The Missionary Review of the World — June 1939

1939

What Is New in Home Missions?

Mark A. Dawber Experiences Among Ozark Mountaineers Paul A. Wobus The South's Number One Problem Archie C. Smith Berea's Work for Mountaineers William J. Hutchins New Frontiers in Home Missions Edward D. Kohlstedt American Indians' Work for Indians G. E. E. Lindquist A Christian Philosophy for Rural Work Frank W. Price 2S Cents a Copy $2.50 a YeaI'

to Remember elected one of the secretaries of the THE

Board of Foreign Missions of the June 7-13 – Ann u a I Conference, Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., to take <- The only weekly in the Church of the Brethren, Anderson, the place of Dr. Webster E. Browning Presbyterian Church. Ind. who has been honorably retired. Dr. Anderson is a Canadian by birth, a <- Its message is based upon June 8 – General Synod of the Re- graduate of McGill University, Mon- the Revealed Word of God. formed Church in America, New treal, and of Princeton Theological York, N. Y. Seminary. He went to Cameroon, <- Goes into every state in West Africa, in 1926. On June 1, he the Union, U. S. possessions June 9-16-Annual Meeting, Foreign will take up his official duties as Sec- and many foreign countries. Missions Conference. Swarthmore, retary but first expects to visit the Pa. South American fields this summer Subscription rate – $2.50 and autumn since he is to have re- Ministerial rate – – $2.00 June 16-24–Winona Summer School sponsibility for the Latin America of Missions, Winona Lake, Ind. and Africa portfolios. SOc. extra–Canadian postage Courses include Bible, Mission Text- $1.50 extra– Foreign postage books and addresses by missionaries. *** Write to Mrs. C. E. Ahrensfeld, 431 THE PRESBYTERIHn S. East Ave., Oak Park, Ill. Dr. Everett B. King, pastor of the Hemphill Church, Fort Worth, Texas, 121 7 Market Street June 20-25 – Northern Baptist Con- has been elected Secretary of the Philadelphia, Pa. vention, Los Angeles, Calif. Board of National Missions of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. He theologian and professor for 20 years, june 21-2S-Sunday School and B. Y. has been assigned to responsibility for has been appointed to the FaCUlty of P. U. Congress of the National Bap- Sunday school missions and Alaska, the Graduate School of Applied Reli- tist Convention, U. S. A., (Inc.), to take the place of Dr. John M. gion in Cincinnati, Ohio. Dr. Spiegel Tulsa, Okla. Somerndike, recently deceased. Dr. shared for a time the fate of Martin King is a native of Texas and was Niemoller in a concentration camp, June 24-July I-Eagles Mere Confer- educated at the University of Texas, and was recently "shipped" to Switzer- ence of Missions. Chairman, Mrs. Trinity University, and the Presby- land. Earl Breeding, 24 Rugby Lane, terian Theological Seminary at Chi- Scarsdale, N. Y. cago. Dean Alfredo* G*onz*alez, of Central July 3-10-Northfield Missionary Con- *** Philippine College, has written a book ference for Women and Girls. East e~t!tled "The 9a11 of the Heights," Northfield, Mass. For information, Dr. Albert ,schweitzer founded his VIrIle and umrustakably religious in address Mrs. Warren C. Taylor, 38 hospital in Africa twenty-five years its appeal. The book has just been Union Ave., Schenectady, N. Y. ago. On the 25th anniversary the selected by the Philippine Government children of the Mission presented him Department 01; Education, as the text july 6-11 – International Christian with a beautiful piece of furniture, for character instruction in the public Endeavor Convention, Cleveland, made by themselves. One of them schools of the Islands. Ohio. made a presentation speech to "our dear, grand docteur." Dr. Schweitzer *** July 11-August 16 – Winona Lake refused an electric organ because of School of Theology. Winona Lake, the difficulty of keeping the compli- Rev. Myron Terry, of the Christian Ind. Dean, Dr. J. A. Huffman, 302 cated machinery in order in that cli- Litera;ture Society in ~hanghai, is Morton Blvd., Marion, Ind. mate. Instead, he was given the price spendmg some. mont~s m Kunming, of an X-ray for the hospital. Yunnan, supermtendmg the erection July 22-28-Baptist World Congress. of a small building and getting a new Atlanta, Ga. *** branch of the Christian Literature So- ciety started. July 24-August 2-World Conference Dr. Walter Spiegel, member of the of Christian Youth, Amsterdam, ConfC'ssional Church in Germany, a Rev. George*W*. Sh*epherd, of Au- Holland. J}pmn~ burndale, Mass., went to China 18 Aug. SolO-Ninth Quadrennial Con- y~ars ago as a Congregational mis- vention of the Woman's Home and of tbe SIOnary. Ten years later, the National Foreign Missionary Society of Af- Council of China detailed him to as- rican Methodist Episcopal Zion ctbri~tian sist Generalissimo and Madame Church, Detroit, Mich. Chiang in their "New Life Move- lLift ment," fight~ng supersti~ion and politi- August 13-20-Geneva Summer School cal corruptIOn, promoting education of Missions, Lake Geneva, Wis. cA BOOK of worship in song, com- and public health. Along came the For information write to Mrs. Paul bining a hymnal for general war and the Movement's energies H. Wezeman, 1177 S. Humphrey church use, and a song book for evan- ~ere diyerted to :relief. Mr. Shepherd Ave., Oak Park, Ill. gelistic purposes. onty songs sound IS now m the Uruted States, ostensibly in the faith and inspirationaf in char- on furlough, but using his time to Personal Item. acter induded—emphasizing Evangel- raise funds for the "Church Commit- ism, Missions, and the Deeper Life. tee for China Relief." Dr. Francis S. Hutchins, of the Many of the new—the best of the old. Yale-in-China Mission School at (Co'Mluded. em page 273.) Changsha, has been elected President 504 Songs Responsive Readings of Berea College, Kentucky, to succeed his father, Dr. William J. Topical Index Gold Embossed Hutchins, who is resigning after nineteen years of service. Published in round notes and Roxite cloth edition only at $65.00 per 100—an especiall~ Dr. Francis Hutchins is 38 years of low price. Single copy, 8Se postpaid. age. He was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., educated at Oberlin and Yale and Write today for returnable sample co,", went out fourteen years ago to work in the Yale Mission. His brother, Dr. CHRISTIAN PUBLICATIONS, Inc. Robert M. Hutchins, is President of the University of Chicago. 1502 NORTH THIRD STREET HARRISBURG. PA. *** The Rev. Llewellyn K. Anderson, Ph.D., recently a Presbyterian missionary in West Africa, has been

MISSIONARY I have taken the magazine for years WHEN THE CALL LEADS

and would feel quite lost without it." REVIEW OF THE WORLD II EAST 0F SUE Z" Long BeaMchIS-,SCSaAlRifA. L. HAMILTON. DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor The Jain Temple, Calcutta * .. … VOL. LXII JUNE, 1939 NO.6 I'OR OVBR 100 YBARS "We always enjoy greatly reading THB WAY HAS BBBN Publication and Busines" Olllce- Third and Reily St•. , Harri£burg, Pa. THE MISSIONARY REVIEW. I wish Editorial and Executive UlIlce– every minister could take it." 156 Firth Avenue, New York City. Entered as second-ciass matter at REV. FREDERICK G. COAN. Claremont, Calif. Post Olllce, Harrisburg. Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879. * .. * 25 cellts a copy-$2.50 a year. "Your magazine fills a place which Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. Published monthly, except August. no other missionary magazine quite All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1939. British agents – Marshall, Morgan fills." F. A. GOETSCH, and Scott, 12 Paternoster Buildings, London. E. C 1 shilling per copy, Executive Secretary of the 10 sh!Jlings a year. Board of Foreign Missions, Evangelical Synod of N. A. MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- LISHING CO., INC. … * …

BOARD OF DIRECTORS A CORRECTION ROBERT Eo SPEER, President Rev. E. E. Elder, the author of the A. L. WARNSHUIS, Vice-Pre.•idcnt article in our December (1938) num- WALTER McDOUGALL, Treasurer ber: "What is the Koran?" is a mem- DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary ber of the United Presbyterian PAUL J. BRAISTED Mission in Cairo, Egypt, from Meshed, SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT Persia. The Rev. John Elder. of Ham- D. J. FANT adan, Iran, is a missionary of the MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. WM. B. LIPPHARD ERIC M. NORTH Obituary Notes SAMUEL M. ZWEMER Dr. Dan B. Brummitt, editor of the PaO Editorial Chat Central and Northwestern editions of The Christian Advocate, died April 5 Let the comfort of mOclern liners and the secur- This is our Home Mission Number. in Kansas City, almost on the eve of ity of British seamanship enhance your voy· The field is so large and varied and the uniting conference. Dr. Brummitt age. Whenever you are called to the other we have so recently devoted special was an outstanding religious editor side of the world, choose this traditional reute. numbers to the City (June, 1938), of our time, and ardently upheld Cross to England by a modern transatlantic Rural Problems, The Negro, Orientals Christian democracy in journalism. liner and then embark in a great liner of the and Spanish – Speaking Americans, Few knew that the weekly column of p & 0 and British India fleets, led by the new that some of these important topics wit and wisdom, filled with the spirit 23,500-ton Strathallan. StrathmoHl, and Strathare not treated here. Other articles of Christ, and signed "Justus Timber- eden carrying First and Tourist Classes. Airthat have appeared in recent issues line," was written by the editor. conditioned dining saloons in First Class, hot deal with and cold running water throughout, built-in Rev. John A*. Si*lsb*y, retired Pres- out-door swimming pools. children's play- A Cathedral on Wheels (April, rooms! Regular service to Egypt. Sudan. Iran- 1938) byterian missionary to East China, ian Gulf. India. Burma. Ceylonl& Straits Settle- ments, China. Japan, Australia. East and Migrant Workers (April, 1938) died in Hayward, California, March 4. South Africa. Mauritius. Special reductions The Whole Community (July, 1938) In 1890 he became principal of Lowrie and generous baggage allowance for American Indians (February, 1939) missionaries. Missions in Alaska (April, 1939) Institute for Boys, the oldest school Problems of a Midwest City (Sep- in Shanghai and one of the oldest in tember, 1938) China. * .. * Other articles on Home Missions Mr. Frank A. Horne, Vice-President will appear later. of the Board of Foreign Missions of *** the Methodist Church for twenty-two If you are leaving your present mailing address for the summer, years and chairman of the Methodist Convenient throuqh bookinqs can kindly send word as soon as possible be arranqed by your travel aqent. with the address to which you wish Book Committee, died March 22 at the to have your C!}py of THE REVIEW age of seventy. He had been a mem- Or apply at 25 Broadway. 638 Fit~h forwarded. Please mention dates of Ave.• N. Y. . . . or any ottice of your absence from home and mail to ber of six consecutive General Con- Subscription Department, MISSl()NARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD, 3rd & Reily ferences since 1916 and a member of , Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. There will be the Board of Foreign Missions since no August number of THE REVIEW 1906. CUNARD WHllf. ~lAR printed. Person.I Item. ,. ents for 'T A. Among the c*om*men*ts on THE RE- General 9 (Concluded from 2d cover.) VIEW received recently from readers ANO OR,eN are the following: In the war zone, missionaries and New Life workers give first aid to fleN'NSU.AR. S:teAt" "I used THE REVIEW a great deal victims of Japanese guns and bru- . t 'NO'A with my recent review of 'The Amer- tality. Then refugees get clothing, ",G ANO BRl'T'S COMflAN,eS ican City and Its Church,' and found food and transportation away from it exceedingly helpful to make the danger zones. Refugees must find NA A'T,ON mission study book more interesting. new farms, jobs, homes. Even in "free China" there is the perenl'lial problem of famine.-NeW8week.

[273]

B. D. WEEKS AND MRS . ROBERTA CAMPBELL, WITH INDIAN STUDENTS OF BACONE COLLEGE (Baptist

INDIAN PILLARS OF ST. PETER'S CHURCH ( Congregational), REV. AND MRS. W. DAVID OWJ~, SENE CA, N. Y. MR. OWL ELTON, LOUISIANA IS THE' INDIAN PASTOR ON THE RESERVATION REV. AND MRS. SILAS, OJIBWAY REV. ROBT, PAUL CHAAT THREE I NDIAN RECTORS IN TRIBE (Reformed Church) SOUTH DAKOTA SOME AMERICAN INDIAN CHRISTIAN LEADERS (see page 299) REVIB ORLD VOLUME LXII AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER 6 JUNE, 1939 Topics of the Times RELIGION IN THE WORLD TOMORROW Gospel messages are not excluded. A very defi- nite Christian note in the "WorId of Tomorrow"

The New York World's Fair, which opened on is sounded in a small concession paid for by the Sunday, April 30, is an impressive spectacle. It "Gideons," where they can exhibit Bibles and lit- covers 1,216 acres, or nearly two square miles, erature relating their work of Bible distribution on the Flushing Meadows – ~ormer marsh land in hotels and elsewhere. Other attempts to secure commonly called "Corona Dumps." The reclaim- space for the presentation of Christian activities ing of the land, planting thousands of trees, con- and achievements have failed to produce results. structing roads, lagoons. and fountains, and erect- The message and work of Jesus Christ, as the reving buildings, has cost nearly $160,000,000. The elation of God and His Way of Life for the "World exhibits include many interests related to art and of Tomorrow," are not exhibited there, even as education, transportation, housing, manufactures they have not been at other national expositions.

and inventions, various national, state and foreign The Fair is devoted to the humanistic ideals, to buildings, as well as areas devoted to amusements, the strictly material and temporal hopes. and sports and restaurants. achievements, rather than to things that relate to The Fair is being visited daily by from 100,000 God, to spiritual ideals and Eternal Life. to 300,000 persons who are expected to spend This is, perhaps, not surprising. Men today do from two to twenty-five dollars each (from May not agree in their conception of God and His Way to November), making a total of perhaps of Life. Any attempt to present Christ, and all $500,000,000 to be spent during the season. The for which He stands, unfortunately often provokes Fair thus provides much that is of interest and oontroversy. But there are naturally many who value. Most people can find there what they are would present what they believe to be the vital most interested to see – beautiful flowers and truths and most dynamic forces in the world of tofoliage, human nature of all sorts and conditions, day and for the World of Tomorrow. The Temple the wonders of modern science and industry, the of Religion has been severely criticized as a weak beauties of music and art, amusements for every attempt to recognize an "unknown God" to whom, taste-high and low. in some way, men may have some responsibility.

It is in the realm of religion that the Fair is Dr. George W. Arms, a pastor in Brooklyn, New lacking. If the "World of Tomorrow" can offer York, calls the Temple of Religion "the devil's nothing more than is here provided there is no smokescreen to hide from the people the Cross outlook for more than a very vague worship of of Jesus Christ and the true issues at stake in the some "unknown God" and a faint hope for the pro- foundation of democracy, and to blind them with motion of peace, brotherly kindness and social serv- a false sense of security."

ice. The Jews have a Hebrew Temple and a Pal- No doubt this is an extreme view, but is it not estine exhibit; Christian Science is represented true that in this presentation of the "World of by a building with a reading room and literature; Tomorrow" there is no recognition of the God who the Y. M. C. A. building includes a restroom and has created the wonderful world in which we live, restaurant; there is a "Temple of Religion," has loved the world of mankind enough to give where music and pageants are presented. The Himself that men might have life, and to whom atmosphere is restful and dignified. Distinctly the world of yesterday and today owes everything [275 ]

worth knowing, doing or possessing? After all union was effected in Great Britain, two hundred the American nation was established by men who years after John Wesley began his work that rebelieved in God and who desired a home where sulted in Methodism. There are still several they could worship Him and could live in the way Methodist churches outside the union-the Free that Jesus Christ made possible. The Bible, as Methodist, Wesleyan Methodist, the African the Word of God, the Sabbath as the Lord's Day M. E., the African M. E. Zion, and the Colored and Christ as the Son of God and Saviour, cannot Methodist Episcopal, numbering in all about safely be ignored in the "World of Tomorrow." 1,600,000 more American Methodists.

What can be done to make up in some degree This large body of Christians, now organically for what is lacking in Christian emphasis in the united into one Methodist Church, can accomplish World's Fair? At the Columbian Exposition in great things for the Kingdom of God, under wise, Chicago in 1893, the most potent Christian in- consecrated leadership, if they are truly motifluence was the series of great evangelistic meet- vated, instructed and empowered by the ideals and ings conducted by Dwight L. Moody, where there spirit of Christ. As Dr. John R. Mott, a promwere addresses day and night by outstanding inent Methodist, said at Kansas City: "We have Christian teachers from many lands. In these united to accomplish together things that we canmeetings it is estimated a million people heard not do separately. We must not be satisfied with the Gospel and thousands of them were won to past achievements or with the present situation. Christ. In New York City and its suburbs there An increase in our aggressive missionary work is is a similar opportunity. There is no limit to the one of the tasks which we must now undertake personal work that may be done among visitors to with new vigor." the Fair. Gospels and other literature may be given out to the crowds in hotels, in subways and The new Methodist Church has been divided terat the entrances to the grounds. Parents can ritorially into seven sections or "Jurisdictions"- interpret the exhibits to children from a Christian the Northern, North Central, Western, South point of view. The Calvary Bapti.st Church of Central, Central, South Eastern and Foreign- New York and other churches are kept open all with thirty-six bishops, located at different cenday and some are holding special services where ters. There are also seven missionary Bishops the Gospel of Jesus Christ will be presented. In appointed by the Central Conference. all this there is the ministry of prayer in which all Christians can engage day and night. Christ- The Uniting Conference took a strong stand like lives and friendly service by those who con- against intoxicants and war and adopted the exfess His name will mean much more to visitors cellent "Social Creed" of the Methodist Church, to the Fair than any material exhibits could pos- South. The educational work will be conducted sibly mean. A truly Christian exhibit, presenting under a single board with two divisions, one carthe results of Christian teaching and work in ing for institutions and the other directing reli- America and in all other lands would be a con- gious education in local churches. The confervincing evidence that, if the world is to advance ence was unable to settle the question of a church today and tomorrow, men must .accept God as He periodical-whether it is to be one great national is revealed in Jesus Christ and must follow His paper or several jurisdictional papers with one Way of sacrificial love and eternal life, if they purpose and plan and under one general editor. are to live joyously and victoriously. A commission was appointed to study the question and report. AMERICAN METHODISTS AND THEIR MISSIONS The missionary work of these three uniting churches, which have formerly been conducted The union of the three Methodist Churches in under a number of boards-Home and Foreign, the United States – the Methodist Episcopal General and Women's-will henceforth be under Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, one General Board that will have charge of misand the Methodist Protestant Church, as finally sionary policy and program; the details of adcompleted at Kansas City, brings together into ministration, the choice of fields, the selection of one organic body the largest number of Protes- personnel and the administration of funds, will tants in anyone Church. The total membership be in charge of three administrative divisionsof this united church is approximately 8,000,000, Foreign Missions, Home Missions and Church distributed all over the United States and all over Extension, and Woman's Work-each with its the world, from Alaska in the North to Chile in own executive secretaries. The General Board the South, and from East to West around the will consist of twenty-four men and twenty-four globe. It will be called "The Methodist Church." women, with the bishops.

:r.hi~ ~nion takes place in America, as .a si.roiJar The missionary work of the new Methodist Church will be world-wide, with 1,400 foreign missionaries, 13,500 on their native staff, com- .m~J).i~a,nt§l Jl1 eleven forei~n ~oU.I).tri~t'I ,lUmbering

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

over 270,000 and total annual budgets of ing possible journeys in a day that formerly took a $3,000,000. The Methodist Episcopal Church has month; the telephone, telegraph and radio have had the largest work, conducted in forty-two mis- practically obliterated distance and have united sion areas; the Methodist, South, has worked in the country; the pr'omotion of literacy by the nine of the same areas and Methodist Protestants phonetic method and the increase of general modin three of these fields. Many of the Methodist ern education have set new standards of life and missIon churches are already united where they thought; newspapers and other literature have have work in the same areas. linked China to the outside world and have helped to break down barriers; many foolish and harm-' The first General Conference of the Methodist ful taxes have been abolished and public revenues Church is set for April, 1940. Ecumenical or have been used to meet public need rather than to world-wide Methodism is explained by Bishop fill private purses; before the Japanese invasion Frederick D. Leete as follows: the external credit of China increased with grow- ing export and import trade; mines and other nat- "The purposes of the ecumenical Methodist ural resources have been developed where for- Church are three. One is to catholicize and frater- merly important areas were reserved for burial nalize Methodists everywhere by correspondence, grounds of ancestors; the sta;bilizing of the curvisitation, and world meetings, bringing far-flung rency with a new coinage system and banking reorganizations of the same faith nearer to the fact forms have improved the financial structure of as well as to the concept and ideal of unity. An- the country; the New Life Movement, fostered by other is to encourage and report on the Methodist Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek, has mission and its achievements, extending its mu- spread new ideas for public and private life; the tual evangelistic and reformatory movements new leaders in the government have proved themwhich minister to all human needs. The third is selves patriotic,courageous, intelligent, highto assist and advance the total Christian program minded, strong and unselfish-and many of them attempted by all Christian bodies in the name and are Christians. spirit of Christ. All this was being accomplished and was on the "The world alliance of Methodist churches has way for more complete fulfilment when the Japtwo branches. The Western branch represents anese military party (in 1937) undertook to "come the Methodist denominations of the Americas and to the rescue of Chinese," to make their neighbor of the Orient. The Eastern represents Methodist "more friendly," to "put down communism" and bodies of the British Empire in various parts of extend Japanese civilization and control! the world and of the countries of continental Europe." The Japanese have done what a century had not accomplished in unifying China. The unmistak- CHINA'S VICTORIES OF PEACE able evidences of Christianity, as seen in the lives of the Christian missionaries, have abolished the The progress made in great slow-moving, con- anti-Christian spirit in China. servative China since the founding of the Republic in 1911, is unparalleled in history. This is espe- The judgment of many intelligent observers is cially remarkable when we consider the immense that China today, in the midst of her tribulations, extent of the territory (ten times the size of Japan offers the greatest opportunity for Christian adproper); the huge population (over ten times vance anywhere in the world, while Japan is probthat of the British Isles); the former lack of ably one of the most difficult fields for sowing and political, linguistic and cultural unity in its eight- reaping spiritual harvests. The reasons are not een provinces; the scarcity of newspapers, rail- hard to discover. The Chinese realize more and roads and other means of communication; the more the uncertainty of this life and the passing prevalence of graft among officials and the pov- values of material possessions. In their distress erty of the masses. All this and more was true and extremity they turn to God, as their only hope. thirty years ago. He is manifested to them in the lives and sacrifi- cial service of missionaries and Chinese followers Since the Boxer Rebellion, and especially in the of Christ. God is proving to be a very present past fifteen years, new China has become united help in trouble and Jesus Christ is a true friend under one central government; graft has been dis- and Saviour. The Chinese leaders also set an explaced by patriotism; warlords and bandits have ample of Christian faith and courage that appeals given place to intelligent and trained officials and to the people. Idols and false gods are recognized an organized national army; economic reconstruc- as powerless. The one hope for humanity is in tion has made great strides; railroads and good the one True God, as revealed in Christ; the God highways have been built across the country link- of love, of righteousness and of power. ing all important cities; motor bus service has taken the place of "the wheelbarrow and mule-lit- The Japanese on the other hand are turning ter i public airplane lines have been extendedl mak-

more to temporal power, and put their faith and is the convincing evidence of the Living Christ as hope in material things, in armaments and armies, the Saviour of men. in stern discipline and a human program. Their national leaders turn back to the Sun Goddess, to Spirit-filled missionaries in every land agree in national heroes, to Shinto Shrines and emperor their testimony that, while methods of missionary worship. National ambition, laws and standards work may vary in different lands and under diftake precedence over the eternal laws of God and fering conditions, the one essential is a true pres- .His standards of truth, righteousness and love as entation of Christ by consecrated witness. revealed in Jesus Christ. VELLORE MEDICAL COLLEGE, INDIA WITNESSING TO PILGRIMS IN INDIA Dr. William Decker, a Baptist missionary, formerly in China, who has recently sej:!n the VeI- In India, says Dr. E. Stanley Jones, a time of lore Medical School in action, reports: a greater Christian harvest seems to be coming. "I saw Dr. Ida Scudder's hospital, the indus- Old superstitions and prejudices are gradually trial work, as well as a new departure in agricul- breaking down, and thinking Indians are more tural missions which is a most promising venture.

and more seeking truth and liberty, such as can Perhaps .outstanding, however, was two or three be found only in Christ. On the other hand, na- hours with a roadside medical unit doing dispen- tional ambition, economic needs, and intellectual sary work, and making injections for leprosy- contacts with other nations, lead many to empha- from an ambulance drawn up at the roadside." size political power, materialism, and skepticism. The Christians in India are awake to the situa- Dr. Scudder and her staff have treated as many tion and are emphasizing evangelism, not only as a thousand lepers in one day in these roadside among depressed classes, but among pilgrims, clinics. VeIlore combines a medical college, a students and caste Hindus. nurses training school, and X-ray and radium de- partment, an out-patient clinic, four roadside clin- A special retreat and conference, held at Be- ics and Gudiyattam Hospital; a maternity hospinares, in April, brought together Christian work- tal, a children's hospital, and an operating theater. ers from different centers to consider work among The hospital has 250 beds. All these are operated Hindu pilgrims, Sadhus and Sanyasies. The on annual gifts of about $48,000, .of which Amerievangelists came from Puri, where the temple of ca contributes $25,000. Does any institution in Janannath draws thousands of pilgrims to wor- the United States operate as many departmentsship; from Calcutta, Patna, Behar, Ayodhya medical, surgery, pathology, bacteriology, anat- (birthplace of Sita and Ram) and from !tarsi, omy, biology, eye, ear, nose and throat, maternity, Muttra, Brindaban and Benares. These repre- ante-natal clinic and gynecology-treating in one sentatives met for prayer and conference and to year 3,398 in-patients, 44,484 out-patients, 20,060 report on methods and results in their work. An roadside patients. and 1,321 in the maternity ward organization was formed to promote work among -at such a small expense? the pilgrims. Jesus Christ, where faithfully presented by teaching and life, appeals strongly to The decree has now gone forth that, by 1942 Hindus, even if they are not ready to break away at the latest, the school must be raised to a college from their old religions. The following points standard of M. B. B. S. which is equivalent to an were emphasized in the discussions: American M.D. That will require an endowment of $700,000 to support ten more doctors, and pro- 1. Hinduism should be studied so as to develop vide for medical research, public health work and understanding and to equip the messenger to medicine; also $300,000 is needed for extra buildpreach the Gospel. ings and equipment. Here is a great oPP.ortunity 2. The truth and sufficiency of Christ and His to strengthen this great interden.ominati.onal hos- teaching should be stressed and exemplified more pital, medical college and nurses training school than the weakness and deficiencies of Hinduism. in South India.

A "full and positive Gospel of the Living Christ" *** is the need of the hour. Dr. Scudder expects to be in America next year, after 3. Only simple, sincere and practical conse- completing her forty years of service in India. The pro- crated Christianity of the apostolic type is effec- gram of Jesus Christ given in the doctor's Gospel (Luke tive to meet the vital needs of Hindus. 4: 22) is being carried out today at Vellore. Dr. Scudder asks Christians to pray that this great work into which 4. Collective witness and cooperative Christian she and other American, British and Indian women have work is necessary to offset the influences of the put their lives, may be continued.

united forces of Hinduism.

5. The guidance and power of the Spirit of God Miss Hilda Olson, of Rockport, Massachusetts, is the American Treasurer of the Veilore Medical College.

Is New in Home Missions?

By the REV. MARK. A. DAWBER, New York Executive Secretary of the Home Missions Council How many, many times I have been asked strong centers of support for the Christian cause. this question during the past years, and Others have passed through the settling down now I am requested to write an article on process and, due to the disintegrating forces of the subject! The answer in a word is that there land erosion, land speculation and exploitation, is nothing that is basically new in Home Missions. the people again need missionary aid. To make the Gospel available to the disadvantaged people or to those who, for various reasons, have Many descendants of the early settlers, who not been reached with the ministry of the Church, became farm tenants in the agricultural depresis still the primary task of the Home Missions sion immediately following the World War, are now being displaced by the all-purpose tractor enterprise. and large-scale agriculture. An outstanding illus- But in another sense, everything is new. The tration is that of a Mississippi Delta planter who question raised is symbolic of the age in which formerly had 160 tenant farmers. He purchased we live; it anticipates change, it suggests that the 22 tractors and now he needs to employ only 30 thinking person is conscious that something is families to work by the day. happening to human life in America, and that new demands are being made upon institutions, such Family Life and Migrant Workers as Home Missions, that· are engaged in the task of ministering to people who, because of chang- Thousands of American families must now ing situations, are unable to support a church, or travel to find employment. The family continues who are no longer accessible to the religious min- to sleep as a unit, to consume as a unit, but it no istry of the normal established church in more longer is able to produce wealth as a unit from settled communities. its own property. Because the family has lost this basis of productive property the American Old Americans and Old Frontiers family, as a fundamental natural productive unit, is well-nigh destroyed. Food, clothing and shelter, Home Missions was the child of the frontier. the basic essentials for living and the sources from That thrilling episode of American history that whence they come, are now gathered up into huge records the daring and heroism of the early interlocking hands of incorporated commercial pioneers, who crossed the Rockies and blazed the owners and distributors. With this centralization trail into what was then the American wilderness, and industrialization of food, clothing and shelter, was also the record of the first organized Home the last vestiges of American freedom and security Mission work. This frontier is no longer with us are wiped out. For many of these people there in the sense in which it obtained a hundred years is no available land upon which to build and own ago. There are still geographical frontiers, but better homes; there is no land for the production they are not the challenge to the population move- and consumption at home-the only efficient and ments such as obtained in the days of the early conserving land economy. This is something new Home Mission era. in our American life and brings with it new prob- But the frontier ideal has always dominated the lems for Home Missions. Home Mission enterprise. People seeking new This situation raises some interesting and peropportunities to secure their democratic heritage as American citizens, ever pressing on to what plexing questions. What is happening to this would provide a better opportunity to earn a live- land of opportunity, democracy, freedom and se- curity? What is happening to the millions of lihood, build a home and bring up a family-these acres of homestead land? What is happening to ever made their appeal to the Home Mission this. land where it was once possible for the poor- agencies. est to build homes for their children? Weare A century has passed and many old frontier being reduced to slavish workers in the homes communities have become established centers of and fields that once we owned. This process of culture and religion. They no longer need the dispossession is having a serious effect upon thouministrations of Home Missions but have become sands of American citizens.

[279 ]

Others have accepted a wage in place of owner- of certain types of industry from the North to the ship, a tenant shack for a home, a city street for South, in order to take advantage of cheap labor, a few acres of land; some have substituted the has had an adverse effect on many towns.

faint promise of a quick fortune for a permanent Communities that for years have sustained a home and a family on a few acres that would, self-supporting church with a full-time ministry under careful management, have provided secu- are now obliged to seek aid from their denomina- rity. This transition from the farm family to the tional mission board. The demands now made urban tenement industrialist is creating new upon these agencies are far beyond their ability problems for the church that place a heavy re- or finances; they can help only a small number sponsibility upon Home Mission agencies. of the churches in these areas of recent distress.

There is nothing new to America in a migrant The fact that many members of these churches population. Always we have had them. But our are receiving aid from federal and state relief distinctive migrant groups today present some agencies does not help very much. The conscious- new and difficult problems. ness that they are the recipients of relief has Twenty-five years ago the migrants. were drawn sapped the morale of many of these people, and in the main from a few of the racial groups, par- as a result their religious need is greater than ticularly the Mexicans, Italians and Filipinos. ever. This also is new in Home Missions.

Now the majority of these groups are thedescend- The Southern Highlands ants of the older American families. They are to be found in various sections of the country, but There i~ great danger that the emphasis upon the bulk of this migrant group is on the Pacific the plight of the sharecroppers and the low- Coast. wage industrial workers will overshadow the A ten-year depression, together with droughts equally great needs of other groups, such as the and dust-bowl conditions, has created a new millions who live in the Southern Highlands. The exodus of impoverished farm people who have conditions of the sharecropper, the industrial continued to press their way to the Pacific Coast. worker and the migrant, have been publicized, They have swamped California and are making but not so the Southern Highlanders. Fiction and that state aware of their existence in a way that romance have been written about these people the Mexican and Oriental farm laborers could (and there is much to be written), but the socio- never do. The state is struggling desperately logical story has not been told. The romantic with the problem, seeking to prevent any further story of the Anglo-Saxon rugged mountaineer inroads of these people from Arkansas and Okla- with his quaint language and colonial customs has homa. But this alone doesl not solve the problem. obscured the poverty of the coves, the mountain It is easy for people who are remote from the farms, and the thin soil of the plateaus.

scene of this human tragedy to indulge in moral Drastic changes are taking place among these criticism, but it is not easy for a state, already people. As recently as fifty years ago the High- burdened with relief, to accept a sudden inrush lander with his log cabin, his rifle and his spin- of 100,000 needy people. Driven off the cotton ning wheel was on a par as to standard of living lands by the tractor, driven off the wheat lands with the other pioneers of the prairie cabin, the by the drought and the combine, drawn by the log hut, or sod house. The wooded hillsides fur- strange tide which pulls. the white race westward, nished timber and game. Now the timber is gone the impoverished people have been pouring into and the game with it; also, it should be said, the the West, dogged by disease and hunger, too proud meagre income is gone that was once provided.

to accept charity, willing to work for any wages. The mountaineers have multiplied so that they The result is a condition that calls for action by have been compelled to cultivate the steep moun- the Nation, State and the Church. The Church, tain sides in a desperate effort to make a living.

through the Council of Women for Home Mis- The following summary of conditions will help sions, with very limited finances, is struggling to us to understand the modern needs of these people.

grapple with a herculean task. The size and the (The teachers of some 13,232 children in moun- character of this migrant group present many tain schools supplied the information.) Children new problems for Home Missions. needing clothing, 38%; shoes 32'10; milk 27'10 ; New Distressed Areas soap 42 %; hot lunches 45 %; school supplies 26 %; library books 80 '10. Any consideration of With the coming of new materials, new tech- the changing needs and demands in Home Mis- niques, mass production and the machine, there sions must take cognizance of the Southern High- has developed a new type of distress. Towns and lands. Dr. Odum of the University of North Car- villages, and some cities, have been seriously af- olina has well said that these "retarded frontiers"

fected by the recent innovations of science and will have to pass through several stages of devel- labor-saving devices, Furthermore, the movement opment, not only in improved economic conditions,

WHAT IS NEW IN HOME MISSIONS?

but development as it applies to the human ele- vantaged groups in America during the days of ment. Moreover, we are dealing with a very the "New Deal" administration have also created different type of mountain youth today than we new problems for the home mission agencies. were twenty-five years ago. They too are creating new demands upon State and school and Church. The resettlement projects, like Arthurdale and Cumberland Homesteads, present an opportunity The depression years have also brought great for religious work. Here some 250 families are changes among the people of other countries, reestablished on what amounts to subsistence groups who have anticipated coming to America, levels of living. The people will have little cash and among the immigrants who have come to this with which to support a church, so that the miscountry in recent years. Immediately following sion boards are under pressure to provide a minthe World War a different attitude developed to- istry. This is also true of many of the rehousing ward these foreign countries. No longer was projects in the cities where slum clearance has America to remain the "open door" to the peoples taken place. It is well-nigh impossible to reach of the world. Before the World War, European these people with the established churches in nearimmigration to the United States reached a high by territory. The approach must be made on an peak and as many as 1,285,000 immigrant aliens interdenominational basis, so that agencies like were received in a single year. The revised im- the Home Missions Council have an important migration law of 1921 limited the number of aliens function to perform in arranging the program and coming to this country in a single year to 3'70 of providing a Christian ministry to such commua given nationality already in the country. This nities. reduced the number to 358,000 in a year. In 1924 the immigration act was again revised to limit By its very nature the Church finds these changes more difficult than most other instituthe quotas to 2 '70 of the resident population of tions. It is identified with values that are time- less, and these values are often conceived of as not any nationality, based upon the earlier census of being affected by these matter-of-fact changes in 1890 as against 1920. our human and material universe. Rooted in the past and sanctified by age, the Chur·ch finds It is hardly necessary to say that this restric- change necessarily a painful process. Yet those tion has wide implications for Home Missions. who really love Christ and the Church, and are Add to it the further fact that, in many cases, alive to the facts that confront us in modern life, more of some nationalities were leaving America will gladly sacrifice the outmoded in order that the for their native land than were coming in under Kingdom of God may be advanced. A living the new restrictions, and it is readily seen that the Church is one that will make the adjustment in Home Missions program to these groups would its program and equipment in order to fit it for undergo drastic changes. These adjustments are the ministry to which it is called at a given time. now in process-consolidation of foreign language The home mission agencies are alive to these churches, the assimilation of the second and third changes that are taking place. They are far generation by the English-speaking church, ex- ahead of their general ecclesiastical bodies in their periments with interdenominational work among insight into these problems and in their willingthese groups-these and other movements mark ness to make the necessary adjustments. They the changes that must be made by the mission are hindered only by the lack of morat and finanboards in their ministry to New Americans. cial support.

The various programs of rehabilitation, resettlement and rehousing of depressed and disad- AS PROF. EINSTEIN NOW SEES THE OHUROH "Being a lover of freedom, when the revolution came in Germany, I looked to the univer- sities to defend it, knowing that they had always boasted of their devotion to the cause of truth; but no, the universities were immediately silenced. Then I looked to the great editors of the newspapers whose flaming editorials in days gone by had proclaimed their love of freedom; but they, like the universities, were silenced in a few short weeks. Then I looked to the individual writers, who, as literary guides of Germany had written much and often con- cerning the place of freedom in modern life; but they, too, were mute.

"Only the Church stood squarely across the path of Hitler's campaign for suppressing the truth. I never had any special interest in the Church before, but now I feel a great affection and admiration because the Church alone has had the courage and persistence to stand for intellectual truth and moral freedom. I am forced to confess that what I once despised I now praise unreservedly." ALBERT EINSTEIN; quoted in The Living Church.

Among Ozark

By PAUL A. WOBUS, Manchester, Missouri Director of Mountain Work in the Ozarks "you ought to go to Vichy if you're looking "You ought to go to Short Bend," said a man for a spiritually-neglected place," said a on the road. "No church there at all; virgin ter- friend when he heard that I had been dele- ritory. No opposition-no prejudices."

gated to find an opening in the Ozarks for work I went to all four points-and many others. I to be sponsored by what was then the Evangelical had been asked to select any area where no other Synod. "It seems to be quite a center, judging church was effectively serving. "Of course,"

from the number of people who gather there for added the genial chairman of the committee, "you the Saturday night when the fiddlers sway to need not go all the way down to the Arkansas line.

More than likely you'll find a field nearer to your home on the outskirts of St. Louis."

My observations revealed several typical Ozark church situations.

Vichy is truly a center. It boasts a population of 210, which, in the sparsely settled rural sec- tions of the Ozarks, is not small. I happened to come to this town on a Friday, and found there a large gathering of some kind. Inquiry brought out that the banker was a member of the official board of the church which was still intact. He said that he was interested in having an active church. The town needed it and he would give his support.

"May we use the building for services tomor- row night and Sunday morning?" I asked.

"Why-er-that is, the time is so short. The house needs cleaning up, there is no oil in the lamps, and a window pane is out. And [this was the real hitch] we'd have to see the district super- intendent about it. What denomination did you say you are connected with?"

We were face to face with one of those tragic DIFFICULTIES OF CHURCH GOING IN SHANN'ON COUNTY cases, where a dead organization is an obstacle in the way of any live effort. Cobwebs and dust yield their tunes for the old-time square dances. Dur- readily to an energetic arm ; window panes can ing my two weeks' vacation there I found that the be replaced; but ecclesiastical machinery, always village church has been closed for some time." cumbersome, may block the path to progress. In rural areas this is felt even more than in cities. "You, ought to go to Lesterville," said an Ozarkian. "Yes, I know they have a church there, *** but it does not serve the community. It is practically dead." Lesterville's sole church organization was functioning after a fashion. Of the strict immer- "You ought to go to Antioch," s,aid a druggist sionist type, it had about fifty members, six or in an Ozark county seat. "It's the very place for eight of whom were said to be active. The pasthe work you have in mind. Two churches at tor, a man of more than average ability, came once Antioch, both defunct; one at Gill and a fourth a month from another church 121 miles south, at Stone Hill, in the same state. Unite these four over roads which a decade and a half ago were into one strong church at a logical center. An- none too good. _ tioch is ready for you~the people are tired of It was not difficult to get a good attendance for divisive sectarianism." the monthly services we conducted at Lesterville.

[282 ]

EXPERIENCES AMONG OZARK MOUNTAINEERS

Of much help was a devout Presbyterian, whose and which then is open to anyone and everyone family belonged to the local church, he himself who cares to use it. We had early come to know could not feel at home in its atmosphere of exclu- of several such churches, but they were standing siveness. He dreamed with us of a community idle most of the time for want of an organization church where people of all creeds could worship or a responsible group to make sure of a definite, our common Master, Christ. The postmistress, continuous program of worship, service and study. also a member of the church, rendered friendly Short Bend still does not have a church, but all help. THE' SHANNONDALE COMMUNITY HOUSE Not many months elapsed before the seemingly defunct organization took on a new lease on life. manner of sects have put forth spasmodic efforts Giving them credit for being sincere in their efforts, and consistent with our ideals of a united there. *** Christendom, we slackened our own pace lest we divide the community. When we ceased to be Eminence, a county seat town, is an example aggressive the ardor of the local church rapidly of yet another type of sectarian sniping. At one cooled. time there had been four church organizations- two of them of the immersionist persuasion. After some years of this sort of procedure, the These four used the union church building in a immersionists had thawed out to such a degree peaceful way-one Sunday every month for each. that we withdrew altogether. The local church In time one of the immersionistchurches, and made some gains, increased its active member- one of the other kind, died. The other two were ship, and improved the property, which originally of about equal strength. Voices were raised in had been intended as a community building. We favor of a community church, but we were undid not feel inclined to open a dispute over its pos- able to enter this field. session, but a number of people,among them some of the very best citizens, did not, and perhaps Then there came to the non-immersionist group never will, affiliate with a church of this type. a young minister with a determination to climb. Their dream of a community church is unrealized He won the ecclesiastical approval he courted by because they want to be generous with those of whipping up the enthusiasm of his congregation their friends and neighbors whose church life to the point of erecting their own church building. makes them narrow-minded. There are many His frie.nds predicted that with such "success" to Lestervilles in the Ozarks! his "credit" he would rise high among the clergy of the land. They prophesied that he would be *** called to the pulpit of a large city church. He did not get such a call before he had widened the Rather against our own judgment, but in re- breach in this little Ozark town which now has sponse to a very definite call, we entered the An- two church buildings where one would suffice. tioch-Stone Hill neighborhood. The four churches of that locality belonged to two sects. The natives *** asked us to merge the two of one kind which still had some life in them. The other two seemed The Ozarkian is by nature deeply religious.. He beyond the possibility of revival, even to the is the descendant of a people who not only were preacher who had hastily organized them, yet the well-grounded on the Bible but who reserved for old organization had some adherents whose te- themselves the right to interpret it. Jealously nacity was worthy of a noble cause. guarding their liberty, they freely grant it to others. A relatively small percentage are mem- *** bers of a church and these are scattered among many sects. Our difficulty lies not, with those At Short Bend, where we held a number of services as we were forming contacts throughout this section of the Ozarks, there was no debris of any existing organization to clear away. An obstacle was the cityward exodus on the part of those whose enthusiasm welded the community together. There was also a misconception of the community church.

We had held two services in the schoolhouse at Short Bend and then somebody spoke of building a church. The entire group seemed to fall in line and, being very new in the Ozark work at that time, we hailed this suggestion with delight. Many Ozarkians speak of a union church, meaning one which the entire community helps to build

outside the Church, but with those church mem- agencies trained and equipped for guiding the bers who fail to act like Christians. physical, cultural, social, economic and religious development of the region. We must also remember that overchurching is really underchurching and leads to spiritual de- *** pression. It is easy to effect a new organization and to erect another church building-lumber be- After several years of orientation and reconing cheap. There is a smug satisfaction in cling- noitering we began to concentrate at Stone Hill, ing tenaciously to a creed and in thinking that all Bixby, and in northern Shannon County, Misthat religion means is to defend it with great zeal. souri.

This sectarian zeal has wrought untold havoc in At Stone Hill we did succeed in merging two the Ozarks. As soon as one responsible group decadent churches. Some years later, in response undertakes an adequate ministry, an astonishingly to desire of the people, a community church was large number of self-appointed preachers comes organized. The wounds caused by old-time diforth to complicate the work. "There is a visive sectarianism have by no means been healed; preacher behind .every stump," in the picturesque the preachers of other sects do not always refrain language of an Ozarkian. If somebody would hold from interference with the good work that is be- ing done; but we go on, preaching and teaching AT A COMMUNITY GATHERING IN THE OZARKS the unifying power of Christian love. One handi- cap is. that the denomination which relinquished the preachers in check, we would feel competent the field to us fifteen years ago still owns the to deal with the laity! church building and makes an effort now and then to come back. The Sunday school has gone on Villages and small towns are the worst suffer- uninterruptedly for 61 years. ers from over-churching in the Ozarks. Hamlets and the open country have fewer churches for *** their population. At Bixby we entered a field in which no reli- What is it, then, that we set out to accomplish gious work had ever been done until our native in our ministry to the Ozarks? Briefly this, to Ozarkian evangelist, the Rev. Zenith F. Yount, bring the Gospel of God's redemptive love to all, preached the first sermon there. One month later, regardless of man-made barriers and creedal di- when I accompanied him to Bixby for what I visions. We seek to unite in indigenous churches thought would be the second sermon, a man said those who already profess faith in the Lord Jesus to us, "This will be the third service here. Brother Christ and to win others to Him. We aim to Clark slipped in ahead of you, but the place is minister to those who have hitherto been passed yours anyway by squatter's rights." by, and to lift the natives out of their tendency toward an ingrown religion; we want to give A church was organized after a revival which them a consciousness of and a share in, the com- resulted in a most amazing transformation of munion of saints; we would like to make the what was once known as the toughest little spot Church the institution from which radiate whole- in the Ozarks. The work is going forward in some influences on all of life, by cooperating with spite of occasional inroads by various types of "Holiness groups" who like to meet at just the time of Pastor Yount's bi-monthly appointments. When they asked for the use of the building- which is a remodeled store, purchased from funds raised by the sale of used clothing-a real prob- lem arose. Some of the church members were quick to refuse, while others felt that they should be hospitable. Showers of rain one Sunday set- tled the question-nobody had the heart to turn anyone out. Such revivals stir up great enthu- siasm for the time, but after it dies down our work continues as before. At Bixby the Sunday school carries on under native leadership.

*** In Shannon County, south of Salem, Missouri, we discovered a large area in which no church of any kind was functioning. It is one of the most rugged sections of the Ozarks, with narrow val- leys along the many streams. The population is sparse, and there were but few people to count on at the start. The community lacked cohesion, yet

THE WORLD NEEDS THE CHURCH

a united church came as the natural result of one More and more calls are coming in from other of the greatest revivals ever held in the Ozarks, communities for a united church. The Ozarkian, conducted by Pastor Yount. Since we wanted keen and alert student of life, is giving this type to serve an extensive parish, the welding together his approval. We believe that by helping the of a number of rural school districts, we worked towards the purchase of a tract on the main high- GOING TO CHURCH IN THE OZARK MOUNTAINS way running through the center of the county from north to south, and named it Shannondale. Ozarks to make a contribution to the spirituality In 1932 a community house was built of native of the world, the efforts of the Evangelical and stone. The Rev. Vincent W. Bucher, who had en- Reformed Church are bearing rich fruit. deared himself to the people of this region as a teacher in Vacation Church Schools, became resident pastor of Shannondale in 1934. Last year the thank-offering of the women of the Evangelical and Reformed Church was used for the erection of a modern manse for the Bucher family.

A group of natives, under the guidance of Mr. Bucher, formed the Shannondale Cooperative Association and operate a store in a building they erected on the same tract. A Folk School, held for three weeks. each year, seeks to enrich life. Weekly recreation and play nights, with also some opportunity for study, are very popular. Besides holding church school and services at the center, Mr. Bucher preaches at a number of isolated schoolhouses.

The World Needs the Church The Commentator has this to say about the na- no freedom is secure. Close the Bible, and what tions and the Church: becomes of a free press? Silence the pulpit, and what is left of free speech? Many of us have vague ideas of religion. We care little for creeds and ceremonies. We leave The value of a church to society-the sermons, the churches to the clergy and spend our time else- the sacraments, the music, the missions, the hospiwhere. Some of us, however, have been startled talities and the pastoral services of the clergy beout of our indifference. We are not as sure as we hind the scenes-is to be measured by a twofold used to be that a world without churches is the standard. A church does good: a church preworld in which we want to live. We feel a need, vents evil. Churches remind us of the weak who and wonder whether churches might not meet this are apt to be trampled under foot, of the sufferers need. who yearn for sympathy, of the bereaved who cry out for consolation, of strangers against whom What arouses us is a contrast. In some coun- prejudice is apt to be fomented, of failures in life tries churches are respected. In other countries who want to make a fresh start. . . . churches are humiliated. Whatever may be our beliefs or unbeliefs, we know which kind of coun- Children within a church form friendships .with try we prefer. Millions are eager to enter coun- other children, similarly situated, and are less tries where churches are active. Millions· are liable to drift into the no-man's-land where eager to escape from countries where churches juvenile delinquency is a danger. . . . are suppressed. . . . After three centuries of experience, this nation still believes in churches. They who condemn churches as obsolete, con- They may differ widely from one another in faiths demn themselves. For churches are not only diand forms of worship. But, jointly and severally, vine. They are human. They are what men and they justify their existence. women enable them to be.

In the fight for democracy against dictatorship This Year of Grace, 1939, challenges civilization. throughout the world, churches and synagogues To uphold civilization is the urgent task. It is not are in the forefront of the hottest battle. They wholly a matter for surprise that churches should stand for freedom of conscience without which be appraised afresh as an ally of society in its hour of grave uncertainty.

South's Number One

The Tenant Farmer – Whence and Whither?

-~ I By the REV. ARCHIE C. SMITH, De Queen, Arkansas I)ae– I N THE fertile river valleys of the Southland posses,sed little or no capital, no land and no tools is found some of the best alluvial land in the with which to farm. Legal emancipation was not world. The God of nature has there provided enough to enable him to establish himself on a man with the means of producing abundant har- self-supporting basis. With only his bare hands vests. Yet it is here, in this land of plenW, that and a willingness to work at the only trade he we find conditions which challenge the social, edu- knew, the Negro turned to the planter for employ- cational and religious institutions of North Amer- ment.

ica. For it is here that we encounter the South's On the other hand the planter possessed large number one economic problem, the share-cropper, tracts of land the cultivation of which required a or more correctly the tenant farmer. As Chris- . tremendous amount of manuallahor. Out of their tians focus their attention upon this problem it is mutual need was born the sharecropper system important to look at the underlying causes as well in which the planter agreed to rent a certain as at the results,. number of acres of farm land in return for a Too frequently have the efforts of Christian share of the crop at harvest. The planter also forces proven futile because they have approached supplied a house, seed, garden patch, farm ani- a solution without understanding the economic mals, and money for food during the time of grow- and social background. An historical inquiry as ing and harvesting the crop. This money with to the South's "Number One Problem" shows the interest was charged to the tenant's account and condition of the tenant farmer to be largely de- deducted from his share of the proceeds from the termined by social and economic factors as well sale of the year's harvest.

as by the use of unchristian ethics on the part of Under this arrangement the rent usually re- both the tenant farmer and the landlord. quired half the year's crop. This system has re- The history of the tenant farmer reaches back mained virtually unchanged until today. Its into the early history of the South. The great greatest weakness is that at best it furnishes to tlie waves of settlers who came from the eastern sea- average tenant but a mere living. Any emergency board were of two sorts, the wealthy planter who that may arise from sickness or crop failure will settled on large tracts of land in the river valleys, often throw the tenant in debt so deep that he is and the poorer farmer who settled on the less fer- always in arrears to the landlord.

tile farms in the hills. The romantic pictures of In this way the tenant was virtually bound to plantation life in the South before the War are the land. His only escape has been to go to another not a true graph of its social structure. Every planter, with whom he eventually found himself river bottom plantation operated: with slave labor, in the same predicament. The development of the was matched by numerous dirt farmers who lived industries of the North and East brought an ave- and labored in the hills. nue of escape. .Labor agents came South and The Civil War brought about the emancip~tion thousands of N~ro tenants went with them to of the slave but it wrought little change in the the North, thus es~aping from their debt burdened social structure of the South. ThehiU farmer status in the farm tenant system.

continued his way earning a living' from·n.is few acres. He chose one of his sons as his successor The Hill Farmer's Troubles on the farm and equipped the others for the trades Meanwhile things were happening to the hill or professions. The planter and his former slaves farmer. Unscientific farming led to the erosion succeeded in effecting an adjustment that enabled and the depletion of the fertility of his land. Year the fertile river valleys to continue to produce a after year decreases in his crop yields lowered his major portion of the world's supply of cotton. To status in the economic scale of the South's agri- supplant the old system of slavery a new system cultural system. His tribe was increasing with was evoIved which was to become known as the each generation and, with his decreasing income, sharecropper plan. The N e gr 0 "freed-man" he was finding it impossible to maintain his posi- [286] . tion in the social order. He was no longer able by every trait of temperament and personality to to educate his sons for the trades and professions enter into an economy which called for the closest therefore his already overburdened acres were cooperation between planter and tenant. He re- called on to support even greater numbers. Lack- belled against the close supervision exercised by ing capital to move to more fertile land his only the planter and friction was inevitable.

recourse was to remain on and eke out an exist- Owing to the inherent weakness of the farm ence of a sort. With his economic strength van- tenant system (tenant indebtedness) the worker's ishing he naturally began to deteriorate socially. meager capital was soon exhausted and his eco- The triune ravages of the South, hookworm, ma- nomic existence came to depend wholly upon his laria and pellagra, were exacting their toll from employer. Unfortunately for many tenants this his physical body, leaving him without energy. attitude was none too favorable. Frequently the The one-room public school was doing its best tenant was fractious and the planter soon tired to provide an education but it seldom did more of the strife that was continuously creeping into than to teach him to read and write and lead him their relationships. Since many tenants were to feel that he had all the educational world had unreliable the planter learned to regard them as to offer. His reaction to conditions beyond the a bad economic risk. Under such conditions realm of his understanding grew to be one of planters felt justified in getting rid of them as stupid suspicion. His personality, locked in the soon as possible. They passed from plantation to vaults of superstition and. ignorance, became a plantation until finally no one would have them.

dwarfed and distorted image of his forbears. Thus hundreds of white tenant families found Religious Decadence themselves thrown on their own pitifully inade- quate resources. They usually found some aban- In his religious life we find the same pitiful doned house and eked out an existence as best story of decadence. The clergy were recruited they could, doing odd jobs. Other white tenants from his. own ranks and made the transition from however succeeded in making the adjustment to the laity to the ministry by the simple expedient the system, until the depression made their posiof swapping the plow and the furrow for the Bible tion insecure. and the pulpit. About all this type of ministry has had to offerits. parishioners. is a very narrow A new factor, in the way of farm management, and limited conception of the broad principles of entered the field. Insurance companies were Christianity. The tenant farmer's faith came to forced to take over and operate many plantations consist of an extreme denominational conscious- to protect investments in southern farm lands ness; it was decidedly negative in character, pos- and established corporations. for the purpose of sessing little of the vital qualities of true Chris- carrying on farming operations. These business tianity. As a rule the average minister rose or organizations soon realized the economic weakfell in the estimation of his congregation with his ness of the tenant farmer and the mule and supability to vanquish his denominational foes in an planted them with the tractor and wage hand. ecclesiastical debate. Sometimes these theological Thus many more tenants passed out of the farm tenant system.

arguments grew so tempestuous that the police The Negro Tenant had to be called to enforce the peace. The position of the Negro tenant was also threatened. Tmnsition from the "share" method As generations came and went the stronger to a daily wage was disastrous to both the Negro sons succeeded in escaping from the farm, leav- and white tenant. Neither was able, by training ing the weaker to usher in a new generation a or ability, to manage his own economic affairs. little further down on the social scale. Like his They were forced to establish an entirely new impoverished acres the tenant farmer's character basis of economic existence on a low wage scale. has been depleted in moral, spiritual, intellectual The only time the cultivation of cotton demands and physical strength. The chief characteristic a great deal of manual labor is during the hoeing that remains from his pioneering forbears is a and harvest seasons. But these Negroes simply fierce pride; but unlike his forbears he has little do not possess. the economic sagacity to be able justification in his character for such a pride.

With the planters of the South looking for labor to manage a small seasonal income so that it will to replace Negro tenants who had gone North, cover the needs of an entire year. Thus many came an opportunity for the poor white man to more tenant families were added to the homeless escape from his impoverished land. He therefore and unemployed.

sold his holdings. for whatever they would bring With the arrival of the cotton control program and with this limited capital moved to the planta- many more will be forced into this group. The tions to take the place of the departed Negro. planter has been forced to reduce his acreage This was a terrible mistake. He was ill suited planted to cotton. If he is forced to reduce his

acreage one-third it is only a matter of simple a conference on the problem, but little was accomfractions to make him realize that he can get along plished other than the realization of the immensity with two-thirds of his tenants. Thus the farmless of the difficulty. group is threatened with a large increase in its numbers. Once this primary need has been met the next step must be to establish and carry out a South- There is yet another Damoclesian sword hang- wide program of human rehabilitation which will ing over the head of the hapless farm tenant. restore in the individuals of the farm tenant group The rules under which the government subsidizes the material and spiritual ability to fend for themits soil conservation program require that the selves in the rapidly changing economy of the rent paid the planter for acres planted with soil South. No such program has been formulated, conservation crops shall be shared with the tenant. but a hint as to its character may he found in the Here is an opportunity for the planter to profit success of the various social and educational by exchanging the rent system for the daily wage. agencies laboring in areas inhabited by large num- If he is not renting the land to the farm tenant, bers of tenants. In the regular course of their but merely working him by the day, he will receive duties they have touched the life of the individual the entire subsidy check. In the writer's experi- tenant and have brought about some very encourence he has known of no planters. resorting to this aging results. The Agricultural Extension Servunjust means of augmenting their income, but it ice has brought to the mind of the farmer a knowlis a possibility that must be considered by the edge of scientific farming and to his wife the farm tenant. advantages of agood home and home environment. The Public Health Service is teaching them the The Situation Today rudiments of simple hygiene and the value of diet in health. The displacing of the one-room school As the situation is today the Southern tenant by the consolidated school has wrought a wonderfarmer falls into two classes; the farmless tenant, ful change in the social and educational outlook who in reality is no longer a sharecropper but of their children. The children of the average is generally regarded as such; and the tenant tenant farmer today have a much broader and farmer who has succeeded in remaining in the more intelligent view of life than their parents. "system." It is imperative that the former re- If the more promising of these children could seceive attention at once. One cannot but be cure the advantages of a higher education they shocked at the thought of helpless people sitting could extricate themselves from the toils of the beside the road with no place to go. Here are sharecropping system and in a generation or two step-children of an economy which is rapidly would become normal Americans. As it is they changing and, in its change, can find no place for know that college is for them in the realm of the its unwanted wards. Very little is being done to improbable, if not impossible. With this barren meet the needs of this group. A few have found outlook before them they marry at an early age, refuge in the Farm Security Administration, a start to farming on shares, bring a large family federal agency, which is carrying out a national into the world, go in debt and remain so until program of rural rehabilitation. Others have death settles the account with the landlord. been brave enough to endeavor to homestead lands in the poorly drained swamp areas. They cannot While the work of reclamation, wrought by these hope for much success for they are without cap- social agencies, is merely a dent in the surface, "ital to carry them through the lean years before the success of their limited operations shows that their newly acquired acres can be brought to pro- the Southern tenant farmer is able to make a reduction. If their venture is successful this outlet sponse to efforts in his behalf. will serve only a small proportion of those in need. Some are finding a refuge in the homes of rela- The Christian Aspects tives who have succeeded in retaining their position as tenants on the plantations still using the What are the Christian aspects of the situation? share-cropping system. Unfortunately they are few for little Christianity has been exercised by the principals involved. The most immediate and urgent need in the The religious and moral life of the tenant farmer whole Southern tenant farmer problem is to find is only a dim shadow of the Christ-inspired life. a means of economic existence for those who are Gradually through the generations, the farmer in the army of farmless tenants. Other than the has come to look upon the Bible as containing limited amount of work heing done by the Farm proof texts for his denominational position rather Security Administmtion, and a single project be- than as a rule of faith and life. But the planter ing conducted by a group of socially minded has had many of his generous impulses shattered American Christians, there have been no con- by treachery and unreliability on the part of some structive efforts made toward the remedying of of his tenants. The Christian forces working in this situation of homeless people. One state held their midst have failed to realize that the tenant

THE SOUTH'S NUMBER ONE PROBLEM

farmer needs to. have evidences Qf their mission- farmers find that it is virtually impossible to effect ary interest. any radical change in the outlook of the older gen- eration. The young people, however, readily re- None of the Home Mission authorities of the spond to influences which are brQught to bear on more prominent churches of the South have thus their lives. If they can be reached befQre their far come to look upon the farm tenant group as environment has warped their cQnception of life, one which needs a well planned prQgram Qf mis- they will make as much progress as any group of sionary effort in their behalf. Only here and there average young Americans. in an isolated case does one find such a missionary project. The experience gained from these The promotiQn of a missionary project for a activities teach us that the tenant is not only the community of tenant farmers in southeast Ar- South's number one economic and social pro.blem, kansas has shown the writer that the task of but that this group also represents Southern effecting the spiritual rehabilitation of the tenant Christianity's numberQne spiritual problem. Ef- farmer will be a IQng hard struggle, filled with forts are being made by the State to effect the bitter experiences. The work began in an abaneconomic and social rehabilitation Qf the tenant doned one-room school house. The tenants posfarmer, and it is essential that the Church under- sessed no. means with which to erect a church gird this work with a well-planned program of building and refused to believe that funds CQuid Christian activity. It is 'a tremendous task which be secured. During the period of raising funds will require the wholehearted effort of every home from outside sources, the purchas.ing of materials mission agency in the Church. and the erection of the building, every conceivable obstacle was thrown in the way Qf the project by First of all effeotive work in this field will re- the tenants themselves. The pastor's character quire a ministry that is "wise as serpents and was assailed and his motives questioned at every harmless as doves." Men of ability must be will- turn; it was not until after four years of someing to devote their ministry to. sacrifice on the times heart-breaking service that his ministry altar of Christian service. The minister will be was vindicated in their sight. By the exercising called upon to work with people who will questiQn of patience and understanding, refusing to allow his motives. His every move will be subject to himself the luxury Qf righteous indignation, he scrutiny to. see if there is some flaw in his char- finally won their confidence and the tenant farmacter. In his presence the tenant farmers will ers with their families became loyal friends. express appreciation for his services, but to each When the church building was a reality large other they will be apt to speak of him with SCQrn crowds began to attend the services and the light and will ridicule his ministry. The minister to the of the Gospel was shed over the community. A tenant farmer must be a man of preaching ability. sound program Qf religious education was adopted It is no easy task to preach acceptably to thQse and Christian influences began to be revealed in who require the simplest of thoughts cQuched in daily lives. This work was correlated with the the simplest of language. The peQple instinctively program of the social agencies in the community resent anything they do not understand. and the program of rehabilitation there, today, is well balanced and wholesome. If organized Christianity ever recognizes the challenge presented to. it in the Southern tenant Under the inspiration of this church and its farmer and decides on some prQgram of missiQn- activities, several young men and women, who ary activity, there must be adequate financial had dropped out Qf school, have been induced to backing. In Qrder that his work may have an air resume their high school studies and one young of permanence the missionary must have a build- man is in college today, literally lifting himself by ing in which to. carry out a program of Christian his own efforts toward a higher education. The activity. There is little permanence abo.ut a brush social life has undergone a gradual change. The arbor and an abandoned one-room school house, weekly community dance, which generally ended such as are the abode of itinerant preachers who in a drunken brawl, has disappeared and the gento.o often exploit the peQple rather than render a eral moral tone of the community life has taken religious service. Anyone utilizing such places. as on an entirely different hue. Truly the power of houses of worship is classed in the itinerant group this church is being felt in the economic, social for which the tenant farmer has little respect. If and religious life Qf this community and is pointthe missionary's work is to be at all successful ing the way to higher and nobler conceptiQns. We it must be housed in a respectable building; then believe that some day the social agencies of Amerthe tenant farmer, who is naturally a church ica will find a solution to the social and economic goer, will fill it to capacity. problems of the sharecro.Pper. When that day comes the church in a community will be able A good program of religiQus. educatiQn will en- to lend its help toward making that solution efable the tenant farmer to apply mQral and spir- fective. itual truth to the sQcial and economic prQblems of his life. Those who have labored among tenant

Berea's Work for

Some Impressions Gathered from Revisiting the College After Thirty-five Years r~"- -'1l!;;1====;;o;;B;;o;;Y;;o;;D;;o;;E;;o;;L;;o;;A;;o;;V;;o;;A_N=L;;o;;';;o;;PI;;o;;E;;o;;R;;o;;SO;;o;;N====-=l..I, T HE true value of every factory or institution and in other parts of the nation and in foreign is to be judged by its products. In America lands. A new era has been ushered into the moun- the name of Berea has become synonymous tains of the South by what Berea has taught and with effective, practical Christian education. Here done. At comparatively small expense, the colgood raw material is received in the form of boys lege has shown how to accomplish wonders in and girls from the Southern Mountains and is practical education by new methods of farming shaped into strong, intelligent, useful Christian and stock raising, by courses in home-making, citizens. Many' other schools and colleges are en- nursing and child training, by modern business deavoring to do the same kind of work but most methods, by industries such as baking, weaving, of them with much less evidence of success. They printing, and furniture making. Students not only would like to know Berea's secret in order that help to earn their way by these industries but they they too may achieve as satisfactory results; but are taught the dignity of labor and learn to be exthey are, in too many cases, handicapped by tra- perts in one or more of these lines. Their products dition, by too much money, by indulgent parents, are works of art with high commercial value. or perhaps even by a lack of the highest ideals, Each student is required to payor earn $150.00 and true sacrificial service on the part of faculty a year to cover his or her expenses for room and and trustees. board, but most of them are able to earn a large part of these expenses by work in the industries, One reason why Berea is a truly great institu- on the farm or elsewhere. The results are seen tion is because it is not so handicapped. The col- in the wide-awake, industrious, fine spirited stulege is rather enriched by tradition, by its ideals, by the necessity for economy and hard work, by dent body.

the quality of the student body, and by the char- What are some of the secrets of Berea's success acter and spirit of its faculty and trustees. Berea in making strong, self-reliant men and women out has a high aim and a noble history and seeks to of the comparatively raw, untrained and underbe true to them today. This unique college, which privileged boys and girls of the mountains?

has today 1700 students, has grown out of a dis- First. Berea gives hope to the students. Many trict school, with a very few pupils, which was of them come from homes where poverty has opened at Berea, Kentucky, by John G. Fee in brought discouragement, where the "upright" 1855. mountain farms offer little possibility for earning a livelihood to support a growing family of chil- The equipment has grown from a small frame building unm it now.comprises a large and beau- dren; where poor roads and lack of schools give tiful campus and forest of 6,284 acres and little opportunity for economic or intellectual rriany fine buildings with all the necessary equip- progress; where churches cannot support a ment for physical, industrial, intellectual and spir- trained minister. Berea teaches these boys and itual education. In the early days Berea sought girls to look forward not back; to be dissatisfied to promote understanding between the white and with past achievements and with things as they Negro races by co-education, but when the Ken- are; to look ahead hopefully to something better tucky Legislature made this illegal, the college -in education, in the economic situation, in Christurned its attention wholly to the neglected and tian service, and in life as a whole. They learn underprivileged mountaineers of the South. Now to look forward to something better than the old 90 per cent of the students must be from the cabins such as are common in the mountains and mountains; no more than 10 per cent can be re- are inspired and taught to build new homes that ceived from outside this region, although many cost little; they learn how to make these attractive apply. The product of Berea has made the college and clean through the science of home-making. famous., for many of its former students have be- Berea students are given a vision of life that is come honored teachers, lawyers, physicians, truly worth living here and that looks forward to Christian preachers, legislators, business men and the Life beyond. home-makers in their own mountain communities Second. Berea gives its students courage and [290 ] inspires them with ambition and energy to do the strictly "cultural" work, is the labor system, a seemingly impossible. They are taught never to be discouraged by handicaps; not to complain be- dominant emphasis of the institution. Each dorcause of what they lack but to use thankfully and effectively what they have. They are taught never mitory student labors ten hours a week or more to accept defeat in any ambition that is high and useful and to realize that nothing good is impos- and for this he is paid in labor credits which are sible to those who have faith, courage and perseverance. There are multitudes of examples in available toward the payment of college bills. The Berea's history from the days of John G. Fee to those of William J. Hutchins. purpose of the labor system is to make it possible Third. Berea teaches its students the value for a student who otherwise would not be able to and joy of unselfish service. They are not encouraged to come to Berea merely for what they can procure an adequate education to win the special do for themselves but because there they can prepare better to serve their fellow men. This is the advantages of Berea. In no one of our campus spirit of the college from the president down to the first year student-and it makes them unusu- schools do we charge tuition. ally cheerful and attractive. Ability to earn money, or to achieve fame of personal comfort, is A student may labor in the dairy, on the farm, not the goal set before them; it is the ideal of making their homes, their community and the in the garden, in the broom industry, in the bakworld a better place in which to live. It is the same ambition that actuated Sir Wilfred Grenfell ery, in the laundry, in the heat and power plant, of Labrador and Dwight L. Moody of Northfield in their life service. Godlike love is the ideal and in the several weaving industries, in some janitor motive that sets the standard of service. service, in Boone Tavern, in one of the offices of Fourth. Berea teaches its students to look to God their Heavenly Father for power to attain the institution. Work for which a student receives these ideals. Youth must not only look forward hopefully and within courageously as they take educational credit, yields him no money; labor stock of their assets, but they must look around lovingly to meet the needs of others and they must which yields him financial credit, gives him no edlook up to receive the guidance and strength of God. Berea is assured that this higher source of ucational credit. Much of the labor is highly eduhelp is provided in Jesus Christ and the Bible. Students are not expected to fight the battle of life cational. A student janitor in one of our buildalone. Prayer, Bible study, church services and student organizations are used to promote spir- ings, a man recently from the mountains, reitual life. These growing young people learn what many great men and women have learned-that marked the other day, "Me and cobwebs are not true success is attained by putting God first and others second; and that putting self first and God congenial any more." No registrar's card can second courts failure. capture that type of education; but that is edu- *** cation. . As President Hutchins Looks at Berea Some years ago we, at Berea College, sponsored (Excerpts from an address by President William J. Hutchins, given before the Rural Life As- a County Achievement contest. This contest, sociation of Lexington, Kentucky, and printed in their periodical.) originating in the mind of our one time secretary, Berea College is now eighty-four years old. Mr. Marshall Vaughn, which may be tried in vari- Many efforts have been made to label or to classify Berea. It teaches cultural subjects, but ous sections. Judge Bingham offered $5,000 in it is not a "cultural" school; it teaches agriculture, but it is not an "agricultural" school; it prizes, to be divided between the two counties teaches the industries, but it is not an "industrial" school. which should win the largest number of points in Quite separate, whether from the vocational or a County Contest. Nine counties participated. If any man in a county put screens on his house, built a toilet, or painted his house; if any man cooperated in mending the steps of the church house, or in painting a schoolhouse, he did not win a prize himself, but he helped his county win a prize. The friendly emulation of mountain counties in a revamping, redeeming enterprise means a great advance. A man who has once caught a vision of his county with decent roads, and schools, and churches, and toilets, a man who has worked with fellow citizens for a Cause, is not going to be satisfied with shrubbiness and squalor and walrus-like isolation. The County Achievement Contest proved that there are forces in our mountain communities that lead our people toward a high and holy civilization.

