that, beyond all others, it has been concentrated on them. Village and district work has not been neglected, but it has been too much subordinated, and wherever retrenchment was necessary it has usually been the country work that has suffered. The deputation expresses admiration of the self-denial which has led to the preference of the much harder work among" the large restless masses" of the great cities, but expresses a decided doubt whether this has always been guided by wisdom. At Bhandara, in Santalia, and at Chingleput (near Madras) the combination of country and city work has given a peculiar heartiness to the missions, which earnestly commends it to the forces at all the great city centres.

India, the deputation remark, is a mere geographical expression, co"- ering a perfect chaos of races, languages, creeds, social conditions, and degrees of civilization. No generalizations, therefore, can be ventured on without the most careful delimitation of meaning and application. And these varieties may be again included, though very inexactly, in three or four great categories. vVe must first set aside 50,000,000 Mohammedans, and six or seven millions of nondescript sects. Caste Hinduism, numbering perhaps 125,000,000, rests on a ba!;is of depressed castes, estimated at from forty to sixty millions. These again are surrounded by a ring of aboriginal tribes, which have no relation whatever to Hinduism. Of these, such as the Ghonds, the Santals, the Khasis, there are probably more than twenty millions. The Free Church l1as mainly worked within caste Hinduism. Those missions which have secured large numbers of converts have mainly labored among the depressed castes and the aboriginal tribes. These more numerous converts, a matter of great rejoicing in themselves, have as yet had little influence on Hindu society at large. Caste Hinduism has yielded few converts, but these few commonly men of great influence.

The main difference between high caste and deprflssed caste, or out-caste Hinduism is not so much religious as social. Hinduism, though having a curious pantheism as a common basis, has developed into the most widely divergent and, indeed, largely antagonistic variety of creeds. But the true castes put the caste above the family. The depressed castes put the family above the caste. Therefore, let a high-caste man be converted, and he is simply thrown out, and the wall closes up smooth behind him. But if an out-caste is brought in, he often brings in his family, and from that conversions not infrequently go on extending far out into the whole kindred community. Dr. Sheshadri's success in the Deccan, remark the deputies, is largely owing to this use which he knows how to make of the family as an indirect agency for propagating the Gospel. But within true Hinduism also, the deputies observe, family feeling (which in India is always intrinsically strong) 80emB to be asserting itself with growing strength against caste influences, and seems likely to become, as in thc lower strata, an important missionary agency.

As to the great qnestion of education versus direct evangelism, the deputies acknowledge that this problem, like all Indian problems, is exceedingly intricate. But they lay their general impressions before the Foreign Missions Committee.

Education, remarks the deputation, as a missionary agency may be regarded as a mcans chiefly of edification or chiefly of conversion-that is, it may chiefly be directed upon the successive generations of a Chris· tianized community, or upon the children of parents who are still heathen. The Scottish work has mainly occupied itself with the latter, and has too much neglected the former. It has done better by tIle daughters of Christians than by their sons. " It is certain tllat our Church, with all its educational work, does not use education as a means of upbuilding and consolidating our native Christian community in a way that many other missions do, an<l has undoubtedly mffered in eonsequel'ce." " To begin with, we must lay it down as a principle that the one ab- sorhing aim in all real mission work is to bring onr fellow-men to know Jesus Christ to be their Saviour, and to profess their faith in Him in bap- tism. . . . Therefore, in discussing the mission value of educational mis- sions, we must put aside all arguments drawn from the spread of humanitarian and civilizing idea~. These are welcome accompaniments, but, after all, the question is, Is all this educational work calculated to draw men to faith in .Tesus as their Saviour, and to a profession of that faith in baptism r'

As to this, the deputation remarks, the higher education must be given an important place among missionary agencies, if caste Hinduism is to be made an object of missionary effort. It is too much to say that only through this can high-caste or true-caste Hinduism (the Hinduism of Brahmans, Vaisyas, and Sudras) be wrought ul:>0n. But that great missionary authority, Bishop Caldwell, admits that, while few converts have come from caste Hinduism, these few have come from educational missions. And in the higher schools of the Free Church the overwhelming majority of the students (at Madras 83 per cent) are from high-caste Hinduism, although of late, especially in Bombay, there is an increasing proportion of Mohammedans.

Preparation is important in all missions, but supremely important among easte Hindus. The one unpardonable sin in Hinduism is that a man should act for himself. The caste is everything, the individual nothing, except within the caste. But for this very reason, when the leavening forces of Christian missions, one of the most potent of which is the higher education, have reached a certain point of advancement, the very disposition of castes to go or stay as a whole, is likely, as it now works against conversions, at some point in the future to work the other way. And although the deputies do nut say so, we suppose that what would be true of a whole caste might be sooner true of any large local section of a caste. Indeed, we judge that many, even of the true castes, are locally circumscribed.

Caste Hinduism is, in fact, seriously alarmed. The disintegrating infiuences of general British infiuence are great. But these are, above all, concentrated and brought to a determinate issue by missionary agencies, above all by Christian colleges, high schools, and zenana missions. That caste Hinduism feels itself gradually being undermined is generally allowed. It is comparatively indifferent as t.o whether the depressed castes and the aboriginal tribes are Christianized or not. But the manner in which it is bracing itself up now againRt Christian effort, founding Hindu high schoolR, denouncing zenana missions, forming Hindu tract societies of a singular virulence, and (like Julian befofll it) endeavoring to meet the Church at this point and that by heathen counterparts of herself, shows the seriousness of its alarm. This is not groundless, for it is common enough for caste Hindus to be found canvassing the possibilities of a general move- !TIent from Hinduism over to Christianity. The converts made by the high schools, though few, are precious. In themselves they are no more precious than other Rouls.. But they have far-reaching influence. "One of our educational converts," say the dep- uties, "has converted twelve hundred Mang j another has organized a splendid system of girls' schools at Mhdras, and has been able, by quiet, continuous work, to provide Christian schoolmistresses for every class; a third is a Jeading pleader in Calcutta, and the foremost Christian orator in Bengal-perhaps in India."

Nevertheless, direct conversions are no longer, as in the days of Dr. Duff, a frequent result of the higher education. Why!

(l) Formerly the only alternatives were gross Hinduism, with all its crudities and abominations, or Christianity. Rut there are now all manner of half-way houses, such as Brahmo Somaj. Prarthana Somaj, Arya Somaj, attempts to graft Christian morals on a Hindu stem. The same commixture of Christianity with all forms of heathenism and heathen philosophy, which in thc Roman Empire so long made head against the simple acceptance of the Gospel, is witnessed now in India. Hinduism is endeavoring, by all manner of concessions and accommodations and self-transmutations, to stave off the hour of the inevitable acknowledgment, "Thou hast conquered, 0 Galilean 1" And, as Principal Miller suggests, it may be with the Hindus, as to Hinduism, "a necessary part of the divine training that they shonld discover its futilities for themselves." Meanwhile, conversions from caste Hinduism are largely at a stay.

(2) The development of the government system of education makes necessary such a development in educational missions as, indeed, leaH'S unimpaired the attention to Bible study which, unless it be in Calcutta, is pursued thoroughly, and with genuine interest, by the non-Christian pupils, but largely takes away fro:o the educational missionaries their old times of leisure for quiet personal talks with the students.

(3) If the government standard is not to be maintained in the missionary schools, the government subventions would collapse in proportion to the resulting shrinkage in the number of pupils-a reduction of means that cannot be confronted without ample deliberation as to all that it involves.

" If our educational agency is to produce its full results it must be supplemented by an evangelistic agency working side by side, and in visible connection with it. Weare afraid that we must confess that our Church has not thoroughly faced this evangelistic work, and it must be prepared to face it and go through with it before the full fruits of her educational work can be gathered in." The deputies insist that every college centre ought to be also an evangelistic centre, and that although there should be an evangelistic missionary, who should act as a superintendent, having subordinate to him a whole force of vernacular workers, of various degrees of cultivation, yet neither side of the work can dispense with the presence in the evangelistic branch of it, in greater or less measure, of the educational missionaries. While fully maintaining the permanent importance of the high school., and colleges of the Church, the deputies declare: " We have no hesitation in saying that our Church is spending an amount upon the higher education which is out of all proportion to its present resources." In Calcutta they think that the college of the Established Church of Scotland ought to suffice for both, and that the cost of four of the high schools ought to be trans- ferred to the evangelistic side. How many high schools there are we are not quite sure, as the accounts of the four missions are given with tru~ British exhaustivtlness and confusedness, but we believe we have hunted out ten. This would be a reduction, indeed, in the second grade of in- ~truction. Poona has ceased to be an educational mission, and they recommend that it be kept up as an evangelistic mission, especially as its excellent climate makes it a good foothold from which to resume the long-abandoned work on the Konkan, or table-land abutting on the eastern wall of the "Vestern Ghauts.

The deputation is also dccidedly of opinion that the Church has far too many non-Christian teachers in her schools. The public service i~ much more remunerative-gives assured position, good social prestige, and a retiring pension. Bnt the deputies remark that those missions which arfl careful to provide boarding-schools for Christian boys as well as girls, are much less embarrassed to find Christian teachers.

They lament also that the educational missionaries, absorbed as they are in their English teaching, have no time to master the vernaculars, and therefore are at arm's length from all except the educated natives of European culture. Instead of gidng, like the American Board, two years to learn a native language, the Free Church seems to give no time at all. And Indian languages, say the missionaries, are not to be mastered by the way.

The deputies have also had occasion to consider the question of cheap miSSIOns. They designate as the type of such the China Inland Mission, where remuneration is small, but the European are twice as numerous as the native workers. On the other hand, in the Church of Scotland Mission at Darjeeling or Kalimpong, the missionary is paid a comparatively high salary, but is at the head of twenty or thirty evangelists. He thus " co,'ers a larger extent of ground, does more thorough work, and gets into closer connection with the people than a number of Europeans, who have no staff of native evangelists, can possibly do. He and his native evangelists cost the Church at home a great deal less money and do a great deal better work than a number of Europeans paid at a much lower rate could do." They therefore do not advise a reduction of salaries, nor a depression of the powerful evangelizing influence of the Christian family by tho employment of many unmarried men. At the same time, they admonish Scottish Christians of means, that in India there is a glorious opportunity for them to serve Christ at their own charges. They wish to know why women should volunteer in this way and men not.

They think, now that the government is doing so much for the WEldica,l, relief of the people that medical missions ought only to be maintained where they are distinctly needed, in the remoter districts, and that they should be made distinctly and effectively evangelistic, or given up as not within the range of the Church's work:.

The Madras Mission is much the most effective of the four educational missions of the Free Church, and its Christian college is pre-eminent in India, and at the same time the evangelistic work is much the best developed there. Yet there also the Scotchmen know but little of the Tamil.

The Santalia Mission is entirely different, being among an aboriginal tribe, and not differing particularly from other evangelistic missions of this kind.

This report has been submitted to tho judgment of the missionaries themselves, who have oriticised it with great pungenoy. They differ from it, however, rather in relative emphasis than in substance. They think that the deputies have kept the opponents of the educational work too much in view, and have been needlessly, and somewhat humiliatingly, deprecatory in their tone over against them. They think that they have made it appear too much as if the fornI of the Scottish work was determined by early obstacles to other forms of work, whereas it was laid out from the beginning with full consciousness of a providential call, and has been (however restricted here and there by obstacles) steadily followed up ever since in the same consciousness, having been largely normative for other missions. They think, moreover, that government pressure has much less to do with the rise of the educational standard than the healthy pressure of a growing public demand.

The missionaries themselves dosire, and have long urged, a large extension of evangelistio work. But they hold it agreeable to the providential vocation of the Free Church that this should be mainly not.in regions where caste Hinduism is weak, but in those where it is strong, and where, oonsequently, the number of conversions, even under the most faithful and immediate evangelistio effort, is likely for a long time to come to be comparatively small. In other words, they hold that while some missions have been well guided to work along the lines of least resistance, the Soottish missions have been speoifically called to work along lines of greater resistance. And undoubtedly the Soottish character shows at its best in continuous stress of effort against formidable difficulties.

The Rev. A. Andrew, of the valuable evangelistic station Chingleput, Madras Presidency, which the deputies have peouliarly commended, bears witness to the report as of exceedingly great value, but decidedly disagrees with it in one point-namely, in its apparent assnmption that the higher education only can reach oaste Hinduism. He points out that Bishop Caldwell does not say that the few caste converts have been the fruit of the higher schoo);., hut have been the fruit of mission schools. The higher education can reach bnt a fraction of the higher oaste~, and primary educa- "tion is an indispensable adjunct of evangelization among all the castes /lnr!

A PLEA FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS

ttibes. "In our Chingleput Mission we preach to thousands of Brahmans and other high castes as regularly and faithfully as to the low castes, and await the outpouring of God's Spirit on our labors. The testimony we give to the power of Christian truth in our rural mission is just as valuable as that given in mission colleges. The American Arcot Mission and other rural missions conduct the work, so far as I know, on the same lines." Mr. Andrew, therefore, thinks that the indefinitely large development of evangelistic work in the country districts (a work which has been starved in the past) is the next forward step lying before the Free Church of Scotland.

The Santal missionaries make one mihl criticism-namely, that the conversion of the aLorigines and of the out-castes is by no means so ineffective on caste Hinduism as the deputies seem to think. And, indeed, it is hard to see how the proudest castes could very long resist the influence of fifty or sixty millions of the humbler classes, if these were regenerated and elevated by Christianity. Hindu religion and Hindu language have both been influenced through and through by the aborigines when in a lower grade, and why not when they begin to ascend ~ But, after all abatements of criticism, it is evident that the general judgment, in India and in Scotland, is expressed by A. H. L. Fraser, Esq., of the Bengal Civil Servicc, who declares his" respect and admiration for the great pains, thc unwearying labor, the candid investigation that must have combined to produce, after so short a pcriod, so elear and generally accurate a view of the subject-matter of that report."

The Foreign Missions Committee of the Free Church of Scotland, having maturely weighed both the report and the criticisms passed upon it, has taken action substantially in agreement with its recommendations, and, in particular, has decided" still to limit to the present amount the resources spent on the educational institutions, and to devote to the evangelistic side whatever increase lllay be received and any saving that lDay be e:ffected with educational work, without detriment to its efficiency."

In other words, the Future is still to be kept steadily in view, but the Present ig no longer to be so much overlooked as in the past.

A PLEA FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS.

BY CLARENCE THWING, M.D.

The work of missionary physicians in foreign lands has been growing very rapidly of late. Introduced about fifty years ago as an adjunct to the preaching of the Gospel, it has by steady strides come to be in Ulany places the most successful pioneer work of missiuns. At the present time there are about three hundred medical missionaries, while twenty-eight years ago there were less than a score, and ten years later not more than forty * in all lands. Nearly every well-equipped mission now has one or more physicians constantly engaged in medical work; and not a few ordained clergymen have also a medical education and give a part of their time to attending the sick and digpensing medicines, particularly in their travels from one station to another.

The reasons for the rapid development of this branch of missionary enterprise and its present recognition as a prime factor in mission work are few but forcible. Iu accounting for thc success already attained by medical missions, we shall necessarily state the reasons for a still greater enlargement of the work and for the more hearty support of this very important department of onr Christian propaganda.

First, we IIave in the Scripture'S a divine warrant for medical as well as spiritual work in evangelistic operations. This is found in the example of both our Lord and His disciples. Jesus, the" Great Physician," cared for the body as well as the soul. Many instances are recorded of His healing the sick and arresting disease. His ministry'was spent in " preaching the Gm;pel and healing all manner of sickness" (Matt. 4 : 23). Moreover, He commissioned Hi,; twelve disciples and" other serenty also" both to "preach the kingdom of God and to heal the sick" (Luke 9 : 1, 2, e ; 10 : 1, 8, 9). Thus the three orders of the first Christian ministry were aU engaged in a medical mission. In the third order, corresponding somewhat to our lay evangelists, the medical work was given the precedence, although joined with preaching (Luke 10 : 9), just as in the labors of the missionary physicians of to-day.

If anything further than the example of our Saviour were needed to show the divine sanction of healing as well as preaching by missionaries, we have, with the final command of Christ-" Go ye into all the world, and preach the Gospel to every creature"-the prophecy and promise of witnessing signs, among which is this: "They shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover" (Mark 16 : 15-18).

Since, then, the wisdom and providence of God thougilt it well, for the glory of His name and the spread of His kingdom, that the preaching of spiritual truth should be accompanied by a ministry of physical benefits and the relief of bodily needli, should we not also unite these ministrations ~ The history of missions shows that where such union of effort exists we have far greater snceess than any achieved by preaching alone.

Second, the instincts of humanity and Christian fraternity move us to send the benefits of medical science with those of the Christian religion to our brethren in foreign lands. The science of medicine has made such advances in Western nations during the last century that we do not realize that in many of the most thickly populated Eastern countries there is almost no medical science, and those who profess to practise the art of healing are ignorant of the very principles of medicine, and are often mountebanks * Vide" Dr. Christlieb ell :MedIcal Missions~' in MISSIO~ARY REVIEW, August, 188l. and conjurers. The methods of treating injuries and disease are often barbarous in the extreme; and when sickness is not allowed to take its course by neglect, the suffering is sadly aggravated by careless or improper attentions, if not by positive cruelty. The reports frequently sent to us by those in mission fields concerning the destitution, ignorance, and suffering of thousands who are without proper medical treatment and often with no treatment at ali, should touch our hearts and lead to greater generosity (even to the point of sacrifice, which is seldom reached) in the matter of sending the help and helpers, the medicines and men that we can so easily spare in our own enlightened larrd.

It is well, in tbis connection, to recall the story of the" Good Samaritan," and our Lord's commendation of his neighborly and humane action in giving medical aid to the stranger of a different country and religious belief, whom he found in distress. The precept following this parable is one we should apply to ourselves: "Go, and do thou likewise" (Lukc 10 : 37). The Scriptures also teach us that ministry of whatever kind to our needy fellows is regarded in God's sight as service rendered directly to Him: "Verily, I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these My brethren, ye have done it unto Me" (Matt. 25 : 40). But if we had not this promised recognition of our Lord, the promptings of humanity and natural sympathy ought to impel u~ to offer to the sick and suffering, wherever found, a balm and cordial for the body as well as the soul.

The unselfishness and true friendliness shown in giving such succor and relief appeal most forcibly to the hearts of many whom we could not otherwise reach. They respond to our humanity when not to our piety. By exhibiting in a practical, helpful way our brotherly feeling for them, we secure an answering affection and respect which efforts at proselyting alone would never meet. Convinced of the generous regard of brother men, they are prepared to know and love the" friend that sticketh closer than a brother. "

Third, as an evidence of Christianity and an example of Christian beneficence, medical missions deserve a foremost place in our scheme of evangelization, and should be undertaken in all lands where suffering or diseased bodies are found with unsaved or misguided souls. Our religion should be shown to be a practical one-not simply a matter of faith, but also of good works. VV-e need to teach not only the doctrines of truth, but also the virtues of holiness. It must be explained that belief in a divine Saviour and acceptance of personal salvation are not all of Christianity ; that our religion is not for individual benefit alone; but that" faith, if it hath not works, is dead, being alone," and that" by works is faith made perfect" (James 2 : 17, 22). This is a lesson we have not well learned ourselves, and we cannot properly 'teach it unless our example is in harmony with our precept. There is no better way of teaching to the heathen the Christian charity that "seeketh not her own" than by practising it, and we cannot bettcr instruct them in Christian b~neficence than by a living exhibition of it. No morc convincing proof of the divine origin and truth of our rehgion can be given to unbelievers than the benevolent instituticn·; which it has established everywhere. The actual demonstration of whllt Christianity seeks to do and does for the temporal and material welfare of mankind is a potent argument in favor of its introduction. What benefit will be more readily sought than relief from bodily pain? AnJ what more welcome than freedom from exhausting disease ~ A tree that will bear such fruit will find grateful soil for its transplanting.

Experience has proved the efficacy of medical work in the spread of missions. It has placed thousands of people who were (or might otherwise have been) enemies of the missionaries under obligations to them which are long remembered, and whieh are often the motives for friendly assistance and the saving of life and property in times of peril. Many instances might be given to illustrate the friendly feelings awakened and antagonisms conquered by the quiet, generous, self-sacrificing labors of medical missionaries, but ~pace will not permit them to be quoted here.