A second emphasis of Berea College is the Home. We rest in the belief long ago expressed by Francis Peabody that "the home holds the key to the salvation of the state."

We went into the mountains and found a typical house of the poorer sort; it had no windows in the sides or in the lean-to; it had no foundations.; the hens and hogs of earth, and the winds of heav- en, could find their way beneath it. This house we bought, took down, and moved in sections so

that we could place it in a quiet but central site and women, in a health program, supervised by upon our campus. Next to this house we erected, with the aid of our own construction department, Dr. Joel E. Goldthwait, of Boston. and under the guidance of our Home Economics Department, a "contrast house," the material cost- Each autumn twenty or twenty-five doctors, exing us only $650. The result is a house into which I should be proud to have anyone of our alumni amine our students ; after the examination a sillive with his bride. Within a little mo~e than a year we sold more than eighty-five blueprints of houette is taken of each student. A girl looks at this house. her silhouette and says: "That isn't my picture, Aside from the class and laboratory work done in our Home Economics building, there are five is it ?" "Yes., that's your photograph." As a recountry or "practice homes." In each of these is an expert teacher of Home Economics, who lives sult the girl changes her posture almost as quickly with her girls, eats with them three times a day, guides them as they fashion their menus and their as she changes the way she dresses her hair. Thus meals, as they keep their food expenses within two dollars and sixty-five cents, a week for each a better physical breed of men and women are goperson. In one of these country homes is a baby. ing back into the mountains, whence 90 % of our I had supposed that the girls would kill the baby with love, but I learned better. One day a visitor 2,QOO students come. from Boone Tavern came to see the baby. It was at a time of influenza. A modest mountain girl A fourth emphasis .at Berea is the Ancient came to the door, and asked the visitor, "Have you a cold?" "No." "Then I will see if the baby Simplidties and the Fine Arts. Some students is asleep." In other words, if you haven't had a cold, and if the baby is not as,leep, then you may have not money enough to pay for stamps to send see the baby. That is education. letters home. We are doing our best to inculcate *** a democracy which makes it possible for the boy, There is a new and strange shop on the Berea campus. A man ninety years old, but shrewd and who on Sunday presses his blue jeans, to go to keen, came to tell me of the futility of a college education. He said that college men broke down church and not be embarrassed by the boy next to in the time of depression; that a college man did not know even how to change a fuse in his own him, with white collar and better clothes. At the house if he used electricity. He went on to say that every American ought to be able to till his same time there is emphasis on the Fine Arts. own ground, and to build his own house. Finally he gave us money enough to pay for the part sal- Music and art, we insist, are not the monoply of ary of a high class "Jack of all Trades,," and to build a shop, in which five girls this past year the financially elect. "All of God's, chillen have made their own looms, and in which an average of 150 boys worked each week. Here the boys may wings." Through the window of our "House of study the framing of a house, the wiring of a house, the plumbing of a house, and so on. the People," we seek to prove to our students that The Council on Economic Conditions of the the mountains are beautiful, and that mountain South report that 4,000,000 Southern families should be rehoused. This is one-half of all the life is potentially beautiful. families in the South. And yet, "The home holds the key to the salvation of the state." The fifth emphasis of Berea is religion. While A third emphasis of Berea College is health. we grant that there is no such thing as compUlsory We have a hospital with fifty beds and a contagious ward with 75 beds. Four doctors, two religion, we insist that our students shall be exdentists, four trained nurses, a dietitian and a technician are members of the staff. On the posed to the noblest thoughts which men have ground at one time we have 'approximately fifty student nurses. All join with the Department of cherished, whether they be thoughts concerning Physical Edu~atio;n, with its gymnasia for me)). mathematics, political science or religion.

We do our best to build a golden bridge by which a student may pass. from an impossible theology, and an erroneous Biblical interpretation, to thoughts and convictions about God and Christ which will enable him to fight fearlessly and win in the arena of modern life.

We do not expect our mountain people to be rich, nor shall we lightly endure their hideous destitution. If we Americans have a modicum of communal character and good will, such destitu- tion is absolutely needless.

We who serve the mountains are trying to teach the boys and girls that they can play without per- verting the most sacred instincts of mankind, that they can hear the golden trumpets sound while great sacrifices are being offered; that they may live a life of external hardship, and at the same time find their way, straight and clean, to the per- renial sources of joy which are not destroyed by the ravages of time and circumstance. We are trying to teach the boys and girls how to take their share, their full share, in the economic and spir- itual redemption of the South and in the cosmic redemption of which the great dreamers have dreamed and for which the prophets and apostle.$ .and martyrs h.ave died. . . –

A Challenge for Advance in

–<!III By REV. W. A. ROSS, D.O. Ill>- C APTAIN JIMENEZ, an officer iIi the med- have ministered in the Name of Christ to the sick, ical department of the aviation corps of the has completely changed the attitude of the people Mexican Government, a Protestant and one toward Protestant work. The schools during the of my former students, was remarking on the years they were being carried on, created a friend- tendency in the government toward a more lib- liness and called forth cordial support and elicited eral attitude to religion and a more· spiritual warm praise from all classes of the people.

philosophy. This tendency is more marked in A Nation in the Making some sections than in others. It is a challenge to the evangelical forces to take advantage of the if Mexico prides herself on being one toofbtehgeinfirtsht~ present situation, and at the same time a call from not the first, of the modern States Christ to present His claims upon all. The times and conditions are favorable. struggle for a larger freedom, and that was less We do not mean that all is friendliness toward than thirty years ago. As a nation that is being the Gospel, or that there are no forces of evil, no radical elements opposed to religion, no hearts in made over, she is very young. The people are Mexico that have no room for Christ. We refer to conditions in general. formulating new policies, they are working out At the Congress of the American Republics· in new systems of statecraft, they are facing the Peru, the dominant note was friendliness. The "good neighbor" policy is bearing fruit. It is in edcaownonm. I.CT, hseoyciaarle avnedrycusletnusriatlivecotnoditthioenspoolifticthale' this atmosphere we are working in Mexico but there come at times breaks in the friendly trend. present-day neighborhood world and are receiving Three or four years ago the church in Cuerna- ideas and patterns of behavior which are stirring vaca was closed for some months and the State government was making plans t~ take it as a cul- and moulding the minds and confusing or directtural center. It was saved, and in recent years we have not been in the least molested. Later ing the thoughts of multitudes. These new curthere was a heavy tax put on all ministers of religion. In some cases it amounted to more than rents are uprooting the foundations of their forhalf the salary. That also has been removed, and the ministers go about their duties as freely and mer simpler life, are affecting not only the outer openly and actively as in the United States. In another capital city about four years ago the forms, but also the inner contents and are shaplargest Protestant church was taken over by a semi-official labor group and used as headquarters ing the framework of a new civilization. until recently when it was turned back to the people for religious services. There is a tenacity in the old conditions and The liberal elements have always been favor- conceptions of life which do not yield easily, and able to the Protestant cause. Juarez said eighty years ago: "We need the Protestants in Mexico." there is much that should not yield, but no one And liberal-minded men of affairs in all walks of life have often expressed similar sentiments. can deny that this new structure moves with irre- Their knowledge of history teaches them that in countries where the Protestant faith predominates sistible force. The danger is that the good will there is liberty, progress, and a larger degree of happiness. There is also the missionary work go with the bad, and that sinister elements will that is being done before their own eyes. The work of the hospitals where the doctors and nurses come in. There is danger that, as they are pro- gressing through outer forms and organizations and are mastering the material, they wil not learn self-mastery or will not give a place for God who controls and masters life.

Here is the opportunity for the Evangelicals.

Just at a time when a nation is casting off the old faith there is the opportunity to press· the claims of the new; when hearts are open to the new it is a challenge to present Christ whose coming makes all things new.

A good number of those who have pretended to be the saviors of the people and guardians of their interests during the years of revolution have been selfish and unscrupulous men. This accompanies all revolutionary movements. We must also re- member that the efforts made to uplift the masses of the people take the form of material uplift.

• Reprinted from The Christian Ol1'8erver. This is needed and when rightly and wisely [293 ]

guided has its value; we can rejoice in everything The Religious Qualities of the Mexican People that is done to help in any way. The Mexican people are breaking away from But during the whole of the revolutionary pe- the dominant religion of the country, but this does not mean that they are irreligious or are losing riod there have been men and women who not their inherent religious qualities. Jose Vascononly have given themselves unselfishly for the selos, one-time Secretary of Education, speaking material welfare, but also have sought to bring to for his own people said: "We are Indian blood the masses larger cultural opportunities in the and soul; the language and civilization are Spanthings of the mind and the heart. There have ish"; and the Indian is by nature religious. His been enough of these to give continuity to the religion as a pagan before the conquest with its movement and under their leadership it has gone priesthood, its religious communities, its penances forward. and a host of deities, was the center of his life. His religion as a Roman Catholic, with its very Twenty-five years ago some of the men at the similar priesthood, with its pilgrimages and the head of the then very young revolutionary party attendant community life, its penances, its muloutlined. their plans for making available to titude of images and saints, was until recently, the masses a larger portion of the resources and and still is for many, the center of life. Those products of the country, for the education of all who have come into the Protestant faith with its the people and for the enlargement of their intel- ministry, sacraments and ordinances of New Teslectual and spiritual outlook on life. As we have tament type, with its fellowship with Christ and watched the progress throughout the years, in with those who love Him, with its repentance spite of many things to oppose and many un- from sin and pardon in Christ, with the free acworthy elements which have crept in, we have cess of all believers to God our Father through the observed that they have, generally speaking, held merits of His Son our Saviour, find joy and peace true to these ideals. At the heart of their pro- in this life of faith. grams there has been an earnest desire to help the people and to lift them up. With some, as in the There are many inherent qualities in the Mexcase of President Cardenas, it is a life passion. ican people, brought in through the Indian strain There are now, and have been from the beginning, and fostered by the dominance of the Roman Cathmen of like mind. One young thirty-five-year-old olic faith for centuries, which when captured by governor put on a vigorous anti-alcoholic cam- Christ go to make up well-rounded Christian charpaign, and is giving especial attention to the edu- acters. Their patient and sympathetic natures cation of all children of school age. when touched by Christ become genuine Chris- tian virtues. Their fidelity and endurance, re- This earnest desire on the part of the present vealed in the hundreds who have died rather than rulers to help the submerged of Mexico may help deny their faith, are qualities. which add much to us to understand better some of their acts. In the the building up of stability in the family, church, exchange of notes between our State Department community and national life. Their mysticism at Washington and the Foreign Relations Depart- and contemplativeness have full playas they mediment of Mexico, Secretary Hull called attention to tate on Christ in the night watches. Their social the apparent, if not real, weakening of a sense of nature and spirit of comradeship, when the Spirit moral obligations. One cannot justify a break- of God purifies. and elevates, make the communion down in national honor and a weakening of a of the saints a high privilege. ~ense of national obligations, but one can find perhaps an explanation for some of the things. done Much of the old order is going and the new by the Mexican Government in the passion of the philosophies of life, the economic and social theleaders for the sharing of the masses of the people ories which have all the characteristics of religion in the resources and products of the country. along with nationalism, also elevated to a religious passion, are seeking entrance into Mexico. Many in the Government, from President Cardenas down, have indicated their appreciation of a feeling of obligation to the Protestant cause for what they are doing and have looked upon them Here again lies the peril for Mexico; here again in many cases as allies. We were one day discuss- lies the opportunity for the Evangelical Church.

ing with the Under-Secretary of Education the The Church itself must recapture the vision that rural school system and the plan of the Govern- God in Christ meant the Christian community to ment for the training of rural teachers. Mr. be a fellowship of believers, rooted in God and Saenz said that they could give the intellectual, His divine redemptive order and therefore com- technical and practical training to the teachers, mitted to the service and salvation of the world.

but that when they were sent out to the rural Then going out in His Name the Church must communities to teach, too many of them broke capture for Christ those religious qualities in the morally, adding that here is a great field of serv- Mexican people which make them His joyous and ice for the Protestant Church. consecrated servants.

Frontiers in Home

By the REV. EDWARD DELOR KOHLSTEDT, D.D., Philadelphia Executive Secretary of the Board of Home Missions and Church Extension, Methodist Episcopal Church BASIC backgrounds and ideals are fateful States on April 30, 1789, George Washington was factors in the unfolding life and destiny of visited by a special delegation from the recently men and nations. Material and moral as- organized Methodist Episcopal Church (Baltisets, undergirded by a consciousness of the real- more Christmas Conference, 1784), the first in ity of spiritual values, determine the character the history o.f our country to bestow an official and quality of their economic, civic and social blessing upon the Chief Executive and other adactivities. No nation can hope to endure the tests ministrative officers of America's infant republic. of time without at least three imperatives to per- On October 3, 1789, President George Washingpetuity: an adequate fo.undation of race; a high ton's first national Thanksgiving Day Proclamastandard of private and public morals; and a tion pledged this nation's gratitude and loyalty to spirit of fidelity <to tested and well-established in- God: "It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge stitutions. the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to Expanding Frontiers implore His protection and favor." The coin of the realm still bears this suggestive inscription: The geographical growth of the United States 'Tn God we trust." of America constitutes an amazing chapter in the story of nations. Our early American colonies American missionary history stirs the souls of only fringed the Atlantic seaboard. When this those who trace the trails and sense the spirit of New World Republic was launched upon its no- the hardy pioneers. and heroic "circuit riders," table career in 1789, the Mis<sissippi River had patriots and preachers, whose joint services to become its western boundary. Later a sixty-year God and country were so effective during the series of rapidly receding western frontiers es- formative period of our national life. The most tablished the territorial unity o.f the United States substantial achievements which have blessed this between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the Gulf world were conceived in the hearts and fostered of Mexico. and Dominion of Canada. The years by the faith of missionary-minded men and 1867 and 1898, respectively, witnessed the pur- women. We are indebted to their initiative, darchase of Alaska and the voluntary annexation of ing and self-sacrifice for humanity's material, Hawaii. Sho.rtly after, acquisitio.n of the Philip- social and spiritual progress. Challenged by the pines, Puerto Rico, a number of other islands that spirit of adventure, stimulated by the desire to dot the seas, and a permanent lease on the serve, and responsive to an inner spiritual urge, Panama Canal Zone completed the composite area they were able, out of a forbidding wilderness which embraces Uncle Sam's present political hitherto untrod by the feet of white men, to wrest domain. a civilization that was dominated by a Christian Our governmental superstructure rests upon purpose. A dynamic conscience characterized the foundations furnished by organized Christianity. colonization of America. The United States is The first representative assembly in this Western "a nation that was born Christian." Hemisphere was housed in a Christian church at old Jamestown, Virginia, where a monument now Is America Becoming Pagan? marks that historic spot. When the Plymouth What has happened during the century and a colonists were threatened with starvation, the . half of our national life, so startling in its impli- day designated for fasting and prayer was sud- cations that a level-headed leader and seasoned denly transformed into a time of feasting and re- Christian statesman like William Adams Brown joicing, hence Governor William Bradford pro- is prompted to voice the fear that "America is acclaimed the observance of America's first general tually in danger of becoming progressively pa- Thanksgiving Day on February 22, 1631. At his gan"? Constantly changing conditions, shifting first inauguration as President of the United economic and social situations; the influx of mil- [295 ]

lions of people from all parts of the world, with prime importance of personal salvation should not their own continental traditions, prejudices and be content with anything short of collective comracial animosities; the propagation of pagan fort as well as individual security. The spectacle philosophies of life; and the development of crime of absurd extremes between plenty and poverty, cultures of appalling proportions – these all surfeit and starvation in the richest country on threaten the foundations of our governmental earth, is an anomaly which has no place in a prosuperstructure and tax the resources of Chris- fessedly Christian commonwealth. This must be tianity. America's slump in ethical ideals is evi- corrected and its recurrence made impossible or denced by: the unsavory -revelations of our the manhood of tomorrow may curse the present United States Senate Committee hearings, in the generation for its stupidity. Significant trends in field of finance; the subtle trickery of dress-suit the current life of our day challenge the Church racketeers as well as the brazen effrontery of of Christ to arouse itself; to enlarge its vision, machine-gun gangsters; the perversion of public expand its horizon, revamp its program, and reoffice to propaganda methods that clash with the fire the zeal of evangelical Christianity so genuine principles of constructive statesmanship; strangely tempted, during these fateful days, to exploitation of the masses, for the sake of a selfish yield to the spirit of smug complacency and a surplus and the satisfaction of corporate greed; false sense of security. As Dr. H. E. Woolever rancor-breeding racial discriminations, that coun- wisely insists, "The Church of Christ must press tenance economic and social inj ustice. These and her spiritual ideals more effectively to the fore in kindred developments. undermine sacred institu- legislative halls and public life, or the increasing tions, hinder human welfare, and challenge the forces of greed and materialism will smother the Christian constituency of this country with a far economic and social rights of the masses." In more intricate and exacting task than that of our this or any other country, human happiness and pioneer fathers. national welfare can become a full reality only when those entrusted with governmental and so- An unwholesome industrial and social system cial responsibilities. are dominated by spiritual that breeds iniquities and haI1dships; ignores ra- incentives; when our national superstructure is cial discriminations and persecutions; tolerates buttressed by the fundamental doctrines of Chrisslum and dumping-ground residence areas; bar- tianity: the Fatherhood of God; the Saviourhood ters with beer barons and liquor lords for the of Christ; the Brotherhood of Man; the infinite privileges of physical and moral debauchery; value of human life, regardless of racial antecedwinks at broadcasts and cinemas that deliberately ents or backgrounds. distort ideals and magnify the worst features of American life, at home and abroad; and cheapens The Social Creed of the Churches, endorsed by itself by acknowledging the validity of alien di- the Home Missions Council and the Federal Counvorce laws that ridicule the sanctity of marriage cil of the Churches of Christ in America (to which and disrupt home life – these conditions deeply nearly all of our major Christian communions susconcern an awakened national conscience. The tain constituent relationships) embraces the follargest military budget in the history of the lowing clearly defined declarations: United States; crime and relief bills that require many billions to finance; fifty per cent of our (1) Equal rights and justice for all men, in population and a minimum of 15,000,000 of our all stations of life. children and young people under twenty-five years of age unrelated to the Church of Christ so that (2) Family protection by the single standard even a United States Senator voices the plea, of purity, regulation of marriage, and proper "Save the youth of the land or America is lost"- housing. all these stir our souls; indifference or silence on the part of Christian leaders would be treason to (3) Adequate physical and moral safeguards both the Cross and the Flag. for women toilers.

Social and Religious Frontiers (4) An unhampered development opportunity for every child, and the abolition of child labor. The totality of human welfare is Christianity's central concern. In the technical sense, geograph- (5) The right of employees and employers ical frontiers gradually fade from the national alike to organize, adequate means of arbitration scene, but modern home missionary agencies. must and conciliation during industdal disputes. reckon with functional frontiers of even greater urgency. In America, as elsewhere, vast areas (6) Application of Christian principles to the of under-privileged rural and urban life demand acquisition and use of property. conscientious com'l,ideration and action on the part of both Church and State. A passion for the Calvin Coolidge well said: "I do not know of any adequate support for our form of government, except that which comes from religion. The mere sharpening of the wits, the bare training of the intellect, the naked acquisition of science, while they greatly increase the power for good, likewise

NEW FRONTIERS IN HOME MISSIONS

increase the power for eviL Intellectual growth, service calls for a sound sociological basis for unaccompanied by moral and spiritual growth, missionary method and procedure, buttressed by will only add to our confusion." a valid humanitarian as well as genuine evange- Bishop Edwin Holt Hughes of the Methodist listic urge. A composite task requires, a composite Church emphasizes individual and social gospel program.

mutualities, as follows: The major task of Home Missions has always Any contest between the two seems to be a quarrel be- been to meet the demands of expanding geographtween the inner and outer life. Despite its individualistic ical and functional frontiers, with their changing emphases, the Wesleyan movement made most efficient economic and social situations; to aid in the esbeginnings in social reforms that later shone so beauti- tablishment of churches and the maintenance of fully in the expressions of Christian life. Wesley met missionaries; to explore and seek the solution of the standards of his own social gospel, did not dwell in community problems. that have been created by elegance, shared all he had, died poor. While the Church exploitation, poverty, ignorance, intolerance, dishas not usually protested where the main question de- manded economic expertness rather than moral judgment, ease and death. Modern Home Missions must she has spoken with boldness on starvation wages, child reckon with the basic needs of human hearts and labor, the liquor problem, the gambling evil, personal minister to those who, menaced by fOI'ces which purity, divorce, etc. Earnest men who plead that Christ are destructive to all that makes life worth while, is the ruler of the market place, that His spirit and prin- ciples should be applied to industrial life, should not be find their unaided strength unequal to the strugclassified as Soviets, Socialists or Communists. This whole gle for moral and spiritual victory. It is not task of creating a redeemed society calls for both regen- enough to tarry at the foot of the precipice, waiteration and education. ing with stretchers to catch the falling victims of sin and selfishness; Home Missions must major The CUn'ent Challenge Modern social situations in the United States in preventive rather than curative policies and of America, neware:as of activity created by programs in order to lift the whole of life to changing conditions and modified modes of living, loftier levels.

must be met and served by Home Missions with America's Salvation an adequate program adapted to the demands of these times. It is 'a far cry from the comparative Freedom of worship, lawful liberty, equality of simplicity of pioneer life to the confusing com- economic and social opportunity, and the sacredplexities of America's twentieth-century commu- ness of personality were the objectives of the Pilnities; from the program of a missionary move- grim Fathers who laid the foundations of this ment across expanding geographical frontiers, to New WorId Republic. Their ideals were crystalthe intricate and intensive task of providing an lized in the Constitution of the United States of adequate Christian ministry to modern communi- America, the separation of Churoh and State, the ties, threatened by destructive forces and fre- Emancipation Proclamation; they developed a quently abetted by "spiritual wickedness in high sturdy type of character which became the pride places." Home Missions must continue an un- of American citizensbi.p, until the finer sensibilifaltering' commitment to the supreme purpose of ties of our people became blunted by sordid sobringing the constructive and Ufe-enriohing serv- cial, commercial and political ambitions, when ices of the Gospel of Christ, not only to the SQ- license and lawlessness began to displace liberty called under-privileged areas of humanity, but and law. America's material, scientific and social also to any and all rural and urban communities achievements have been phenomenal, unsurpassed which, for whatever reason, would not otherwise by other nations, but her current spiritual situabenefit by them. It is the task of the Home Mis- tion is a cause for grave concern on the part of sion enterprise to serve isolated villages of reli- thoughtful Christian statesmen. Dr. Mark A. giously and socially forgotten men, women and Dawber, Secretary of the Home Missions Council children; to spiritualize sparsely settled rural of America, warns us that regions, pocketed mountain communities, and congested city centers; to brother bilingual Es- When wealth becomes an end in itself; when education kimo, Indian, Latin American, Migrant, Negro, leads to a deification of the intellect; when industry de- velops into a selfish struggle between capital and labor; when statesmen degenerate into petty politicians; and Oriental, and polyglot peoples from every part of when social life takes on the characteristics of the jungle, the planet now resident in and potential citizens the soul of the nation is lost. When lawmakers lose their of this country. The Christian attitude toward, spiritual ideals and sense of God; when the Lord's Day interest in, love for and ministry to these national is commercialized and secularized; when moral standards are lowered and a materialistic order becomes the major and family racial groups who have come here from motive of men, the supremacy of God is ignored and gov- ernment, education, industry and society, as well as relieverywhither, to make this their home, their flag, gion itself are in peril. their country, is bound to determine both the char- acter and the quality of future American citizen- The Christian Church and her Home Missions ship. In order to be effective and fruitful such agencies must save the soul and enrich the inner

life of America. A truly Christian democracy, sis, it is the same historic and heroic warfare according to our most seasoned statesmen, is the against the world, the flesh and the devil. Now, only constructive procedure in society, economics, as then, we wrestle not only with flesh and blood, education and government that ultimately can sur- but with principalities and powers. Home Misvive. America's greatest possible contribution sions faces an exceedingly exacting task in the toward world welfare, hence the most urgent re- new frontiers which now tax the mental, material sponsibility of Home Missions, is a reestablish- and spiritual resources of organized Christianity. ment of America's basic ideals of liberty and law, Shall we join Wycoff of Yale '84, in the following prayer: buttressed by a functioning faith in the God of our Fathers. Experience has demonstrated that Fronting my task, these things I ask: this is best for the physical, moral, social and To be tn.e, this whole day through; spiritual good of mankind. Present problems a.p- To be content with honest work, pear to be new and intricate, owing to the complexities of our modern life but, in the last analy- Fearing only, lest I shirk; To see, and know, and do what's right; To come, unsullied, home at night.

A Roman Catholic Challenges Rome By EULA KENNEDY LONG FROM earliest days until now, ignorance of the people to read the Bible. The accusation is not Bible has been widespread and notorious in correct, stated thus bluntly. We do not prohibit Brazil. the reading of the Bible (the Catholic version, be It was only a few months ago that a stu- it understood); but its almost general neglect, dent in Brazil said to a missionary who had given and the little attention given to teaching Catholics him a Bible : "You do not know how grateful I the supreme beauties of Divine Revelation, are am for this. All my life I have wanted a copy of practically equivalent to prohibition. . . . How the Bible; but this is the first time I have seen or can Catholic Action prosper when Catholics do not touched one." Missionaries could tell of having know the soul of the movement; when Jesus consearched the bookstores in some large cities of tinues ignored or unknown-the unknown God of Brazil, without finding one copy of the Bible for whom Paul preached to the Athenians?" sale – unless, perchance, there might be one or two of ancient pulpit Hize, .offered at the prohibi- It is a cause for rejoicing that concern is felt tive price of the salary of a workman for one over such a situation. Then came the good news month. -welcome to all sincere Christians, whether Roman Catholics or Protestants – that Father The Roman Catholic Church, which has been Rohden had completed a remarkably fine transladominant in Brazil for four hundred years, has tion of the New Testament, issued under ecclemade no practical attempt to provide the Scrip- siastical Imprimatur. It is a mere coincidence, tures or any portions for the people and many perhaps, but one is struck by the fact that this priests have forbidden the reading of what it calls new launching of God's Word, under Church the "Protestant" Bible, on the grounds that it is sanction, came in the same year that the Englishheretical. This is in spite of the fact that transla- speaking peoples celebrated the fourth centenary tions have been made by their own priests. of the transJation of the Bible into the language of the English people. Over a year ago, Evangelical (Protestant) church papers reprinted, with unfeigned joy, an The significance of this translation by a Roman editorial by a Roman Catholic priest, in which he Catholic priest cannot be overestimated when one voiced deep concern about this widespread igno- remembers that Brazil is a great Roman Catholic rance of God's Word. After relating experiences country, and the nation of greatest size, populain three hundred cities of BrazH, Father Hum- tion and potentialities in South America. The berto Rohden wrote: value of the achievement will be practically lost, however, if Father Rohden's New Testament is "Everywhere I found a profound and shameful not printed in a popular edition, put on sale at ignorance of the Divine ReveJ.ation. . . . It has secular bookstores, and its careful reading inreached such an extreme among us that Biblical sistently recommended by the priests. and Protestant are considered synonymous. . . . Ignorance of the sacred text is an open door to Will Rome accept the challenge of one of her the most horrible religious fetishism, to the detest- own priests? If so, then Father Rohden's work able superstition that exists among our people. of love and courage will prove to be, as he says, . . . The Protestants. accuse us of forbidding the "the breath of a promising spiritual springtime."

American Indians Are Doing

Evangelize Their Own People By G. E. E. LINDQUIST, Lawrence, Kansas I ~.- I Missionary-at-Large to the North American Indians ~==============================~t "EVERY race in the end must be elevated by These are only a few of th0'se wh0' have labored its own educated leadership," said a wise to bring the Gospel to their own people, either by leader 0'f his people. He would have been means of the translated word or as interpreters of the Message. They have all entered into their wiser had he said "Christian leadership," for in reward but their g00'd deeds follow them. Much the final analysis any elevation worthy of the of the work of Indian evangelization today is carname must be inspired and permeated by the ried on by native leaders. This does not mean Christian motive. The Indian race is no exception to this dictum. Historically, the most successful that the number of Indian pastors. and evangelists missions are those in which Indians have actively exceeds that of white missionaries, but when we participated in the evangelizati0'n of their own include interpreters, catechists, helpers and lay people. This is true in both Americas, north· as Indian leaders, young and old-in Sunday schools, well as south of the Rio Grande. women's societies, young people's organizations, such as Christian Endeav0'r, B. Y. P. U., Epworth As the North American tribes pass in review, League, Y. M. and Y. W. C. A., St. Andrew's certain notable names are associated with them, Brotherhood, Girls' Friendly Society, D. V. B. S., not as warriors and statesmen only but rather as evangels 0'f the Cross of Christ, messengers of the etc.-the total figure is impressive. G00'd News to those "sitting in darkness and the True, there are Indian communities today, an shadow of death." increasing number of them, where English is One calls to mind among the Cherokees, for ex- practically the only language spoken, whether on ample, such a spiritual leader in the person of the street, shop, school or church. Here the na- Elias B0'udinot, associated with Samuel A. Wor- tive tongue is used only 0'n special occasions when cester in translating the Scriptures and numerous old people are present, for example, at a tribal hymns, still used by present-day tribesmen; council or a funeral. On a recent field trip the Frank H. Wright, Choctaw evangelist and singer, writer visited the Yumas where this holds true. whose ministry was by no means limited to his However, among the neighboring Cocopahs, who own people; Joseph Islands, apostle to the Creeks; drifted across the border from Mexico several Frank Mt. Pleasant, for over forty years among decades ago, the white missionary must still use his own Tuscaroras ; James Hayes, a prophetic an interpreter at all services. To the north, voice among the Nez Perces, pr0'bably the first am0'ng the Mojaves, there is a native pastor min- Indian of the N0'rthwest to be hon0'red by the istering to his own people both at Needles, Cali- Doctor of Divinity degree; Artemas Ehnamani, fornia, and at Parker, Arizona. In a maj ority first native pastor to the Sioux, with the third of services English is the accepted medium of generation in his line serving at present; Charles expression although the pastor is a member of the Wright and Mark Hart among the 0hippewas, tribe and uses his mother tongue freely. who received much of their early training under One should not, however, draw the conclusion Bishop Whipple; Philip Deloria among the Da- that the work of Indian evangelization is no longer kotas, a disciple of the beloved Bishop Hare; dependent on the translated Word. Great has Isaac McCoy, a name-sake of the great Baptist been the contribution of those who have devoted missionary; Lucius Aitsan among the Kiowas, years of lab0'r in translating the Christian Scripa c0'nvert under Isabelle Crawford's ministry to tures into Indian languages. The story of the the blanket Indians in western Oklahoma; Horace Cherokee Bible, using Sequoyah's famous alpha- Williams among the Pima, who received his in- bet, reads like a romance; S0' also that of the spiration for evangelizing from Charles H. Cook, Sioux (Dakota) and the Chippewa (Ojibway).

pioneer missionary to the Southwest; Sherman Who can read of Dr. Rudolphe Petter's painstak- Coolidge, an Arapahoe, who also ministered to ing eff0'rts in making the Bible available to the other needy tribes. Cheyennes without unbounded admiration. In [299 ]

addition to these, the Scriptures, either in whole faith. One of the high spots of the church year or in part, may be found in the following: Choc- are the evangelistic services, usually held in J antaw, Muskokee (Creek), Shawnee, Arapahoe, uary and conducted by the deacons, more often Winnebago, Nez Perces, Seneca, Delaware, Tewa than not in the homes, but sometimes in the (Pueblo), and is some of the Canadian Indian church. The neighboring Tuscaroras as well as languages, such as the Cree, Miconac, Tinne and the Tonawandas frequently join in these meet- Maliseet. More recently some books of the Bible ings. It is the testimony of the leaders that the have been put into print in the Navajo tongue, church work receives a spiritual lift from these as well as in the Hopi and Apache. services which is felt throughout the entire year.

The Navajoes Among the Chippewas, especially those in Mich- igan, the annual camp meetings are looked for- Since the Navajoes constitute the largest tribe ward to as the big event of the year. Whether numerically in the United States and since these the camp meeting, as conducted by these people, people have often been referred to as "the last is an outgrowth of the old Indian councils which stronghold of paganism" it is reasonable to sup- were called by the chiefs, or whether they hark pose that the translated Word will have an im- back to early day Methodism, is a mooted question. portant place in their evangelization for years to The point to be noted here is that the Indians feel come. But what is of even g.reater importance instinctively that they are indigenous and belong to the Navajo is the development of an indigenous to them. Ever since the days of Rev. Peter church, under Indian leaders. Twenty years ago, Marksman (the name of Marksman is. writ large following a field survey, the writer urged that "at in the missionary history of the Chippewas), every mission station a small group of promising brought into the Christian life by Rev. John Clark native leaders should be trained for missionary of the Oneida Mission some time about 1840, the service in the future." Wherever these conditions Ojibway Camp Meetings. have been largely conhave been met certain encouraging results in the ducted by native Christians in which their own work of evangelization have followed. But alas, hymns and Scriptures loom large. The writer has after fifty years of missionary effort among these often heard the Indian preachers exhorting their people, one can count on the fingers of one hand people, sometimes far into the night. When the the number of full-time Indian Christian leaders. sinners and backsliders come to the front, the ex- hortation gives way to united prayer on the part The Hopis, a sedentary and agricultural people, of the faithful who are on their knees.. When the who unfortunately are widely advertised because penitent has "come through" there is exuberant of their annual snake dances now rapidly becom- singing as they rise to their feet in glad acclaim. ing commercialized, have had (until the recent One of the exhorters who has recently gone to passing of Pliny Adams) three native workers- his reward, J,ames Keshick, rarely missed a camp at Polacca, Toreva and Moencopi. Only those who meeting; he also served as local preacher at Hanhave first-hand knowledge of how the minds of nahville community for many years. these people "have been shackled by pantheism and idolatry," and how "within our own day men The Oklahoma Indians have lived and died in Hopiland without knowing that there is a redeeming Christ"-only those can Oklahoma Indians, especially the so-called understand what the lone workers must face as blanket tribes, still observe annual camp meetthey seek to bring the Gospel of the Cross to their ings, generally held in August or September, with fellow tribesmen. duly appointed committees in charge and careful preparations. made, sometimes months in advance The Senecas and Cherokees in order that such necessary items as food, equip- ment and shelter may be in readiness. A large On a recent trip to the Tonawanda Senecas in meeting tent, capable of holding hundreds of wor- New York the writer renewed acquaintance with shipers, is provided. Formerly a maj ority of the Peter Doctor, an Indian elder who for nearly attendants sat on the ground or on a piece of cantwenty-five years has kept the fires going in the vas spread for the occasion. Now practically all little Presbyterian Church, situated in the heart prefer camp chairs or benches, some of the nonof the pagan district, in the hope of evangelizing Christians choosing the cushioned seats from that element. During all these years he has near-by automobiles. Often as many as five or preached the Gospel faithfully and has made pro- six tribes gather for this annual event and a colorhibition speeches around the country. He is still ful assembly and picturesque congregation prewaiting for the Presbytery to appoint a successor sents itself. Beginning with a sunrise prayer to the late Mr. Tripp. meeting, called by the camp-crier, these people are rarely satisfied with less than four services a On the near-by Cattaraugus Reservation, Rev. day. They believe in and practice prayer, song David o,wl, a. Cherokee, has for twelve years led the Seneca people into the truths of the Christian

£9391 WHAT AMERICAN INDIANS ARE

and testimony. The climax comes when after the nual camp meetings and evangelistic s'ervices at exhortation by Indian leaders – in the old days Talmaks, Idaho, usually around Independence Nahwats, Poafpybitty, Saneco and Wautan-at Day, under the aegis of such native leaders as present by such younger recruits as George Hunt, Mark Arthurf James Dickson, Joseph Cook and Robert Chaat, White Parker, James Ottipoby and Harry Moffett. Robert Atchavit, when "the net is cast" and the converts and backsliders are brought in. The In the old Indian Territory (now east~rn Okla:.- elos.ing Sunday often witnesses baptisms, restora- homa) where dwell the Five Civilized Tribes, one tions and new members added to the church rolls. naturally expects. to find Indian workers dedi- cated to the cause of evangelization of their own Among the Sioux there are annual convocations people. Notable names are connected with their and mis8ion meetings. The latter, knolWn as past missionary history, but not all are written in l?taya Owohdake, have been held each autumn the past tense. Such institutions as. Bacone Colsince 1874 by the Congregational and Presby- lege, Dwight, Old Goodland, Oklahoma Presbyterian Indian churches of which there are 24 and terian College, Oklahoma Baptist Univ~r:rity a:.nd 30, respectively. They are manned by Indian the American Indian Institute have all had a part pastors, and the states of Nebraska, North and in preparing and sending forth many of the preS'- South Dakota and Montana are represented. ent generation of Christian leaders, lay and cler- While these do not have the distinctive revival ical. Among the Cherokees the list includes such emphasis of the usual camp meeting, they consti- preachers as Richard Glory, John Acorn and Jim tute a very significant link in the work of evan- Pickup, with Aaron Hancock, Johnson Bobb, gelization among the Dakotas. Here,' among Oscar Gardner and Grady James among the other items, may be heard thrilling reports from Choctaws; Sam Hawkins and Mose Wesley with the "Wotanin Waste," the Indian women's mis- the Chickasaws and Ben Haikey, John Smith and sionary societies, recounting their efforts to raise William King among the Creeks and Seminoles. funds to send the Gospel to needy groups. Here The last-mentioned, together with his wife, has such present-day leaders. as Truby Iron Mocassin, carried on work among the Florida Seminoles Thomas Blueyes, Clayton Hold, Philip Frazier, near Lake Okeechobee for a number of years, the Homer Redlightning, George Firecloud and Wal- support of which comes from the Muskogee-Creek lace Runningeagle sound the Gospel trumpet. Baptist Indian Association.

The Dakotas and Chippewas While the primary objective of all Indian mis- sionary work is to make known Christ and His In the Protestant Episcopal groups. the annual Gospel, to do this most effectively the ultimate meetings are called convocations. Last year the 67th annual gathering was held at Pine Ridge aim is to develop alid use Indian leadership. A Agency, South Dakota. A missionary who was trusted missionary of long experience once said, present writes: "The Dakotas crowded the separate meetings for men, women and young people "The constant testimony of the Indian preacher and demonstrated the depth of their religion with to Christian teaching and Christian things, just their interest and seriousness of purpose. Each group, from our grasshopper and drought-stricken because it is from an Indian, is worth more than prairies, came with larger gifts. of money for the any amount of preaching from a white man." promotion of Christ's work than they had brought Other things being equal, the white missionary the year before. Everywhere the keynote of the should work. himself out of a job. He must not convocation 'Forward with Christ and my hesitate to give responsibility to those most im- Brother' was sounded." Here the Indian clergy, mediately concerned, the Indians themselves, derepresented by such trusted leaders as Paul spite possible mistakes and failures. He must be Chekpa, Vine Deloria, Dallas Shaw and the Rouil- willing to trust God with the souls of people, lard brothers, voice the preeminent thoughts and whether they be clothed with red skins or not. aspirations of the assembled hundreds in worship, as expressed in faith in God, love for their fellow :. In the above somewhafcursory review it must men and courage for the future. be kept in mind that Indian participation is still somewhat sporadic and far from. being sufficient The Minnesota Chippewas also stress such an- or satisfactory. Great pressure is being brought nual gatherings as the summer convocation when to bear on Indian youth to enter other secular practically every locality and mission station is callings, especially from Governmental agencies represented, Rev. W. K. Boyle, archdeacon and and notably so in recent years. Progress in raisnative leader, being the forceful present-day ing up qualified Indian Christian leaders will conleader. On the Pacific Coast Region of the North- tinue to be slow unless missionaries with greater west the Nez Perces, Umatillas, Makahs, Spokanes earnestness continue to recruit, train and release and the Shoshones have for years conducted an- an increasingly large number of Indian workers for the evangelization of their own people. (See Frontispiece.)

Days in

By ELLEN H. BERGREN, Kermit Mission, Cassard, Virginia .nA .FTER completing my course in the Moody The meetings were well attended, but the peo- Bible Institute, and spending two years in ple did not seem to feel their need of salvation. Albany as pastor's assistant, I learned of The thought of "furrin" folks coming with new the great need in the mountains of the South and methods was something strange. To the moun- offered myself for service there. My best expecta- taineers preaching consisted in the loud singsong tion for a future home in the Appalachian Moun- exhortation of the so-called "Hard Shell" mountains was possibly a log hut, or a dug-out. I knew tain preacher. And women! They had never that I was apt to find myself in a place where star- heard of such a thing as women taking part in a vation and violence would be my lot. After much meeting. By way of introduction we visited every struggle I finally arrived in Bristol, Tennessee. home and gathered the children for a summer school. Rich indeed were the experiences encoun- I asked for a needy field, no matter how hard. tered. We spoke to the parents about sending In a few days, Rev. J. H. Little of Bristol took their children but one grandmother let us know his daughter, a singer, and myself to Appalachia, in no uncertain terms that she was not going to Virginia. On the way, near Big Stone Gap three let her grandson be injured by "book larnin." miles from Appalachia, the conductor aroused a Her only son was in the penitentiary at Richmond, drunken man whose destination was Big Stone and "If he had never known how to write enough Gap with the words, to forge a check," she said, he would be at home right now helping her. She was going to see that "Wake up! Where are you going?" his son escaped such a calamity.

"I'm going to hell," the man drawled out. Is it any wonder that ignorance prevailed, when "Well," said the conductor, "pay me ten cents ~he "Hard Shell" preachers fight it? One man more and get off at Appalachia." used this argument against learning: Mr. Little turned to me and said, "Is that "We'll say, here are two barrels; one is empty tough enough to suit you?" Such was my first and the other is jammed full of books. When the introduction to my new home! Lord wants to get in one of them barrels, and I axe you which one can He get into." During the following ten days, while Mr. Little held meetings, Miss Little and I did personal work The people will see the impossibility of the Lord in a little church, built by a former Christian getting into a heart that is full of learning. Sunsuperintendent in a near-by mine. After his death day schools seem to them a thing of Satan, and to the services were discontinued and the House of be preached against at every turn. It is a wonder God became a loafing place and gambling joint. that we had as many children in our Sunday The floor was carpeted with torn-up cards and schools those early days, as well as older ones who the windows were broken. flocked to our meetings.

First we gave this place a good scrubbing, many Many of the Primitive Baptists, or "Soft children and young folks helping to carry water, Shells," declare that they are not opposed to Sunsweep down cobwebs, and clean the few panes of day schools, but one of them remarked: "The glass remaining in the windows. Mr. and Miss Little and I had rooms in, the primitive hotel, young uns might just as well be in Sunday school which was kept by my future benefactors, the as in any other deviltry." The difference in Hales. In the lobby was a wooden sink, with a "Hard" and "Soft Shells" (or Primitives) is that bucket and dipper, for drinking and washing pur- the "Hard Shells" believe that only the "elect" are poses. Miss Little and I washed there, and, as saved, and God will see to them without any interthe roller towel had been much used, we used our ference from preachers. The sinner who is not handkerchiefs to wipe our hands. Mr. -Little face- "elect" cannot be saved, so that the preachers tiously remarked, "Well, ladies; hundreds have have no message for them. The Primitives believe wiped their hands on this towel and you are the that salvation is for all who will accept. Many fir,st ones to complain." have real revivals where people are saved. The [302 ]

• PIONEERING DAYS IN APPALACHIA

"Hard Shells" class believe in dreams and visions, mons arid others who do not believe in the Word as giving their call to the ministry of which many of God. They fear any deviation from the simple ludicrous instances are told. One preacher tells life. In some parts of the mountains are stretches how he heard three distinct "calls from heaven" of country sparsely settled, where there are no when he was going home from a meeting. He churches or schools. In one isolated section located the very place where each call was heard, lived an old woman who had been to church but with the words repeated three times: once as a child, and had not heard-or at least did "Lige, you go and preach the Gospel." not remember that she ever heard the Gospel Three young pranksters still laugh at their story. This woman told the missionary that she climbing up trees and calling out the "heavenly had not seen a preacher for thirty years. She had a Bible once, but lost it when she moved to Trou- blesome Bend. She could not read, but the book had been good to put under the pmow in sickness.

She wi,shed she had another. The missionary told her the story of the Lord Jesus, and when he came to His suffering and death, tears came to her eyes and she s,aid, "I reckon 'tain't true-let's hope it ain't."

When he finished with the resurrection story and the Great Commission to His disciples this darkened soul believed and walked miles to her scattered neighbors to tell them the story. She said: "How could I know all this and keep still?"

MISS BERGREN (at left) AND FELLOW-WORKERS When the missionary returned to Troublesome TWENTY YEARS AGO Bend, she had gone to be with her Lord but her command" to the future prophet as he passed faithful witnessing had turned many to the Lord.

their hiding places. Noone ever informed him Alone in Appalachia as to the truth. After one month of school, Miss Little returned These preachers are not required to know how home. We had about twenty children who wanted the school to continue, but a county school was to to read, or how to preach. Their belief is that the begin August 1st, so I decided to give my time to Lord will tell them what He wants them to speak. One of them remarked to a preacher who p~e­ pared his sermons, "Now brother, you are wrong preparing your text; the devil will look over your shoulder and read it too, and then go to your con- gregation and lock their hearts agin it; so it does them no good. When I preach, neither me nor the devil knows what I am going to say."

This ignorance still prevails in this class of preachers, who believe that a little whiskey helps them to preach with "spirit" and power, but there are, thank God, many true servants of Christ in the mountains, who are preaching the Word, so that many are saved under their ministry. There are also many true men of prayer among these people. One who prayed that God would remove A MINING CAMP IN THE APPALACHIANS a still from his neighborhood, and that very night a cloudburst drove a mighty wave against it and visiting and meetings. The old church had a bell, tore it down. God has not left the beautiful and I announced a meeting for each afternoon.

Southern mountains without His witness, even Night services were only possible when people though its ministers present the Gospel in ways brought lamps or lanterns. I invited the women peculiar to those who are accustomed to decorum out for afternoons and rang that bell, whose jerky in the House of God. tongue seemed to say, "Come and hear me talk!

The mountain people readily recognize a Come and hear me talk!" The women came, and preacher with wrong doctrine. A "no hell" professed conversion. Alas, they were only my preacher will not be received in any church, if converts, but I did personal work with the zeal of they know him as such; nor will they admit Mor- a Moody Institute student. When the newness of

my meetingS! had WQrn .off, the women lost their the Lord sent tWD yellQw dogs who drDve away the pigs and were fine protectors against other curiosity and the attendance waned. intruders.

One day, I noticed a woman whQ hardly took When my first helper came she remarked, when she was ushered into my first home in the mounher eyes .off me during the meeting. But after- tains: "Oh, how lovely! I thought you lived in a shack, and here is a chapel with four large winwards when I asked if she would accept the LDrd dows and a glass door."

as her Saviour, she shook her head and said, Miss Church was very happy with me, and a truer friend and helper I could nDt ask. This "No, but I want the pattern of that thar dress chapel, seating fifty persons, was often packed to .overflowing. Many ministers came here to preach you got on." . and true conversions were witnessed in this room. I learned a great lesson-not to try to force any- Only the Lord knows the many mistakes I made one to be saved, but to let the Spirit .of God work. Many of the children professed to accept the Lord during thDse early days. As there was nD .organ, as .their persQnal Saviour and even the smaller ones took part in .our early morning devotions by I used a guitar as accompaniment t.o .our singing. praying and testifying. Only the older children could read, and very few had books, so teaching I know now that it was a hindrance, as guitars, was a problem. Our "reader" was the New Tes- tament. It was a time of rich reward to see the banjos and fiddles were considered Satan's tools, development of their minds. Bible stories were part .of their daily lessons. As I told the story, being used by Negroes fQr dances. Never had they were to tell what lesson they could get from it for themselves. One girl, in telling the story of they heard of hymns being played on either. When Jacob and Rachel, said, "This lesson teaches us to always ask the Lord for sweethearts." my organ came, it was a wonder t.o all and the The following story of the loaves and fishes is guitar was not used for years. as it was retold by a boy: After I had been in Appalachia about three ~'One day a little boy went fishing and his mother had put up a little lunch for him. He saw m.onths, Mrs. Charles Hale was sent home from a a big crDwd on the hillside and he heard Jesus speak. After a while, Jesus asked if they had anytuberculosis sanitarium to die, and her husband thing to eat, but they hadn't. So the little boy brought his little lunch to Jesus. Jesus looked at asked me to come and care for her and their little it and said, 'There is mighty little .of it, but I will use it.' He broke the bread and little fishes, and ones. I could not believe that she had tuberculosis there was plenty for all. This lesson teaches that, if we give what we have to Jesus, He will let it but she said, feed many thousand." "Yes, I have it; I am g.oing to die and I want The st.ory of the triumphal entry was quaintly to be with my children to the end." written: "One day Jesus came from heaven to Jerusalem, on a borrowed mule, to be king. The I began to pray that God would reward this people didn't like Him, but the children did for they put flQwers on the rQad for the mule to walk family with the life of the m.other and as I nursed on, and sang a pretty song to Jesus. The other people got mad and said, 'Did yQU hear that?' her and cared for the little girls, I saw strength 'Yes.' 'Well, make them stop that noise.' 'No, I wDn't. If they would hush, the stones would return. God lengthened her life until her children holler.' This teaches us that we .shDuld sing, no matter who gets mad." were grown, when she died .of sunstroke. The story of the flood was told as follows: As I needed all the time for my work, I rented "God made Noah make a big boat to hold all the animals and people, but only eight people were an old storehDuse, and the .owners dug in the saved. The .others drowned because they would nDt listen, as the animals did. This teaches that mountainside eight feet for a living rODm which we should listen to good people always."

he divided intD a tiny kitchen and bedroDm. I fDund a brDken stove with .one leg, and supplied bricks for the others. The bedrDom had a cot, some chairs and a small table. Noone could feel richer than I, and nD one eQuId be happier. Little by little the walls .of my hDme were covered with pretty wallpa.per and the flDor with mDuntain rugs. My tiny kitchen acquired a small sink and table combined. The seats in the chapel were a combinatiDn of benches and school desks, and made so that a bDard at the back .of each seat cDuld be raised, forming a long table fQr school pur- poses. I had tWD large closed-in benches with immense drawers, wherein to bestow my go.ods, clothing and other things which came from friends of the work and which were sent fDr the pODrer people and the children, as well as for myself- things both to eat and to wear.

As the public school .only lasted three months, the need .of schooling was ,sad. This little chapel stood upon a hillside, the front being high above the road, while my floor in the dUgDut was on the ground. As cold weather came .on, the pigs came from the village and slept under the chapel.

Their noise and stench could nDt be endured, so

PIONEERING DAYS IN APPALACHIA

At the end of the six months, I offered a reward mmmg companies had built churches. In one for the most Bible stories they could repeat. One camp, one mile from Appalachia, we started a girl handed in forty from the Old and New Tes- Sunday school in an unfinished house and the first taments. year I had services in three places – Imboden, Preacher Creek, and Appalachia, making a walk Reciting verses was first on the program every of six miles every Sunday. morning. In six months the older children memorized fourteen chapters of the Bible and fifteen After two years, I thought that some people in Psalms, beside a verse each morning' at roll-call. Appalachia could carryon the Sunday school with I have the privilege now of teaching their children the help of preachers, so I decided to move to a in the Appalachia Daily Vacation Bible School; near-by community within walking distance, and in some cases, I have their grandchildren. open a school. I moved to what is now Andover, During the first year I was entirely alone and MY FIRST EASTER IN APPALACHIA it was a year rich in experiences. The customs were new and strange, but when one becomes rented a house and taught classes that met in the used to them, they no longer seem so quaint. In largest room. It was rather crowded, with thirty calling one day on an old lady, she asked first of children, but with the help of Miss Church, we all where I was from. got along by letting the children recite in the din- ing room. These dear children were religiously "Albany, N. Y.," I answered. inclined, and it was not long till all with two ex- "That's a right smart piece, ain't it? Come by ceptions, accepted the Lord. One morning, after train ?" our usual song and Bible period, I asked (feeling "Yes." a strong working of the Spirit) : "How old are you?" I gave some answer. "Children, shall we take up our arithmetic?" "Well, have you store teeth?" "No ma'am," all answered. "No." "Well, what shall we do then?" "Make your own dress?" "Let us pray," was the almost unanimous re- "No." sponse. "How much did it cost. Are you married?" Then those dear children began to pray for a "No." revival, which shortly came. God sent His true "Never been married?" servant, a rather unique old man, Mr. Bassett, "No." "Got any children?" "N0, I am not married." "Well, too bad, but you can be yet, I reckon. You are not so old looking." I asked if she was a Christian. "Law yes, honey, I was baptized a right smart while ago."

Then she asked me about my religious faith, and said she heard someone say I belonged to the Roman Catholics. When I denied this, she seemed to draw the conclusion that I belonged to some other strange cult. But when I told her that I believed the Bible from cover to cover, this seemed to satisfy her. Later, we became fast friendsa friendship which lasted until her death.

The first weeks in Appalachia will never be forgotten. Every Saturday night there were shootings or stabbings, and for several Saturday nights in succession someone was killed. A man was shot one Sunday morning while we were having Sunday school, and someone called out, "Silas is killed." Everyone in the church ran out, leaving me entirely alone.

The surrounding mining camps were much upon my heart as few had any Sunday school or religious service of any kind. Within a radius of ten miles there were only three camps in which the

who went wherever God sent him. During that with me. Her mother gave me daily the choicest milk, called "strippings," and when I told her not meeting, every home was touched, and I have yet to, she said, "The children like the plain milk without the cream, and since I give you milk and to see a place so stirred, in answer to the chil- butter, we never have to hunt our cow-she al- ways comes home." Cow-hunting was the most dren's prayers. . hopeless task we could imagine. All the mountains around us were pastures, and no one knew which From Andover, I moved to Blackwood, a mining way a cow would roam. I don't wonder that the Holy Spirit recorded Saul's mules lost and found, camp six miles away. By this time, three other as it was really a daily miracle to me that the children found the cows. Some cows would reworkers had come and they stayed at Andover spond to the call, "Sook, heifer," but many would not stir. until I could leave Blackwood in the hands of Miss In those early days, an amusing incident oc- Jennie Henry. Workers were also located at other curred in the mining camp where Miss McPhee- ters worked. She was a teacher who assisted mining camps-Stonega, Osaka, Roda, West Nor- (unremunerated) the public school teacher. While I was visiting her one day, a young minister asked ton, Sutherhind, Roaring Fork, Pardee, Inman, us to be witnesses to a marriage ceremony. The young man came in with a red bandana tied Imboden and Upper Imboden. As the camps around his neck, and on his head a hat which did not fit. The bride, who had not thought much opened for us, we had students come from Nyack about a wedding outfit, was a shy girl about eight- een or twenty. The minister plaeed a chair in Institute and Moody Bible Institute, until we have front of him in place of a marriage stool, and the groom thought this an invitation to sit down. had over one hundred workers at different times. When asked if he wanted a ring ceremony, the young man was at a loss and, turning to a boy Some were there only during vacation but others with him who wore a large gaudy ring, said, "Here, Sam, loan me your ring for a minute. I'll remained longer, and some are still in Virginia, give it right back."

though not in the camps. Miss Collins has lived When the minister asked: "John, will you take this woman to be your wedded wife?" he answered in one camp, Roda, for more than thirty years. lustily, "You bet." The minister turned to the After Miss Henry came to Blackwood I returned bride with a similar question but she could not speak, and said, "Uh huh." to Appalachia, where a new mission was being After the ceremony was over, the groom caught built. We moved into the unfinished rooms and hold of his wife's hand and started for the door when the boy with the ring said, "pay the different preachers came to hold services in the preacher." The groom turned and asked, "How much do you charge?" When told that he could chapel, part of which was completed. give what he wished, according to how much he thought of his wife, the groom smiled and said, It would read like a fairy tale, should I tell of "I sure do think a heap of her. Here is a quarter" -with the air of a millionaire. the many evidences of the Lord's care. Friends As time passed, our number of workers grew sent things to us, so that we never really lacked, until several camps were occupied and this work was called "The Appalachia Mining Camp Misthough at times our faith was tested. sion." We had no demands for reports which, personally, I had found superficial in my former While living in Preacher Creek, Miss Church work. But at our monthly workers' meetings, a secretary wrote down testimonies as to how the had typhoid fever, and the friends there were un- Lord had led and blessed – each one – also the trials and failures. These records are kept as retiring in their assistance. We seldom had to cook minders of God's faithfulness.

a meal, as everything was sent in already cooked. An Archdeacon of the Episcopal Church in Big Stone Gap, Dr. Lloyd, a fine Christian and a Our workers took turns in helping to nurse her, and it taxed everyone's strength, as she was bed- fast seventy-two days. It proved to us the un- tiring devotion of workers and people.

Preacher Creek was, in someways, different from the other places where I have lived. The revival there touched every home and made us all seem like a large loving family. All came to church and there seemed to be no division among the peo- pIe-all lived in harmony and love. Three orphan children came to live in my home. One little darling girl, Milford, would often beg me to adopt her, though she scarcely knew the meaning of the word.

"Why Milford," I would say, "your father and mother could not do without you."

"Oh, yes," she said, "they have Gertrude, and Maggie, and Edith, and two dead. They have enough."

"Well," I replied, "you have two dead you say, so you can't be ,spared."

"Oh," she said, "they were little boys. Mama never had much luck with boys."

She lived with me a long while and the dear memory lingers. She is now mother of a large family, to whom she tells about the time she lived

PIONEERING DAYS IN APPALACHIA

true missionary, invited our band of workers to monthly for conference and prayer so that we his home. He had a wonderful ancestry of for- often had thirty at our table for two days as they eign missionaries, and his son was a missionary could not return the same day on our little interin Japan. He assisted us in every way that he state train. These were times of rich blessings could. He had· already begun to place Episcopal and refreshment. deaconesses in a few needy places, but when he saw that the church dress was a hindrance, he The reports, which are very rich in experiences, show how wonderfully the Lord fulfils His prom- THE ~'IRST SUNDAY SCHOOL AT KERMIT ises. Some testimonies were quaint and mirthful, showing the crude initiation into the strange ways urged them to use ordinary clothing, which he did of camp life. Some workers learned quickly the also, except in his own church. .In this way he ways of our people but even at that there were won the love and esteem of all. some misunderstandings and mistakes.

Dr. and Mrs. Lloyd gave us a delightful time of Once I was asked to take a little girl eight years fellowship. When he asked me how we were sup- old. I went up to Roda Camp to see her and deported, I told him that I asked of each mine su- cided to adopt this little darling and gave her my perintendent for a rent-free house, electric lights mother's name, Elsa. After six months another and coal, but for salary the workers trusted the little g~rl was added to our family. She was one Lord, who always supplied our needs in wonder- of our Sunday school scholars, and after the ful ways. "How can you maintain love and har- funeral of her step-mother, the motherless little mony among them all on this basis?" he asked. one, Olive, ran up to the Mission and her father It never had occurred to me to look for trouble finally gave her to me. Two years later, I also ,along this line and I said, "Why, the ones who adopted her little sister so that my home was come here are willing to put up with some diffi- blessed with three little girls. They were dearly culties as their invitation to the work includes loved by all our workers. All three grew to sweet hardships, poverty, dirt, misunderstandings, and womanhood, and married.. It pays to invest in the winning of souls. In not one case has the chidren, and if my health ,allowed, I would gladly applicant been discouraged." open my home for more of God's little ones.

In all the years the Mining Camp Mission One day in school, the children were told to existed, there was little trouble among the work- write the full names of their parents. Little Olive ers. Of course, at times there were disagree- wrote, "My mama's name is Miss Ellen Bergren, ments, but our workers were most untiring and and my papa's name is Mr. James Skidmore." It never once was a reprimand necessary for neglect never occurred to her that anything could be of duty; instead, necessary lines were drawn to wrong with it. The teacher, who was also one of prevent their overdoing. our Sunday school teachers, handed me the slip laughing. Nursing was necessary and many nights were spent by sick beds. There is a mountain custom, Another time, during presidential election, all whenever anyone dies, for neighbors to sit up the children were having a mock election. When with the dead all night; in some cases they sing Olive's name was not among them, she was asked hymns. One of the few laws enforced was that, when tired out with the living, the workers must THE KERMIT CHURCH AND "PARSONAGE" let the people of the place "wake" with the dead. why she did not vote. "Well," she said, "I am As new mining camps opened for workers, our what mama is." family increased until fourteen camps were manned. From these our workers gathered "Well, what is that?" "I can't spell it but she is a perditionist (mean- ing prohibitionist)." The other children thought that must be all right if Olive's mother was that. A child asked Elsa one day where her father

was. She answered that she did not need any A little later a little boy was brought to the father. Mission. Next day he came down with the measles, and Nancy caught them too. Everything in the "Well," insisted the child, "who gets the 'vittles' Mission was new and strange to' Louis. He had for you?" never heard the name of Jesus except in swearing, and our Mission was like a new world to him. The "Oh," said Elsa, "we just pray and God sends little girls were his teachers, and we could often us all we need. We don't need any daddy." hear them say, "Louis, you must not say that, it isn't nice," or "Louis, Mama don't let anybody As this was a new way of support to this child, talk like that here." He learned the stO'ries in the she wanted to know more about it. So Elsa, hav- children's Bible and the little missionaries truly ing witnessed the almost numberless answers to began in virgin soil. Louis loved to sing and prayers both for food and clothing, spread the learned quickly. Like Faith, he used his own truth among her schoolmates about a life of de- words and tunes, and as he sat in a swing on the pendence on God. porch he would sing with all his might: There was nothing too hard for these children, Jesus is good, He wants all the people to come to Him and I often feared that their faith would have a and be good. severe test. But today, I cannot remember more than once when the waiting for an answer seemed The people don't want to come; no they want to be bad, to be so long that they would ask, "Why don't God poor little Jesus. answer? We have asked Him." They were told that God sometimes answers in the negative.

Out of their small weekly allowance the chil- The children often played Sunday school, and dren tithed faithfully. It was made a rule that Louis liked to be preacher. each unkind word was to cost the speaker a penny. This started a turn for the better as it put an end Other children were brought to the Mission, but to petty quarreling. with the work of the mining camps and incoming workers to place, we could not keep them all. For One day Olive came to me very much wrought a time we had seven and a worker volunteered to up, and 'said, "Mama, I've got to lose some money. be their teacher. I have to tell Elsa a few things." She told me the trouble and that was the last I heard of it. Per- In my earliest years in Appalachia, I had many haps she did not feel that the few words she would opportunities to visit other oommunities and assay would be worth the loss of her pennies. sist in meetings. With a little baby organ (a great wonder to many) I led the singing, and When little Faith was five years old, she began many were helped to trust in GO'd for their salto go to the chapel part of the Mission, and con- vation, rather than trust in good deeds, good feelduct services alone. It was touching to listen as ings, in something imaginary, such as a vision of she prayed, gave out hymns, and sang lustily to light or hearing some voke, or in emotion created an improvised accompaniment of her own. Her by a song. These are often accepted as tokens of keen musical ear would not allow any discord, and the New Birth, without the person knowing anyat six she had made up several compositions en- thing of God's promises and the way of life in tirely herself. The older girls taught her some Christ. The greater number of backslidings can easy tunes and to these she put her own words. be traced to the lack of knowledge of the Bible. One, which she was always asked to play for visitor,s, ran like this: The first mission building soon became too small for our large family, so, little by little, the Jesus comes; Jesus goes. addition of rooms began. The last was built when When He comes He stays a little while; it seemed best to put the growing work in the caore When He comes, He goes. of stronger hands.

One day a little girl of six was left on,our front Everything was clear to both parties. The understanding was that these four rooms were to porch aWndhewnasw, etolfdoutnod stay there until someone be built for me, as the first money of $500 was came. her there, she said that given for a rent-free home, so the givers would still wish to have it so. They would not hear to she had come to Istay with Miss Bergren." She was any other arrangement, and the gentleman with whom I dealt said that there would be no trouble. a robust little one and said that she could work So we began building the rooms, but, alas, when we were half finished a letter came from his well, and that at Elly's she did "every lick of headquarters that I must sign over the whole without any clause as to my reservation of rooms. work." I asked why Elly did not work and she The readjustments came asa remarkable answer to prayer s.o that the work then continued until answered, "Oh, she was sick and lazy till she died." regular minis,ters and nurses were stationed in We tried to find out who Elly was, but no one knew; we only learned that Jim brought the child to us and told her to stay. We could not find out who either Jim or Elly were. So the child re- mained. All she knew was that her own name was Nancy.

PIONEERING DAYS IN APPALACHIA

the mining camps. The spiritual workers left the lamps were ruined, chairs were broken, and all field and so-clalled trained social workers replaced was in a pitiable condition. It seemed impossible the Gospel with classes for domestic science, to bring back the former life. nursing, and other good projects that are still not up to the highest standard of a missionary who One day, in late summer, I stood on our front seeks to lead souls to God. porch. I was tired and worried, and my heart cried out: "0 God, take me away from here. I When it se~med wise to leave the Mining Camp can't do any more here, my people love excitement work we moved to Kermit, Virginia, where we more than reality, and some other place needs us built a house and chapel used for school and more." An answer came so real as to be nearly church work. Since a county s,chool has been audible: "Child, do you want to leave now? I built here, the chapel is used for church services have none to stand in The Gap for me. They have only. It was a needy place, seven miles from any not gone back on you but on Me. Will you still other chur·ches and schools to which no one could go away?" walk on the impossible clay roads in the winter. It was sad to leave so many wonderful friends I fell down on my knees, crying out, "0 my behind in Appalachia but as churches of three Lord, if you wish me to stay here, I will never denominations were there it seemed right to go again ask to be moved. I am ready to stand in where there were none. The Gap if it is Thy will, as long as I live."

The first years· here were constructive in the As a shower refreshes the parched earth, so like beginnings of many kinds of classes for grown- a miracle God began to move. The preacher got ups as well as children. A tabernacle was built In trouble with a member of his former followers, in a shady place where services were held in sum- and the church in an adjoining community asked mer, and little rustic cabins were built for classes. him to resign. A shame-faced people came back In all the schools conducted by our workets the to Kermit church, and in a most miraculous way, Bible has a large place, and hundreds of verses things began to be normal again. have been committed to memory by the children. There were very few Sundays. when we did not About two years after this experience, when have from one to three preaching services-morn- some had forgotten that this preacher was still ing, after Sunday school, afternoon and at night. abroad, reports came that he was in jail. One day there was a knock on the door and there stood An unknown preacher, who had had a marvel- the same man. I cried to God for wisdom to ous success in his last revival in a neighboring handle the situation. Then I told him plainly community, came to hold revival services in Ker- that he had stirred up confusion, and scattered mit and filled the church to overflowing every our people to such an extent that some were night. He swayed the people with a hypnotic worse than ever before. He wanted to gather the power, and all our folks were converted over people in Kermit, so as to draw the members from again. Then he wanted to build a church, but as Cowan's Branch (the church in the next commulong as he could have the church free, the people nity where they asked him to resign). But since decided not to build. For six months or more, his motives were wrong I could not allow him to they followed him wherever he preached, going preach anymore. in trucks to distant places. Religiously, Kermit was ruined. Noone knows the anguish we en- I have only touched the borders of the years. dured during this time. It seemed that everybody A veil has been drawn over many sad experiences, was running after the man except a few who did and I have touched only a few of the many which not believe in him or his ways. have been true miracles. May the work go on and on in different ways and places, doing the The large crowds had caused much damage to true s'ervice through many of our missionaries the church building which had settled over six who are claiming the promise that they will bring inches so that every window was tilting. Our forth fruit even in old age. May the Lord who pipeless furnace had to be cut off several inches has done so much for this work in these thirty-six as the register projected above the floor. The years still carry on the work after He has called us. Home.

A Christian Philasapy far Rural Wark*

By FRANK w. PRICE, Nanking, China Head of Department of the Rural Church, Nanking Theological Seminary A PHILOSOPHY of Christian rural work is villages in the rural community. Governments now needed. Interest in rural reconstruc- are meeting some of these needs; non-Christian tion and the betterment of rural life is ris- agencies are meeting others. But unmet needs ing like a. mighty tide all over the world. The are legion. The Christian group should study its Christian Church is aware of its opportunity and community, select the greatest needs, and do what responsibility in meeting the needs of the "rural it can to meet them through promotion of good billion," especially in less privileged lands. Gov- causes, pioneering in new fields, holding up Chris- ernment and social agencies are promoting large': tian aims and ideals in social change, or through scale programs. What should the Church do that the leadership which the church contributes. It will be unique and fruitful? should seek, above all, to meet the deeper moral Many Christian missionary institutions are add- and spiritual needs of individuals and in society.

ing departments of rural service and are begin- 3. We must see the rural man or woman as a ning new rural experiments. Small groups of complete personality; we must see village life as Christians are answering calls of need from rural a whole. In the words of the Jerusalem declara- areas. Special types of training are given to those tion: "Man is a unity, and his spiritual life is preparing for rural service. In some countries indivisibly rooted in all his conditions, physical, governments are looking to Christian organiza- mental and social." The Christian Church should tions for special assistance. Agricultural missions reach men, women and children and seek to in- and the rural church are an essential part of the fluence them in all their family and social rela- world Christian movement. Christian individuals ti.ons. We want to make better citizens, citizens and groups must have a clear vision of aims, defi- of the community and of the nation, Christian nite guiding principles, a firm underlying phi- citizens. The various aspects of rural service losophy of Christian rural service, and a faith in must be integrated so that the whole life of the their cause, if the Christian Church is to make community is improved. Rural Christian leaders any distinctive contribution to the remaking of should see more clearly the relation between the village life in harmony with Christ's ideals in the many factors in rural betterment – health im- twentieth century. provement, higher standards of living, richer in- Ten guiding principles must be vital elements tellectual life, better community organization, the of this philosophy. These may stimulate thought development of stronger character and more un- among Christian rural workers, especially in the selfish leadership, and more vital Christian ex- lands of the younger churches. perience, because they see each person as a whole 1. We should be openly Christian. Christians and rural life as a whole. Our task is to arouse or groups of Christians engaging in rural service the desire and the will for a better life, and to should be openly and fearlessly Christian. As show the way to wholeness of life-in the Chris- Christians we have a distinctive faith and mission tian sense, salvation.

and our work should reveal a distinctive spirit of 4. We should attempt a limited program of high a fellowship and a unique power because of their quality. The program which a Christian group allegiance to Christ and His cause. We should not or a church in a rural community should attempt hesitate to express our Christian purpos.e, to seek will be determined by the leadership and member- opportunities for witnessing to our faith and ex- ship available; by the method of organization and perience, and to work unreservedly for the build- financial resources, by the opportunities presented ing up of a Christian fellowship in the community. for service, and by the faith and spirit of the 2. We should help to rr/,eet rural needs. The group. The aim should be to work intensively Christian gIloup should be seriously concerned rather than extensively. It is better to become with the needs of individuals, of families, and of intimately acquainted with one small rural com- • From a paper Issued by the Agricultural Missions Foundation, munity of fifty to a hundred villages and to do a Inc., 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. fruitful and lasting work than to spread in a [310 ] superficial way over many hundreds or thousands 7. We should make large use of local resources. of villages. Good, intensive work, done intelli- The ordinary Christian institution or group cangently and effectively, will be in the eD.d the best not command the financial resources which govkind of extensive work. We should aim at quality ernments and some non-official .agencies can comrather than quantity of service. We must resist mand. The Christian group must make large use the temptation to promote the kind of work that of local resources and develop local initiative and can be "shown off" to visitors.. We must see the leadership as much as possible. The village peovalue of little things well done and of unpreten- ple themselves must have a large and growing tious service with results that may not be imme- part in the working out of local programs. Any diately apparent but that are of lasting value. No help from outside should be used to stimulate and matter how limited the area of work or how simple encourage local planning and effort. Only thus the program, we should combine scientific knowl- can the rural church hope to become rooted in the edge, the best educational methods, and Christian rural community. devotion and sacrifice in realizing our aim of essentially good and permanent work. 8. We should cooperate as much as possible with other agencies and groups. Churches and all 5. We should go into the villages and live among Christian groups should cooperate in every way the people. Christian rural workers should con- possible with government and other agencies tinually go among the people and not wait for working for rural welfare, but must not sacrifice them to come to the workers and their institutions. or compromise their Christian faith and prin- Christian work in a rural community must be ciples. Following the inspiring example of Bishop deeply rooted in homes and village groups. The Grundtwig of Denmark, the Church should help central institution, service center or church build- the government to "revive the national spirit" by ing may be a me"eting place, training school or teaching Christian ideals of patriotism and by house of worship, but it should draw p€ople out building up the morale of the people. Where other of their homes and villages only to send them back organizations in the community are meeting a to serve and to transform their homes and their need, we may cooperate or support their work; communities. We must go "deep into the villages" where a vital need is not being met, we may help (to use the Chinese phrase); spend days and to arouse government attention or community innights in the villages, live among the rural people, terest and to organize the people to help themshare their joys and their sorrows, sacrifice and selves; frequently we may introduce outside agenendure with them. The ordinary rural worker cies and institutions for rural betterment to the will not do this, or he will attempt it for a short local community or bring groups in the commuperiod and then want to return to the more com- nity in touch with outside agencies which might fortable life of the market-town, the county seat assist them. We should do all in our power to deor the metropolitan center. The constant tempta- velop a community spirit, and community cooperation is to do rural work from an office or by occa- tion. At the same time, we must stand upon sional trips into the villages. Followers of Christ, Christian ground and never deny our Christian our Master, should be willing not only to go among purpose and principles. the rural people but to stay among them. If we can do this, we shall have an assured place in the 9. We should constantly stress the moral basis remaking of rural life. of rural reconstruction which is hindered by powerful forces of selfishness and greed. The 6. We should stress personal relationships and Christian group should be united and daring in small group organizations. What is the Chris- its opposition to all evils which it sees in individtian approach to the villages? First of all, through ual and community life. It should openly proclaim genuine friendship; then through unselfish forms Christian teachings in the face of any wrong and of service, and finally but exceedingly important, injustice even though such a stand may cost perthrough the organization of small, voluntary, co- secution and suffering. It should strive continoperating groups. These groups should aim to ually to strengthen and to organize effectively pubmeet some definite need of the group itself or of lic opinion and common effort against community community life. They should be self-helping and evils and against all forces in and out of the comself-directing from the beginning with such inti- munity which are hindering the fullest developmate and expert counsel and training from the ment of community life. It should preserve and outside as may be available. They' should not be strengthen the best traditions and customs in the mere formal organizations but should be warm villages and build upon the worthy spiritual elewith the spirit of friendship and should give a ments in the cultural inheritance of .the people. broader and deeper meaning to those p€rsonal re- It should call the rural communities to moral and lationships in family and social life which are spiritual life and ideals as well as to material adessential to the preservation of rural society. vance and, through the teaching and the power of

Christ, seek to regenerate as well as to recon- tribute something vital and unique to all the rural struct the lives of rural peoples. reconstruction in the community.

10. We should build up the church, which is the We look forward to the day when there will be permanent ex;pression of the Christian faith and in every rural community throughout the world a spirit in rural rebuilding. Hence we seek to bring strong rural Christian Church, deeply rooted in together in group worship, group study, group rural culture, serving community needs and transfellowship and group service, all Christians and forming community life, united in prayer and in all seekers. for Christian truth in the rural com- fellowsMp, teaching a real love of country and munity. The guiding, teaching and building up releasing the spiritual possibilities of the villages, of such a group becomes an essential task in Chris- indigenous but also vitally connected with the tian rural work. It is not enough to live and to Church of Christ-historic and universal. In a serve as Christians in rural communities; we fellowship of rural churches around the world, a must also find and win comrades in the Christian fellowship of Christian farmers and their famfaith and life and bind these together into a strong ilies, a brotherhood of men and women who are brotherhood. Ministers and lay workers must be helping to feed and to clothe the world and who found and trained to serve in such a church. A worship God and serve His Son, the Galilean Carchurch-centered program; broadly conceived and penter-Farmer, lies one of the greatest hopes of wisely carried out, will not divide the rural neigh- world peace. We must build up the rural church borhood but will help to unite it, and will con- in all lands, among ,all peoples.

The New Urgency in the Congo* -'I~I========~B~Y~R~E~V~.~M~O~TT==E==M~A~R~T~IN========~II~ DR. JOHN R. MOTT, after personal investi- ance of those thus studying our Bible is about gation, has declared that a dollar goes fur- 40,00.0 pupils! Hundreds and hundreds of our ther and accomplishes more in Africa than converts are coming out of these schools yearly, in any other field which he has visited-and he and as we wish to have a "self-supporting, selfhas visited them all! Of all the fields I know, governing, and self-propagating Church," this is. there is none more seriously menaced and which our hope for deacons and elders and pastors, for so urgently demands your sacrificial interest and all such must be intelligent and have clerical abilprayers as the Congo! ity to qualify.

The Southern Presbyterian mission during the The theological seminary at Mutoto is the first five years of this last decade (1928-1932) largest in the Southern Presbyterian Church, with received into the communion 9,455 carefully in- the snudents all married, thus giving the wives an structed and probation-tested converts-but dur- opportunity for special training, and through reing the last five years (1933-1937) received 19,205 quired plantations and gardens able to be largely communicants! Note the astounding rate of in- self-supporting. All must teach the village (or crease-and know that we have over 35,000 now "bush") schools; they must speak some French under preparation, already enrolled in the cate- to pass government inspection; they must know chumen clas·ses, also being tested. Open doors how to lead and instruct their congregations in wide open-thronged with needy supplicants beg- singing; they must be adepts as soul-winners; as ging to be taught! Over 2,000 preaching points well as able expositors of God's Holy Word. All daily trying to tell of the Way, the Truth and the applicants must have had their station (high Life – with yet hundreds of other villages and school) diploma of nine years schooling as a pregroups still on our waiting list begging and plead- requisite for entrance! ing for teachers. The mission:s medical work is also indispen- In addition to direct evangelistic work, we are sable, in that it breaks up inherited superstitions cooperating with the Colonial Government in their of the Voodoo and of animism; it continually wins nine-year educational program which permits us the loyalty of entire villages; and affords countto use. the Bible throughout. The average attend- less opportunities for personal soul-winning. The five hospitals have over 300,000 native visits • Reprinted from Th,e Chffi8tian 01/8eTWr.

THE NEW URGENCY IN THE CONGO

yearly; they perform hundreds of operations; if you had to care for large expansion and incare for all epidemics and scourges; besides car- creased needs? ing for over 2,000 lepers. The health of the missionaries and of our thousands of workers is de- Belgium has, launched a new educational propendent upon them and answered prayers; and gram for the Congo, which provides for nine years neither priest nor pauper ever calls upon them in of education, but sub.divided into three-year perivain. ods. For the first three-year period, the law looks forward to the establishing of little chapel-schools The mission is now attempting to minister to in every small community or tribal group, and the over 45,000 communicants, all of whom were not law further provides that any cult or confession, only received into the church after long instruc- whose teachers are qualified to teach the first tion and probation, but are statedly tested and three-year part of their curriculum, shall have the approved at each communion season, as to whether full protection of their laws; and furthermore, they are "doers of the doctrine." Using the old that the people of that group or village shall be Scotch "token" system, we give a ticket only to protected in their choice of such religious teacher. those whose lives are dedicated and obedient to Even previous to the promulgation of this law, Him. every station had scores and hundreds of such vil- lages on their "waiting lists," for whom we had "How then," you may ask with others, "can it no money in our budget nor prepared "preacherbe true that our mission is seriously menaced, as teachers" well enough trained for such positions. was stated in the opening paragraph of this letter?" The answer is that the mission is both The priests and nuns, who are now encountered under-staffed and under-financed! The average everywhere, have made the situation far more age of the present missionary group is past fifty, acute still, for on arriving in a village where no without any younger men being trained to take Protestant work is manifest, they call the village our places, and with an actual decrease in num- head men, demanding in the name of the law that bers. More pertinently, the mission has succeeded all the children be turned over to them for inand expanded, so that at least twenty more work- struction. The people, loyal to us whom they have ers are needed to maintain the previous degree of learned to love, protest that they are Protestants, efficiency. Among other extensions the mission and that they are looking to us 'and our Church has been forced to open up two more stations for instruction. So the priest departs, threaten- (there are seven now), thus withdrawing mis- ing that when he returns some weeks hence to find sionaries from already over-worked stations to that no Protestant teacher has been installed, he man the new ones. The scattered 'Tillage groups will establish his own school and chapel, or else which we control have increased from 1,100 indict the chief for lying and obstructing the (1928) to over 2,000 now, and we must visit and colonial Program by leaving his children uneducare for these regularly. Every department of cated. Alarmed, distressed, the chief and his peoour work has been enlarged, improved, extended, ple, scorning inconvenience or season, rush into increased in our attempt to hold our own; so that the mission station demanding the teacher for each missionary has far more tasks than either whom they have, awaited so long. Alas, and alas! his health, or the good of the work, can justify. Our little remnant of a budget has already been stretched beyond the breaking point, we can do As to financial support-the peril is even more nothing. So the priest enters, propaganda begins grave, but I trust not more hopeless! The facts against the heretic foreigners, gifts and school speak for themselves, for we have less than one- supplies are lavishly given, and even threats and half of our previous budget, and just a little more blows and unbelievable ruthlessness are employed than one-third. The actual figures in Belgian to prevent the people from visiting us or hearing francs, the currency of Congo, are as follows: the Gospel message. Before the depression the American Church gave us $65,212 which dropped to $25,000 during the Nevertheles,s, the people are remaining loyal to depression. Simultaneously, the exchange rate the Evangelical mission, and many are enduring fell from thirty-five and one-half francs per dollar great sacrifice and poverty and suffering in those to twenty and one-half francs, so that the actual places where we do not desert them. But in the amount in francs dropped from 2,315,026 francs rapidly growing number of those villages which before the depression to 512,500 francs-less than we cannot "occupy," the priests are locking and one-fourth of what we needed! This lowest figure barring the doors, against us and religious freehas been raised little by little until, with the ad- dom, so that in areas dominated by the priests for dition of two new stations, we now receive francs ten years, the children have even hooted the pass- 861,097 ($29,693 at 29 francs to the dollar). If ing missionary, an almost unheard of rudeness for your church budget, or your business, or house- the native Congolese. My conviction is that if keeping budget, were suddenly to be cut down to our Church does not awaken and soon, God will one-third, how would you get along, especially not hold open the doors another ten years.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~

I Effective Ways of Working Tested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home EDITED BY MISS GRACE W. MCGAVRAN, 5718 OAK AVE•• INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA Do Personal Work with Christian teaching and fel- magazine is not suitable for a lowship those people have. With boy in reform school, is it suit- A state Communist leader once able on your own library table? came to talk to a group who at the pastor and his wife, go sevthe time included members of eral other members of a town *** the national staff of a Missions congregation to "help with the and Christian Education Board. singing," to give an increased In one of our smaller cities sense of fellowship, to make a lives a young woman with a love I remember clearly his state- hard trip easier. of music and ability as a direcment that a member of the party tor of singing. The paid music in good standing, working full There are services within leadership of her own church time at a job, was required to reach of most of us, where our leaves no room for her to use give four full evenings a week lJresence might mean the differ- that ability, but she does not find to Communist activities, meet- ence between success and failure. that any excuse for leaving her ings., propaganda, or other work Search out one such piece of talent unused. She found that for the party. Christian work and give an eve- a group of children in a mission ning a week to it. It will in- church in the same city were At the time it struck me that crease your worth to your own eager for a children's choir and if Christian church membershilp church. It will encourage your one evening a week finds her involved that, our active mem- worker-in-charge. It will carry busy training her sweet-voiced bership would hardly be worth forward the missionary task of group. Sunday evenings they counting. And yet-would it not your church. form the choir for the service of be a minority as effective in the church. Anyone who has its contagion as Communism? *** had much to do with a choir More so, because of its s.piritual knows the number of hours she life, light and reality! Over in Boston lives a mis- must put in outside of timesl of sionary woman, retired from In- actual contact with the children; There are people who are giv- dia.. She is hard of hearing and planning their work, choosing ing such service for Christ's music suitable for various occacause. If we note some of them, the possibilities of active service sions, solving problems. She is it may help suggest some ave- semed at an end. Yet she pluck- doing far more than training a nues of personal service for our- children's choir. She is leading selves – personal missionary ily undertook to learn to write a group of underprivileged chilservice. dren along a path of beauty; she Braille. With painstaking care is enlisting and developing their North of Sault Ste. Marie, On- she has worked at translating abilities fOir Christian service, tario, Canada, runs a gravelled she is giving them a warm, vital road due north. Twenty-five into the familiar Hindi of the contact with her own Christian miles out it ends. From there to field of her labors, stories being personali ty. Hudson Bay there is nothing. It used in Christian education. is still pioneer country up there. Then with meticulous care she There are children from coast The "bush," which has grown has pricked into the raised dots up after logging, is forest again the story or the Bible pass1age or to coast, from northern border and here and there iSi a little log to south, who are crying out for cabin. Small farms are being mess·age for the blind to read. cleared. Russian, Finn, French, Hindi Braille! Her days of serv- Christian leadership. Children English stnck-they are pushing ice over? Retired? She is open- in city, in village, in country and the wilderness back. Along that ing the eyes of the blind as mountains, needing a contact, if road every Thursday evening, only once a week, to guide their while the road is not blocked surely as she did in the days of activities along worthwhile lines with snow, there goes the cir- her medical service in India. and to give them definite contact cuit pasitor and his wife, to hold with Christian personality. You a service for all who will come There are services you can can render vital service if you to the tiny chapel in a little set- render in preparing materials are willing to give an evening or tlement. It is the only contact for use in mission fields at home two a week to it. and abroad. There is that ever- present implement-the needle. There is the hammer and the paint brush and the saw. There are books to be collected, maga- zines to be gathered for use in prisons. And by the way, if a [ 314 ]

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

What, you say, has local To feed these children at the move out. The woman telling about it, said that she and her church work to do with mis- Center one nourishing lunch a family were utterly ashamed of belonging to a community which sions? Who said local church day, the churches of the county could do such a thing. She spoke very feelingly about the sense work? Whenever you step out -one church each week-under- of contrition which comes to one in the face of circumstances like of your own local church en- took to collect what was needed. that.

vironment, to go to the aid of a But at this point came a fail- First, let us rej oice in the growing number of people who group not able to provide its , ure which, to the visitor, seemed have a deep sense of shame and contrition at the possibility of own leadership, you are in a rather embittering. In spite of such action.

sense engaging in missionary ac- all the wealth and all the power- Second, let us see what we can do about it. There is a tivity. We have left too much ful modern automobiles owned deeper problem than that of bringing 'Public opinion to bear home missions work to the over- in those churches, not one per- upon the agent and the dwellers in that apartment house. The worked members of our home son could be found willing to de- editor of these pages was aching to ask in that conference, how missions s,taffs. Too many of liver thoee supplies to the Cen- many persons there pres,ent had ever entertained a Negro person us fail to see, that beyond our ter. After a week of exhausting as a guest in their homes.

financial support of home and work, heartbreaking in some of For after all, there lies the root of that particular trouble. foreign missions which provides its revelations, those three girls To entertain a Negro guest wa's such an unusual thing in that the continuity of work and had to collect and carry to the community that when an apart- ment house dweller attempted it, workers, we s,till owe the gift Center, unload and store away, she had to give up her apart- ment. The next step for all that is more difficult to make— all the food supplies for the fol- those who feel contrition, is to make the entertaining of Negro the gift of our own time and lowing week. guests such a common observ- ance in their neighborhood that talents in direct personal serv- Can you not imagine the it will cease to draw attention ice. When we render such serv- women of those churches saying and to cause unfavorable comice, we grow in understanding as too many of us say on similar ment. and in power. We speak with occasions, "We've collected the authority as we seek to enlist the things needed. It seems that There are few of us who can members of our local church in the least they can do is to come make our voices heard in breaka deep concern for the work of after them!" It would have been ing down racial prejudice. But the church at home and abroad. a little thing to those church peo- as has been the case since time began, What you do speaks Our cause is not to be com- ple, taking long drives to cool louder than what you say.

pared with the Communist cause. off in the hot summer evenings, Why not plan during this next year to take a person of an un- Shall we, then, give it a lesser to load the car and drive in the accepted racial minority in your community to at least one of devotion? direction of the Center. A heavy your miss,ionary meetings as a guest. That is one of the easiest Give Full Measure – burden they put upon those tired steps, for there at least you find workers by their failure to do so. some persons theoretically if Running Over! not in actual practice believing Many of us will be involved in in racial equality.

A visitor to a Christian Cen- projects of one sort and another, Why not have as a dinner ter' in Ohio, where children of collecting that which we would guest at least once, the most inmigrant onion – field workers share, and getting it to those teresting person of another race were being kept and cared for with whom it is to be shared. whom you can secure. Make it during the day, found three In planning such enterprises, a real occasion. Invite your let us remember that full meas- guest because of a common inyoung .women doing a tremen- ure – running over – involves terest, or because of some dous piece of work. Faced with finishing u~ the project our- accomplishment along lines inappalling need on every side they were reaching out to the selves" not leaving part of it to full limit of their time and weary workers who are glad to strength to bring health and have our gifts to distribute but Christian teaching – the touch whose joy would be the greater of it that was possible – to as to have full measure of help.

many children as they could in Creating Public Opinion the weeks during which the Cen- ter was maintained. At a recent conference on Children, utterly worn out missionary education in Chi- with the attempt to sleep on cago, one woman got up and told hard boards in bare shacks with about an experience a friend of no netting to keep out the hordes hers had. The friend, a lover of of mosquitoes, were put to bed music, had invited one of the under mosquito-netting on a mat most famous, singers of today, a in the grass, and were allowed Negro woman, to be her guest at to sleep as long as they would. dinner in her apartment in a Children suffering from the ail- northern city. The other occu- ments that come from lack of pants of the apartment house food, no milk, and few of the had combined to force the agent nutritive elements needed, were to refuse to re-lease her the served a hot lunch at noon. apartment. The friend had to

teresting to some member of for following an address. Can during the address, questions, your family, or because the one we do anything about it? small or great which occurred invited is a stranger in this We certainly can. In the first to them. These were collected country, or because you are' place we can recognize the fact at the close and given to the working together on a commit- that most subjects presented by speaker. As they were answered tee and want to spend the eve- most speakers do not stimulate by her, other questions began to ning working together. The discussion. Unless we are sure be hastily written and passed invitation must rise out of a real that discussion will be stimu- forward. The question period desire to have that person in the lated, we should not plan for it had to be brought forcibly to a midst of your family and must or announce it. It is often a lazy close. Another method is pribe a happy experience for all in- idea on our part, for by it we vately to ask several clear-thinkvolved. have avoided having to build up ers among the listeners to jot Why not have as your house the program in line with the down questions during the adguest at summer camp someone speaker's theme. First then, do dress or presentation, and to be of another race? Students in not plan for discussion unless ready to ask them. It stimulates this country might find that a you are sure it will be spon- attentive listening to do this and real experience. A boy inter- taneous and valuable. if the group is merely shy about ested in the same hobby as your In the second place, there is starting questions a number of son's might bring more than questions like this to begin with pleasure in doing things to- the subject or address or speaker often sets things off to a good gether. which should stimulate discus- start. Still another and very sion under ordinary circum- good way is to have, either in Why not help your young peo- stances. Plan for discussion in the preceding open meeting or in the officer's meeting a preple to take with them to summer that case and announce it. But discussion of the speaker's be alert. If the speaker fails to theme. Some definite things the conference as a member of their group would like to find out may own group, some young person stimulate discussion, if the ad- be determined and thus quesof another race or nation whose dress has a tone such that its tions prepared. Or for those own church will not be sending message will be lost if followed who read a great deal, stimua group and who would be lonely by discussion, if circumstances lating questions regarding the going just as an individual? prove such that the audience point of view of some author cannot enjoy spontaneous dis- who writes on the subject may It is through the doing of cussion, if the majority will not be proposed. Avoid like poison these things that you are really want discuss,ion although a few the trite and banal question. creating public opinion. To are eager for it, rise gracefully There is nothing sends a speaker make the desirable so common into a fatal "spin" more easny in actual experience that it will to the occasion with a statement than a question like, "Do they be "the thing to do," will be which reverses the proposed pro- eat with their fingers?" after more effective in creating a gram arrangement. For in- she has p,resented a picture of friendly world than any amount stance, "We had planned for dis- the terrific problems faced by of mere talking about it. cussion, but I think we all agree the women of India in emerging that we s,hould prefer to close on from centuries of ignorance, Best Use of Question Periods superstition and binding custom. the note Miss Jones has sounded. Third then, where discussion is Who has not been at some Some of us will want to talk to legitimately planned, decide defimeeting or other upon whose her further,' quite informally nitely on the way in which quesprogram appears "Address, by tions are to rise and make some So-and-So" followed immediately after our meeting." Or, "Miss suggestion as to the type of below by that fatal line, "Discus- Jones has answered in a remark- questions which will be helpful. sion." The pres,iding officer able way the questions we had Bring questions or discussions rises, bright-faced, and turning thought of asking. Suppose we to a prompt close when time is on her charm like a lamp, pro- just omit the discussion period up or when desire for further poses, "Now I am sure we all questioning seems about to lag. have many questions we want to and have an informal chat with It is a good principle in question ask Miss Jones." Dead silence. her after we close." Second, "I have one myself," seys the then, be alert to eliminate a dis- periods, as in recreation, to stop officer smiling. One wonders cussion or question period you how much of the period of the short just before people are address she spent in trying to had planned but which you come formulate it! Miss Jones an- to feel will not be wise or effec- ready to quit. swers it with enthusiasm. Dead silence again. tive. Question and discussion peri- The "Discussion" on this pro- In the third place, develop a ods rightly used are excellent. gram was a flat failure. It technique for drawing questions. An interdenominational confer- ence of children's w 0 r k e rs, where each was a stranger to the other, had a most lively question couldn't have been worse. Yet period. At the outset of the You can become more expert in that is exactly what happens presentation the group listening using them helpfully if you study ninety-nine times out of a hun- was asked to keep paper and the reasons for your success or dred when questions are called pencil in hand and to jot down failure and try again. BULLETIN Council of Women for Home Missions EDITED BY MISS EDITH E. LOWRY, 297 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y.

~,==================~ TAMBARAM SPEAKS FOR for action to an ecumenical con- that the pulse of the Christian ference, those delegates hold in Church is to be found in the HOME MISSIONS their hands the deciding votes throbbing life of its evangelistic By REV. HILDA L. IVES that can establish their inter- fervor. Here is the test of the The third International Mis- pretations of spiritual truth and reality of the Christian religion. sionary Council which met at that can express their spiritual Any church or any individual Tambaram, India, in December, ideals in Christ. I do not know Christian who lacks missionary 1938, made history. For the that there was any time at Tam- zeal is as a burnt-out coal on the first time in the record of ecu- baram when the colored dele- altar of the Living God, for a menical religious councils the gates as a whole were in opposi- transforming religious experimajority of the appointed dele- tion to the white delegates or ence brings the propulsive love gates were representatives of when the representatives of the and power of the Living Christ the colored races. To be exact, younger churches were in dis- and with this inflow of the Holy there were eight more colored agreement with the delegates of Spirit comes a sense of Divine delegates than there were white the older churches. But if acute Mission. In the words of the delegates. This fact has far- differences had existed, victory Tambaram findings, "There is a reaching implications for the was always possible for the sure indication that evangelism missionary cause. In the first younger churches. Such decid- is not due merely to the zeal of place, it means that the Chris- ing power will be increasingly Christian people, but rather is tian Church is now so deeply in the hands of the colored races the outcome of a Divine initiarooted throughout the world in the years to come. tive. The task can never be that it has taken on the sem- In the third place, this world- achieved wit h 0 u t :sacrifice. blance in color and in dignity of wide establishment of the Chris- Churches as well as individuals the family of nations as God tian Church means that the term are summoned to die unto themcreated them. God is an artist. "home missions" has new conno- selves and unto their own par- With the dawning of a new morn tations for all Christians. The ticular interests that the world He paints His skies with irrides- work of the Christian Church may be saved. Worship must cent hues. With the flaming can no longer be divided into lead to witness and spiritual rays of His dying sun, He sets "foreign missions" and "home growth to self-giving." These His heavens aglow with glorious missions," with the meaning words can well be a stimulus to color. Such a God would nat- that has existed in the past. the work of home missions.

urally create His children, His Every country now has its Tambaram laid an emphasis, family of nations, a colorful peo- strong indigenous C h r i s t ian as did the ecumenical conference ple. His Church is a colorful Church. Every country now has at Jerusalem, upon the strategic church, beautiful in the warm its home missions, consisting of importance of the Rural Church shades of brown, yellow, black all areas where Jesus Christ is in the stabilization of a chaotic an"d red, with enough white to not known. From the discus- world. This means, of course, make a perfect harmonious sions at Tambaram, it was the strategic importance of whole. This was shown to all brought out that all churches home missions in every nation.

Christian leaders who saw the are now considering the sending Tambaram emphasized the need Universal Church assembled in of Christian leaders to other of experts and specialists for all the beautiful new auditorium of lands as foreign missionaries. It the different phases of village the Madras Christian College at was suggested that India might life where human needs are the Tambaram. The Ecumenical well send from her Indian Chris- most pressing. This need was Church which represents Chris- tian Church foreign missionaries expressed in the findings in the tendom fairly in the future will to Africa, even as it was sug- following words, "Increasing the consist of inspired harmonious gested that America might con- fruitfulness of the land, raising leaders blended into a colorful sider the appointment of a fine the level of literacy and intelli- Negro Christian missionary to gence, providing wholesome unity of faith. In the second place, the pre- India. Such suggestions have recreation, turning slums to dominance of colored Christians tremendous import in the re- homes, rescuing people from meaus that at any time there is va1uation of the whole mission- financial exploitation or trying unanimity of opinion upon the ary cause. Tambaram asserted to prevent such sin, directing the r~solutions of findings presented again and again in its findings energies and the social instincts [317 J of youth into channels of whole- is right, who still feel the clasping sage of the mystic, Kahlil Gibsomeness and service-all these hands of love even when they go ran, but the period of directed are the blessed touch of the hand through pain and trial and loss, this prayer which followed its readof Christ when done by men and seed-spirit will spread, this nucleus ing was one of the high moments women filled with the love of will enlarge and create a society. of the conference. Christ and equipped with special knowledge for the task. . . . This excerpt from "Inner The commission group meet- Wherever possible the Church Life" by Rufus M. Jones ap- ings were held at Riverside should cooperate with govern- peared on the cover of the pro- Church, and in Hamilton and mental agencies contributing gram of the Metropolitan Chris- Business Halls at Columbia Uniher Christian spirit, her trained tian youth Conference held in versity. The unique feature of workers, her volunteer assist- New York City on March 3, 4, these commission groups was the ance and her deep interest to and 5, 1939. setting up of booths to resemble lift the level of the community's the World's Fair, called "The way of life." The committee of ten young World's Fair of Social Chal- people headed by the general lenges." In these booths were In conclusion, I would say that chairman, Mr. Oliver Powell of displayed the contributions of the message from Tambaram to the Metropolitan C h r i s t ian various racial groups and rehome missions is that home mis- Youth Council sought in their source materials on outstanding sions are thrilling opportunities arduous planning for this con- social questions. for service and for evangeliza- ference to spread this "seedtion within national boundaries. spirit" among the youth of the The subjects covered were: Foreign missions are the thrill- Metropolitan area. Their months Peace, Economic Problems, Race ing opportunities for service and of thoughtful, prayerful en- Relations, Jewish-Christian Refor evangelization within inter- deavor resulted in a well-bal- lations, Housing, Unemployment, national boundaries. Interest in anced program. both home and foreign missions Home and Marriage, Leisure will exist in the same person if The conference speakers were Time, Labor Problems and he is a true follower of the Mas- Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick, World Christianity. ter. Home missions gives a minister host to the delegates, Christian an opportunity for Rev. Abraham J. Muste of the Some dealt with personal relimore direct practical concern Labor Temple, Dr. John Suther- gion, as, for instance questions and service to needy parts of his land Bonnell, pastor of the Fifth such as these: own nation, for a more intimate Avenue Presbyterian Church, knowledge· of many groups of and Mr. Oliver Powell. Anyone Is religion personal or social, or is underprivileged people and for doubting that youth is inter- religion personal and social? a definite part in the develop- ested in a pulpit message need ment of a constructive, vital pro- only to have witnessed the rapt Can I save myself without saving gram for the building of the attention given these conference others? Kingdom of God. The needs of speakers to be convinced that the home mission fields, close at youth will give ear to a message Can I be religious and not go to hand and sacrificially met, can of worth. church? open the heart to the needs of far-distant lands. Home mis- One of the outstanding mo- What would happen if young peosions is a spiritual and necessary ments in the services of worship ple really believed in Jesus? preparation for foreign mis- was that in which the words of sions. "Such movements are "The Prophet" were read. Does God have a purpose for every the urge of the Spirit to the life? If so, does the individual have Church to fulfil its great com- And an old priest said, "Speak to a definite part to play in carrying out mission, relying not merely upon us of religion." And he said: "Have that purpose or does he just find for human resources, but upon the I spoken this day of aught else?" himself something to do in advancing power of God. . . . The Church's the purpose? message to the world is the Lord Is not religion all deeds and all re- Jesus Christ Himself in all His flections, and that which is neither These young people faced honmanifold grace and power." deed nor reflection, but a wonder and estly and frankly these and many surprise ever springing in the soul, other problems. that confront YOUTHFUL BUILDERS even while the hands hew the stone youth today. or tend the loom? OF THE KINGDOM Naturally there was a diver- Who can separate his faith from sity of opinion, and both con- The Seed his actions, or his belief from his oc- servative and progressive poi~ts cupation? of view were presented. Our It was Jesus' faith that, if you get young people live in a world in into the world a seed of the Kingdom, Who can spread his hours before which they themselves must a nucleus of persons who exhibit the him, saying, "This for God and this choose what they shall believe blessed life, who are dedicated to ex- for myself; this for my soul, and this concerning the essential facts of panding goodness, who rely implicitly for my body? . . ." life and only as they think for on love and sympathy, who try in themselves can they grow into meek patience the slow method that He to whom worshipping is a win- men and women of principle and dow to open but also to shut, has not stable Christian character. yet visited the house of his soul whose windows are from dawn to dawn. Earnestness of purpose and youthful enthusiasms character- Your daily life is your temple and ized all sessions of this gather- your religion. ing of youth and one could not but feel that these youthful Whenever you enter into it take builders of God's Kingdom had with you your all. come a little nearer Christ's dream for the world Space does not permit a full quotation of this beautiful mes-

A Story for the

KEEP OFF THE GRASS Norman and the policeman the boys all laughed and told him turned round to look ata young to forget it. They said that all By VIOLET WOOD man who had come over to them. reporters were crazy. As the long summer days passed, Nor- Norman was burning up. His "And who may you be?" bel- man still dreamed of sailing in a clothes stuck to him. It was the lowed the policeman. boat up and down the Hudson hottest day of 1875. None of River. the gang were around for they "George H. Williams of the had all gone s.wimming in the New York Times." One afternoon he was sitting East River where his mother on the curbstone outside of his wouldn't let him go. "A smart alec reporter, huh?" tenement under the shade of the "Look here, officer, I don't in- elevated trains when he noticed All along the road, carts and tend to get into a brawl. I'd a man evidently looking for horses were tied to hitching just like to ask you a civil ques- someone as he consulted the posts or were moving fretfully tion. How many times a day do house numbers. The boy's heart through the narrow city streets. you kick little boys like this one skipped a beat. It was Mr. Wil- Up on the fire escapes of out of the city parks?" liams. Norman rushed over to crowded tenement blocks babies The policeman pushed back greet the reporter. He was so lay in cradles made out of old his hat, the better to see the re- excited he scarcely heard right. orange boxes. Many of them porter. What he saw evidently He was to have a gang of boys cried incessantly. pleased him for he changed his at Battery Marsh on Sat.urday. surly tone. "More than I care Norman felt like crying, too. to think of, young fellow. I Saturday came too slowly, but He had never disobeyed his know that there's no place for then Norman, his friends and mother, but the impulse to go these kids in New York City to hundreds of newspaper boys with the gang was strong. He play but in the gutters. But from all over New York City had only a vague idea where the what can I do? If I let this kid went sailing on the ferry boat. East River was. Street after stay here, tomorrow there'd be Best of all, was the news that street he crossed in the blazing hundreds tramping around here for the rest of the summer they sun, with the horses and car- and what would become of the could spend the long, hot days riages ambling in every direc- park?" on the boat. tion. After much walking he came to a park. The cool, green Mr. Williams turned to Nor- Mr. Williams had told Norgrass stretched all around. The man who had been crouched man's story in the newspaper, as sight of it thrilled him. Al- down between the. two men, well as that of other little boys though it was carefully foot wondering whether he should whom he had seen compelled to wired and bore signs warning, run or stay. "How would you "Keep off the grass." People "Keep off the grass," Norman like to spend some of your sum- had sent in money to hire a ferry jumped the small fence, picked boat to take the children sailing out a choice spot beneath a mer days on a ferry boat, sailing every morning and bring them shady maple tree and lay down. up and down the H u d son back at night. The idea seemed River?" so wonderful that one of the big The lovely tree swayed, caus- New York churches took it up ing a slight breeze and making Norman looked at the re- and for many years made this the sunlight fall in patterns porter. "You're making fun of one of their home missionary upon him. He lay thinking, "I'm me, mister. I ain't never been tasks. going to bring mama and papa on a boat in my life." and the baby here." Reverently Making Use of This Story he felt the grass. Although "No," said the reporter, "I'm parched and dry, it was delight- not kidding you." He whipped "Keep off the grass" is the fully cool to the hands of this out a notebook. "What's your true story of the beginning of little boy who knew the feel of name? Where do you live?" He The Floating Hospital of St. cement sidewalks better. John's Guild that still carries on wrote down what Norman halt- the work. "Come on, get up out of ingly told him. there!" Many children have no idea as "Who do you think you are, a to what "home missions" are. Norman started up, his heart See how many aspects of work beating wildly as he looked at a millionaire? Getting ferry boats among underprivileged children policeman towering above him. for kids-don't make me laugh!" in metropolitan and rural sec- tions the child knows. Tell of "Get a move on, you !" The policeman swung his stick. your denomination's work in Norman was too frightened to "Just watch the pages of the various fields. move. "Why don't you pick on some- New York Times, brother," anbody your size, brother?" Both swered the reporter. To Nor- man he s.aid, "And you, sonny, I'll be round to see you real soon."

When Norman got home, and told his adventure to the gang, [319 ]