Fourth, as the direct pioneer of the Gospel aud one of the most efficient aids to the Christian preacher, the medical missionary deserves our earnest sympathy and support. The efforts for bodily relief are undertaken as preparatory for and subsidiary to the higher work of saving the soul. A service to the physical man having been rendered, the spiritual wants are described and the source of divine help pointed out. The specific for spiritual maladies is prescribed with the remedies for physical ills. Patients are taught that their eternal interests are greater than the temporal, and they are directed to the" Great Physician," who will cleanse them from the leprosy of sin, open their eyes to the knowledge of the truth, save them from the pains of future punishment, and redeem their souls from eternal death. While failure may attend the most intelligent and faithful efforts of the human helper, and bodily ailments may be incurable by medical science, yet the assurance is given that, " He is able to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him" (Reb. 7 : 25), and "The Lord's hand is not shortened, that it cannot save; neither Ris ear heavy, that it cannot hear" (Isa. 59 : 1). Many thousands every year CQme to the mission hospitals and dispensaries, and many ~ore are treated by the medical missionary in his country tours, who would not in any other way be brought in contact with Christian teachers, and to all alike are presented the story of the cross and message of salvation. The time and labors given for physical relief are well spent, though they be in some cases futile in recovering bodily health, provided they are the means of bringing darkened minds into the light of truth and of securing the gift of eternal life to souls which would otherwise be lost.

Admitting the value and duty of medical missions, there remains the question, Row may the cause be advanced and its usefulness multiplied 1 First-to answer briefly-by larger financial support for the work already undertaken and in operation. Second, by increasing the circulation of missionary intelligence, and awakening further interest in the subject. Third, by more frequent and earnest prayer, both individual and united. Fourth, by educating Christian young men and women to recognize the claims of the work upon them and the opportunity and privilege of engaging in it. Fifth, by giving a thorough training, both medical and spiritual, theoretical and practical, to those who offer themselves for service and those who intend to do so but arc yet employed in preparatory study. * There are not wanting many encouragements in the prosecution of medical missions, and the outlook is a hopeful one ; but there is room for all to help. The present is a time of particular nflcessity ; the fields are" white already to harvest," and" the harvest truly is great, but the laborers are few j pray ye, therefore, the Lord of the harvest, that he would send forth laborers" (Luke 10 : 2). The difficulty now is not so much to find consecrated laborers as to secure the means to " send forth" those who are ready to go. Let us all have a part in answering our own prayers.

In closing, it is fitting to repeat the words of a veteran missionary physician, Dr. J. G. Kerr, of Canton, China, who writes: "Itis no doubt a source of gratification to all missionaries-it is certainly so to us, who are among the older medical missionaries-to see the churches at home awaking to the great importance of medical missions, not only as a means of relieving suffering and saving human life, but of aiding in the evangelization of heathen lands, and we hail the addition of so many noble young men and women to this department of mission work as evidence that Christianity, with its blessings, is being offered to those nations which hitherto have not enjoyed them, in the manner best calculated to secure their acceptance "

We gladly welcome from that Prince of Missionary Biographers, George Smith, LL.D., of Edinburgh, Scotland, the following paper on " The Free Church of Scotland's Twenty-Seven Medical Missionaries-Men and Women." – [EnIToR. ] DR. DAVID H. P.A'fERSON'S EARLY WORK IN MADRAS.

Dr. Smith says: More than a generation ago, or in the year 1856, the Free Church of Scotland unitcd with the Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society in sending out to Madras Dr. D. H. Patcrson, F.R.C.S.E. From the Medical Mission House, he was enabled, during sixteen years of incessant toil, to spread the rays of Gospel light and healing all around. He tended the souls and bodies of some 43,000 poor natives every year. He sent forth twelve educated nativcs, from all missions, to be medical missionaries in their own districts. His wife and he won an entrance into * This latter work has been undertaken iu a limited way by the International Medical Missionary Society of New York, of which Dr. George D. Dowkontt is the Superintendent. By means of a Training Institution (at 118 E. 45th Street) and several city mission dispensaries, students are educate1 in practical evangelical work as well as equipped with m~dical experience before going to tbe field. The society is doing a good work; it is carried on faithfully and economically, and deserves hearty support. native households from which all but the physician was excluded. He died of abundant labors in 1871. Himself son of Dr. Chalmers's" Missionary of Kilmany," he has given his eldest son, Dr. Alexander Paterson, to the Church's medical work in the Keith-Falconer Mission III South Arabia. Dr. D. H. Paterson was succeeded by Dr. William Elder, and he, for a time, by one of the native medical missionaries, Rev. T. K. Itty. The Free Church of Scotland purchased all the buildings, added to them, and made the mission its own. Now it has come to be worked by the first woman medical missionary sent out by the Ladies' Society, Dr. Matilda Macphail. She is likely to be joined by Dr. Janet Hunter, of the same Society; that, the two helping each other in the missionary work, the mission may go on in full strength, notwithstanding occasional sickness and furlough. This Tamil Medical Mission has borne rich spiritual fruit in the two native congregations of Rayapooram, the busy railway suburb which is its centre, one Tamil and one Eurasian.

DR. DUFF'S EARLIER WORK IN BENGAL. WORK IN CHINA.

The founding of this cnterprise in 1855 was not the first attempt of our missionaries to use the Lord's method of healing as a door into His kingdom. Twenty years before that, in 1834, Dr. Alexander Duff induced government to give his ablest students-Brahmans, till conTersion-the full medical training which has ever since sent a large nnmber of our best native Christians into the Indian Medical Service as army and civil surgeons and medical professors. The story of the first efforts to get Brahmans t6 dissect the human body, as told in our first missionary's" Life," reads like a romance (vol. i., chap. 8). That was the beginning of medical missions in India, just fifty-five years ago. Here, in this as in all missionary methods, Dr. Carey had been first-his colleague, Dr. Thomas, having in 1790, when surgeon in an East Iudiaman, begun to heal the sick as well as to preach to the sinful Bengalees. But that was long a solitary case. In 1740 the Moravians had sent five medical men to Persia, but unsuccessfully. In 1798 Dr. Vanderkemp, a physician, was a missionary in South Africa. With their more free medical system the Americans of the United States took up the policy, but by 1849 there were only twelve medical missionaries in all the non-Christian world, chiefly in China and Syria. Now there are four hundred, and every year sees an addition to the number. China, however, has the distinction of being the earliest scene of medical mission work, steadily developed. Dr. T. R. Colledge, when in Macao as an East India Company's surgeon, in 1827 began those Christ like labors among the poor, and especially the blind, which Chinnery has immortalized in a famous picture. The Rev. Dr. P. Parker, who had done medical mission work in Singapore in 1831), and in Canton, was the first to give an impetus to the whole· Evangelical Church in this matter, when his visit to Edinburgh resulted in the godly and skilled physicianA there establishing its MedicalMissionary Society. Now, besides that valuable agency, under Rev. J. Lowe, F.RC.S.E., for training medical missionaries side by side with the university and medical schools, there are three other training institutions-Dr. J. L. Maxwell's, 104 Petherton Road, London, N.; Dr. G. D. Dowkontt's, 118 East Forty-fifth Street, New York; and Rev. Dr. Valentine's, Agra.

WOMEN BECOME QUALIFIED MEDICAL MISSIONARIES.

This third step was the greatest. Long opposed by the teaching and licensing bodies in the United Kingdom, Christian women, yearning to relieve the misery, spiritual and bodily, of the millions of their sisters in the East, by teaching them of Christ the Healer, were dtiven to America or Switzerland for training. Of the women missionaries sent out by America, no nobler has lived and died for the women and children of India than Mary Seelye, M.D. She worked alone in the vast population of Calcutta, and the gigantic work killed her in the midst of her success. The same fate befell other solitary and unaided workers-establishing the lesson that it is more true of womeu than of men, and more true of medical than of other missionaries, that they must go forth at least two and two.

In the year 1860 Mrs. George Smith began to reside in the famous Bengal town of Serampore. Soon the jealously-guarded homes (zenanas) of the best Hindu families were open to her, and, aided by the municipality and the Baptist missionaries, she opened girls' schools for the poorer families. What she took up as a work of Christian vernacular education, sad experience led her to develop into a medical mission also to women, so far as that was possible without a fully qualified co-worker. What she witnessed, and often in vain tried to relieve, can be told only to women, but our Ladies' Society published these sentences from her pen on her return to Scotland : " The women of Great Britain would stare if they saw what we have seen. A woman of gentle birth kept apart with her new-born infant for a whole month, in a small chamber, with only a grating for a window, and , laid on a damp floor-a small fire in one corner, and no chimney !

,"A lady doctor, who was alone in her mission, felt it almost impossible to attend native women at the birth of their children, from the repulsive practices which prevail. . •. A son was born in a zenana to which I had access, and as it was a first-born, one would suppose that as much honor as possible: would be done the poor mother, who was only fourteen years of age. But she was kept apart in the damp little room, laid on the floor, and she and her babe were looked at only through the grating. Even her husband dare not touch her, nor his son j anyone so touching them would at once become impure.

" Need the people of this country wonder at the importunity of those who know that these thingl!! are-at their anxiety that teachers should be sent out to clear the minds of our poor Eastern sisters from the misti of prejudice and heathenism 1"

The writer gave up her little leisure to plead for the 127,000,000 of women in India that they might have Christian physicians of their own sex. She, bfling dead, yet speaketh. Great has been the progress since 1860, and even since 1876 when these words first appeared. In a paper on" Women's Work in the Mission Field,." read at the London Missionary Conference in 1888, Miss A. Marston, M.D., of the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission, made the following statement: "Of the sixty female practitioners on the English medical register, ten have given themselves to the work of foreign missions." That is only the beginning. Already the number is increased, and soon will be doubled.

THE QUEEN-EMPRESS AND THE MARCHIONESS OF DUFFERIN'S ASSOCIATION.

Because there were none to attend a Hindu woman in sickness save immoral native quacks, the Maharani of Panna, still the great diamondbearing state of Ceutral India, contracted a long and painful disease. An Englishwoman, a medical missionary, was the means of curing her, and when going home on, furlough took a ilhort letter from this Hindu feudatory queen to the Queen-Empress Victoria, petitioning Her Majesty to provide a remedy. Dr. Murdoch thus tells the story: "The letter was put into a small gold locket, which the lady was to wear round her neck till she gave it into the hands of the queen. An interview was granted, and the tender heart of Her Majesty was touched_ She sent a kind reply to the Maharani, and Lord Dufferin could say at a public meeting in Calcutta, ' In endeavoring to launch a scheme for the improvement of the medical treatment of the women of India, we are fulfilling the special injunction of Her Majesty the Queen. Lady Dufferin's first work was a careful survey of the field and consideration of plans. In August 1885 an association was formed to promote the following objects: 1. Medical tuition. 2. Medical relief. 3. The supply of trained female nurses. "

Lady Aitchison, after whom the Women's Hospital in Lahore is named, and others, took up the scheme in' each of the Provinces of India. The Marchioness of Lansdowne is now at its head. All classes of the natives have subscribed a sum, which is invested to the equivalent of £55,000.

"Five lady doctors and a nurse have been obtained from England. About two hundred young women are being educated in the medical colleges of India, a number of them maintained by the branches of the Association. There are twelve female hospitals and fifteen dispensaries more or less aided. Classes have been formed for the training of female nurses.

" One rule of the Association has been qtxestioned by some. Religious neutrality is to be observed by its agents. It was felt that the work: wa, of such magnitude that it could be carried out effectually only by the cooperation of native princes. Municipalitiq,s include Hindus and Muhammadans. Government officers would also feel unwilling to connect themselves with a missionary agency. One result is that large donations havc been made by non-Christians. The Hindu high priest of Tripati, a large temple near Madras, has offered two scholarships for hospital assistants, two gold medals, two scholarships for female nurses, beside other help.

" Indirectly, Christian Missions are benefited. Indian women, at present, trust mainly to charms and other superstitious ceremonies for the cure of disease. Successful treatment by medicine alone will help to dissipate such belief.

" The Christian Vernacular Education Society is co-operating as far as possible in the work which Lady Dufferin 80 zealously commenced. Its , Ranitary Primer,' with a few omissions, has been adopted by the Association as the most suitahle for diffusing an elementary knowledge of t.he laws of health. The Society has also published simple treatises on Childbirth, the Health of Children, and Sanitary Reform, which are having an encouraging circulation. "

RAPID EXTENSION OF MEDICAL MISSIONS BY THE FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND.

The necessity is the greater that the Church of Christ, as such, should do its duty. In 1855 we began with Dr. David H. Paterson at Madras; in 1891 we find that the one medical missionary has increased to twentyseven. Our medically qualified mi8sionaries are: Rev. William M. Alexander, B.Sc., M.B., C.M., Glasgow, Bombay, India; Rey. William Carslaw, M.D., Glasgow, Syria; Rev. J. Kerr Cross, M.B., GM., Gla8gow, Livingstonia, Central·Africa; Rev. James Dalzell, B.D., M.B., C.M., Natal, South Africa; Rev. J. A. Dyf'r, L.Re.p., and S. Edinburgh, Santalia, India; W. A. Elmslie, M. B., C. M., AlJerdeen,

PAUL THE MISSIONARY

Living8tonia, Central Africa; Wiliiam Gunn, LR. C.P., and S. .n:dinburgh, Futuna, New Hebrides; Rev. R. Eannington, M.B., C.M., Glasgow, Constantinople ; l~ev. George Hem'y, M.A., M.B., C.M., Aberdeen, Livingstonia, Central Africa; J. B. Henderson, M.B., C.M., Madras, India; Rev. R. Laws, M.A., M.D., Aherdeen, F.R.G.S., Livingstonia, Central Africa; Adolf Lippner, M.D., Buda-Pest, Europe; Alexander Paterson, M.B., C.M., Edinburgh, Keith-Falconer Mission, South Arabia; Rev. Alexander Robertson, M.B., C.M., Glasgow, Nagpoor, Central India; Rev. J. Sandilands, M.B., C.M., Glasgow, Bandhara, Central India; Rev. J. Stewart, M.D., C.M., Glasgow, F.R.G.S., Lovedale, Souih Africa; D. W. Torrance, M.B., C.M., Glasgow, Tiberias, Palestine j W. Walker, M.B., C.M., Glasgow, Conjevaram, South India.

WOMEN.

Janet Hunter, M.D., Brussels, L.R.C.P. and S., Glasgow, to be appointed to Madras; Matilda Macphail, L.R.C. P. and S., Glasgow, Madras, South India; Agnes E. Henderson, M.D.

StUdying for Full Qualification.

Ladv from India, in Edinburgh and Leith; two other ladies.

NATIVES OF INDIA.

Not yet Qualified in British Sense.

Lazarus Abraham, Tanna, India: Rev. T. K. Itty, Madras, India j J. Nanji Kotak, L.M. and S., of Grant College, Bombay, India; T. Khisti, Bombay, India; James M. Macphail, M.A., Glasgow, Santalia, India; Dugald Revie, Glasgow, probably Livingstonia, Central Africa; A. G. Mowat, M.B., C.M., Glasgow j Dr. Fotheringham, M.B., C.M., Glasgow, Livingstonia; Rev. G. Steele, M.B., C.M., Glasgow, Livingstonia.

The Church has enjoyed the services of the late Dr. Robson in Calcutta, of Dr. Young in Bombay, of Dr. Cowen in South Arabia, of Dr. Weir in South Africa, of Miss Waterston, M.D., in Central and South Africa, and others. It has gladly sent not a few of its best sons to the missions of the Church Missionary Society, like the lamented Elmslie in Kashmir, and John Smith, Lake Nyanza; of the Presbyterian Church of England in China; of the United Presbyterian Church in Manchuria, and of the London Missionary Society in several lands.

For every living, and therefore missionary church, rejoices to remember that the Lord Jesus Christ, in proof of His power to utter the sweetest words ever heard by man, Thy sins be forgiven thee, ~dded, Arise and walle.

PAUL THE MISSIONARY.

BY REV. JOHN ROSS, MOOKDEN, MANCHURIA.

It is a cause for thankfulness that the church atmosphere is resounding with theories as to the best modes of evangelizing the world, for this indicates on the part. of the Church of Christ an acknowledged sense of responsibility. But it seems to me strange that in the world-wide proclamation of some popular theones, the missionary chapters of the New Testament appeal as if expurgated from the Bibles of many who have at heart the in- terests of the kingdom. -Where the influence and lives of the workers ana the spiritual well being of untold multitudes are at stake, it is surely a paramount duty to investigate, ~o understand and, as far as practicable aud wise, to imitate the example of those who initiated the work of evangelizingthe world. It is my desire in this paper to briefly examine, for the consideration of all earnest Christian people, the missionary career of the Apostle Paul. This task is the less difficult because the history of his career, as far as it was under the guidance of his own free will and judgment, is contained in nine chapters of the Acts, beginning with the 18th and concluding in the 21st.

Persecution drove from Jerusalem many Christians, who fled as far as Phenice in the north and Cyprus in the south. Preaching where they went, many of them made a favorable impression not upon Jews only, but upon Gentiles also. Some believers were originally from Antioch, and on their compulsory return spoke to Jew and Gentile of the way of life. The wonderful results stupefied the Church which had remained in Jerusalem, and Barnabas, as a well-tried Hellenist, was sent to examine and report. Learning what kind of men they were who became believers, and what sort of men opposed the movement, he went to Tarsus to find out and bring with him, as best adapted for the work, his former friend Saul, who was apparently living in retirement. How long the two men preached in Antioch we know not, but the time was long enough to prove their incomparable superiority to all the other preachers. This pre-eminence was the reason why they were selected (Acts 13) as the first Apostles to go to the " regions beyond."

Through Seleucia and Cyprus, where the Gospel had been already proclaimed, they simply passed on, and called a halt only when they got to Antioch, in Pisidia. Long and plainly did Paul speak in this place, reasoning with the people and fully expounding to them the truth. So great was the concourse of people to hear him on the following Sabbath that envious Jews drove him out of the city.

Driven from Antioch, the preachers made their way to Iconium, where they remained a considerable time preaching and explaining, till they were compelled to abandon the city. At Lystra they created a great sensation, which ended in Paul being left for dead from stoning by the enraged citizens. Having recovered, he retraced his steps, strengthening the hearts and more fully enlightening·the understanding of the believers.

After the question of circumcision, which threatened to create a rupture in the church, was settled in a common-sense manner by mutual concession, Paul and Barnabas separated over a dispute regarding a third colleague. Each took the man of his own choice, and Paul went through Syria, passing, as formerly, through the places where the Gospel had been preached, by the way strengthening and instruct.ing the believers, so that these ~ight be the better able to push forward the work in their own neighbor- hood. He rested only when he crossed over into Europe and arrived in Philippi, whither the Gospel had not yet penetrated. There he sought out those anxious to lead a better life, and continued his public preaching till serious maltreatment threatened his life.

From Thessalonica the animosity of the Jews compelled him to a speedy Hight. The people in Berea were more liberal and ready to listen to Paul's arguments. But jealous orthodoxy pursued and drove him away. Thence he went to Athens, where he encountered the Greek philosophers, whose contemptuous treatment sent him on to Cormth, where he remained for a lengthened period. A tumult there made him again a wanderer. Passing through Ephesus at that time, he returned to it and baptized twelve believ. ers. For three months he continned arguing from tho Scriptures that Jesns was the· Messiah, till orthodoxy closed the synagogue ngainst him. But a school was thrown open to him, where he daily discour"iJd for so long a time that all the people in the city knew somewhat of the doctrine and its preachers. After a brief absence, though anxious to go to Jerusalem and Rome, he went back to Ephesus, where a great uproar terminated his stay. Still eager to ilIlpart some further instruction, Ilnd because from his urgency, to depart for .Terusalem he was unable to go in person, he sent for the elders to confer with them at the port of Miletns. In this last discourse he informed them that he had declared to them the" whole counsel of God," which in modern language means that he had passed them through a theological course.

After his hurried journey to Jerusalem, he was no longer a free agent, but went where his soldier-keepers led him. Though his subsequent history is, therefore, a magnificent example of enthusiastic preaching ~f the Gospel in the most trying circumstances, it does not, beyond his epistles, show us the principles of action and the methods of work which his unfettered will would have suggested. "Ve have enough, however, in this summary to learn (1) the kind of agent, (2) the form of itineracy, and (3) the style of preaching which were considered the best, and which turned out the most successful in Apostolic times.