World–wide

A Missionary Newspaper of Current Events EDITED BY MRS. HENRIETTA H. FERGUSON, XENIA, OHIO "

~~~~=====================================================================~ NORTH AMERICA life; the Church and marriage. five cents each for bricks in the Family participation in commu- edifice. The upper part was paid One Hundred Year Split Ended nity activities. Education for for by royalties on the Moody- world citizenship. Old age and Sankey song books sold in Great The three great divisions of its place in family life. Britain-money which the evan- Methodism are closing the books gelists would not accept for their on more than a century of schism It is a common mistake to as- personal use. The ministry of to form the largest Protestant sume that Christian education is this good-will gift has extended group in the United States. The for children only. The whole over more than seventy years. union will give the Methodist work cannot be done by the When the Chicago Avenue Church nearly 8,000,000 mem- Church School, so that a pro- Church organization moved one bers, 50,0'0'0 churches and $800,- gram must be developed which mile to the north, the Moody 0'0'0,0'0'0 worth of property. The will include men and women, as Bible Institute purchased the old Articles of Religion will be those well as the youth. An adequate building and has since used it historically held in common by program is necessary in order for classes and conferences. the three uniting bodies. Two to make the Church ineffective. differences had led to the split: Another Survey on Beliefs theNegro question divided North -The Church in Action. and South in 1844, and lay rep- The ·Survey Gra.phic for April resentation in church affairs in Bibles from the Dumps published the results of a study 1828. made by Prof. James H. Leuba Not all hotel managers like to of Bryn Mawr, in which he The publishing interests of the have Bibles in their rooms. For sought to find out the proportion unified Methodist Church are to example, when a hotel in western of Americans who believe in God be under a Board of Publication, Canada changed ownership the and a future life. Sixty-four per which replaces the book commit- new proprietor had all the Gid- cent of the prominent bankers tee of the Southern church and eon Bibles thrown out on the believe in God, but only half the board of the Northern. dump. Later, a poor girl went that many writers do. Figures to the dump hoping to find SOme- for a belief in immortality were One weekly paper, with re- thing of value that she could sell. somewhat higher than for a begional editions, to be called The Noticing the books, she picked lief in God. About 25 per cent Methodist, will serve the entire up one and took it home. had not made up their minds Church. Editors will be drawn Through reading it she found about immortality while only 7 from the staffs of papers which Christ, and this led to the forma- per cent were undecided about the new publication displaces. tion of a Sunday school class, the existence of God. Among whose members also went to the men of science the proportions Church Education dump and provided themselves of doubters in immortality was with Bibles, so that not one copy also much greater than that of The 19th Social Work Confer- was left unappropriated. doubters in the existence of God. ence of the Episcopal Church, which meets in Buffalo, June 16 -So S. Times. -The Churchman. and 17, will have a wider appeal than in the past. It is to be a Moody Auditorium Replaced Home Missions' Outreach conference for all who are interested in education, as is evident The historic Moody Bible In- Dr. Antonio Mangano, an from the list of topics to be dis- stitute Church in Chicago was Italian Baptist min i s t e r in cussed: Family life and its ma- closed on May 6 on account of Brooklyn, makes this comment terial foundations; its legal and the widening of the street on on home missions: "Soon after social status; its spiritual pat- which it opens. This landmark, evangelical churches commenced terns. Youth problems; youth scarred by use and age, has been work among Italians in Amerconsultation service; youth's in- replaced by its successor one ica, the effects were seen in Italy. terest in social education and block to the north, called the The first missionary pastors social action. Preparation for "Torrey-Gray Auditorium." Fol- were converts who came from family life; mental hygiene of lowing the great fire of 1871 the Italy, but by their labors Amerinfancy and childhood; adoles- first story of the old structure ica soon began to repay Italy. cence and education for family was erected, thousands of Sun- day school children contributing [320 ] Here and there an Italian con- mountains supplied the idea for posed for the year 1939-40 in the verted in America returned to an experiment, and in 1934 an booklet "A Venture of Faith," Italy and did not hide his light Emergency Relief Administrator recently published by the Naunder a bushel, but faithfully with a vision collected a stack of tional Committee for Religion proclaimed his new-found faith old, nondescript books, maga- and Welfare Recovery. Among zines, and pamphlets, the latter the objectives are: in Jesus as his Saviour. Some- dealing mostly with religious times these humble messengers topics, hired an enthusiastic To educate the American public in were ostracized and persecuted young mountain woman, who the underlying principles of stewarduntil they returned to America. owned a white mule of dubious ship through conventions, regional In other places their townspeople age and a pair of saddlebags. conferences, national magazines, the listened, first with curiosity to With these bags crammed with daily press, motion pictures, radio and the American religion, and later miscellaneous literature, through other educational media. with such interest. that many creek bottoms, cane patches, and were converted. A peasant of over abandoned trails she rode, To broaden the base of giving by Calitri was converted anhe Bap- stopping at every mountain enlisting as nearly as practicable, tist mission in Hartford, Con- home to urge all who could read "every citizen as a steward of life and necticut, and became an earnest to read what she was giving property for the welfare of mankind." Christian. When he returned to them. Often she read aloud to his family in the little hilltown whole families, most of whom To develop more business-like methof southern Italy, he labored were illiterate. ods of systematic giving, proportiontirelessly to bring his townsmen ate to incomes. to Christ, with the result that a The Kentucky mountaineers grasped and clung to this pack To lift the present level of giving church was formed with a mem- horse service, which grew at from 2.033 per cent to the unprecebership of 50 which has since such a rate that today it is en- dented figure of 3 per cent of income, grown to several hundred." tirely out of hand-through lack and as far as practicable toward the of books. One by one, pack- biblical tithe and the 15 per cent -Watchman-Examiner. horse library carriers were which the government exempts from added, until, at the present time, income tax if given privately for pub- First Spanish Baptist Church, women ride horseback and walk lic welfare. New York City an average of 26,182 miles monthly to deliver 39,293 books To educate the public on the im- There were about twenty chil- to 36,293 Kentucky mountain portance of "Mbre and Better Wills," families anxious to learn, and to including annual review of wills with dren present, most of whom had know the doings. of the world due consideration of our personal in- outside. These libraries extend debtedness to religious, educational, never prayed in public before. over certain backwoods regions character-building and welfare insti- of thirty-one counties. tutions. We had a worship service, and The Federal Government pays To seek the religious, social and then I told them why we were the carriers – all from relief moral welfare of the donor as more rolls – a small wage. .once a important than the material value of assembled and asked all who week they hold conferences at the dollar. their centers, clip continued wished to lead in prayer to do so. stories from old magazines and In the Indian Field bind them into a unit; and fas- The children ranged in age from ten Sunday school lesson papers A glance at the year's work in cardboard covers, with a reli- among the Indians indicates 5-14 years. All those present led gious picture on the outside. progress both in extending evangelization and in strengthin prayer, and for so many it The "bookwomen," however, ening the groups of converts in are not without rebuff. One was forty-seven different t rib e s. was the first time in their lives, met on a mountain side by an There has been an increase in irate father who said he "wanted the number of accessions on proand so I was immensely proud no more sech goin's on." Said fession of faith. However, there he: "I cain't get my gal to do have been obstacles to Christianof them. There was no waiting nothin' but read. My cornfield izing efforts, such as violations needs hoein'''; and he declared of the law against the sale and because one little boy led in angrily, "sittin' in a corner with use of liquor; converts who have her nose in a book h'aint gonna earnestly tried to withstand prayer every time no one else get them weeds out!" temptation have been enticed by unscrupulous white men engaged spoke up. He is seven years of -Bible Society Record. in the traffic. Among the Sioux Indians, sales of peyote, unreage, and I was surprised at his Stewardship Promotion Plan stricted by the government, have been promoted. A bill introreligious experience. He came A nation-wide program of duced in Congress to prohibit stewardship education is pro- the traffic of this drug among very near crying many times the Indians was not reported out of the committee because of the while he led in the five prayers influences which were mar- shalled against it. he offered that day, one of them In certain reservations, Inbeing of about twenty minutes' dians have been encouraged to revive their ancient culturesduration. He wanted to pray so-called – which involve pagan for everyone he knew, because it was the Day of Prayer. He prayed for grandmothers and asked a blessing on all the bad people and the gang of boys who beat him up. -Selected.

Pack Horse Library Just what is a pack horse library? An expressed wish for reading material in the Kentucky

practices. The encouraging fact farmers; but Palmer Church says Dr. Johnson, are not antiis that many of the Indians are also serves the coal miners to Semitic. opposed to the return of these the north, the many gold miners primitive rites. It should be high in the mountains and iso- Palestine at the "Golden Gate" recorded that recently the gov- lated communities along the railernment has issued an order road, including the Eklutna Vo- An interesting exhibit at the prohibiting Indian dances for cational School to the south and San Francisco World's Fair is a commercial ends. All the Chris- fishing stations on Cook Inlet. "Holy Land Garden," containing tian, and most of the progressive more than a hundred trees, Indians are in hearty accord "The Vanishing Indian" shrubs and plants mentioned in with this order. the Bible: olives from Mount This common phrase does not Olivet, Lebanon and Galilee; -Presbyterian Board of hold up under scrutiny. When date palms, acacias, plane trees National Missions. the Pima Indians held their an- and pomegranates-the Eastern nual camp meeting in Arizona, symbol of life and fertility. Mexicans in Texas fifteen acres of desert were cov- There will be almonds, fig trees ered with wagons, horses, tents, and "bitter herbs," the latter Evangelization of the Mexi- and hundreds of children, young mentioned to Moses (Exodus cans in Texas is important be- people and white-haired Indians, 12: 8) in connection with the cause there are almost a million assembled for one of the largest Passover. Fragrant, pungent, of them who are ignorant of the evangelistic meetings ever held spicy plants with Biblical back- Gospel. Southern Baptists are by Indians. There was contin- ground will be here – hys,sop, grappling with the problem, and uous activity from sunrise until thy m e, rosemary, lavender, have marked out two lines of ten at night. Choirs from a anise, cummin, rue, cassia, musapproach, the first being evange- dozen villages, in training for tard, leeks, onions, garlic. The lism. To this end, six evangelis- months, took part in services carob, which is identified as "the tic conferences were held in Jan- conducted by Indian ministers. husks that the swine did eat," uary and February in various will also find place in the Garden. parts of the state. The second -Monday Morning. will he emphasis on stewardship Barley, wheat, flax and riceand tithing; teaching the funda- Anti-Semitism in U. S. the papyrus antiquorum, or bulmentals on which any Christian rush, that sheltered Moses in his forward movement must be built. Dr. Alvin Johnson, director of watery cradle, the arundo donax, the New School for Social Re- "the measuring reed" of Holy Efforts will be made also to search, New York City, confirms Writ, camphire, coriander, lilies, have an every-member canvass the estimate that there are 800 myrtle, and finally Christ's in every Mexican church early distinctly anti-Jewish organiza- Thorn (Paliurus aculeatus), and in the year. Goals will be sug- tions in the United States, claim- many another growing thing gested as a minimum for each ing 6,000,000 adherents. Some with definite line of identificachurch. The First Mexican Bap- of these organizations are na- tion back to Biblical times and tist Church of San Antonio has tionwide in their operation, some scenes, will be installed on voted a 33113% increase in their are regional; a few require pay- Treasure Island. budget for the present year, and ment of dues, and sell antiplans to make missions a definite Semitic literature. The most im- Interpretations will be given part of its program. portant are: the Silver Shirts, of the ancient uses of the plants Defenders of the Christian in the Garden. -SouthernBaptist Home Faith, Industrial Defense Asso- Missions. ciation, American Nationalist -Sunday School Times. Confederation, James True As- A Growing Parish sociates, Knights of the White The Gospel at Golden Gate Camellia, and the German- Exposition Not much has been heard re- American Bund. cently of the government's Ma- The Christian Business Men's tanuska Valley proj ect, but Dr. Johnson classifies their Committee of San Francisco has Monday Morning reports that propaganda appeal something planned an aggressive soul-savthe federated church at Palmer like this: for the average tim- ing program for the World's (in this valley) now has its own orous person, identification of Fair. Eight thousand square building, a membership of nearly Jews with "Reds"; for the so- feet of outside space in a choice, 75 and an average Sunday school ciety dame, the fake letter of central location has been purattendance of 112. This church, Franklin; for the anti-New chased, and an auditorium seatunder Rev. Bert Bingle, has Dealer, list of government jobs ing 250 people has been erected. withstood a number of reverses held by Jews; and for the small In addition to services in the in its three years of existence. business man, assertion that cor- auditorium, thousands of Bible porations are controlled by portions and tracts are being dis- Since the construction men Jews; nothing for the parlor tributed. and clerical forces required in anti-Semitic who hates the Jew the beginning have now with- on his own. Women, as a rule, Tom M. Olson, a well-known drawn, the church membership Bible teacher and personal is made up almost entirely of worker with wide exposition ex- perience, has been procured as

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

the manager of the project. request of the wife of an un- converts in the ocean at Port-de- "Sermons from Science" will be faithful drifter; another woman Paix. A member of the Mission presented by Irwin A. Moon, who had lost her son asked for a writes that it was necessary to who has had an unusual minis- sermon on death. The church is call three meetings in one week try for Christ during the past always filled to capacity. recently, to examine individually few years. His messages and fifty candidates for baptism. Not equipment will captivate and Mr. Pagan takes great pleas- only the testimony of the conarouse the curiosity of the un- verts was heard, but that of saved. Three messages daily He ure in the church organ, which their neighbors who knew at present the first century Gospel first hand about· their changed to this twentieth century. he practically built himself. life. Twenty-two of these con- would appreciate having victrola verts came from a distant part Tithe Reindeer and Walrus? records of religious music. of the Island. They traveled all night, some on donkeys and some Rev. Fred Klerekoper, a Pres- Unappropriated Ouba on foot. One was a well-known byterian missionary to the Eski- witch doctor, who, soon after his mos at Point Barrow, Alaska, In northeast Cuba is a tract of conversion, presented the Mishas not as yet reached a solution sion with a piece of ground in of this problem, but the church some 13,000 acres, known as his village on which to build a members of that community chapel. His wife and daughter (which includes almost all the Realengo 18, meaning "unap- were baptized with him. natives) have all agreed to tithe for the support of their church. propriated." This area which Women's Service League- There is almost no cash at all in Ohile the community. When an Es- includes both mountains and valkimo wants a sack of flour or a Manana (tomorrow will do) pound of coffee, he takes a fox leys is inhabited by 2,500 fam- may be the motto of some Latin or a polar bear skin from his re- Americans, but this does not go serve and makes for the trading ilies, very industrious folk in for the evangelical women of post. He does not receive cash. Valparaiso, Chile, who have or- When there is a surplus after he spite of their uncertainty of ganized a "League for Service." has completed his purchases, he Not only do they work in groups, is given credit on paper. tenure. In 1934, the Gospel knitting or sewing for the poor; they visit jails, orphanages, So, if an Eskimo has a walrus reached the southern part of asylums, hospitals and homesand ten seals, what will be his Realengo 18 through Senora del in fact few chances are lost to gift? What could the church do be of service somewhere. One with the meat? The community Valle; and another sec t ion member took into her own home reindeer herd contains some the small child of a woman who 12,000 of the animals, and how heard the Good News through must go to the hospital; another could one manage to use 1,200 prevented the marriage of a girl reindeer? some Haitian Christians harvest- of 14 to an old man; others clear up homes too filthy to live in, -Presbyterian News. ing coffee there. One of the first take sick children to the public health clinic, and teach mothers LATIN AMERIOA converts was a peddler of pins, the rudiments of health and sanitation. Radio Sermons in Puerto Rico who goes about and at each Good News from Brazil Radio station WPRA in Maya- house leaves a copy of one of the guez, P. R., has granted its fa- An interesting and heartening cilities for one hour every Sun- Gospels. This man has held piece of news, coming through day to Rev. Antonio Pagan, pas- the evangelical papers of Brazil, tor of one of the Presbyterian preaching services in many of says that in Ceara, the leading churches in the city. Results state in the north of Brazil, have been far-reaching. The the homes of the district. Few reading of the Gospels has been Sunday sermon is heard in Cen- adopted for public schools. tral, South and North America, families of Realengo 18 are with- Christians everywhere, knowing as well as in the Island. Mr. what ignorance of the Bible has Pagan does not claim to be a out at least a portion of the prevailed in Brazil, will share good preacher, "but," says he, the joy felt in evangelical circles "I receive many letters every Bible and many have accepted of that country. The editor of week thanking me for the ser- the Expositor Cristiio, official mon." Many of these sermons Christ. There are now three Methodist organ, writes: "This are prepared especially for those marks a gigantic stride in the who write of their spiritual regular preaching places and needs. A sermon on "Put· Your House in Order" answered the one Sunday school. In March last year, the believers started a fund for a church, school and parsonage. The first offering amounted to more than $60. A friend of the work in Homer, New York, added $60 and a house was, purchased.

The peddler preacher made his rounds on a horse, and when it died the group of Christians raised a fund to buy another.

They have a vision of one day being. able to support their preacher, so that he can devote all his time to the work of the church. They also have another idea; Friday has been selected as "missionary day," when every Christian is expected to call on some one not yet a be- liever. -Missions.

Oonverts in Haiti The Haitian Gospel Mission reports the baptism of forty-six

path of the re-Christianization standing in a new and rapidly Conference of Evangelical developing central business secof Brazil." Students tion of Rio de Janeiro. Cambridge University, more Bible Sunday in Brazil The Church in Colombia than any other in England, has been associated with evangelical Half a century ago Bible Sun- . day, as it is known today, had The establishment of a "self- movements and tradition. It is not been instituted. H. C. supporting, self-governing, self- therefore appropriate that the Tucker, writing in the World propagating" church in Colom- International Conference of Outlook, traces the development bia is a slow process, for poverty Evangelical Students should be of Bible distribution in Brazil and ignorance abound and con- held there (June 2:7 to July 3). during the past fifty years. The verts often face bitter persecu- It was there that Erasmus inpopulation in 1888 was approxi- tion. However, the beginnings troduced the study of the Greek mately 15,000,000, of which 85 oE an indigenous church are evi- Testament to those who became per cent were illiterate. There dent. leaders and'martyrs in the Engwere only a few miles of rail- Some years ago a land owner lish Revr:>lution, Latimer, Ridley road, travel and communication in the interior heard the Gospel and Cranmer. It includes among being by mule, oxcart, canoe and and accepted Christ. Through its alumni Oliver Cromwell and on foot. Brazilians not only had his testimony, and faithful ef- John Milton. no Bibles, but were told that the forts of missionaries, not to say Speakers at this conference Bible was not a book for the hardship and sacrifice, a group will come from several parts of common people. Many priests of beUevers was organized in Europe. The general theme will did not possess copies in Portu- 1935 and a board of five men be "Christ, Our Freedom." It is guese, some not even in Latin. placed in charge. A recent visi- open to undergraduate and post- But on Bible Sunday, 1938, tor to the district was impressed graduate students, and univerthe population of Brazil stood at by what he saw. Alone, or two- sity faculty members. 47,000,000 and illiteracy had by-two, these Christians go out been reduced by one – third. to preach Christ, while those at One Thousandth Anniversary home look after their small Means of communication had farms. The church has twice The Mis s ion Field, the been greatly extended; even air been enlarged, but even so there monthly magazine of the Society lines connect centers in many is not room for all who wish to directions. Educational facili- attend. Another group has been for the Propagation of the Gosties, cultural influences and organized a day's journey away, pel in Foreign Parts issued in measures of health and hygiene and nine have been baptized. April, 1939, its 1,000th number are spreading out into rural Schools have been opened in of this excellent magazine. The areas. During the half century, both places, with native teachers' first number was issued eighty- and young men and women are two years ago and it has since the American Bible Society re- being prepared for the Bible Inports the annual distribution of stitute, and later for service. been making known the needs of Bibles, Testaments and Scrip- people of non-Christian lands for ture portions has increased from EUROPE 7,286 to 221,034 copies, while the Gospel and the progress the British and Foreign Bible Youth Movement in England made especially through the Society report a similar increase. work of the S. P. G. The peri- Probably not less than 8,000,000 Young people and their inter- odical was begun by Earnest ests are coming to the front in copies of the Bible have been Great Britain. This was mani- Hawkins in 1856 but the Society placed in the hands of Brazilians fest in the Youth Assembly in was organized in 1701 and the in the half century. This would London early in the year. The 239th anniversary was celebe about one copy to every six Methodist Youth Service Council brated in Londo'n this year. Its people. is not only taking part in the work is being carried on in public inquiry as to youth condi- Japan, Korea, China, British It is significant that Bible tions, but has had a special in- Malaya, Siam, India, Burma, Sunday, 1938, records a marked Australasia, Africa, Central and change in the Roman Catholic attitude toward the popular use South America, the West Indies, Canada and Europe.

of the Bible, particularly the terest in the First National Par- England Bans Stage Profanity New Testament. At least four liament of Youth, held March attempts with ecclesiastical ap- 24-27, a parliament composed of A play that was shown 168 proval have been made in recent fourteen national youth or- times in New York was not alyears by priests of this church ganizations. lowed to finish the first perform- to translate, popularize and stim- Among the supporters of the ance in Chester, England, on ulate interest in the reading of Youth M 0 v e men t in Great account of its profanity. The the Gospels. and the entire New Britain are the Archbishop of theater manager rang the cur- Testament. An increasing vol- Canterbury, the Archbishop of tain down in the middle of the ume of the Scriptures and Bib- York, the President of the Meth- first act, and the orchestra lical literature is going out from odist Conference and other struck up "God Save the King."

the nine-story Bible H 0 use, leaders. Actors and producers were

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

called before the constable to an- tains that he is bound to preach ers, in very simple words, try swer the charge of allowing such and declare that a man is saved to persuade the reader to buy, profanity on the stage. by the blood of Jesus Christ and and read aNew Testament or not by Aryan blood, that the ex- Bible. Posters were also sold for On the same day on which this clusion of converted Jews from distribution in Tunisia, Belgium, incident occurred a court in the full privileges of Christian Switzerland, Great Britain and Montreal, Canada, sentenced the life is unchristian, that the Canada. author of a play called "The Church of Christ must be ruled Deluge" to two months' im- by God's Word alone, and not by In answer to prayer, permisprisonment and a fine of $250 the government, that the denial sion was given to open a stall at on a charge of blasphemous libel, of justice is the mark of an un- a market for second-hand things, because the play "offended God christian state, that political realistically called "The Flea and religion." One actor was movements cannot be regarded Market." Astonishment was also sentenced to serve time in as Divine revelations nor their plain on the faces of passers-by, jail, while six others received leaders be venerated as mes- one of whom exclaimed: "What! suspended sentences. sengers of God. Such books at the Flea Market!" Two young business men devote -World Outlook. Jews in Warsaw their only leisure half day on Saturday to sell the books. On Scandinavian Teachers For several years the Church one Saturday they sold 44 Tes- Abjure War Mission to the Jews in Warsaw taments in eleven languages. has held evening classes in the More than 130 representatives English language, which brings No More Jewish Converts of Danish, Swedish, Norwegian numbers of the younger element and Finnish teachers' organiza- of Polish Jewry to the Mission The Evangelical Church of tions, assembled for a conference House. Thuringia is one of those most in Finland, have adapted a state- completely under Nazi domment on war which makes scant Attendance during the past inance. This church has recently compromise with the trend to- winter has greatly increased, issued an order by which bapward increased armaments for and if premises and staff could tized Jews can no longer be defense. These teachers say: be enlarged would be still members of the regional church; "In line with the growing war greater. These classes serve as and by which the ministrations psychosis there is observable a means of breaking down the of the church can no longer be also in Scandinavian countries age-long prejudice of Jew s rendered to them. Since this an effort to adapt the schools to against Christianity in general order was issued, the example of the system of military defense. and missionaries in particular. the Church of Thuringia is be- We consider all such actions, The classes are uncompromis- ing followed by the regional whether involving outright mili- ingly evangelistic, yet this fact churches of Saxony, Mecklentary training, or education and does not diminish the attend- burg and Anhalt. In complying preparation for the defense of ance. Once a week the gather- with these new laws, the the population, as tending to be- ing combines evangelistic and churches mentioned have given cloud the spiritual life of the social activities; and while per- up the right to make converts, to child, and to counteract the spirit haps forty will occupy them- Christianity. -Kulturkampf. of confidence in the love of hu- selves with the games and manity that the school endeavors reading matter, a hundred or so Russian Bible Fund to inculcate in the young. We will listen to the Christian adare obliged, therefore, to regis- dress, lasting about an hour. About ten years ago, the Soter our determined opposition to Willingness to listen does not viet Government gave permissuch a violation of the school's imply acceptance of the Gospel, sion to a group of Russian Chrisrights – irrespective of the ex- but does indicate open-minded- tians to publish 50,000 Bibles ceptional difficulties of the times ness. About twenty young Jews and 50,000 New Testaments. An -to carryon its educational ac- are sufficiently interested in the appeal was sent out for funds, a tivity in accordance with its own Bible to meet every week to committee of Christian leaders aims, which are to develop hu- study it, both the Old and New was organized and contributions man beings sensitive to life's Testament. began to come in. Soon 5,000 highest values and prepared to New Testaments were published promote the development of con- The P. T. L. in Paris and distributed; the printing of cord and good-will in the world." 25,000 complete Bibles got under French workers of the Pocket way. Then the Soviet authori- Pastor Niemoller Testament League, not sure how ties discovered what those 5,000 long they may be free to spread Testaments were doing. Imme- Revelation claims to be the the Word of God, have placed diately they stopped the printing first to publish the real reason more than 1,200 posters. on Paris of the 25,000 Bibles and canfor the imprisonment of Pastor walls, near everyone of the 38 celled the permission previously Niemoller, despite the fact that Parisian cemeteries, and in 72' granted. the court declared him innocent. villages and towns. These post- NiemOller still steadfastly main- Although the collection of

funds had to cease, there was, found a job as sweeper and were busy far into. the night exhowever, a balance of $7,000 in cleaner, and after a few months the bank. The Committee then was employed as a nurse in the amining those who sought bapdecided, since there are millions men's ward. -Life of Faith. of Russians outside of Russia tism. -Life of Faith. and they, too, are hungry for D. V. B. S. in Egypt the Gospel, to distribute these African "Keswick" copies along the borders of The W 0 in en's Missionary Russia. With the cooperation of Magazine reports an increase in A convention for A f ric an Christians in seven countries, the number of Daily Vacation Christians has for some years 4,000 Bibles, 45,000 New Testa- Bible Schools in E.gypt. Also, been held in Kenya. It was orments and 7,000 Bible portions 500 more children were reached. ganized by missionaries for the have thus been distributed. Re- Out of the total number of 2,839 spiritual renewal o.f African cently, the $7,000 was reduced to pupils, 760 were Moslems. Mr. teachers and pastors. There has $17.71, and this was handed over Aig3iban, director of this work, been rapid growth in interest to the "Russian Missionary visited all of the 43 such schools until in 1938 some 200 Africans Service" which will add the dis- conducted by students of Assiut and a dozen Europeans gathered tribution of Bibles to its other College, and a number of other from all parts of the Colony, large activities. -So S. Times. schools as well. Some could only some also from Ruanda, Uganda be reached on donkeys. He says: and Tanganyika. As a direct re- AFRICA "It was very wonderful to hear sult o.f that. convention there boys giving Bible stories and have been many cases of a break- Potential Leader in Egypt Golden Texts. Not only this, but ing of the power of sin. to hear Moslem boys and girls Two or three years ago a giving Bible stories." The most During the 1938 Convention young Mohammedan was attend- popular hand work was crayon the question arose as to whether ing an Islamic school in prepara- coloring of Bible verses. Many the time was not now ripe for tion to become a sheikh. Instead, times children hid the bell, so the formation of a Convention, he is today a baptized Christian, that lessons would last longer. not only for pastors and teachand gives promise of becoming a One of the best schools in Upper ers, but also African Christians leader among Egyptian Chris- Egypt was conducted by a Mos- generally. The matter was tians. While this young Mad- lem boy named Yusef Moham- brought before the committee of booli was at the Islamic school, a med Suliman. It is the third Kenya "Keswick," and as a refriend asked him to join in a year that he has had a school. sult a committee was appointed study of the New Testament, This volunteer in Kom Ghareb to arrange, together with Afriwhich he did, and was so inter- worked all summer both morn- can leaders of the Church, for ested he went to a neighboring ing and afternoon. He declared the organization of the African village to ask some missionaries that he himself got most benefit Convention, under the title for other parts of the Bible. Not from the school. "Kenya Keswick." only was his request granted, he was introduced to the local evan- Revival Comes to Mompono -Life of Faith. gelist, with whom he spent many subsequent hours discussing the The "Regions Beyond Mission- Christian Center in Bible and having his difficulties ary Union" was discouraged Tanganyika explained. He also gathered up when one African teacher after a group of young men from his another proved unfaithful to his It is obviously difficult for a own village to join in this stUdy. trust; but continuance in prayer Christian African boy who goes resulted in enlisting forty keen- to work away from home to keep Of course, his interest did not minded boys in a training class, his balance and resist temptaescape the notice of his Moham- to go out later to the surround- tion. Realizing this, some years medan associates, and he had to ing villages. The number grew ago a number of African Chrisput up with the usual annoy- to sixty, and when all these go tians from different parts of ances. His father thought to out there will be a Christian Tanganyika launched a scheme, end the matter by bringing a evangelist for every village of under the leadership of Eurosheikh to "talk Madbooli out of importance in this dis t ric t. peans, to provide a home and this nonsense." But Madbooli About this time, the missionaries Christian fellowship for such was not to be moved, whereup felt an awakening around them. boys. As if in answer to prayer, his father refused to support Open-air workers reported a a well-to-do African business him, so he set out for Cairo to new interest; natives employed man who had been interested in earn his living. He secured a by traders at the State Po.st were the project willed his home, the job as a basket maker, but when asking for their own evangelist, newest and best house in the his employer found he was a and this spirit was not limited to community, to be used for this Christian he promptly dis- the vicinity of Mompono. Five purpose. The house provides accharged him, and refused to pay witch doctors yielded their commodation for a large recreahim what was due. This time hearts to Christ, and misionaries tion room, a reading and waithe went to Shebeen Hospital, ing room, and one for meetings, as well as a small chapel which gives opportunity for quiet and prayer. In connection with the

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

club is a hostel where rooms are tory church collections and, after pay- til they found a friendly chief at ing the allowances of over a hundred let to African Christians. village pastors and teachers, main- Bonginda. Here they settled, -Life of Faith. tained wholly by the indigenous 1,200 miles from the coast, and church, the church sent a gift of five established the Congo Balolo A Great Conference thousand francs toward the deficit of Mission. Eventually, the Re- gions Beyond Missionary Union The largest missionary confer- the Baptist Missionary Society and grew out of this work, and ence South Africa has ever two thousand francs to its largest today it controls work in two substation for church building.

known brought together this The Bible for Cape Verdians fields; in the Congo and in the year at Bloemfontein over 1,000 Bihar province of North India, ministers and laymen of Dutch On the Cape Verde Islands, off where there are seven stations. Reformed churches. The 150 the west coast of Africa, at least In the Congo, there are 20,000 mission congregations were each eighty out of every hundred per- church members, and at least represented by a European mis- sons can read and write; and 20,000 more have been won and sionary, and 400 European con- faith runs high among the mis- are now in "the Church Triumgregations were also repre- sionaries there that Scripture phant." -The Christian. sented. Since 1877 the church's distribution will have far-reachmissionaries h a v e increased from twenty-two to over three ing results. Their plan, they tell Fetish Bonfires Multiply hundred. During the South us, is to place a portion of the African war, 85 young men from Bible in every home. These peo- Public burnings of fetishes the military camps decided to ple are poor, but they have a real are becoming more common in hunger for the Gospel, and will the Belgian Congo; accomgive their lives to mission work. make almost any sacrifice to se- panied by public profession of It was 47 years ago that Rev. A. cure a copy. Proof of this faith in Christ. At Rethi more Louw trekked by ox-wagon to hunger is seen in the following than fifty families have given up Mashonaland, and in that center literal translation of a letter re- their spirit paraphernalia. A today his church numbers 5,000 ceived from one of the islanders: blind evangelist, Paulo, preaches members, with 22,00.0 young with power and he can quote people under instruction. The "I come very respectfully to many passages from the Bible Dutch Reformed Church has ask you this special favor about from memory. To the African, missions in all parts of the your religion. For a long time I the amazing thing is that one so Union of South Africa, in Rho- have lived without belief or fear despised as a blind man should desia, in Nyasaland, and in the of God. Since the first time I go a-bout helping others.-Life heard your words concerning the of Faith. Sudan. It is expected that, as a Gospel I have felt a strange fear result of this conference, every of God and a grand pleasure has WESTERN ASIA congregation will be directed to been in me as I come to this true carryon missionary work in its pathway which I do not know Ten Years to Graduate own area. -So S. Times. profoundly. Therefore I come Draw your own inference by this letter to ask you to loan from the fact that when nurses' Congoland After Fifty Years to me a copy of that book which training was undertaken at Ken- Dr. Holman Bentley, English I have heard you speak about, nedy Memorial Hospital in Trip- Baptist, was the pioneer of Prot- the book which is to guide me oli, Syria, ten years ago, the only estant missions in the Congo. A into 0 Caminho da Salvacao, promising students were girls native boy, Niemvo, helped him (The Way of Salvation}." who had been cared for in Near reduce the Congo language to -The Word of Life. East Relief Orphanages, and had writing, to make a grammar and had a measure of training in dictionary and translate the Regions Beyond Missionary orderliness and regard for the Scriptures. Fifty years ago in Union welfare of others – qualities February, Niemvo was baptized the first native Christian in It is 60 years since the first lacking in most of the others. It Congo; today, there are 250,000 missionary went from the East has taken ten years for the first Protestant church members and London Training Institute to group of girls to carry their a constituency of a million. Central Africa, in territory now training through to successful known as the Belgian Congo. completion. There were four The International Review of girls in this first class to be Missions makes this comment: The Mission at that time was graduated. called the Livingstone Inland Righteousness is beginning to flow Mission. In 1884, it was decided -Monday Morning.

as a mighty stream through the life to hand over the direction of this Long Range Christian Service of the community. Formerly no one Mission, with its seven welldared begin to protest against abuses equipped stations to the Ameri- The American Mission in but, with the revival, fear of man was can Baptists. They, however, Syria has set a goal for a new subdued. A new breath has blown through village life, clearing away the were not able to penetrate as type of missionary work; e.g., old, polluted air. Never has the liberality of our people been so mani- far inland as had been hoped, to reconstruct village life on the fested. Large sums of money have and an expeditionary force principles of the Kingdom of been raised over and above the statu- God as taught in the New Tes- pushed up the Congo River, un-

tament. Briefly, the following a filthy priest leading a tiny bull and so eager to assist their factors enter into the problem: with a crooked mouth and neighbor in her suffering that To follow the example of Christ women stroking its ears in wor- they responded heartily to the with a correlated program to re- ship; women picking up dust Bishop's suggestion that two deem both individual and group tha.t feet of naked priests had representatives of the Methodist life; by living the Gospel before trodden, and putting it on their Episcopal Church in India and preaching it, and by cooperative faces-some of it tied up to take Burma be sent with him to self-help as proclaimed by Jesus. home. However, many were en- China on a mission of fellowship No program is to be "put over," lightened enough to refrain from and help. As soon as arrangebut built around the needs recog- these things. Some were seen to ments could be made, the two nized by the villagers themselves. dip their hands in the river, let men appointed left by motor bus Full cooperation is sought with the water trickle through their over the newly opened road from every department of the Amer- fingers, while their faces were Burma into Yunnan and further ican Mission, with other mis- upturned toward the sky. Be- north in West China. At Runsions and with all national and hind all this, unquestionably, is ning they boarded a plane for government agencies. the search for God. Chengtu. These representatives from India have addressed many It is recognized that changing Caste and Christianity audiences, chiefly students, seekthe lives, thinking, attitudes and ing to aid by evangelistic mescustoms of a conservative vil- H. C. Mookerjie, Ph.D., writ- sages and Christian sympathy. lage community is a long and ing in The Indian Witness, has difficult task, that immediate re- this to say about the bearing of -The Indian Witness. sults must not be expooted. Christianity upon the caste system: A Burmese Woman Leader -Agricultural Mission Notes. Weare all aware that the Indian Dr. Daw Saw Sa, F.R.C.S., Christian community contains within D.P.H., of Rangoon, who ha.s the INDIA AND SIAM itself men and women coming from distinction of being the first nearly all the Indian races, tribes, Burmese woman physician, is The Great Mela castes and strata of society. Blue the first and only woman sena- blooded Brahmins and Syads, high tor under the new constitution, Once in twelve years the castes and scheduled castes, land- which on April 1, 1937, made greatest of all religious festivals owners and tenants, capitalists and Burma a Crown Colony in the is held at Hardwar, in April, laborers, farmers and landless culti- British Commonwealt<h of nawhere the sacred river Ganges vators, rich and poor jostle one an- tions. In 1932 the Rangoon emerges from the mountains. other within the Christian fold. Government conferred unique At that time the population honors upon her by making her swells from a few thousand to All over India, Christianity has sup- a member of the Rangoon Corabout a million, most of whom plied leadership in the revolt against poration, the first time in the are illiterate. For this reason, the rigors of the caste system, and political history of Burma that an announcer told people who specially against untouchability which a Burmese woman was admitted wanted tickets to this or that is a manifestation of the caste feeling as a member of either Corporaplace to go to a spot where they in its most objectionable form. The tion or the Legislative Council. saw a picture of an elephant, a acceptance of our faith has enabled Dr. Daw Saw Sa has long been snake, scissors, a wheel and so thousands of untouchables to shake off interested in politics, particuon. for all time to come the disgrace larly the section relating to wrongly attached to their birth, and physical, moral and mental de- Priests prepare for the wor- to rise in the social scale. The differ- velopment of women and chilship of the river by lighting ence between their position before and dren; and is a member of variwicks in little cups of oil. Wor- after conversion must have made ous societies and institutions, beshippers pass their han d s these men realize very keenly the dis- sides having her own nursing through the flame, then draw abilities under which they had been home and clinic modeled on the their hands across their faces, laboring in their pre-conversion days. most scientific ones in America. perhaps touching lips, eyes and The improvement in their social ears in order to be cleansed from status, always reflected in their be- -Missions. evil they have spoken, seen or havior, has tended to encourage furheard. It is at such times that ther conversions among non-Christian Building the Church in Siam evangelists. are busy with tracts members of the group to which they and Gospel portions, and it is had belonged. In the past, Hindu so- The Church of Christ in Siam not difficult to dispose of them. ciety had refused them all chances of is urging a Five-Year Plan of education, and all prospect of social Evangelism, and is asking each A writer in the Woman's Mis- advancement. Christian missionaries congregation to form a prayer siona1"Y Friend describes some offered both, group for special intercess,ion. of the sights that make one sad A committee was appointed at -make one long to have them India's Mission to China the last meeting of the General know Him who said: "Come Council to consider the possibilunto me." One was a man who At a meeting of the Central ity of a Bible Correspondence had held his arm upraised so Methodist Conference in J anlong he could not take it down; uary, Bishop Ralph A. Ward, of Chengtu, West China, was pres- ent and addressed the audience on conditions in China. Mem- bers of the Conference were so deeply stirred by the situation,

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Course being worked out that the Japanese sentries, helping finished just in time to aecommodate could be used throughout the the government care for its all these poor bombed and bayoneted wounded, and conveying money victims; that our staff was spunky whole Church, especially which to stranded communities where they serve. enough to stay; and just now-that furlough is coming in five months.

A Bureau of Evangelistic and the local mission staff is cut off Church Work has been formed from outside contacts. It's a World Movement to encourage all Christians to -The Church in Action. take responsibility for this plan. Japan's military campaign in It is hoped that eight Siamese Statement from Chiang China is destroying Ghina's inwill enter the Union Theological Kai-shek stitutions of higher education, School in Manila; ,two men have because they do not produce already taken this course. The following formal state- citizens that are friendly to ment was issued by Chiang Kai- Japan's imperial ambitions. In Another need is for an or- shek a few weeks ago, and is of the midst of Japan's bombing of dained man and his wife for special s,ignificance: Hunan University that institurural work, since the majority tion organized a Student Chrisof the Siamese are rural folk. At this hour of our national crisis, tian Association, and one of There is also need for'more work we, the Chinese people, are profoundly their first acts was to write the among the Chinese in Siam, be- moved by the earnest increase in the Christian students of Japan saycause of their numbers, and the many concrete expressions of sym- ing that they of Hunan Univerinfluential place they hold in the pathy which have been continuously sity were deeply aware of their business life of the country. coming to us for over 19 months from membership, through theWorld's our friends in other parts of the world. Student Christian Federation, in a world-wide fellowship of Chris- Chinese Evangelists in Siam Christians have left no stone un- tian students, and especially con- scious of their common partici- Some of the evangelists who turned to show their growing interest pation in that fellowship with have been driven out of China in the material as well as the spirhave gone to Siam, and are put- itual welfare of our suffering people. Missionaries, in particular, have never ting new life into Christians hesitated to make even the greatest there. They have conducted meetings through interpreters, personal sacrifices to heal the wounded Christian students of Japan. which have led to the formation and succor the distressed. They called Christian students of Japan, China and other counof bands for Bible study and I welcome this opportunity, there- tries to go in united prayer to a prayer. Dr. Song, an evangelist. fore, to reiterate the previously ex- pressed appreciation of myself and my educated in the United States, has succeeded in arousing many countrymen for the unqualified en- common Father with the plea of the Siamese to a realization of dorsement of the righteousness of our that His and not their will be their need and responsibility. resistance that has come to us so done-that peace based on jus- spontaneously, and in such unstinted tice come to their nations. In spite of the fact that the measure from the Christian world. Siamese have their own national -Intercollegian and Far church, there has been a tend- I believe that those of our people Horizons. who will survive the terrible holo- causts which have involved us all in Universities on the March so much loss of life. and human suf- fering will emerge victorious in spirit, ana more confirmed than ever in the ency to lean too much on the faith that right will always triumph Chinese educators have coined over might, whether in personal, na- the phrase "Universities on the missionary for the initiative. tional or international relations. March," to describe the condi- CHINA "Count Your Blessings" tion of China's higher institu- Redeeming the Time tions of learning after fighting Mrs. T. D. Stevenson, daugh- changed the educational map of Evangelism, tea chi n g and ter of Charles Ernest Scott, and China. Fifty-four of China's healing – the ministry of the Presbyterian missionary in Can- 114 colleges and universities ton, rut Hackett Medical Center, have been destroyed by bombs Christian Church-never more is able to find cause for thank- or incendiarism; and 82 have needed in China, was never more fulness. Writing home in Feb- been compelled to move just one active than now, in spite of ruary, she says: jump ahead of oncoming Japaterror, bloodshed, destitution nese invaders. To move some of and destruction. Whole popula- There are really so many things to these involved treks of from 500 be thankful for that I do not know to 1,000 miles, most of the jourtions often flee from cities and where to begin. The biggest item, of ney in small boats and on foot. with them the Church, to find course, is that we're reunited as a As much as possible of equipthemselves in some remote area family, and that we're all safe and ment was carried along. where, perhaps, their presence well; that we have so many children brings the first Christian mes- on the compound this year so that our An educational map of China sage. "New circumstances teach small son isn't lonely; that we hap- today would show a number of us new duties," say the mission- pened to have our car (which has been new universities and colleges in aries, who find themselves guard- Hackett's only link with the rest of the city, and has been invaluable for ing the gates of mission com- bringing patients who could not get Kwangsi, Kweichow, Yunnan, pounds, taking in foundling here otherwise, taking the servants to Szechuan and Shensi-provinces babies, preventing cholera, es- market, fetching coal or wood, fetchcorting coolies to market past ing our milk or letters or almost any- which before the war had no thing); that our new hospital was governmental supported univer-

sities – all established by stu- regions. However, there has to drop bombs near Christian dents and faculties. been a measure of success, even churches?" though workers are somewhat -Dayton News. apathetic toward these sparsely Japanese officer: "Certainly. populated areas. Finally, there Glad to cooperate. Let me see In the New Capital are the tent missions, chiefly in your mission maps and I will market towns. have our maps marked accord- To most people, Chungking, ingly. (Moment of silence while if it means anything, means a The South Shensi Mission officer studies map.) Why, you small town in a backward part seeks to create in the Chinese a have churches everywhere. We of China. As a matter of fact, sense of responsibility toward all could not bomb anything withit is a city whose population be- unevangelized districts. To this out hitting one. How many have fore the war was 400,000; since end, a prayer cycle suggests you, anyway?" the transfer of the capital, the items for special intercession. population has j u m p e d to Priest: "Thirteen hundred, 800,000, and is steadily mount- -China's Millions. and Protestants have 300 in the ing. It is far up the Yangtse same area." River, beyond the reach of Jap- How Shall We Pray? anese armies and battleships.; Officer: "I wish I knew what however, it expects bombing Dr. and Mrs. John R. Mott it is that keeps you Christians planes any day. It is a commen- formulated a statement for the working in such places as this." tary on modern civilization that guidance of their own prayer practically every house has its life, early in the conflict between The power of the Gospel is dug out, as much a necessity as China and Japan. Here it is: well illustrated by the following a kitchen. Three anti-aircraft story from Nanking. Bibles and guns are placed within a hun- 1. We should pray for both China Testaments were being distribdred yards of the home of the and Japan-for their rulers, their peo- uted among Japanese soldiers Methodist High School principal, ples, and, very especially, for all their who had a habit of looking in on a school with an enrolment of Christians; for the ending of the war, church services. For the most about 1,'000 boys. Sometimes and for a just and enduring peace. part, these soldiers accepted the the buildings are used by the Not to pray indicates that we believe copies readily. Later, a Japanese Government for official confer- that human wisdom, devisings, com- officer came to a member of the ences, and at such times the binations and power alone will suffice Church Council and urged that school is more like a military to effect these things; whereas, to no Bibles be given to his soldiers. camp, every entrance guarded pray indicates that we believe that No regard was paid to the reby riflemen with fingers on gun superhuman wisdom, love and power quest, and the officer came again triggers. are absolutely essential to the achieve- and again, ordering finally that ment of this wonder work. We should distribution of Bibles must be In South Shensi become alarmed if we find that in our stopped at once for said he, "the secret prayer life this tragic need New Testament talks of peace, The task of evangelizing does not have a large place; because and the chief business of our South Shensi is divided among we are what we are in the dark where soldiers is war." The Bibles had the Norwegian Alliance Mission, God only sees us, and by which He been passed around in the barthe Lutheran Free Church of judges us. racks, read by many, with the Norway and the China Inland result that they did not wish to Mission, the latter having fifteen 2. We should do all in our power to fight. counties under its supervision. relieve human suffering. The volume Five methods of reaching the of unrelieved suffering in areas af- Shanghai's 5,000 Jews people are employed, and of fected by this war in the Far East is these s t r e e t preaching has even greater than at anyone time in If Shanghai is the world's proved the most fruitful. Prob- the World War. Notwithstanding this most cosmopolitan city, this can ably fifty per cent of the con- alarming fact, it is tragic that, as indeed be said of its Jewish verts have been won by this yet, the efforts put forth by the Chris- community of 5,000. Here Jews means. tians and others in America to meet from every country of the world, this overwhelming and indescribable speaking a score of languages, Village evangelism is another need are relatively negligible. Our live, do business, and thrive in method. It is found that one sympathy and sacrificial action in general, despite the frightfulfaithful Christian family can be such a situation are a true test of ness of the Sino-Japanese war. most effective in winning others. our Christ-likeness. Perhaps nowhere else have they City witnescSing includes prison contributed so much to the visitation, distribution of tracts 3. We should, with true penitence, growth of a great city, and perand open air preaching. Evan- acknowledge the sins of our own coun- haps nowhere else is this service gelistic bands have been organ- try against both China and Japan, so little recognized, the reason ized to visit unoccupied towns. and bring forth fruits meet for re- being that emphasis there has This presents difficulties, inas- pentance. This will be difficult. It been laid on nationality, not race much as roads and communica- will involve real self-denying effort or religion; that is, the British tion facilities are poor in the and, it may be, very prolonged effort. Jew is considered a Briton, the mountainous, brigand – infested Russian Jew a Russian, and so 4. Let our Government know unmis- on. takably that the Christian forces will be solidly behind them as they put forth their full influence to secure a just settlement.

Conversation from the Front French priest to Japanese aviation officer: "When you en- ter new territory, would you be willing to instruct your men not

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

An interesting aspect of J ew- their future program; and that in Mongolia. One young man ish life in Shanghai is the new- furthermore, if they want the said to a missionary, "I can tell ness of the Jewish community support of the better class of a Christian now when I meet in contrast with the antiquity of Chinese the first step toward him on the street. I asked one China. Only for little more than securing it would be the instant man whom I met yesterday if a century have the Western na- stopping of this flood of nar- he wasn't a Christian; he smiled tions carried on organized trade cotics. and said, 'Yes, but how did you with China, and for decades the know?' I told him that I could trade was restricted to Canton. Importance of Hongkong see the evidence in his face." The opening of the treaty ports, of which Shanghai was one, the The British colony in Hong- The writer is at work in building up of foreign communi- kong holds a strategic position Hailar, a city 550 miles from ties, and the arrival of Jewish not only politically, but spir- Harbin, where few have learned traders with their non-Jewish itually. The city is at the thresh- of salvation through Christ. colleagues, have occurred during old of the greatest mission field Next door to the little chapel is the lifetime of many now living. on earth; a land of 450,000,000 a tin shop where a young Chris- Shanghai's senior Jewish resi- people of whom very few have tian makes kettles and stove dent has lived in the city sixty- understood, or even heard the pipes. The partition is of paper, nine years; her sister, born Gospel; among the Europeans, and the young tinner became a sixty-six years ago, was the first only a few acknowledge Christ Christian by what he heard Jewish native of the port. as Master. In view of this spir- through the partition. He ham- itual need, the coming of the mers away loudly most of the -International Committee evangelist, Mr. Edwin Orr, last day and night, but never while on Christian Approach October was prayerfully antici- services are in progress. He has to the Jews. pated. learned several Gospel hymns, and sings these lustily as he The Opium Campaign Two of the largest churches in works. Hongkong were. secured for the Much has been written about English services, and there were Hailar is notorious for gam- Japan's campaign to subdue the 250 to 300 people present at bling, opium dens, and other Chinese through opium, and the every meeting – which is to be wickedness, having, most likely, truth of the matter has been both regarded as wonderful, as co- the lowest percentage of Chrisaffirmed and denied. Dr. M. S. lonials are notoriously "tough." tians of any other provincial city Bates, an American missionary Mr. Orr began with the Chris- in Manchukuo. But many of the educator, has written "An Open tians, devoting the first four people are responsive to the Letter on the Narcotic Problem" nights to the need, the method Gospel. which has appeared in two lead- and the conditions for revival. ing Chinese papers. Dr. Bates The succeeding nights were Work in Tribal District says: "Fifty thousand people- given to the proclaiming of the one eighth of the population of Good News of God's grace to The China Inland Mission Nanking-are being slowly poi- sinners. In the first part of each finds a broad field for its minissoned today by heroin, supplied address Mr. Orr told of his ex- try in Yunnan. The capital of by Japanese – controlled d rug periences in different lands in the province, Kumming, is at an rings. Every month a minimum proving the faithfulness of God, altitude of 6,000 feet. Wuting, of $5,000,000 are being squeezed and how He answers prayer. fifty miles northwest, is in a from the impoverished Chinese The evangelistic appeals re- small plain. These two towns in the region by dope traffickers, sulted in conversions – some of are inhabited mostly by Chinese, belonging to or allied with, the them in the King's uniform. but in the surrounding hills are Japanese Army." Four groups thousands of Miao, Nosu, Lisu, are named as closely connected During the past two years, and other tribes. Several miswith this traffic: Hongkong has become a place of sionaries devote their whole time refuge for thousands of people, to these tribes with encouraging 1. The Special Service Section among them many Christians. results.. A little village 7,000 of the Japanese Army. feet high is the center of work -:-Life of Faith. among the Miao, and the average 2. The puppet administration attendance at Sunday service is of Nanking., Working on the Frontier from two to three hundred. Next to the chapel is a little room 3. "Independent" Japanese A missionary remarked that about eight by ten feet, which and Korean drug run- he never saw a smile or heard has been opened as a reading ners. joyful song in his field in India room and "place for discussing until people began to find Christ; the doctrine." Bibles and Tes- 4. Japanese business firms. now many both smile and sing. taments are on display and many At first, the minor key in every copies have been sold. Dr. Bates points out that a phase of life was almost more shorter-sighted greed cannot be than he could stand. In the A new avenue of service has imagined than that of destroy- Evangelical Christian is the tes- been opened among school boys ing a people on whom they must timony that the condition is true in the city of Wuting. In redepend for building up the kind of nation they expect to use in

sponse to a request, the mission 8.4 per cent. Eight years ago, volumes, besides tracts in great offers instruction in English on licensed prostitutes numbered number, of which more than condition that the Scriptures be 52,000; today, there are 45,000. 4,000,000 copies have been sold. used as a textbook. The class His most famous work is "The has an average attendance of Again, there is respect for Common People's Gospel," a twenty, and meets twice a week. labor. Manual labor was once simple but comprehensive man- for the outcast, but the position ual of the Christian faith. More -China's Millions. of laborers has been elevated. than 400,000 copies have been Another advance is a spirit of issued, and the annual sale stilI JAPAN-CHOSEN peace. The Japanese havanever averages 10,000. A Braille edi- been averse to war, but the pres- tion and a Korean translation "Business As Usual" ent war, they say, is a war for have also appeared. peace! It is at least a step in T. T. Brumbaugh has recently advance that they must find an Hundreds of Japanese owe returned to Japan after an ab- excuse for war. Finally, there is their conversion to the reading sence of nearly two years, and the spirit of service, introduced of this book-students, business reports in the Christian Century, by Protestant missionaries. Even men, and men of all classes. that an observer would see noth- the "Tendai Shu," a Buddhist Gamblers, drunkards, liquoring out of the ordinary. Jap- sect, has ordered every temple to dealers, criminals of all sorts anese passengers, bound for carryon art least one piece of so- owe to it their new life in Christ. home, had little to say about the cial service. A restaurant keeper of loose conflict in China. In religious morals studies it for a week and circles little difference was Control of Religious Bodies then in prayer receives forgivenoted. Ostensibly, Christians ness of sins. Such was the are loyal to their government, A bill to control religious or- change in his life that when he regardless of its leadership; ganizations is awaiting final ac- was later elected mayor of his prayers are offered for the tion, and seems likely to be town, no one called him by his preservation of the empire and passed. The bill provides that own name, but "Christ's mayor." the success of the army. They no religious body can be estab- To many of the dying this book urge that evangelization follow lished without the approva1 of has brought hope in last hours. the wake of the imperial army, the Minister of Education. In apparently not considering applying for approval, the doc- -Sunday School Times. whether conquest and mission- trine of the group must be subary endeavor are compatible. mitted, as well as a statement Missionary's Life Has Variety But with all this, the Christian covering its entire set-up, range groups are oases of brotherly of activities, etc. Any later al- Miss Virginia Mackenzie, of love. teration must have the govern- the Presbyterian Mission in ment's approval. Churches and Japan, has a new undertaking- There has been a falling off in pastors who violate the law are all in the day's work-teaching baptisms and even in Sunday subject to fine or imprisonment. English manners to a group of school enrolments during the eleven policemen, plain clothes past few years, but attendance The present bill does not pro- men in charge of investigating at divine services seem'l not to pose to deal with religion, per se, the foreigners that pass through have been affected except, pos- but with religious organizations. the city. They are a kindly sibly, for the better. Christian- in this it differs from previous group, anxious to do things i,ty is fundamentally contrary to efforts to regulate religion which pleasantly and correctly. On an the spirit of the age in this and were open to the charge of vio- average day they examine 160 other lands. Yet, deep down, lating the constitutional pro- non-Japanese travelers, most of most Japanese rejoice that "the vision, guaranteeing religious them either English – speaking, love of God is broader than the freedom. or able to use English. It is measure of man's mind." readily seen how mistakes, or Inasmuch as Christianity lack of politeness, even though Christian Achievements hitherto has had no legal status, unintentional, "can make for all all Christian communions and sorts of misunderstandings; and In his Fellowship Bulletin, local churches must take steps how important to have mis- Toyohiko Kagawa says that, to conform with the provisions understandings as few as poswhereas he was discouraged two of this law within two years sible, so that this effort becomes years ago, he now sees a brighter after its passage. Japanese a v e n t u rein international side and points to the following Christians feel that, on the friendship. achievements Cif the Christian whole, the bill is an advance for movement in Japan. He gives Christianity. Japanese-Korean Church first place to personal piety. Re- Union Discussed ligion was not taken seriously -The Living Church. until the missionaries came. The One of the mottoes of the day second is purity in home and so- Salvation Army Literature is "Japan-Chosen: one body," ciety, taught by the Christians. and its use is having the effect Forty years. ago the divorce rate Commissioner Yamamuro, Sal- of creating a willingness of the was 32 per cent i iu"1936, it was vation Army publicist and au- two Christian groups to unite. thor, has published over sixtY"

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

The Japanese and Korean Y. M. thought to this question. "All ture book. In the manger a black C. A.'s have already united. At that Buddha offered," said he, Papuan baby gurgled.

least the Korean churches in "I found in greater measure in -So S. Times.

Japan proper are likely to unite Christ." Admitting that some with the Japanese Church; in of Korea's best national traits Natives As Museum Exhibits the Methodist Church commit- were the outgrowth of Budtees have been appointed to draw dhism, he summed up his double The Netherlands Committee up plans and union evangelistic experience in two religions with for International Nature Protecservices are being held. The gap a series of contrasts: tion at its annual meeting in of racial feeling will be hard to Amsterdam, Holland, considered bridge, and it is yet to be seen "Buddha is a lover of solitude; the problem of protecting the how much actual union will re- Christ seeks us in life's thorough- primitive people in New Guinea. suIt from the tendency to coop- fares." The recent opening up of Dutch erate; yet the tide seems to be toward a coalition. "Buddha sits imperturbably as New Guinea has proceeded so races go by; Christ agonized on the rapidly that it was felt that Koreans in Tokyo Cross that new life might be open to ne~essary measures must be men." taken without delay for the pro- "Buddha offers release from life and tection of the inhabitants. With its ills; Christ offers more abundant life, in spite of its ills."

The past year has seen the "Buddha calls to meditation; Christ no advance preparation, ideas calls to the service of God and fellow most modern are suddenly thrust withdrawal of Chosen from all men." upon people most primitive. international organizations.

Every effort is being made to ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC Two opposing opinions were preserve the evangelical Chris- disclosed at this meeting of the tian character of the Y. M. and Igorots Ordained Committee: one in favor of pre- Y. W. C. A., W. C. T. U., and The Igorot tribe in the Philip- serving a group of primitive peoother groups under Japanese di- pine mountains is barely two ple in their "stone age" culture, rection. generations removed from head- . shutting them off in a large re- hunting, and to large extent the serve from all foreign influences, Some 500 buildings prepared most primitive superstitions still including missions. In the interfor the Olympic Games that dominate their lives. It is neceswere to have been held in Tokyo sary to remember this in order est of science, a strictly limited have been bought by Koreans, to properly evaluate a recent contact would be allowed. On and ttre now filled mostly by low- event. After several years of the other hand, a group held that wage factory workers. A young training and experience in evan- the authorities had no right to Christian graduate was so ap- gelism, three young Igorots have deny to any people the right of palled by the neglected children been ordained to the ministry in making progress, and to conthat he started on Sundays to the cathedral at Manila. Hopes demn them to remain savages tell them stories of Jesus. At for a native-born ministry for and "museum-objects" for ever. first the parents objected, but these people have long been cher- The danger, it was argued, is soon appreciated the lessons in ished, but the mission staff has cleanliness and truth, so that been inadequate in numbers to not so much in civilization itself some 120 gathered in a vacant train the younger generation. as in abruptness of contact with lot each Sunday until snow and it. As for missions, it was cold made it impossible. Then agreed that their tribal religion six student helpers were en- should not be taken away from listed; paper, pencils and lesson helps were secured and classes Papuan Christmas these people without offering were started in both Korean and them a better one in its place.

An unusual celebration of -Aboriginees' Friend.

Christmas took place in Papua, Japanese. when five hundred Papuan men MISCELLANEOUS –Mrs. H. H. Underwood. and women gathered on the very American Tract Society hill where James Chalmers was Buddha or Christ? martyred half a century ago to Since 1825, the American sing Christmas carols and put Tract Society has been issuing Mr. Kim is a Korean who had on a pageant. The first time tracts, pamphlets, periodicals spent long years in patient pur- they came to a Christmas cele- and hymn books in many lan- suit of the Buddhist goal; then bration at this hill they were guages, and has been sending at last he found Jesus Christ, armed to the teeth; but now colporteurs to distribute them and put the same devotion into some of the world's most back- wmong neglected peoples of all his new faith as he had applied ward people, who could neither lands since 1840. Neglected to the old. A writer in Korean read nor write, were able to re- areas of our own country are de- Echoes tells of a conversation cite long passages of Scripture pendent upon this Society for lit- with Mr. Kim, when he asked and sing Christmas hymns. erature and colporteur service.

him what, in his experience, was Children on hands and knees Its Spanish periodical has a the difference between Buddhism represented a flock of sheep and weekly circulation of 19,000; its and Christianity. His answer a shepherd whose only idea of Polish periodical reaches 4,000 .~howed that he had given much his occupation came from a pic- hOmes.

~- '~

Our Missionary Bookshelf Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information The History of Christianity in Amer- own denomination as he sees it and church people or for any ica. ' By Frank Grenville Beardsley, who are honest and desire the Ph.D. 8vo. American Tract So- cast against the background of best for America – the best is ciety, New York. 1939. Christ and all for which He all the other denominations, as stands. The stories of many who Here is a great book. To call have been led into larger life and it history is hardly to do it jus- they have struggled together or service add to the interest and effectiveness of the volume. The tice. It is that, but it is no mere with each other to establish reli- book is a challenge to the dry factual statement of events Church. It is also a kaleidowith dates and places and gious opportunity in the life of scopic view of home missions, showing its beauties, but it deals names; rather it is an interest- America. MARK A. DAWBER. with so many phases, personaliing narrative, told in lucid and ties and elements that the piccharming style, of the develop- Homeland Harvest. By Arthur H. tures of various types of work Limouze. 211 pp. Index and bib- are not clear. The bibliography ment of religion and the Chris- liography. $1.00 cloth; 60 cents contains some books of doubtful tian church in America. paper. Friendship Press. New value from a Christian viewpoint York. 1939. and omits some of real value- Beginning with the Puritans particularly biographies and and the Pilgrims, the author Some pioneers went West for stories of pioneering. weaves his way through the the purpose of establishing thrilling experiences. that were homes for themselves; others Evangelism for the World Today. were drawn by a lust for gold; As Interpreted by Christian Leadso characteristic of men and re- others went in the spirit of ad- ers Throughout the World. Edited ligious movements in the settle- venture or to establish the by John R. Mott. 8vo. 295 pp. ment of the new world. The United States control over new Harper & Brothers, New York. founding of New England, the territory. But the greatest con- 1939. chartering of the colonies and tribution to the progress of the instigation of citizenship Christian civilization in Amer- The primary aim and the cenwere all an integral part of the ica was doubtless made by the tral task of the Christian Church religious enterprise. No one can missionaries who went with the is to "preach the Gospel to every distinct purpose to make friends creature" and to persuade all understand America, democracy, with the Indians and settlers and men to receive and obey Jesus or the American way of life who to win them to Christ and His Christ as their Saviour and is not familiar with the story of Way of Life. Without their Lord. the struggle to establish Chris- prayers, their faith, courage, tianity and freedom of religion vision and labors of love new Partly in preparation for the territory might have been con- recent Ecumenical Missionary on this continent. quered economically but the peo- Conference at Madras, Dr. John The rise and growth of the ple would have been generally R. Mott invited some 1~5 reli- lawless and godless. gious leaders throughout the Protestant denominations is world to answer three questions carefully but interestingly por- Dr. Limouze has written the on the meaning of evangelism. trayed. The development of the interesting and inspiring story Their replies, or the most relesects, the history of the great re- of what home missions have vant portions, have been made done for America-in establish- available in this attractive volvivals and their influence upon ing churches and schools, in giv- ume. American life, as also the vari- ing examples of Christian homes, ous allied movements and or- in helping to promote social wel- In his foreword, Dr. Mott arganizations-such as Boy Scouts, fare, and good government. He rests attention immediately by Lay men's Missionary Move- draws his illustrations from declaring that "nothing in the work with Indians and Orientals, religious realm is more evident ments, the Gideons, Y. M. C. A. the Negroes, mountaineers, and than the world-wide interest in and Y. W. C. A., Knights of others. He reports. results and evangelism, the world-wide con- shows the cost; he pictures pres- cern .regarding the need that Columbus, Jewish Associations, ent-day problems, difficulties, the the Salvation Army, to say noth- trends and the need for contining of the Ku Klux Klan – all uing and strengthening home have their niche in this religious mission work, all forces coopergallery of fame. ating. It is a book for pastors It is a great book that should [334 ] be read by every preacher. He will come from the reading of it with a better appreciation of his

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF SS5

only evangelism can meet, and the message. Some also seemed will shall be done in every area the world-wide manifestations to confuse the spirit of evan- of life. of evangelistic action." gelism with its essential content. Every missionary should be The attempt to define evan- In the section dealing with the equipped in life and message to gelism brought forth a variety "relevance of evangelism," the win men to a saving knowledge of conviction and expression. views of contributors were nat- of Jesus Christ. To win con- Many emphasize the presenta- urally colored by the environ- verts, however, is not enough; tion of the Gospel, the Word or ment in which they lived and the they must be gathered into a felthe Christ to individual man to characteristics of race, custom lowship, a Christian brotherhood the end that he may respond in or religion of the people whom and there learn how to be wittrust and obedience to Him as a they sought to evangelize or nesses and winners of souls. As Saviour and in the commitment Christianize. one said: "The most abiding of his whole life to doing God's evangelism is that which is the will. Others emphasize the Dr. Charles R. Erdman, Presi- expression of the life of the local presentation of the Go s pel dent of the Board of Foreign church." through example and deed, and Missions of the Presbyterian would include in evangelism any Church, U. S. A., declared: "In It is pointed out that some service that interpreted God's these days the aspects of the mission schools report few stumercy and love to man. Dr. Christian Gospel which are most dents won to Christ; other meth- Johannes Warneck of the Rhein- needed (and most neglected) are ods are ineffective; even direct isch Missionary Society, frankly those which are regarded as methods of evangelistic work declares that "evangelism is not supernatural and which have are ineffective unless the mesmerely an enlightenment. One been communicated by definite senger is on fire with love for cannot send away darkness first revelation. The great truths of souls, has a saving and positive and then bring light. . . . And the Incarnation and the Deity of message, gives it in the power it does not promise cultural Christ, of His atoning work, of of the Holy Spirit, and with tact, blessings. It is not our task to His regenerating power and of love and patience. Christ must make earthly living conditions His infallible teaching are of the be given His opportunity to win more favorable. . . . The mis- very essence of the Gospel." each person to Himself.

sion has no social mission. So- On the other hand, Dr. Doug- This volume may be used of cial uplift is according to our las Horton, General Secretary of God to put evangelism in its experience not a good prepara- the Congregational and Chris- place of primacy in the missiontion for the Gospel." tian churches said: "It seems to ary enterprise, and to inspire me that the psychological and Christian workers everywhere, On the other extreme we find sociological aspects of the Gos- through the faithful presenta- Dr. J. Leighton Stuart, Presi- pel are the most relevant in our tion of Him who is the only Redent of Yenching University, time." deemer of mankind, to seek and Peiping, calling attention to one to save those that are lost. aspect of evangelism out of his Others, while pointing out that own experience. "This," says the basic needs of men do not FRANCIS SHUNK DOWNS. he, "is the witness of institu- change, say that present world tions, educational, medical and conditions call for stressing the Christian Home Making. Edited by otherwise, in their corporate Christian message of hope, the Mrs. Robert E. Speer and Miss Concapacity. . . . The right attitude giving of Christian guidance to stance Hallock. A joint statement to current social, economical and intellectuals and business and prepared for the Madras Conferpolitical issues, and with the professional men, and for the ence of the International Missionquality of life which wins the ad- presentation of Christ as the ary Council. 141pp. $1.50. miration of the Chinese public, Prince of Peace. . . . is a form of evangelism." This small but important book In the section on the "Fruit- amplifies somewhat the report Probably the definition that fulness of Evangelism," empha- of the Committee on the Chrisgathers up the essentials of sis is laid on sending forth men tian Home which was prepared evangelism on the part of most and women who are "truly con- for presentation at the recent is expressed in the words of Dr. verted and deeply Spirit-filled," meeting of the International William Temple, Archbishop of on the "preaching of the Gospel Missionary Council at Madras. York: "To evangelize is to pre- in the power of the Holy Ghost," The central theme of the book sent Jesus Christ in the power a clear and intelligent grasp of of the Holy Spirit, that men the great essentials of evangeli- is~ shall come to put their trast in cal Christianity, a life that hides God through Him, to accept Him behind Christ when He is pre- To see the human home in the light as their Saviour, and serve Him sented as Saviour and Lord and of this fierce flame of perfection, to as their King in the fellowship yet which is so Christian and see where and how the leaven of of His Church." vital and genuine that it cannot Christ, working in our common life, be hidden; a presentation that has lifted us from one level to an- In some instances, the mean- not only secures a decision, but other, and to face these infinite reing of evangelism was confused an honest and intelligent desire sources of power that can enable us with the various methods em- to obey Christ, and that God's to go on steadfastly to higher and ployed in the interpretation of higher levels.

Written in careful collabora- tion by outstanding missionary workers at horne and abroad, the book presents the Essence of the