1. The agent was the man already proved to be the best in the Church -the best spiritually, intellectually, lind educationally. This" best" man did not go of his own accord. He was called to the work and" sent" by the Church. Now, the work of preaching the Gospel in China is more difficult than any the Apostle Panl had to undertake. He had learned Hebrew at his mother's knee. In the celebrated Rchools of Tarsus, with their famous stoics, he hau become familiar with Greek thought, literature, and language. And he whose father was a Roman citizen, and who lived in a Roman settlement, could not well have been ignorant of Latin. Whatever, therefore, the meaning of the gift of tongues, it did not signify in Paul's case the miraculous possession of a llitherto unknown· Janguage ; for from Arabia in the east to Rome in the west Paul did not preach in any place where some one of these three languages was not well and generally understood. He did not require to spend weary months in learning a new language before communicating Christian truth to a strange people, though his reception at Athens proved his Greek pronunciation not unimpeachable. He was not compelled to wade through a ponderous and foreign literature, nor patiently to wait to learn the manners and opinions of a people in order to ascertain their special mental and spiritual views. His early education and his knowledge of those languages enabled him at once to address an audience as if they had been old acquaintances. Let the Church learn the lesson proclaimed by this trumpet voice. God demands your best, as He did of the Jews. The beast with a flaw was not to be offered on the altar. The man with a blemish was not to become a priest.

2. The itineracy of Paul differed toto cwlo from the itineracy now recommended by many good people. Paul" itinerated" through all the places where the Gospel was known. But in places where the Gospel had not been preached he remained for days, weeks, months, and even years, till he was driven away by attempts on his life. To impart a knowledge of what Paul considered essential truth required not a few lessons, but the preaching and teaching of years. The lesson from this characteristic of Paul should be seriously pondered both by missionaries and all interested in mission work, and especially in China, which presents a field far more difficult than any in which Paul labored. A racing over the ground and a few addresses in a place which is then abandoned, is a mere waste of men, of labor, and of time. You must" teach" the people to " know," or your labor is in vain. Captain Bobadil's plan will convert China after it has destroyed the nrmies of France. Itineracy in a Christian country, where even unbelievers are theoretically well acquainted with Christian truth, is one thing; in China, where its elements are unknown, quite a different thing.

3. Paul had no particular form of sermon. He had no tricks of speech or manner, no craving for popularity. He first of all learned the mental and spiritual condition of his hearers, and adapted what he had to say to their knowledge and wants.· This is what he signified when he wrote of " taking people by guile." It is unnecessary to dwell upon the versatility of his mind, as shown in the manner in which he addressed his varied audiences, whether Jews or Greeks, soldiers or philosophers, an angry mob or a proud king. But in all we have evidence of remarkable human wisdom fired by the enthusiasm begotten of the Spirit of God. He reasoned, declaimed, recited historical facts, quoted from authors, and adopted every plan to further the end in view. His logical powers were employed in argument, his whole soul poured forth in appeal. He combined the art of the rhetorician with the reasoning of the logician. Thus he was able to make himself" all things to all men j" whence his unexampled success.

As to the matter of his discourses, he was not content with merely proclaiming that Jesus was the Saviour. He explained the terms he employed.

18911 THE RECENT AUDIENCE WITH THE EMPEROR OF CHINA

He spoke of the nature of sin and of holiness. He declared man's duty to man and his relationship to God, what man should be and do in this life, and what he may hope to possess in the life to come.

The success of Paul was not in the least degree dependent on the few cases of healing recorded of him; his miracles brought him into trouble. Nor yet was it by the plan of planting schools and colleges. But it was by the earnest, continuous, intelligent, and intelligible preaching of the sound system of truth embraced in Christ's Gospel. And if the facts of the modern mission field were properly understood, the lesson would be learned that, however excellent are subsidiary aids for levelling down the thick wall of prejudice which raises its proud head high against the Gospel in China, nothing can possibly gain that people for Christ but the plan of Paul. How can they believe if they do not understand? How can they understand if they do not hear intelligently? How can they hear intelligently if the preacher is without understanding? And how can they have preachers of understanding if the chUl'ches fail to send them? "I speak as to wise men i judge ye."

THE RECENT AUDIENCE WITH THE EMPEROR OF CHINA.

BY BOUDINOT C. ATTERBURY, M.D., PEKING, CHINA.

A most interesting episode took place in connection with the foreign relations of China on March 5th, this year. It was the interview granted by the" Son of Heaven" to the foreign ministers living in Peking, and repre· senting their various countries. For years past this question of the right personally to present credentials to the Emperor has been the subject of great discussion between the legations and the foreign office. In 1874 Tung Chih, the uncle of the present ruler, after much pressure was brought to bear, granted an audience. Since then, however, the questIOn, although agitated, has never been seriously insisted upon until the present young ruler him8elf took control of the government. Unexpectedly to many, three months ago an Imperial edict was issued stating that the Emperor was willing to receIve the ministers and charges d'affaires. No matter what may have been the reasons for this step on the part of the Chinese Government-reasons perhaps chiefly political, in order to cultivate more close relations with other governments one thing is certain, that the express wish of the Emperor himself was also It powerful factor in bringing about the wished-for event. Those living outside of China can scarcely realize how many were the preliminaries which had to be arranged before the interview could take place. Long conferences were held between the legations and the Chinese ministers. On the one side were a set of men anxious to sUl'round their ruler with all the ceremonies which they consider to be his due as the representative of heaven upon earth j on the other hand were the foreigners, willing to accord any etiquette customary at a European court, but determined not to do anything implying in any sense that their countries were in vassalage to China. The principal difficulties were the right' of separate audience and the place of meeting. Mutual concessions smoothed over these points, the former being granted by the Chinese, and the foreigners waiving their preferences in the latter. The place agreed upon was the" Hall of Shining Purple," where the usual receptions are accorded to the tributary States, sucb as Mongolia and Corea, with the understanding that on future occasions another place within the palace grounds must be prepared. The ministers with their suites started about 10 A.M. All the foreigners, thirty-one in number, sat in green sedan chairs, each carried by four men. Passing through the" Gate of Flowing Prosperity," they arrived at the point where the officials of the foreign office stood ready to receive. Descending from their chairs they entered, through long lines of soldiers, a temple, where some time was 8pent in chatting and eating various delicacies. Then the entire party advanced to the HaH of Audience. It is a picturesque building, with yellow tiles and painted in many colors. Three flights of steps lead up to a terrace in front of the hall doors. The central set are reserved for his Majesty; others use those on the sides. On the terrace were four tents comfOltably furnished with stoves and carpets. When the summons into the Imperial presence came, each minister, with accompanying interpreter, was conducted by two officials to a point where two columns, the" Dragon PilIars," marked a distance of about six feet from the raised platform on which the Emperor was sitting. First the German Minister was received; then follow('d the representatives of America, England, Japan, Italy, and the Netherlands. The large room presented an imposing spectacle, being lined with military officers. Back of the Emperor, who was sitting cross-legged on the dais raised about three feet, were some dark stone tablets carved with Manchu and Chinese inscriptions. In front was a small table, and at the side a naked sword on a stand. On the way to the" Dragon Pillars" each minister made the obeisance given at any court to the Sovereign. He then read an address which was rendered into Chinese by the interpreter and handed to Prince Chung, who, on his knees, translated it into Manchu. The Emperor responded in turn. The minister than advanced to the platform with his letter of credence, which was received by Prince Chung, who, with a low bow, laid it on the table. According to custom, the Prince should have knelt when presenting the letter. This, however, the foreigners would not allow, since, for the moment he represented them, thus kneeling would imply a concession of inferiority. Afterward a general reception was beld, and the entire company, with their secretaries, were presented. The German Minister, as doyen of the corps diplomatique, read an address; the Emperor replied in Manchu, which was turned into Chinese by Prince Chung, the head of the Foreign Office. A grand banquet the following ,jay ended the audience. Of course, the Emperor was the central figure.

ENCOURAGEMENTS IN THE WORK OF' MISSIONS

He has an intelligent face and large dark eyes. lIe looks even younger than he is-eighteen years old. His physique is not strong, but his bearing is manly and self-posse!sed. His dress was a purple robe embroidered with gold dragons. He wore a large official felt hat, on the top of which was a plain red button. All hope that the outcome of this interview will be a still greatcr desire on the part of the Chinese to break down the isolation with which they have snrrounded themselves.

ENCOlTRAGEMENTS IN THE WORK OF MISSIONS.

BY REV. A. A. PFANSTIEHL, ST. JOSEPH, MO.

One of the questions that is asked in regard to the work of foreign missions is, Does it pay? It has been figured out by those who look upon this work from a political-economy point of view that it costs about $1000 to make a single convert in heathendom, and that at the present rate of progress it will take two hundred thousand years to convert the world! In view of this they ask, Is it worth while to spend so many millions of dollars, to expend so much valuable energy-for it is admitted that the missionaries are among our most energetic Christian workers; were they not so, they would never go into the arduous work in foreign fields-when, after all, so comparatively little is accomplished? But look at this a moment. This calculation would perhaps be legitimate and correct were each convert a dead one; but as it is, he is a living influence, he has in him leavening power, so that he sets work of conversion in motion in remarkable ratio. Max Miiller well says: "An intellectual harvest must not be calculated by adding simply grain to grain, but by counting each grain as a living seed, that will bring forth fruit a hundred an(l a thousand-fold." Therefore, however comparatively little seems to be done in the vast fields of heathendom, yet when we take this work, representing hundreds of thousands of adult converts who, together with their families, form Christian communities scattered over nearly every portion of the heathen world, it represents a power that is incalculable, a power in itself capable of marvel- lous work for God, without help from abroad. * But now add to this power the additional force given to it with increasing intensity every year by the Christian world at large, will it take two hundred thousand years to evangelize the world 1 Missionary efforts and * As a matter of fact, to prove this take these figures of but one mission field: Burmah gave in 1880 to the Baptist Union $31,616.14, while Massachusetts gave the same year but little more-viz., $41,312.72, and New York gave only $38,469.78. "Japan," it is said, " is alive, energetic, eager-a nation with a destiny; and a Church of Christ in Japau would be throughout all EMtern Asia an ally that would be invaluable." And this is what Max Miiller says about India: "If we think of the future of India and of the influence which that country has always exercised on the EMt, the movement of religious reform which is now going on appe(lrs to my mind the most momentous in this momentous century." expenditures do pay! and there is nothing discouraging in the calculation, even though it be that it takes $1000 to make a single convert in heathen- dom. On the contrary, there is every encouragement possible to continue the work and make it more and more agressive. 'Tis this that I desire to press briefly from 1. What has been done in the past, and 2. What it is the declared purpose of God to do in the spread of Christ's kingdom.

Considering the extent, the power, the influence of Christianity to-day, and then looking back 1800 years, when it began with a mere handful of people, working against opposition that came from principalities and powers, the strong forces of Rome, the prejudice, the enmity of the carnal mind, and the deadly hatred of the Jews, have we occasion to be discouraged~ ay, must we not greatly be encouraged when the kingdom of Christ has now grown to be in the ascendancy 1 But look especially at the mission work of the last one hundred years! What giant strides have been made during these years! And these are but the first slow steppings of the Church, that will, if indications for the future mean anything, continue to advance rapidly. For 'tis but a short time since the vast openings for work have been presented to the Church-openings that were closed to the Christian world until these latter years-commercial openings, and facilities for work afforded by discoveries of religious books of the heathen, enabling missionaries to work intelligently among the people. " We have now be- fore us the canonical books of Buddhism j the Zend Avesta of Zoroaster is no longer a sealed book j and the hymns of the Rig Veda have revealed a state of religion anterior to the first beginnings of that mythology which in Homer and Hesiod stand before us as mouldering ruin. The soil of Mesopotamia has given back the very images once worshipped by the most powerful of the Semitic tribes, and the cuneiform inscriptions of Babylon and Nineveh have disclosed the very prayers addressed to Baal or Misroch. "

Hence, by the providence of God, we are led into the very citadel of the power of those whom we desire to win, and we know intelligently how to lay the siege. Discouragement ~ Nay, nay, for this advantage has already been so helpful that victory is in sight, if the Christian church will only vigorously press the siege for the next few years! '

But another encouragement. Max Muller, a few years ago, wrote about the dying and death of what he calls the nondescript heathen religions.

These, such as Zoroastrianism, etc., that he puts down as 8.7 per cent of the number of the population of the world, have ceased to struggle, and all we need do is to apply the strong battery of God's" truth as it is in Jesus"

to them, and they will live ancw with redeemed, everlasting life. Brahman- ism, too, one of the two living Aryan religions, is existing in a living death, and " for gaining an idea of the issue of the great religious struggle of the future, that religion, too, is dead aud gone." And Buddhism-what about it 1 Many of the readers may remember a significant paper that was sent, in 1887, to the Presbyterian churches of the Unitcd States, signed by all the Presbyterian ministers in Japan-31 in number-wherein we find this language: "Buddhism is condemned already. That is the common position assumed by the press. And what the press encourages the government allows. . . . The tone of Buddhism is a tone of defeat; Christianity is confident of victory." And this is confirmed by the quotation from one of the tracts published in India, given in the March, 1891, number of this REVIEW, which says, in order to call the heathen religionists to vigorous action against the progress of Christianity: "Missionaries have cast their nets over our children by teaching them in their schools, and they have already made thousands of Christians, and are continuing to do so. . . . Do you not know that the number of Christians is increasing, and the number of Hindu religionists decreasing cvery day?" The enemy himself here is the judge.

This much encouragement from the past. Now what, from a consideration of what we know, is the purpose of Almighty God in regard to the leaven of Christianity introduced in the world? It is His purpose that the .. whole lump" SHALL be leavened. And can anything thwart that purpose 1 Chri~tian churches and individuals need not lend their help with II discouraged feeling; they need not with a shrug of the shoulder look at this work of evangelizing the world.

To this appeal of Mr. Pfanstiehl, the editor cannot forbear to add that the only real discouragement in the work of missions is the slowness and sluggishness of the church to fall into line with the command and the lead- ership of our Royal Captain. Open doors stand before us on every side.

In the most difficult of all mission fields, India, the most abundant harvests since Pentecost have been reaped and continue to be reaped in the Tin- nevelly and Telugu districts. The church has numerical force and finan- cial resource sufficient without a doubt to bear the Gospelmess:tge to every soul before the century ends. The only real lack is the lack of the spirit of mis.~ions. In the Apocalypse there is a significant succession in the messages to the churches of Philadelphia and Laodicea. To Philadelphia the key-note is encouragement-" Behold, I have set before thee an open door." To Laodicea, which immediately follows, the key-note is warning-" Because thou art lukewarm . • • I will spew thee out of my month." Both these messages may be applied to the Church of our day. We are Philadelphians for opportunity and Laodiceans for lukewarmness. And if the church of this generation does not arouse herself to new consecration and enter God's open doors, it is to be feared that He will cast away such II faithless church, and out of its remnant construct a more loyal people.

Bishop H. T. Bachman, of the Moravian Church. is at present engaged in an official visitation of the Moravian Alaskan missions. He will have to travel from the Kuskokwim to Meshagak, some 200 miles, overland in pioneer !ltyle. It was two summers ago that the wife of Bishop Bachman went to Alaska to nurse the sick missionary's wife, Mrs. Kilbuck.

EXTRACTS AND TRANSLATIONS FROM FOREIGN PERIODICALS

EXTRACTS AND TRANSLATIONS FROM FOREIGN PERIODICALS.

BY REV. C. C. STARBUCK, ANDOVER, MASS.

-The Rev. J. Johnstone Irving, in the Voice from Ituly, says, what anyone moderately familiar with Roman Catholic affairs knows to be perfectly true: " Within the unity of the Roman Church there are divisions and differences as numerous and embittered as those found in Protestantism." It is, therefore, quite to the point when he adds: "I am not prepared to admit that a house divided against itself is in a more satisfactory condition than a number of neighboring houses whose social relationships are not all that might be desired." Indeed, as the clergy are so inordinately powerful among the Roman Catholics, theological acrimony is more apt with them to verge toward malignity than in Protestantism, which, comparatively speaking, is a religion of the laity. Unhappily, among the Roman Catholics the only class that has perhaps even more influence than the clergy-namely, the lay zealots, seem to be the most uncharitable of all toward their fellow-Catholics whom they suspect of liberalism.

-The Ohristian says, most appreciatinglyand justly: "The Friend of Missions, published in England, and the Friends' Missionary Advocate of America, are full of interesting information of Friends' work in India, China, Japan, Madagascar, Syria, Palestine, Constantinople, Mexico, Philippopolis, Alaska, and among the North American Indians, thus indicating that the spirit of ' early days' has returned to the Society of Friends. As a basis and incentive to foreign work home missions are growing and increasing in nearly or quite all the yearly meetings in the world. The needs of men socially, morally, and spiritually are pressing the hearts of Friends, and under the Divine impulse lives and money are being surrendered to the service of humanity and the glory of Him' who is the Head of all things' to His people. The Friends have a great and increasing place to fill, and are needed among the churches and in the world. Happily they are in some measure realizing their responsibility, and trying to obey Him who has given them their name if they keep His commandments: Their mission is that of living and teaching spiritual and vital Christianity as 3 commonwealth of believers. . .. Among them there is no ' layman.' "

-Notwithstanding the revival of a very vexatious law in restriction of church building in the kingdom of Travancore, in southwestern India, the Chronicle for April bears witness to the cordiality of the Maharajah, and remarks that miRsionaries have probably more freedom there than they would have in British India.

-The Moslems must be hard pushed to find their prophet foretold in the Gospels. One in India assured Mr. Greaves triumphantly that he had found Mohammed's advent clea.rly announced by our Lord. Being asked where, he produced John 14 : 30, "The prince of this world cometh and hath nothing in me." Mr. Greaves quietly remarked that he had no objection to the application.

-Missionary Gehring, of the Leipsic Society, remarks, apropos of an unexpected though brief attack of lIeasickness, that it did him the' good of ridding him of the disagreeable advances of the American ap<J!!tate, Colonel Olcott, " who in India makes it his business to flatter the heathen by disgusting eulogies on their reli~don. " This may not be very urbane, but the free expression of moral disgust toward "the enemies of the crOSH of Christ," whether their name is Olcott, Ingergoll, Bradlaugh, or BeS1lnt, is sometimes better than the smirking complaisance with which contemporary Christianity is somewhat too deeply infected.

-Here is part of a hymn addressed by hundreds of thousands to the cruel goddess Kali, in deprecation of a law which simply protects the persons of child-wives until they are twelve years old. We remember Kali, with her pendant necklace of skulls, and her blood-dripping tongue thrust out to her waist. Such a hymn wcll becomes her. "In great distress at thy door we have come, mother, source of all good. Horrified, that is why we raise this cry, 0 mother! queen of the universe. What to say ~ We are about to be undone, mother, by the word of some outcastes. Intending to do an act of kindness, the government is destroying our religion. Our hearts shudder through fear," etc.

-NachTichten aus dem Morgenlande, speaking of the needs of the Protestants of Bethlehem for church and school, says, "If the wise men from the East brought aforetime to Bethlehem the most precious gifts of their native land, would that the wise men from the vVest would also lay down there their art and their gifts of beauty at the feet of the infant Christ!" If Protestantism will not take its place and see to it that it finds a worthy representation in Palestine, by the side of the splendid outlays of the Roman Catholic and of the Russian Church, it mnst accept the consequences.

-It is known that the London missionarie3 in Madagascar have labored principally among the ruling and central race of the Hovas and the neighboring tribe of the Betsileos. The Norwegian missionaries, it appears, are also actively at work among Betsimarakas of the southeast, and the fierce Sakalavas of the west.

-The atrocions massacre of men, women, and children by a Hova governor in Madagascar (followed, it appears, by his own ex.eeution) has, remarks the Ohronicle, left a sad blot on the good name of the Christian queen. The general horror aroused by this act of her deputy, it is to be hoped, will recall her government from that retrogression into the old barbarons ways of which there have been signs lately. Her husband, tlw prime-minister, knew the governor to be an unworthy character, yet allowed favoritism to carry the day in his appointment.

-Mr. Barnett, of Jaffa. writing in Service/or the King, says: "It is very significant that while from various causes the Jews lire beginning to awaken to the fact that their future destiny is bound up with this land, the 'l'urks and Arabs seem to be nnder a presentiment that their time here is short. I am told by several friends who have great experience in this country that some of the natives are very negligent in the cultivation of their fields and gardens, and the reason they give when asked is, ' What's the good, the Jews will soon have it.' "

-Mr. Van Tassel, who devotes himself to the evangelization of the Bedouins, shows that, as with most remote tribes, accnrate knowledge not only monilies, but often almost revolutionizes previous ideas. He says, "The Bedouin Arabs are usually given a very unenvi.able character, and are looked upon as being most desperate men, thieves, murderers, and almost everything else that is bad; but that is almost entirely wrong. The Arab seldom takes life, unless it is in battle or eelf-defence. There is a standing law in the desert that in case a man is killed his death must be avenged by the members of his tribe. It is not necessary that the murderer himself be put to death, but anyone of his tribe who may happen to fall into their hands. Owing to this custom they are very careful about the shedding of blood.