Christian Home, the RequisIte more consistently the colorful F. Ernest Johnson, L. Foster Training for Christian Home days when Dr. Coan resided in Wood, A. J. Muste, Benson Y. Making, and studies of homes the Near East. There might Landis, Allan Knight Chalin America, Africa, India, have been added a more com- mers, and Luman J. Shafer. The China, Japan, Brazil and Mos- plete and accurate statement of chapters are too short for adelem lands. In many instances the present situation. In his quate t rea t men t s of their and with vivid illustrations, non- excellent foreword Dr. Speer weighty themes, each one of Christian homes are des.cribed very properly calls attention to which might well require a sepand contrasted with "the new the fact that modern Iran is very arate volume. But the high things of today" which are different from Persia forty or competence of the writers and brought by the knowledge of fifty years ago. their skill in the condensed pres- Christ. The changing status of entation of their subjects have women, the influence of mission- The reader must be cautioned giV'en us a readable and very ary homes, the effect of Chris- not to accept this as a report of important contribution to the littian education and many other present-day missionary activity erature of one of the great probinfluences are carefully consid- in Iran and Kurdistan. The last lems of the modern Church. ered. Individuals and groups chapter unfortunately gives the will find this book offers an un- impression that the closing of ARTHUR J. BROWN. usual basis for the study of that the Urumia Station was an immost important subject-Chris- mediate result of the World War. Art of Conducting Public Worship. tian Home Making. No mention is made of the post- By Albert W. Palmer, D.D., LL.D. war reconstruction of Urumia 207 pp. $2.50. Macmillan, New MARY SCHAUFFLER PLATT. Station. We should remember York. 1939. that the Imperial Government Yesterdays in Persia and Kurdistan. of Iran paid the Presbyterian This is a book of deep interest By Frederick G. Coan. 284 pp. Board of Foreign Missions its to all ministers of non-Liturgi- $2.50. Saunders Studio Press, asking price for the property in cal churches, as well as to lay- Claremont, California. Urumia and has allowed the men who have the resiponsibility mission to continue employing of conducting devotional meet- In the preface Dr. Coan ex- native evangelists all through ings and public services of worplains that his object is "to give the Urumia plain since that date. ship. As President of Chicago an account of the human and ro- Theological S e min a r y after mantic aspects of the mission- Dr. Coan's stories of hair- years of experience as a pastor ary's life, to outline the experi- raising adventures of early mis- in Oakland California, Central ence of a life of service and a sionaries make exciting reading Union Church, Honolulu, and kind that, with a change of time, and give further evidence of the First Congregational Church of has become almost unique, and, courage and abiding faith of Oak Park, Ill. Dr. Palmer can above all, to present that side of these pioneers. The maps in the speak with authority and he the missionary's life that will end papers and the illustrations writes with enthusiasm and in a especially interest the young." are helpful but there is need for very practical way. He deals This purpose the author has ful- an index and a glossary explain- with the weaknesses and failfilled with a great degree of suc- ing the Near Eastern terms and ures in much public worship and cess. Certainly few modern phrases used throughout. clearly points out the causes. He volumes of fiction or travel de- treats the historical background scribe such rough and ready HERRICK B. YOUNG. of Christian worship and the existence and such hairbreadth primary significance of it, showescapes. The Church Faces the World. Edited ing what must happen if it is to by Samuel McCrea Cavert. 133 pp. remain worthy of the name. The early chapters are espe- $1.50. Round Table Press. New There is a chapter on the archicially valuable to the student of York. 1939. tectural setting. for worship, missionary activity in the Near which alone is worth the price East. Here Dr. Coan tells of the This small but important book of the book to any who are renotwenty-five years of pioneer was prepared for the Interna- vating, remodeling or building Rervice begun by his parents· in tional Missionary Council in new church edifices. There are 1851. The succeeding chapters Madras, India, last December. suggested patterns of worship deal chronologically with Dr. A commission of American services, and for special occa- Co-an's own colorful forty years Christians had been appointed sions. The two parts. 0'£ the among the Assyrians and min- to study the relation of the appendix are most helpful. "A" gling with the Kurds between Church to the changing social has a check list by which one Mosul, Tabriz, and the Turkish and economic order, and the re- may grade his own efforts. in frontier. Those who have had sults of the study are sum- conducting public worship, and the pleasure of knowing this vet- marized in the present volume. another check list for rating the eran missionary campaigner will The varied phases of the subject use of music in such services. read of his experiences with in- are discussed in ten chapters, "B" is an annotated book lis,t, terest. One could wish, however, by. John C. Bennett, H. Richthat the occasional references to ard Niebuhr, Samuel McCrea for those who wish to enhance modern Iran had been omitted Cavert (who, in addition, edited their skill in this art. so that the story would depict the volume and contributed the Introduction), John H. Reisner, R. C. WILLIAMSON.

List on Home Missions American Youth Commission of the The Red Man in the United

American Council on Education. By G. E. E. Lindquist. $3.50. GENERAL AND HISTORICAL $1.50. D. Appleton-Century Co. Doubleday, Doran. New York. New York. 1937. 1923. Christian Youth in Action. Frank W. Herriott. $1.00 cloth; 60 cents They Starve That We May Eat. MEXICANS AND ORIENTALS paper. Friendship Press. New Edith E. Lowry. 35 cents. Friend- IN AMERICA York. 1935. ship Press. New York. 1937. Mexican in the United States, The. God and the Census. Robert N. Mc- Races and Ethnic Groups in Amer- E. S. Bogardus. $1.60 cloth; $1.25 Lean. 50 cents cloth; 25 cents ican Life. T. J. Woofter. McGraw- paper. University of Southern Cali- paper. Friendship Press. New Hill Book Co. New York. 1932. fornia Press. Berkeley. 1934. York. 1931. THE CITY Orientals in American Life. Albert Homeland Harvest. Arthur H. W. Palmer. $1.00 cloth; 60 cents Limouze. $1.00 cloth, 60 cents City and Church in Transition. Mur- paper. Friendship Press. 1934. paper. Friendship Press. New ray H. Leiffer. $2.50. Willett, York. 1939. Clark & Co. Chicago. 1938. ALASKA AND THE WEST They Came Seeking. Coe S. Hayne. Urban Scene. Margueritte Harmon The Story of Alaska. Clarence L. $1.00. Judson Press. Philadelphia. Bro. 25 cents paper. Illustrated. Andrews. Enlarged edition, $4.00. 1935. Friendship Press. New York. 1938. Caxton Printers. Caldwell, Idaho. 1938. Toward a Christian America. Her- City Man. Charles Hatch Sears. mann N. Morse. $1.00. Friendship Special paper edition, 75 cents. Sheldon Jackson. Robert Laird Press. New York. 1935. Friendship Press. New York. 1938. Stewart. Revell. New York. 1908.

American Saga: The History of Lit- City Shadows. Robert W. Searle. Alaskan Adventures. L. Wirt. $1.50. erature of the American Dream of $1.00 cloth; 60 cents paper. Friend- Revell. New York. 1937. a Better Life. Marjorie Barstow ship Press. New York. 1938. Greenbie. $4.00. Whittlesey House. Henry Harmon Spalding: Pioneer of New York. 1939. RURAL LIFE Old Oregon. Clifford Merrill Drury. $3.00. Caxton Printers. Caldwell, Daniel Boone and the Wilderness Christ of the Countryside. Malcolm Idaho. 1936. Road. H. A. B. Bruce. $1.75. Mac- Dana. $1.00. Cokesbury Press. millan. New York. 1910. Nashville. 1937. Marcus Whitman. Clifford Merrill Drury. $5.00. Caxton Printers. Epic of America, The. J ames Tru- Christian Enterprise Among Rural Caldwell, Idaho. 1937. slow Adams. $1.29. Blue Ribbon People, The. Kenyon L. Butter- Books, Inc. New York. 1936. field. $1.50. Cokesbury Press. Vanguard of the Caravans: A Life Nashville. 1928. Story of John Mason Peck. Coe Frontier Spirit in American Chris- Hayne. $1.00. Judson Press. tianity, The. Peter G. Mode. Mac- Rebuilding Rural America. Mark A. Philadelphia. 1931. millan. New York. 1923. Dawber. $1.00 cloth; 60 cents paper. Friendship Press. New York. 1937. AMERICAN CHURCH AND THE March of Faith, The: The Story of CHRISTIAN MESSAGE Religion in America Since 1865. America Begins Again. Katherine William E. Garrison. $2.50. Harper Glover. Illus. $2.75. Whittlesey Christianity-and Our World. John & Bros. New York. 1933. House. New York. 1939. C. Bennett. 50 cents. Association Press. New York. 1936. Right Here at Home. Frank S. Mead. THE NEGRO AND THE $1.00. Friendship Press. New AMERICAN INDIAN Church and State in Contemporary York. 1939. America. Williams Adams Brown. American Race Problems: A Study $2.75. Scribner's. New York. Story of Missions, The. Edwin E. of the Negro. Edward B. Reuter. 1936. White. $1.00. Friendship Press. 2nd. rev. ed. $3.00. Thomas Y. New York. 1926. Crowell Co. New York. 1938. Church Looks Ahead, The. American Protestant Christianity: an Analy- Wagons West: A Story of the Oregon Twelve Negro Americans. Mary sis and Forecast. Charles E. Scho- Trail. Elizabeth Page. Farrar & Jenness. $1.00. Friendship Press. field, Ed. $3.00. Macmillan. New Rinehart. New York. 1930. New York. 1937. York. 1933.

We Must March. Honore Willsie Brown America. Edwin R. Embree. Church Unity Movements in the Morrow. A. L. Burt Co. New $1.25. Special Friendship Press United States. H. Paul Douglass. York. 1927. Edition. New York. 1937. Institute of Social and Religious Re- search. New York. 1934. PRESENT-DAY PROBLEMS Story of the American Negro, The. Ina Corinne Brown. $1.00 cloth, 60 Evangelism i,n a Changing W orId. Alien Americans: A Study of Race cents paper. Friendship Press. Ambrose M. Bailey. $1.50. Round Relations. Bertram J. O. Schrieke. New York. 1937. Table Press. New York. 1936. $21.50. Viking Press. New York. American Indian and Christian Mis- U. S. Looks at Its Churches, The. Christian F a i t h and Economic sons, The. George W. Hinman. C. Luther Fry. Institute of Social Change. Halford E. Luccock: $2.00. $1.50. Revell. New York. and Religious Research. New York. Abingdon Press. New York. 1936. 1930. Story of the Red Man, The. Flora Christianity and Industry in America. W. Seymour. $5.00. Longmans, PROGRAMS AND POLICIES OF Alva W. Taylor. Friendship Press. Green & Co. New York. 1929. HOME MISSIONS New York. 1933. Cry Dance. Coe Hayne. $2.00 (Fic- Christian Mission in America, The. Pioneering on Social Frontiers. tion). Harper & Bros. New York. Hugh T. Kerr. $1.00. Friendship Graham Taylor. $4.00. University 1939. Press. New York. 1933. of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1930. Facing the Future in Indian Missions. Home Missions Today and Tomor- Protestant Churches and the Indus- Lewis Meriam and George W. Hin- row: A Review and a Forecast. trial Crisis. E. B. Chaffee. Mac- man. $1.00. Friendship Press. Hermann N. Morse, Ed. 75 cents millan. New York. 1933. New York. 1932. paper. Home Missions Council. New York. 1934. How Fare American Youth? Homer Indian Americans. Winifred Hulbert. P. Rainey and others. Report to Friendship Press. New York. What Next in Home Missions? Wil- 1932. liam P. Shriver. 50 cents. Friend- ship Press. New York. 1928.

THE FAMILY ALTAR RETURN?

The increased use of a daily devotional guide among Protestants of all faiths gives hope and encouragement for the return of the family altar. By far, the largest circulated of these devotional guides is THE UPPER ROOM The World's Leading Devotional Periodical Read Daily in a Million Homes Are the homes represented in your church using it? . The issue for July, August, and September is now ready for distribution. Place an order today for as many copies as you need. Use our consignment plan. Ten or more copies, shipped to one address, to be sold at five cents per copy, with the< privilege of returning unsold copies at our expense. Yearly subscriptions, 30 cents postpaid; foreign, 40 cents. Send all orders to THE UPPER ROOM Doctors' Building, Nashville, Tennessee

The Missionary Review of the World — September 1936

1936

Six Chiefs Come to Kwato Emma Belle D. Pierson The Bethel Bands in China Andrew Gih Difficulties of German Christians Conrad Hoffmann, Jr.

What IndianWomanhood Owes to Christ Mohini Dass The New Era of Foreign Missions Julius Richter Hinduism as Seen from Within v. R. Chandra 25 Cents a Copy $2.50 a Year

NEWS! Dates to Remember president of the General Council

October 12-18-International Con- the Congregational and Christian Churches of America at the biennial for the Children's Division vention of the Disciples of Christ. meeting of the Council, June 16, at Kansas City, Mo. South Hadley, Mass. Dr. Mary E. Woolley, retiring president of Mount of your Sunday School October 14-15 – Annual Meeting, Holyoke College, was elected honorary American Mission to Lepers, New president. Standard's three completely correlated York City. closely graded courses for the Children's *** Division are outstanding in beauty and October 21-24-National Council of completeness. They offer the important Young Men's Christian Associa- Dr. Webster E. Browning, after and vital advantages of being (1) Christ- tions, Cincinnati, Ohio. forty years of service in South Amer- ica. has been called to act as Record- Centered in that the life of the child is November 17-19 – National Confer- ing Secretary of the Board of Forguided toward the attainment of the ence on the Rural Church, Ames, eign Missions of the Presbyterian Christ ideal through the lessons, and Iowa. Church. He will temporarily share (2) true-to-the-Bible as the revealed responsibilities in the administration Word of God. November 23-24 – United Steward- of the work in Latin America and Af- ship Council Meeting, Dayton, Ohio. rica. BEGINNER'S – PRIMARY JUNIOR CONFEREI'TCES AND SCHOOLS *** OF MISSIONS Rev. Ellsworth M. Smith, of An- THE BEGINNER'S COURSE, fully Affiliated with the Council of Women dover-Newton Theological School, has re-edited, profusely illustrated, with for Home Missions and the Com- been elected field worker of the Amerstory papers in full color. mittee on Women's Work, For- ican Baptist Home Mission Society in the Department of Town and Country THE PRIMARY COURSE. Brand eign Missions Conference Work. He is a graduate of Colgate University (1926) and of Andover- New – the last word in Sunday School Baltimore, Md.-October 19-21. Newton Theological School. lessons. The first year of the new three year course is now ready. Mrs. David D. Baker, 410 N. Cal- *** houn St., Baltimore, Md. THE JUNIOR COURSE, popular in Miss Margaret Wrong, Secretary thousands of schools, has been com- Houston, Texas – September 28 – Ocpletely revised this year. tober 2. of the International Committee on Christian Literature for Africa and Dean – Mrs. A. B. Hynes, 618 who has been visiting Africa during the past few months, is contributing THE STANDARD PUBLISHING CO. Highland, Houston, Texas. an article to our October number on Africa. 8th & Cutter St•., Cincinnati, Ohio, Dept. MR 836 Minnesota (Minneapolis-St. Paul)- *** Please send Free Prospectus and complete informa- September 21-25. tion on Standard Courses along with sample lessons Dr. William E. Shaw, a Methodist and lupporting materials for the______Dept_ Ex. Sec. – Mrs. C. E. Heard, superintendent for the Peoria, Illinois 3020 Colfax Ave., Minneapolis, District, has been elected correspond- Name ………………………………………. _ Minn. ing secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Address …………………………………….. . Southern California (Los AngeZes)- Church. September 21-25. *** City …………………….State …………….. . Mrs. H. M. Horn, 1965 Carmen Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. Karlton C. Johnson, the organizing secretary of the South African Na- Warren, Ohio-October 6-7. tional Sunday School Association, is now in Durban leading a campaign The Presbyterian Mrs. George Konold, 314 Scott for the improvement of Sunday St., N. E., Warren, Ohio. schools in that district. He will visit each Sunday school, and following A weekly religious newspaper in Personal Items each visit will meet the staff and sugits lo6th year of continuous pub- gest possibilities for the work. lication under the same name. Mrs. Ruth Stafford Peale was re- cently elected president of the Wom- The Rev. E*dwa*rd * Weeks Cross, It is conservative and evangel- en's Board of Domestic Missions of ical, gets its news by telegraph the Reformed Church of America. pastor of the Union Church, Richand keeps abreast of the times. She is the wife of Dr. Norman Vin- mond Hill, N. Y., has been elected cent Peale, pastor of the Marble Col- president of the Home Mission Boards It goes into every state of the legiate church, New York, and suc- of the Congregational Church in place Union, the District of Columbia, ceeds Mrs. James E. Graham, of Up- of William Horace Day, retired. Mr. and U. S. possessions. per Montclair, N. J. Cross was born in Minneapolis and was graduated from Carlton College It goes to Asia and Africa, South *** in 1907. He took his degree in the- America, Canada and New Zealand ology at Oberlin four years later. His and into twelve countries of Eu- The Rev. J. L. Dodds, Secretary of brother, Roland M. Cross and a sister, rope. the India Council for Northern India, Laura B. Cross, are missionaries in Punjab and Western India Missions, China. Subscription Price, – has accepted the invitation of the Ministerial Rate, Board of Foreign Missions of the *** Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., to be- 50e. extra—Canadian postage come one of the secretaries of the Dr. Harold Storm of the Arabian $1.00 extra—Foreign postage Board in New York. Mission of the Reformed Church in THE PRESBYTERIAN *** America, arrived in Bahrain at the end of March after making a tour 1217 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. Herbert B. Clark, of Massa- across Arabia and all around the coast chusetts, has been elected president from Jiddah to Bahrain. He started of the Northern Baptist Convention. on June 10, 1935, and traveled approx- He is a graduate of Williams College imately 5,000 miles. and a business man of very wide in- terests. *** *** Bishop John W. Robinson of the Methodist Episcopal Church in India Roger Ward Babson, eminent sta- has resigned from the office of mis- tistician and lecturer, was elected (Concluded on page 385.)

MISSIONARY Christ' and gives us the

REVIEW OF THE WORLD zeal to go on in this service."

DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor FORD G. LASSE, Missionary of the Africa Inland VOL. LIX SEPT., 1936 NO.9 Mission, Congo Beige. Publication and Business Office- Third and Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. *** Editorial and Executive Office- Miss Mary E. Markley, President of 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. the American Section of the Govern- Entered as second-class matter at ing Board of St. Christopher's Train- ing College, Madras, India, will be Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., undel glad to give information about the Act of March 3, 1879. school. Mrs. F. G. Cook, whose name is mentioned in the footnote of an 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. article about the school in our July Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. issue, died some time ago. Published monthly, except Aug••st, All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1935, Personal Items British agents – Marshall, Morgan and Scott, 12 Paternoster Buildings, (Concluded from 2d cover.) London, E. C. 1 shilling per copy, 10 shlllings a year.

MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- sionary bishop to which he was elected LISHING CO., INC. in 1912. In 1920 he was elected gen- BOARD OF DIRECTORS eral superintendent. Bishop Robinson ROBERT E, SPEER, l'rcsident went to India as a missionary in 1892 A. L, WARNSHUIS, Vice-PreBident and has rendered very efficient, loving WALTER MCDOUGALL, 'l'reasurer service for the past 44 years. DELAVAN L, PIERSON, Secretary SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT *** WILLIAM I. CHAMBERLAIN Miss Jenny de Mayer, the Russian D. J, FANT MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD Christian, has at last been released WM. B. LIPPHARD by the Soviet after "three banishments and eight prison stays." Miss de ERIC M. NORTH SAMUEL M. ZWEMER Mayer is now in Palestine and is eager When your Call comes from the East … to do something for Moslems and SAIL BY P&O others out of Christ. Her hope is to Choose the convenient and traditional Editorial Chat look up the numerous Onsbek refugees way, to whatever part of the East the from Turkestan who have settled in work of the Faith may take you … to Egypt, Sudan, the Persian Gulf, India, In view of the necessary absence of Jerusalem, Haifa, Beirut, Damascus, Burma, Ceylon, Straits Settlements, the editor from the office of THE RE- and to distribute among them the China,Japan, Australia, New Zealand, VIEW for several weeks, Mr. Robert stock of her Onsbek tracts. East or South Africa. Just cross to M. Kurtz, recently editor of The Bib- England by Cunard White Star and lical Review of New York has kindly *** sail from there in any Liner of the undertaken to edit THE REVIEW for great P & 0 fleet … including the new October. Mr. Kurtz's work on the Rev. F. Raymond Clee, D.D., pas- sister-ships Strathnaver, Strathaird quarterly has made him well and fa- tor of the Old Bergen Reformed and Strathmore. You'll enjoy the utvorably known to a wide circle of Church of Jersey City, the oldest Prot- most comfort of this western world, readers. He is a member of the estant church in New Jersey, and one all the way East! Executive Committee of the American of the leading younger men in the de- Tract Society and is busy in many nomination, was elected president of Convenient through bookings can be arranged other forms of Christian service. the 130th General Synod of the Re- by your local travel agent or any office of formed Church in America this year. *** Rev. John R. Mulder, D.D., Professor CUNARD WHITE STAR LINE of Pastoral Theology of the Western Our next issue, October, will deal Theological Seminary of Holland, General Agents with the foreign mission study topic, Michigan, was made vice-president. 25 Broadway and 638 Fifth Avenue, New York Africa. Many interesting articles have *** been prepared by missionaries, mis- • Dr. G. Campbell Morgan will celesion executives and native African brate his sixtieth anniversary as a Christians. This issue of THE REVIEW, preacher next December. He began to with its wealth of information on Af- preach when he was thirteen years rica, will be a stimulus to many. Spe- old. Few living preachers have decial rates for quantities ordered at one livered as many sermons, lectures, and addresses, as this honored Bibletime. teacher, whose ministry still attracts 1,800 people every. week. *** The August issue of THE REVIEW was omitted-to save expense and be- Dr. Henry H*. R*igg*s of the famous cause many readers are away from home. To compensate for this the June, missionary family of Turkey, has ac- July, September and October issues cepted the invitation of the Near East each contain sixteen extra pages. Christian Council to become its exec- *** utive secretary. He succeeds Dr. RO.J- . ert P. Wilder who very efficiently filled What our readers think is shown in that office for six years. letters. "We not only keenly enjoy THE RI!l- VIEW but cannot help but realize how Dr. Wi11iam* F.* Fr*azier who has narrow and limited would be our view- been Congregational Superintendent point and our vision out here in Cen- of Vermont and Connecticut, was tral Africa were it not for these chosen by the General Council of the glimpses that give us Current Events, Congregational and Christian Church- Spiritual Teaching, and that benefit es to fill the position of executive that deepens the understanding and vice-president of the Home Mission broadens the sympathy resulting in Boards. He is a graduate of Oberlin.

the edification that brings us day by His headquarters are to be in New day to the 'stature of the fullness of York.

[385 ]

A RECENT TOUR—–<CECIL ABEL AND HEATHEN MEN OF

THE KWATO EVANGELISTIC TEAM, WITH CARRIERS AT AMAU VILLAGE The Rest House, built for the team by Blruma, is on the right. Davida, the Kwato Evangelist, is in the center with a gun. The team crossed the mountains in the distance. REVIB ORLD VOLUME LIX AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER 9 SEPTEMBER, 1936 Topics of the Times PLANS FOR THE I. M. C.-HANGCHOW, 1938 hensive endeavor. Groups will also be formed in Western countries to study the problem of evangelism, and keep Plans are being made to hold the next general in touch with the general investigation.

meeting of the International Missionary Council c. The Life of the Church. Preparation under this head in China-ten years after the important meeting comprises: in Jerusalem in 1928. The Ad Interim committee of the Council met (June 4 to 8) at Old Jordans, (1) Studies of the inner life of the Church, its worship, the religious life of the home, and the problem of religious education.

near London, England, and the principal decisions (2) The enlisting of lay voluntary leadership; the re- regarding the 1938 meeting may be summarized cruiting, enlisting and training of lay voluntary service as follows. * in the upbuilding of the Church and in evangelistic work; the raising up of more lay service in so-called homebase 1. The place of meeting is to be Hangchow, China. This countries in furtherance of the main aims of the 1938 is a modification of the earlier proposal to hold the meet- Meeting.

ing in Kowloon, near Hongkong. The change was made (3) The nature and meaning of the Church. Here it is because of the strong recommendations of both the Chi-· proposed to encourage the publication of individual and nese and Japanese National Councils. The holding of this group studies by national leaders on the subject of the meeting in the Far East is significant in that it is evi- Church.

dence of the growth of the churches in Asia, and of their (4) The relation of the Church to Christian movements place in the future program of the whole Church. The outside the Church such as are found in Japan, China, "homebase" of missions is now world-wide, and East and India, Latin America and elsewhere.

West must work together for the evangelization of the (5) The relation of the Church to the cultural heritage world. of the different countries.

2. The meeting will be held during approximately a (6) The bearing of education on the life of the Church.

fortnight through the closing days of September and A definite effort will be made to survey the findings of the opening days of October, 1938. recent Commissions on different aspects of educational 3. The central theme is to be the Church. This means policy as they bear directly upon the life of the Church.

the universal Church, for the central issue all over the (7) The bearing of medical missions on the life of the world is the Church's life and witness in the face of the Church as shown in connection with studies on medical world situation. The meeting, being held in Asia, while missionary work recently undertaken in China, India and maintaining its ecumenical outlook, will have as its pri· other countries.

mary and immediate interest the development of the (8) The work of the missionary and his training for younger Christian communities as living members of the service under present conditions.

universal historic Christian fellowship. d. The Church and Its Environment. Here there are 4. This central theme comprises five main subjects: four main problems on which it is necessary that work a. The Faith by which the Church lives. It was agreed should be undertaken.

that the statement of the Christian Message as the basis (1) The economic basis of the Church will be studied of world-wide evangelistic work accepted at the Jerusalem in order that definite information may be made available Meeting has been so widely used throughout the world for the leaders of the Church as they face such problems that it is needless to repeat the work that was done there. as the support of the ministry and the maintenance of The need is to relate that message to the changing condi- Church life and worship.

tions of the time. (2) The Church and the changing economic and social b. The Witness of the Church. It is proposed to pro- order. In view of the pressure of the economic situation mote in all countries a study of evangelistic work, to be throughout the world, it is proposed that J. Merle Davis carried out under the guidance of the National Christian should transfer his office to Shanghai, spending the next Councils. All mission boards will be invited to urge upon two to three years in the Far East and India, and that he their missionaries the fullest cooperation in this compre- shall confer with the leaders of the National Christian Councils and of the younger churches as to the nature • The minutes of this meeting have been published and may be ob- of the service which the Church should perform in this tained on application to the Secretaries, 156 Fifth Avenue, New field. York. (Price 10 cents.) [ 387]

(3) The problem of war. In all countries alike the duism re-absorbed much of this reform movement danger of war and the question of the duty of the Chris- and it became possible for Hindus to take over tian in relation to war are matters of urgent concern. what they wished of Christian teaching, provided Regard will be paid to the need for representing Chris- only that they adhered to caste restrictions. tian th'Ought on this subject. Thereafter the Christian movement in India be- came more and more a movement among the low- (4) The challenge of the modern State to the Church. caste or outcaste people; and for two generations Definite study will be undertaken in regard to the diffi- now multitudes of these people have been coming culties of maintaining Christian education under regula- into the Christian Church. By reason of their tions enf'Orced by some governments, and the menace poverty and ignorance they have constituted a offered in certain countries to conversion and to religious great problem for the Church. But, on the other freedom. hand, the obvious transforming influence of Christ working among them has been the most effective e. Closer Cooperation. Under this head three main sub- apologetic for Christianity in India. jects are to be studied: New terminology is now coming into use. In- (1) How to enlist groups of people who stand outside stead of being called the "lowcaste" or "outcaste" the fellowship of the Council and its related bodies. people, these unprivileged millions are now called the "depressed" classes or, in a phrase suggested (2) The financing of cooperative enterprises. by Bishop Azariah, perhaps the foremost Indian (3) The question of cooperation in practical work, the leader in the Christian Church, the "exterior" promoting 'Of more vigorous united activity, and the se- castes. curing of more common planning of Christian work in areas where the situation demands it. Now a new situation has recently arisen of (4) Every effort will be made in carrying out these which the Rev. William Paton, who has just repreparations to observe two principles: First, no attempt turned from India, writes: will be made to lay upon overburdened people fresh labori in the study and preparation unrelated to what they The movement among the depressed classes is both deep are now engaged upon. Second, it is vital to the success and extensive. The regions in which I happened to hear of this work that it should be conceived of, not as prep- most about it were the United Provinces, the Central aration for a meeting, but as the embarking of Christian Provinces, the Telugu country and Travancore. A meetpeople throughout the world upon a combined adventure ing of representatives of the Indian Church and the Misof work, thought and prayer related at every turn t'O the sions in the United Provinces agreed that while in the practical needs of the day, and bent upon the discovery western part of the Provinces the movement of the deof the will of God. In this combined adventure, which pressed classes toward the Church was strongest, and was must extend over years, the meeting will occupy a central rapidly growing in such a way as to demand Christian place, f'Or in it will be gathered up the lessons of experi- reinforcement, the attitude of the same class in all parts ence, and through it fresh light will be thrown upon the of the Province was such that consistent witnessing by problems of the day, and a new incentive gained in the the Christian Church would be attended by n'Otable results further carrying out of the work. everywhere. In the Central Provinces Bishop Pickett has followed up his Mass Movement Report by spending s'Ome The participation of the American churches in weeks in different parts of the Central Provinces studying this adventure will be organized under a special the evangelistic opportunities with Indian Christians and committee appointed by the Foreign Missions missionaries in the light of the principles 'Of his report. Conference of North America. Both missionaries and Indian Christians assured me th8" a number of groups, some depressed class, some aborig-· The need for prayer is emphasized and the wid- inal, were moving as communities towards the Church, ei' use of the Council's "Call to Prayer" is desired. and the Mid-India Christian Council is taking steps to press forward with a campaign of evangelism combined Two other actions of the Ad Interim committee with an attempt to bring to bear the principles of the will be of general interest: first, a new statistical Pickett Report in the study of what had been regarded survey was launched. The last world-wide statis- as sterile areas. tics of Protestant foreign missions were published in the World Missionary Atlas in 1925. The new The great movement in the Telugu country is familiar survey will" be based on the situation as of the to all. It is estimated that in the last two years 112,000 year· 1935. The committee responsible for the persons joined the Church in different parts of the Telugu study is internationally representative; the exec- area. As is well known, the depressed class movement utive offices will be in New York and the Director has in this part 'Of India been so strong and well led that is Mr. Joseph 1. Parker. it has had a profound effect upon the Sudra, or middle caste people, and the considerable accretions to the Church Second, the Archbishop of York was invited to which have come from these groups have been drawn, it serve as a Vice-chairman of the Council in place is interesting to note, mainly from the lowest group of of the late Bishop of Salisbury. the Sudras who are nearest to the depressed classes, and from the highest groups where there is leadership and A. L. WARNSHUIS. understanding sufficient to recognize the great issues at stake. THE "EXTERIOR" CASTE MOVEMENT IN INDIA Possibly the largest single movement by which the Church is confronted in the whole 'Of India is that of the In the early years of the missionary movement Ezhavas in Travancore, Cochin and British Malabar. in India many of the converts were from the higher castes in Hinduism. Then the Hindu reform movements began which supplied a half-way place between Hinduism and Christianity. Later Hin-

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

These people are not strictly "Untouchable" or "De- madiyas and others spoke through representapressed," and are rather similar in status to the Nadars tives. Two Christian speakers were heard, of of Tinnevelly, who have been the backbone of the Tinne- whom the Rev. John E. Wallace, of Mainpuri, velly church. Their lower grades are nearer to the Un- who was present, writes: touchables in status, but in their higher reaches they have men in the professions. I was told in southwest India Owing to the crowd, the heat, and the great length of that the total community numbers 2% millions, though this the meeting the speakers did not have an easy time in may be an exaggeration. There is deep unrest among putting their messages across. Our Christian representathem, and a steadily increasing movement for breaking tives were handicapped in coming on the program almost with Hinduism. I understand that they have been pass- at the last after four hours of continuous meeting, and ing resolutions by 90% majorities in groups all over the the Rev. John Subhan was able to present only a part of territory, expressing their desire to become Christians, his message because of the noise. Mrs. Mohini Dass, howand already their leaders have been in touch with Chris- ever, was aDle to get better attention and gave a powerful tian leaders in Kottayam. A special conference held in talk. The next day we heard from several different sources March in Alwaye considered ways by which the Syrian, that the Depressed Class leaders themselves considered Anglican and South India United Churches could coop- the addresses of the Sikh representative and Mrs. Mohini erate in meeting this gigantic opportunity, and it is fully Dass as the two best. On Sunday morning a number of recognized that nothing less than an enormous outpouring the leaders accepted an invitation to attend church service of voluntary service can be of any use. at one of the English churches, where the Rev. Abdul Haqq of our (Presbyterian) church gave a strong message The latest developments of the movement among the "exterior" castes may be said to have A number of us too received permission to attend the begun with the meeting of low castes at Yeola, meetings of their representatives, not open to the gennear Nasik, in the Bombay Presidency in October, eral public. From these personal contacts and conversa- 1935. At that time Dr. Ambedkar, Principal of tions it is apparent that there are many of the Depressed the Law College in Bombay and representative Class leaders who are very strongly inclined towards of the outcastes at the Round Table Conference, Christianity. The Conference in Lucknow took action declared that while he was born a Hindu, he did supporting Dr. Ambedkar's resolve to leave the fold of not intend to die a Hindu and advised the low- Hinduism, but to take no definite step for at least a year. caste people to reject the religion which had been the cause of their misery and to choose for them- The Lucknow Conference took no final action selves some other religion that would guarantee except that the exterior castes would not remain freedom and brotherhood. On November 10, within the Hindu fold. The following are the first 1935, Dr. Ambedkar had a conference with some two of the six resolutions adopted by the Conferprogressive caste Hindus who had been appointed ences: at a meeting on October 26. The report on his position in this interview was summed up by (1) (a) This Conference expresses its full confidence in Dr. Ambedkar, as follows: Doctor Ambedkar, the world renowned leader of the De- pressed Classes. (b) It also supports the resolution passed In brief, being born in the untouchable community, I at the Yeola Conference of the Depressed Classes in the deem it my first duty to strive for its interest and my District of Nasik declaring in favor of a change of reliduty to India as a whole is secondary. I have strong gion. (c) While this Conference declares that for their religious sentiment according to my own conception of salvation the Depressed Classes should not remain within religion, but I have no faith in Hinduism and I hate hy- the Hindu fold it further enjoins that the Depressed pocrisy. I have therefore decided to renounce Hinduism, Classes of this country must not embrace any religion, but I do not intend to do so immediately as I want to until the matter of their conversion is finally decided by carry my community with me. The Harijan army is not an All-India Depressed Classes Conference under the marching today and it is watching and waiting for a leadership of Dr. Ambedkar, after careful study of everysuitable opportunity. In the meanwhile, the "touchables" thing involved. may go on making their efforts on the lines chalked out by you … (2) In order to consider the whole question of the con- version of the Depressed Classes to another religion; this From the point of view of the interests of my commu- Conference appoints a committee consisting of the follownity it is necessary that it should be united with and ab- ing persons, with power to coopt other members. (Ninesorbed into some powerful and living community. It is teen names are given.) This committee after examining my intention to make this movement for change of re- the different aspects of all the religions and considering ligion an all-India one. If my community does not follow the whole matter in the interest of the Depressed Classes me then I will alone change my religion. should submit their report to the All-India Depressed Classes Conference. This committee will also work as From these beginnings agitation has spread the Executive body of this Conference. far and wide among the lowcaste people of India. In many local gatherings the question was de- Following the Lucknow Meeting there were bated as to which religion should be chosen, and meetings both in Madras and in Bombay. The after several postponements an All India Con- Times of India reports that the Bombay Conferference was held at Lucknow on May 22, 1936, ence, of nearly 10,000 men and women, urged on at which representatives of the different religions its members to stop worshiping Hindu deities, of India were invited to speak. The Mohamme- stop observing Hindu festivals, and stop visiting dans, Buddhists, Bahais, Sikhs, Quadianis, Ah- Hindu holy places.

Another great meeting was held at Dadar in the Bombay Presidency at which Dr. Ambedkar

spoke and at which similar resolutions were King displayed a keen interest in the proceedings, adopted. Mrs. Updegraff of Nipani writes of this personally attending a number of sessions and meeting: entertaining the leaders at a reception at the royal palace. Bishop Lunde, Primate of the Church of Although there were from fifteen to twenty thousand Norway, presided at the opening session and took people present everything went off like clockwork, quietly an active part in the convention arrangements. and sympathetically. Another presiding officer of distinction was Hon. Lord Kinnaird of England. Among the greetings Many special thoughts from Dr. Ambedkar's speech had received, was one from King Edward VIn and been printed beforehand and posted in prominent places an extended and striking message from Generalin the Audience Hall . . . Here are some of the above issimo Chiang Kai-shek of China. mentioned sentences in his speech: The reports place the present membership of 1. Why do you stay in a religion which does not allow the Sunday schools connected with the Associayou to become educated? tion at thirty-eight million-an army of peace far exceeding, numerically, all the standing armies 2. Why do you stay in a religion which comes between of the world. More than one-half of this vast you and employment? membership is in the United States, but impor- tant advances are reported from China, Africa 3. If you wish to live happily, change your religion. and other lands. There are 419,000 pupils in the 4. If you wish to gain independence, change your re- Sunday schools of South Africa alone, and 200,- ligion. 000 children in the Sunday schools of China, with 5. The religion that says to the illiterate, remain illit- 6,500 teachers. By way of contrast there are but erate, to the poor, remain poor, and gives this teaching, 7,500 Sunday school children in Italy, with 579 is no religion-it is punishment. teachers. 6. The religion that does not feel defiled when it touches impurity but feels defiled by touching a man, that is no The Convention theme was "Christ the Hope religion, it is foolishness. of the World" and the addresses were largely on 7. Why do you remain in a religion which at every step this lofty evangelical plane. Sir Harold Mackindestroys your self respect? tosh, President of the Association, proved an able The speaker making the address of welcome said: "In chairman. His brief addresses were marked by getting ready to change their religion (to prepare for it) unusual felicity and tact. Among the leading even old men and women in villages have thrown out of speakers, in addition to those mentioned, were their houses like rubbish their Hindu shrines and religious Hon. Nils Hjelntveit, representing the Norwegian books, etc.! People have become so ready to throw over Government, Dr. Toyohiko Kagawa, of Japan, Dr. Hinduism that whenever Dr. Ambedkar or his leaders D. Willard Lyon, of China, Dr. S. W. Hughes, of will say so, the Mahars will do whatever they say and London, Professor Daniel Lamont, Moderator of join whatever religion they tell them to join." the Church of Scotland, Dean Luther Weigle, of It is evident that a movement has begun, Yale Divinity School, and the very Rev. Garfield freighted with almost boundless possibilities for Williams, D.D., Dean of Manchester Cathedral. good or evil. The National Christian Council of The General Secretaries, Dr. Robert M. Hopkins, India is seeking to provide wise guidance for the of New York, and Dr. James Kelly, of Glasgow, Christian forces, and there should be prayer in interesting addresses dealt with the progress through the whole Church throughout the world of the movement and the challenge for the future. for all missionaries in India who are related in Workers from many lands gave encouraging reany way to the deep stirrings of the sixty million ports of progress, though in certain countries of people who may be affected by these movements Europe as well as of Asia they labor against alin their attitude toward Christianity. most insuperable obstacles. As Dr. Kelly ex- pressed it, "In some countries evangelical Prot- ROBERT E. SPEER. estantism is fighting for its life with its back against the wall." THE WORLD'S SUNDAY SCHOOL CONVENTION A large number of departmental conferences dealing with methods, details of administration, The twelfth quadrennial convention of the and other topics, were held in different churches World's Sunday School Association, held in Oslo, of Oslo, led by specialists in the various branches Norway, July 6-12, was a striking manifestation of activity. Growing out of all these sessions there of the solidarity and influence of this world-em- appeared to be a consensus of opinion that the bracing movement for the spiritual welfare of missionary enterprise had been in the past too childhood and youth. The attendance of 3,000 largely an adult movement and that a vastly more delegates taxed to the utmost the accommodations fruitful field was to be found among the children, of the Norwegian capital. Representatives were present from practically every nation on the globe, the largest delegation-820-being from the United States.

The land of the Vikings presents a particularly happy setting for a world convention of Christians. Ninety per cent of its people are said to be connected with the Evangelical Church. The

who in all parts of the world are keenly alive to opinion on points of teaching and emphasis, the new influences and who are especially looking to cause of division was the question of obedience to the more advanced countries for light and guid- constituted authority. Ballington Booth, the son ance. of the founder of the Army and commander of Officers for the new quadrennium were elected the forces in North America, resigned from the as follows: President: Sir Harold Mackintosh, Army rather than to obey the order transferring Halifax, England; Vice-Presidents: Dr. Charles him to India. A result was a split in the Army Anderson, Capetown, South Africa; Sr. Jose Luis in America, with much bitterness and strife. Effi- F. Braga, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; James Cun- ciency and discipline were endangered. In the ningham, J. P., Glasgow, Scotland; Dr. Bayard midst of this dispute one officer, a major, then Dodge, Beirut, Syria; The Rt. Rev. Dr. Erling later commissioner of the Army, Samuel Brengle, Eidem, Archbishop of Upsala, Sweden; Charles stands out as an exponent of the Spirit of Christ. He was a graduate of DePauw University and of Francis, Montclair, N. J.; Theron Gibson, Toron- Boston University School of Theology and was to, Canada; The Rt. Rev. Johan Lunde, Oslo, devoting his rare talents to the saving of souls Norway; Sir John A. Roxburgh, Glasgow, Scot- and the promotion of spiritual life in the ranks. land; Rev. Dr. Sven O. Sigmond, Brooklyn, N. Y.; In the midst of this crisis Samuel Brengle refused Dr. Tadavki Yamamoto, Tokyo, Japan. to be turned aside from his main purpose and to be involved in fraternal strife. He wrote at this A Convention Edition of the New Testament time: and Psalms was furnished by the National Bible Society of Scotland, a copy being presented to each delegate. A richly bound copy of this Tes- "God is calling us to heart-humbling prayer…. We tament was also presented to the King of Norway. must beware and not let love leak out of our hearts, and The New York Bible Society also presented each bitterness and ill-will creep in. If we do, the devil will delegate with a copy of the Gospel of John in have accomplished his purpose even though our rivals should disband tomorrow. . . . It seems to me that now English and Norwegian. is the time to strike root; to deal with our people to make The next Convention of the Association will be them mighty in God." held in South Africa in 1940. This was decided He launched no diatribes against his rivals-even with- drew to another street when meetings were started obupon in view of the present opportunity for Chris- viously designed to embarrass and draw away his crowds.

tian service in Africa. The month tentatively "I am praying God," he said, "to thwart his efforts to suggested is August and the city is likely to be do us harm, but to bless him if he devotes himself to get- ting souls saved." either Capetown or Johannesberg. HUGH R. MONRO. A woman in the flat over Officer Brengle heard him preach in a Methodist church and asked if she might come down to his family prayers. One morning she was late CHRISTIAN UNION AND DIVISION and listened outside the door. "The Lord poured out the spirit of prayer mightily" on Brengle that morning, and In spite of the standards and ideals set up by the woman was brought to her Saviour's feet. Officer Brengle "trembled for days at the thought of how she Jesus Christ, the Head of the Church, the tend- might have been lost" if his prayer had been unloving or ency among many of His professed followers vindictive as he mentioned the rift in the Army. seems to be to divide rather than to unite. The ideal of the Christian army is not only loyalty to Is there not great danger today, in the Presby- the supreme commander, but unity and coopera- terian and other churches, that Christians will be tion in the campaign to win men to God through hindered in their testimony by being turned aside Christ. The ideal of the Church as the Body is from the one great purpose of the Church to win unity-but not uniformity-under the absolute men to God and to cooperate under the Divine control of Christ, the Head. Yet how far we come, Head in carrying forward His campaign?

as Christians, from reaching this ideal! The Prot- In the past twenty-five years many movements estant Church, with all its education in the Word have sprung up all over the world to reunite the of God, is divided {nto over 200 separate sects, followers of Christ and so to avoid even the aptoo often engaged in rivalry and disputes, rather pearance of strife in the Church, and waste of than in a common campaign against sin and for money and effort that reduces efficiency and hin- the salvation of men to the glory of Christ. ders her testimony to the world.

In view of the most recent division that has As in the Salvation Army forty years ago, the taken place in one of the largest and most influ- chief cause of strife in the Church seems to be ential Christian bodies in North America (The due, not so much to a desire for freedom in fol- Presbyterian Church); it may be helpful to note lowing the leadership of the Holy Spirit, as in a the lessons taught by a similar division in the desire to decide for others in matters of Biblical Salvation Army, forty years ago. Then as now, interpretation, in the fitness of candidates and as while there were doubtless many differences of to who shall exercise authority in the Church.

The desire to rule as dictators to others or to important to note the methods employed in anti- Christian teaching in America. There are those refuse to recognize any human authority seems who pride themselves on their liberalism and broadmindedness who would be called zealots and to be characteristic of some otherwise good men. fanatics if they were extending the knowledge of Christ in the same way that they attack Him. Is not the great question in the Church today, The General Secretary of the International How can we best exalt and glorify Jesus Christ Christian Crusade, Maud Howe, of Toronto, has contributed to The King's Business an article as Lord and Saviour and how can we best fulfill headed by the question: "How Can the New Athe- ism Be Met?" We give a few striking quotations: His desire expressed in His high-priestly prayer: "That they all may be one … that the world may believe … that the love wherewith thou lovest me may be in them, and I in them" (John 17: 21-26) ? D. L. P.

"WHEN YOU BECOME A UNITARIAN" Christian parents, Christian young people, and leaders in evangelical churches too often regard as "alarmists" Presumably every enlightened person would those who warn of the deadly peril of an aggressive contend earnestly for the right of everyone to "under-cover" atheism. We of the International Christian believe as he saw fit, and to express his beliefs Crusade (formerly the Canadian Christian Crusade) would freely. However, freedom of speech should be call attention to the fact that in this day there is a "New governed by high ideals, a thing many preachers Atheism," a world apostasy that embraces far more foland teachers seem to have overlooked. If a man lowers than do merely the communistic groups or the does not believe the Bible it is his right to say visible organizations such as the "4 A's" (American Assoso to those he meets in a general way, but it is ciation for the Advancement of Atheism). This new athenot his right to express his unbelief to students ism already claims a membership of over seventeen million in a conservative Christian school which may, members, placed in sixty-four countries of the world, workthrough some oversight, have engaged him as a ing, as many atheists have told me personally, "night and teacher. day" to bring about world revolution.

So also the preacher or missionary who has The "new atheism" is not the classical free thought of never accepted Christ as His Divine Saviour, or the seventeenth century in any sense of the world; it is a who has afterward abandoned that faith, has no far more subtle and dangerous thing. The new atheism right to proclaim his disloyal views, in his pUlpit invites into its membership every cult and ism under the or elsewhere. Outside its religious aspects, this sun, except the teaching of salvation through the cross of is a matter of fundamental ethical principle, and Calvary. Its elasticity reaches out to Evolution, Humanno man of high personal honor will continue in ism, Pantheism, Iscariotism, Spiritism, and the like. A the pulpit of a church whose faith he denies. Dr. universal religion is more than welcome, as it opens the Samuel M. Lindsay is credited with these search- way to ultimate acceptance of the tenets of the new atheing little paragraphs on this point, under the ism, which is based on human effort to attain human heading, "When You Become a Unitarian": ideals. The new atheists boast that those who deny the Calvary atonement will soon, under the tuition of versed Join the Unitarian Church. Do not try to convert your atheists and radicals, lose any faith they still possess….

church to Unitarianism from a Trinitarian pulpit. What are the methods employed? Members of the new atheist cult visit hospitals, even in some cases help ped- Do not try to convert your pupils into Unitarianism dlers to propagate atheism as they go from door to door. In almost every well-known school and college in the world while teaching in a Trinitarian seminary. there is an theist member; they have atheist workers in Christian organizations; they have atheist members at- Do not try to broadcast Unitarianism while serving as tending churches to offset any appeal from a Christian pulpit. Everyone of these statements can be proved up a Trinitarian missionary. to the hilt.

Men have the right to change their minds regarding the The Second Annual Report of the A. A. A. A. states: "We have representatives in the principal nations of the Deity of Christ, but when they do so they are under the world . . . the 4-A seeks to establish branches in every community … the hOlding of large meetings is not necesobligation to move from one denomination to another. sary. The silent individual propaganda with the use of 4-A literature is the hardest to counteract. . . . When Charles Francis Potter and Addison Moore be- But the attack is not merely upon young people of colcame Unitarians, they founded the Unitarian Church and lege age. Let us remember that years ago there were 1,700 known atheist Sunday schools in Canada and many continued their ministry in Unitarian pulpits. While we more in the United States. Statistics now give as a very conservative number 4,000 atheist Sunday schools in Cancould not approve their theology, we could appreciate their ada. They are of course "under-cover" societies, running in many cases as "social clubs," "camps," and the like. sincerity. R. M. K. A woman and a young Christian man called in the same AN ANCIENT FOE week from different districts in Toronto, to report a new atheist Sunday school begun in each of their separate The propagation of atheism in Russia has been neighborhoods. The young ma~ asked help to win back the subject of a vast number of protests ever two boys of twelve years who had been bribed to leave his since the present order of things there was estab- Sunday Bible class to attend the atheist school near at lished. But we have the same vicious propaganda hand, a group meeting in a private home. nearer home, and not only so, but it is carried on with a zeal that the Church may well regard R.M.K. as offering a serious obstacle to its own advancement in this country. In this connection it is

Heathen Chiefs Come to

Reports from Recent Letters from New Guinea By EMMABELLE D. PIERSON Montclair, N. J.

'RIDING on a west-bound train that was en- lime kiln and show the Papuans how to utilize tering mountainous Colorado, I sat beside the coral reef in building the hospital; to exa young man from the plains of our middle plain the workings of different engines, or to states. "I couldn't be happy living among mountains," install electricity; to equip a kindergarten, or to assist in nursing, or to do the work of an absent he volunteered. "They shut off my view." teacher. The mission is vibrant with consecrated "Oh, but think of the surprises that lie the young life, and carries on in the spirit and faith of the founder. The boat-building, printing, other side of the mountain," I said. "Mountains weaving, studying, nursing, houseworking, garare so challenging." dening, all go forward in an atmosphere of song. It is a place difficult to leave. "No," he said, "I like to see my work all laid out before me, and then tackle it. With a broad horizon I have plenty of time to consider and pre- pare for the 'what next' coming toward me." The Papuan Government is highly paternal, It was not an unnatural and the Governor gladly ac- step from that beginning to a knowledges the help Kwato few anecdotes of youthful pio- missionaries have given when neer missionaries who revel in he has wished to parole young scaling mountains of difficul- murderers instead of throw- ties in a great cause, -inspired ing them into jail. Two lads by the thought of what lies from an inland tribe, who had beyond. murdered their grandmother, were sent to the mission sta- ** * * The challenge of the unex- tion at Duabo. Their fright plored mountainous country was pitiable, for they thought of New Guinea, where air- their last hour had come when plane scouts frequently report they saw a g rea t kettle the discovery of new tribes, brought out in preparation for gripped the group of young the school dinner. Two years missionaries who live in Kwa- later they were returned to to, Papua, in the southeastern GADO, DANIEL, BIRUMA, their mountain home, happy end of the huge island. For a a native a Kwato a Dorevaidl Christians-the only members Christian generation Charles Abel and Guide Chief of their tribe with a knowl- his wife trained converted Papuans to work edge of Christ as Saviour. Whenever the Govern- among their own people; as a result, twenty-four ment is at its wit's end to know what to do with stations, manned by self-supporting Christian wife-stealers, murderers and other persistent iIl- Papuans, are now flaming torches around Milne doers, young Kwato Christians, brown and white, Bay and the China Straits of New Guinea. Two offer the best solution of the problem.

sons and two daughters came into the work thor- In the mountains of Papua, back in the interior, oughly equipped, and within the last six years to the west of the mission, live the Dorevaidis and after Mr. Abel's death in 1930, eight other young the Keveres, murderers all because of a tribal cus- people have thrown in their lot as teachers, nurse, tom which requires every young man to win his doctor, accountant, architect, business manager spurs by murdering some one. Then he can wear and engineer; but first of all they are evan- a white cock's feather in his bushy hair. The gelists, out to win these people to their Lord. more his murders the smarter his headdress, and In a most remarkable way casual visitors have the greater the young man's prestige among mar- changed their plans and have stayed on a month, riageable young women. The Government has a season, or even a year with them to build a tried to root out this custom, but both kindness [393 ]

and severity have failed. The prisons are usually meeting in the evening, and several of our group full of the murderers. At last the challenge came of Christian Papuans gave their testimonies. to the Kwato mission group just when they were Gado, a new inquirer, seemed to impress them considering plans to open up a new field. An ear- most of all. They listened in rapt silence until nest mature Papuan Christian and his wife volun- the speaker had finished; then they discussed teered, and the mission sent out Davida and what they had heard among themselves in low but Eauvenibo, his wife, with prayer and joy to settle emphatic undertones. We had to wait until they in Duram, on the Duram River, five miles inland, had said all they wanted to say, and then conwhere the trail from the mountains comes through tinue. The singing they seemed to enjoy, but to the sea. For a year these faithful witnesses could not understand. In every place we had to worked, influencing those near at hand, and con- tell them that it was not necessary for them to tacting the Dorevaidis and other tribes from the close their eyes while we were singing. Some mountains. women would forget, and then there would be a scolding and a slapping, or a man would pick up Davida is a cheery soul, so warm-hearted and a handful of pebbles and throw them at the bowed understanding that he makes friends quickly. heads of the women! Poor souls, they seemed Rumors of the new teaching and of his way of desperately anxious to do the right thing. Mothliving drifted back into the mountains and a ers and fathers put their hands on the eyes of Dorevaidi chief sent word asking him to come up. little children lest they should peep while the mis- The chief was interested, but still a bit doubtful sionary was 'making prayers,' as they put it." about the Message, so he said: "My wife and I will come down and stay awhile with you in your Chief Bidau gave a testimony: "Look at all home and see how the new way works out in your these young men! (indicating the Papuans of our team). They are my own age, and are doing life." God's work. What am I doing? Still following They came to Duram and must have been satis- the way of death?"

fied, for soon an invitation came for Davida to That same day he prayed his first public prayer. climb the mountain and meet the tribe in assem- He said how he was still ignorant of God's way of bly. A rare letter from Davida describes this first life but was glad that he had been allowed to come encounter. Men, women and children sat before along with us, for he was already beginning to see him so caked in dirt that the evangelist felt he the Way, and asked that as he went along his eyes could not give them the pure words of God. He might be opened, and that he might find life. put the matter before them, and then, with his disarming smile, marched all the children to the In the Dorevaidi villages, Mun, the ex-murderer, river where he scrubbed them well with sand and and Alice,.a Papuan girl of the group, gave telling grass. When they returned with shining faces, messages. Mun could speak on the subject of the men fell in line, laughing, and proceeded to their terrible customs, and Alice appealed to the remove some of their dirt. Then Davida gave his women "to help their men instead of degrading message to an outwardly clean and eager group, them." Cecil Abel writes that the "women's eyes and used the little episode to illustrate his talk. never left her face, and the men nodded approv- Ceeil Abel says that no one but Davida could have ingly as she spoke of the awful carnage resulting carried out such a program as a joke and not an from women inciting men to kill, and of the years insult. Chief Biruma was dead in earnest, and the their men had to spend in jail because of this hornext few months saw four ex-murderers petition- rible custom. Her final appeal was to cut it out ing Davida to forward an invitation to his Kwato because of God's law, 'Thou shalt not kill.' " friends to visit their mountain villages. As the Papuan team went on their way, chief For two years the Kwato "Power House" had after chief joined their party and went to the next echoed with prayers for these people, and now at place with them until they had acquired six. As last the time seemed ripe for a team to set out. the team set sail in the Lantic all six announced A Gospel group of six Papuans and Cecil Abel that they would go with them to Kwato and learn took the mission boat, the Lantic, and sailed miles more of the new life! around the coast and then six miles up the Duram River. There they were joined by Davida and So it came to pass that in the afternoon of the four mountain men whom he had interested in the day before Christmas, 1935, just as the Kwato true God-Chief Biruma, Chief Bidau, Mun (a Christmas festival was getting underway, the triple ex-murderer) ,and Gado. All were just Lantic was sighted, bringing the evangelists' and ready to learn more and to take further steps in their new seekers after God. Suddenly a bloodgiving their testimony. curdling war cry from the six chiefs came over the water!-rather a grim joke for people only A picture of one meeting will help us to realize one generation removed from cannibalism. some of the obstacles to be overcome. "At the peoples' request," writes Cecil Abel, "we had a As I read the description of Christmas at Kwato, the early morning carols, the communion

SIX HEATHEN CHIEFS COME TO KWATO

THE TOUGHEST CROWD WE MET-IN THE VILLAGE OF KEVER!

service, the simple feast, the representati.ons of very good; but we have good food at Dorevaidi the Manger Scene, and of the worshipping kings too. We have not come f.or that. Your schools of the East, I tried to see it all through the eyes and shops are very good. We would like to learn of those chiefs. Their contribution to the Christ- too; but we have not come for that. We have mas party was a repetition of their war cry, and only come for one thing-to learn about G.od. its horrible echoes had hardly died away when the Now our hearts are burning to go back and tell strains of the beautiful Christian anthem, "Send our friends all we have learned.' out thy light," sung by the Kwato children, fell on their ears. The contrast was thrilling. "You would not recognize these six chiefs as the same men who came to Kwato at Christmas For three months the visitors stayed at the mis- time," Russell Abel continues. "They are so sion station, hearing God's word and seeing the changed in appearance. They are going ahead Christ-life in action in most amazing ways. Rus- splendidly. An invitation came from the Chrissell Abel writes: tians at Sariba, asking them to spend the week- "Chief Biruma, one of the Dorevaidi converts, end with them there. * It was a fine opportunity gave a marvellous testimony in the morning service. He felt the Lord speaking to him, telling him for them to experience purely village, and not to testify, and at first would not .obey. Then the mission hospitality. It was also a great chance Lord told him that he would not grow any more for them to see village Christianity where it was until he obeyed, so he got up and spoke. There touching elbows with heathenism, and not only was quite an awe over the audience while he was Kwato Christianity at our mission head station. talking. One thought of all our prayers for that So they went to Sariba. We took them over on work and here was the fruit. Two missionaries Friday and they came back on Monday afternoon, who understood Motu were at Kwato at the time simply bubbling over with the marvellous time from another society. They were very much im- they had had. Chief Biruma went into lengthy pressed, and told us afterward what Biruma had descriptions, shaking his head and making exclabeen saying. He told how the Government had mations of wonder. I could not understand a been trying to make friends with the Dorevaidi word of it, until finally I got an interpreter. and Kevere people, inviting them to feasts at Biruma told him how wonderful it was wherever Abau, but they had gone back to their murderous they went to meet friends-friends for Christ's ways. 'Then the Government put us in jail, four sake. He could not get over it. years, five years, six…. We did not mind. Government rice and biscuits are very good.' They "The Chiefs were taken for a tour of the vilhad come back home still unchanged. 'At last,' lages, each village taking charge of them and said Biruma, 'God's children came out of love for showing them the next bit. There was a wonderus and brought us the real light that has changed ful feast in their honor, and a huge meeting on us right round inside…. Your food at Kwato is Sunday at which they were thrilled. There was • Sarlba Is a large island about ten mnes trom Kwato. It now has several l!ttle Christian communities with schools and churches min- Istered to by Christian Papuans.

not room in the church building to accommodate Sibodu and Labu, set off for the interior, stopping the crowd. Judging by the description, the serv- en route at villages, holding meetings, praying ice must have lasted hours. The chiefs all spoke, with the sick and dying, and working individually and many of the people spoke too. The Dore- with the people till nightfall-God working with vaidis used their own language which Sibodu, the them confirming their message by signal answers Chief of Kuroudi, interpreted into Motu which to prayer. most of the Sariba men understand. Then Viki, another Sariba man, translated it into local dia~ Davida writes, and Russell Abel translates: lect. They had a grand time, with no end of an "Sibodu and Labu reached Kuroudi, their home uplift. Finally, and I think this is most interest~ village, and had a meeting with the people. They ing, the Dorevaidis said that they never wanted told them all the news and testified to what they to lose touch with the Christians of Sariba. They had learned at Kwato. The meeting lasted till asked the church leaders to write regular reports midday, when the people scattered to get food for of their work and send it to them, so that they a feast the following day, to which they invited could pray for them regularly. They said that their neighbors from Nebulu village. The feast while they themselves could not read or write, was in honor of Chiefs Sibodu and Labu, and gave they would send their news to Duram to Davida, them an opportunity to speak to all the people. and ask him to write back to Sariba for them. The words were well received, and unanimously Fancy the Christians of Sariba being helped by the people decided to build a new village in which the prayers of erstwhile murderers! If one uses both Kuroudi and Nebulu will combine. They will one's imagination a bit, it is very thrilling. There break up their old villages and rebuild on the main is real romance in it." trail, with a school for the children and a play- ground. Shortly before Easter the chiefs left Kwato for their mountain villages, and the first report of "While Sibodu was at Kwato he was impressed with the belief, during his quiet time, that when DAVIDA, SE'ATIDD AT THE RIGHT, TAKES A he got home he would pray for a sick woman and CENSUS OF DOREVAIDI CHILDREN she would be healed. When he returned to Ku- roudi he asked his wife, 'Is there a sick woman The Chief, Ofekule, Seated in Front. Tobernome, here?' 'Yes,' she said, 'so-and-so is ill with a Next to Him Wears a Big "Pigtail" swollen leg, and her entire body pains. She can't even come out of her house.' It happened this them from Davida, the Papuan missionary at way: She was in a rage with a child and had Duram, has come through. After spending four been thrashing the child, and chasing it with a fruitful days with Davida and his wife, holding stick. The child ran into the thick scrub, and meetings with the people, two of the chiefs, when the woman followed into the bush her pain began."

"Sibodu said, 'I will not hasten to see her. I will pray about it first.' For two days he made it a matter of prayer; then he went to see her. He said to the sick woman, 'I will not pray to God to heal you yet. I will talk to you first.' Then he explained to her what was her great sin in God's eyes. 'This child,' he said, 'that you were beating and chasing is a creation of God's hand. He has sent you this sickness to make you realize. When the missionaries came here they wrote down the names of all the children on a paper. At Kwato they are praying for our children, but you are abusing them.' He taught the woman new respect for children, and her eyes were opened and she understood that God had something to teach her through her sickness. Then Sibodu prayed for her, and she was healed. Her swollen leg burst and pus drained away quickly and she felt better and was able to walk about. She said, 'Truly the power of the missionaries is great.' Sibodu too marveled on account of this power.

"When I heard of this I sent for Sibodu' and warned him to be careful and show the people that

SIX HEATHEN CHIEFS COME TO ICWATO

he had no power, nor have the missionaries, but their sacred day. Again the white man was angry only God is powerful. Sibodu told the woman and said, "Where did you learn this fashion? that God had healed her by His power in answer You are bushmen!" to prayer, and that we must know and obey Him." Finally he picked up some Morima* boys who Labu and Ofekule, another chief, had an expe- had gone to Abau to work for Dimdims. They rience with a Dimdim (white man) who was were old Methodist mission boys. On their way prospecting for gold. He wanted carriers and they came upon a large wild pig and the white visited all the villages looking for "boys." But it man, who had a big dog, set him onto it. Both dog was Sunday and the villages were empty, for all and pig disappeared. They waited so long that the people had gone to Dorevaidi to worship, and finally the "Dimdim" sent one of the boys to look only feeble old men were left. He asked them, for the dog and pig. He too did not reappear. "Where are all the people?" and they answered, The white man sent the other boys to search for "They have all gone to Dorevaidi to the Mission- him while he himself went on along with his cook ary chiefs to pray." So he went to Dorevaidi and boy to Kauru. harangued the people, saying, "What are you doing? Who taught you this idea?" They ans,wered, They searched for the lost boy two days. Then Chief Sibodu, from Kuroudi, met them on the DAVIDA GIVING HIS TESTIM:ONY AT KUROUDI-A HEATHEN VILLAGE "This is our holy day, and we have all met to- main road and asked what was the matter. They gether to worship God. The missionaries taught said, "Our master must be ill-deserving, for first us and God taught us." The white man was angry his dog and then his boy has been lost." Sibodu and told them they were deceived, and it was all said, "What people are you ?" They said, "Weare untrue. "You don't belong to any mission," he Morima." "Do you know God?" "Yes, we used said, "you are only bushmen." Then he told Labu to live with missionaries." and Ofekule that he was not going to listen to them, but insisted on getting the carriers he They all sat down together while Sibodu prayed wanted. But they answered, "We are chiefs here, with them, and prayed specially for the missing no one will move without our consent." He was boy. While they were praying this boy appeared very angry and called them liars and said they from the bush. He told them he had been dizzy were mad. They said, "So be it; we are mad. Go in the head for two days and had not been able to your way, and one day God will give you some find his way. At last he had remembered to pray, sign and speak to you as He has spoken to us." and after prayer his head had cleared and he had The Dimdim set off without a single carrier. found his way quite easily. Sibodu asked him if he When he reached Kuroudi the same thing hap- knew about God. "Yes," he said, "I have known pened again. Chief Sibodu told him that it was a long time." "You have known about Him a long • Marima is on Ferguson Island in the Archipelago, northeast of Kwato.

time, but have you really got His salvation in your old things ar~ false to me. There is only one real heart?" power, and that is God's. I tell you, throw those things away today; they can only bring you Sibodu led the eleven of them to Kauru and death." back to their master. When they met him they said to him, "It was your fault that this boy went Sibodu took the charms in his hands and prayed astray. The Kuroudi missionary met us and over them and said, "These are now powerless. through his prayers all is well and we are arrived God's power is greater." here. In future respect God's day, for we too are the children of missions. We have seen God's F1inally Naula said, "Take these things away. hand in this." I have already repented." Sibodu told him all that the New Way the missionaries had brought The Dimdim answered not a word but called would mean in his village, and Naula confessed Sibodu and offered him rice and two sticks of to- his sins. bacco, which Sibodu declined, saying he did not smoke. So the white man took it back, and asked Chief Biruma worked in Amau, Domara and him where he was going. "To Duram, to my mas- Eava. Then he became ill. In his illness he was ter, the missionary there." He said, "What mis- very down-hearted and said, "I have not even sion ?" Sibodu replied, "Kwato Mission." begun my work in Dou and sickness has got me. I have lain in a house for a week and done noth- Let us pray earnestly for Sibodu. He doesn't ing." He was weary of this and said, "How is this? Does God test me? Why is this sickness?" BE'LEI, A CHEERFUL CHIEF OF AMAU Weak as he was, he cloaked himself in a nogi and He accepted the Gospel and gave his life, his set off to Amao. He gathered the people together but felt too ill to talk to them. Just then Chief village and all his people to God. Ofekule arrived on his way to Dorevaidi. Biruma was much encouraged and said, "Ofekule, it is fear his old friends and just now is on a tour of well you have come to do my work for me. I am villages. His great longing is to learn to read. He too sick. I have gathered the people. You do the has had some lessons and some teaching about work here." how to work. He tried to win Naula, the chief at Makaia, for God. Naula showed all his magic The following day Biruma went to Domara. things to which he pinned his faith. Sibodu said, Here he stayed eleven days teaching the people. "My friend, what are these things?" He an- He taught them to pray and to have their quiet swered, "What I use to kill people." times of prayer in the morning. He won a man called Du'ubo, whom he brought to Duram later. "Are they dead things or living things?" This man is a case of real out-and-out conver- "They are living things." sion. He has given himself entirely to God, and "My friend, in God's eyes those are the things is a challenge to us all at Duram because he of death; don't say they are things of life. Give is so whole-hearted. He has won his wife, and yourself to Christ. He is the true Way of Life. she publicly cut off her heathen signs and de- Those things there I too used to believe in very stroyed her magic charms. Du'ubo longs to visit much. Then I went to Kwato and found life and Kwato and learn more. God's power, and I saw His wisdom, so now those The Chief of Domara needs prayer. His name is Bobogoni. He is not yet converted, but Biruma brought him to Duram and he is staying a few days in our home.

Here in God's new garden the harvest is ripe; where are the reapers to cut and gather it?

Greetings: I am Davida of Duram.

**** In response to this S. O. S., Russell Abel has set- tled the first contingent of Kwato-trained Papuan leaders in the Dorevaidi mountains, to strengthen the work so zealously begun by the six chiefs.

This is not an ended tale. The story of the six seeking and witnessing chiefs told in England this summer by young missionaries now on furlough from Kwato, has been the means of turning six British lives to God. Undoubtedly more surprises await behind the mountains to the west of Kwato.

of German

Naziism, Anti-Semitism and Foreign Missions By CONRAD HOFFMANN, Jr., New York Director of Committee on the Christian Approach to the Jews "B LUT und Boden," the Nazi slogan fre- the paper has recently been purchased by the quently heard, has dread significance for "Propaganda Ministerium," and we are told that many thousands in Germany today. It a large sum was paid to Streicher; but if the first implies purification of Germany from all traces few issues under the government management are of Jewishness or Jewish contamination. The any index of future policy, we are forced to con- Nazis, who do not necessarily represent all Ger- clude that the Sturmer will continue in much the mans, are determined to eliminate everything same vulgar fashion as heretofore, unworthy of Jewish from the "Dritte Reich." If consistent what one knows as German Ritterlichkeit. It does they will not stop at elimination of J ewishness not improve matters that in view of the Olympic from their physical life – race, commerce, civil Games' visitors this summer, many of the service, etc.-but will proceed to eliminate Jew- Stiirmerboards in the large cities have been re- ishness from their cultural, ideological, and spir- moved or are being used for other purposes.

itual life as well. In Berlin-Zehlendorf-West* a statue or monu- They fully recognize that Christianity is a dom- ment was recently unveiled in the presence of the inant factor in the field of ideology, and because local mayor and other municipal authorities. It Christianity is "Bluts-verwandt" with Judaism, is dedicated to Theodore Fritsch (1853-1933), a they have decided that Christianity also must be pioneer agitator of anti-Jewish sentiment and eliminated. Accordingly the fight against Jewish- represents a crocodile-like monster with a mali- ness and Judaism includes the fight against Chris- ciously exaggerated Jewish head. Sitting strident tianity, which in its origins and content is so on this monster is a man with uplifted sledge largely Jewish and Judaic. hammer in the act of crushing in the skull of the The racial purity ideal of Adolf Hitler demands monster. The pedestal carries the following in- that Jewish blood be eliminated from German scriptions which are extracts from addresses or blood, or at least must be made innocuous by a writings of Theodore Fritsch: sufficient infiltration of virile German blood. 1. No improvement of race without disappearance of Hence only the third generation from a mixed Jewry. marriage is acceptable to the Nazis. For the 2. The Jewish question is fundamentally a struggle be- Nazis, J ewishness is a scourge or plague like cancer, which must be exterminated at all costs tween the honorable and the dishonorable. and without mercy. 3. If it is proven that the lower race (meaning the Jews) deteriorates the higher (German), then the higher must display sufficient pride in its purity as well as Nor can Hitler escape responsibility for the will power and determination to keep the lower from brutal anti-Jewish madness which has' swept its life.

through large circles of Germans. Some would One hears stories from reputable people which seem incredible and the inventions of the devil. excuse Hitler, but he is the one who set things on One such is that of a schoolmaster compelling an unfortunate Jewish or non-Aryan child in his fire, a fire which apparently has got utterly out class to read aloud to the class some of the obscene anti-Jewish fomentations of the Sturmer. All of control. With all his autocratic power, for ex- one can say if such is true is that it is devilishly horrible. ample, Herr Hitler could easily have put an end That this anti-Jewish campaign does not stop long since to the vile, vulgar, and pornographic short of becoming anti-Christian as well is evi- denced in many ways. There are some who mainanti-Semitic Sturmer, edited until recently by tain that Jesus and all disciples but Judas were non-Jews, and that Judas, who betrayed Jesus, Julius Streicher. Instead, not only has the paper • AlleeI,n Cahatrmiabnegrlualianr,anladndWscianpteedrfepldlatc-setrbaossuennd.ed by Theodore Fritsch been permitted to continue publication, but also the posting of each issue of the Sturmer on special bulletin boards throughout the country has per- sisted. On these bulletin boards all the pages of the paper are displayed to serve as virulent poisoning of the minds of adults as well as of I. nnOCen t an d suscept 'b le ch1'ldreno It'IS t rue that 1 [399 ]

only did what the typical Jew would do. Others age. The issuance of the first number of their would debar all consideration of the Bible in- magazine was the occasion for a house investiga- cluding the New Testament because it is all tion by the police and Gestapo. April 28 and 29, Jewish. Some weeks before Easter, Professor their chairman attended the meeting of the Inter- Hauer, of the German Faith Movement, spoke in national Committee on the Christian Approach to Hamburg at a big mass meeting in a public hall, the Jews in The Netherlands. During' the first with permission of the local authorities, on the week in May the Society was ordered to liquidate!

question, "Can a German Be a Christian?" His These are signs of the times. In the face of answer was in the negative. Among other things them it is obvious that the whole foreign mission- he declared that ever since Christianity was in- ary enterprise of the German churches is bound troduced into Germany, one thousand or more to be seriously handicapped if not in actual danger years ago, it has done harm to the soul and fibre of liquidation. One must admire the many Ger- of the German people; moreover that religion man missionary friends for their continued faith, must be racial, each race having its own religion, hope, effort, and courage. There are forces at and that a German who is Christian in faith is no work which threaten to crush out their very exist- longer German but a bastard. All of these re- ence. To combat these forces is at the risk of marks were loudly applauded by the vast audience. liberty, if not of life.

When leaders of the Confessional Church move- Foreign Mission Difficulties ment applied for permission to hold a counter- meeting in the same hall, it was refused. They Among the major difficulties resulting for the then organized a church meeting in protest, using German foreign missionary enterprise, the folthe same topic but answering it in the affirmative. lowing merit mention. They are taken from an So many turned out that it was necessary to hold article by Professor Julius Richter in the October, two overflow meetings – evidence of the feelings 1935, issue of the Neue Allgemeine Missionsand convictions of many Germans. Zeitschrift. The title of the article is "Die Kri- tische Lage der Deutschen Evangelischen Mis- It is well to voice the caution that one should si.onen." never generalize when talking or writing about Germany, or for that matter about any country 1. Financial: First because no public appeals or people. Not all Germans are anti-Jewish or or collections for funds can be made. Second, anti-Semitic, nor are all Germans necessarily anti- owing to the foreign exchange regulations of the Christian. Moreover, whereas most Germans to- German Government, the thirty societies federday probably regard Hitler as their only hope, ated in the German Evangelical Missionary Althat does not mean that they agree with all his liance, and responsible for one thousand missionaims or policies. aries (not counting the wives), are permitted only 172,500 marks per month for foreign transmis- But having said that, one must add that there sion. That equals 172 marks ($43.00) per misare powerful forces at work in Germany today sionary family per month. This means roughly which, if not checked, will undoubtedly make·Ger- but 2,000,000 marks per year can be forwarded many anti-Jewish and anti-Christian and force all from Germany to the foreign mission stations Germans to become subservient to the extreme maintained by the German societies. In 1933, totalitarian concepts of Hitler. These violate hu- however, before the exchange regulations were man liberty and rights as well as annihilate all enforced, the actual remittances and expenditures freedom of conscience. It is here where the men- were 11,000,000 marks. ace lies. This menace, like the sword of Damocles, swings with scientific precision ever lower and An analysis of present income prospects reveal lower, lopping off all possibilities of a livelihood the following: in Germany for increasing numbers of Jews and non-Aryans. Ultimately, if unchecked, it will Assured from Germany ………….. marks 2,000,000 reach the heart of the Christian faith as well. In prospect from friends in Switzer:and, 1,400,000 Already religious publications, such as Y. M. Holland, Alsatia, etc. ………….. Government appropriations for schools C. A. monthly magazines and even the Missions- and hospitals and contributions from 3,000,000 Zeitschrift ("Missionary Review") of Professor native Christians ………………