" There are, of course, some thieves found in the desert, but not all the Arabs are such by.any means, and those who are so are despised by the others, and well puuished when caught."

Mr. Van Tassel remarks that the Bedouins, at least those of the north, have a very slight tincture indeed of Mohammedanism. Their feelings of natural religion are strong, and they are exceedingly fond of having the Scriptures of either Testament read to them. Of course, in the Oriental allusions of the Bible they are perfectly at home.

The North Arabia Mission is a branch of the North African Mission.

– " The missionary work of a church is both fruit and measure of its inner spiritual life. "-De Heidenbode (Rotterdam).

-The Free Church of Scotland Monthly. referring to Cardinal Lavigerie's far-reaching missionary plans, remarks, "Whatever may be said about the Papacy, it is showing at present a i'pirit of enterprise which we cannot but admire. The zeal it is manifesting ought to act as a stimulus to our Protestant sO<.:ieties to devise larger and, if we may say so, more adventurous schemes for the conversion of the nations."

-The Ghu1·ch Missionary lntelligencer for April, 1891, very justly refers to the American Board as " one of the best-managed societies in the world," and supports by its high authority its own preference of special contributions for objects designated by the Society, rather than for the somewhat narrowing and capricious designation of special objects by individual donors.

-The printing of the whole Bible in the language of the Sunda Islands (Dutch Ea"t Indies) is now complete, as appears by the Or.qaan of the Netherlands Missionary Society. Between 300 and 400 person~ have been engaged upon it.

– " The business instinct is indispensablj"l for the conduct of a missionary society; but it is not sufficient, it is even injurious, if it is not founded in piety and joined with a real zeal for the cause of the Gospel." -Journal des Mislions.

THE UNITED KINGDOM.

-The English Baptist Missionary Society, whose cen enary occurs in 1892, intends to endeavor to raise a Special Centenary Fund of £100,000, and to seek also to increase the annual income of the society to £100,000.

-The Ohurch Missionary Gleaner for April says: "The approaclling census again suggests a comparison of past and present. When the last eensus was taken in 1881, the society was working under a resolution, solemnly arrived at on account of financial pressure, to send out only five new missionaries each year for three years; but we were rejoicing that special gifts had enabled the committee to send out twenty instead of five. It is a fact like this which we have gleaned from the report of that year that makes one realize just a little of what God has done for us in the past ten years. Three times twenty is not considered a large number now. "

-This is a most racy bit from a tract, Do Not Say, published by the Church Missionary Society. The author is the Rev. J. Heywood Horsburgh, C. M. S. missionary in mid-China: "Imagine our sending to the heathen just one man more than we could spare, so that for one parish we could not find a rector! 'Vhat an outcry there would be! Why, even those who take the most thorough interest in foreign missions would be afraid we were' really going a little too far.' Yes, though that clergyman had left but five hundred, nominal Christians already (many of them true Christians?, and gone to a parish of a thousand thousand, all heathen, and. he the on y worker aILong them all, it would still be thought a dreadful thing for this English parish to be without a clergyman, albeit there were a dozen other churches half empty in that very place, and perhaps an excellent chapel on the other side of the road. When shall we wake up and understand that' taking an interest in foreign missions' really ought to mean something more than giving the heathen a few fragments, after spreading a most bountiful table for ourselves ?"

-The Reaper says that the flaw in Mr. Stead's sanguine and well-meant endeavors to bring about a social revolution has been pointed out very clearly by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Salford : "It seems to me we differ because we begin from different ends. You begin with the creature and his miseries and wants. We begin with the Creator and His plan or system of redemption and salvation." There is no use in trying to conciliate the Christian view of benevolence with the anti-Christian. The two may coincide materially in a thousand points, but their formative principles are irreconcilably antagonistic.

-The Christian says that Dr. Marshall Lang recently startled the Glasgow Established Presbytery by quoting the remark of a local historian, that" the public houslils in the' second city in the empire' were beating the churches," and that "one public house in a populous locality was capable of undoing the work of ten churches."

– " Let us not think less of what Christ has done on the cross by His death, but let us think more of His resurrection and what He is doing now. "-Rev. EDWARD BALMFORD, in The Christian.

– " Foreign missionary is an unfortunate term. To the Lord Jesus up there in heaven there is no home mission and no foreign mission. He sees at once on both sides of the wall of China, and to Him it is all one field and one work; and slowly we are beginning to see through His eyes and to find out that work at home and work abroad are not, so to speak, two things, but one; that this we ought to do, and not to leave the other undone; ano. that what we call foreign mission work is not a thing to be done by and by, when we get a lot of other things done, but that it ought to be going on all the time."-J. CAMPBELL WHITE, Esq., Convener of the Livingstonia Mission Committee.

-Medical Missions at Home and Abroad (cited in the Free Church Monthly) shows that of 13~ medical missionaries holding British degrees or diplomas, the Free Church of Scotland has 24; the Church Missionary Society, 21 ; the London Missionary Society and the English Presbyterian Church, 13 each j the United Presbyterian Church, 11. There are 13 ladies.

The largest proportion among all the missionaries belonO's to the English Presbyterian Church. 0 . • -Medical Missions at Home and Abroad, rejoicing in the great victory won in the House of Commons over the defenders of the opium traffic, says: "A few days ago an Indian general said, in my hearing, that the opium traffic is a heritage from Warren Hastings. He was right; and I would add that there is nothing in our Anglo-Indian history in which the strong, determined, but godless spirit of that remarkable man has seemed so to persist and to be incarnated as in the long, sad story of our opium traffic with China."

-The Accounts of the Schemes and the Lists of Collections, Contributions, and Legacies of the Church of Scotland for the year ending December 31st, 1890, as prepared by the auditor, are given in the May Record. The total income shows an increase of £18,812 14s. 9d., or 12t per cent over the previous year,. being in all £170,282 5s. 5d. Legacies alone are increased by £6643 16s. 5d. Foreign missions show an increase of £3049 15$. 2d. ; home missions of £2475 19s. 10d. ; the Small Livings Fund of £3316 6s. 9d.

-Arrangements have been made for the fusion of the two English Baptist missionary societies. The common management ill to be conducted according to the plan of the larger society-that of the Particular Baptists. It appears, then, that Calvinism and Arminianisffi are recognized in England as having ceased to be a dividing force among the Baptists. The qUElstion of strict or open communion has long been an open one in both the Baptist bodies. "The Particular Baptist Missionary Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen" was formed in 1792, and " The General Baptist Missionary Society" in 1816. The Orissa Mission, Bengal, in which our own Free Baptist brethren concur, will doubtless continue to be supplied with General Baptist missionaries.

-The Special Centenary Fund of £100,000 which it is proposed to raise will be devoted to seven objects, the first being the extinctit,n of the debt, the seventh the construction of a new Upper Congo steamer, estimated at £5000.

-It seems strange, but Northern Bengal, where Dr. Carey first preached the Gospel, has to-day no missionary provision (at least no Protestant missionary provision) for its 9,000,000 inhabitants.

-The debt of £10,561 88. lId. incurred by the English Baptist Missionary Society during the year is owing to a falling off in legacies. General contributions have been £42,257 28. over against £42,072 188. 7d. for last year.

-The Ch"istian states that many of the working classes in England have'lately joined the Society of Friends.

-,-" There are 400 workers in the Irish Home Mission connected with the Society of Friends, and Sunday-school work is progressing in their hands."- The Ohristian. .

1891]. INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT

II.-INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT.

EDITED AND CONDUCTED BY REV. 1. T. GRACEY, D.D.

The Low Pressure Belt of Morality as Marked by the Marriage Law in India. [J. T. G.l It is very difficult for persons living sion among tolerably decent people and remote from India to realize the condi. even among low and lustful classes.

tion of society which has grown up there These memorialists specially empha- in the course of oenturies through un- size that all this is covered by the sanc- challenged customs in Ule matter of mar- tity of British law in the Indian Empire, riage. Even those long resident in the which permits marriage to be consum.

midst of the social order know but little mated in childhood, and even covers about it. The introduction of Western homicide in the marital relation, which physicians, especially of lady doctors, to under other circumstances would be practise in the homes of the people, has criminally punished. They say, " The resulted in the disclosure of a state of system panders to sensuality, lowers things at which even much of heathen the standard of health and morals, de- sentiment revolts. There lies before us grades the race, and tends to perpetuate the Memorial to His Excellency, the itself and all its attendant evils to all Viceroy and Governor-General of India, future generations."

presented by sundry lady physicians, They, with thousands of others, peti- which enumerates instances of cruelty tioned the great British vice-regal au- and. unnatural crimes occurring to their thority and his counsellors in the Ind- notice in the order of their own profes- ian Government to advance the age of sional duties, which, though couched in consent to fourteen years. And yet, professional phraseology, we cannot de- with all these facts before them, the scribe, much less translate into the limit of twelve years was all that this vernacular of ordinary literature. When great government felt it dare ordain. It young girls of seven, eight, and ten years is not our intent now to show that they of age are visited by physicians who ought to or could have gone further.

find their bodies crushed out of shape, Too many factors enter into this case to their flesh hanging in shreds, or now reach a summary conclusion. It is not crippled and crawling to the hospital for that we write. Our purpose is on hands and knees unable to stand rather to call attention to the debasing erect, others partially paralyzed, others influence of the heathen religions, which dying after days of agony, all because showed itself in the tremendous resist- of premature admission to the marital ance developed by the very fact that relation, sanctioned by the laws as well child-marriage was to be called in ques- as the customs, and largely by the sen- tion by the government at all, and the timent of the land, one can read a com- threatened outbreak of violence because mentary on " the habitations of cruelty" the council and viceroy did enact that quite beyond any strain his indignation twelve years should be the legal mini- will bear. Mrs. Nancy Monelle Man. mum of marriageable age. A corre- sell, M.A., M.D., and her associate spondent some while since thus de- lady doctors deserve unstinted com- scribed for us a specimen of this popu- mendation for the moral courage, which lar resistance : led them to the distasteful task of mak- "On Sunday, March 15th, a mass.meeting known to the Indian Government, ing of over 80,000 Hindus was held at that which they could testify to, as in- Kali Ghat-one of the Calcutta suburbs stances of such debasement as makes –to pray to the Goddess Kali and seone desire to find refuge in some theory cure her aid against the pending Bill of demoniacal possession, as a cover for raising the marriageable age of Indian lustful cruelty which passes comprehen- girls from 10 to 12 years. Two hundred native priests had been engaged for the occasion, and were observed preaching so that all unea.siness may cease, Her furiously in various directions among name is Nectar. Drink it, and your the crowds. Processions were formed hearts shall be cool, all your grief shall and marched up to Kali's shrine, shout. cease, desires be fulfilled, and all dan. ing as they went along, 'Hari bole!' ger averted. That is why we all, with 'Save us, Kali, from all interference hands uplifted say, save us, oh! kindly with our religion! ' Some of the more mother. Keep us at thy feet, oh! fanatical had come up from Calcutta on mother of the universe. Who else is their hands and knees; others had there but thee to protect that priceless measured the entire distance by pros. treasure, our national religion, which trating themselves continuously and we are about to lose by the King's mancrawling on their stomachs. A strong date. Help us, oh ! goddess, and for thy body of police kept order; there was help we are taking thy name to.dllY. much subdued excitement. One fanatic To ruin us the cruel law is about to he placed his head on the altar at which passed_ Stop this, oh ! mother, and let many hundreds of lambs and goats had us be happy, who are rich in religion, been sacrificed to Kali, and demanded by singing thy name. When Srimunto the officiating priest to sever his head, was in danger, thou didst take him up as 'he would die for his country.' in thy lap. Thou didst give protection The priest declined, and the man, ris· to Kalkatu at thy feet, source of all good. ing up, was heard to say that the' law We are thy children too; why shall we unfortunately prevented his setting suffer then, oh ! mother Kali P" them all a good example.' While the bulk of the crowd was composed of We are not presenting all this ail news. ignorant persons, there were lots of lawyers, pleaders, merchants, bankers, lt will,not be such to a great number of schoolmasters, and other heads of the people. Poor India !" our readers, yet to others it will be more We had from several sources accounts or less so. We present it as a conten.

of the 80ngs composed for and sung on tion. We want to thrust home the the occasion by theatrical companies. whole facts on that not insignifica;:;t The Statesman gave a rough translation company of excellent people who can see no difference between ., our heathen of one of these, as follows: at home" and the heathen society of a .. FOR THE PROTECTION OF RELIGION. great people; a patient, ingenious, in. .. Sankirtan of Kali at Kalighat. dustrious, intellectual, and in many reo .. In great distresR at thy door we have come, mother, source of all good. spects not an unlovely people, who have Horrified, that is why we raise this cry, oh ! mother, queen of the universe. been systematically debased and im- What to say? We are about to be undone, mother, by the words of some out- bruted through the most sacred avenues castes. Intending to do an act of kind. ness, the Government is destroying our to the human soul; and who, we may even religion. Our hearts shudder through fear. Oh! goddess, save us from this believe, are sincere when they say, that great danger into which we have fallen. We, sons of Hindu families, who have the removal of child-marriage will result hitherto forgotten thee, are now crying to thee for help, as your children, and in a more debasing condition of society pray take us up in thy lap. Protect the modesty of our domestic maidens, thou than has been depicted, or rather hintwho savest people from shame. Kings make laws to make their subjects happy, ed at by the petitioners above quoted, but this law will oppress the poor and helpless. Make this clear to Govern. and by thousands of others who know ment, and say, , Don't make this law.' FOl"give us, oh ! goddess. Make Govern- of similar brutality and bestial outrage ment to understand a.nd to put an eml to all this confusion and disOl·der." under cover of marriage rights. Take " • Sankirtan' sung by the Burra Bazar them at their own rating, and what Sadharan Rori SaMa. must be the sentiment. what are the re- .. Let U8 all to-day sing hymns to g()odess Kali. Let U8 sing in her name, straints on society of the religions they cling to, if there is a worse state, .. a lower depth" imaginable, in conse- quence of shifting the protection of law for girl wifehood from ton to twelve years? It is an open confession that reo ligion, as they understand it has fur- nished no moral restraint against lust, against debauchery, against lechery and .cruelty. And the worst of it all is that those who know them best do not esti- beginning with Alexander III., the Czar mate the moral power of their so-called of Russia, and so on down to Bulgaria religions any higher than they do them- and Greece, to obtain at an early date selves. an international, conference "to con· sider the condition of the Israelites and It is in our heart to make another their claim to Palestine as their ancient plea, and that for sympathy and more home," etc. [J. T. G.] prayer for those sensitive and saintly souls who have to go down into such a Dr. Hamlin said: "The Christian moral maelstrom for years, to try to re- benevolence of this petition is beyond lieve this moral (or rather immoral) con- criticism. The sufferings of the Jews in dition, and, if pity can go farther, then Russia and other parts of Europe defor those parents who for the love of mand the sympathy as they excite the their Divine Lord have to try to rear horror and detestation of all Christians their children in the midst of such un- the world over. But it would be well measured and unmitigated miasma of for the petitiollers to consider the folimmorality. And yet why our cry for lowing points: pity? They seek none of it. All they are asking 01. the Christians of the "1. Have not the Jews forfeited all homeland is help to stay there and to do rightful claim to Palestine? They were the Christly work they have undertaken given over to the Romans because they -and in which they are succeeding– were rebels against Jehovah and His even if it be only to lie down as these anointed. noble lady-doctors at the foot of the throne of power, and cry for relief for " 2. The right of property has limitathe heathen even against themselves; or tions of time and circumstances. After to create a sentiment, as all missionaries eighteen centuries of dispossession and have been aiding to do, which will en- foreign residence no claim can be alable the political powers who care to do lowed in earthly courts. so, to protect young maidens from brutal marital relations till they are at least "3. The people that now inhabit Paltwelve (!) years of age. estine are the rightful owners of the soil. Their ancestors had held it for many Dr, Cyrus Hamlin on Restoring Pales- centuries before the Mayflower cast its tine to the Jews. anchor on 'the wild New England shore.' What would the President pro· The symposium at the Annual Meet- pose to Europe to do with them? They ing of the International Missionary are Arabs, Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Union on the several points of special Syrians, and of some ten or twel ve interest in the Jewish discussions of the other nationalities. Destroy them? times, which was conducted by Dr. Drive them out? Whither? Kellogg, of Toronto, Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, and Mr. William E. Blackstone, Super- "4. The Jews are not agriculturists. intendent of the Chicago Hebrew Mis- They generally hate the employment, sion, was one of great interest and abil- and the colonies established there have ity. We had hoped to be able to give a still to be aided. synopsis of the subject by each speaker prepared by themselves. We are fortu- " 5. The Jews have shown no general nate in having the points of Dr. Ham- desire to return to Palestine. The few lin's paper thus kindly furnished by who have gone have been induced to go him for our use. by offer of aid.