Julius Richter, are classed as political publica- A total income of 6,400,000 marks is available tions. They are therefore subject to the rigid to meet expenditures of 11,000,000 per annum.

censorship of the Gestapo. Some time ago the The German Exchange Bureau allows merely for German Jewish Missionary Society of Berlin was the existence minimum for German missionaries reorganized in an attempt on the part of its mem- but nothing for the 10,951 native workers and bers to manifest Christian love and neighborliness nothing for maintenance or upkeep of the mis- to the unfortunate Jewish and Christian non- sion stations.

Aryan friends. One can only admire their cour- 2. All stations are undermanned. From 1914

DIFFICULTIES OF GERMAN CHRISTIANS

to 1925 no new young missionaries were sent out. The greater the difficulties and the opposition, the Hence missionaries on the field are largely old veterans, many of them near seventy years of age. greater the resistance. Today there are fifteen German Protestant mis- "For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor sion stations in South Africa, six in China, and five in East Africa entirely unoccupied. Whereas life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, the Gossner Mission had thirty main stations with nor things present, nor things to come, nor forty-three ordained missionaries in 1914, today height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall it has but four stations with only seven ordained missionaries. The other societies without excep- be able to separate us from the love of God, which tion report similar reductions. is in Christ Jesus our Lord." Romans 8: 38, 39.

3. The lack of unity and federation among the Let us thank God for the marvelous stamina German missionary societies in the face of these and faith of so many Germans. It is truly a mirsituations is disastrous, even if in some cases at least excusable. Origins, traditions, all these can- acle that so many Germans have stood so loyally not be suddenly pushed aside for the sake of unity by even in the face of unpopularity if not actual without serious consequences. danger of persecution and imprisonment. We who are Christians outside of Germany should appre- 4. Finally, there are the great difficulties in the home field arising out of the present currents ciate more our freedom; we need to pray for our in German life, to some of which reference has German colleagues as they fight for the faith. already been made. These hamper the Christian Church and missions. There is much propaganda During the summer a lull is anticipated, due to against Christianity as we have seen, in spite of the plea of Hitler for "positive Christianity." new developments in international affairs, and the Books like "Salvation from Christ," by Mrs. M. presence of many Olympic Games' visitors. But Ludendorff, and Alfred Miller's "Deterioration of most people with inside information agree that Race Under the Cross," help to undermine Christian faith. Men like Wilhelm Hauer, Graf Revent- a renewed tightening of the reins will come in the low, Ernst Bergmann, exercise unusual influence autumn. Should such actually occur, the Jews in many circles. Former Bishop MUller's "Deutsche Worte," while utterly discounted in and non-Aryans will probably suffer first and Confessional Church circles, is nonetheless read increasing difficulties will follow for the Church by many, and notably by youth. The difficulties and its auxiliary foreign missionary enterprise. put in the way of Christian youth organizations, and the increasing pressure brought to bear to More trials and tribulations are thus likely to force all German youth into the Hitler Youth come. But in the end the Christian faith will Movements, do not serve to promote Christian faith or interest in Christian missions. triumph. Indeed, may it not emerge purified as gold by fire, freed from all hampering dross and And unfortunately, at this critical time when positive Christendom should present a united so able to go forward with new courage, new confront, there are increasing divisions within the viction, and with new dynamic power to help ranks of the Confessional Church circles. build the Kingdom of God among men in Ger- Anxiety is felt. Fear exists, but not despair. many as well as throughout the world. * * "There were twenty-four large evangelical missionary conferencGs held in Germany in the year 1935. The missionary forces supported on the foreign field by these societies number 1,571, whereas German Catholic missionary societies support abroad 3,673. As there are twice as many Protestants as Catholics in Germany. the Catholics are four times more numerous on the mission field than Protestants. Against 515 ordained Evangelical missionaries the Catbolics have 999 missionary priests. In contrast to the 851 feminine Evangelical workers on the missionary field the Catholics have 2,002 Catholic sisters. There are 205 Evangelical nonordained workers as contrasted with 672 Catholics. The German Evangelical societies are respon- sible for 61 mission fields whereas the German Catholic societies have 50. The total number of Evangelical native Christians is 1,176,381, with an additional 64,553 to be baptized. The Catholic native Chris- tians In the missionary field number 742,716 with 126.144 to be baptized." Data taken from Die Deutsche Evangelische Heiaenmis- sion. Der Vereinigten Deutschen Missionskonferenzen. 1936.

LEADERSHIP MUST FEED ON DIFFICULTIES The leaders in momentous days like these must be able to feed on difficulties. Probably never has there been a time in the history of the expansion of the Christian religion when the leaders of the home base, in fact in every country, were confronted with such a consentration of unsolved problems and impossible difficulties. We have all too many among them who have become expert in seeing lions in the path, men who have become habituated to taking counsel with their fears. Great is the need of more men and women in positions of leadership who; while not failing to see with clear and steady gaze all the adverse or opposing facts and factors, are even more determined to take counsel with their faith. In reality is not this one of the chief functions of a leader? The true leader is at his best under most baffling circumstances. The board secretaries and board members to whom the churches are most indebted are not those associated with so-called strategic retreats but with steady, triumphant progress under conditions where the majority insisted that the advance was impossible.- John R. Mott.

Bethel Bands in

Experiences of Chinese Evangelists in Manchuria and in the Provinces By REV. ANDREW GIl:I, Shanghai A Chinese Evangelist of the Bethel Mission I N 1931 the official members of the Bethel Mis- North Manchuria near the border of Siberia, with sion Band were praying for the Holy Spirit's a total membership of about twenty-five, including guidance as to a particular field to which we preacher and elders. It would take three nights should go with the Gospel. We were impressed and two days on the train to reach that place, and with a verse about Jesus being led by the Spirit it did not seem very wise to spend so much time, into the wilderness. We remembered that Man- money and energy for our team of five people to churia was in many respects like a wilderness- go to preach to twenty-five. We wanted to divide not densely populated-so we . our party by sending one of our took it to be the place where we Band to this small church and should go to conduct an evan- The Bethel Mis s ion 0 f the others to some big city. gelistic campaign. The tem- Shanghai was established But as we prayed we felt imperature in winter was fifty or some years ago through the pressed that we should keep tosixty degrees below zero, so we min is try of Miss Jennie gether, even though we could prepared for the cold weather Hughes, formerly an Ameri~ not understand why the Lord and started out the last of Au- can Methodist missionary, wanted us to go together to gust. and Dr. Mary Stone, the first such a small church. When we Chinese woman to receive her When we arrived at our first medical degree in America. arrived at the place where we stopping place we found a con- This mission has now grown should make connections with ference of Christian leaders to large proportions and ex~ a train going to our destination gathered there for s p e cia I erts a nation~wide influence. we learned that Mukden had meetings. It was a wonderful been captured by the Japanese. opportunity, for if all of these It includes a large church, While we were waiting for the hospital, schools, theological leaders could be filled with the seminary and evangelistic train the Lord spoke to me, tell- Holy Spirit and be set on fire bands that go all over China, ing me to go to find some for the Lord Jesus Christ there working in cooperation with church near by. My co-worker, might be a wonderful revival missionaries and Chi n es e Mr. Frank Lin, and I walked in the whole of Manchuria. Christians of many denomi~ over to the town and found a nations. It is a "faith mis~ But the Lord led us another sion," believing in the full small church. The preacher way. The door was suddenly Gospel, depending on prayer was away but his wife asked us shut and we decided to turn and the Holy Spirit, and to wait until her husband got our steps to the City of Muk- trusting God for the supply home. We replied that we did den. There was a large Chris- of every need. Mr.. Andrew not have time because we were tian church there but our sud- Gih is now in America hold~ waiting for the train. Fortu- den arrival gave little time for ing evangelistic meetings. nately the preacher returned preparation. The elders and soon and very kindly said he leaders got busy in the morn- would accompany us to the rail- ing, riding on bicycles to make these meetings way station. There we found two members of the known. The first night about three hundred peo- Band sitting beside our luggage, surrounded by pIe came, and night after night the meetings grew policemen, but one member of the Band-the until the large church was packed with eager lis- youngest-=-was missing. An officer had suspected teners. People had to sit on the window sills and this group of young people and had taken this to stand outside the doors. The meetings closed young man for cross-examination. They could not on September 18th with over one thousand people understand why, in the time of war, this group of professing salvation and rejoicing in the Lord. young people had come with no other motive than We prayed again that the Lord would lead us to preach the Gospel. We had not been invited by to other places. There was a small church in any church or promised our expenses, so the Chi- [402 ] nese authorities thought that we must be Commu- And yet they had not bothered us nor questioned nists. The young boy was frightened; he had us, but had let us in.

been told by the police that if he could produce During the Manchurian war great numbers of some one from the city to guarantee that we were people were killed and there was much confusion evangelists they would let him go, otherwise the and turmoil. People were fleeing here and there!

whole Band would be taken to prison. I whis- yet for more than three months the Lord guided pered to the local preacher, "Now this is some- us, protected us and delivered us from all dangers.

thing you can do for us." So he went with me and When we were ready to go back to Shanghai, we told the officers his name and his church. When did not have enough money for our passage, s.o asked by the police if we were really the Bethel we prayed that as the Lord had given us souls, Band Evangelists here to preach the Gospel, he re- now He would provide passage back to Shanghai.

plied, "Oh, yes." We did not want to burden the Manchurian Chris- "Do you know them?" tians, so we prayed that the Lord would, in some "Yes, I know them." way, send us the money. The owner of a steam- "Are you willing to guarantee them ?" ship company was converted in our meeting and "Yes," he said, and took his pen and signed his was s.o happy that he gave us first-class tickets on name. Two minutes later we were free. one of the steamers sailing for Shanghai. The Now when we arrived at the town where we Lord is faithful. For His glory about five thou- were to hold meetings the rumors of war were sand people were saved during that period, during everywhere. The Japanese airplanes came flying the time of war and trouble. God delivered us in the air and the people there were much fright- from all dangers. He is still on the throne and ened. They wanted to flee somewhere for refuge proved His faithfulness.

so we could not go on with the meetings. We had Dear Christian, if we walk after the Spirit and to flee with them to another city. The war was are spiritually-minded we will know the will of so bad that communications were cut off. The God. We ought to be like the handmaiden of money we had was spent and we leaned hard on whom the Psalmist speaks, whose eye is always the Lord for needed guidance. We wanted to go watching the hand of her mistress so as to catch to another city but didn't have any way of inform- any indication of her will.

ing the people there because the telegraph and In the Gospel of John we learn in the third chap- telephone offices were guarded by the Japanese ter that the Holy Spirit gives life to the soul. In and the Chinese were not allowed to send mes- the fourth chapter we learn that the Holy Spirit sages.. We had to go on by faith trusting God to becomes a fountain within the soul, keeping the protect and to lead us. When we arrived in the Life renewed. In the seventh chapter we learn evening we hired a horse and cart to take us into the Holy Spirit becomes "rivers of living water,"

the city. We found the church and the residence bringing this Life to others.

of the pastor, but the doors were shut. We The Holy Spirit, when I was yet a sinner, dead knocked but the pastor could not believe when we in trespasses and sins, came to quicken my soul told him that we were the "Bethel Band." and to give me life, so that I was born again.

"Where do you come from ?" He also works in me as an abiding fountain "Weare from North Manchuria." springing up unto everlasting life. This is a won- "How did you come?" derful experience. But He promises to do an even "By train." greater work through me by causing me to over- "How did you get into the city?" flow in blessing to others. There is no reason why "By horse and cart." we Christians cannot testify to others and bring At last he opened the door and said, "Now are souls to God. Jesus Christ gives us these experi- you really the Bethel Band?" ences because He wants us to tell others about His "Yes, we are." salvation. He has not only given us an experi- "Now how did you come?" ence that we can talk about, but He has promised "We came by train." to give us power to witness for Him.

"But how did you get into the city?" When we should be "rivers of living water"

"By horse and cart.'" many times we are like the Samaritan woman's "Did you· see the Japanese soldiers at the city pitcher which was continually becoming empty gate ?" and had to be brought back to Jacob's well. Our "Yes, four of them, two at each side, fully capacity is so small that we easily become dried armed." up. We go to special meetings to be filled up; and "Then," he said, "how did you get past them, then go home to become dried up again. There is for the soldiers have been told not to let the Chi- water down deep in the well but we must go there nese go in or out without being examined and to draw it up. In the modern days we have the searched?" pump, but when we stop pumping the water stops

flowing. It is sadly true in the churches today sengers. They already had forty passengers and that somebody must pump all of the time or spir- the little boat was top-heavy, but that was the only itual life dries up. We must pump to keep the way we could go, so we committed ourselves into prayer meeting going; pump in the song service; God's care and went aboard. There wasn't any pump in the testimony meeting; all the work of private cabin so we had to sleep on the floor like the church has to be pumped, otherwise it will not sardines. There were crying babies all around go ahead. But the Holy Spirit cannot only fill our that took turns crying so that we could not sleep. hearts but will make us rivers of living water that The Yangtze River has many rapids. When we naturally flows out to others. A river does not came to a strong rapid the launch could not go on, need to be pumped, it flows itself and nothing can so cables were thrown out and the villagers, a coustop it. If each Christian will realize his need and ple hundred people, helped to pull the launch up come to the Lord Jesus Christ with a thirsty heart the rapids. Going through one of the rapids the and freely drink of the Water of Life, rivers of people were pulling and the engine was going to living water will flow out through him to others. its limit of power. Suddenly there was a terrific shake and a noise-the cable had broken. Our The prophet Ezekiel had a wonderful vision of ship was carried down by the power of the swift the river of living water (chapter 47). He saw stream and it seemed as if it would be dashed water issuing out of the altar of the temple. The right on a big rock. Then suddenly the ship was Holy Spirit came on the day of Pentecost so that lifted by the water and was landed right up on the 120 were filled with power. The Spirit came from rock. It was a miracle. The next question was the Holy of Holies as a river of living water. This how we could get the ship off the rock. The pas- River still flows today and we can have the same sengers were taken ashore in a rowboat and were privilege as the early disciples. Paul tells us that told to pull, but we could not move the boat. our bodies are temples of God when the Holy Spirit lives in them. If we want to overflow with Then I went behind the rocks to pray. I respiritual power and blessing we must be wholly minded the Lord that we were on His mission and dedicated to God. Then the Holy Spirit will be a should not delay any longer. The Lord told me to river flowing out through our lives. attend to my business and that He would attend to the boat, so I went back to distribute tracts and to There are four steps to the overflowing life as preach. Finally the boat was pulled off the rock pictured in Ezekiel. First the water reaches to to a place of safety. It was about four o'clock in the ankles. This means the guidance of the Holy the afternoon and we were told that the boat Spirit. How many times we so-called Christians would not go on that day, so we went to the vildo not walk after the Holy Spirit, but after the lage to preach and distribute tracts. We felt that flesh. Weare worldly and are interested in the our boat was not reliable so we again knelt on the things of the world; but if we would walk after river bank and prayed that the Lord would send the Spirit we would be spiritual. God will guide us a better ship and take us to our destination in us by the Holy Spirit, by His Word and also by time to keep our appointment. His providence, to the "green pastures beside the still waters" where our experience c~n be en- Before we had finished praying we heard a larged. whistle and suddenly a large steamer appeared. This was not a place where it usually stopped, so Next Ezekiel says that the water came up to the we asked the Lord that it might stop if this was knees. This denotes prayer. Christians and the boat for us. We watched with joy when it did churches do not have much power today because stop in the middle of the river. We hired a small they neglect prayer. The prayer room is less used row boat to take us to the steamer and asked if than the dining and social rooms. When we pray there were accommodations for us. Then I heard in the Holy Spirit prayer will become power, a man calling out, "Jesus man, Jesus man." A bringing real fellowship with God. We don't few seconds later a man with a smiling face, came know how to pray but the Holy Spirit can help us. and took my hand and said, "Are you Pastor When He leads us to pray we forget time and our Gih ?" souls are lifted up. The windows of Heaven are opened and blessings are poured down upon us. "Yes," I said. "How do you know?"

Members of the Bethel Band have experienced "I was in Shanghai and attended your confermany answers to prayer. The Band started out for ence and- heard you preach." West China, arrived at the Yangtze River, where we were to catch a boat going up to Szechuan. "That is good," I replied, and asked him if he We were in a hurry and wanted to catch the first could help us to get accommodations on this boat. boat. The river was so low that the large steam- He went to the manager and told him that our ers had to wait for the water to rise. There was party came from Bethel Mission. only a small river launch scheduled to sail up the river, and this launch could only carry twenty pas- "Why, my wife talks about Bethel Mission," re- plied the captain, "because she has a friend study-

THE BETHEL BANDS IN CHINA

ing there. If they are from Bethel Mission I will Many a soldier found the Lord before he was make special accommodations for them." killed. Many prized the tracts and Gospel por- tions given them, and read them in the trenches. We thanked God for the answer to prayer and went back to the small river launch to get our The Japanese airplanes were able to destroy the things. The next day we safely reached our desti- strong defensive lines and the Chinese had to renation. Later we learned that the day after we treat. The Bethel Band had to flee for their lives, left the small launch it went to the bottom of the and on their way they passed through a village river. where there was no way of getting out of danger. As our boys stopped to give a short message of In Ezekiel's vision the next measurement of the the Gospel, they heard the planes coming. The water was "up to the loins." This, I think, de- villagers asked the boys to go with them to hide notes humble service in the Holy Spirit. At the in the dug-outs which they had made but the boys "last supper" Jesus girded Himself with a towel refused to go. They remained in a little Gospel and washed the feet of His disciples. When we Hall, saying that if they were going Home they are obedient to the Holy Spirit, we will know how would rather go from the heavenly Father's to serve the Lord. How often we work in our house, so they knelt there in prayer and were preown power! We labor, but do not see any results. paring their hearts to go to Heaven at any mo- Before the day of Pentecost the disciples worked ment, when they heard a terrific noise and felt and preached, but there were no conversions; the foundation of the building shake. Something when they were filled with the Holy Spirit, in one hit the roof of the little Gospel Hall and they day three thousand were saved. . thought it was a bomb; but everything quieted down and they opened their eyes; they were still In 1932 there was war in North China between alive and so they thanked the Lord for His deliv- Japan and China. The papers reported the erance. The villagers who had hidden in the dugslaughter of Chinese soldiers because the Japa- outs had all been killed. The little Gospel Hall nese had airplanes and big guns while the Chinese was the only building left standing. They thanked lacked these modern weapons. Our Chinese boys God that before they returned to Shanghai they and girls at Bethel Seminary were greatly stirred had been able to lead over 2,000 soldiers to the and four young men especially seemed to have a Lord Jesus Christ. The time was war, the place definite call from God to go to the front to preach was dangerqus, the hearts were hard, yet they to the Chinese soldiers. They said, "Weare here worked in the power of the Holy Spirit and saw preparing for the ministry, yet our soldiers are over 2,000 soldiers converted. dying by the hundreds every day." We prayed for them and everything was ready for them to In our seminary young men and young women go except the money. Our mission is a "faith are trained to be evangelists, full of the Spirit of mission" and we don't keep reserve funds; so God. Their aim is to go out and preach to the these special undertakings must have special lost the message of the Gospel. May the Lord funds to meet them. Dr. Mary Stone was invited bless these young people, provide the needed funds to preach at a church in Shanghai and took two to take in those who cannot support themselves, of these boys, who called themselves Bethel War- and give them proper training so that they may zone Band. They told the people of their call and go out to preach the Gospel, to evangelize China. asked the people to pray for them. The people not only prayed for the boys but prayed that be- The last measurement that Ezekiel reports is a fore the soldiers should slip into eternity they river that he could not pass over, water to swim might have a chance to hear the Gospel from these in. This may denote the life lived wholly in the young people. The next day a special messenger Spirit. It is a life of liberty, a life of trust, a life came to Dr. Stone with an envelope containing of fruitfulness and power. Christians must first $300, with a note saying that since the sender be obedient, second must spend time in prayer, could not go to preach to the soldiers the money third in work for Him, and then we will have the was being sent to enable these young people to go. secret of living in the Holy Spirit. When we live in the Holy Spirit our life will be naturally fruit- The Bethel Warzone Band started forth to ful and the results will be far-reaching. The preach the Gospel, not only risking their lives in tragedy today is that many people want to expethe dangers of the war but also facing Chinese rience the Holy Spirit while in the church, but soldiers some of whom were angry. One soldier when they go back home, to business, to school, loaded his gun, threatening to shoot them if they to hospitals or to their societies they do not seek preached again. He said that China was invaded to have the Holy Spirit control them. We must by a foreign nation and yet these Chinese boys had not only believe in Christ, but we must live Christ. come to preach a foreign religion. It required bold- We should so live in the Holy Spirit that we will ness, with tact and wisdom, but the Lord was car- live victoriously. ing for them and they preached to the soldiers.

The prophet Ezekiel tells us that "at the bank catch nothing because the nets are broken. We of the river were very many trees on the one side not only need to go to preach to others but we and on the other." If there is not water the land need to take care of our nets by spending time in is dry and barren, but when the water comes the devotions, prayer and Bible reading so that our trees, grass and flowers will grow; the place will nets will be able to hold the fish. become beautiful and fruitful, for the water is life-giving. The water in the vision flowed into Ezekiel tells us about the fruits-new fruit a sea and the salt and bitter sea water was healed every month and leaves that shall not fade. We and made sweet. How many lives are filled with are to bring forth fruits all of the time. Green bitterness because of suffering and disappoint- leaves represent fresh testimonies because we rement. If Christians are filled with the Holy ceive new blessings every day. Some people give Spirit, their bitterness is turned into sweetness. as testimonies the yellow leaves many years old and repeat them over and over; people get tired Ezekiel also tells us that there were many kinds of hearing the same thing, but green leaves are of fish in the river. The Holy Spirit enables us new experiences. The leaves can be used for to become fishers for men, to lead souls to Christ. medicine for some needy souls who hear our testi- mony and are healed. Spiritual diseases can be There are several ways of catching fish. First cured by this medicine. with a hook-personal work, hooking them one by one. But sometimes the fish hooks just on the Do we desire to live in the Holy Spirit? Do we skin of the nose, and the fish is hurt-the skin is want to be fruitful and victorious and powerful? broken, and it flees away and never comes back. Do we want to live a life of joy and liberty? Then, When we do personal work we should not argue. beloved, let us give ourselves wholly to the Lord, We should be careful not merely to hurt the feel- so that our lives become sanctuaries of our heavings of the people, but gently to lead them by giv- enly Father. From the Holy of Holies these rivers ing them food. of Living Water flow out until many souls are won to the Lord Jesus Christ. This is the life that He There is another kind of fishing, by casting nets wants us to live-lives of faith, of joyful satisfacto catch a number of fish. This is preaching in tion, of service and victory. public. Many times we preach in public and VOLUNTEERS WANTED FOR AFRICA* Young men and women with the spirit of adventurers and the devotion of crusaders; who are not afraid of hardship; who can play the game as goodspirtsmen; who can carry on as good soldiers-men and women, eyes aglow with vision, faces agleam with high resolve, hearts ready for service here in Africa, a good, good land even though Christopher Columbus didn't discover it.

The need is urgent. Reinforcement must be had. Our total working force numbers eighty-five. Only fifty-three are on the field. Our responsibility is enormous.

We need doct.ors. Only two are on the field, one away off on the periphery of the mis- sian; the other in charge of the large, modern hospital at Elat, itself a job for two doctors, and with the care and oversight of eleven of the mission stations,-an impossible task. We need some of the sterling stuff that had its counterpart ten years ago in young men return- ing from the wars. Where are they?

Four years ago we began a French Normal School at Foulassi with the expectation of placing there a force of three teachers. Instead, presently, there will be but one. We need teachers-men who, were the War still on, would be doing their bit as interpreters at the front.

Ten years ago we began an Agricultural School. For two years it has been closed- no agriculturist. Where is the Christian graduate of one of our Agricultural colleges who will volunteer for this big job, tremendous, rich in opportunity and promise?

This past year money has been pouring in for new buildings and repairs. Almost every station has large unused appropriations for buildings, urgently, pressingly, needed. Mis- sionaries now have more demands made upon them than they can meet, they can not build. We need builders. – Young men and women with the spirit of adventurers and the devotion of crusaders- come! The missionary enterprise calls, and above all Christ calls-"Who will come and work today" Come!!

• A call from The Drum Call, pubJished by the American Presbyterian Mission in Cameroun District, West Africa.

as Seen from

-'~l!;11 _In_d_ia===~II~- ===_B_y_V_._R=._C_H_AN=D=R_A_*,=M_a_d_ra_s_, I am sending to you a manuscript written by V. R. Chandra, The community acts like one man. They are cal- B.A., one of Dr. Ambedkar's men from Madras. I hope you can CUlating about the religious, social, political and economical consequences, should the eighty thoumake use of it in some publication as showing how Hinduism looks sand Untouchables join their fold. So do the Christians; so do the Sikhs. from the Inside and the bottom. Mr. Chandra went with us to the Malerkotla Jalsa, and was duly Impressed by the neat church and On the other hand, what do I find in the Hindu society? The Hindus are sleeping and snoring clean appearance of the Christians there, who are the sweepers of soundly. They are indifferent. They are immov- able. They are believers in "Karma" or "Kismet" the city streets. Indeed, I learned later that during the communion (or Fate); they think that what should happen will happen and so why bother! On the other service he wished to take part. One of our workers reminded him hand their religious leaders, the Sankaracharis that he was not baptized as a Christian; but he said, "But why should I not remember the Lord Jesus who gave His life for us Untouchables." He took part reverently, and no one wished It otherwise. India is indeed being shaken from the very foundations, and all religions are In the Providence of God being judged by these "who are not." The Christian Church is slowly awakening, but I feel we are not nearly so alive to the significance of all this as are the Sikhs and Mohammedans. I may add that It Is very diffi- cult to get such an article published in any except our Christian papers out here, as most of the larger publications are financed by Hindu money. REV. CLINTON H. LOEULIN, American Pre8byterian Mission, Jullundur City, Punjab.

SOCIALLY, religiously, politically, economi- and the Brahmin Pandits, are advising the Un- cally we, the people of India, have been the touchables to join any other religion which is a .slaves and helots of Hindu society, and branch of Hinduism or to start a new religion of consequently of other societies as well, for ages their own. This is unsolicited and unwanted and are even today being crushed down in spite advice to the Untouchables who know by now of the British Government. We have found out what to do and what not to do. Having crushed that the remedy for these wrongs lies in our hands us too long and too much, and incapable of eradi- and not in others. Dr. Ambedkar, than whom cating the darkest blot on humanity in the name there can be no better, nobler, worthier leader for of God and religion, it is not for them to advise us, has suggested a very easy remedy and it is for us now when we have already decided upon giv- us to carry out that suggestion into execution. ing up Hinduism and all its paraphernalia.

Ever since the great doctor made his announce- Now what are our sins that merit this great ment that emancipation of the Untouchables lies curse? We have been of great service to Hindu in the desertion of the Hindu fold and embracing society from time of yore. Weare washing your any other religion according equality and broth- latrines, we are sweeping your roads, we are erhood there is a stir in the religious, social and ploughing your fields, we are stitching your shoes political atmosphere unparalleled in this country -in short, we are a band of very useful servants or for that matter, in any other country, ever be- of human society, being also hewers of wood and fore. All other religions and societies are agi- drawers of water, working like bulls during day tated over the situation, except Hinduism and and night. The wages that we get are nothing Hindu society. rfhe Moslems, the Christians, the to the hard and the dirty work that we perform.

Sikhs and others have begun to think furiously Our position is nothing better than that of the and seriously about the situation created. I am slaves of Abyssinia and helots of ancient Greece going about the country for the last four months. and Rome. To such useful servants of the society Wherever I go I am struck by the wonderful mil- what is the treatment accorded? It is worse than itary dicipline that is actuating the Moslem com- the treatment meted out to pigs and dogs and munity in matters social, religious or political. donkeys! We are called "Untouchables"; we are excluded from society and are made to dwell in • An address by a Hindu, delivered at the Jullundur District Con- dirty and unsanitary slums both in towns and ference of Untouchables, June 15, 1936. A large number of dele- villages. Why? Is it because we eat beef? Do gates, numbering about 500, attended and great enthusiasm prevailed. not Europeans also eat beef? Do not some Mos- Hindu, Mussulman and Christian public watched the p·roceedings- lems eat beef? Don't you touch them? Then why the audience numbering about 1,500. Three resolutions were not touch us? We alone are untouchable. Why? adopted: the first expressing loyalty to the British throne, the They say we are unclean. They say we do dirty second voting full confidence in the leadership of Dr. Ambedkar work. They say we are latrine cleaners. Do not and condemning the misleading manumvres of almost all the so- your mothers and sisters clean the filth and excalled nationalist papers and the press of all and sundry denomina- creta of their children? Do you call them "Untions to pooh-pooh the activities of the accredited leader and the touchables"? Do they not serve you food? If we uncrowned king of the Adl-Dravldas (Untouchables) of this land. The third resolution appealed to the Untouchables throughout the land, saying that unless and until they give up completely the Hindu religion and all the paraphernalia of Hindu ceremony and worship, the so-called sacred books and beliefs, superstitions and pilgrimages to the so-called holy places and tltirthas, the community has no chance of any advancement either spiritually, socially, economically or politically.

[407 ]

are unclean, thanks to the nature of our work, it try there was a civilized race, the aboriginal race, is for society to allow us sufficient water conveni- an agriculturist race, called the Dravidians living ence and sufficient wages to keep us fit and neat in this country. Overpowered by numbers, and to be respectable members of society. You do not overpowered by bows and arrows of the Aryans allow us even drinking water. You do not allow (who lived by hunting) the Dravidians had to us to draw water from public wells and get into submit to the barbarous Aryan brute force. Those public tanks to wash off our dirt or to wash our of the Dravidians who meekly submitted to the clothes. Aryan yoke were given superior ranks, such as Kshatrias Vaisias and Sudras, and those who Anyone may be made an untouchable under stood strong and long and fought sternly and firmsuch conditions. Even if Mahatma Gandhi, Ma- ly were reduced to eternal slavery and dubbed lawiya, and the Sankaracharia could be shut up "Untouchables" or Chandalas. This historical in a room without any water facilities for three truth was recognized by even Mr. Winston days together they will be as clumsy and dirty Churchill in one of his speeches, meeting the castesmelling as any of the worst among the so-called Hindu-ridden-Congress-wallahs' threat of driving "Untouchables." Such being the case it is for the out the foreigners from this land bag and baggage. municipalities and union Panchayats and other The Aryans are as much foreigners to us-the agencies in charge of sanitation and health to see aboriginals-as Europeans. Perhaps even worse, that sufficient water is supplied to the "Untouch- being unsympathetic. able" quarters. But what do we see in actual practice? It is the touchable quarters that are sup- Then, the Aryans concocted the institution of plied any number of taps in towns and any num- Varnashrama Dharma or caste system, placing ber of wells in villages and the "Untouchables'" premium on birth. They divided the community quarters go almost without any. Under such cir- as the Head-born, Hand-born, Hip-born and the cumstances how can we fail to be unclean? Dogs Heel-born of the God-Head. They assigned no and pigs that eat the human excreta (including place in the God-Head as the origin of the Un- Untouchables') enter your houses and temples, touchables. The obvious inference is that the Unbut your conscience is not pricked, though you touchables came from the obviously understood are touched to the quick, as if by an electric shock, natural place, viz., from the womb of their moththe moment you consciously or unconsciously ers. No physiologist, no doctor would dispute this touch an Untouchable. The reasons that you as- inference. What about the four castes said to have sign to damn us as "Untouchable" are unreason- burst from the God-Head? Coming as they did able and unconvincing. What, then, is the real from unnatural places and non-human sources, cause for this unprovoked animosity against a it is not surprising that they have been behaving whole community for ages together? There is an from time immemorial, including the year of grace historical cause. There is a racial cause. 1936, unnaturally and inhumanly towards the nat- ural-born Untouchables. I was once discussing with a Sanathanist the question of Untouchability. I told him that due The Bible, the Koran, the Granth Sahib is open to Hindu conservatism and intolerance, the Hindu to all. They are published in different languages population which was the only population in In- of the world and everyone is requested to read dia, once upon a time numbering about 330,000,- including the Negro of Africa, and the Red Indian 000, has now dwindled to about 210,000,000, and of America. But the Vedas has been the monopthe rest of the Hindus have become either Mussul- oly of the Head-born, the Brahmin, and a sealed mans, Christians, Sikhs or Buddhists. He replied book to the otherwise-born. Noone but a Brahthat it was not so, that the number of Hindus min should read the Vedas, nay, not even hear it were only about 210,000,000 from the beginning chanted, lays down the Manusmirithi-the ancient and the rest of the population, viz., 120,000,000, law book of Hindustan. Pray what is the penalty? were formerly Rakshasas who gradually changed The tongue that reads the Vedas would be pulled into either Buddhists or Moslems or Christians or out, and the ear that hears it chanted should feel Sikhs and that Sanathanism was a divine crea- the molten lead. This is Hindu Dharma! Still, it tion; therefore no Sanathanist could ever be con- is the Hindu politicians that glorify the India of verted to any other religion. the past and attack the present administration of racial prejudice and discrimination. Yes! my brothers, there is no use of laughing over the statement. That only shows you have Mahatma Gandhi wants Sewarajya to be turned forgotten the history of your forefathers and that into Ram Rajya of old. He calls the present Raj the Sanathanist has not, for what is the historical the Satanic Raj, devoid of sympathy and imagbackground for this? You must remember when ination. Now I feel it my duty to illustrate Ram the barbarous Aryans, in search of food for Rajya by a story in Ramayan in the interests of themselves and for their cattle, entered this coun- Truth which Gandhi is never tired of experi-

HINDUISM AS SEEN FROM WITHIN

menting upon. During the reign of Ram over assertion when his own eldest son, Hira Lal Gan- Ajodhya, and Ram is considered the tallest of dhi, stands transformed into Abdulla Gandhi be- Aryans, a Brahmin and his son were bathing one fore an awe-struck and wondering world! No day in the Ganges. A crocodile stealthily snatched better reply, no more convincing answer need be away the boy. The broken-hearted Brahmin ran given to the Mahatmic egoism. to the palace of Ram and broke out thus: "Oh Ram Chandra! While I am living, my son is dead. The very people, the caste Hindus in general This should not happen in your Rajya, Ram and the Brahmin politicians in particular, are Rajya. There is something wrong with you, never tired of asserting Swaraj and self-deter- 'something is rotten in the State of Denmark.' mination to be their birth right, but it is they that Find out the cause and deliver my son into my deny, in the name of their religion and God, even hands, else be_ prepared for the curse of a Brah- the elementary civil rights to the so-called "Unmin." The great Ram, the great Avatar, began touchables." All temples are closed to us, some to shake in his shoes and commanded his brother roads are blocked to us, no wells and tanks are Lakshman to find out the cause at once. Laksh- open to us, riding on horses is not for us, no shoes man hurried out of the palace, and returning for us, no jewels for us, no umbrellas for us, no after some time told Ram that he had found chapels for us, etc., etc. Still no man, no nationout the cause for the incident-that a Sudra alist, no Hindustani, no congressman, and no Sonamed Samhoog was making Tapasya, or meditat- cialist came forward to form any "civil liberties ing upon God, in the forest. Ram asked his Brah- protection league" for us. The great president min Guru, Vashishta, regarding the punishment of the so-called Indian National Congress talks tall for such a crime, viz., the breaking of the Varnash- on Socialism but he had no word to say against ramadharmic rule. Vashishta turned the pages of Varnashrama or Caste System. He has only one Manusmirithi, the then law book of India, and sentence, and that a very short sentence, in his read out that capital punishment alone could meet long presidential address to say about untouchthe ends of justice and commanded Ram to carry ability which is considered to be the burning quesout the punishment by his own hand. Ram ac- tion of the day. He carries on a tirade against cordingly hastened to the forest and did "justice" imperialism, landlordism and capitalism but has by chopping off the head of the "criminal." And entirely, and, conveniently forgotten Brahminism lo! and behold the crocodile restored the child! which has been corroding the very vitals and This, my brothers, is Ram Rajya and Dharma poisoning every department of Indian Society in Rajya for which the great Mahatma is yearning general, and Hindu society in particular. Blood day and night, in and out of jail as well as in and is thicker than water, and the great Kashmiri out of politics! Pandit has only proved it to its very hilt. It is the irony of Indian politics that the political ex- And when our leader suggested conversion to tremists prove social reactionaries, as the late Dr. some other religion as the only proper remedy to T. M. Nair of revered memory once observed. get relief from such a Ram Rajya and from such a religion and society that is trying its best to Socialism is a thing by which the Untouchable bring about such an unfortunate contingency, has everything to gain and nothing to lose and the Mahatma said that none has any right to as such he wiII never be shy of being a Socialist change one's faith and that one's faith dies only but then, if the agitators, with the slogan of Sowith one's death. What an extraordinary dictum cialism on their lips, should try to distract the this! If there should be any rhyme or reason or present determined position of the Untouchables any logic in this, then, all other religions except to renounce Hinduism for obvious reasons and Hinduism, which is as old as barbarism itself, embrace any other religion based on equality and stand condemned. According to Mahatmic asser- brotherhood, then such deep diplomacy should tions, Lord Budda, Lord Jesus Christ, Prophet meet with strong resentment, and should be Mohammad, the Ten Gurus of the Sikhs, etc., (all treated with the contempt it deserves. of whom, so to say, revolted against Hinduism or heathenism, conservatism or barbarism and . We have tasted enough of Hindu diplomacy. preached perfect fraternity) ought to have gone We have found it so bitter and suffocating that on bended knees before this great Mahatma to we do not want any more. By now all Untouchget sanction for breaking away from their re- ables should have come to know the deep and the spective faiths in which they were born and es- dark diplomacy underlying the Poona Pact. How tablishing new ones for the glory of humanity did it come about ?-the Communal Award grant- ed separate electorate to the Untouchables. Mahatand to the eternal shame of Hinduism. Alas what ma Gandhi protested against such a "calamity" an open revolt against Mahatmic inj unctions! and began his now notorious fast unto death to and now comes the fatal knock to the Mahatmic coerce the unfortunate Untouchables to walk into the joint electorate. Days and weeks passed. The

Mahatma was choking. His son, Mr. Deva Dass a garland of human heads round her neck, a Gandhi, was weeping. And other Hindu leaders tongue a yard long hanging out, four hands, one assembled round Gandhi's bed were shedding with a raised blood-stained sword, another holdtears-but only crocodile tears. That was the ing a chopped off human head, the third with a scene created before the eyes of Dr. Ambedkar vessel to hold the dripping blood. This figure is adand other Untouchable leaders. How could the dressed by the crowding devotees as the Loka doctor, coming as he does of the Untouchables, Matha or the Great Mother of the Universe! who, historically as well as practically, even unto Daily sacrifices of goats and buffaloes are made this day would rather submit to all sufferings at to appease her thIrst. Even human sacrifices others' hands than retaliate, persist in the midst were made in pre-British days. It is indeed a of such a heart-rending scene? At last Dr. glowing tribute to the British flag that Kali has Ambedkar "succumbed" to the coercion. A very lost taste for human blood now! Among her enchanting picture was drawn that a new heaven devotees may be counted eminent Bengalees of would be created on this old earth and that every light and leading, such as Arobindo Ghose, Dr. conceivable social, religious, political, economical Tagore, etc. Still, "what Bengal thinks today and educational facility would be given to the the rest of India thinks tomorrow," boasts the Untouchables on a par of equality with the Hin- Bengalee. I stared at the figure. The more I dus. It is now nearly five years and nothing has looked at it the more I disliked it. She is obviousbeen done, not even one promise carried out ex- ly to my mind a great enemy of mankind wearcept that a new name "Harijan" has been coined ing a garland of human heads and holding a hufor us and a big fund collected in our name for man head dripping with blood. Perhaps she rep- Congress propaganda or perhaps it has gone the resents a bloodthirsty Aryan "demon" in womanway of Tilak Swarajya Fund and other such form who should have massacred a number of funds. Poona Pact is a bundle of broken pledges. my ancestors-the Dravidians. For no other rea- It is another Manusmirithi written with the blood son would an Aryan, a Brahmin, a High Caste of the Untouchables to tie them to the intolerant Hindu worship such an ugly, atrocious and aweand tyrannical Hindu yoke and to reestablish a striking figure. I was wondering why Gazni Mo- Hindu Raj, a Ram Raj, once again in this coun- hammad should not have paid a short visit to try. The Untouchables are going to taste the bit- Kalighat! ter fruits of the Poona Pact for the first time in April next when the new constitution sets to work. One day as I was bathing in one of the ghats It is the Peters and Judas Iscariots among the near the Howrah Bridge, I saw two people emp- Untouchables that are going to be backed by the tying two big vessels of milk into the Ganges Caste Hindus; it is the Vibhishanas and Hanu- costing at least Rs. 10/-1 coul~ not bear the mans among the Untouchables that will poll heav- sight, and asked them why they did it. They said ily, thanks to the Divide and Rule policy of the that Ganga Matha liked such offerings and that Hindus; it is the traitors and betrayers of the they only carried out a former promise to her. sacred cause of the Untouchables that will be re- Just then some coal dust was coming along the turned to the legislatures to be but the hand- waters obviously thrown out from some steammaids of Hindu politicians. boat. I pointed the spot to them and remarked that their Ganga Matha could not discriminate Apart from the social and religious inferiority between milk and dust! They simply smiled and and superiority complex nursed and nurtured by went away. Hinduism, economically also it is a big waste and drains the hard-earned resources of rich and Another day I witnessed in one of the bazaars poor alike. Besides, it breeds and encourages all two Hindus feeding cows and bulls with gur from foolish ideas, inhumanities, superstitions and im- two big baskets. Just then about four or five possible beliefs. Ever since I went through Miss beggars, including two children-all skin and Mayo's "Mother India" I desired to go through bones-dressed in tatters, stood stretching their North India to see things for myself. Since the boney hands begging for a piece of gur. The two last four months I am going around. I spent a Hindus would not give them anything but only scolded them, stretching their hands and legs and month in Calcutta. The first place I visited in heads to beat them and asking them to run away Calcutta naturally was the Kalighat. The moment from the place. This was appalling to me. I ar- I set my foot into the precincts of the temple I gued with them and pointed out to them their felt the atmosphere so deadly and nasty-smell- unreasonable and unsympathetic attitude towards ing that I had to close my nostrils as if I had their own kind while being so over solicitous and entered some fish market or beef market. I ap- over charitable to nonhuman beings. They said proached the sanctum santorum and I saw the in reply that the beggars and the sufferers in this huge figure of "Goddess" Kali with a huge head, world were condemned by God as a result of their

"Karma" and that it was a great sin to go against ers, camphor, incense, bread, fruits, sweetmeats, the will of God and that He would be angry with and what not. "Mother India is poor" is the slothem and displeased with them should they help gan of the "patriot" and he stretches his hands the poor. What a high and soul-stirring philos- towards the west for this poverty. I wish a pubophy! lic enquiry committee would look into this waste and place it side by side with the much maligned While crossing the Ganges bridge near Be- military budget! There are innumerable Dharamnares, my nap was slightly disturbed by sounds salas Chatrams and choultries throughout India. as if several stones were thrown on the carriage. There are nearly 360 Chatrams in the "holy" city Just then I saw the one sitting by my side throw- of Benares alone. Poverty is no basis of feeding ing something into the river. I asked him what. in these Chatrams. Birth and caste alone is the He said that he threw a rupee into the Ganges as deciding factor. "For Brahmins only" is the writpromised. I remonstrated with him that while ten and the unwritten law of these so-called charhe had not the mind to give a pice to the old and itable institutions. So much is made of color bar blind beggar, yet he was so liberal with the and the Brahmin politicians attack the Govern- Ganges which could have no use for it and from ment and the Europeans for it. Has anyone which it could never be recovered. He assured among them till now said or done anything against me that in return for the one rupee that he gave this discriminative feeding. Still they swear by Ganga Matha was going to bless him with a lakh Socialism! All sorts of imaginary exploitations next year. What a fine investment! Such "in- by Europeans should be violently condemned but vestments" range from one pice to one rupee and the actual exploitations by Brahmins in every one hundred rupees, and in the case of merchant walk of life should be silently ignored! That is princes and Maharajas and Maharanis even sov- the Brahmin ethics, that is his social game, his ereigns and precious jewels costing thousands of political game, that is his dirty game everywhere. rupees are deposited into the depths of the Ganga He is not only exploiting the people in every pos- Matha. Still, "Mother India" is poor, thanks to sible and conceivable way but has made them the Satanic Government," prates the Hindu poli- fools and idiots in the name of religion and God tician! and is daily injecting, inventing and encouraging all sorts of false beliefs and foolish ceremonies "Dressing the Ganga Matha" was another of and customs. The Brahmin has captured religion, the scenes that I saw in Benares. A long line of captivated the society and even today dominates boats were stationed in a line from one bank of politics. There are parties and parties and the the river to the other and all the boats were cov- Brahmin politicians figure prominently in every ered by a long stretch of new cloth. After the party. They may make nice distinctions between pooja was over, lasting for nearly an hour, the parties, they may carryon even some word-fights whole cloth was bundled and thrown into the -all pillow fights-with a view to mislead the center of the river and proper care was taken to public as they have done in the religious sphere, see it was well drowned. The cloth could have but all of them, if you slightly scratch them, will easily dressed at least 200 beggars appearing be black communalists. The Brahmins have been almost naked in the streets of Benares, but then, the lagos of Indian affairs either in Hindu Raj, Hinduism and Hindu society wills it otherwise. Muslim Raj, Sikh Raj or British Raj. So long The burning ghats in the midst of human habita- as the designing and unscrupulous Brahmin tion in Benares, causing nuisance and poisoning priest and politician is occupying the present the atmosphere and spreading disease, speak vol- strong position that he does today and the other umes of the civic and sanitary consciousness of misguided Hindus follow his lead, only one course Hinduism and Hindu society! And the Govern- is open to us Untouchables, viz., to give up the ment is pledged to non-intervention in religion! Hindu fold completely with all the paraphernalia of Hindu ceremony and worship, the so-called While bathing again in the Ganges at Harid- sacred books and beliefs, superstitions and pilwar, I was horror-struck to find a Marwadi wom- grimages to the so-called holy places and Thirthas an throwing five shining fresh silver rupees into -all which were invented to drain our poor rethe waters-perhaps to propitiate for the sins of sources-and embrace any other religion practicher husband or son dealing in money-lending busi- ing as well as promising equality and brotherhood ness which is of a blood-sucking nature. There is and salvation not only after death but in this life no end to what the Hindu people throw into the as well. Ganges from its very sources, all along its course, and up to the point of its emptying into the Bay of Bengal-money, milk, honey, curds, ghee, flow-

Indian Womanhood Owes to Christ*

~J,!,;;l=====B;o;;Y;o;;M;o;;R;o;;S;o;;';o;;M;o;;O;o;;H;o;;I;o;;N;o;;I;o;;D;o;;A;o;;S;o;;S====~II~'- T HE only, reason why I am standing before In the so-called depressed races of the world to- you today is that, though a nominal Chris- day there are many who are not in the least tian for many years, it was just five years "depressed," who hold their heads high, but, view- ago that I discovered for myself the wonderful, ing the situation as a whole, I maintain that, as life-changing power that Jesus Christ can bestow for suppressed individuals and races in general, on those who accept Him whole-heartedly. Since so for women, Jesus by His teachings and His then, the greatest desire of my life is that others, life opened a new door of opportunity. Listen to too, may know of this marvellous Force which has what Jesus proclaimed at the very outset of His transformed the lives of so many individuals and ministry. He said, "The spirit of the Lord is upon races, from a life of suppressed potentialities to me, because He hath anointed me to preach the one of power and usefulness. Gospel to the poor; He hath sent me to heal the Glance for a moment at the history of the world, broken hearted, to preach deliverance to the cap- with special reference to the condition of women, tives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set and you will see that in olden times there was at liberty them that are bruised." He taught hardly a country where women were not treated therefore that oppression and the suppression of more or less as members of a Depressed Class. the individuality of anyone is wrong, be he man Look at Japan. There was a time when no Jap- or woman. In the olden days it was customary anese woman was allowed to scale the sides of for the Jews to have more than one wife. Jesus the sacred mountain, Fujiama, for fear of defiling realized that this "bruises" the self-respect of a it. woman, so, when questioned by the Pharisees on Turn to China. In olden days, more often than the subject, He laid down that a man should have not, girls, when born, were exposed to die. Dur- one wife and "they two shall be one flesh . . .

ing the days of the Old Testament the Jew gen- therefore they are no more two, but one flesh."

erally prayed as follows: "Lord, I thank Thee Listen to what is laid down for the guidance of that Thou didst not make me a woman, or a leper, the followers of Jesus in the New Testament: or a Gentile." "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither In our own India it has been taught that if a bond nor free, there is neither male nor female, man's deeds in this life are not what they should for ye are all one in Christ Jesus."

be, he may be born a woman or dog in the next. Jesus proclaimed this new principle to the world Turn to Europe, to Africa, and, indeed, to any -this principle of equal opportunities for all- country the world over before the coming of for all whose individualities have been sup- Christ, and you will find that generally speaking, pressed, whether they be men or women, and the condition of women at that time was more what was the result? Wherever His teachings or less that of a depressed class. They were often took root the condition of woman began to alter.

classed with "dogs" and "lepers"; Their condi- She became not just a glorified courtesan and tion in every way was, generally speaking, the housekeeper, but a home-maker, a companion to condition of a "depressed" or "suppressed" race. her husband and a fit mother for bringing up his I stand here to witness, and I challenge anyone children.

to repudiate the statement, that it is Jesus and A famous European scholar has propounded His teachings which have permeated the world the theory that, very probably, the ancient civ- and have caused the women of the world to stand ilizations of the world crumbled away because in erect as useful members of the community, and of those days woman was not given her proper the race. place in the home and in society as a whole', Con- True, this does not mean that in the years be- sider the proposition for a moment and it will fore the Good Tidings that Christ brought to the strike you as one that is reasonable because it is world, all women were classed as dogs and lepers. the woman in the home who has the care of the • An address delivered at the All-India Depressed Classes Con- children in their most impressionistic years and ference in Lucknow. May 22. 1936, it is the children who are the promise of the fu- [412 ] ture. What your children are, not only physically Indian Christian women drawn from the Debut morally and intellectually, will be what your pressed Classes, but now teaching, among others, race is, and your children will be more or less the children of Brahmins-looked up to and rewhat their mothers are. It is the woman too who spected by them. And this one example is typical outside the home must help in tackling the prob- of many institutions in the Punjab and in this lems which affect her and her children, for it is Province, and in fact, all over India. she who has the best knowledge of these problems. Again, the Indian Christians of one of our prov- The new idea regarding women, which was inces chose a woman to represent them in their thrown out into the world by Jesus Christ, has Legislative Council because of her outstanding resulted in a revolution the world over, a revolu- ability, and that woman was drawn from the Detion that astounds one in its tremendous implica- pressed Classes, but she was now an honored tions. I have time to cite only a few outstanding member of a Christian group which probably incases of the effect of this revolutionary teaching cluded some formerly Brahmin and Kshatriya on the women of the world in general and of India converts. in particular. Right here in this very city about five or six Listen-the very first college for women estab- years ago the Legislative Council was meeting in lished in Asia was established by a Christian the magnificent Baradari, once the home of the woman. I refer to Isabella Thoburn College for Women, in this very city. The first hospital Ruler of Oudh and his 150 wives. A resolution founded in Europe was founded by a Christian woman. The Red Cross, an association that has was put to the house regarding the entry of womdone such invaluable work for the alleviation of en into the Council. One of the supporters of the suffering, was initiated by Florence Nightingale, resolution rose, and looking up at the ladies' gala Christian woman. lery, thronged with visitors, mostly past and pres- ent students of our Isabella Thoburn College for True, and we thank God for this, the flower of women, said "How can we do anything but pass emancipated womanhood is now blooming every- this resolution with the pressure that is being where, but from whence came its seed? It is ob- brought to bear upon us from the galleries." This vious to a student of history that the seed was "pressure" was from the past and present stuthe principle of equal opportunities for all, in- dents of a Christian college for women! jected into the world by Jesus Christ nearly 2,000 years ago. Brothers, we are quite conscious, just as you are, that there are many so-called followers of the Why turn to other lands? Just consider our Lord Jesus who are not really His followers, and own motherland. Of the three communities in who are surely crucifying Him afresh by their India which rank the highest with respect to num- actions and their words, but we would entreat you bers, the Indian Christians are placed third in to consider what the Lord Jesus has accomplished order of numerical value, but rank first of these the world over as well as in India through those three communities with respect to the literacy of who have sought to follow their Master wholetheir women. And, mark you, 90 per cent of this heartedly. And we would assert once again that Protestant Indian Christian community are from not only did Jesus initiate the idea of release from the so-called "Depressed Classes"-once sup- bondage to oppressed men and women the world pressed but now equal members of a glorious over, but that He has accomplished through His Kingdom. sincere followers this release, this newness of life in India and the world. Stop for a moment and see what is happening. In both mission schools and hospitals the daugh- Brothers, have I helped you to see, even in a ters of so-called Depressed Classes, now Chris- small way, the potentiality of that Force released tians, are teaching and tending the children of nearly 2,000 years ago, and still energizing in the Brahmins! Untouchables? What has happened? living present ?-the Force that worked as leaven They are Untouchables no longer, for Jesus has and revolutionized the position of women, as that touched them! Come with me to Kodikanal in of all suppressed peoples? If so, my purpose is South India, climb its highest peak and you will accomplished. I am not here to make glowing see stretched out on the plains below many vil- promises. I only point to the sources of tremenlages nestling among the trees. These villages dous power, power that has transformed those of have schools run by local boards, and three out your number who have accepted Jesus, power that of every four of the teachers in these schools are has tremendous possibilities, if accepted by you who are the leaders of your people.

New Era of Foreign

By JULIUS RICHTER, D.D., Berlin, Germany Author of "Missions in India," "Missions in the Near East," etc.

THERE is widespread agreement that we are nearer proximity and greater eagerness than ever passing through a new crisis in the foreign before, and when humanistic or atheistic or anti~ missionary movement. Since the first com~ religious philosophies at the same time are claim~ mon experience of the whole race in the World ing world-wide allegiance, it is becoming more War, the rapidly extending communications, tele~ and more a question of life and death for the graph, radio and wireless, railroad, steamboat Christian Church to proclaim triumphantly and and airship all compete to bring individuals and with new tongues that there is no other salvation nations all the world over near to one another as for the human race than in Christ Jesus.

one big family with the same problems and It is true that at present there are many achievements. The occidental civilization, like a hindrances which impede any rapid advance and rising tide, is penetrating even the remote corners that threaten to bar the way of further advance.

of the globe and is irresistibly changing its back~ The financial stringency in consequence of the ground. world depression is immediately pressing into The system of the family of nations is out of view; in Germany it is excluding all financial joint. Agriculture and industry easily produce subsidies for the foreign field, beyond a meagre overwhelmingly more than the impoverished race allowance for the missionaries' salaries. Shall is able to buy. So half the race is lingering on our foreign missions be starved out, just at the the point of starvation whilst the other half is time when the rapidly advancing impoverishment ruthlessly discarding its useless surplus and thirty of the peasant millions of Asia are iess than ever or more millions of unemployed have no scope able to provide church finances? Nationalism neither for life nor for death. Whilst world everywhere creates pride in one's own cultural traffic is laying down all separating walls, nation~ heritage, but in many countries this goes hand alisms are everywhere building up even higher in hand with a recrudescence of the primitive re~ barriers and dire necessities of self-preservation ligions so that Christianity is looked at askance are squeezing down interchange of commerce to as a part of foreign imperialism, all the more ab~ paltry barter between neighboring countries. The horring because it is looked upon as creating for~ missionary movement of the Christian churches eign . cultural groups in the heart of a nation.

falteringly is seeking its way through the gen~ During the greater part of the last century Prot~ eral confusion and the kaleidoscopically changing estant missions had a fairly free field, distances scene. being great and the field large; the Roman Cath~ There are large tasks and alluring vistas be~ olic competition, though hitting sorely in many fore us. The more than one hundred fifty mil~ places, was not considered particularly dangerous.

lion primitive and animistic peoples, in Africa, This situation is changing rapidly. Under the Oceania and many parts of Asia, are rapidly dis~ ingenious leadership of the popes Leo XIII and intregrating religiously and culturally. It may Pius XI, the Roman Catholic propaganda is cov~ be a question of only a few generations before ering the globe with a close net of missionary they will be absorbed by the stronger religions dioceses, vicariates, prefectures, and missions.

busying themselves about them. A carefully Year by year new monastic orders, missionary planned campaign and an energetically pursued societies, brotherhoods and sisterhoods are enter~ crusade might cause these millions to be integrated ing the foreign fields; hundreds of priests, breth~ into the Christian Church. The Roman Catholic ren and sisters are swelling their ranks and al~ Church is already dreaming of a Roman Catholic ready in many fields they outnumber the meager continent of Africa. Many mission fields seem Protestant forces. This advance of Roman Ca- slowly to pass from the period of a slow knocking tholicism in the world-wide crusade is a loud at closed doors to a landslide when mass move- challenge to the conscience of Protestant Chris- ments sweep tens of thousands into the church tians. .

and the missionaries look around for companions What then shall we do in this emergency?

to bring in safely the breaking nets. The task of Some parts of our duty appear to be evident. Let world-wide and powerful evangelism has never evangelical forces join ranks; cooperation is the been greater than at present. When the great call of the hour. If Protestant missions are in world religions are confronting each other at danger – as they really are – it is disastrous to [414 ] dissolve into unorganized, independent groups, state of adolescence, are acknowledged as of full without a concerted plan of action; it would be age there remain the hundreds of millions of their own fault if they are pushed aside and their pagans so that the task of the "sending countries" praiseworthy endeavors, sanctified by prayer and is not diminished but is rather increased. We self-sacrifice, prove futile. The work of the In- may ardently hope that the "younger" churches, ternational Missionary Council and of the Na- in their youthful vigor and enthusiasm, will . tional Christian Councils in many countries and grapple energetically with their surrounding mis- of similar enterprises has never been more needed sionary problems but it is clear that every bit of than at present. The leadership of the Christian help that the sending countries may be able to movement in many countries, particularly in Asia, provide will be needed in an enterprise far sur- is passing from the "older" to the "younger" passing even the most strenuous exertions. churches. On the side of the "older" churches there will be a generous acknowledgment of the Syncretism has always been a lurking danger particular responsibility of those "younger" when Christianity was confronting foreign re- churches and an unreserved willingness to give ligions; even so, agnosticism was a danger when them full scope for the development of their yet the young Christian religion for the first time untried forces and inexperienced methods, even emerged into the world of Greek philosophy. if their ways sometimes may seem curious and Wide-spread relativism also resulted from the not very practical. The older generation of the rapprochement of Christianity, Islam and Juda- missionaries has learned much from its failures ism at the time of the crusades. Similar syncre- and mistakes. There are many complicated ques- tistic tendencies will be unavoidable in the mixing tions with regard to church property, colleges, and meddling of various types of religions and universities, hospitals, literary undertakings, and philosophies at the present age. Perhaps at no other establishments and organizations, where time has there been greater need for a hallowed knotty problems are to be solved through further theology soundly based on the divine revelation in cooperation; this includes the handing over of Holy Scripture; the task of the theological fac- partial or complete ownership to the "younger" ulties at home and abroad was never more urgent churches, and maintenance of their original scope. than in the present emergency. Often there will be a wide divergence of the opin- ions, or even convictions, on both sides; their In view of the world-wide issues, the dwindling readjustment needs an exceptional measure of missionary forces, the threatening hindrances, sanctified common sense in an unbiased considera- and the overwhelming tasks to be solved, our con- tion of the common end in view. Even if all fidence is only in the Lord of lords. "younger" churches, which are at present in the It is Thy cause, Lord Jesus Christ, The cause on which we stand, And as Thy cause alone, in the end it cannot fail.

DR. CARROLL'S CODE AT EIGHTY * [EDITOR'S NOTE: In publishing the following "Code" exactly as it has came to us-title and all~t is perhaps necessary to say that "Carroll" is Rev. Charles W. Carroll, D.D., Superintendent Emeritus of the Middle Atlantic Cowference, widely knrYWn u,nd well beloved throughout the Congregu,tional !ellow'ship. The "Code" has worked so well in his case thu,t it may be wisely c01nmended to others.] I. BE PREPARED to live in an imperfect world filled with imperfect people. Never become embittered by any calamity; even the death of your beloved. For these things must come.

II. START OUT to live a victorious life. Like Paul, smile in the face of every disaster. Never whine. III. FIT YOURSELF for an occupation which you love. Then learn to work and play and pray, and live the Jesus way. IV. GIVE YOUR BODY and mind every possible chance to get and to retain their normal vigor. Avoid all enslaving habits. Be a free man, or woman, even in this cigaret age. V. KEEP FIT; Think straight; Get a competence; Found a home; Find a faith. VI. SET OUT TO FIND and to stress the good in the world and in the people. Recognize evil only when you can mend it. Be an inveterate optimist. VII. PLAN TO HELP all needy folk you meet, by helping them into self-mastery. Ask little; give much; and make all the people with whom you come in contact glad they have met you. VIII. FEAR NOTHING but sin. An honest man or woman has nothing to fear, for he or she is guilty of nothing. The worst the world can do with such a person is to hasten his death. Soon or late that comes to everyone. Fear is our most enervating foe. Perfect love casteth out all fear. IX. BEHOLD a personal Father in all nature: His tender love in the sunshine and the flowers; His magnificent power in the tempest. Let His world teach you beauty and strength. X. TRUST GOD in every experience of this life; and fall on eternal sleep assured that the mystery of the future is in the keeping of One who loves you with a perfect love.

"I know not where God's islands lift Their fronded palms in air; I only know I cannot drift Beyond His love and care."

• From The Congregationalist.

Youth Looks at

By the REV. CHAS. A. PLATT, ~,­ East Orange, New Jersey I Assistant Minister of the Munn Avenue Church A CONFERENCE table! Around it are gath- effect he has upon the personal, social and political ered a group of twenty young people of lives of the people, and what motivating power college age or older. They have come to- sent him there in the first place. 'These are factgether to begin a study of some definite religious finding queries, not argumentative footballs to be topic each week during the winter. What sub- kicked about a conference table. They lead to a ject will best enable us to view Christianity in the greater understanding of the whole enterprise and face of today's problems? Is Christ's faith and are fundamental in determining questions of pol- life being carried along by the momentum it icy after the subject is mastered. To argue gathered in a by-gone age, or has Christianity whether missions are good or bad is to attempt to within itself a power strong enough to face our determine a policy before we know the problem.

materialistic world? Every thinking person will agree, regardless of To answer such questions we must view Chris- his other convictions on the subject, that the mis- tianity on the frontier where it stands or falls on sionary enterprise is the most unselfish activity its own merits. Stripped of local tradition, and in the world. Any man who will bury himself in having been transplanted into a new philosophical the heart of a jungle, or lose himself in the midst and social climate, one could see the workings of of a hostile mining community, without thought the Christian enterprise in its primary stages. of remuneration or recognition, is certainly un- This is just what the group wanted. What better selfish in the true sense of the word. Therefore, vantage point could be found than to look at he must have been spurred on by a great ideal or Christianity through the eyes of the missionary? loyalty which would cause him to make stich a Thus we began a year's course in missions. It sacrifice. What is that ideal? How effectively was not a select group, but one which could be has he been able to realize it? Has that ideal duplicated in a hundred different communities. helped or hindered the people to whom he has There was no common background, except youth gone? These questions point out the path which and new-found friendships, There were eight col- leads to truth.

leges represented by actual students, and a larger Youth is making a valiant attempt to fit the number of institutions by alumni. But from this whole missionary enterprise into the picture of varied background and experience, there arose one international relations. In so doing, he finds one strong common bond-interest in missions. of the strongest arguments in favor of Christian Our first question was, "Do you believe in for- mISSIOns. One glance at the panorama of this eign missions?" Instead of the usual thoughtless modern world reveals how much closer together answer, "There's too much to be done at home," people are living now than in any previous genthe group replied, "How can we know what we eration. The old world of Africa and Asia is believe or do not believe until we know something no longer a month's or year's journey by land and more about the subj ect?" They had found the sea. The peoples and problems of these lands are key to understanding the missionary enterprise. a part of our daily life. We read the news, we Before making up' their minds, either for or see the pictures, we think of them as neighbors. against the great work, they determined to study We recognize the folly of any attempt on the part the subject from an inductive point of view. of America to live a self-contained, self-sufficient When youth looks at missions he does not neces- life. We must approach the other peoples of the sarily argue. In fact, if he does, he is apt to world as_ part of one great family. This implies spend all of his time polishing arguments instead industrial and political intercourse. Should'it not of searching for truth. Therefore, to approach also mean religious fellowship?

the subject from an inductive point of view is the Youth reasons that if we are sufficiently inter- most helpful because it is the most progressive. ested in Africa to develop its natural resources We want to know, says youth, what the mission- and use it as a market for industry, why should ary does for a community, what he teaches, what we not be just as much interested in sharing with [416 ] these people what we believe to be the best phase view of our religion opens the door to a blessed of our civilization, namely, Christ and His teach- faith. ings? Too often the industrialization of a primi- tive land means its exploitation. We too often Then there arises a more batHing problem. send our worst; let us also send our best. The What about missions and Christianity's modern balance of influence must favor righteous living competitors? No ancient religion is encroaching . and the ideals of brotherhood if America is to upon the realm of Christianity, but materialism, build for a better future. rationalism and secularism are its most potent enemies. How does Christianity measure up when Youth is idealistic. He is seeking to adjust his confronted with Communism, Fascism, or ma- thinking and his actions to the ide:;tls which he terialistic humanism? What has the religion of cherishes. And in missions he sees a purely un- Christ to offer a world just awakening socially selfish attempt to help make mankind better. He and industrially? In many a mission land, the sees other religions holding civilizations on the modern trend is away from its established reli- low level of ignorance, hatred, indifference, gion-Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, or Confucian- selfishness, and Christianity raising humanity in ism. Will the people of such a land embrace to- every instance to higher levels. Christ-through talitarianism, a superpatriotism, an aggressive His missionary-must be the answer-the only nationalism, or Christianity?

answer. Is the moderp youth interested in missions? Religion is a complex thing in even its simplest Of course he is! He loves romance, he longs for news from strange places and about strange peo- forms. Yet behind its outward aspects and within pIe; he thrills at courageous adventure; and the its ramifications, there seem to be two funda- fire of his interest is kindled anew by reports that mentals absolutely necessary for effective life and stimulate his imagination. Paint a vivid picture fellowship with God: They are sincerity and of life on the Tibetan frontier or in the wilds of truth. Without the former in the heart of the Africa, or a winter in northern Alaska, or among believer and the latter at the heart of the religion, the Indians in the great southwest, and you have there can be no real progress to higher things. captivated youth. Give him facts, something defi- Youth takes these two principles and uses them nite to cling to; give him a practical, working ap- as a test of all religions. He sees evidences of the plication of the abstract truth in religion. He sincerity of millions who worship a multitude of wants to be definite, he wants to know. Expose gods. He sees some truth in every faith, but him to the Christian missionary enterprise and amid them all, he sees faith in Christ as the reve- you bring his soul closer to the Kingdom of God. lation of God standing far above and beyond the others. He sees in that faith a basis for an THE SCULPTOR OF THE SOUL eternal hope which spurs men on, and a love which is as broad as humanity itself. As the sculptor works in wood and stone I would devote myself to the living soul. Let there be no mistake. Youth also sees many But I face the solemn thought that the sculptor evidences of insincerity, hypocrisy, sham, and in- difference hiding beneath the cloak of Christian- cannot carve either in wood or in stone any- ity. But being idealistic, he recognizes these thing better than himself. faults as evidence of human weakness rather than All the lines of my carving as signs of theological fallacy. Christianity, he Will but reveal my own soul. says, is the true solution of the world's problems, Gazing at my hand, at my chisel, I shudder. and the work of Christian missions is the .method How long will it take for this human sculpture by which its frontiers are advanced. which I can never carve better or finer than my own soul? .Furthermore, the missionary approach to reli- How shall I escape! how escape from my pitiable, gion is the positive approach. It counterbalances limited self, and rise to become a carver of the vast amount of current religious argument. God! In a very real sense this approach is the evan- gelistic approach. It must be. No youth can Happily there is a guide for me, understand Christian missions until he has probed One Who has opened the door of the sanctuary, deeply into the positive statements of faith with One Who in His living flesh which the successful missionary is armed. He Has given us an Image of the living God. must understand and know the importance of hav- ing great convictions about the Sovereignty of -Toyohiko Kagawa. God; the Person of Christ and His Mission; about sin and the needs of men; as to divine power and the place of the Holy Spirit. Such a

Filipino Superstitions

I -&( By MASON LOWE, Mount Vernon, Iowa I)at- ~==============================~ T HE break between the older and younger In the same province an image of the Virgin in generations today is very noticeable in the one of the churches was supposed to have the Philippines. Newspapers, magazines, schools miraculous power of showing approval or disapand churches, travel, and contact with foreigners, proval of the parishioners by a change in its facial have caused the younger, educated young people expression. Generous contributions to the church to discard most of the superstitions harmful to caused the image to assume a benignant expres- progress, but some of these still crop up and oc- sion. Immoral acts brought on an expression of casionally are a positive menace. sadness. The image was reputed to wander Many superstitions are connected with animals around the streets at night, watching over the and nature. The enormous ant hills that one sees village and protecting its inhabitants. In proof when traveling thrpugh the country are objects the people pointed to a small burr which appeared of superstition, and the peasants give them wide on the hem of the virgin's gown on the mornings berth when working in the fields. Owls and but- after her expeditions.

terflies are very much feared, especially if they One older high school student, who was acting come into the house. The tiny house lizard is as a supply pastor in a Protestant church in one regarded as a symbol of longevity, and houses of the isolated districts, went to a town in the are full of them. Their cries are supposed to hills. In the rainy season the town was particuforecast the coming of a visitor or some other larly susceptible to floods and this year the river unusual event. was especially threatening. The Roman Catholic Sneezing is looked upon as a bad omen. A de- priests took advantage of the situation by telling vout woman will always cross herself and mutter the people that the floods were a punishment from a prayer before going down steps. God because some of them had been listening to Everywhere night is considered favorable to a Protestant preacher.

demons. The aswang is an evil spirit that is be- Certain magic is known as anting-anting, and lieved to go abroad at night looking for victims. its medicine men are called arbolarios. Anting- Like the "banshee," he can be heard wailing on anting includes belief in incantations, amulets, windy nights. During the day he may assume and black magic. One of the more harmless forms some familiar shape such as that of a pig, a dog, is the belief that on first entering a new town one or a monkey. This may account for the fact that should taste a handful of earth from that town Filipinos, usually not over humane, are careful so as not to become homesick. In some districts not to harm certain animals. the more ignorant people find it difficult to dis- Just as the ignorant American mothers fright- tinguish between anting-anting and Christianity.

en crying children by telling them that the gypsy A constabulary officer was sent to investigate will get them, so does the ignorant Filipino fright- the activities of a certain young "wonder-healer"

en hers, using the "Bombay" as the bugaboo. The who was attracting hundreds of people with his "Bombays" are big hairy, turbaned Sikhs who cures. The officer, a graduate of the public high travel the countryside carrying packs on their schools and of the academy for the training of backs, the contents of which they peddle about. constabulary officers, took his wife, who suffered Many people, even high school students, attribute from headaches, along to consult the apo before crimes and misdemeanors to "Bombays" or per- proceeding with the investigation.

sons with an evil spirit. The apo, a psychopathic case, began to have Superstitions vary greatly according to locality. visions from God demanding that he cure people, In one place near Manila I found practically none. by touching them and prescribing a bottle of soda In another province my students were contin- water. The vendors of soda water wheeled their ually quoting local taboos. A senior high school carts up to the house and did a thriving business.

girl, who was absent one day, on her return ex- Anting-anting is also used as first aid to jilted plained that the night before she had seen a ghost lovers.

and had to go to bed. A mixture of salt and Many of the beliefs in the Islands have their garlic, rubbed on her body, had made her immune counterparts in other countries. Riding with a from harm! Filipino friend in a district only a few miles from [418 ]

IF I WERE BLACK

Manila, I passed through a rather out-of-the-way adds: "It is hoped that the people can be induced village near Laguna de Bay, which specializes in to eat them as the Tagalogs do. Bulletins describwitchcraft. Many old people can be hired to do ing their preparation can be obtained from the harm to an enemy. They make wax effigies, and Bureau of Agriculture." after mumbling incantations stick pins into the effigy or melt it over a slow fire. The torture that When a typhoon and earthquake almost wiped the enemy undergoes corresponds to the treatment out the town of J 010, a serious outbreak against of the images. the government followed and many soldiers and Moros were killed. The Filipino reporter who The minority races in the Philippines present went to investigate the situation, sent back word their own peculiar problems. For example, some that the Moros were disturbed because they be- Moros in Mindanao caused trouble for Bureau of lieved that the catastrophes came as a punish- Agriculture officials who were sent there to try ment from God because their spiritual and temto control the locust pest. Believing that the lo- poral head, the Sultan of Sulu, had taken to cigacusts are protected by Saint Augustine, the Moros ret smoking and cabaret frequenting while he was were doing their best to prevent the officials from supposed to be attending to his legislative duties exterminating them. The newspaper dispatch in Manila.

If I Were Black* By LEILA AVERY ROTHENBURGER The Wife of the Pastor of 'the Third Christian Church, Indianapolis, Indiana A VERY alert and widely read Pullman porter more," in which he tells of the chilling blight of told me that he would hate to be a white racial hatred as it falls upon the heart of an erst- man. His reason, stated without trace of while happy lad of eight. It is this downright rancor, was that while the Negro has a hard time meanness, passed on to child from parent, that I physically and economically he does not in addi- should not be able to endure unless indeed my soul tion have to battle his own meanness. It was an had wings. evaluation of the relative spiritual calibers of two races. I am the wife of a minister, belong to the so- called middle class, university trained, and I am About four years ago I listened to a Christian rearing a family. Suppose my skin were black? Endeavor group discuss the question, "Would you How would the picture change? As a family we rather be born black or blind?" Concentric circles would sink in the scale of living. We would be of thought produced by that incident are still wid- forced to move into a neighborhood much less deening in my brain. If I were black? Trying to fit sirable. Economically we would sink to the verge into this mood I have read books, searched tables of poverty. If my children were to continue their of statistics, listened to speakers white and black, education I would have to join my husband as a made a seminar journey into the Southland and wage earner. Culturally we would be cut off from repeatedly have found myself submerged in a sea practically every fine feature of advancement and of discouraging facts. entertainment that the city offers, other than the public library. Many of these facts the whites need to know in order that they may understand how underprivi- I begin to list Negro families I know in which leged the Negro is physically, economically and the parents are trained folk – doctors, teachers, culturally. But when all such facts have been religious workers; people whose positions are inpresented, I am inclined to think that, if I were dicative of their character and preparation. black, it would not be these handicaps that would concern me most. They would no doubt worry The first is a dentist who maintains a home me but they would not crush my heart. The thing comparable, in this case even as to location, to that would dishearten me is that which is made mine. Recently during the illness of the little vocal for us in Countee Cullen's poem, "In Balti- child in that home, the mother, unable to leave, telephoned to the nearest grocery, explained the • From World Oall for February. 1935. situation and asked that certain much-needed articles be delivered at her door. The grocer re-

fused. The delivery boy, touched by sympathy, Negro came in and, after purchasing and paying surreptitiously took the things to the mother. for several articles, asked for a soda. In a voice that could be heard by everyone present the clerk Next Miss X comes to mind. She is a univer- said, "If you want a soda you'll have to go outside sity graduate and a high school teacher. When to drink it." "Green Pastures" was booked to appear in my city, the theater sent letters to all high school I am not presenting an argument with reference teachers urging them to see this remarkable play to the policy of the drug store or the above-menby an all-Negro cast. Unable to go herself but tioned theater. We are dealing with this matter thinking the invitation sincere, Miss X notified a of meanness. If commercial concerns are going friend who would want to see the play. This per- to pursue the segregation policy, why are they not son ordered a ticket by mail and on the afternoon decent enough to do it when it means the loss of before the performance made a trip of one hun- money as well as of what they think is social dred twenty-five miles to the theater. At the door status? she was refused admittance because her ticket was for a part of the theater where a Negro might not Could This Happen? venture and the limited section to which they were restricted was sold out. A member of the board Not long ago the Federal Council of Churches of management of a large Y. W. C. A., and an- put out a pamphlet entitled Could This Happen in other high school teacher had the same experi- Your Community? We studied the leaflet and ence. They were free to walk the streets while found it all too easy to duplicate the instances of they meditated upon the land with "liberty and human meanness that the dominant race in our justice for all." land shows to its minority groups.

Do you remember the thrill that was yours as a But why go on? Such a recital always irritates child when you rode on a merry-go-round; how certain groups who either accuse one of being you picked out the particular charger you desired sentimental or fling back with, "Why don't you to ride? The tantalizing music set your toes danc- tell the good things the whites are doing?" The ing. Pictures of lovely ladies whirled by so fast fine things done are blazed forth. If I were black you could not tell which was the loveliest. It was I should try to talk about them more; being white hard to watch both the ladies and the horses. I need to find where I am at fault. When your turn came, how you wished that nickels grew on bushes that you might ride and ride. I am concerned to know what I would do if day My third name is that borne by a little lad who after day such things had to be faced. For a long gazed with shining eyes a long summer through. time I halted between the pronouncements of two Why could not he ride? Rather than tell him his other gentlemen whom I might have quoted in father took him along on a trip to New York. At preference to the Pullman porter. One of them Coney Island the ride went on and on until the is the late Dr. John Hope whose sensitive face pocketbook was cleaned of the last nickel, but comes to mind as he says, when speaking of a rewhether the lad or the watching father enjoyed it buff, "Such things are so common in our lives more only the gods can tell. This father is a that they no longer cause resentment, only fatrained executive, head of an institution that is tigue." The other is Dr. W. E. B. DuBois who, doing a most constructive work in community up- looking us squarely in the eyes, speaks in his beaulift. Judged by his training and what that train- tiful, well-clipped English, "We grant you whites ing is doing for the civic body, his child should superiority in only one thing, the technique of have every right that mine has. If I were black, personal insult." it would be denials of a child's right to happiness that would give me the Pullman porter philosophy. If I were black would I be able to show the world a face beautiful as an etching with suffer- Speaking of the child brings to mind the case ing and weary patience? Or would I, with an asthat runs the closest parallel with mine. It is a surance born of the knowledge that I was right, minister's home. Both parents are college trained hurl the javelins of bitter truth? Or would I goodand shepherding a large church. One of the chil- naturedly give thanks that I was not born into a dren has defective eyesight. I can think of noth- race whose soul is mean? ing that I as a mother would struggle so hard to keep for my child as that bit of precious vision. When I repeated the Pullman porter's sentence When the one class for the conservation of eye- to a well-known Negro writer there came a sudsight was opened this child was rejected because den illumination of the face that told me this eval- her skin is brown. uation of the white race struck a responsive chord.

One intolerably hot day we sat cooling ourselves Is it true? Do I belong to a race whose soul is in one of the well-known chain drug stores. A mean? Carrying in my mind's mirror the faces of a Hope, a DuBois, a Negro poet and a Pullman porter, I am not at ease.

STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL STATISTICS, ISSUED FOR

A blank was sent to the officials of the communions named below and the statistics are from their replies. Gifts reported are from living donors. Interest and legacies are not included. Budget benevolences are those in the denominational national budget. Denominational benevolences include budget benevolences and such other contributions as are made for denominational missionary and beneficent work outside of the budget. The statistics are for the denominational fiscal year.

The column headed "Total Gifts for All Purposes" in some cases contains gifts from living donors which were given either for non-budget denominational benevolences or for non- and interdenominational benevolences, and there is no method of dividing them.

PER CAPITA GIFTS I .,TOTAL GIFTS :IIi , ., gj '§6 1&::>lc'b1 ~1 oo I ..!.6 I Q:,6 r:>.:<I I I '0": >'I r:.:I 13 .. >'I 'E~ 10 Ii'; "'0": .A0.O.,:>f"f'iI ! I i I I … -3 ,,0":0": .0.".. :~- : <il .E <il <il -.3. I ~0§:-oo I <il I .."0: IA>'I ~~0~'"I ! 0: Communion Itl 0: 0: oo "0: ! I I 0: I I p"'"o", '" .>.".'I,I~~ :3~ :3~ ~ & I :3 00 "" I""'" ,s;;1 "'" " '"§"~ ! """00 & do: I0 >."..'I, ~"; I -e:;;;8 0 '":a "0 rgs:lO'J 0"0,1O""l ,"00 I I A I 0~:.,=,0.;: I J"''l"."< 00 ">'I " ""0"10'1" , «Is:l~1 ""oo I ,13 .. '§-3 "" , '" ~.2 ~ ~:3~ i ."'0" '0 '"'" ~~s:l "0":0": , Jl.< """ g 1°0:~ 0'" 0"0,:0"": § ~I :::: "0 00 0: ": _" I 010<:> I :;a 13 "0 Z A Z I 0 I "'1 ">'I I o"Ol 00 ' " :;";: I 01 liZ< !Z ;.< I Baptist, Northern ……………………. $1.55 1 $1.59 . ….. $9.74 $11.341 $2,290,247.00 $65,611.00 , 1,480,231 April 30, 1935 4,277,052 April 30, 1935 $0.04 , $2,355,858.00 ……………. $14,423,290.00 $16,779,148.00 Baptist, Southern ……………………. 0.99 …… I 0.99 …… 4.77 5.76 4,251,668.00 ……………. 4,251,668.00 ……………. 20,401,608.00 24,653,276.00 Brethren, Church of …………………. 1.22 0.63 1.86 $0.44 6.28 8.58 195,376.00 100,000.00 295,376.00 $70,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,365,376.00 159,128 Feb. 28, 1935 Brethren in Christ, United …………… 1.37 3.641 1.73 1.84 8.81 10.72 562,505.00 147,556.00 710,061.00 75,520.00 3,609,181. 00 4,394,762.00 409,874 Oct. I, 1935 1,443,942.00 157,799.00 1,601,761.00 512,816.00 13,305,260.00 15,419,837.00 Congregational and Christian ………… 1.42 0.15 1.57 0.50 13.00 15.00 1,029,002 1934 Disciples of Christ ……………………. 0.86 0.33 1.19 0.06 6.39 6.64 1,899,068.06 529,347.12 1,928,415.18 90,000.00 8,727,830.00 10,746,245.18 1,618,832 June 30, 1935 1,833,651.00 1,608,338.00 Episcopal, Protestant ……………….. 0.90 0.78 1.68 …… 13.31 14.99 3,441,989.00 ……………. 27,134,440.00 30,576,429.00' 2,038,477 1934 Evangelical Church …………………… 1.58 0.92 2.50 0.51 15.23 18.24 370,417.00 214,938.00 585,355.00 118,932.00 3,559,600.00 4,263,887.00 233,792 Aug. 31, 1935 3,310,817.73 3,836,340.63 281,598 Jan. 31, 1935 Evangelical Synod of N. A. ………….. 1.34 0.51 1.85 0.02 11.75 13.62 378,334.08 142,933.37 521,267.45 4,255.45 11,626,185.00 13,834,729.00 1,066,686 Dec. 31, 1934 9,860,727.00 12,093,094.00 994,366 Dec. 31, 1934 Lutheran Church, United …………….. …… …… 2.07 …… 10.90 12.97 ……………. ……….. , …. 2,208,544.00 ……………. 9,974,492.00 12,726,618.00 981,588 Dec. 31, 1934 Lutheran Conference, American ………. …… …… 85,125 Dec. 31, 1934 2.25 …… 9.92 12.17 ……………. ……………. 2,232,367.00 ……………. 583,240.00 737,760.00 Lutheran Conference, Synodical ……… …… …… 2.80 …… 10.16 12.96 ……………. ……………. 2,752,126.00 . …………… Lutheran, Other Synods ……………… …… …… 1.82 …… 6.85 8.67 ……………. ……………. 154,520.00 …………….

Methodist Episcopal ………………….. 1.61 0.12 1.72 0.15 12.27 14.151 5,966,817.00 435,745.00 6,402,562.00 560,805.00 45,560,265.00 52,523,632.00 3,711,702 May 31, 1934 1.64 0.67 2.31 0. 191 6.85 9.36, 18,695,683.00 25,533,820.00 2,727,485 Dec. 31, 1934 Methodist Episcopal, South ………….. 3.70 0. 191 15.90 19.791 4,476,217.00 1,843,420.00 6,319,637.00 518,500.00 3.70 …… 274,940.30 342,247.67 17,294 Dec. 31, 1934 Moravian, North …………………….. 4.52 …… 22.25 26.77 63,970.46 . …………… 63,970.46 3,336.91 2,489,800.00 2,995,572.00 111,905 Dec. 31, 1934 1.78 2.73 2,579,253.00 3,866,908.00 179,338 Mar. 31, 1935 Nazarene, Church of …………………. 4.85 1.85 6.70 0.48 14.88 21.56 199,664.00 806,108.00 505,772.00 ……………. 6,626,358.00 9,086,068.00 477,467 Mar. 31, 1935 Presbyterian, United …………………. 4.26 0.70 29,186,135.00 35,655,536.00 1,920,897 Mar. 31, 1935 Presbyterian, U. S. …………………… 2.55 0.82' 4.96' 0.19 13.88 19.03 868,893.00 333,352.00 1,202,245.00 85,410.00 Presliyterian, U. S. A………………… 3.37 …… 15.19 18.56 2,032,248.00 336,238.00 2,368,486.00 91,224.00 4,899,762.00 1,569,639.00 6,469,401.00 …………….

Reformed In America …………………. 3.15 0.15 3.29 0.59 17.58 21.46 503,902.00 23,351.00 527,253.00 94,048.00 2,814,040.00 5,435,341.00 160,065 April 30, 1935 Reformed in United States ……………. 1 1.52 0.73 2.25 0.14 10.25 12.64 527,986.01 254,968.80 782,954.81 48,118.19 3,568,769.00 4,399,842.00 348,189 Dec. 31, 1934 222,975.00 33,488.52 861,726.21 1,118,189.73 56,600 Sept. 30, 1935 Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec 3.95 0.51 4.53 …… 15.20 19.10 488,832.00 88,867.00 256,463.52 ……………. 3,026,704.00 179,548 Jan. 31, 1935 Presbyterian In Canada ………………. 2.73 0.50 3.22 …… 13.51 16. 74 1 2,424,937.00 577,699.00 …………….

United Church of Canada …………….. -3.-57 -0.-11 3.68 0.34 13.92 17.95 2,244,346.00 71,199.00 2,315,545.00 216,734.00 8,748,858.00 11,281,137.00 Ii 628,614 Dec. 31, 1934 $8,262,898.81 $50,831,296.42 — — — 1 $2,489,699.55 $251,347,435.24 i $304,692,499.21 25,174,855 …………….

$1.60 $0.47 $2.02 $0.21 $9.98 $12.10[ $35,220,820.61 Compiled for the United Stewardship Council, HARRY S. MYERS, Secretary, 152 Madison Avenue, New' York City, January. 1936.

l421 J

Notable

JAMES L. BARTON accustomed to say with great emphasis, "The missionaries are the Board in action." The thirty-three years of Dr. James L. Barton's service as Foreign Secretary of the Ameri- This attitude, and his eager interest in the work can Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- of each individual missionary under his care sions, almost exactly covered the time of the greatly endeared Dr. Barton to the workers on mighty forward surge in missionary giving of the field. A little incident illustrates this attitude. men and of money that came with the growth of Early in my own missionary career I had written the Student Volunteer Movement. He was pe- an article for our missionary paper in India, and culiarly fitted in mind and spirit to enter into and to my surprise and delight I received a letter playa leading part in just such a great epoch of from Dr. Barton expressing appreciation and sug- gesting that I write more. In his busy career he advance as that in which he lived. had found time not only to read this paper from The passing of this great Christian in Brook- India, but to write a friendly note to a young line, Massachusetts, on July 21st calls to mind mIssIOnary. When we missionaries came home this remarkable period of the Christian Church we always found Dr. Barton's door open to us.

in which he was a conspicuous leader. Even though his program of work was so crowded Dr. Barton responded to the missionary call that it meant burning midnight oil, he allowed no missionary to feel that he did not have abundant while a student at Hartford Theological Seminary time to talk with him and share his problems. and went to Turkey as a missionary in 1885. He was of tbe stock and background of Northern He was always a missionary at heart. As foreign New England and had the combination of deep secretary he carried into his work the convictions religious devotion, strong common sense and vig- he had gained as a missionary, and gave effective orous executive ability that the hard soil of New encouragement to the development of strong na- England has sometimes produced. In his delight- tive churches, and of educational institutions ful "Recollections," printed in the Missionary Her- which would be qualified to train native leaderald in 1927, he tells us that he went to the field ship.

without any special missionary preparation, so Another great principle in his program was his that at least there was not a great deal for him emphasis on union efforts. He early discovered to unlearn. the loss that came through division, and he never Evidently he brought to his work the same alert could understand why all Protestant churches on openmindedness that has been an outstanding the field should not be united. He realized the characteristic throughout his entire life. He was associated with strong missionaries and native importance of union in education and was a conleaders and quickly learned that missions must spicuous and effective promoter of union colleges and theological seminaries. '

be a cooperative enterprise between these two Many vigorous and significant higher educa- groups, conducted on terms of complete equality. tional institutions on the field today, some under He also soon became' a convinced believer that a the American Board alone but more under union self-supporting, self-governing and self-propagat- boards of trustees or under independent manage- ing church is at the heart of the missionary pro- ment, owe a great debt to Dr. Barton. These form gram, and, a little later, that higher education is a remarkable and enduring monument. important for the development of leadership in As we would expect from a man of his cath- such a church. olic spirit, cooperative planning among the boards When Dr. Barton was called to be foreign sec- at home found in him a strong supporter. He was retary of the American Board in 1894 he hesi- one of the prominent leaders of the Foreign Mistated a long time before accepting, saying that sions Conference of North America. he regarded his missionary career as primary, Dr. Barton's work as foreign secretary early but the health of Mrs. Barton made it necessary took him on deputations to Japan and to India for them to stay in America and he finally ac- and Ceylon, and later to China. With keen incepted. For the third of a century during which sight and sympathy he entered into the life and he was foreign secretary he gave primary place problems of these lands and in the process himto the mission and the native church, regarding self grew to the stature of a world citizen. Indeed his own function as largely that of advocate and this became one of Dr. Barton's most distinctive promoter of the work for whose policies and con- characteristics. He was a man whose heart and duct they were primarily responsible. He was mind habitually took in the world.

[422 ] The combination of great qualities in Dr. Bar- portant place it held in the interest of the Chris- ton gave him a position of influence with leaders of American life. He was at home with statesmen tian public. and presidents as well as with business men and philanthropists. He awakened in men of large The period of financial depression came after business such a sense of confidence in his wisdom and such a desire to share in the enterprises that Dr. Barton had retired as foreign secretary and he laid before them, that they entrusted to the Board millions of dollars largely to build and en- put his policies to the severest test. I have just dow educational institutions in which he was in- terested. returned from a trip to many of the missions in He also had the art of putting into clear and which Dr. Barton was most deeply interested and DR. JAMES L. BARTON can say with assurance that the principles for convincing form the appeal of the world-wide which he worked have stood this test. The higher Christian enterprise. His first book, "The Mis- sionary and His Critics" was effective in break- educational institutions were so well founded that ing down prejudice and winning support. "The Unfinished Task," written for the Student Vol- they have continued to carryon and some of them unteer Movement was a powerful marshaling of the appeal of missions. "Daybreak in Turkey" even to go forward. The leadership training has and "The Christian Approach to Islam" were careful studies of particular areas of effort. In been done so well that many nationals have taken these and other books and in many articles for a great variety of magazines and for the daily over work formerly carried by missionaries and . press, Dr. Barton played a conspicuous part in giving the missionary enterprise the vitally im- the churches have assumed heavy new duties.

The opening of the War brought a new chal- lenge to Dr. Barton's leadership through the suf- ferings it brought to peoples of the Near East.

With characteristic ability Dr. Barton helped to organize the Near East Relief, of which he was chairman throughout its life. This great under- taking won warm support from Jew, Catholic and Protestant in America as well as from all the governments concerned. It raised and spent tens of millions of dollars and saved the lives of un- counted thousands of suffering people. Dr. Bar- ton was also prominent in organizing and con- ducting the Near East Foundation growing out of the Near East Relief and carrying on perma- nent service in that great area.

Up to the time of his death Dr. Barton was a member of many boards on which he was render- ing service of high order. His mind was alert and resourceful to the end. He was a great op- timist. That was a principal element in his strength. But his optimism was not the result of shallow thinking. It was deep-rooted in the character of God. It was his living faith in the God of Christ that made it possible to face even the hell of war experiences in the Near East and still to believe in the coming of God's Kingdom among men. There is nothing that the Christian Church needs today more than men of such deep- rooted, contagious faith as that of James L. Bar- ALDEN H. CLARK. * ton.

BISHOP LLOYD Arthur Selden Lloyd was a Twentieth Century saint. His saintliness was manifested by aware- ness of God in every phase of human life and by power to help others realize spiritual possibilities.

Born near Alexandria, Virginia, in 1857, his young boyhood was spent amid the anxieties and sacrifices resulting from the war between the North and South. As a youth he shared the physi- cal and spiritual agonies of the reconstruction • Secretary of the American Board.

period. That he came through it all with a loving telling of its successes and failures and calling heart, is sufficient indication of the quality of his upon his fellow churchmen to pray, to give their soul. He intended to study law but the influence children and their money, and to ally themselves of an older brother, who was finding joy in the with God's purpose for the world. He became a minis,try of the Church, led him to enter the Vir- great missionary to the conscience of the church. ginia Theological Seminary instead of the Uni- The old miracle was repeated-the dry bones beversity Law School. gan to live.

After five years service in rural mission In 1906-07 Dr. and Mrs. Lloyd visited the mischurches, he was called, in 1885, to St. Luke's sions in Japan, China, the Philippines and Hawaii, church, one of the smaller parishes of Norfolk, as well as some of the Church of England work Virginia. The fifteen years that followed were a in India. He found little to criticize, but much to period of unconscious preparation for tasks that be thankful for in the spirit of the missionaries, lay ahead. St. Luke's grew into the largest and and in the sound planning of the leaders. On the most active parish in the city, but better still it other hand, his rare gift of understanding, his became a parish whose rector and people were quick sympathy and his self-identification with known throughout the Southland as devoted dis- the workers, won their lasting affection and stimciples of Christ and eager to serve their fellow ulated them to do their best. They realized that men. "Mr. Lloyd," as he was affectionately they had a champion at the Home Base who unknown, became one of Norfolk's first citizens, and derstood them and the cause to which they had his walks through the business districts were con- given their all. Reinforced by first hand knowlstantly interrupted by the men of his congrega- edge, Dr. Lloyd returned enthusiastically to the tion and others who wanted a word with the "Par- work of arousing the church to the greatness of son." His influence with young men especially is her opportunity. evidenced by the number who were led by him to enter the ministry, and who are doing solid work In the period from 1904-1908, Dr. Lloyd was today in various parts of the country. elected successively to the episcopate by the Dio- ceses of Mississippi, Kentucky, Southern Virginia Arthur Selden Lloyd always taught his people and Maryland. Convinced though he was, of the that their church has a world-wide mission to high and important character of the office of bishmake our Lord known, and his intensive work in op in the church, Dr. Lloyd felt it his duty to dethe diocese was stimulated and balanced by a cline these successive calls to the bishopric, in world outlook. In 1899 he was elected to be Gen- order to continue in his missionary post. When, eral Secretary of the Board of Managers of the however, in 1909, his home Diocese of Virginia Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the elected him to be Bishop-Coadjutor, he felt Episcopal Church, whose work has been lan- obliged to accept. The following year the Board guishing for lack of spiritual conviction and fi- of Missions recommended a recasting of the adnancial support. There were some rare leaders ministrative machinery and at the triennial Genand faithful workers in the mission fields over- eral Convention of the Church in 1910 Bishop seas and at home. They faced boundless opportu- Lloyd, by a large majority was elected president nities in the field, but when they looked to the of the Board of Missions with increased executive home church they saw but half-hearted concern. authority. The office of General Secretary had been vacant for more than two years, and four men had suc- There followed a decade of notable constructive cessively declined to take up the task. To Arthur work. Bishop Lloyd visited the African mission Lloyd the action of .the Board was the call of the and on his return he devoted himself to two Church and, through it, the call of God. With major projects: one provided for a further addetermination to give himself to the work with- ministrative reorganization of all the general acout reserve, he entered upon his duties at the tivities of the church under one authority, known National Headquarters in New York City. The as "the Presiding Bishop and the National Countechnique of the task was new, but its aim and cil," the other called upon the church as a whole purpose had been the guiding principles of all to move forward to a "Nation-Wide Campaign" his ministry-to win men and women to dis- for the development of all its resources, spiritual cipleship to their Lord and Saviour. That, he and material for the extension of the Kingdom of asserted, is the mission of the Church. What men God. When these two projects were adopted by sometimes slightingly call "missions" are sim- the General Convention of 1919, Bishop Lloyd ply the means by which the mission of the Church retired from full time administration of national is to be realized. work but continued to be an invaluable member of the Department of Missions and of the Ameri- For six years he traveled widely over the United can Church Institute for Negroes. States, interpreting the mission of the Church, As Bishop Manning truly said: "His life was

TWO NOTABLE LEADERS

an inspiration and example to all of us. In the A OHINESE EVANGELIST diocese of New York to which he was elected suffragan bishop in 1921, he was universally beloved, [On page 402 of this issue of THE REVIEW will be found and was one of the most beloved and revered an article by Rev. Andrew Gih, of Shanghai. Quite opbishops in the whole church." portunely there appeared, in China's Millions, this brief account of his work, but it came too late to be given space In his eightieth year, on July 22d, Bishop Lloyd with Mr. Gih's contribution.-EDIToR.] passed into the Life Beyond. It was a great happiness to him that he was able to carryon his Readers of Chiw,'s Millions are familiar with work to the end. Not only the Episcopal Church, the "Bethel Bands"-groups of Chinese evangelbut the whole Christian community is richer for ists who from their headquarters at Bethel in Shanghai have visited nearly every province in BISHOP ARTHUR SELDEN LLO'YD China, including scores of China Inland ~ission stations. We have recently had the privilege of the life of this saintly and very human bishop, welcoming at Newington Green, London, Dr. who had such rare capacity for inspiring all sorts ~ary Stone, the Chinese leader of the work, and of people to desire and to choose the Christian her American colleague, ~iss Hughes, and on Oclife. He was a notable member of interdenom- tober 29th Pastor Andrew Gih hopes to arrive in inational gatherings, not so much because of what England from America. The duration of his stay he said as because of what he was. He was a great is uncertain, but our Deputation Secretary, the missionary leader, a great friend and above all a Rev. T. Gear Willett, has agreed to arrange opengreat interpreter to others of the ~aster he so ings for him in this country. He is a fluent Engfaithfully and joyfully served. lish speaker, and though he is primarily an evan- gelist, he has a message for Christian people also. JOHN W. WOOD.* Pastor Gih entered the Bethel High School in • Executive Secretary of the Department of Missions of the Na- Shanghai as a bitter opponent of Christianity. tional Council of the Protestant Episcopal Church. His primary object was to learn English, but gradually he began to be conscious of spiritual need, and one of the instruments used by God for his conversion was ~iss C. F. Tippet. Now for nearly ten years he has been one of the most prominent leaders of the evangelistic bands. On our visit to China last year we were constantly hearing of souls saved and Christians revived through his ministry. Last year it was arranged that he should visit the United States, not to speak at meetings, but for a rest and change after years of most strenuous work. But there too, both amongst Chinese in California, and at a large number of Bible conferences and other meetings, his time has been fully occupied with work for the ~aster. Pastor Gih specially asks for the prayers of our readers that his visit to this country may be for blessing both to himself and to others through him. We are fully assured that his one desire is to exalt Christ as an all-sufficient Saviour for sinners and for saints.

Roger Babson recently decl!!.red: "I have not been able to find a single useful institution which has not been founded by either an intensely religious man or by the son of a praying father or a praying mother. I have made this statement before the Chamoers of Commerce of all the largest cities of the country, and have asked them to bring forward a case that is an exception to this rule. Thus far, I have not heard of a single one."-The Watchman-Examiner.

Ways of

'Tested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA S. AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO ~'==========================~I OUR SUMMER SURVEY its letter is filled in between the·· of the Department of Race Rela- From the vantage point of a dotted outlines with any color tions in the Federal Council of series of summer conferences the Department Editor has come desired. A Grade B auxiliary is Churches, a Lenten Offering to realize that the new missionary plans of the various denomi- one completing eight goals, Service and a mite box demonnations have a sizable "Greatest Common Divisor" ; that Grade A representing all the 10 stration e n tit led "The Last ecclesiastical specifics may be de- goals. With the slogan, "Doing Mite." The May program is on leted without marring some excellent program patterns; that Common Things in an Uncom- "Appreciation of Our Missioneach unit will be enriched by neighborly borrowings, and that mon Way" (a method followed ary Family" (Wesleyan Service on the road to victory we all should heed the admonition of at Tuskegee Institute for Ne- Guild, Young People's and Junthe Negro spiritual, "Walk Togedder, Chillen." groes), the women begin follow- ior societies), incorporating a ing the outline in a 59-page dialogue in which the several in- This year's study themes are practical and inspiring and lend booklet entitled "Appreciation terests are discussed under the themselves particularly well for Year Studies," each program of impersonative conceptions of a general falling into step-and a quickstep at that. It is hoped which gives the actual material Everychild, Mychild and Ourthat the blue prints of plans for its introduction, background, child. This may be adapted for given in this and the October issue may prove helpful to pro- organization of the topic and a Mothers' and Daughters' bangram builders of various theological persuasions. All mate- considerable of the actual sub- quet, although a program esperial sent in to this Department will be given impartial consid- ject matter; this reduces the cially for that use is given, to be eration and the absence of your leader's work to a minimum. illustrated with shadowgraphs. denomination's new material Thus the first program, on "An The June meeting, "Appreciawill simply mean that none has Appreciation of Citizenship," been furnished to the Editor. tion of the Year's Attainments," has a preview-introduction, an Appreciation Year article on "Origin-Background relieves the monotony of its an- nual reports by introducing an Under this unifying theme the Methodist Episcopal w 0 men -Purpose," the digest for a impersonation of the Recording have planned for their society and its affiliated or subsidiary talk on "Christian Citizenship in Angel dressed in white robes, o r g ani z a t ion s. A unique writing in a book of gold the "Achievement Poster" shows the Our Country," and a full text first few measures of the spir- for "The Challenge of the Pres- main points of the several reitual, "Lord, I want to be a ent." "An Appreciation of the ports and closing the service Christian"; but in place of notes with a poem of commendation. there appear in corresponding Value of Organization" follows; "Appreciation of Va cat ion positions on the staff the letters then "Appreciation 0 f 0 u r Days," for July, gives full direc- A, P, P, R, E, C, I, A, T, I, 0, N, Workers in Institutes" culmi- tions for high-class book rein broad outlines, each letter- nates in a monologue by Mrs. note correlated with a goal for the year. As a goal is attained, Greatheart, with a voice off- views. This booklet may be ob- stage entitled Mrs. Weakheart; tained from The Woman's Home Missionary Society, Methodist "Appreciation of the Prince of Episcopal Church, 420 Plum St., Peace" furnishes an original Cincinnati, Ohio, for 50 cents a copy, or booklet, poster and de- Christmas d ram a tic sketch; "Appreciation of Our Leader- ship" incorporates material for votional pamphlet for $1.00. the Leadership Training Course inclusive of a series of heart- The Young Woman's organi- searching questions to be an- zation has a correlated program swered; "Appreciation Studies" entitled "Youth's A Year," covers three successive pro- stressing the A's "that will help grams on the study book, "A us Attain, Achieve and Appre- ciate," even the study of the Preface to Racial Understand- American Negro fitting in. The ing," and incidentally includes a monthly topics are "All Advance true-and-false test, a paper on and Advance Along All Lines,"

"Church Women and Race Rela- "Aroused Action," "Ardent Ap- tions," by Katherine Gardner, preciation," "Adoration of a [426 ]

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

Saviour" (Christmas program), and drawing the name of the gro"-looking toward definite efforts "Achieving Anew," "Adventur- woman with whom she is to to cooperate with others in improving ing in Negro Realms," "Acquir- share it. the conditions under which the Negro ing Appreciation of Neg r 0 lives,. plays and works; "Hindrances Achievements," "Adjusting At- 5. The King's Highway. and Helps in Education"-seeking titudes," "Appreciation of Cul- deepened interest in the education of tural Art," "Able Attainments Autumn report of house parties the Negro in our country and efforts and Accumulated Assets" and and denominational and inter- for an equality in opportunities; "Adventures in Outdoor Atti- denominational summer confer- "His Contribution to America"-the tudes." ences. outcome to be an intelligent grasp of the largeness of the Negro's contribu- The Juniors continue their Stewardship program. tion and an increased respect for the travels on the "Road of the race; "The Negro and the Church"- Loving Heart," becoming this 6. The Path to the Ballot Box. indicating that we shall never attain year "Singing Partners." More to the Christlike spirit of kindness, will be told about these youth Christian Citizenship presentation. justice and brotherliness until we programs later, but each set of Our magazine (Missions). manifest these qualities in our contheir booklets and leaflets for duct toward Negroes in all church restudy, not inclusive of the text- 7. Highways and By-Ways. lations; "Conquest of Racial Prejubook, costs $1.00. With text- dice"-which focuses the whole study book, $1.50. Christian Friendliness (Christian upon the "Golden Rule Resolution," Americanization) . adapted to meet the Negro situation. The Forward. Fund Dedication of White Cross over- These excellent programs are re- This is really a movement on land quotas (missionary sup- plete with practical application and the part of the whole Baptist plies) . activation material and are so neglidenomination to advance spirit- gibly denominational that their appeal ually and financially in a cam- 8. The Road to Bethlehem. is universal. The pamphlet may be paign of intensive education and obtained for 15c from The American inspiration over a period of Christmas gift box opening. Baptist Publication Society, 1701-03 three years. The current year's Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. program in the women's work is 9. Crowded Streets. adaptable for various mission- "Graded Material for Teachers and ary units and age interests. It Christian Centers (social service Leaders in Church Schools" and based is entitled "Roads," from the work). on current mission study themes, corkeynote: "I will make all the related with handwork, story telling hilltops a highway, and lofty January reading of an annual and visualization is covered in a pamroads shall be built" (Kent's field booklet Baptists use daily phlet furnished free by The Baptist translation). A brief resume through the month. Board of Education as cited above. It follows: would be only fair, however, for ap- Play or program put on by chil- plicants from other denominations to Opening poem, "My Path," by Eliza- dren's organization. furnish postage for its mailing. beth Kendrick Holt. 10. Jungle Paths. Baptists have made a new venture 1. Cross Roads. this year outside of denominational. African Trails, using material corrals in issuing their rather lorgs Consecration of officers and mem- from THE REVIEW for October. catalogue of missionary education ma- bers of society. terial for various young people's Marking of Forward Fund poster. gr01lps in three sections, na'Inf.Jly: "For Introduction of new study books. Baptist Groups with Organizational Distribution of gift boxes. ("Mrs. 11. World Roads. Connection," "Independent Baptist Gr01tpS with No Affiliation" and "Bap- Pickett's Missionary Box" as Evening meeting for entire church, tist Gr01lps with Interdenmninational monologue, in costume.) invitations in form of coupons, Relationship," the materials and pro- booths arranged to represent prams built thereon being provided in 2. Country Lanes and Forest Trwils. foreign countries in which the affiliation with the general Missionary denomination has work, also Education Movement. "This coopera- Luncheon with program of Afri- one for the Forward Fund, with tive enterprise representing 36 boards can and Negro stories and Ne- costumed women in each to dis- in 14 denominations produces annu- gro spirituals. distribute literature. Audience ally high grade mission study books progresses according to schedule and teaching materials based on great Assign each woman the name and on tickets. Refreshments. themes and subjects." station of a missionary of whom she is to be a prayer partner Display of White Cross quotas for Let this good work go on among the and to whom she may send mes- overseas. young people even if the older folk sages during the year. cannot think outside of the ruts and Presentation of Every-Member brain-sets of specific theologies and 3. Christmas Street. Canvass plans. ecclesiastical blue prints. .

Porch or lawn party (in July) on 12. Paths of Pleasantness. "Southland Spirituals" contains 64 Christmas in mission lands. Negro songs as arranged by The Foreign gift box opening. Rodeheaver Co., 124 N. 15th St., Bringing of gifts to be sent in Banquet for girls of church Philadelphia, Pa., and sells for 25c. Christmas mission boxes. with program on "Pioneer Mis- sionary Heroines in America" "A Little Leaven," by Elsie Line- 4. Mountain Trails. and "Youth Unafraid" (study weaver and Mary Reed, is an inter- books by Anna Canada Swain). racial play with eight characters and W. W. G. (girls' organization) to two scenes. Order from The Federal plan picnic, inviting members Material for these programs Council of Churches, 105 E. 22d St., of women's society, each girl is cited on the folder, which lat- New York City. Price 15c. putting up two boxes of lunch ter may be obtained free from The Baptist Board of Mission- Brown Birthrights ary Education, 152 Madison Ave., New York City. Specifically this is a series of four programs on the Negro "The Negro in America"-six pro- grams inclusive of dramatic presenta- tions and suggested projects (for adults and older young people's groups) and based on "A Preface to Racial Understanding" has been pre- pared by Augusta Walden Comstock. The topics are: "His Story"-a study to test the assumption of superiority and inferiority relative to Negro and White races; "Odds Against the Ne-

brought out by the Board of Na- national Forward Movement Commis- Study of social standards for Negro tional Missions of the Presby- sion of the Church, is planning to family of the South, as drawn from terian Church, 156 Fifth Ave., make this possib:e on a diocesan scale fiction of the better type. New York City, for groups de- this year, and a national scale next siring to handle the theme in year. There is no reason why the The Negro family as revealed in ficmeetings of the women's and Church should remain in the horse- tion. young people's organizations or and-buggy stage of using lantern the midweek services of the slides and such primitive methods Summarize advantages and disadchurch. Price 10c. Other study when it has at its disposal such a vantages of segregation of Negroes in theme collateral published or great and effective force as the sound- schools. handled by this Board includes: on-film movie. . . . The bishop an- nounces that he is planning to raise Prepare material for denomina- A picture map of the U. S. (50c) sufficient funds to start on an experi- tional use in Negro school, as an exwith insert sheet sketches of Negro mental scale, with the intention of pressional project. life, to be colored, cut out and used broadening it to a national and poswith the map (10c). sibly an international scope next year. Roll call, "Incidents about my N e- Films would be made of prominent gro School Friends." Plays: entitled speakers, and through portable sound movie projectors the members of small Program for general public-ar- "Under the Skin"-l man, 5 women parishes who otherwise would be de- ranged as radio broadcast, dramatic as characters; time, 30 minutes; nied the opportunity of hearing the in part or whole, etc., using material price 10c. speaker could hear the addresses. of study book. Pictures could be made of institutions, "America Grows Up"-third epi- hospitals, schools, missionary projects, The Negro in Literature, illustrated sode of pageant, based on revelation and all the membership might be ac- by one or more readers preferably. that opportunity offered Negro girl in quainted with the work done through North is made possible by white the church, that missions might be A portrait gallery of notable Newoman whose father had asked for personalized. Only a few minutes are groes. the slave grandmother in payment of necessary to set up the sound projector a debt and had taken her North, thus and begin the movie. . . . Bishop Hob- Group singing of spirituals, with breaking up the Negro family. Three son mentions that missions have not stereopticon or printed programs and characters, with chorus of colored been personalized lately, and that the able leadership. children off stage; 15 minutes; 25c. church memJers thought too fre- quently of giving only in terms of Presentation of chapters 7 and 8 as Pictures: "the red side" and "the black side" of an open forum or panel discussion for the church envelope. class members, with or without others "Sepia Tones"-Ten enlarged pic- invited to listen. Discussion must be tures on photograph mounts, with ac- While nearly all denomina- carefully prepared by leaders, incorcompanying descriptive material and porating textual material yet giving worship service, affording full pro- tions are using movies to a opportunity for personal opinion. gram material. Rental 25c, plus post- greater or less extent, this would age both ways. seem to be the first connected Our Illustration movement on a large scale and "Teaching Pictures"-Ten in set, may well serve as a pace setter shows a group of genial Negro with descriptive material. Rental 15c, children in Granville, Ohio, plus double postage. for fellow denominations. where the Baptist Women's so- ciety held its June meeting as a "The Family Goes Traveling"-pic- "Preface to Racial Under- lawn picnic with the little folks, ture story book for children. Price in standing" costumed and drilled to sing in paper, 35c. a native dialect by Mrs. J. E. From the study outlines of Geil-a missionary at home on Stories: Mrs. B. P. Heubner, of Ottawa, furlough from her work in the Kansas, familiar to our readers Belgian Congo. The parents of "The Cow That Went to School" as an instructor at summer the children were guests of (children, 2c); "Little Lost Two schools of missions at Lake Ge- honor at the picnic supper, thus Pigs" (children, 3c); "Maceo Redcap" neva, Wis., and elsewhere, we furnishing a project as well· as (young people, 2c); "The Seventh cull a few of her outstanding a program looking toward racial Turn" (intermediates, 2c); "Trou- topics, questions and devices, as appreciation instead of prejubled Waters Clear" (intermediates, dice. 3c); "Why They Laugh" (young peo- follows: ple, 2c). The Negro worker in my commu- Seven familiar Negro spirituals at 5c per copy, $1.00 per hundred. nity.

Book of spirituals, 25c. Interview a representative Negro from the professions relative to possi- Three motion pictures and two bilities for his people in the professtereopticon lectures are also available in the autumn at moderate sions and business. rental. If you were a Negro with your Movies, both silent and sound, are coming into increasing use present educational and social equipfor missionary meetings, particularly in the annual schools ment, where would you seek and perof missions. The Episcopal Church is to make large use of haps secure employment? – sound movies in its current Forward Movement. The Granville Account of a visit to a Negro sec- Times says: tion of your own city, covering hous- The Rt. Rev. Henry W. Hobson, of ing, sanitation, social and recreational Southern Ohio, and chairman of the facilities, schools, churches, places of business, etc. May include more than one person's inspection.

Talk by Negro doctor or nurse in your community.

~====~='=""=~======,'"

BULLETIN OF The Council of Women for Home Missions ANNE SEESHOLTZ, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, 105 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK ~'~I~~~~~==~~~~~ Must It Happen Again? "It Must Not Happen Again"

In Arnold Zweig's "Educa- Courtesy 0/ the Sculptor Joseph P. Pollia tion before Verdun" (1936) there is on the front page an ad- "It must not happen again" is ment was dedicated May 30, monition to "Know thy lot, know the theme of the bronze monu- 1935, in Orange, Massachusetts. thine enemies, know thyself." ment, a memorial to War Vet- There are nine so-called "books" erans pictured on this page. Listen to yourself telling chilin the 444 pages. On the very The sculptor, Joseph P. Pollia, dren the meaning of the WorId first page of the story is a de- of New York city, conceived a War! Are we among those who scription of the supposedly green monument in which a strong, "only too willingly forget"? Do fine soldier tells the boy the we go on into the forest, seeking earth as follows: truths about the WorId War in refreshment? "The earth lay like a yellow- which he took part. The monu- Will it all happen again? stained, blood-soaked disk, over [429 ] which arched the mouse trap of the merciless blue sky, caging humanity in with ,the torments of its own brutality."

It must not happen again! In the last chapter called "Envoi," we read: After years of privation, misery, and horror, mankind has indeed the right to be a little mad. The young author, Bertin, and his wife, were on their way to seek refreshment in a country that they knew and loved. But Bertin had resolved that before they disappeared into the mountains, he would go and see the Kraysing parents and tell them how their sons had died, and in how pitiful and futile a fashion; they must be made to understand that it was no deed of heroism or sacrifice, that had robbed them of two young men who would have comforted them in their old age; it was an act of villainy, and a stroke of chance … the poor souls must be left under no illusions, they must be made to reject the current coin of patriotism and the glories of war….

"I can't do it," said Werner Bertin decisively. "Com!! let us go into the forest. Weare not here to open old wounds and then to poison them….

"Besides, there are a few people hereajouts that won't forget, and they'll give the shock of their lives to certain others that would only too willingly forget."

Weare told that the wife "at the bottom of her heart did not quite approve of Werner's refusal. What a man has set himself to do, that he must do, she thought."

Marathon Round Tables, discussion groups. They are For that great day when wars shall cease, and men 1936-37 called "Marathons" because the Shall live as brothers in a unity word itself carries a challenge Of love-live in a world made splen- Announcement has been made by the Marathon Committee of to continue to educate and in- did? plans for the new Marathon form until an enlightened and Round Table Study Course, ma- effective public 0 pin ion is -Studdert Kennedy. terial for which will be ready reached. Closing Note to Reader for distribution by September "The Evolving Foreign Policy Beware of "the Roar Ma- 15th. This project of the Na- of the United States" chine," a contraption used at the tional Committee on the Cause Cleveland political convention to and Cure of War was estab- is the theme for study. The measure the intensity of sound. lished in 1932 and has gained choice of two plans is offered. Dorothy Thompson reported that a witty Frenchman considmomentum year by year until Plan A-Beginners' Marathon ered this contraption "a perfect now it has 'become necessary to for New Groups substitute for the ballot, a means plan for a graded course which will not only present simple and The ABC of world peace ma- of achieving direct democracy, basic material on the essential chinery and the relation of for here was a scientific instrufacts about organization for American foreign policy to ment, etc. . . "

world peace and the part which world organization for peace- The radio listener following the United States plays in the a simplified course which will closely the relation between affairs of the world, but which include an analysis of public ideas expressed by the convenwill also prepare a course of opinion and propaganda. tion speakers, the noise, and the study and discussion for ad- Plan B-Advanced Marathon indication of the roar machine, vanced groups whose members For Groups Already Familiar either laughed at the nonsense have progressed far enough to with the Theme of it all, or wept bitterly that the need a greater challenge to their American people measured their thinking. Three hypothetical cases will political ideas by those among us At the annual conference held be posed in which the United who could yell and howl the in Washington in January, 1936, States might become involved loudest. the Committee was able to re- because of the complications in And Jesus spake a parable which Luke the physician report 740 registrations distrib- different parts of the world. uted throughout 42 states, the Kits of material will be ready cords: Dis t ric t of Columbia, and by September 15th and will con- "Can the blind guide the tain instructions for organizing blind? Shall they not both fall Hawaii.

In answer to the question groups and carrying on discus- into a pit? The disciple is not w h i chi s frequently asked, above his teacher; but everyone "What are marathons and why sions, and subjects for meetings when.he is perfected shall be as are they so called 7"-Marathon and committee activities, in ad- his teacher. … Round Tables are small groups of ten to fifteen persons, prefer- dition to simple pamphlets, study "For each tree is known by its ably both men and women, who outlines, and bibliographies for own fruit. F.or of thorns men agree to study and discuss inter- each subject. The commi,uee do not gather jigs, not of the national issues of the moment as bra m b l e bush gather they they affect the United States. has announced that two Head- grapes. line Books are in preparation by In addition to study and dis- "The good man out of the cussion, these groups are re- the Popular Education Depart- good treasure of his heart bringquired to come to some measure ment of the Foreign Policy As- eth forth that which is g.ood; of agreement before they defi- and the evil man out of the evil nitely leave any subject, as well sociation which are to be used in treasure bringeth forth that as to translate their opinions and the beginners' course. Here is which is evil; for out of the agreements into some form of abundance of the heart his activity. In other words, a a method which will help the mouth speaketh," group tries to find a common de- people to speak so that statesnominator by means of which "The Mission of Peace," a they can act together either to men and governments will heed. service of worship prepared by educate and inform their com- Registration and subscription Mrs. William R. Buchanan, munity or, when they are ready Chairman of the International to do so, to become an effective will be the same for both Relations Committee of the courses. Council of Women for Home Missions, is now in the press. Group registration @ $2.50, Individual subscription @ 75c. Secure material from The Na- tional Committee on the Cause and Cure of War, 70 East 45th St., New York, New York.

unit of public opinion. Each Is It a Dream? The World Day of Prayer magroup, when once formed, is terial for February 12, 1937, is autonomous and the elements of Is it a dream-and nothing more- also ready. The theme: "Thou conference and action distin- this faith guish them from most study and Art the Christ, the Son of the That nerves our brains to thought- Living God." our hands to work

World,wide

A Missionary Newspaper of Current Events EDITED BY MRS. HENRIETTA H. FERGUSON, XENIA, OHIO 1 ~====~=========================~ JAPAN-CHOSEN have sprung into existence. He course. The afternoons are given to says: Christians Speak Their Mind practical work, such as tree-crop cul- For an extended period new reli- Japanese Christians seek a bet- gious cults have applied for recogni- ture, the preparation of ham, bacon, ter way of strengthening the tion at the Government's Bureau of Japanese people than by mili- Religions at the amazing average of and sausages, the making of furnitarism. They believe that the one each week. Some have borrowed way of Christ is the best way to heavily from Christian truth. Others ture, and weaving. In the evenings achieve national solidarity. strike a high nationalistic note. Still others are grossly superstitious, and there are group discussions of prac- The Christians at a mass others have physical healing and meeting in Tokyo recognized material gain as their major motive tical farm problems. . that Christians in the past have and goal. Some of these mushroom fallen far short of fulfilling their cults are sweeping across the nation "Those who finish the work of the great mission, and in deep re- like a forest fire and alreadY count pentance they affirmed in this their followers by the hundreds of schools return to their villages, concrisis their belief that only the thousands. Gospel of Christ can be the safe duct their own farmers' institutes, do guiding star for the people's Because of its strong internationthinking and can bring eternal alism and its high moral standards, experimental work in agriculture, arwelfare to the fatherland. the Christian Church has not shared in this forward run on the part of range lecture courses for the mem- Zealously, therefore, we bestir our- religious organizations. However, it selves, and emphasizing the love of is playing a most important role in Jers of our faculty and engage in God and the grace of Christ we pro- this significant phase of the nation's claim this Gospel to our fellow-na- life. The present phenomenon proves all sorts of village planning. Now tionals. We, the Christians of the that at heart the Japanese are pro- Empire, united and with an unbroken nounced religious. the whole Christian movement has front, propose to launch a great union evangelistic movement and carry for- Lepers in Korea taken over the model evolved from our ward a nation-wide dynamic program of aggressive evangelism. It is reported that there are experimentation and every year near- more than fourteen thousand All the evangelistic efforts of known lepers in Korea. Four ly a hundred short-term Peasant Gosthe various denominations and thousand of these are being Christian organizations through- cared for in the public hospital pel Schools and institutes are being out the country are now being on Little Deer Island, while over unified and inter-related. Among one thousand are being treated held in various parts of the Empire. the types of gatherings contem- in the two Christian leper hosplated are public mass meetings, pitals at Soonchun and Taiku. "These Gospel Schools can also be training conferences for reli- The remaining nine thousand gious leaders, special round ta- more or less, are at large un- adapted to meet the needs of the fishbles for educators and with pub- cared for, homeless beggars. lic-spirited village, town and city ing folk. There are only eleven midleaders, meetings in educational Peasant Gospel Schools institutions, and conferences on dle schools among Japan's 550,000 rural uplift and for furthering In "Christ of Japan," Toyoevangelism in industrial and hiko Kagawa describes the fishing families. In education they commercial areas. schools which are being organ- ized all over the empire. are leagues behind the rest of the -World Call. What isa Peasant Gospel School? population. I pray that the religion One Cult Each Week In my own schools-held during the short leisure season on the farm-the of Christ of the Sea of Galilee, with Writing in Missions on the forenoons are devoted to class work. current revival of religious in- There is a twenty-five hour course on its full-orbed provision for the whole terest in Japan, Dr. William Ax- the Sermon on the Mount; also ling refers to the amazing num- courses on rural sociology and village of life, may be made available to these ber of new religious cults which welfare work. The history of the Christian brotherhood-love movement long-neglected, hard-pressed toilers of is taught, as is also the history of the Christian social-love movement. The the sea. science of agriculture is a part of the Daily Christian Newspaper [431 ] Another factor making for unity among the Christian forces in Japan is the publication of the Daily Christian News, now almost a yearling. Its promoter and editor is Rev. Shoichi Mu- rao, until recently professor in the Episcopal Theological Sem- inary,more widely known per- haps in the field of newspaper evangelism, and now general sec- retary of the Tokyo Y. M. C. A. Not presuming to be a large pub- lication but purporting to be more of a clipsheet of news of religious significance from home and abroad coming daily to the study of the busy minister or layman, the Daily Christian News has brought to realization a dream more than thirty years old among the churches and be- lievers of Japan. Though as yet purely a private undertaking, it is being well received in all quar-

ters and deserves enlarged sup- of the world while as yet they ISLANDS OF THE SEA port from individuals and offi- cannot do it alone. The united cial religious bodies. thank-offering and the daily use The Way of the Shining Face of intercessory prayer are no- -Christian Century. table features." A number of Solomon Island's savages had gathered for a feast JAPAN-KOREA -The Living Church. with their heathen chief, for whom the Christians had been Enthusiasm for Forward A Worth-While Job praying for years. Suddenly the Movement chief stood uPland said, "I want A Y. M. C. A. secretary in you all to pray strong for me. I A Forward Movement is be- Korea describes an unusual hu- want to bring my people to your ing carried on under the aus- man rescue project. A young church to learn of your Master. pices of the Brotherhood of St. Korean Christian picked up I see that you all stop very good. Andrew. from the city streets about 200 I see the faces of you all shining thieves, beggars, outcasts; got as if your hearts were happy, as Ten thousand copies of a Japa- permission for them to sleep in if you were very glad. My peonese version of Discipleship an empty warehouse; extracted ple are not like that. They all have been prepared and distrib- from the mayor and chief of look as if they were sick. They uted throughout the ten dioceses police a small grant for a few look heavy, and their eyes are and 271 parishes and missions necessities, and set up his hostel. dull. They look as if they never making up the Nippon Sei Kok- The boys managed to feed them- swim (wash). They do swim, UJai. Recently, 4,000 additional selves in ways mysterious-per- but they look as if they never copies have been requested by haps nefarious. They told their swim. They look no good. Beclergy and missionaries. The escapades quite frankly to their fore you all live like us and pray enthusiasm and widespread use youthful mentor. No one ran to to our Adaros (devils). But I being made of the movement led tell the police, and somehow pil- see you find a better way. Your to predictions that when the sec- fering is dying down. The ware- way is the way of the shining ond booklet, Disciples of the Liv- house was a little less cold than face! I want very much to come ing Christ, was released during the streets outside; and within and learn of your new Master. Holy Week, more than twenty were classes, Bible stories and You all pray strong for me." thousand copies would be re- evening prayers for those who quired. chose to stay. No equipment, no -Brethren Evangelist. organization, little money. -The Living Church. Aboriginal Religion Temperance Gaining Ground The Woman's Auxiliary Have Australian aborigines Japan has a law which for- any religion? Rev. J. R. B. Love, A retired deaconess of the bids, with penalties, the selling writing for The Bible in the Episcopal Mission in Japan says of liquor or tobacco to any per- World proves that they have. that one of the most remarkable son under twenty years of age. Among the Wororas there are evidences of the success of the A movement is now on foot to sacred possessions of the tribe work of the Church in Japan is secure ,the passage of the same which express their religious the way Japanese Christian law in Korea. Pastor Song Sang strivings after the eternal and women have given their time, Sook is back of the movement. unseen. These are (1) groups their money and their personal He began last fall in Pyengyang, of artificially arranged stones at service in forwarding Christ's had meetings with newspaper various places; (2) collections Kingdom. One great manifesta- editors and other prominent peo- of pictures, crudely painted in tion of this has been the Wom- ple and secured their endorse- red and yellow ochre, white clay an's Auxiliary in the American ment of the movement; then and black charcoal, on the walls dioceses, which celebrated the went to Seoul, with the result of caves in the rocks; and (3) fortieth anniversary of its work that all the newspapers in Seoul a number of objects made of in Japan in 1934. The Auxiliary have swung into line, and com- carved wood. The stones mark is a strong organization and mitted themselves on the matter sacred places, where according well planned, supporting two with editorials. Mr. Song next to Worora belief, the spirit-eswomen workers in Formosa, and appealed to the officials of the sence of man abides in the earth. maintaining a succession of Government-General, and there Should a Worora man be camped short-time w 0 r k e r s in Man- also he found much sympathy. near one of these sacred places churia and also workers in Sag- His third step was to gather to- he may, in a dream, conceive the halein. One of the most notable gether leading Christians in Se- spirit of his future child. The features of the Japanese Aux- oul and some others interested wooden objects are kept stoted iliary is the gift of appreciation in these matters and they have in a cave, which may be visited to the mother church in Amer- agreed to back the movement only by fully initiated men of ica and England. They send heartily. This is an all-Korea the tribe. At certain ceremonies, one-tenth of their thank-offering movement, and signs point to they are brought out, carefully to the home church of the re- its success. handled and looked at by all spective dioceses, that they may grown men. join in the foreign mission work -Korean Echoes.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

The Worora have a name for Indies Mission of the Christian son and vice-president of Baba Supreme Being, but it is sel- and Missionary Alliance, who son's statistical organization, redom heard, never used in song. come from Menado in Northern ported at the annual meeting of In all their crude beliefs there is Celebes, made a tour of evangel- the Association of Statisticians an underlying element of the ism and investigation in the un- of American Religious Bodies eternal truths that the soul of evangelized part of the Celebes. that while in 1921 the Protesman came from God and returns These two young men left Ma- tants gained 1,710,000 new to God, and that man's duty is kassar in November, and visited members by confession of faith, to love and serve God, and to many of the important centers last year they gained only 990,- express his devotion through round the narrow stretch of 000. A recent survey of 1,000 love and service to his neighbor. land, which forms the curve churches made by the Commis- from the city of Donggala, to sion on Church Attendance of Tristan-Isle of Opportunity Menado. Their trip has brought the Congregational and Chris- to light considerable informa- tian Churches showed that only Tristan Da Cunha, an isolated tion concerning this field about twenty-five per cent of regisisland in the South Atlantic which comparatively little is tered members were supporting Ocean, has always been called known. Many places they vis- their churches by personal at- "Isle of Loneliness." Rev. Har- ited are without a witness of the tendance and only thirty per old Wilde thinks it should have Gospel. The expenses of this cent of the seats in United States a new name-"Isle of Oppor- trip were met by the National churches were being used. Mr. tunity." Every child on the Bible Society of Scotland. Their McCullough said: island now possesses a Bible, the sales of the Scriptures were fairgift of the Bible Society, their ly good, but colportage work is Every department of church work only book. But Mr. Wilde reads difficult because of the illiteracy depends on church attendance. If other books to them. "Since last of the people, and the bigotry of church attendance continues to peter year we have finished Alice in the Mohammedans. The Gov- out our mission societies and all our Wonderland, Robinson Crusoe, ernment has given the mission other church organizations will go Robin Hood, Grimm's Fairy permission to carryon regular overboard. To save the church our Tales, and the Christmas Carol. missionary work in this vast un- laymen must go to church. Attend- The children are very keen and occupied area, and as soon as ance at Sunday schools has declined never miss school, whatever the students are sufficiently pre- even faster than church attendance. weather. I have taught them pared, they hope to take up the Between 1931 and 1935 it declined two of my mottoes: 'You never work in this field. eight per cent, whereas church atwin by giving in,' and 'Any old tendance declined one per cent. Sunthing won't do.' In fact the chil- -The Pioneer. day school attendance reached its peak dren are doing so nicely that around 1917. The zenith of church now the older folks are asking to NORTH AMERICA attendance was in 1880. be taught, and they want me to start a night schooL" Population of the United Alert to New Opportunities The older folks have lectures S.tates When the Board of Home Mison Wednesday evenings. "So sions of the Presbyterian far" says Mr. Wilde, "I have The estimated population of Church, U. S. A., learned that talked on First Aid, Egypt, the United States on July 1,1935 the Rural Habilitation Service Shakespeare, War Reminis- was 127,521,000 as compared was planning to move 200 famcences, Coal and Oil, Things to with the official federal census ilies from Minnesota, Wisconsin Make for the Home, Cost of Liv- figures of 122,755,046 on April and Michigan to Alaska, the ing in England. The lectures 1, 1930 according to William L. Board sent the Rev. Bert J. are quite voluntary, but no one Austin, director of the Bureau Bingle from Cardova to Matamisses, and they all say how of Census. This is an increase nuska so that he was on hand to they enjoy these evenings." of 3.9 per cent. The greatest in- welcome the settlers on their ar- crease was one of 22 per cent rival. A community hall has The chaplain is also getting in the District of Columbia, at- now been built with the assistthem to work for themselves, tributed to the influx of federal ance of the settlers, and has and make all kinds of articles employes during the present ad- served not only as a place of for home use. The men and ministration. In Georgia the in- worship for the Community boys are making little things to crease was 15 per cent, in South church which Mr. Bingle has orsell to any visiting ships, and so Carolina 15.7, in Tennessee 11 ganized, but also as a hospital are the women and girls. All and in Florida 9.9. Eleven when an epidemic of scarlet feare learning to share in the work states show a loss in population, ver attacked the camp. of the mission in other fields. Arizona leading with a loss of The people are faithful in keep- 11.4 per cent. -Presbyterian Tribune. ing up private prayer. -Watchman-Examiner. The Southern Baptists -The Mission Field. Protestant Church Today there are 4,389,417 In the Northern Celebes Membership members in the Southern Bap- tist Church. The year 1935 has During the past year two stu- Charles J. McCullough, pri- been one of distinct gains.: 177 dents at the Netherlands East vate secretary .to Roger W. Bab- new churches, 202,047 baptisms; $22,264,052 given to local work,

a net gain of $1,862,444; gifts pIe were not attending any United Church of Canada to missions, education and be- church. Meetings were held, nevolences were $4,624,515, a two a day six days a week, be- During the past ten years the net gain of $372,847; the total ginning on Sunday morning and United Church of Canada has gifts to all causes increased to closing the next Friday night; received 250,378 persons into $26,888,567, a net gain of $2,- moving to a new place on Satur- church membership on profes- 235,291. day and beginning all over sion of faith-an average of a again. Every afternoon a Bible fresh Pentecost of believers The Foreign Mission Board Study group was held in the every six weeks. After deductreports 400 missionaries in the farm homes; every night a ing the losses through death and following countries: Africa, Ar- service in the schoolhouse. One otherwise, communicant memgentina, North and South Bra- district was quite pagan, where bership has increased from 600,- zil, Chile, Central, Interior, for twelve years there had been 668 in 1925 to 687,973 at the North and South China, Hun- no religious work until this Sun- close of 1934. There is also an gary, Italy, Jl:J.pan, Jugo-Slavia, day school was started. The increase in Sunday school enrol- Mexico, Palestine-Syria, Rou- school teacher said that among ment from 579,482 to 638,960, mania and Spain. her pupils only one had known Young People's Society member- the Lord's Pray~r, or had ever ship from 104,607 to 205,979, The total receipts last year seen a Sunday school paper. and families from 369,652 to were $1,294,613 and the total 459,089. The Dominion census disbursements were $1,293,426. Recently a young farmer said of 1931 reports that 2,017,375 to the leader in this work: "My persons in Canada have declared The Woman's Missionary temper has always been al- themselves associated with the Union reports the total number mighty quick, and I used to be United Church. Upwards of of Woman's Missionary Union plenty free with the stick when 1,300 congregations have been organizations in the Southern the children acted contrary, but organized in communities that Baptist Convention is 34,645, we're better pals now. I don't had no Christian service, thus with an aggregate membership know just how or when it began reaching new settlements on the of 593,766. Of this number 11,- but I've been changing the last prairies, in mining camps, pulp- 407 are Woman's Missionary So- two years." His wife, kneading wood towns, and among fishercieties, with a reported member- bread, turned around and looked folk with the Gospel of Jesus in ship of 293,833, and 23,238 are at him. "I know when you a way which the churches, sepayoung people's organizations, started to change," she said. "It rately, could never have equaled. with a membership of 299,883. was when the Sunday school It is of interest to know that These organizations contributed opened here." He is taking an the United Church preaches during the past year to denomi- active leadership in that Sunday the Gospel in Canada in thirty national causes a total of $1,- school now. different languages, while the 972,370. The total number of Bible is distributed in book and tithers reported, 95,292. Pagans in America leaflet in more than fifty dia- lects. More than 1,000 congre- -Henry W. Tiffany, Ph.D. American missionaries have gations, struggling for exist- penetrated the far corners of ence, nearly all receiving grants Crime and Church the earth, yet within our own from Home Mission Boards, borders there are more than 45,- have been united into harmoni- Judge William T. Aggeler of 000 pagans who still worship ous unions, thus destroying re- Los Angeles, for many years de- their tribal gods, according to ligious competitions, and multifender of public order in that Bishop Howden of New Mexico. plying their effectiveness in decity, declares that of the thou- They are the Navajo Indians in voted Christian ministry to their sands of men and women who Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. communities. came before him charged with every conceivable crime, only 2 "Their paganism cannot be -Presbyterian Alliance per cent were active members ascribed to any lack of proselyt- Bulletin. of any church. The other 98 per ing by the Christians," observes cent either had no religion, or the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, LATIN AMERIOA had ceased to attend church. "because since the Spaniards first encountered them in the six- Caguas Church Too Small -Religious Digest. teenth century they have been subjected to systematic cam- It is refreshing to hear from Opening Pioneer Work paigns of conversion. With the Puerto Rico that the Baptist exception of a comparatively church in Caguas is progressing In 1933 the Women Preachers few individuals, other Indians rapidly. Miss Lola Llabres Association appointed a Com- have accepted Christianity, but writes: mittee on Fields and Workers. the Navajos have remained ob- One of the developments that durate. This does not mean that We have little room to accommofollowed was a piece of pioneer they are irreligious, because date the crowds of children and adults work in southern Kansas. With atheism and agnosticism are un- who come to the meetings, and specialthe help of some local women known among them." ly to the Sunday school. Many who five Sunday schools were organ- have made their public profession of ized in regions where the peo-

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

faith are anxious to join the church prison for embezzlement of the he set out to do his duty for his through baptism. Each member does public funds. He promised to his best to help others to know the give the rest of his life to the country. In the battle of Cana- Saviour. The men's society has or- da, Chile, he lost all his possesganized to work in the country dis- service of Jesus Christ in the sions, and among them his Bible.

tricts. Those who can preach help in prison. Yet he had learned from memthis way, and others give invitations ory many of the most important to the meetings. There is great en- -National Bible Society passages, and these continued to thusiasm about this activity, and it .of Scotland. bring him consolation. On July is our hope and prayer that this may be the way to oring many to Christ. Lost in Amazonian Forest 11, 1934, he was wounded, and The women too are not idle. They on September 14th he arrived at Somewhere in Brazil today the hospital in Santa Cruz, hold services in homes where the peo- three pioneers are lost, brave where he remained for several ple sympathize with our work, but men who went out under the Un- months. Following his discharge are not brave enough yet to attend evangelized Fields Missions. from the hospital, he came fairthe services held in the temple. This They are known as the "Three ly regularly to the Gospel meethas proved to be a good means of in- Freds," their names being Fred ings, and knowing of his long teresting people in the Gospel; by Roberts, Fred Dawson, and Fred association with the Gospel, Mr. and by they visit the church and Wright. Mr. Roberts, who is in Horne many times pressed him learn to know the Saviour. Seven charge of the party, is an Au- to decide for Christ. On 17th and even more Sunday schools are stralian, who has been ten years January of this year, being trouheld every Sunday afternoon. in Amazonia, working entirely bled about his sins, he retired to among Indians. His companions his aunt's home. There he found – Watchman-Examiner. are new recruits. They started a disused Bible, and opened it at last May for what would be a passage he had never hitherto In a West Indian Prison called in war an "unhealthy sec- read. As he met the words: "Be tion" in the center of Brazil. not deceived; God is not "In those beautiful islands of They were seeking the un- mocked: for whatsoever a man the West Indies," writes George touched field of the wild Kaya- soweth, that shall he also reap," Herbert of St. Kitts, "where na- pos, of whom very little is a deep conviction penetrated his ture seems to have lavished her known. They are said to shoot soul, and falling on his knees he choicest gifts of vegetation and at sight and to regard white men confessed his sin and accepted romantic scenery, it is sad to as their rightful prey. Jesus Christ as his Saviour. Althink that many must be con- though he has had to endure perdemned for their misdeeds to The three were supplied with secution from his companions, spend many months in prison. an unusual outfit which included he continues to be a joyful Their enforced confinement, a 4% h. p. outboard motor which Christian. however, offers opportunity, can be fixed to a canoe, a docwhich has been eagerly taken tor's microscope and other sci- -National Bible Soc. .of advantage of, for securing their entific instruments, a six-foot Scotland. attention to the things of the cross saw, guns and ammuni- Spirit to which, in their days of tion for use against wild beasts New Life in the Chaco freedom, they were oblivious. and for hunting game, galvan- In confinement many of the pris- ized sheet iron, rivets and tin Last January (midsummer in oners have listened willingly to cutters,-put in that the pio- the Argentine), in the cool of the message of the Gospel, and neers might make themselves the evening a company of Indian in the reading of the Book have steel shields as armor against chiefs were squatting in a circle found the way to God. The Indian arrows. Their last let- in serious conclave. A year or changes that have taken place in ter, sent over a year ago, re- two ago this would have meant the cases of a number have been ported that they had treated either a seance of witch doctors so marked that even the justices over 100 sick people and had or the beginning of a drinking and the officers in charge have held meetings that were crowded feast. But this circle of thirtyborne witness to the power of to overflowing. The Mission has five men, including ex-witch docthe Word to uplift and trans- sent out a rescue party in search tors and warrior chiefs, had met form. for the three missionaries. in the shadow of the trees on the mission compound for prayer, Never before have there been -The Christian. seeking guidance for the evanso many persons in jail for various misdemeanors. Nevertheless, not a few have had the great experience of meeting God face to face in the prison. So Conversion of a Soldier gelistic trips to be undertaken profound was the impression that week end. The universal made by the Holy Spirit during Peter J. Horne of Santa Cruz, week of prayer had just come the preaching at one service that Bolivia, tells the following story to a close.

nearly everyone of the fifty men of a young Bolivian who left It is more than a year since present made profession of his home in 1933 to serve his coun- these evangelistic trips were intention to live a new life. try in the war with Paraguay. first begun. Men and women, Among these there was a high He had received a Bible from a chiefs and their whole villages dignitary in the local govern- Bolivian Indian missionary, and have been so attracted by the ment civil service, who was in with this precious companion, Gospel message that they have