The paper was occasioned by a peti- " There is a small number who fancy tion numerously signed to " The Presi- that Jerusalem is to be rebuilt, the tem. dent and Mr. Blaine" to use their influ- pIe restored, the altar of sacrifice rekin. ence with the governments of Europe, dIed, the Jewish state exalted above all nations, and its enemies destroyed. But this is to be done by Almighty power, and the President and Mr. Blaine would cut a small figure by their interference. "6. • The Sacred Places' and other Government provoke such a humiliation possessions of the Oriental and Latin before all Europe? The explanations churches will be an awkward thing to which would be made would go for nothmanage in the 'return.' They would ing. The worst construction possible be an offence to the Jew; but for a Jew would be put upon every fact. So long to touch them would fire tJ:.e heart of the as our Government, especially our Sen_ Latin and the Greek churches to a white ate and House of Representatives, are heat. under the control of saloons and saloon- iets, so long as alcohol is king, we had "7. But, above all, the petitioners better not champion any cause of humanwould plunge the President right into ity in Europe. the middle of the Oriental Question. This was expanded to considerable " The one insuperable obstacle to any length, and the impossibility of our in- general return of the Jews to Palestine terference made very clear. is the Jews themselves. An awful cloud is over the land. 'His blood be upon ., 8. Is it probable that Europe would us and upon our children.' It must be be pleased with such a movement on the purified of Christianity before the Israelpart of our Government? 'rhe powers ite can look upon it but with abhorhave generally accepted the Monroe Doc- rence. As mendicants, as 'assisted trine. But that forbids our appearing emigranti '-always a worthless set-or in their affairs just as much as it ex- escaping from the inhumanity and savcludes them from ours. agery of Russia, a few tens of thousands may return. But they will be a sorry ,. 9. As precedents sanctioning the lot, and will ' suck the milk of the genreturn of the Jews to Palestine under tiles' for a living. European dictation, the example of Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, etc., under " , When the veil shall be taken away,' the dictation of the Berlin Congress, is and they shall become the glad and renot well taken. By the Berlin Congress joicing disciples of Jesus of Nazareth, autonomy was conferred to a greater or their own Messiah, and when they shall less extent upon those peoples in their see in Him the glorious fulfilment of ancestral homes. No man was deprived all their prophecies, there may spring of an acre of land. If Moslems wished up in many hearts a new love for Jeruto emigrate, as many foolishly did, they salem. Their flowing thither at their were allowed their own time and way of own expense would be a spontaneous doing it. In the • return' one people is and natural immigration that would acto be driven out and another brought in. commodate itself to circumstances. If It would be a very bloody and expensive only two or three millions should return affair all round, and the driven out and in this way they would soon possess the the brought in would alike perish. land, and there would be no question of oppression or of protection. Then all "10. Is our country specially fitted nations would hail their return, and the by her history for this proposed media- Church of Christ would see in it the tion? The outrages that have been dawn of the millennial day." committed in the United States upon the colored people in the Southern States, The Need of Speoial Preparation for Forand upon the Indians and the Chinese, eign Servioe. the murders, the expulsions from their native soil. the destruction of property, REV. A.. P. HAPPER, D.D., CANTON, CHINA. the slaughter of men, women, and children, the fiendish mobs, the rapes, the The General Missionary Conference thefts by Government agents, the' Cen- of China. in May, 1890, sent forth the tury of Dishonor' would all be brought call for 1000 missionaries for China up against us, and would make the persecution of the Jews in Russia appear in comparison a slight affair. Should our within five years. Within ten months he was a layman and an engineer, had after the issue of that appeal 127 mis- no special preparation to be a missionsionaries had arrived in China for one ary; and as he was so successful and mission, working in China, and 50 have uSPful as a missionary, it is supposed he arrived for all other societies. The is a proof that no special preparation is statement has been made in the news- necessary in order to be useful. The papers that when this appeal was pub- facts, on the contrary, in regard to Mr. lished in Australia, hundreds of young Mackay, are just the opposite of what is people offered themselves for this ser- supposed in regard to him. He had vice. The statement is also published very special preparation and experience in that the number of names given in to Christian work before he went abroad, the secretaries of the volunteer move- which led those who were acquainted ment in America is over 6000 ; and that with him to give the very highest testimore than 300 of those who had given monials of his preparation and qualifica. in their names have gone to foreign tion to be a missionary to teach and lands. preach the Gospel, in addition to being a capable engineer. Mr. Mackay had All the friends of missions will rejoice been brought up in his father's house, in these evidences of an extendinj:( in- who is an eminent Presbyterian ministerest in the cause of missions to hea- ter in Scotland, with special care and then lands among the young members under his own instruction. He had the of Christian churches in the home lands. best advantages of education in mathe- matics, the classics, and applied sci- But while rejoicing in this extending ences in the high schools and universiinterest in missions to the non-Christian ties of Scotland. He engaged in Chrislands, and in the increasing numbers of tian work in the original ragged schools those who are offering to go, I wish to of Rev. Dr. Guthrie and the Sabbathdirect attention to the great importance school of Rev. Dr. Horatius Bonar, in of thorough preparation for the work by Edinburgh. These educational and rethose who are sent abroad as missiona- ligious advantages were enlarged and ries. There is great danger that in the extended by a two years' residence and warmth of Christian sympathy for the practice in Germany, where he acquired perishing, and on account of the consid. a knowledge of the German language. eration that the people in heathen lands When he was appointed to go to Africa are ignorant, many will think that no he improved every hour of his time be_ special preparation is needed by those tween the time of his appointment and who go to teach them. It is evident his departure in getting some knowledge that many think that personal piety of different practical arts from compeand love to the Saviour and to the soulll tent professors and teachers, as those of of men are the only essential requisites for photography, printing cotton, and glass those who go as missionaries. This is manufacture, and the details of teacha very great mistake, and it is one which ing and training teachers. So that the will bring great injury to the cause of pre-eminent success and usefulness of Christian missions unless measures are Mr. :Mackay during the fourteen years taken to prevent its being carried into of his labors in Africa. which led Mr. practice. H. M. Stanley to speak of him as second to Livingstone, were the proper result I would call attention to the words of and outcome of the thorough and manithe lamented Mackay of Uganda, in his fold preparation which he had made last appeal for twenty men to come to during his youth and early manhood. Africa. His words are these: "You When, therefore, he speaks to the " sons sons of England, here is a field for your of England" and asks them" to bring energies. Bring with you your highest their highest education and greatest taleducation and your gre.atest talents; you will find scope for the exercise of them all. ' , Many suppose that Mr. Mackay, because ents, and assures them "they would widely ramified service as was necessary find scope for the exercise of them all, he in the details of government over such was only asserting what he knew to be numerous population, we must inquh-e a fact in his own experience. He only how these able and qualified men were asks for what all experience has proved obtained. They did not come by haphazt,o be necessary to success-viz., com- ard. The East India Company were petent natural gifts, with the necessary wise in their generation in some things. acquired knowledge and training. He The covenanted civil servants were aphimself is one of the most illustrious pointed under the system of open comexamples of the truth of this statement. petition. Thus the picked youth of the land are selected. The company estab- As the missionary work enlarges and lished a special college for their instrucexpands, the necessity that properly tion. Their college at Haileybury, in qualified men be serlt forth is more and Hertfordshire, had the ablest professors more emphasized. It should be spe- in the country in their several departcially urged upon all concerned in send- ments. The 'names of Henry Melvill, ing forth missionaries that they also James A. Jeremie, Richard Jones, Wilhave special care as to the quality of liam Empson, H. H. Wilson, Monier those they send forth. A few able and Williams, and Major J. W. J. Ouseley are well_qualified men will, with God's found among those of the professors. blessing, accomplish more than treble Selected young men from Rugby, Eton, the number of feeble and insufficiently and other distinguished schools and the qualified men. In confirmation of this, universities went there for two years' let all study the apostolic history. Paul, special instruction in the languages, the apostle of the gentiles, was a man of laws, customs, administration, etc., of great talents; he had the advantage of India, by these specially qualified teachthe best education at the celebrated ers. Is it any matter of wonder or suruniversity at Tarsus, and of the best prise that with such means such able Jewish masters in Jerusalem. He has and competent men were provided for left his impress on Christianity greater every department of the service, and in than that of the whole of the other numbers adequate to the needs of the apostles. two hundred millions of people? Is it strange that such men as Lord John There are two results of human efforts Lawrence, Sir Henry Lawrence, Sir Wiland labors that are marvels in their sev- liam Muir, Lieutenant-Governor James eral ways. One of them is the estab- Thomason, Edward Thornton, Sir Roblishment of the British rule in India, ert Montgomery, Donald Macleod, and the administration of the govern- George Edmonstone, Sir Bartle Frere, ment over such a numerous population and many others, literally too numerous to with such success. The other is the mention, were raised up to meet every German war against France in 1870. emergency, and to illustrate the energy But their wonderful results have not and efficiency of the Anglo-Saxon race? come by chance nor without the use of The training, the capability of the the appropriate means. As we study men, and the opportunity have produced the history of the establishment of Brit- such an administration of the Governish rule in India, the names of many dis- ment as has not been seen before in the tinguished names come in review be- history of the world. fore us. In the review of these names the conviction is forced upon us that the Europe was astonished at the results leaders in the successive decades of of the German War of 1870. But when this work were the picked men of the the facts are known, those results were public life of Great Britain. But if we the natural and sure results of the antewould fully understand how it was that cedent training of the officers of the Gerthere were a sufficient number of young man army. These officers had been men for every department of such a trained in the work to be done. Every Tarsus, after his conversion, was told strategic point in the French territory by Ananias of Damascus that " he was had been examined and marked out; a chosen vessel to bear the name of every difficulty and impediment had Jesus among the gentiles,' , he wpnt into been made known; the nature and char- Arabia to commune with the Lord; and acter of the country to be marched over it was three years before he entered fully had been mapped out; so that the lead- upon his glorious ministry. These ers of the invading armies knew what three years were the time of the special they had to do, what difficulties they preparation of the great apostle of the would meet, and, were trained to carry gentiles, though he, previous to his call, out the campaign as they had been in- had the benefit of the instruction in the structed ; and the proper and expected Roman university at Tarsus, and of the results all followed in their natural order. most learned Jewish teachers in Jeru- These results, however, were greatly to salem. How different is the course purthe astonishment of those who knew not sued in these latter days in sending of the thorough preparation which ,had forth many to the laborious and rebeen made by the German officers. sponsible duties of the Christian mis- sionary without any preparation or In the history of the world no such training! wonderful enterprise has been planned as that which has been committed to With the diffusion of Western knowlthe Christian Church-i.e., to convert edge and science, and of the agnostic this world to Christ, to extend this and infidel views of Western sceptics glorious Gospel of the blessed God till among the peoples of India, China, and the kingdoms of this world have become Japan, the importance and necessity of the kingdoms of the Lord and His the missionaries being more thoroughly Christ. prepared are strongly increased. They have now to meet not only the difficul- For its accomplishment it presupposes ties and hindrances of the native idolathe Divine aid of the great Captain of tries and errors, but also, in many cases, our salvation. When He gave the com- the objections and scoffs of Western inmission" to preach the Gospel to every fidels and atheists. Those who go forth creature," He prefaced it with the so readily without any really careful glorious assurance" all power is given preparation show how imperfect is their unto Me in heaven and in earth; go ye, conception of the work to be done, and therefore, and teach all nations, baptiz- give evidence of their own want of ing them in the name of the Father, and qualification and preparation to perof the Son, and of the Holy Ghost ; and form it. lo! I am with you alway unto the end of the world." But the presence and It becomes the missionary societies power of our gracious Lord does not do and the committees having in charge the away with the necessity of providing examination and reception of candiand using the necessary and appropriate dates for missionary appointment to be instrumentality. The Saviour Himself especially careful in the reception of all spent three years in instructing His applicants, and to seek those of high apostles before He sent them forth on and suitable qualification and adequate their high mission. When the disciples preparation for the great and laborious filled the place of Judas, who had fallen calling. from that ministry, they placed in nomination two of "these men who A Word About the Student Volunteers. have accompanied us all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among usu_ In the minds of a great many people so careful were they to secure one who there is a marked incongruity between was thoroughly instructed and prepared the statement of the Student Volunteer for the solemn vocation. When Saul of Movement that some six thousand per- sons are enrolled by themselves as pledged from foreign service, and the to us all the more important that they unmet demand of so many societies for gat thoroughly prepared, because from men and women. All oC the societies them must come so much that certainly are not without candidates enough to cannot be looked for from the large supply their needs, but some say they number of persons who are nowencourare in vain calling for missionaries. aged to enter foreign service with very meagre intellectual furnishing. We do Several things ought to be borne in not enter upon the discussion to what mind. For instance, a great proportion extent unlettered and inexperienced, of this volunteer corps are not yet and. perhaps, even, untried persons through their collegiate and seminary should be encouraged to go abroad. studies. Certainly there is little dis· There is some difference of opinion on position on the part of experienced ad· that subject. There may be uses for a ministrators of missions to rush men greater number of men than mill be and women into the field with partial found ready trained or than the institupreparation, if they can remain to com· tions can furnish. Of that we are not plete their studies. Dr. Happer raises writing. But facts patent justify us in a note of warning on this sllbject in the raising the question as to tho pressure article we now present from his pen. that should be put on these in the He is entitled to speak on this subject. schools to hurry into the service. The He was of the original first company of Scandinavians have been rallied of late Presbyterian missionaries sent to China, both in Norway and Sweden and in and that was as long ago as 1844. It America by an earnest and probably WaB ten years from the time he formed well· meaning brother, to offer for the the purpose, God willing, to be a mis. foreign service. Some fifty or more sionary till he went abroad. During his have been recruited from Brooklyn, New college course his reading was connect· York, lind Chicago, and over a hundred ed with his purpose, and all his plans fmm Scandinavians in various quarters were subordinated to it. And yet, firm· of the world have gone to China alone, ly holding his purpose, he taught four and mainly are connected with a single years after graduation, then spent four mission- the churches at their startingyears in professional studies-medicirie place, we are informed, pledging them and theology-for the work, and in the fifty cents a day for their support, all of study of the history, geography, phi. course being unmarried. We are not losophy, and other features of China; prepared to say whether there is here a and medicine, teaching, and preaching movement which demands special guidhave been the lines on which he has ance by those experienced in missions, done such grand work these forty.seven but we do think that this emphasizes the years in that great empire. We could need of thorough preparation on the furnish instances enough to fill many part of the recruits which are to come page·s to show the great work accom- from these volunteer stUdents, and that plished by men and women who have the churches should not demand that developed a sturdy purpose through great numbers of them hasten away just similar years of steady subordination of now, but should rather advise their cauall aims to the one work of preparation tious preparation for wise leadership for a great life service. It is from this than press them too speedily into the corps of trained men and women repre- great responsibilities which await them. sented by the student volunteers that We say all this in the face of the fact we are to look for persistent patient that China calls for 1000 missionaries in leaders. Hence we suggest that too five years, and that they are not forthmuch pressure be not put on these coming in proportionate numbers. It pledged persons in our schools of learn- is true that some 175 have gone to China ing to hllsten unduly to the great fields since the appeal was iBllued, but of these which call so loudly for them. It seems 125 have gone to the Inlanu Mission, way to advertise so indiscriminately the leaving only about 50 among all the fact that 6000 persons are" waiting to other societies; and that would scarce· be sent," and much else of like phrase ly more than keep up the numerical that is not in accordance with the standard as it was. But let us not be facts. The great bulk of them are not disappointed if many of these student ret>dy to go ; but the fact that God has volunteers never go abroad. We are moved to create 80 missionary interest in quite confident that a very large propor- the hearts and minds of so many young tion of those enrolled by the excellent persons among those pursning their brethren who have charge of this stu- studies deserves very thoughtful and dent movement will never reach the prayerful consideration and devout field. They are not in position to form thanksgiving as well, while the" pledge"

a final judgment now in their school- should be made the" outward sign of days, and there has been no concurrent an inward grace" rather than an oath, judgment solicited from any boards or which it is not.-J. T. G.

churches as to the adaptation of these persons severally. Then they may be Men Needed in North Ohina. adapted to work which may not at the time when they offer themselves need Rev. C. A. Stanley writes to us from reinforcement, or the speciu.l church to Tientsin, North China: which they belong may not want men, "Our annual meeting has recently and they may not care to leave their de- been held here. At all our seven sta- nominational relations even if some tions there has been progress. Over other board would be willing to take 200 have been added to our churches those not of their own part of the fold. It during the last mission year in full will thus happen that a number of those membership. But our working force, honestly intending to be faithful to their both foreign and native, is not equal to pledge may not find the way open to the work in hand; and on all sides them. Then some of them will be there are doors of opportunity wide adapted to the demands of their own open, into which it is impossible for us societies at a time when the funds of to enter. There are several scores of the societies will not enable them to vlllages around Tientsin, in very few of send them. There are many good and which the Gospel has ever been able persons found in the churches be- preached, which, through the distribu- sides those just out of school, and some tion of relief to the sufferers from last volunteers may not be called by the so- year's flood during the winter, are cieties because such other persons are peculiarly prepared to listen to the at their command equally or better pre- Gospel message. Raving been appoint.

pared or more suitable. Thus from a ed to direct this distribution, and the great variety of causes there may be a work having been mainly done by mis.

great disparity between the total num- sionaries, it has associated itself in the ber of volunteers and the part who reach minds of the people with missionary the field. Thus not all the demand for operations. Thus they are ready to reo foreign service will be met from these ceive us and listen to our message.

ranks. Let this grand impulse of the Books were left in these villages when young people have time to find its provi. relief was given, and were there labor.

dential meaning and method. We see ers, native or foreign, to go and work many points at which these very capa- amc.ng them in the Master's name, I ble and devout young people of the Stu- have no doubt but that many would be dent Movement need wise guidance; brought to a knowledge of the truth. I but there is also need for wise conduct hope to be able, with my small force of on the part of the churches in relation workers, to do something in the fall and to them. It is, perhaps, not the best winter; but triple the force at my command would scarcely reach this imme- reache'! you of the riots of Wuhu and {liate need, not to speak of what is and Nanking. The animosity of the rioters would open beyond from this. Relief seemed to be directed chiefly against the was given in about 70 viJIages to about Roman Catholics. Demand was made 70,000 persons-not the entire popula- for the release of the children of the Lion by any means-the most distant Roman Catholic orphanage. At Wuhu one being some 12 miles. The city and all foreigners fled for their lives, and suburbs contain 600,000 souls. Similar their buildings were looted and prop- opportunities are present at all our sta- erty stolen or destroyed. At Nanking tions and with all the missionary socie- the Methodist property was looted and ties laboring in North China. And now destroyed, as well as that belonging to and again a devoted laborer is called to the Roman Catholics. No lives were his reward, largely because of overwork, lost. There seems to be general un- because the churches have not met the easiness all up the Yangtsi River. I demand, and he has had to attempt more judge the excitement to be largely politi- than he could do, and succumbed to the cal, aimed against the authorities and strain. The L. M. S. has just lost such rulers, and intended to make them un- a man in Mr. Gilmour, down from Mon- popular and to secure their removal. golia to attend tb e annual meeting of his It seems to have been instigated by society held here. He was sick twel ve some' secret society' men and literati, days, and had not physical strength to which abound in great numbers in the rally when the crisis came. And there Yangtsi Valley. They would like to stir is no one on the ground who can take up a rebellion if possible. Several of up his work, even at the expense of the rioters have been beheaded, and the some other phwe and work. This is local authorities have already begun to not a lone case-they are many." rebuild the premises, and will make restitution for damage done. We have The Riots in Ohina. no fear of trouble here; and yet I do not know that any place in China was We have long known that the great regarded as more secure for foreigners Chinese Empire had a dispensation of than Nanking. It was a great surprise " politics," as well as occidental nations, to have this outbreak there." and not unlike our own. They have the " ins" and the" outs,' , and it has been But it will go hard with the anti·forplain for a few years past that the eIgn party if they cannot find a better " outs" would make all the capital pos- way to manage their internal politics sible against the administration on their than by the murder of such missionaries conduct toward foreigners. The pres- as Mr. Argent, a lay missionary of the ent " Government," as they would say Joyful News Mission, for whose death in Europe-that is, the present prime there is no doubt the" secret societies" minister and his party-are strongly in are responsible. Those societies are not favor of advancement along Western good instruments for anti-administra- tion politicians in China, as they are as little controllable by the Celestial em· peror as the Mafia are by King Hum- bert. But the martyrdom of missiona- ries will only the more show the Church the way to the thorough evangelization of that great people.-J. T. G.

lines; but there are eminent and able statesmen who lead the anti-foreign feel- -We received some suggestions from ing. They may stir up the people even India some while since which indicated to a gigantic rebellion against General that Pundita Ramabai was restricted Li and his party. From private but very responsible sources our advices con- in even the mild religious teaching she firm the general statements as to the thought wise to introduce into the outbreaks in China. One correspondent school at Poona by representatives of writes from Foochow under date of June the American administrators of the 9th: funds raised for her use. We hope there is no ground for this thought. "You will have heard before this Ramabai knows how far to go to keep faith with the people of her own nation in the matter of religious neutrality; and nobody supposed that she would school, it is not fair to ask them to do receive any direction from American more now while it is so hard for them to management in simple and fundamental carryon the schools under their own religious matters. If she finds her way control. to have prayers or the reading of the Bible in her school, and can carry it -Miss Adaline D. M. H. Kelsey, with her Hindu constituency, surely no M.D., of Yokohama, writes to us as fol- Christian (?) hand would obstruct her. lows: If such should be the case, her American society would soon have no funds "It has been thought that the need to administer, and her executive com· of missionary physicians is not so urgent mittee would become executors of the in Japan as it is in other non-Christian school. Weare glad to see that the lands. This opinion is so widespread Harvest Field, the Wesleyan missionary it would be well to have it understood magazine for India, one of the ablest of in what respect the statement is true, our exchanges, .gives in a late issue the and in what other respect it is not true. chief place to some interesting articles on the wives and widows of India, in- " There is a medical department concluding a visit to Pundita Ramabai's nected with the Imperial University Home at Poona by the Rev. D. A. in Tokyo where advanced medical in. Rees ; and the history of the widow re- struction is given; an M.D. qualified to marriage movement in Bombay. With make a diagnosis and write a medical regard to the results of Pundita Rama- prescription can be found in every large bai's work we just quote one paragraph from the story of the interview. On city of the empire. being asked, "Are you satisfied with " It is also a fact that the Imperial the results so far?"' the Pundita replied, " I should have rejoiced to see larger University and normal schools of Japan results, but considering the difficulties, send out highly educated men and wom· I feel I have much cause for thankful- en capable to teach. Why, then, do we ness. Take that one fact-out of these send missionaries there to erect costly thirty widows I have the assurance from buildings and organize schools toleducate their own lips thai, their coming here has the children? Is it because we want to 8aved nearly TWENTY of them from SUICIDE, give them a secular education? If that STARVATION, OR A LIFE OF SHAME. This is our chief object, many givers to the fact alone is an abundant reward for all cause have been decei ved. But that has our toil and expense."-J. T. G. not been our avowed object. Our real aim and chief desire has been to get hold -Miss Susan A. Searle says of the of the people to influence and lead them American Board Girls' Boarding School to Christ by exemplifying His love to at Kobe, Japan: them in our own lives of self-denying labors of love for them. And do we send " During the last year and a half there physicians merely to heal the sick? Is have been urgent calls from the Japan- not the higher objQct the real answer ese themselves for such lengthening and here also? If there is not so much broadening of the courses of study in medical work to be done as in China and the school as shall make it, in fact, a India, more time and strength can be college. Having come at a time when given to the higher work of teaching the Japanese were especially impatient Christ's love and mission to souls that of anything like foreign control in are starving for the Bread of Life. To church or school matters. the request do this work the M.D. must of necessity seemed significant of their confidence be a real missionary as well as a physi. in the management of the Board. To ciano There is plenty of this combined accede to this request, and at the same work to do in Japan. 'fhe number of time carry out long-cherished plans for Christians among the Japanese physi. the school, it is necessary to have, for cians is so small that, in an extensive buildings and other equipments, a much acquaintance with them throughout the larger sum of money than the annual empire, only four are known to be appropriation from the Board. The Christians. Two of the four are women, Japanese Christians are supporting educated in mission schools, and studied nobly several Christian schools, which are becoming to a greater extent every mAdicine in America. These two are year feeders of the Kobe school. They doing a good work for their countryare already heavily burdened; and women in making greater revelations to though in past years they have given them than they themselves can at. pres. generously toward buildings for the ent know. There is such a difference between working for money or fame and working for love.

"There are two Japanese girls now in this country fitting themselves to return as Christian healers. More are needed,"

'EDITORIAL NOTES ON CURRENT TOPICS

III.-EDITORIAL NOTES ON CURRENT TOPICS.

The Student's Summer School a.t North· all about $5000 and upward raised for field. Bishop Thoburn's missions in two years.

The sixth of these remarkable gather. The movement was quite spontaneous ings has been held. They began in and, of course, quite free from all con- June. 1886, at Mount Hermon, and this, siderations of denominationalism. Not which was held from June 27th to July a few have found fault because for two 8th, was regarded by many as exceeding successive years the missions of the in interest as well as numbers any Methodist Church in India have had so preceding convention. About five liberal a support, while the boards of the hundred students were enrolled. Mr. Baptist, Congregational, and Presby- Moody, of course, presided, as he is the terian churches are struggling to keep main attraction, and daily services were out of debt. But the simple fact is, held, at whioh Bible studies were con- there was little or no thought of the fact ducted and addresses of various sorts that Bishop Thoburn is a Methodist occupied attention. The main purpose bishop. His plan struck the conference of these conferences is known to be the as apostolic and feasible and as accom- consecration of these young men to lives plishing more for the money than any of higher service. The controlling other that has been proposed, and the thought in Mr. Moody's mindwas a bap- response was very hearty and im- tism of the Holy Spirit. Much time was pulsively generous: perhaps it erred ( given to missionary meetings. "Round on the side of catholicity and generos· Top" has already come to be, like the ity. There may be a doubt whether it " Hay Stack" at Williamstown, connect. is expedient in a conference composed ed inseparably with missionary consecra· of all evangelical denominations to take, tion. Here, at twilight every evening, especially for two successive years, an the young men meet to consider the offering so large as this for the mission question of individual obligation to the work of anyone church. It is liable to world·wide field. Here the call for new be misunder,;tood and to occasion hos- volunteers was daily sounded, and the tile criticism. Bishop Thoburn's meth- claims of a dying world were weighed. ods have not the entire support even of We doubt not thatfrom that sacred spot his own Methodist brethren. No little many young men will date the begin- doubt has been expressed in our own ning of a new era in their lives. hearing as to the thoroughness and per- The missionary fires burned brightly manence of the work, and the expediency in more than one general meeting. Last of hiring such laborers, even at so low year Bishop J. M. Thoburn, of India, a cost. But the action taken was in told of his work and of the plan he is both years a simple outburst of genuine pursuing of employing native evange- missionary enthusiasm, and there was a lists, at an average cost of $30 a year, to noble impetuosity and liberality about proclaim among their fellow-country- it, peculiar to young men. It is not men the good tidings. The scheme im. open to the same criticism as a deliber- pressed the audience as so simple, eco- ate and previously planned course of nomical, and sensible that on the spot, action.

by Mr. Moody's enthusiastic leadership, This gathering was representative.

the pledges were made for support of It contained young men from all quar.

100 such evangelists. This year a re- ters. Not only were Great Britain, port was, made of the work done by Canada, the United States, represented, these hundred workers during the year, but China, Japan, Australia, Persia, and at once enough more was pledged Scandinavia, Germany, France, etc.

to support seventy-five such evangelists Indeed, it may be doubted whether for the current year. This will mnke in 'in any similar IIssembly so many various peoples and tongues have ever been "Our Oonntry." represented by Christian disciples. A new edition of Dr. Josiah Strong'8 They were like the Pentecostal assembly remarkable book is issued by our very " from every nation under he_en, " and enterprising friends, the Baker & Taylor every man might hear "in his own Co., 742 Broadway, New York. The tongue tho wonderful works of God." new edition, revised so as to embrace Too great care cannot be taken by the latest information of the census of those who have these gatherings in 1890, is greatly increased in value; and charge as to those who, on such a plat- the little book, already the most helpful form, present the truth. We feel con- contribution to home mission litera- strained emphatically to dissent from ture ever given to the American public, some teaching which we have heard, or has doubled its practical worth as a book known to be allowed, in such gatherings. of reference.

There is a special tendency in these Of this work of Dr. Strong we can days to depreciate the importance of say nothing too laudatory. It is muUum sound doctrine. Christianity is em- in parvo. But fifteen chapters long, con- phasized as a life, and often the doctrinal tained in 267 pages duodecimo, and side is treated as of little consequence. about 100,000 words, there is an amount H has been free. uently said that if one of information and inspiration which accepts Christ as his personal Saviour many ordinary volumes would not BUp- it matters little what he believes or ply. The words are picked and packed; doubts; that the creed is of small the illustrations are forcible and sim- moment if the heart is anchored to pie; the statements are lucid and Christ. Such teaching is perilous, es- vivid; the argument is terse and telling.

pecially before young men. Paul says, It is plain that the book is the product of 0' Hold fast the form of sound words with all time previous. It took many years faith and love which is in Christ Jesus." to prepare the hand and brain of its dis- There is no power in error to develop a tinguished author to give such a prod- beautiful life, and if there is any beauty uct to the public. And all this can in the life of a sceptic it is in spite of be had for 30 cents in paper and 60 his error, and in consequence of the cents in cloth! It has made a sensa- truth, mixed with error. Christianity is tion like" Uncle 'fum's Cabin."

both doctrine and deportment, belief and life. It is quite too fashionable in these Dr. George Smith, the missionary days to apologize for loose notions of biographer, who is also Foreign Secre- inspiration, atonement, the divinity of tary of the Missionary Board of the Christ, the work of the Spirit, and a Free Church of Scotland, writes from future state of reward and punishment, Edinburgh, June 3d, 1891 : on the ground that if one is sincere it My DEAR DR. PIERSON: Should I live matters little what he believes We to write Henry Martin, an even more protest in the name of all that is good important life has got to be writtenthat the highest Christian life, and es- that of Charles Grant, who inspired pecially the largest service in saving Wilberforce and Carey, and was himself souls, is inseparably connected with led to Christ by Schwartz. His grand- doctrinal soundness. A missionary son, the present Sir Charles Grant, has must believe the truth if he is to be an the necessary papers, which are in beaueffective and successful worker for God. tiful order, for myoid friend, John We regal'd the growing laxity in doc. Marshman, had them, and died before trine, and especially the prevailing dis- he could write the book. Meanwhile, position to tolerate all forms of unsound to test the matter, I will have, in an opinion, as tending to undermine the early number of Good Words, a con- whole structure of missions, both at densed sketch of the greatest Scotsman, home and abroad. next to Duff, who ever went to lorlia. Use my name as you kindly propose, respondents the lady workers in Madrid (Mrs. Fenn), San Sebastian, Puerto Sta if it will be of any service, on your list lIIaria, Figueras, Seville (Mrs. Barosso), Pradijon and Santander, to whom their of editorial correspondents. members may apply.

Do not overtax your strength. I From Manoh, SaJijah, Sierra Leone, W. Africa, April 27th, 1891, we have the began life in India at twenty, and have following: worked hard-sometimes too hard in I have to thank you for the MISSION- ARY REVIEW, which is so free from a Bengal, so as to suffer. But work just up party spirit, so full of fervor that we who are out in the mission field cannot to the limit of strength is as healthy and but feel how little we are doing to what we ought. May the Great Head of the delightful as work even a little beyond Church enable us faithfully to battle with the heathenism of the pagan and strength is perilous, and bad economy, the easily satisfied conscience of the converts, who seem to have grasped the and truly sinful. Gladstone is a noble truth of their redemption and justifica- tion, but seem to forget they have daily example of a hard worker just up to the to overcome and grow in grace. We who have had the blessed Gospel in our limit, who has feared God and done His country for generations cannot possibly tell what these poor children have to service as no other statesman in history overcome.

has done it, I think. He is a friend of I am the only foreign representative of the Episcopal Church here. Our missions, as I know from personal in. mission is situated at the most northern point of the republic of Liberia. Our tercourse with him. My book on " A work is entirely among the heathen. The Board appropriates support for 125 Modern Apostle" has just gone to a sec- children, 85 of whom are under my es- pecial care. There are two student ond edition. Yours truly, teachers to assist. I am hoping to wel- come a teacher from Sierra Leone soon• G. SMITH. Many of our girls are growing into wom- anhood, and it is a cause for devout God may move some generous souls to thankfulness that we have been able to respond to this appeal; but the editor keep them so long under the sound of owes it to himself to say that no funds the Gospel. Twenty-eight of them are have been yet entrusted to his care for regular communicants. Of course all any such purposes: their own mending, making, washing, ironing, and domestic work is done by DEAR DR. PIERSON: Confident of your them. The little boys work in the coffee interest and sympathy in the work of farm of an afternoon, as also do the the Student Volunteer Movement for senior department or elder boys, who Foreign Missions, I am writing you to are under the superintendence of Mr. say that we are in financial straits. To Jones. He also is a son of a convert, be more definite, we are in immediate and will be ordained next Christmas. and pressing need of $1500 for current He is very ambitious to establish workexpenses. shops, where they can be taught differ· I have been thinking that you might be inclined to turn over to our use some of the funds entrusted to your care for •, foreign missionary" purposes.

Whether or not you are led to send money, I venture to ask you to join with me in prayer that the Lord will send the money for His own work. I ask you because I know you believe in prayer, and because it is laid upon my heart distinctly that I shall see this money in view.

Yours very heartily, MAX WOOD MOORHEAD, Chairman Finance Committee. June 23d, 1891.

Rev. J. E. B. Meakin desires us to add to the statistics of the work in Spain that the London Y. M. C. A. has for corent trades -it is so necessary to train we had lengthened conversations on the their muscles as well as intellect out great subject of missions.

here. He published, many years ago, a In 1858 I was under the auspices of " Missiunary Atlas," accompanied with the C. M. S., London, and remained in most valuable explanations and histori- Sierra Leone for seventeen years. cal notices. As all the letter-press was The ages of the children vary from in Danish, the circulation of the work two to eighteen years. Our little ones was necessarily limited. He hoped an give us much pleasure, but we need edition might be published in English, more help. So much has to be left un· but, for reasons mentioned by the dean, done for lack of strength and time. the idea was not carried out.

M. It. BRIERLEY. Dr. Grundemann is another most dili.

gent and laborious student of mission From Forsyth, Georgia, Mr. J. C. history. He also published an atlas of Davidson writes: great value, which, in the rapid advance "Your statistician gave' the M. E. of missions, is now necessarily some- Church, Soutb, an incorrect report what out of date.

under the head of ' Foreign Missionary It is high time that we had a work Societies,' page 476, in June number of carefully representing the mission field REVIEW. as it now is. The two gentlemen I have "I send you the statistics of that named are ready to unite in preparing church's missions : it if they can be freed from pecuniary "Missionaries: Total maleH, 142; responsibility in connection with the wives of missionaries, 39 ; totalfemales, large undertaking.

30 ; total, 211. (From Woman's Mission In my conversations with Dean Vahl it Advocate, June, 1891.) Native laborers, was quite understood that the work 262 ; other helpers, 17; members, 14,. should be in English. Both Dr. Grun- 702 ; probationers, 291 ; total, 14,993; demann and he are acquainted with that churches, 184. language.

" These figures I take from the report You will see that the dean hopes that of the Board of Missions, 1891." the missionary societies may patronize These letters, from Dr. Murray Mitch. the undertaking. I trust that the pub. ell and Dean Vahl, are of great interest. lication of his letter may bring this im- Dean Vahl's "Atlas" is the best we portant matter under the notice of the have ever seen. societies in America and Europe, and of the public generally. It will be lament- EDINBURGH, May 22, 1891. able if, when two men so admirably DEAR FRIEND : The letter I enclose is qualified for the work as Dean Vahl and from Dean (Provost) Vahl, of N. Ulster, Dr. Grundemann are prepared to under- Denmark. take it, their proposal should not meet I doubt whether any living man is with a hearty response.

better acquainted with the history and If the missionary societies should not bibliography of missions than my much- see their way to help as Dean Vahl pro- esteemed friend, Dean Yah!. Every. poses, is there no large.minded, large- thing he has written regarding missions hearted friend or friends of missions -and he has written mueh-is brimful who will render the needful aid in this of accurate and interesting information. important undertaking?

After attending the late Evangelical I hope you can kindly insert Dean Alliance Congress at Florence, to the Vahl's letter in the MIsSIONARY REVIEW, work of which he made a very valuable and so draw attention to the subject.

contribution, in which he compared the I remain, dear Dr. Pierson, Protestant missions of 1845 and 1890, Ever very faithfully yours, he dE-all paid me a visit in Nice ; and J. MURRAY MITCHELL. Dean Vahl's letter follows: to.do people, and such a book would April 18, 1891. be too dear for them.

DEAR DR. MURRAY MITCHELL: 1. AA It could be done almost in the same you know, we have sometimes spoken way in which, a year ago, we started a with one another as to getting my missionary review in I::lcandinavia. If " Missionary Atlas" translated and pub- twenty of the great missionary societies lished in English. You have asked me in Great Britain and America would give to explain myself more explicitly about £50 each toward the publication of such this matter. As you know, the Re- a work, we should havo £1000 (and, if ligious Tract Society of London had necessary, perhaps twenty smaller socie. thought thereabout, and an agreement ties would give £25 each) ; thus, I think, was made; but the matter dropped, and a very large part of the expenses could I do not like to press it forward. Some of be paid. I think it would take three or the secretaries of the missionary socie- four years of our time to make the work ties have said that all that was in my book as complete as it ought to be. But a was quite correct, but they wished that complete budget of the expenses can I had dwelt more on the work of their on a later day be produced. I find that special societies. Had I done that, the Dr. Grundemann is willing to work on book would have been twice or thrice as such a plan. large, for all other societies must have been treated in the same way. Perhaps every society could open a subscription at net price, whereby it There have also been negotiations might be possible for numbers of them about a German edition, but they have come to nothing. The book has been to get the atlas at a reduced rate. You praised by German critics like Dr. War- may use what you will of this letter, neck, Dr. Grundemann, and Rev. G. and I should be glad if this plan were Kurze, as the most complete book on settled in one'way or another. this subject found in any literature. Yours very sincerely. 2. You know that Dr. Grundemann about twenty years ago published a (Signed) J. VAHL. " Missionary Atlas," the best ever published. Now it is a little out of date, and This REVIEW would gladly assume one a new edition should be brought out. subscription of £50 sterling ($250) to But it has been impossible to find a pub- insure the succes~ of Dean Vahl's plan. lisher. Some will say there is no need of Who will join us? Let the parties resuch an atlas, as the different societies sponding send names and amounts to can each publish an atlas of its own. the editor.-A, T. P. Quite true; but it would be only, or mostly, of their own missions; to buy One of our correspondents sends the them all would be very expensive; and following" unillersal prayer of all who besides, the outlook of the whole world read aright the signs of the times" : would be wanting. (TUNE, America.) Some time ago Dr. Grundemann wrote to me, proposing that we should " God save our fellow.men, work together; he would draw the Save them from every sinmaps, and I should give the letter-press Make them thine own. in the same way as I have done it in From heaven, Thy dwelling-place, my own .. Missionary Atlas." Such a Look on our helpless race. thing would be of very great importance Save them through Jesus' gracB, for students of mission· history. But Thou Holy One. how can it be done? No publisher in Germany would care to undertake it, " 0, Thou impartial Friend, nor, perhaps, any in England or Ameri- On Thee their hopes dependca. I fear it would not pay. The stu· Thou bidd'st them come. dents of missions are generally not well- May thousands turn to Thee, Thy true disciples be, And ever dwell with Thee In Thy blest home.

" Bless all who own Thy Word, O'Thou, our only Lord, , Thy will be done.' Bid all o~r strifes to cease, Let Christian love increase, Give us Thine own sweet peace Oh, make us one. "

Yours faithfully, W. K. AZBILL, Special Agent F. C. M.S. ,Indianapolis, May27th,1891.

THE MONTHLY CONCERT OF MISSIONS

IV.-THE MONTHLY CONCERT OF MISSIONS.

BY J. T. GRACEY, D.D.

JAPAN. oppressive and offensive ever since their adoption in 1858. The mihtary commander of the Japan- ese forces, when he saw the walls of the One of these exempts foreigners from fort crumbling beneath him, under the being amenable in Japanese courts. fire of Commodore Perry's guns, while Whatever offence a man from the West he paced to and fro, swore by all the may commit, he cannot be brought be- gods of Japan that he would find out fore a Japanese tribunal. He is only how it was done. The whole nation amenable in the consular courts of his presently thereafter resolved to find out own nation in Japan. The Japanese how Europe and America did everything recognized that this discriminated else. A people, whose written history against their equality among nations; reaches back in uninterrupted tale to but the foreigner urged against them the time of Nebuchadnezzar, was revolu- that they acknowledged standards of tionized in government, in commerce, offence, and "cruel and unusual punin its army and navy, in material and ishments" to which foreigners must not social science, in its very dress and be subjected. They said they must wait manners in a few months; and witbin until the Japanese civilization became a third of a century they underwent modernized in these particulars. Japan maze changes than they bad previously now comes forward to say that she has done since the time of Crcesus. The met the conditions and adjusted her result was a New Japan. Newspapers, jurisprudence and procedures so that a postal and telegraph system extending there is no longer any reason for this from end to end of the empire, and al- humiliating discrimination against her. most everything elsE! that entered into She demands the revision of this part of tbe externals of Western civilization the treaty. Many foreigners in the were adopted. great cities of Japan, however, still lire not willing to be subjected to Japanese The Christian missionary was ad- authority, and stoutly oppose this remitted as a part of this new regime. vision, and the result naturally is an The foreign schoolmaster, too, was in anti-foreign feeling among the Japandemand. Foreign literature was im- ese. ported until it flooded tbe land. But now-and suddenly in the estimation of A much more practical question than SOIDe people-aU this iii reversing. We, this of political dignity, however, is anhowever, can scarcely see it that way. other feature of the old treaty, which It rather seems to us that Japan is pro- dictates the amount of revenue that gressing straight along the same path Japan shall receive from imposts on she entered thirty-five years ago. She foreign importations. The Westernnacan recognize the standard of political tions set their own rate of customs for self-respect of the West as well as she Japanese goods entering their councan Western forms of dress ; and she tries, and then obliged Japan to take has never adopted any ideal of political what they chose to give her for their eJwellence that would lessen her inde- own products taken into her ports. And pendenue and equality among the na- this was fixed at the uniform rate of five tions. per cent. This was destructive of her national dignity in a still greater de- She was humiliated by the Western gree, and pushed her to the very verge powers and made to accept a treaty of bankruptcy. Our view is that in reagainst particulars of which she all the sisting these unjust obstructions Japan while most vigorously protested. 'l'wo did not start on any reactionary path. special features of the treaty have been way. She only still further demanded Church of Japan came to feel they must to be allowed to do as Western nations have something simpler, and concluddo. This agitation and resistance to ed that they knew how to state their Japanese demands only called the more faith for their own people much better attention to the fact that Western na· than the missionaries had done; anci tions hold to national pride and inde. hence the intensity of their resistance pendence, and developed a high spirit to any foreign aid in drawing up the of patriotism. Japan must do the preamble to the Apostles' Creed. '1'h6 same, they argue. She must love her preamble was, however, orthodox own and respect her national habits throughout; and in this respect does and life. This may be called reaction, great credit to the apprehension of the but is it not relll progress? Imitation Japanese Church of the fundamental is peculiarly active among primitive teachings of their missionaries. Some peoples. Asiatics from the Bosphorus very able missionaries think that the to the Yellow Sea are expert imitators. di"position to independent church ac- But Japan discovers that the strength tion has elements of good in it. They of the West is in its power to originate say it will shift the burden of responsiand appropriate without imitating. She bilityon to the Japanese native leaders, will do that way too. She will have and they will strengthen under it. everything now original. This may be There are some perils, doubtless. Some only a new phase of Japanese imitation, of the Japanese think they do not need and may not prove her strength. It has any more missionaries from abroad. exhibited some ridiculous instances. They feel the Japanese to be capable to One of the most curious was in the sixth develop and lead their own churches; meeting of the synod of the Japanese· but they, perhaps, never needed able Presbyterian Church, when they thought missionary guidance more than now. they must adopt an original creed ob. They have not measured the forces that jecting to all those of the other nations. are arrayed against them. Darwinism The committee nearly gave up in despair flourishes in Japan. Japanese flock to when the Apostle's Creed was objected Germany as well as to the divinity to as foreign. Finally one of their own schools of America. French Romanists, number went to his honse and drew Greek Catholics from Russia, Unitaup a creed, which being presented and rians, Universalists, infidels, and heterobjected to as foreign also, assured them odox forms of the Christian teaching of that np to a half hoUl' before its pres- every shade are present among them_ entation no foreigner had so much as They never needed the earnest prayers seen or known of it, and it was then and wise counsel, as well as financial only that they adopted it as a preamble resources of the West, more than they do at this hour. But they will have to the Apostles' Creed. It is true there strong leaders, or none, from afar.

wa!! other reason for this particular nov. IOREA. elty. The Prcsbyterians of Japan had combined that they might present fewer For four hundred years Korea was divisions of the Protestant Church to isolated from the rest of the world, exconfuse the Japanese mind. They cept as hostilities· now and again broke agreed in 1877 to the organization of the monotony. It is a small country the United Church of Christ in Japan about double the size of Ohio, with a out of the Presbyterians of America population variously estimated, but (North), the Reformed, and the United which we may put down at 12,000,000. Presbyterians of Scotland. They recog- It has a coast line of 1800 miles, though nized the symbols of the Westminster the tongue of land is only about 400 Confession of Faith. the Canons of thfl miles long; numbers among its mineral Synod of Dort, the Heidelberg and the products coal, iron, lead, tin, silver, and Shorter Catechisms, and the infant gold. It pays tribute to China and fields for trading purposes. On the Japan, but beyond that is not controlled seaboard modern missionary influences by them. Its' existing records reach flowed to Korea from Japan. The back for 3.0.0.0 years. Its trustworthy Methodists and Presbyterians began history begins about A.D. 2.0.0. In 1876 missionary work in Seoul in 1884. A the present progressive king entered great int erest was felt in this movement, into treaty relations with Japan, open- because this " hermit nation" was one ing to them three Korean ports. In of the only two countries that remained 1882 the United States made a treaty positively shut from missionary influ- with Korea, and in 1883 first sent a min· ences. Now all doors are open except ister to its court. The land is owned into Thibet. Korea may prove to open by the people, and held for them by the a pathway for Christian forces into king, and rented to the people, which Manchuria. takes the place of all other taxes. The capital, Seoul, contains about 35.0.0 MEDICAL MISSIJNS. hou~es and a population of from 15.0,.0.0.0 or 2.0.0,.0.0.0. In religion Korea has fol- Outside of Christian countries nearly lowed China and Japan from an original all disease is esteemed to be of supernature worship to the adoption of Bud- natural origin. The belief. in diseasedhism, Confucianism, and Romanism. spirits is found from the Eskimo to the Of late years there has exhibited a strong Patagonian; in Oentral, Western, East. tendency to emphasize the primitive ern, and Southern Africa; in Borneo, Australia, the Indian Archipelago, nature-worship. * among the Malagasy, and if! well· nigh world. wide, and has existed through Christianity was introduced into uncounted centuries. The treatment of Korea through some Jesuit books from disease is in consonance with the theory Peking in 1777. The first Korean con- of its origin. Even where the rude vert was baptized in 1783. The new medical notions of Greece, Egypt, and faith spread rapidly; but here, as else- Arabia have migrated, there is ever where, Jesuit political intrigue led to found the superstitious treatment of revolt against them, and sixty years of disease. Medicine and religion go topersecution followed, in which thou- gether in the thought of the non·Chrissands of Korean converts died within tian man. He is quite ready to receive this century with the names of Jesus them together from the Christian misand Mary on their lips. Other thou- sionary! "The recovery from disease sands apostatized; but some estimate is the kindliest exhibition of Divine that there are still thousands of secret power; and the Christian medical misdisciples of Christ in the land. sionary occupies a lofty vantage ground in his work." A missionary of the Netherlands Society reached Korea in 1832 and reo The results of medical missions mained one month, distributing tracts abundantly sustain these statements of and religious books. The missionaries what might be expected of them. Of of the Preshyterian Church of Ireland, the twenty stations in the region of the living in China on the borders of Korea, English Presbyterian Hospital at Swaexerted the first of the more modern tow, China, seven or eight are said to Protestant influences in Korea through owe their origin to hospital patients. Koreans that came over to their mission In the hospital of the London Mission- ary Society at Amoy it is said twelve to • Rev. J. Ross some while since gave It list in fourteen thousand towns are yearly the Chinese Recorder of over twenty gods which represented. Intelligent natives from are popnlarly worshipped in Korea; gods of the all parts of China going to Canton visit road, gods of the monntains, who protect from the hospital and dispensary there, it is tigers; gods of the rain and of war, gods of the said, as one of the great sights of the kitchen, the Virgin Mary, and Ancestral Tablets are enumerated. city. Twenty thousand patipnts a yEar, harm should befall either houses or peo· pie. SODle of whom have come hundreds of .. And so it came to pass, So grateful miles to it, are treated at this hospital, was Abdullah for services rendered by the doctor that he contrived to restrain and hundreds of them have been led by the ferocity of his men for the whole seven weeks during which the siege it to give up idol worship. All these lasted and firing was kept up. Not a missionary, not one of the five hundred institutions illustrate the power of native Christians who took refuge with medical missions to lessen the anti.for. the missionaries, was touched. Their goods and their cattle, too, were in eign feeling, to diminish the power of safety in the mission buildings. Even the five Christian villages outside the superstition, and to exhibit the un- town were, for Dr. Cochrane's sake, left unmolested. This is all the more reo selfish character of the Christian reo markable when we consider the natural disposition of the Kurd, the fanatic fnry ligion. Medical missions have opened to which he is roused by his religion-=- eminently a religion of the sword-and the way into many countries where the annoyance felt by Abdullah at the long reHistllnce of the Persians. prejudice otherwise shut out all Chris· tianity. It was so in Jeypore, India, ., I found that wherever I went in Koordistan Dr. Cochrane's fame and and in Korea. name had 8pread everywhere. I was asked aftpr his health and whether I The story is the same in every land had seen him," etc.

whither the medical mis,;ionary goes as There is a small pamphlet published to the effects in winning the people. by the Missionary Echo Publishing Dr. Scranton, of the Methodist Mission Company, Toronto, Canada, to be had of Seoul, Korea, says: by mail for six cents, entitled" Medical "Our patients, as well as stUdents, Missions: Facts and Testimonies to their come to us from all parts of the realm. The 'patients many times come with Value and Success," compiled by W. J. more faith in a cure than our diplomas will warrant us in promising or at· Wanless, M.D., which is brimful of tempting. We have thus far been per. mitted to influence hundreds of Koreans most interesting statements about medi. toward a belief and reliance in what foreigners can do and teach. and have cal missions at Canton, Amoy, Swatow, reliAved much suffering. Sometimes our simplest operations are not much Bangchow, Tientsin, Hankow, Fot. short of miracles in their eyes, and our renown and welcome are increasing shan, Chefoo, Pang.Chuang, Foochow, daily. One of Ollr first steps is to make the country glad we came, and make Hainan, and other parts of China; in them put reliance in what we can teach. This is fast being accomplished in all Mongolia, Formosa, Korea, Siam, Ara. departments … bia, Persia, Syria, Africa, Madagascar, Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, author of •, Unbeaten Tracks in ,Japan" and other and other countries.

volumes about her wide wanderings over Rev. J. H. Corbett, of Shantung.

the world, in addressing an English China, says there would be a mighty audience recently, said she was an en· upheaval in China if into every district thusiast on the subject of medical mis. of the empire a Christian physician and sions. She told the well·known instance a trained preacher were sent two and of the effects of Dr. Cochrane's medical two. .. Missionaries who have some work in Persia. An English exchange knowledge of medicine may do good,"

thus reports the story as she told it, saysJ. Hudson Taylor, ., and win golden and testified to it : opinions while on journeys," But Dr.

,. On one occasion the chief of the Edward Chester well says, "The medi- Kurds-Sheik Abdullah–sent for Dr. Cochrane, and told him that he was cal work in missions is nothing save as about to make war upon the town, but that if he would indicate the exact posi. it helps to show to the heathen that the tion of the mission buildings, and warn the missionaries to keep within their Divine Christ is the centre, the soul, shelter, he would guarantee that no the life of Christianity, and that we are His disciples and followers."

America has not failed to see the value of medical'm:ssions for women by duly proof of their discipleship in holy livqualified women doctors. There are ing and moral reform, rather than in said to be 109 medical missionaries in formulating theories or musing specula. China, of whom 38 are women; and of tion. Already the earnest efforts to these women physicians 36 are from secure sexual purity, Christian mar- AmeriCl~. Medical missions have been riage, sound Bible instruction, purificabegun in all but four of the provinces of tion of the home, temperanoe, and hon- China. The work of American medical oring the Lord's Day, show the lines of lady physicians in India has been the activity and victory. Without undermeans of leading to a national move- valuing science or philosophy, our bement for sending women physicians to lief is that the American missionary to that country. We refer to the Lady Japan or the native preacher needs, first Dufferin Movement. This had its in- of all, to be a consecrated Christian and spiration in the medical mission work a minister of the pure Gospel of Jesus of the American lady doctors. But of Christ. the manifold and direct and indirect favorable results to evangelization from -It is cheering to report that the mismedical missions we cannot even fur- sionary societies are not yet so much ther hint. No department of mission- embarrassed by the uncertain monetary ary service will probably require greater condition as was at one time feared. expansion in the near future, nor yield Since the adjournment of Congress the more satisfactory results, provided the price of silver has been falling, and it is professional work be not allowed to ab- not now greatly in excess of what it was sorb the evangelistic accompaniment. last year at this time. So the oost of exchange is not likely to be so heavy the -Dr. William Ellis Griffis quotes and last six months of 1891 as it was the writes in the Presbyterian Review of To- first six months. ronto as follows: The prudential committee of the "Basil Hall Chamberlain, in his American Board, in view of the ad- 'Things Japanese.' says: 'Our … proph- vance of nearly $70,000 in this year's ecy is that the Christians of Japan will be contributions, has gladdened the hearts occupied with questions of morals and of the workers abroad by making practice-the temperance question, for $15,000 additional appropriatIOns to instance, and Sunday observance-· fields whence there has been an urgent rather than with subtle doctrinal theo- call for help. Six times this sum <'ould ries, the Japanese mind being too essen- easily be disposed of in extra gifts to tially unspeculative for the fine distinc- missions which have been terribly tion of the theologians to have any scrimped. charm for it, much less for it to seek to split new hairs for itself. The failure of -The Presbyterians of Canada did Buddhist metaphysical abstractions to better for home missions than for foreign take any hold of the national sympa- missions in the year recently closed, thies is a finger-post in history point- giving to the former $111,988, and to ing to what may be expected in the the latter $87,185. The great advance, future.' they say, has been made by the Women's Foreign Society. Beginning 14 years "This testimony, by a veteran and ago, they have brought up their income expert, will be concurred ie, I think, by from nothing to $34,629, and are every those who know the Japanese best. A year advancing in the vigor and success few of the Japanese 'will seek after wis- of their efforts. dom ' of the Greek sort. The majority of the forty millions need the Gospel, -The American Bible Society holds while of the 30,820 enrolled Protestant in trust the sum of $373,796.56. The Churoh Blembers the majority will give income is to be used for general benevo- lent and missionary purposes.

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

V.-GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE.

Organized Missionary Work and Statistics. Edited by Rev. D. L. Leonard. Bellevue, O.

-How lavishly money is expended to India. The Bible Society has six auxgratify the lusts of the flesh! "The iliaries. From the Calcutta centre alone, annual beer product of the world is the circulation in 1890 was over 100,000 about 17,700,000,000 quarts, of which copies, and this was 27,000 less than the United States produces 3,200,000,- those issued, by the latest return, from 000." Madras. Lahore follows with about 47,000. Bombay reports some 40,000 -At a horse race, held in the vicinity for 1889, and Bangalore, 14,000. of New York City, the" book-makers" received the snug sum of $180,000. And -According to Russian sources, the lo! the Baptist Missionary Union closed total population of Russia is 103,912,- the year with a debt of $61,593, the 642. Of these, 75,541,644 are adherents Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions of the Orthodox Church. Of the others with a debt of $90,102, the English Bap- 11,000,000 are Pascolnites or "Sectatist Society with a debt of $52,500, the rians" -i.e., Stundites, etc. ; 7,6106,796 English Wesleyan Missionary Society are Roman Catholics; 5,104,200 are with a debt of $96,885, and the British Protestants (nearly all Lutherans); and Foreign Bible Society now has a 2,620,000 are Jews; and 2,000,000 are debt of nearly $100,000. Mohammedans and heathens.

-Why all this "waste" upon mis- -The principal missionary work in sions? is often the cry, though the savor Palestine is done by the English Church long since became decidedly ancient Missionary Society, which has a Euroand fishlike. But, if waste it were, how pean force conllisting of 9 ordained, 3 trifling by the side of the waste of war! lay, and 7 female missionaries. The According to the estimates of French native clergy number 8, with a total of 72 and German statisticians, 2,250,000 men lay helpers. The stations are Jerusalem, have perished in the wars of the last 30 Jaffa, Gaza, Nablous, Nazareth, and one years, while the money cost has been east of the Jordan. The number of bap- $13,000,000,000. The Crimean War cost tized is 1428, of whom 455 are com- nmnicants. A little over 2000 pupils of $2,000,000,000; the War the Rebel- are in the schools. The Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews lion, $5,100,000,000 to the North and also has stations at Jerusalem, Jaffa, half as much more to the South, etc. The and Safed, with a force of 4 ordained $12,000,000 a year expended for the con- missionaries and several assistants, version of the heathen is paltry by com- about 20 of whom are Christian Israelparison, but a bagatelle. Or, if set be- ites. side the amount that annually goes for liquors and tobacco! Not one tenth as -According to tables very carefully much has been given during the cen- compiled by Professor Dr. V. Juratury to Christianize the Zulus as was scheck, and corrected by Lic. Dr. G. paid to conquer them in the single cam· Dalman, the Jewish population of the paign of 1879-80. The expedition of globe is 7,404,250, divided among the Commodore Wilkes to the Pacific called continents as follows: Europe, 6,301,- for as great an outlay as the evangeliza- 550; Africa, 507,500; Asia, 294,000; tion of the Hawaiian Islands from 1819 and America, 285,200. Unfortunately until to-day. for them, more than half (3,236,000) re- side in European Russia, 1,005,000 in -There is nothing more significant Austria, 641000 in Hungary, 579,000 in than the steady and increasing diffusion of the Scriptures among the people of Germany, 400,000 in Roumania, 200,000 average of nearly $2 per member. The each in AbYRsinia and Morocco; but report speaks hopefully of the condition 195,000 in Turkey in Asia (Palestine in- of the evangelical work in Italy. cluded), and 230,000 in the United Statl"S. -According to the Annuario J!Jvan. gelico for 1891. the total number of Prot- -The National Bible Society of Scot- estant pastors, evangelists, and teachers land in 1890 soM outside of the empire engaged in Gospel work in Italy is 553. 36,796 Bibles, 108,115 testaments, and The Protestant churches and preaching 282,758 portions; in the colonies, 17,054 places in all number 479. The majority Bibles, 10,188 testaments, and 3f)34 por- of these are found in the larger cities, tions; at home, 118,919 Bibles, 70,919 Bologna having 6, Florenco 14, Genoa testaments, and 24,734 portions. Total, 12, Livorno 7, Messina 4, Milan 8, 172,769 Bibles, 189,222 testaments, and Naples 12, Palermo 5, Pisa 4, Rome 20, 311,026 portions. Total sales and gifts, San Remo 7, Turin 8, Venice 7. These 673,017. Total income, £35,5211s. 10d. Protestants are distributed among quite a number of denominations. The Wal- -The International Medical Mission· densians number 13,691 in the historic ary Socie•.y, whose work is to educate valleys, and 4428 in the so-called" Mis- physicians for the foreign field, has sionary Districts;" the .. ChristilID celebrated its tenth anniversary. The Church" (dei Prabelli) do not give exact income for last year was $9,976.50, statistics, but they number only a few and the number of students under its thousand. The Free Church reports a care was 52, of whom 9 were women, membership of 2350; the Wesleyan and they came from 7 denominations and Methodists of 1336; the EpiRcopal 17 countries. The United States led Methodists of 763 ; the Baptists of 885 ; with 19 students, alid Canada followed the" Catholic Church of Italy" (found- . with 7, and England 5, etc. The Bap- ed in 1886) has 119 communicants. In tists had 14 students; the Presbyterians, addition to these a number of inde- 13 ; Congregationalists, 8 ; Methodists, pendent but 8maller bodies are laboring 7, etc. for the evangelization of Italy.

-The British m:issionary societies, -The Board of Foreign Missions Qf according to Medical MUlsions at Home the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Gen- and Abroad, have 139 physicians engaged eral Synod, in its biennial report, shows in missionary work, 13 of whom are receipts for the two years $97,544 ; ex- ladies. Of the whole number, the Free penses, $100,128, though a balance on Church of Scotland has 34 ; the Church hand of $15,101 prevented any actual Missionary Society, 21; the London Mis- deficit appearing at the close of the cur- sionary Society and the English Presby- rent year. The Sunday-schools report. terian Church have each 13; the United ed collections of $6075, besides con- Presbyterians, 11, and 25 societies have tributing $5070 for the support of stu_ less than 10 each. dents and workers in foreign fields, making thus a total of $12,145 from the -From the twentieth report of the young people. The Woman's Society Evangelical Church of Italy, formerly contributed $17,363 out of the $42,268 called the Free Italian Church, it ap- collected for all purposes. Four new pears that it has 29 churches and 24 missionaries have been appointed, three stations, besides 61 places which are to India and one to Africa. In the visited regularly. Connected with these India Mission at Guntur there are 371 churches are 2350 communicants. Be- congregations, 7952 communicants,. 3103 sides 13 ministers, thllre are 16 evange- clIDdidates for baptism, 233 Sundaylists and 36 elders. The gifts of these schools with 9094 scholars, 220 schools churches for all objects amounted to with 310 teachers and 4960 students. 16.326 francs, which amounts to an The contributions by the native Church the Free Church for evangelization out,- were $2635. side of the United Kingdom £113,813, against £52,030 ten years ago. The -Of, say, 650,000 Caffres in Cape Col- number of missionaries emplo!'ed in ony, about one fourth have been bap- India. Arabia, Syria, Africa, and the tized. In Zululand, of 50,000, about New Hebrides was 165, including 35 2000 are Christians. In Pondoland (still sent out by the Ladies' Society, and 33 independent) out of 150,000 at least 3000 missionaries' wives; and the total of are Christians. Christian workers was about 800. The number of nati-ve communicants was -Japan is said to have 191,168 Shinto 6895. The additions to the Church temples, with 14,489 priests; and 72,039 were 696 adults and 731 children, and Buddhist temples, with 56,266 priests, there were 1788 catechumens. There or a grand (that is, lamentable) total of were 6 colleges and 307 schools, with a 263,207 buildings for the worship of total membership of 27,951 youth of false gods, and 70,755 men to lead and both sexes. inspire.

-Official reports from the Vatican -The Paris mission in Basutoland show that in the pontificate of I,eo XIII., has 6933 communicants, 3055 catechunow in the fourteenth year, the Roman mens, and 6502 scholars in the schools. Catholic Church has made substantial The number of adult baptisms in 1890 progress, The new positions created in were 626. the hierarchy are the following: the Patriarchate of India, 12 archbishoprics, -The Presbyterian Church of Jamaica 65 bishoprics, 43 apostolic delegations, has 1 synod, 4 presbyteries, 8814 comvicarates, and prefectures. Then 10 municants, 8000 in Sunday-schools, and bishoprics have been made archbish- 6213 in day schools. Two missions are oprics. The total number of dignitaries sustained in Africa, and one Zenana in the hierarchy are the following: 8 mission. Latin patriarchs and 5 of the Oriental Rite; 783 Latin Archbishops and arch- -In the Basel Mission upon the Afribishops and 52 of the Oriental Rite; can Gold Coast are 10 stations and 70 308 Titulary Bishops, 23 bishops nullius' out-stations, 35 missionaries, more than dilEceseos. The greatest progress of the 9000 adherents, and about 3000 pupils Church is reported from North America in the schools. The Wesleyan Gold and England. Coast Mission has about 6000 communi. cants and about 19,000 adherents. -The annual report of the Free Church of Scotland's Foreign Missions -The Presbyterian Church of Engshows a total revenue from all sources land has in its missions in China and of £94,385. Of this £16,394 were collec- India 19 ordained missionaries, 10 meditions, £5364 were donations, £8179 lega- cal missionaries, 8 native pastors supcies, £9351 from the Ladies' Society, ported by their people, 108 native £1853 juvenile offerings, £17,610 college preachers, and 41 theological students. and school fees, £13,588 grants in aid The Chinese communicants number from the Indian Government, and the 3716. The expenditures last year were greater part of the remainder was made £19,275 15s. 6d. up of special gifts to particular missions, interest, etc. The Livingstonia -The Methodist Protestant Church Mission received thus £7095. Other reports $13,322.73 as the total of receipts mission committees of the Church raised for missions last year. Of this sum £8991 for the Jews, £6872 for conti- $5788 came from ehurch collections, and nental work, £3247 for colonial work, $5798 was gathered on children's day. making the total missionary revenue of A new school building has been erected at Nagoya, Japan, and an additional missionary is soon to be sent -to Yoko- hama. -The North China Mission of the Syria, $58,824; 8iam and Laos, $55,- Methodist Episcopal Church was estab- 406; Africa, $35,040 ;.Korea, $16,117; lished by 2 missionaries in 1869, but is and Guatemala, $10,658. now represented by 15 missionaries and 58 native helpers. It contains 18 homes Monthly Bulletin. and 29 places of worship, 28 schools, with 569 pupils, together with Peking Africa.-The Bible has now been University, with an atten<1ance of over translated into sixty.six of the languages 200, as well as 4 hospitals and 8 dis- and dialects of Africa. pAnsaries. 'l'he churches have 1299 members and probationers. -Dr. Cross, of the Free Church of Scotland MisBions on Lake Nyassa, Af· -The Cumberland Presbyterian rica, has up)n the roll of his school the Church sustains missions in Japan and names of 300 children rescued from M:exico, with 3 stations and 3 out-sta- slavery. tions. 18 missionaries, of whom 6 are ordained, 2 native pastors, and 17 other na- -The King of the Belgians has hontive helpers. The 11 churches contain 632 ored one of the Baptist missionaries on members. The additions last year were the Congo with a decoration. This gen- 63. In the 4 schools 298 receive instruc- tleman, the Rev. George Grenfell, is not tion. The income for foreign missions only a preacher, but an explorer of was $22,260, and of this $10,169 came note. Great interest attaches to his from woman's societies. Native con- discovery of the Mobangi, which he has tributions for all purposes amounted to proved probably to be the Congo's great. $1812. est tributary.

-The Baptist Missionary Union re- -Bishop Tucker, the successor of ports $492,275 as the total receipts for Bishops Hannington and Parker, reach- 1890, aUlI of this the woman's societies ed Uganda in December last, and since gathered $127,690. The 68 principal then the situation has brightened very stations and 1322 out – stations are much. He found the bitterness which manned by 364 ordt.ined missionaries, existed between the Roman Catholic of whom 232 are natives. In addition, and Protestant parties was not based 216 women from America are employed, upon religious, but ~pon political differand 626 unordained native preachers. ences. The French priests have been The total of laborers is 1645. Of the jealous of the British East Africa Com- 681 churches, with 76,603 members, 481 pany, and the strife on the Nyanza was are self-supporting. The baptisms last between French and English as really year were 8708. In 1038 schools 20,107 as in Europe. These feelings the bishop are taught. Total native contributions, was able considerably to pacify. His $51,038.12. own joy was full in the Christian aspect in Uganda. The day after his arrival he -The Board of Foreign Missions of preached to fully one thousand men and the Presbyterian Church (North) re- women. ceived last year $942,691. Of this sum the churches, as such, contributed $346,- -The Rev. W. G. Lawes, one of the 780, and the woman's boards and the pioneer missionaries in New Guinea, has Sabbath-schools $374,258-a fact curi- translated the New Testament into ten ous only, or truly alarming? That mill- languages of the savage islands; the last ion almost was divided as follows, one, in the Motu language, being in the among the 13 fields with 23 principal publisher'S hands. missions: China, $164,986; India, $161,046 ; South America (Brazil, Chili, -The Wesleyan Missionary Society and Colombia), $104,827 ; Japan, $fl7,- has decided to begin a mission at once ~48 ; Mexico, $89,644 ; Persia, $83,662 ; in British Zambesi, South Central Af- rica. The country is a high plateau, fertile and well watered, rich in min· has been accepted. The Wesleyans have erals, and healthy for Europeans. many converts in South Africa, who have gone northward as colonists and A native Christian in Uganda will miners, and this fact gives them an adwork three months for a copy of the New vantage in efforts for the evangelization Testament in Swahili. Only a limited of the natives. Mr. Rhodes has p~om_ edition has been published. iset! to the Wesloyan Society a subsidy of 2500 fran os annually." One whole tribe of Zulus, in Southeast Africa, is likely to be exterminated by China.-·The Executive Oommittee of the ravages of rum furnished by the Foreign Missions of the SoutherD. Pres. white men. byterian Church has appointed Rev. J. M. Sykes and wife, of Meridian, The government of the Congo Free Miss., and Miss Ruth Swain, Alexan- State has granted a large concession to a dria, Va., nissionaries to China. They commercial comp.1ny covering nearly all will sail thig autumn for their work. of the southeastern part of its territory. This will probably lead to the opening -Over one hundred new Protestant of the country sooner than if it were left missionaries have reaohed China and to the government to effect. The com· begun work there since the Shanghai pany is called" The Company of Ka· Missionary Conference in May, 1890. tanga." -The arrival recently at the Boston -Bishop Taylor says "that when a City Missionary Society of 1000 copies Kafir dies the body is placed in a sit· of the Bible and 520 tracts in Chinese ting posture near the grave and left there from the native Christians in Hong for two or three days, that all who wish Kong, designed for their countrymen may come and give to him messages for now in Boston. shows that the foreign their friends who have departed to the lands are waking up to the needs of happy land; thus showing that even the Amerioa and its alien populations. Kafirs, whose very name, given to them by the Mohammedans, signifies infidels, -At the end of Maroh 12 applicants believe in the immortality of the soul. for baptism were accepted in Peking, 8 But of a Saviour they know nothing." of whom were from the village of San Does not the duty of the Ohristian Ho, where there were 70 inquirers, in- Church to disciple all nations become cluding 20 women. more important each day? -At the great Missionary Conference -The foreign population of the Congo in Shanghai, in May, 1890, one committee Free State is now over 800,of whom about of twelve persons was designated to se· half are Belgians, the remainder being cure a translation of the Bible in simple English, Italians, Portuguese, Dutch, but chaste Wenli ; another, to secure a Swedes, Danes, and French. Of the 72 translation in the higher classic style, English and 35 Swedes, as enumerated in and a third of ten persons, to secure an December, 1890, the greater part-over improved version of the Old and New 80 in all-are missionaries. The open· Testaments in Mandarin. ing in March of the Congo Railroad from Matadi to the Leopold Ravine is an -A band of 35 men and women for earnest of the great work that will soon the China Inland Mission recently be completed, and which will rendermiR. reaohed Shanghai. An additional 10 or sionary advance much easier and safer. 15 are expeoted, so that the whole band will be 45 or 50. To the Scandinavian -Says the Missignary Herald: "Mr. churches of the United States belongs Oecil Rhodes, the Prime Minister of the honor of having sent them as their Oape Oolony and leader of the British representatives, and to the China Inland South Africa Company, has invited the Mission the privilege of receiving them English Wesleyans to commence a miR- as its associates in the name of the Lord. sion in Mashonaland, and the invitation Half of this band are men and half are and Hungarian divinity students. A women. The majority are Swedish by new' financially independent German birth, though a few came originally from Reformed church in Buda-Peeth has Norway. mainly resulted from Scottish labors.

-The insurreotions against the Catho· The leading Hungarian pastors express a lic and Protestant missions in China are warm sense of this catholic co-operation: attributed to fanatical Buddhist priests. To stir up the people, they aUege that lndia.-Thecensus of Ipdiawas taken the Chinese childrQn are maimed by the in one night between February 26th and Christians, and that their eyes are torn 27th. Th'clre were more than a million of enumerators.

out for the purpose of making medicine -Before Christianity entered India, to bewitch the Chinese. lepers were treated with shocking in- F!ii.-The latest report concerning the humanity. Many of them were buried religious condition of this group of alive. The English rulers have put a islands covers the year 1889. The total stop t:> this custom, and for fourteeI4 area of the group is about the same as years there has been a special Christian that of the State of Massachusetts. mission to the 135,000 lepers in India.

There is a European popUlation of about -A correspondent of the Harvest Field 2000, while the natives, inoluding other thinks the Salvation Army workers in Polynesians and Indian emigrants, India have fallen into the snare of number 123,000. Of this native popu- .. premature reporting." Last year it lation 103,775 worship in the churches was stated that at Paij, a Gujarat village, of the Wesleyan Mission, while 10,302 hundreds had joined the Army. They attend Roman Catholic churches. The have now" in hundreds" left the Army.

Wesleyan Mission has 10 European mis'- He suggests that it would be wiser to sionaries and 72 native ministers, 49 wait a year to see how converts stand catechists, 1838 local preachers, and before rushing into print concerning 1095 teachers; these laboring in connec- them.

tion with 909 churches and 414 other -Dr. Sara C. Seward, a niece of the preaohing places. In the sohools of the late Secretary Seward, who fOT several Wesleyan Mission are 40,667 children. years has been a medical missionary The Roman Catholic Mission has 18 among the women of India, died recent- European ministers with 148 native ly at Allahabad. teachers and 76 native churches and chapels. Aside from the 18 Roman -In Jhansi, where mission work has Catholic priests there are three lay Eu- been carried on since 1886, the first ropeans and 14 female Europeans. It is Christian church is now being built. It interesting to notice that the total value will contain a reading-room for the eduof exports from Fiji for the year 1889 cated natives, and English books will be amounted to $1,821,000, while the im- provided.

ports were $945,000. Is there anyone -Pnndita Ramabai held the second who believes that there would be such a anniversary of her" Sharada Sadhau," record of prosperity for these islands or widow's home, recently. Mrs. Rahad it not been for the preaching. of the nade, the amiable and intelligent wife Gospel therein? of a cultured native gentleman of Poona, Hungarian Jews. – The Buda – Pesth a member of the Legislative Council, Mission among the Hungarian Jews had presided with grace and dignity; and an important incidental result in knit- another well-educated lady with remark- ting various closer ties of brotherhood able self.possession moved an address of with the Hungarian churches. Scottish thanks. This assuredly indicates prog- liberality has provided bursaries at the ress in the conservative city of Poona, New College, EditlQnrgh, for Bohemian a Iltronghold of Brahmanism. The Pundita a·elivered a long and eloquent ltaly.-There o.re in Florence two Walextemporo address with her wonted deosian churches, one Free Italian energy. She reports her work to be church, two Baptist churches, and one prospering. Plymouth Brethren church, all of which, except the Baptists, ha.ve good houses -It i~ said that every week there are of worship of their own. 'rhe Waldenprinted in the Bengali language in Cal- sia.n Theological School, with three procutta, and circulated, 10,000 sermonettes fessors and a dozen students, is there; written by Bishop Thoburn. If the and the Methodist School, soon to be funds are furnished, it is proposed to transferred to Rome, is there at present. print them in five different languages Of the Protesto.nt day schools the oldest every week. and largest is that of the German Dea- conesses, with more than a hundred -Dr. Pentecost writes: " An aston- pupils, all girls. Besides these instituhlhing feature of the National Indian tions there are the Domenge Institute, Congress was that there were lady dele· for boys, the Mackenzie Institute, for gates present; and on the last day one the training of lay workers, two evanlady, a native of high caste, appeared gelical orphan asylums, a medIcal mis. on the platform unveiled, and delivered sion, a soup kitchen, and six churches an address extemporaneously in pure for foreign Protestant residents. English. This is an innovation so marked that it will do much toward Japan.-Foreign missionaries resident shaking the foundation of the hateful in Japan are now granted passports to and terrible Zenana of India. Once the reside outside of foreign concessions, on women are set free in India, then away the ground that they are" employed in go the iron fetters of caste, and the church work"-a concession which has whole empire will be freed from super- hitherto been given only to teachers. stition." Coming at this time, it indicates a spe- cial appreciation on the part of the Jap- -The report of the M. E. Conferences anese Government of the beneficial in. in Northern India for the past church fiuence of the missionaries. year is cheering. There have been added to the churches 980 full members and -The Rev. Dr. William E. Griffis, 2935 probationers. There were 1256 writing on the outlook in Japan, asks adult baptisms. The number of schol- the question: "Does Japan want phiars in the Sunday-school hail increased losophy or the Gospel? Missionaries over 3000, making the present number capable of filling chairs of psychology 28,400. The mission is embarrassed by at Harvard, or consecrated Christians its very success, for the large ingather- and ministers of the pure Gospel?" ing requires an addition to the native And he answers unhesitatingly, "The pastorate, while funds do not increase latter." He says a few of the Japanese proportionately. will " seek after wisdom" of the Greek sort, but that the majority of the 40,- –Figures that are almost startling are 000,000 crave the Gospel, while the given in connection with the Telugu majority of the 30,000 Protestant church- Mission (Baptist) in India. The bap- members will give the best proof of tisms reported in five months of the last their discipleship in holy living and missionary year were over 5000. The moral reform rather than in formulating work is still progressing. theories or nursing speculation.

-The native Christians of Ko.limpong -The recent annual meeting of the are themselves undertaking a" foreign' , Congregational churches in Japan mission to Bhutan, within their country. marked a real advance toward unity. It is to be supported by the prayers and An earnest spirit pervaded the gathermoney of the Christians within the ing, and the theological tone was more Guild Mission District. conservative and harmonious than had patients were treated the last year, and been expected in some quarters. A religious services are beld regularly on statement of belief was formulatecl as a the Sabbath, with an attendance of up- basis of faith for consideration next ward of two hundred. One of the ladies year. A large share of the debt of $600 of the Presbyterian Mission has a week- on the Home Missionary Society was ly sewing class at her house, where raised by a spontaneous and enthusiastic women of all ranks and conditions come, outburst of benevolence among the dele- and, while engaged in needle-work, the gates themselves. A theatre meeting, Gospel story is read to them and ex- with 2000 people in attendance, was one plained. Another lady of the same mis- of the features of the season. sion has a class in the city away from her home. The hospital, in charge of a -One evidence of the reaction against Methodist lady, is the centre of a very foreigners in Japan is the fact that the interesting and efficient Christian work. empress and members of the aristocracy Sometimes women come, not because have given up the wearing of the west· they are sick, but because they want to ern style of dress for women, and the hear about' the new doctrine. ' " native historical costumes are again to be worn exclusively. -Korea presents a striking illustra. tion of the irresistible advance of the Arrangements have been made for kingdom of Christ. One of the most the preparation of a commentary on remarkable works of grace known in the New Testament in Japanese. Bish- modern missions is that among the op Bickersteth, of the Church of Eng. Koreans. Without having heard or land, is to be tho general editor. seen a missionary, thousands of people have heard of Christ and turned to the -All that Japanese law requires a service of God. These converts are the man to do in order to put away his wife fruit of the circulation of copies of the is to have her name erased from the offi- New Testament by the Rev. John Ross, cial register of his family. and have it late missionary of the Presbyterian re-entered on the register of her family. Church of Scotltmd in Manchuria. Strong efforts are being made to aUlend this easy plan of divorce. New Guinea.-At a recent meeting of native Christians at Port Moresby, the K07·ea.-Writing to the independent, collection taken for the missionary cause Mr. Appenzellos says: "It is less than consisted of $37 c!lsh, 320 spears, 65 seven years since the first Protestant shell armlets, 92 bows !lnd 180 arrows, missionary came to Seoul or to Korea. besides shields, drums, shell necklaces, Both the Methodist and Presbyterian feathers, and other ornaments. Most of missions have had lady missionaries in the people have no money. Korea from the beginning. Mrs. ·M. F. Scranton has the honor of being the frst Persia.-From Oroomiah comes the one to open direct work foJ," the women following good news: .. The villages of Korea. More than once have I heard are being revived little by little. In her say that the women think so little one, 58 persons have professed converand their ideas are very narrow. But sion, m!lny of them heads of families. the work of educating them was begun, In other villages 50, !lnd in others a less then medical work, and finally direct number have come to repentance. evangelical work. Results are not to be looked for before the seed has had time -Pastor Joseph, of Gulpashan, which to take root. Yet there are a few things is one of the self-supporting churches, that cheer us even while breaking the writes the following cheering news: fallow ground. Korea has two girls' .. The winter past, as you are aware, schools, with an attendance of about has had its share of difficulties. One 40; one hospital, where nearly 2400 great diffieulty W!ilI in, fegard to our church building; a fine of three hun- invaluable in the acquisition and proper dred tomans ($450) had to be paid by use of the Turkish language.

us. Another was a sad division made by Y. M. O. A.-Twenty. five years have 80me of the members that for a time. was seen a ma.rvellous growth in Young a great evil. Notwithstanding these, Men's Christian Associations. Then God's blessings have been abundant. they were only beginning to secure a Special meetings were attended with recognized standing, but now they have power from on high. Over 60 are can· gotten a hold in all our leading cities, didates, and at the next communion and exert an international influence nearly all of these will unite with the through their various organizations. In church." 1886 there was only one building erected Scandinavia.-The Swedish Mission- for association purposes; now there are ary Society is actively at work among 231, which have a money value of $1,946,- the Laplanders. The society has an 085. In different lands the entire prop· orphanage at Ange, and 6 mission erty owned by this Christian agenoy schools in other parts of Lapland, amounts to $11,907,381. Besides, the where 173 children have received in- contributions for its current expenses of struction. In spite of a grant of 2000 looal work foot up annually $1,841,966. crowns from the king, the expenses for These figures show progress, and indithe past year were 1500 ?rowns in exceSli cate a vitality and permanenoe for this of the receipts. form of Christian aotivity whioh augurs well for its future. -" The Norwegian Lutheran China Mission" is the name of a societyorgan- General.-Dr. Woloott Calkins, in his ized a year ago at Bergen, with John sermon before·the Amerioan Missionary Brantzaeg as president. During the Sooiety, on the responsibility of busiyear 5431 crowns have been collected. ness men, gave some striking figures. Brantzaeg, his two brothers, H. Seyf- The wealth of the oountry he found to be farth, and S. Samuelson will go to China over $62,500,000,000 distributed among as missionaries. The establishment of 13,000,000 families, of whom 11,500,000 a mission house at Shanghai is under, families are those of wage-earners. consideration. There are 135,000 families whioh have an average wealth of $186,000. Seventy- Syria.-The girls' school in Tripoli five per oeut of our business men are has 35 house pupils and 115 day scholars. members or adherents of Protestant -An association has been established churohes. Of the 68 riohest men in the in London to send colonies of poor Jews country only 4 are Roman Catholic. to Palestine. So many are going to .Teru- There are probably 400 Christian famisalem that it is one of the most rapidly lies in this country with an annual ingrowing cities in the world. come, over and above expenses, averag· ing $500,000 apieoe ; and 8000 Christian Turkey.-The work of evangelization families with an average income, above in Turkey will be greafy facilitated by expenses, of $25,000 each, and 100,000 the Turkish dictionary just published Christian families with an average in- under the editorship of the Rev. H. O. come of $10,000 above expenses. A Dwight, who has spent several years in great share of the $1,400,000,000 added a careful revision of the work previously yearly to the capital of the country be- done by Sir James Redhouse of Lon- longs to Christian business men. The don. Drs. Riggs and Pettibone and a gospel for rioh Christian men is not so former grand vizier have also scrutinized much that we need their money as that the proofs. It is a fine piece of literary they need to get rid of it, if they would work, there being no less than 2224 not have their wealth drive them into pages in the volume, and it will prove insanity or provE) a curse.