come to live here temporarily to Far East in 1938. The first ses- best to educate the entire memlearn more of Jesus and His sion was given entirely to an ad- bership of the Church in the nawords. A group of over 200 In- dress by Dr. John R. Mott. At ture of the work abroad, and to dians, living fifteen miles down the second session, Rev. William reveal its character as a deeply stream, have been asking for a Paton outlined the plans for the spiritual movement vital to the missionary for several years. proposed meeting in China, the life of the Church at home. Some of the chiefs with their general theme of which is to be They were seeking to lay upon people have been living here for "The Upbuilding and Mainte- the heart of the Church the cona few months-attracted by the nance of the Younger Churches" viction that more missionaries, work of the evangelists-four of as a part of the world-wide men and women, were urgently the chiefs and nearly forty of Christian fellowship. The five needed if the Church of Scottheir people having joined our principal divisions of this theme land was worthily to fulfil its inquirers' class which has passed were discussed in the following function as a missionary church. the 200 mark. The church is sessions. filled nightly to overflowing. Other societies find themselves Witchcraft, drinking and danc- The closing session was a tes- in a simlar position,· and it ing belong to bygone days. The timonial and a farewell to Mr. might be a good thing if once a Holy Spirit is very obviously at Kenneth Maclennan, who has year, in the churches of all dework in their lives, and there is been the secretary of the British nominations, there could be a a genuine desire to become, as Missionary Conference from its Recruiting Sunday, when a defimany so often pray, the "chil- beginning, and who now retires nite appeal should be made to dren of light." because of age limitation. His young men and women to enlist successor, the Rev. J. W. C. Dou- in the service of Christ, whether -The South American Mis- gall, who has been educational at home or abroad. sionary Society Magazine. adviser to the missions in Kenya and Uganda, will assume these -The Life of Faith. EUROPE secretarial duties next January. The conference also authorized Churches and Bibles in Spain British Y. M. C. A. its Standing Committee to call a second secretary to be associ- Thirty-six churches w ere The British Weekly comments ated with Mr. Dougall, thus burned recently in Spain during favorably on the recent conven- making it possible to reorganize the present revolution, within a tion of the Young Men's Chris- the cooperative work of the period of 48 hours and 34 othtian Association held in London British missionary societies so ers were damaged by fire; 160 which devoted itself to a study that the home base activities churches have been destroyed in of the important report on aims may be more fully coordinated, four months and 251 have been and policy drawn up by commit- and so that the work of the damaged, said Jose Maria Gil tee after a three years' survey of United Council for Missionary Robles, leader of the (Roman) Y. M. C. A. work throughout Education may be included with- Catholic Popular Action in the the country. in the responsibilities of the sec- Cortes. retaries of the Conference. There had been a growing doubt On the other hand Bible disas to whether the Y. M. C. A. had not -A. L. Warnshuis. tribution continues: lost sight of its original purpose. Partly this was due to the whole- Need for Missionary Recruits A lady missionary was hurryhearted way in which the Association ing through a crowded street in threw itself into the tasks which thc The recent reports of all the Barcelona when a smiling Spanwar imposed upon it-"serving of ta- leading missionary societies of ish woman accosted her. "Are bles" in the sense of providing social, Great Britain indicate financial you the Senora who gave me a educational and recreational facili- deficits, but, great as is the need little book the other day, in the ties for young men and boys. The of money, there are indications Calle St. Anna?" report recalls it to a renewed empha- that the need of missionaries is sis upon its definitely Christian and even greater. One of the most The missionary had distrib- Christianizing ideal. Y. M. C. A. important discussions of the uted many of these little Scripleaders have almost unequalled op- General Assembly of the Church ture booklets in the wide, busy portunities for bring young men with- of Scotland in Edinburgh was avenues of the great Spanish in the influence of Christ and His devoted to the work of foreign city. Gospel. As a result of the London missions. convention they plan to go to their "May be," she said, "Was it work with a clearer view of their op- Rev. C. W. G. Taylor, in pre- one like this?" portunities and their obligations. senting the foreign mission re- port of the Church of Scotland, The Spanish woman's face lit -Presbyterian Banner. declared that the special effort up as she saw the booklet which which they were making was the missionary held out. "Ah, British Mission Conference not, first and foremost, a finan- yes, that is it. My sons have cial drive. They were seeking, read it, and asked me to get The annual meeting of the rather, to bring all congrega- more for the other members of Missionary Societies in Great tions to the consideration of how the family. And indeed these Britain and Ireland was held at words are true," looking down Swanwick June 10-13), program at the little book with a softened being centered around the pro- expression. posed meeting of the International Missionary Council in the -Scripture Gift Bulletin.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Anti-Semitism in Rumania We have received copies of your year to learn the language be- Gospel of St. John. Understanding fore coming to Urundi, there It has become extremely dan- that 1,000 unbound Gospels are ur- is no man on the field to occupy gerous to be a Jew in Rumania, gently needed for the good of the peo- Kayero. where, out of a population of ple, we have telephoned concerning 18,000,000, 1,000,000 are Jews. them to the Foreign Minister. Our Two others from South Africa Jewish youth are no longer able great desire is that this plan might have been appointed to the to attend certain branches of be carried out, and that the books Congo in 1937, after their furcertain universities, and those might reach our camp for the use of lough. who have already studied several the soldiers. semesters are prevented from Catholicism in Angola passing the i r examinations. -Life Of Faith. Many of the ways to free pro- The Angola press, especially fessions are closed to Jews. Vio- Another Translation in Luanda, has published severlent actions have been taken to al articles lately, setting forth exclude Jewish lawyers from Rev. W. S. Martin of the the necessity of "Catholicizing" leading places at the bar, and French Sudan writes that the the colony. Catholic baptisms in similar measures have been National Bible Society of Scot- 1934 numbered 43,000, and the taken against Jewish doctors, land has now completed the number of adherents in the coldentists and builders. Mer- printing of the whole New Tes- ony is put at 425,000. The anchants are so heavily taxed or so tament in Songoi, or, as it was nual subsidy given by the Anf r e que n t I y fined on bogus formerly called, Sonhrai. golan Government to Roman charges that they are being Catholic missions is about 4,- forced out of business. Anti- This great race differs from the 000,000 angolares, approximate- Semitic propaganda takes two ordinary Negroes of the southerly ly £40,000, as well as privileges, forms: an anti-Jewish press and districts. They belong to the "Sudan" such as exemption from customs anti-Jewish meetings. The fight stock. A little above the average in dues, hut taxes for workers, etc. against the Jews has become the stature, they are well developed, black social, political and economic skinned, have prominent noses and Nevertheless, e van gel i c a I issue in Rumania. The Jews medium coarse features. In mental- work is pushing forward. The are stigmatized as Rumania's ity they are a little above the aver- Dondi church, a comparatively enemy No.1. age African, but centuries of forced recent organization, c 0 u n t s submission to conquering Arabs and 5,000 members and a very large -Alliance Weekly. Touregs have produced something of number of catechumens. The a servile nature. Bailundo church has a member- AFRICA ship of 7,000. Sunday school Songoi is the general trade lan- work is taking on a new inter- Bible Work in Addis Ababa guage for a distance of about one est and the general outlook is thousand miles along the Niger, be- hopeful. A survey by the World The British and Foreign Bi- ginning at Djenne on the Bani River, Dominion Press in 1933 showed ble Society has received news a tributary of the Niger, and extend- the existence of a Protestant from T. P. Bevan, their repre- ing down into the Niger Colony and Christian community of 240,000 sentative in Addis Ababa, con- Dahomey. in a probable native popUlation cerning the looting of the Bible of 4,141,730. There were then House last May. The trouble While the Songoi as a race are still 249 foreign missionaries and began on the morning of May 2, Mohammedan, many individuals are 2,854 national workers. and the same evening Mr. and ready to welcome the Gospel, and the Mrs. Bevan were taken to the former fanaticism is breaking down. "Little Man, What Next?" British Legation. Some men Now, at last, when the Word of God were left in charge, but two days is made available to them in their Nurses at Holy Cross Hospilater they were overpowered. own language, there is little doubt tal, Pondoland, suspected their The day following (May 5) the out that many of these fine people gardener and fac totum of wast- Italians entered the city, and will be brought into the Kingdom, ing his time; and required him that night the Bible House was and the whole tribe will be affected, to write a list of his daily activiset on fire four times, but neigh- as well as many of the neighboring ties. This is what he wrote: bors came and extinguished the tribes. flames. Next morning Mr. Be- To sweep back and front of the dinvan regained possession of the -Alliance Weekly. ing-room every day. To carry water premises, but the Bibles had all for the washer once a week. To cut been taken. Thus he was re- In the Belgian Congo firewood and chop them for the bath lieved of any anxiety concerning and ironing three times a week. To their distribution! Mr. J. W. Haley is superin- empty pig'soin twice a day. To col- tendent of the Mission Libre lect eggs once a day. To collect hens Mr. Alfred Buxton quotes Methodiste at Ruanda-Urundi, into their runs four or five times a the following letter, written by Central Africa, on the water- day, and mend their runs as many the Emperor of Ethiopia as he shed of the Congo-Nile River times a day. To get cream Monday, was starting for the front line: systems. In a news letter he Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. To writes that the government does get vegetables from the garden daily. not wish to grant official status Working flower garden, weeding it, to a mission until they have at manuring it, turning soil, planting least 10 workers on the field; flowers, watering them and tidying it on the other hand, the mission every day. To whitewash Sisters' waits for official sanction before adding to the staff. Eventually, the vice-governor gave permis- sion to occupy a site at Kayero. While the Board expects to send missionaries to Belgium this

rooms twice a month. To cut lawns One day a State official came dred thousand Jews have come to gather taxes. He saw that to settle in Palestine, but the once a week, to sweep them and tidy Bazele was well educated and two races do not get along well much more refined than the men together. Great Britain is standoff. To divide fruits from 'rnseleni of the jungle. Just before the ing by her mandate and declares State official left the village he she will keep order and enforce (store) for nursery and Mrs. Drewe called everybody together and justice at any cost. said, "I want you to know that once a week. To un:oad goods from this is a man of God. He is your Colonial Secretary William friend. He has come to help you. G. A. Ormsby-Gore revealed that Natal, such as boxes, and open them When he beats the drum every over 600 persons have been in- one come and hear him. Divide jured in the recent outbreaks, to be unpacked, twice a month. To your food with him." Because and 84 had been killed. The the white man had given his number increases day by day. carry Sisters' boxes to the Night commands the natives obeyed. Racial Bitterness Nurses' huts and to change beds to At the end of six months three men had accepted Jesus Christ In the political disturbances Mrs. Drewe's and tables twice a as their Saviour. Bazele has between Jews and Arabs, a seri- now been in the village about ous phase has been reached, month. To be a messenger to St. four years. There is a church, which calls for special prayer. and a group of people who come Because of the increase in vio- John's, Cottage, St. Monica's, St. every day to learn the Jesus lence the Jewish and Arab com- Christ way to live. munities are now practically Mary's Hospital, Mrs. Drewe and isolated from one another. The Neighboring villages are send- bitter feeling is also reacting Mrs. Hartley two times a day. To ing to Lotumbe, saying, "White seriously on Christian mission- man, send us someone to tell us ary work, one of the regrettable kill a cock three times a month. To about Jesus like Bazele is telling developments being the hostile to his people."-World Call. attitude taken by many Protesmake up French drains and roads tant Christian Arabs towards WESTERN ASIA both the Jews and the British twice a month. To take one bag of Government. Some Arab pas- Palestine in Turmoil tors are even publicly denouncmealies from hospital for nursery ing the present policy from their All Palestine is in commotion, pulpits. once a month, and grind one tin of with riots breaking out in its cities and towns. It is a highly The Arab community finds it mealies for nursery once a month. To tangled situation with roots run- hard to understand the action of ning back through thousands of the Government in recognizing carry one bag of coal for nursery years. The basal trouble is the the claims of the Jews to a coun- presence of two races and two try in which the Arabs have had once a month. To get fruits from the religions, both claiming Pales- undisputed claims for some cen- tine as their holy land. The turies. They feel that their gardens such as apples, peaches, etc., claim of the Jews goes back to rights have been ignored, and Abraham, and of the Arabs to are clamoring for what they betwice a month. To bury poisoned the invasion of the land by Mo- lieve to be justice. But, Pales- hammed twelve hundred years tine is far from being fully ocdogs, cats and dead hens any day ago. The Jews, without a coun- cupied. The incoming of the try anywhere, have always Jews has been an unquestioned it happens. To clean drains in hen- turned their longing eyes to- benefit economically. The Arabs wards it and cherished their re- have themselves profited very runs, to give meajes to the hens every turn to it as their passionate materially from the improved dream. conditions. But they recognize afternoon. To fill up seed boxes with the initiative and the aggressive- The close of the great War, ness of the newcomers, and are soil, manuring them and watering which left Palestine in the hands afraid lest they be eventually of the British, seemed to open dispossessed. them every day, when hot to put mats the door for them to return. The Zionist movement started up to -Christian and Missionon top of young plants to prevent provide the means for consum- ary Alliance. mation. But at once the difficulheat. W ALTER BUT!. ty arose because the Arabs have Modern Times in Arabia so long occupied the land. It The nurses were satisfied. was proposed to buy them out Pious Moslems in Mesopota- -The Mission Field. and millions of dollars were fur- mia used to spend four or five nished for this purpose by Jews months on camel routes to make A Transformation all over the world. Over a hun- the pilgrimage from Baghdad Bazele Daurdi, an evangelist of the Disciples Mission at Coquilhatville had a burning desire to carry the Gospel to some village where the people had never heard of Christ. The missionary sent word to Lotumbe asking what the mission there thought but before an answer was received Bazele had already started. When he and his wife got to the village they had in mind, they beat the big drum and called all the village people together. He told them of the love of God and of Jesus Christ and his love and mercy. Some of the old men came up and said, "Why are you here? Why did you come?" He told them it was because he loved them and God. They retorted that they had never known of a stranger of one tribe loving people who wore different tribal marks and they accused him of being a spy, or a thief. They refused to divide their food with him.

Bazele and his wife built a little house and started a garden but went hungry many times because the people refused to supply food.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

to Mecca. Now a motor road strongest Christian centers in felt the great challenge of his reduces the time to four or five the Nizam's Dominions. country's need and resolved to days. Last year a party of Mos- do all that lay in his power. lems came by motor all the way -The Christian. to Mecca from Delhi in north- Mr. Devadhar was President ern India. "A great increase in Growth at Ratnagiri of the Servants of India Society missionary mobility is foreshad- and has been referred to as "the owed," observed The Interna- From the West India Presby- intellectual center of Indian poltional Review of Missi.ons. terian Mission comes the report itics, which he regarded as a that the church at Ratnagiri constructive agency for building INDIA AND BURMA shows growth both in member- the India of his dreams. It was ship and in evangelism. There he who created the "Woman's Serf Saves a Village have been ten children baptized Movement" of India, which has and thirteen members received sent out over 1,300 women as Rev. Charles W. Posnett, Ni- into the communion of the trained social workers, over 300 zam's Dominions, relates the church by profession of their being medical and 1,000 nonstory of a young man named faith in Christ. A Women's medical workers. In Poona alone Punnyadass, whose father was Society, a Temperance Society the organization maintains six bound by a debt of five pounds, and the Y. M. C. A. are func- hostels for women, where there for which he had been working tioning as church activities. are 22 workers and 224 resident for thirty years simply to pay There are ten Sunday schools, pupils and 93 who are partly or the interest. Once a year he was two in the town of Ratnagiri wholly supported by the society. given a blanket, and his wife and eight in the district, con- "Lift up the women and the nawas given a cloth, and daily they ducted under the supervision of tion will lift up itself," is the had only enough food for one the church. The Y. M. C. A., slogan. meaL Anxious that his son at its own expense, made an should rise above this miserable evangelistic tour through the The Baptists in India existence, he sent the boy to Mr. district during the months of Posnett 25 years ago. Punnya- April and May. During the Dr. J. H. Rushbrooke, Secredass was trained as an evangel- Christmas holidays, the church tary of the Baptist World Alist, and the villagers of Marelli carried out the week of evan- liance, reported on his visit to begged him to come and teach gelism in Ratnagiri and the India in part as follows: them the Gospel. The village near-by villages. All the men, chief was angry, and said that women and most of the children The Telugu Mission field is the he did not want any Christians took part in this. Twenty vil- largest Baptist field in India. At the in his village. The roof of his lages were visited, many Gospels Assam Centenary celebration in J orshed was pulled down, and sold and tracts distributed. The hat, the conference was attended by everybody who went near him communicant membership is about 5,000 of the 56,000 church memwas persecuted, but the boy won largest in the history of the bers in the province. Twenty-three the love of all. church. languages were represented, though only four or five were officially used. Then plague broke out last A Great Servant It was a strange experience for speakyear, and spread to this village. ers to utter a sentence or two, and Two or three people died, and A writer in Dnyanodaya says wait until the simultaneous translathe whole village was infested that one of his richest experi- tion of the official interpreters and with rats. The chief left the ences was to attend the 60th the murmured rendering by others village and built himself a hut birthday of Mr. Gopal Krishna should cease. A veritable Babel, but two miles away in the jungle; Devadhar-who died last No- also a Pentecost; for the word but Punnyadass obtained medi- vember-and to hear his address reached "every man in his own cine and disinfectants and at- to about two thousand people in tongue." tended to all those who were which he paid tribute to the instricken. He then got the young fluence that missionaries had A Hindu editor, not a Christian, men who were very devoted to upon him in all his life work, was there to express appreciation of him to clean the village and especially the self-forgetting what the Baptist mission had done drive out the plague rats. They spirit shown by missionary for the cultural uplift of the people. whitewashed the houses, inside women. Most moving of all was He spoke of the setting up by the and out, cleaned the roads, and his statement that when he was mission of the first printing press in destroyed everything that they a young man, a missionary in the province, the publication of dicthought would encourage the the Scottish Mission compound tionaries, the circulation of books and rats to stay. Attacks of plague at Jalna pointed out to him how the promotion of education. When he subsided; the people began to the illiterate Indians were wor- had closed his tribute, he raised his feel that as long as Punnyadass shiping the idol Maruti and chal- arm and pointing dramatically to a was there they were safe. The lenged the young Devadhar with group in one corner of the enclosure, chief returned and admitted that the words: "When are you go- he cried, "Who dares to assert that the boy had done a fine work. ing to do something for your Christian missions have failed? This village is now one of the people?" It was in that hour Those men a gene1'ation ago were head that the noble G. K. Devadhar hunters." …

-Canadian Baptist.

Rest Haven in Burma Since January, 1927, when the Peabody-Montgomery Rest Haven was opened in the hills of Taunggyi, Burma, 119 young

women have received treatment al unity, with Nanking's author- Already 18,000 have been settled for tuberculosis. In the entire ity largely recognized; Commu- there and now these 35,000 who province of Burma and the Shan nism almost suppressed in many have signed as being willing to States it has been the only source of the provinces, and the Gov- go are to be transferred there. of help for people suffering from ernment looking forward to a The Provincial Relief Committee this disease. Now word .comes freely elected People's Confer- is contemplating starting emerfrom Miss Lizbeth Hughes: "A ence to adopt a Constitution. gency hospitals there. tubercular clinic has bee n (2) The improvement in means opened in a congested part of of communication in ruined rail- Inspectors in the flooded re- Rangoon. Since this section of ways restored to efficiency; an gion report that the waters are the city is nonresidential, the increased mileage in five years now receding rapidly and over usefulness of the clinic will be of 45,000 miles; and the estab- large areas it will be possible to limited, but it is a good step ishment of airways. (3) The do some sowing this spring. which will lead to a fully expansion of industry whereby However, it is also true that the equipped sanitorium in the hills China manufactures many ar- people who have returned to later on, we hope." The Govern- ticles formerly imported. (4) those parts will be in need of ment is at last realizing this The improved status of women, help for the next three months great need which Christian mis- including the right of daughters as they have no food supplies. sions has been pointing out for to inherit as well as sons; of years. . wives to own and dispose of Y. M. C. A. in Government property; of individuals to free- Schools – Watchman-Examiner. dom of choice in marriage; and the discouraging of concubinage. An immense task has been left Bible Reading in Siam (5) The expansion of improve- behind by the "Youth and Reli- ment of social services as shown gion Movement" campaigns. It The American Bible Society in a national and higher educareports an outstanding growth tional system and a national has been estimated that the toin spiritual interest in eastern health service, at least, in larger tal attendance of the Eddy and Siam. From the reading of the cities. (6) The development of the d e put a t ion meetings Word, with no teacher other a spirit of social service and civ- amounts to 339,595 and the total than the Holy Spirit, hundreds ic responsibility, with the trend number of "decisions" to 12,832. of people in this section of the definitely in the direction of hon- Association secretaries and country have accepted the Gos- esty and efficiency. church workers are simply bepel as the true way of salvation. wildered about the follow-up Whole villages have come to be- All these things are creditea work. Government and nonlieve in Christ as the true Sav- by this journalist, directly or in- Christian private schools iniour of the world, and, with the directly, to Christianity and the creasingly outnumber Christian guidance the Christian workers efforts of missionaries. institutions. This must arrest could give them, a number of the attention of those who are chapels are being built by these -Alliance Weekly. interested in student work in believers. Because of this won- China. According to the latest derful revival movement a Bible Famine and Flood statistics, there are 111 universchool for the training of colo- sities and colleges in the counporteur-evangelists is b e i n g Dr. E. H. Edwards relates try, of which only eighteen are opened in Korat. The plan is to some interesting details concern- Christian. Out of a total of have each village, where there ing the famine and flood relief about 40,000 students in these is a sufficient number of believ- carried on in the Yellow River universities and colleges only ers, select a man, or preferably area of China under the direc- 3,500 are in Christian institua man and wife, send them to tion of Dr. H. R. Williamson, tions. In regard to the middle the Bible training school for a Chairman of the China Interna- schools, only 196 out of a total year, then have them for the tional Famine Relief Commis- of 1,892 are Christian institutraining of colporteur-evangel- sion. tions, and only 30,000 students istic work for a year. This pro- out of 400,000 are in Christian cedure is to continue until each In a recent letter Dr. William- institutions. Roughly we may man has had at least three years son says that the amounts sent say that only one-tenth of our of Bible training. to him have come at exactly the college and middle school stu- right time when Government re- dents are studying in Christian – Watchman-Examiner. lief is failing. "The Provincial institutions and thereby gaining Government has issued an order some kind of knowledge about CHINA that all refugees must leave their Christianity, whereas the other camps by the end of the month. nine-tenths are practically un- Modern China reached by direct Christian in- The Provincial Government, fluences. A journalist, writing in W.orld he goes on to say, contemplates Dominion, lists six outstanding transferring 35,000 of the refu- Christians seem less able ecofeatures in the reconstruction gees to Li-Chin near the mouth nomically to send their sons and taking place in China. These of the Yellow River to help cul- daughters to Christian schools. are (1) The approach to nation- tivate the reclaimed land there.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

They are, therefore, attending Canadian Mission in an obscure neighborhood, where the non-Christian schools in increas- Manchuria people knew my friend and had ing numbers. planned for her to conduct a short- The Canadian Presbyterian term school for two weeks. One stu- -The Chinese Recorder. Mission in South Manchuria has dent would bring a bushel of rice, an- maintained encouraging prog- other vegetables from his garden, and Broadcasting the Bible ress since 1934. There were another oil or a little money. All the nearly 1,000 baptisms in 1935, offerings were pooled and they formed Not by radio but by salesmen. the largest number for any year a committee who should cook, who For many years the Presbyteri- since the inception of the work. should wash dishes, and who should an Mission has engaged colpor- Eleven new centers were opened sweep out the two fairly large mudteurs which were financed by to the Gospel, and other villages floored rooms. the British and Foreign Bible have offered to provide meeting Society in Canton. Under a new houses if the mission will send The next morning we had early arrangement evangelists, Bible them an evangelist. prayer time, communal music and women and other volunteers literacy classes in the morning. I could have taken to selling Bible por- In the southern section of the see peasants and their young children tions on their country trips. field no fewer than 464 memor- as well as their old fathers and moth- They pay the Society a fixed rate ized the golden texts for the en- ers studying out of the same book. per box of portions and are al- tire year. As a reward, those This sort of cooperative school was lowed to keep the proceeds from who could read were given a not an experiment, for the same sort the sales, thus relieving the Chinese translation of Mrs. Go- of thing was going on in many parts strain of economic pressure due forth's stirring book on "Blind of China. to the general depression and Chang." Those unable to read sudden cutting off of the usual were given a Gospel picture. -The Christian Advocate. subsidy from the Board. Al- Ten of the mission's members ready this has resulted in greatly have dedicated their lives to Turning the Other Cheek increased sales during special evangelistic work, and gone for campaigns in cities, market training, at their own expense, A missionary in Linchow towns and at festivals. The to Bible schools and theological sends an account of a young contwenty~ thousand copies ordered seminaries. vert in Pao On who in spite of were soon exhausted and anoth- persecution is steadfast and er order of ten thousand was The vital part of the women's faithful: placed. work is the annual short-term Bible training school, and since Last year he borrowed money to at- Itinerating Among the Loi Manchurian women exercise tend a Christian conference. When he considerable influence over their returned home his father beat him. The Loi people inhabit the men folk, has been the means of His family, especially his uncle, have southwestern part of Hainan equipping many women for been very mean to him because he is Island. A party of 19 which in- fruitful Christian service. a Christian. They have forbidden his cluded missionaries, an evangel- going out with the evangelistic bands, ist, a cook, three Loi school boys -The Life of Faith. but he starts out in another direction and twelve carriers, recently and meets them somewhere on the made a two weeks trip through In Chinese Villages road. He is very helpful in the church, that area. They report that not even helping sweep the floor and light five years ago the number of Muriel Lester of London re- the lamps. One day he reproved his Christians in the Ha Loi area cently completed a trip around uncle's children for mistreating their could almost be counted on the the world. From India she sent dog. His uncle became angry and fingers of one hand. Now the this comment of what she saw threw a large stone at him, injuring entire population of five villages in a Chinese village: him seriously. Despite this fact he worships the Saviour. Not three was put in prison and spent the night years ago, these same villages Among all the villages I saw in there. At first his father took no inwere threatened and their Bi- China one of the most interesting is terest in the matter. He said that his bles, tracts and hymn books pub- a place near Soochow, a city between son was always causing- trouble ever licly burned. Now the chief of Nanking and Shanghai, which is often since he became a Christian. The the whole area is an earnest in- ca'lled the "Venice of China," for there Christians secured his release and quirer. During five days' stay we use canals instead of roads, and talked to the father showing him the in this region, 87 patients were boats instead of buses. The girl whom large stone which had been thrown at treated; many inquirers were we were staying with was a singer, a his son. His heart was finally touched visited, though none were ready lover of children and a Christian. and he was persuaded to send the boy for baptism. For the first time to Linchow to the hospital for treatthe Gospel was taken to the Ha She had given up the foreign house ment. He was especially struck by the Loi tribes themselves. They in the town which was given to her for peaceful manner in which the Chrisseemed genuinely interested and her work, and built a mud cottage in tians settled up the matter. While the asked for more. a quiet village. A low shelf ran round boy was in the hospital the Christians her room, on it all manner of toys, took turns in coming to see him. This picture books, balls, and dolls dear to interested the non-Christians for it the heart of children all the world showed the love of the Christians for over. one another. The father has become interested and has attended a number One day we set out with this friend of meetings. on a little houseboat which was fitted up. most neatly with cooking stove and Fighting Girl Slavery bunks for four people. At the end of the day we arrived in a tiny village in The Methodist Conference of Foochow struck a telling blow at girl slavery. The China Chris- tian Advocate reports: Resolutions were presented on the festering subject of child slavery, pre-

viously adopted by the woman's con- the men's reception room to "dis- educational, (4) cooperative, ference. Dr. Carol Chen of Hwa Nan cuss the doctrine" with Pastor and (5) reorientation. For the College and Mrs. Ling Guong Ing at- David Sung. Mr. Jenness also most part mission hospitals are tacked the evil at every point of its writes of special meetings. still the best and most trusted pU-.Jlic and private implications, de- medical facilities within reasonmanding investigation in the high "Charles Li is thirty-three able reach for millions of people places, and a house cleaning at home. years old, a tall, strongly-built in Asia and Africa. About half man, who five years ago was a the modern hospitals of China The resolutions adopted provide that young salesman in the employ of are still mission hospitals, while all girl slaves shall be freed and shall a British firm in Tsingtao, draw- in Southeastern Asia, parts of be treated as daughters in the family. ing a high salary. He was con- India, Persia, Arabia and equa- This applies to all girls working with- verted, and almost immediately torial Africa, the mission hosout pay, whether or not they have been felt God's call to preach the Gos- pitals are in the preponderance. bought with money. They shall wear pel, resigned his position and Though reasonably classed as the same kind of clothes and eat the went out on faith. His own modern, most of them are small same kind of food as the family, and words are, 'Since then the Lord -not many have over 100 beds receive some education. has never allowed me to suffer -and their equipment varies want. When there has been any considerably. Often they are Included in this action are the lit- lack, it is because I have lacked weak in maintenance funds, labtle daughters-in-law, and provision is here,' and with that he slapped oratories, records and the finer made for their return to their parents' his knees; meaning that when elaborations of hospital adminhomes if for any reason they are not he prayed little he received little. istration and scientific medicine. married at a suitable time. Only a minority, but a rapidly "Several committees were or- growing minority, have X-rays. For The Blind ganized to plan the various phases of the campaign, a the- -Presbyterian Tribune. Mr. Homer S. Wong has an ater was leased for 15 days, the article in the China Critic de- Electric Light Company agreed A Laity Mission scribing work for the blind. He to wire the place for lights, and says there are at least a million when I reached the theater the A church mission by the laity blind Chinese, and probably two first night an electric cross for 1937-38 will be undertaken million partially blind. Fortune- blazed high on the roof. Inside by the evangelism unit· of the telling appears to have been the the ramshackle building were Board of National Missions of traditional occupation of male about 700 people. Banners and the Presbyterian Church. In Chinese blind; and so lucrative Gospel posters decorated the preparation of this mission, has been this profession that dingy old walls, and the whole church Christian fellowships some blind fortune-tellers amass place was flooded with light from will be held to discuss the followconsiderable wealth; and some two huge electric lamps. Smiling ing questions: What Christ who have been educated in ushers with pink badges greeted Means to Me; The World Situa- Braille are tempted to take up all comers at the door and helped tion as It Affects the Christian fortune-telling. Others rely on them to find seats on the narrow Church; the Purpose of the music for a livelihood. saw-horse benches that served as Christian Church; the Present chairs. A large round table near Situation in the Presbyterian Mr. Wong states there are not the rear was presided over by a Church; The Place of the Laity more than three thousand who couple of policemen who occa- in Making the Church Effective; have learned Braille, with about sionally regaled themselves with What Do I Mean to Christ? a thousand still in school learn- tea from a cracked little porceing it. These Braille students are lain pot. The objectives of the mission distributed among thirty-three are: 1. A more definite, vital schools located in fourteen prov- "We are following up the cam- and sacrificial service for Christ inces. Of these, nine are private, paign with Bible classes. We on the part of the ordained offitwenty are missionary and only have special classes in four cers in the churches; 2. A rethree governmental. There are places for the new converts. In affirmation of faith on the part also eight associations and blind all four places over 90 new con- of every member and an accepthomes of which five are mission- verts are enrolled in these Bible ance of Christ's program in ary, two private and one govern- classes." every area of life; 3. Every mental. church member trained to wit- MISCELLANEOUS ness as to his Christian experi- In Shunteh ence; 4. An invitation commit- Century of Medical Missions tee in each local church assum- Rev. Richard E. Jenness, Pres- ing responsibility for winning byterian missionary, writes that Generally speaking, medical others to Jesus Christ as Savanyone who thinks the Gospel of missions may be said to have iour and Lord; 5. A program of Christ has lost its power should had five stages or phases in their evangelism for the laity in every come to Shunteh and attend a one hundred years of history. presbytery. Sunday morning church service. These can be concisely outlined The congregation is made up of as (1) pioneer, (2) hospital, (3) -Presbyterian Tribune. about three-fifths men-farmers, merchants, government school teachers, students and clerks from the district-court. After church service five or six clerks from the court often remain in

~'=================================I'4Y

Our Missionary Bookshelf Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information ~=—–=—-=—-=—-===-=——=======I~ Day of Immense Sun. By Blair ment of beauty, simplicity and left! As it is, wild Patagonia Niles. $2.50. Bobbs Merrill, New strength. He adores a little girl York. 1936. of noble birth chosen to become still awaits the Christian mes- a Virgin of the Sun in the con- EI Jimmy, Outlaw of Patag~:mi!l' By vent at Cuzco. From the simple senger. SAMUEL GUY INMAN. Herbert Childs. $3.00. Llppmcott, life of shepherds and peasants Philadelphia. 1936. one is led through the complexi- What Happens After Death! By ties of life in the family of the Rev. William Striker. Cloth, 226 These two volumes are far Inca, on to the invasion of the pp. $1.50. American Tract Soapart, but they' both tell of f?r- empire by the Spaniards, to the ciety, New York City, New York. eigners going to South AmerIca execution of the Son of the Sun, -the Spanish Pizarro in 1539 and finally to the first pulse of In view of the modern tendand the English adventurer, life in that new Inca-Spanish ency of preachers to remain Jimmy Radburne, about the nation-Peru. silent on the great issues of the turn of the last century. future life, one welcomes any El Jimmy is the story of the earnest effort to grapple with Day of Immense Sun is mainly adventures of a rough and re- the really difficult questions, esabout the Inca empire. In these markable Englishman who for pecially when these are considdays of the "New Deal," a forty years lived the life of a ered from the Biblical point of "planned society" and Commu- rancher and outlaw in the wild view. The author of this volnism, Blair Niles has gone to country of Patagonia-one of ume has evidently given much Peru to study the communal life the world's few remaining fron- thoughtful study to the subjects of an ancient people. After two tiers. Jimmy Radburne went which he treats and there IS no years of intense research he has fro m England to Patagonia doubt of his own evangelical brought back to us this beautiful when he was eighteen and first convictions. Perhaps not every story, which along with its pow- got work in Tierra del Fuego in thoughtful evangelical believer erful emotional sweep, gives also the days when the sheep men will be able to follow him in all an accurate historical picture of there were brutally exterminat- of his conclusions. This is due the most remarkable of ancient ing the Fuegian Indians. Cross- to the author's occasional tendcivilizations. Readers will be ing over to the mainland, he ency to enter the realm of specusurprised at the revelations here later became a gaucho on a large lation when discussing such of the perfect organization of sheep ranch. The book tells with topics as paradise and the interthat great socialistic empire gusto of Jimmy's life at the mediate state. Nevertheless, Mr. which extended from Colombia sheep estancias, now and in the Striker is to be commended for on the north down to Chile and early dramatic days. It tells of his courage in attempting to Argentine on the south. It was the sheep industry and of the deal honestly with a very diffiso well organized that there was irresponsible, nomadic life of cult and much neglected subject. practically no want, with little the gauchos. crime, and a remarkable amount F. E. GAEBELEIN. of contentment-to which the As one follows this story he complete absence of money no lives over again in contrast the The Daughter of Abd Salam. By doubt contributed much. The great life of service given by Florence Mary Fitch. 75 pp. Illus. way this life was mercilessly de- Allan Gardner in this same raw Bruce Humphries, Inc. Boston. stroyed by the Spanish conquis- country. If only the missionary tadores, blessed by the Christian forces at home had supported The story of an Arab peasant priest Valverde, in the treacher- Gardner and not allowed him to woman of Palestine interestingly ous murder of the Inca Ata- die of cold and starvation, what pictures the inner life of. t?e peohualpa is told in dramatic terms. a different Patagonia would EI ple of Bible lands. It IS well Jimmy have found! And if written and touches the customs Such information is only inci- Jimmy himself had only used and problems of these people. dental however in a romantic his super-human strength and love story of peculiar beauty and endurance as a "sky pilot" in- H. H.F. chaste idealism. The character stead of a sheep rustler, what a of the shepherd boy Tito is one noble inheritance he might have A Wider World for Women. By that will return to the reader Lucy W. Peabody. 128 pp. Cloth, again and again as an embodi- [443 ] $1.25. Fleming H. Revell Company, New York. 1936.

To many Christian women the name of Mrs. Lucy W. Peabody

suggests an oracle whose every What woman will do with her gon" to the Uni,ted States and word is to be heeded. Her mani- suffered a martyr's death, that fold activities as missionary and present freedom is the question. missionary administrator, as his companion Spalding has founder and patron of the Wom- Despite occasional disappoint- been relegated to a rather oben's Union Christian Colleges in scure background. Dr. Drury, China, India and Japan, as inde- ments Mrs. Peabody is incurafatigable protagonist of the who is pastor of the First Pres- Eighteenth Amendment, as the bly optimistic in her estimate of byterian Church of Moscow, moving spirit in the development of the Florida chain of woman. If too much so it is a Idaho, has now brought him formissionary conferences, as mili- ward as a missionary fully entant Christian always, h a v e venial fault which women readearned for her the right to titled to share the honor which speak with assurance. Hers is ily forgive; and perhaps bethe voice of experience. Her has been showered upon his writings are therefore sure to cause of what it reveals of her better known colleague. This attract a large circle of readers. graphic and well-documented belief in them they love and fol- In her latest book, "A Wider account is not a panegyric. The World for Women," Mrs. Pea- low her. Her highest praise is body undertakes in characteris- picture is painted with the warts tic sprightly fashion to discuss reserved for her friends of the included. It is not surprising some of ,the questions which con- that nerves were sometimes on cern women and their relation missionary enterprise, who m edge and that friction developed to society: "Do women need or among strong,' individualistic want a wider world ?"; "Do they she ranks as the incomparable in America require a greater men in remote and lonely outfield for the i r activities?"; exponents of Christian interna- "How are they using the world posts where hardships and perils they already have? What are tionalism and effective advo- were the daily lot. But Spaldtheir limitations? If the femi- ing, as well as Whitman, was a nine sphere widens will the cates of the peace for which the man's sphere narrow?" big man and he did big things. world is athirst. To the Bible, The Nez Perces among whom he For the answer Mrs. Peabody turns to history; first to the as the Word to which woman labored proved to be more re- Bible and then to other records. sponsive than the refractory Her veneration for the Scrip- owes her high estate, a chap- Cayuses in Whitman's field. He tures finds expression in her thesis, that God in his program ter is devoted—eommemoration was not only a successful evanfor the world assigned to woman gelist who baptized more than a definite place as companion of the 400th anniversary of its and helper to man. A discrimi- 900 Indian converts and foundnating appraisal of notable appearance in English printed women of the Old and New Tes- ed nine churches, but he showed taments indicates how they ful- form. To it she summons re- practical resourcefulness in imfilled ,their mission. Other chap- proving the educational and ecoters call the roll of important newed allegiance, suggesting to women of the middle ages and nomic conditions of the Indians. later centuries down to our own women's organizations that they He taught their children in modern era who have rendered constructive s e r vic e to the "start the movement back to the school, showed them how to irriworld.- The rise of women's organizatfons in the nineteenth Book on whose ideals our na- gate and cultivate land, make tools, build houses and weave century traces a steadily ad- tion was founded." Thus the cloth. He brought in improved vancing interest and participa- keynote of the first chapter is breeds of animals and built the tion with increasing responsi- found in the last. first flour mill, sawmill and bility in public affairs. It is a blacksmith shop and operated fascinating pageant, inclusive of In this little volume, well the first printing press. He the humble cottage and the royal worth reading, Mrs. Peabody studied the flora of the region and made a collection of plants palace, of women as mothers, summons Christian women to and flowers which won the praise of the celebrated botanist, home-makers, teachers, nurses, rededicate themselves to a de- Asa Gray, of Harvard Univerphysicians, writers, speakers, termined effort "To mend and sity. He made records of the weather which the Government missionaries, reformers. make over a world out of re- Wilkes' Expedition of 1841 pair," which "is the major task found so accurate that it incor- of women today." B. G. J. porated them in its official re- Kagawa, An Apostle of Japan. By port. He made the first contri- Margaret Baumann. 12mo. 96 pp. bution to Indian linguistics and 75 cents. The Macmillan Co., New translated Scripture portions York. 1936. into Nez Perce. Much might be The life story of this remark- said, too, of his devoted wife, of able Christian Japanese is al- frail physique but indomitable ready well known, through Dr. Axlipg and other biographers. spirit, enduring, as a woman Miss Baumann has given us a brief but dramatic story of Dr. usually does, even more than her Kagawa and his life of sacri- husband the hardships of fron- ficial service. The book is short, tier life. It is a happy coinci- well written, sympathetic and gripping. It is an excellent in- troduction to the little man who is the subject of discussion and of praise in three continents.

Henry Harmon Spalding. By Clif- ford Merrill Drury. Illustrated. 8vo. 438 pp. $3.00. The Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho. 1936.

So much has been written about Marcus Whitman as the heroic pioneer, who "saved Ore-

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

dence that this attractive vol- viated sketch of this learned cob- funds, and his labors have not ume appears in the year that is bler who became a pioneer Bap- been in vain in the Lord. being celebrated as the centen- tist missionary in India in 1793. nial of the arrival of those mis- The book reports most of the Christ and the Indian Church. By A. sionary pioneers in the Pacific main facts and incidents in the J. Appasamy. Paper. 172 pp. S. Northwest. life of this pioneer, but it would, P. C. K., Madras, India. 1935. to our mind, be greatly improved ARTHUR J. BROWN. if it were subdivided into chap- Dr. Appasamy is a well edu- ters or sections. As it is this in- cated Indian Christian and the Christ in the Great Forest. By Felix terpretation of Carey and his substance of this book are ad- Faure. 12mo. 181 pp. $1.00. work is presented in one long, dresses given in Bishop's Col- Friendship Press, New York. 1936. unbroken chapter. In the midst lege and elsewhere in Calcutta, of many difficulties, changes Allahabad and Madras. He Life in the villages of West and discouragements, Car e y seeks in this little volume to ex- Africa is full of romance and stands out as a hero who plain fundamental Christian tragedy, of superstition and achieved marvels-in preaching, doctrines to Indian readers. fear. This collection of true teaching, translating and in There are chapters on God, stories by a missionary of the opening the doors to further Christ, the Holy Spirit, the Paris Evangelical Mission gives evangelism. Church, the Sacraments, Prayer, dramatic glimpses of this life- the Bible, the Missionary Task birth, marriage and death; the Arthington's Millions-The Romance and the Future Life-all illusfetishes, medicine men and their of the Arthington Trust. By A. M. trated from the Bible and from black arts. It is a dark picture Chirgwin. Illus. 8vo. 160 pp. Indian traditions. In the s e but is illuminated by the light of Paper, 2s; cloth, 3s. The Living- chapters Dr. Appasamy at- Christ. Members of. the Nuo stone Press, London. 1936. tempts to explain Christian tribe turn to follow God and the teaching-not altogether satisway of "Yesu." They show the Thirty years ago Robert factorily but with deference to power of God to overcome the Arthington of Leeds, England, Christ and the teachings of the power of taboo and witchcraft· a "millionaire pauper," Ie f t Word of God. To our mind the and the temptations of the flesh nearly $5,000,000 to "spread the author does not make sufficiently and the devil. These stories are Word of God amongst the clear the difference between vivid pictures which help us to heathen" (excluding Moslems). Man as God and Christ as God; see life in French Equatorial Now we have a report of how nor does he make plain the Africa and the power of the this money was expended in Af- atonement of Christ on the Gospel. Mrs. Schwab, of the rica, South America, India, cross. The studies are, how- American Presbyterian Mission, China, Tibet, Manchuria, Japan ever, spiritual and interesting as furnishes illuminating explana- and New Guinea. presenting Christian truth from tory notes. an Indian point of view. Arthington was a Quaker and John and Betty Starn: Martyrs. By the son of a brewer who gave up Daniel Alexander Payne: Christian Lee S. Huizinga, M.D. Illus. Paper. his profitable business for con- Educator. By JosephUS R. Coan. 95 pp. 35 cents. Zondervan Pub. science' sa k e. Arthington's 8vo. 139 pp. A. M. E. Book Con- Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 1935. mother was a strong influence in cern, Philadelphia, Pa. 1935. his life. He never married and The story of John and Betty lived like a pauper. He gave The story of this remarkable Stam and their "Miracle Baby" largely during his lifetime and American Negro was published, is now well known through left his fortune to trustees who in brief, in our June REVIEW. many periodical accounts of administered it through Baptist, This fuller record of his life is their martyrdom in China in Methodist, Congregational (L. worth reading. Daniel Payne 1934 and through the volume by M. S.) and a dozen other agen- was born in South Carolina in Mrs. Howard Taylor. There is cies. He was a devout believer 1811, of Negro and Indian parnot enough that is new in this in the Premillennial Second ents, and died 1893. After his record to make it of special Coming of Christ and one of his graduation fro m Gettysburg value but it is well to have the objectives was to prepare the Seminary he was pastor, church story circulated as widely as way for that second advent by historian, teacher, bishop, unipossible through many channels. the preaching of the Gospel to versity president and author of The testimony of John and Betty all nations. This story of Chris- several books and pamphlets. is still effective. tian stewardship and its results His life shows what an asset to is stimulating reading-whether civilization an educated Chris- Carey. By S. Pearce Carey. Illus. one had five dollars or $5,000,- tian Negro can be. 12mo. 127 pp. Marshall, Morgan 000 to invest. Robert Arthing- and Scott. London ls., and Zonder- ton was a student of missions, Long Live the King. By Eric Ac- van Pub. Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. not a haphazard giver. He was land and Ernest H. Bartlett. Pp. 40 cents. 1936. devoted to Christ and so was not 373. Price, $1.50. The John C. given to self-indulgence. He Winston Co. 1936. The. name of William Carey was rich in faith as well as in is known and honored wherever This stirring narrative of the the story of the Cross in India reign of George V with a sketch has been proclaimed. Here we have a straightforward, abbre-

of the life of Edward VIII, the od, the most effective use of Students and the Christian World reading, programs of interna- Mission. Report of the Twelfth present King and Emperor, tional fellowship, missions and Quadrennial Convention of the S. worship, making mission study V. M. Edited by Jesse R. Wilson. should be of interest to all those classes mean more, giving and 8vo. 333 pp. $2.00. Student Vol- missions, an interdependent unteer Movement, New York. 1936. who realize the influence and world and missions, responding to human need and building a The Indianapolis convention power of British rule. Mission- new world. marked the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the S. V. M. aries throughout the world have Best of all, for the untrained at Mount Hermon, Massachu- leader, Mr. Irwin has provided setts. It was the latest and perbeen indebted again and again information in certain chapters haps the last of these student to show ways of organizing a missionary conventions. The adto the kind officers of British group as well as interesting de· dresses varied greatly in value vices to catch the interest of the and only a few of them were officials, and next to the loyalty indifferent and uninterested. marked by missionary fire. Most This is the best source book for of the platform addresses are which they owe to the American leaders in this particular field. reported in full and will repay careful reading. They are by republic, many of them feel MARY E. MOORE. such leaders at home as John A. MacKay, Archbishop Wm. Temgrateful for the British throne The China Christian Year Book- ple, Richard Roberts, Robert E. 1934-35. Edited by Frank Rawlin- Speer and John R. Mott; there and all it has signified during son. 8vo. 458 pp. $2.00. Arthur are also missionaries, such as H. Clark Co., Glendale, Calif. 1936. Wm. M. Vories, Frank C. Lauthe past decades. The book is bach and Ray Phillips; some of To cover a nation with one- the strongest addresses are by popular in character and con- fourth the world's population in the Christian products of mis- one volume is no small feat. sions such as Gonzalo Baez tains thirty-one photographic Here, China, the Chinese and Camargo of Mexico, T. Z. Koo of z. their affairs are reviewed from China, Toyohiko Kagawa of Jaillustrations. a Christian standpoint with the pan, and Mrs. Frank Pak of help of twenty-one Chinese and Chosen. Hearts That Understand. By Louise Anglo-Saxon writers, under ar- Harrison McGraw. 8vo. 292 pp. rangement between the Chris- The convention seminars on $1.00. Moody Press, Chicago. 1936. tian Literature Society and the various important topics are in- National Christian Council of adequately presented. The sub- Here is the story of a young China. As usual the volume jects of discussion are listed woman who sought to find her (now a biennial) includes a rec- with brief notes but as a rule sphere in sacrificial "social serv- ord of principal events for 1934- without adequate "Findings." ice" without sensing and minis- 35 and a consideration of the More space is given to questions tering to the deeper spiritual current trends forward. Na- raised than to adequate replies. needs of human lives. Later the tional life, religious life, misheroine, Meriweather Hamilton, sions, education, social, medical Moody Still Lives: Word Pictures discovered and followed the and literary work make up the of D. L. Moody. By Arthur Percy higher, more inclusive way of seven sections. The seven ap- Fitt. 12mo. 159 pp. $1.50. Flemlife and service. pendices include statistics, bibli- ing H. Revell Co., New York. 1936. ography, obituaries, etc. There It is not a great piece of fic- is great variety of subject and Dwight L. Moody was a truly tion but it is a good story with treatment but no one who wishes great man and left a remarkable a purpose and a message that to keep pace with events and impression on the world. His reveals the different types of in- trends in China can afford to name, his character, his mesdividuals and the ideaIs that overlook this volume. Among sage, his work ought never to be characterize various forms of the striking sections are those forgotten and will be remem- Christian work. on "Present-day Thought Move- bered long after the men and ments," by P. C. Hsu; "Modern- women pass away who came un- The Missionary Education of Young ization of Chinese Women," by der his influence. The one hun- People. By John Irwin. $1.00. Miss Ah-Huna Tong; "Chinese dredth anniversary of his birth Missionary Education Movement. Communists," by Geo. W. Shep- will be celebrated next year in New York. 1936. herd; "The Missionary Situa- America and England by a tion," by Margaret Frame; series of memorial meetings in This is the fifth in a series of "China's Cooperative Move- which former students of the Leaders' Handbooks on the prin- ment," by C. F. Strickland; and educational institutions that he ciples and methods of mission- "Medicine in China," by E. H. founded and others who hold his ary education. The author has Hume. memory dear will participate. had a wide experience in leading young people from fifteen to twenty-five years of age in an understanding of the missionary message of Christ to the presentday world. His writings are the sharing of his own practical experiences and leaders will welcome this very helpful addition for their "work libraries."

The book contains fifteen chapters covering a variety of subjects, including the following interpretation of world events in light of missions-the dramatic method, the visual meth-

While the whole of Mr. pened a few times, he never said ten about this fascinating coun- Moody's sixty-two years is cov- a word." ered in this brief volume, it is try and people. Here we have a chiefly a series of reminiscences As to Mr. Moody's method of by his son-in-law and former preparing sermons, Mr. Fitt scholarly book which should ap- secretary. It has been written says: "Having decided upon a to help commemorate the anni- text or topic, he would take a peal to every student of the Bi- versary. Already six or seven large blue linen envelope, of biographies have been published, which he kept a stock on hand, ble. two by his son William R. and write on it the title or Scrip- Moody, one by J. Wilbur Chap- ture reference – "Sowing and The author presents well man, one by Gamaliel Bradford, Reaping"; "Psalm 23," etc. In two in the Colportage Library these envelopes he stored his thought out evidences to show by A. P. Fitt and Paul Moody, own thoughts, outlines and an- and two brief appreciations by ecdotes, clippings from papers, that not alone is Palestine the Dr. Charles R. Erdman and Dr. extracts copied from other men's John McDowell. These latest sermons and from commentaries land of the Bible dependent for reminiscences by Mr. Fitt con- and other writings, newspaper tain little that is new, omit much reports of a sermon whenever its religious concepts upon the that is important and make no it got into print, anything that pretence to literary merit, but had a bearing on the subject. civilizations of the Nile and they are interesting and entire- When he wished to preach on ly sympathetic with Mr. Moody's that topic he would go through Euphrates Valleys. He shows beliefs, aims and achievements. the contents as an auxiliary to the Bible itself and organize his that in this hitherto unknown Mr. Fitt came into contact address. Then he would take . with Mr. Moody just before the double sheets of writing paper, desert lying back of Palestine- write on these in large script Chicago World's Fair campaign catchwords or phrases that Syria is a third source which would recall his prepared mate- in 1893, six years before Mr. rial and slip these sheets into has contributed much to the Bi- his Bible under elastic bands. Moody's death. He became his Thus, with his open Bible in his ble. He says, "But there is a hand or on the pulpit, he had secretary and son-in-law and so before him the outline of his peculiar color and atmosphere sermon . . . After the ad- knew him intimately. After Mr. dress he would place the notes to the biblical life which giv~s in the envelope and write on the Moody's death Mr. Fitt was for outside the name of the town or it its special tone, so that church where the address was a time closely connected with deli vered." it is not just another "civiliza- Moody Bible Institute. Mr. Fitt shows Mr. Moody to tion," another "culture." "And have been a firm believer in the One of the best contributions inspired truth of the whole Bi- that touch comes from the ex- that Mr. Fitt makes to our ble, a man of prayer, dependent knowledge of Mr. Moody in this on the power of the Spirit, a panses and free-moving life of volume is his testimony to the great-hearted lover of his fellow great evangelist's retiring mod- men, a devoted husband and fa- what we call Arabia." esty and his self-denying atti- ther, and a humble, open-minded tude toward money-a contrast learner. Mr. Moody still lives- Under the desert sands lie to some other evangelists. Mr. for Christ lives in the institu- Fitt says: tions he founded and in the men buried many secrets which alone and women whom he led to "He never once tried to create Christ. excavations reveal. There is a sense of his self-importance, . . . compensation never en- Arabia and the Bible. By James A. therefore being revealed slowly tered into his dealings with a Montgomery. 207 pp. University committee (in his evangelistic of Pennsylvania Press. Philadel- proofs that the three eastern re- work). He would not allow any phia. 1934. sum to be set, nor any collections ligions, Islam, Judaism and to be taken for him. Before he Arabia is increasingly attract- left a town the treasurer of the ing the attention of the world. Christianity certainly had their meetings usually handed him a Many new books are being writ- sealed envelope, which he put in birth within this desert and his pocket without looking at it; no one but his wife, to whom he therefore the history and culture handed all his income, ever knew what compensation he received. of Palestine is closely allied and Even when he received no per- sonal compensation, which hap- connected with the history of this fascinating desert and des- ert people.

From such studies as Philol- ogy, early Arabian letters, trade routes, and secular history he draws his evidences. He cites many quotations from the Bible itself and shows how they agree with the recent discoveries made within the Arabian Desert. One reaches the end of the book feel- ing that Arabia and the Bible are more closely allied than scholars have hitherto admitted.

New and wonderful vistas of truth are opened.

To the missionary worker among Moslems this book adds new lustre to his pearl of hope.

In the light of Dr. Montgomery's studies such passages as Psalm 72 and Isaiah 21 and Isaiah 60 ring out with new fervor and challenge to greater faith and confidence. HAROLD STORM.

Books A Keen Look at the Last Book of the The Roman Empire-Its Coming Re-

Bible. E. Perkins. 128 pp. $1.25. vival and end. W. E. Vine. 18. 94 Apolo of the Pigmy Forest. A. B. Revell. New York. pp. Pickering & Inglis. London. Lloyd. Is. C. M. S. London. Levuka Days of a Parson in Poly- Statement Exhibiting the Moral and African Bridge Builders. Edited by nesia. C. W. Whonsbon Aston. 95 Material Progress and Conditions Williams C. Bell. $1.00 cloth, 60 pp. Is. S. P. G. London. of India, 1933-34. S. F. Stewart. cents paper. 169 pp. Friendship Map. 196 pp. H. M. Stationery Press. New York. New Life the Dead Receive. 1935 Office, London. Report of the China Inland Mission. Across the Years-An Autobiog- 58 pp. London. The Turkish Transformation. A raphy. Charles Stedman Macfar- Study in Social and Religious De- land. $2.75. 367 pp. Macmillan. Night Tragedies of Scripture. R. J. velopment. Henry Elisha Allen. New York. Smithson. 96 pp. Is. Pickering & 251 pp. University Press. Chi- Inglis. London. cago. $2.50. The Bible Triumphant. C. Urquhart. 144 pp. 2s. 6d. Picking & Inglis. Out of Africa. Emory Ross. 216 pp. Anthea's Ambition. Grace Pettman. London. $1.00 cloth, 60 cents paper. Friend- 188 pp. Is. 6d. Pickering and ship Press. New York. Inglis. London. Jacob Burkhard. Mary Yoder Burk- hard. 214 pp. $1.00 cloth, 60 cents The Only Hope of the Church of If you use paper. Published by author. Gosh- God. What Is It? 158 pp. 2s. en, Ind. Pickering & Inglis. London. PRINTING The Customs of the Baganda. Sir A Preface to Racial Understanding. YOU will profit from an ac- Apolo Kagwa. Translated by Er- Charles S. Johnson. 205 pp. $1.00. quaintanceship with us. We nest B. Kalibala. 200 pp. $4.00. Friendship Press. New York. do the job complete in our own Columbia University Press. New plant, whether it be large or York. Annual Report of the Rockefeller small. Foundation. 480 pp. New York. Christianity in Thought and Practice. While our specialty is Books, William Temple. 112 pp. $1.50. Students and the Christian W orId Magadnes and Pamphlets, yet Morehouse Pub. Co. Milwaukee. Mission. Edited by Jesse R. Wil- we have a variety of modern son. 326 pp. $2.00. Student Volun- equipment to meet all the re- A Century of Mission Work in Iran. teer Movement. New York. quirements of your particular A Report of the Presbyterian job. You will find our service Church. 170 pp. American Mission The Soul of Egypt. Allison Douglas prompt, careful and courteous. Press. Beirut, Syria. Bantros. 40 cents. Zondervan Pub. Co. Grand Rapids, Mich. Will you allow us to estimate EI Jimmy, Outlaw of Patagonia. on your next printing? We be- Herbert Childs. $3.00. Lippincott. The Story of the American Negro. lieve you will be delighted with Phila., Pa. Ina Corinne Brown. 208 pp. $1.00. our product, price and service. Friendship Press. New York. Ethiopia. John H. Shaw. 95 pp. The EVANGELICAL PRESS Ethiopian Consulate. New York. The Search for a New Strategy in Protestantism. Ivan Lee Holt. 190 PTinters of For Me to Live. Alice M. Ardagh. 208 pp. $1.50. Cokes,mry Press. Nash- The Missionary Re"iew of the World pp. $1.00. B. 1. C. Assn. Chicago. ville, Tenn. PLANT AND MAIN OFFICE The Gospel We Preach and the Swan Song of Paul. Herber Lockyer. Third Ind Reily Slreets Hlrrlsburl, PL Beauty of the Christian Faith. 93 pp. American Bible Conference George Goodman. Is. 96 pp. Pick- Assn. Philadelphia, Pa. PROMISE ering & Inglis. London. The Three Freds-Martyred Pioneers The Heritage of Saints. Herbert for Christ in Brazil. Wm. J. W. Lockyer. 127 pp. Is. Pickering & Roome. 126 pp. 40 cents. Zonder- Inglis. London. van Pub. Co. Grand Rapids, Mich.

Kowateekay-One Act Folk Play. The Way of Partnership. S. A. Mor- Alice Carter Cook. 16 Pp. 25 cents. rison. 87 pp. Is. C. M. S. London. Bruce Humphries. Boston, Mass. We Sing America. Marion Cuthbert. CALVERT' 117 pp. $1.00 cloth, 50 cents paper. Friendship Press. New York. "The School That Comes To You" With Christ Into Tomorrow. Hunter B. Blakely. 160 pp. 50 cents. Pres- No matter where you live, you can byterian Committee on Publication. give your child a superior education Richmond, Va. from kindergarten to high school with Calvert School home study courses. Moody Still Lives. Arthur Percy Fitt. 160 pp. $1.50. Revell. New Recommended by Mission Boards, York. Educators, State Department and Army and Navy Officials. With the use To Read of this Course, every and Keep Daily lessons, selected books, station- Young People's Society may Circulating ery, special materials and personal be converted into a School for guidance . . . by mail . . . from our Bible Training, Dr. R. A. Torrey's "HOW TO prominent and successful private day PRAY," a notable 128·page school in Baltimore. 1936 STUDIES IN CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE – book, and receive copy for this purpose FREE. Write today for illustrated catalog. Four Parts-52 Lessons, Part I, The Bible-The God 01 the Bible, Part II, The Christ 01 the Bible • Mrs. G. S. Rhoads. ,-The Holy Spirit. Part III, Man-Sin and Redemp- Director 0/ Home Instruction tion. Part IV, The Church-Future Events, BIBLE INSTITUTE COLPORTAGE ASSOCIATION CALVERT SCHOOL Send lSc in stilmps for current issue. 849m N. Wells St., Chicago, Illinois 189 Tuscany Rd., Baltimore, Md. HRISTIAN PUBLICATIONS. INC: 1502 N. Third St., Harrisburg, Pa.

[448 ]

Notes Russia as a representative of his sion in China, died April 19th

church and, in 1931, was decorated Paoting. For years she had the dis- Commissioner Samuel L. Brengle, by President Von Hindenburg with tinction of being the oldest living mis- the Order of the German Red Cross sionary, and quite likely the oldest D.D., a world famous officer of the for his services in European relief living foreigner in all China. Miss Salvation Army, died at his home in after the War. In 1898 he married Andrews was born in Cleveland, Ohio, Scarsdale, N. Y., on May 20th. Com- Hermine E. Ohl who survives him. in 1840, and went to China in 1868. missioner Brengle has had a world- Dr. Benze was for some years asso- ciated with THE MISSIONARY REVIEW *** wide influence as an evangelist and OF THE WORLD as translator of articexponent of personal holiness. He les and news from foreign language Dr. S. D. Gordon, the widely known periodicals. and highly esteemed author of "Quiet originally came from Indiana and was Talks" died in Salem, North Carograduated from DePauw University *** lina, on June 26th after a few weeks' illness. He was born in Philadelphia and the Theological School of Boston James Hudson Edgar, a missionary in 1859 and was converted under D. L. of the China Inland Mission at Tat- Moody. He became a Y. M. C. A. University. He was for a time pastor sienlu, Szechwan, China, and agent of secretary but in 1895 resigned in or- the National Bible Society of Scot- der to devote himself to writing and of the Methodist Episcopal church of land, died last spring after thirty-five speaking on spiritual themes. Hun- South Bend, Ind., but joined the Sal- years of labor in the wild borderland dreds of thousands of his books were between China and Tibet. He was a sold and he conducted conferences in vation Army fifty years ago and was fellow of the Royal Geographical So- many lands. Mrs. Gordon survives ciety and a Fellow of the Royal Asi- him and the influence of his Bible given the unusual honor of being ap- messages will abide. atic Society. pointed to the rank of Commissioner *** in 1926. He retired from active serv- *** ice in 1931 and was decorated with The Rev. S. Parkes Cadman, D.D., The Rt. Rev. Albion Williamson one of the best known and best loved the "Order of the Founder." Although Knight, the first Missionary Bishop Christian preachers and lecturers in of Cuba of the Protestant Episcopal America, died of peritonitis at Platts- 78 years of age at the time of his Church, died June 9th. He was born burg, New York, on JUly 12th. Dr. death, Commissioner Brengle was ac- at White Springs, Florida, August Cadman was born in England seventy- 24, 1859. Bishop Knight served as one years ago and came to America tive till the last as a soul-winner and bishop in charge of Haiti, Puerto in 1895 to take up the pastorate of Rico and the Panama Canal Zone; the Methodist Metropolitan Temple in Bible teacher. His books have been a later he became president of the Uni- New York City. He went to the Cengreat blessing to multitudes. They versity of the South. In 1923 he be- tral Congregational Church in Brook- came bishop coadjutor of New Jersey lyn and was pastor there for thirtyinclude, "Helps to Holiness," "The which position he resigned in 1935 five years. Dr. Cadman was particu- because of ill health. larly famous for his lectures and radio Soul-Winner's Secret," "Resurrection, addresses and was formerly presi- Life and Power." *** dent of the Federal Council of Churches. He was very widely read *** Bishop Arthur S. Lloyd, Senior and was known for his brotherly spir- Suffragan Bishop of the Protestant Dr. John A. Snell, Superintendent Episcopal diocese of New York died it. of Soochow Hospital, Soochow, China, on JUly 22d in his eightieth year. He was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on *** died on March 2d, of pneumonia. May 3, 1857. He was very active in the missionary work of his church Mrs. Edith Fox Norton, the widow The Rev. * H* . * D.D., for- and in 1900 became general secretary of Ralph C. Norton and with him co- of the Board of Missions. He was founder of the Belgian Gospel Mis- John Kerr, elected Bishop-Coadjutor of Virginia sion, died in London on July 21st after but resigned a year later to become an operation. Mrs. Norton was a merly a secretary of the American president of the Board of Missions woman of rare Christian spirit and and for a time was editor of The great ability as a writer and speaker. Tract Society and later pastor of the Spirit of Missions. With her husband she became inter- ested in the Belgians during the War Arlington Avenue Pre s b y tel' ian Dr. James L'". B'" art*on, for thirty- and they were instrumental in found- ing a very successful Gospel mission Church in Brooklyn, died while at- three years the beloved and honored which spread to all parts of Belgium. secretary of the American Board of She and her husband were more than tending the General Assembly in Commissioners for Foreign Missions, once received by Queen Wilhelmina died in Boston on July 21st at eighty Syracuse, N. Y., on June 3. Dr. Kerr years of age. He was born in Char- and the value of their work was rec- lotte, Vermont in 1856, was graduated ognized. The Belgians who have been was 78 years of age and had come to from Middlebury College and Hart- born again may be counted to carry ford Theological Seminary. He went on the work but the great difficulty attend the Assembly and to meet his to Turkey as a missionary in 1885, will be in keeping alive interest and served at Harpoot for seven years financial support in the United States. son, Rev. Wm. C. Kerr of Korea, ex- and for two years was president of Perhaps the time has come when the Euphrates College. Dr. Barton did Belgian work should be self-supportpecting to drive back to California valient service as chairman of the ing. Near East Relief and was a valued with him. A daughter, Miss Marcia member of many other boards. He *** was author of several volumes on Kerr, is a secretary of the Presby- missions and the Near East. Julia Anna Eliza Gulick, one of the famous family of that name, who laterian Board of Foreign Missions in '" * '" bored under the American Board for 35 years in Japan, died recently in the Pacific district. Dr. Kerr retired Elizabeth P. Tenny, widow of Dr. Hawaii. She was an evangelistic mis- Charles B. Tenny, of Japan, died on sionary who did effective work for from the active ministry in 1928 hav- May 13th in Rochester, N. Y. Mrs. Japanese women. She was appointed ing served the cause of Christ for 46 Tenny was born in Okayama, Japan, by the Woman's Board of Missions to years. of missionary parents. Japan in 1873 and in 1908 was called back to Hawaii by the Woman's Board *** '" '" * of Missions of Hawaii to work among the Japanese there. She retired from Mrs. Robert F. Fitch, Presbyterian Miss Mary E. Andrews, a mission- active service 16 years ago. missionary in China since 1898, re- ary under the American Board Miscently died at Hangchow, China. Mrs. Fitch was a graduate of Wooster College and had spent all her married life in China in connection with schools and colleges, Dr. Fitch being president of the Hangchow College from 1923 to 1931.

*** Dr. John Alfred Morehead, for twelve years president of the Luther- an World Convention, died on June 1st.

The Rev. C. T*he*odo*re Benze, D.D., Professor of Theology at the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Mt. Airy, Pa., died at his home on July 3d at the age of 71. Dr. Benze had been ill for some time and had recently undergone an operation. He taught Old Testament theology in the Lutheran Seminary for the past ten years; was a member of the General Council of the Lutheran Foreign Mission Board, and exerted a wide influence in his church. He traveled in India, Germany and

and Reality •In

Viewed by Africans and Missionaries ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, CHARTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS PROGRESS AND CHALLENGE IN AFRICA By ALEXANDER McLEISH THE AFRICAN'S VIEW OF AFRICA J. By VARIOUS AUTHORS-PREPARED BY D. TAYLOR THE PRINTED WORD AMONG THE BANTU By ROBERT H. W. SHEPHERD GREAT HINDRANCES TO CHRISTIAN PROGRESS By C. S. JENKINS VICTORIES OF THE GOSPEL AMONG AFRICANS By THOMAS MOODY AND OTHERS AFRICAN VIEWS OF JESUS CHRIST By THE BISHOP OF UGANDA PIONEER WORK IN AFRICA By HERBERT SMITH THE ROMAN CATHOLICISM IN PAGAN AFRICA By KENNETH G. GRUBB REVIVAL IN CENTRAL AFRICA By ANDREW MACBEATH SEND YOUR ORDER NOW ================ 25 Cents a Copy $20.00 a hundred $2.50 a year Special Price in Quantities if ordered before September 10 THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD Third and Reily Streets, Harrisburg, Pa.

Robert E. Speer, President Delavan 1. Pierson, Editor

The Missionary Review of the World — June 1926

BOOKS

MBs. HENRY W. PEABOl>Y, chairman of ~orbon ((ollege the Women's National Conference on Law of UCbeo(ogp anb Enforcement, represented that organization in Washington in April in the congressional Jlll)l)lonl) hearings on the prohibition question.

•** REV. JOHN W. WOOl>, D.O.L., Secretary of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was recently elected president of the Foreign Missions Conf*ere~ce •of North America.

REV. KENNETH D. MILLER. is now secre· A GRADUATE School and College of tary of the Federal Council's Commission on Theology of higb scholastic stand- Relations with Religious Bodies in Europe, ards, intense evangelical loyalty, and and will also act as American representa- unusual curriculum. Eminent professors, tive of the Central Bureau for Relief of the devoted students, and influential alumni Evangelical Churches of Europe. make it a center of power. Its Massa- chusetts degrees, Boston culture, and *** cosmopolitan spirit draw students from all parts of the country. Special oppor- DR. RUFUS M. JONES, of Haverford Col- tunities given to graduate students. An lege, has been invited by Christian organiza- open door to notable service in the pultions in China to give a series of lectures in pit, the mission field, and other Christian commemoration of the fortieth anniversary leadership.

of the establishment of Y. M. C. A. work in NATHAN R. WOOD, tha.t country. President, Gordon College, REV. HENRY SLOANE CoFFIN, D.D., for BO'ston, Massachusetts the past twenty years minister of the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church, New HARTFORD York City, has accepted the presidency of Union Theological Seminary, in which he SEMINARY FOUNDATION has taught for the• pa•st •twenty·two years. Theological Seminary BISHOP GENNADIOS, metropolitan of Sa· School of ReligiouB Education loniki, recently headed a commission from Kennedy School of Missions Greeee to the United States to present the thanks of the Greek Government and W. DOUGLAS MACKENZIE, President Church for aid, and to interest Greeks in America in the support of the Y. M. C. A. A UNIVERSITY of religion. Three sep1'lrate j;cho()ls of Christian tn.ining -grouped on one *•* tampus. The Theological Seminary trains for the ministry; the S('hool of Missions for the SENORA NATALIA CALLES, wife of the foretgn fip.ld j the School of Religious Education President of Mexico, has aceepted the hon- for the lay worker and tea·:!h~r and for social orary presideney of the Women '8 Christian" service. Courses in any of the three schools Temperance Union in that country. a.re open to all students. Thus opportunity is oft"ered fOT full~rounded religiow:l education. *** Hartford Seminary Found.l,tion is located in REV. ARTHUR. B. Moss has retired from the center of the intellectual and cultural life the associate secretaryship of the Methodist of New England, half way between Boston and Episcopal Board of Foreign Missions to be- New York. come pastor in JaU?aica, N. Y. A series of handsome and well~appointed *** buildings makes its campus one of the moat beautiful in its section of the country. The MRS. ANNA M. 1IA.&KN1i:SS bequeathed in Catle Memorinl Library containing 125,000 her will $2,500,01)0 each to the Presbyterian volumes is for the use of the three schools. Boards of Foreign and of National Mis- This is one of the richest theological libraries ~ions, $1,000,000 to til" Church Extension in the country. The faculty is composed of 27 Committee of New York Presbytery, and scholarly men and women with vitalized person- $250,000 to the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian alities who have :.1ttained aistlnctlon in their Church, New York City. respective fields.

*** Hartford Seminary Foundation DR. MARY &rONE, well-known Chinese Hartford, Conn. physician and Cln-istian worker, and her friend, Miss Jennie Hughes, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, are now in the United States.

** DR. AND MRS. F. HOWA&D TAYLOR, of the China Inland Mission, are now visiting Australia.

*** REV. E. STANLEY JONES, D.D., author of " The Cln-ist of the Indian Road" has established a new monthly paper of which he is the editor, called The Fellowship of the Frienas of J es'U8.

Please mention THB MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers. THE MISSIONARY Review of the World DELAVAN L PIERSON. &lltor CONTENTS FOR JUNE, 1926 Page FRONTISPIECE . . . "G()LD IN THE ORE"-UNCIVIr.IZED ZULUS READY FOR REFINING EDITORIALS •…………….•…….•……………..•……••……..•. 405 ORGANIZED ATHEISM IN AMERICA lJHRISTIAN COOPERATION IN MOSLEM FINDINGS 0:1' THE MOTT ,CONFERENCE IN LA2IDS CHINA RY,LIGIOUS EDUCATION IN BRAZIL PROGRESS IN LATIN AMERICA AMERIC.-AN iNTERNATlONAL Ex· CHANGE A NEW NATION IN THE MAKING-IN AFRICA …….. SAMUET.. M. ZWEMER 413 Interesting observatwnB made on a reoent trip to the Egyptian Sudan.

OBSTAOLES TO CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JAMES L. STEWART 422 The vice-p;'csident of West China Union Unit'er9ity and author of "The Laugh- ing Buddha" desC'l'ibes the present·day difficulties that face Christian missions in Ohina and that hinder progress.

FREDERICK B. BRIDGMAN, OF SOUTH AFRICA .•.. CHARLES NEWTON RANSOM 429 Facts about the life, ohtJ,racter and work of one of the great missionaries of the AmeriCan Board among the Zulus–one who gave his life for the advancement of the Africans.

THE NEGRO CmJRCH IN THE CITY ……………….. GEORGE E. STEVIi'NS 435 A masterly paper by a Christian Negro of St. Louis dealing with problems that face the urban Negro and showing the contributw1. that Negro Ohristian churches 1rUIke to the welfare of the city.

SOME HANDICAPS OF THE NEGRO ………………. 000Rr.ES S. JOHNSON 440 A NEGRO VIEW OF THE COLOR PROBLEM ..•.• , ……….. JY.sSIE FAUSEI' 442 DR. JOHN C. YOUNG OF ADEN, ARABIA …..'! …… CAMPBELL M. MACLEROY 444 A bwgraphioal sketoh of a il'Uccessor of Honorable Ion Keith·Falooner who has held the lonely outpost for many years i1~ the southrwestern corner of Arabia.

THE PLIGHT OF THE ASSYRIAN CHRISTIANS ………. E. W. McDowEIL 447 An appeal for the sufferers who have been driven from their homes and have been aeprived of theiff mea1.S of livelihood by the persecutw1.s of the Moslems and the unrest connected with the World War and its aftermath.

BEST METHODS ………………………….. EDITED BY MRS. E. C. CRONK 449 WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN ……………….. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . 456 WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN ………………………….. 459 NEWS FROM MANY LANDS ……………………………………….. 461 THE MISSIONARY LIBRARy………………………………………. 477 TMRM.S: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in dubs of iive.) Foreign postage, 5{) cents. Bingle copies, 25 cents. Published monthly. Copyrighted, 1926, by MISSIONARY REvIE.W PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. All rights reserved.

THF; MISSIONARY RJ<;VI.I;W PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

Robert Eo Speet', Ptesident Wm. I. Chamberlain, Vice-President Walter McDougall, Treasurer Delavan L. Pierson, Secretarr ;;bl!c~t~:; office, 3d & Reily St&.. H~~;~U~8.y;:; Editorial and BUN~~5y~~CCit;S6 Fifth Avenue, 2ntered al!l 8econd·daBS matter at the Post Office, Harrisburg, fa., under Aet of March 3, 1879.

Your Summer Address Change of address for the summer months must reach the office before June 10th. V. S. Arnot, Afrioan Missionary Explorer. Safety First James J. Ellis. 62 pp. la. Pickering & Inglis. Glasgow. 1926. and ANNUITY William Carey. J. H. Morrison. 218 pp. AGREEMENTS Hodder & E!toughton, London. George H. Doran, New York. 1926. ==~~~==~~~oofth,ee==~~========= ,hats with Children. Amy Le Feuvre. METHODIST MISSION BOARDS 108, pp. 28 6d. Pickering & Inglis. Glasgow. 1926. are synonymoUi terma. These two boards now Moslem Women. A. E. and S. M. Zwemer. have outstanding annui. 263 pp. Paper, 50 cents; Cloth, 75 cents. ties totaling $5,500,000. Central Committee for the United Study The larger the buaineu of Foreign Missions. West Medford, the greater your security. Mass. 1926. Write lor iuD inlormation to Modern Education In ltofea. Horace H. Morris W. Ebnes, Treasurer, Board of Foreign Underwood. 328 pp. $4.00. Interna· tional Press. New York. 1926. MiNions of Ihe MethodUt EpilCopal Church. 150 Filth Avenue, New York. N. Y~ or Our Templed Hills. Ralph A. Felton. 235 pp. Paper, 60 cents; Cloth, $1.00. Coun· W. J. Elliott, Treasurer. Board of Home Mis- cil of Women for Home Missions or Mis· aions and Church Extension 01 the Methodist Episco. sionary Education Movement. New pal Church. 170 I Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

, York. 1926.

Sarangie, a Child of Chosen. Lois Hawks Swinehart. 157 pp. $1.25. Fleming H. Revell. New York. 1926.

Through an Indian Counting Glass. Eliza· beth WilBon. 116 pp. $1.00. Woman's Press. New York. 1926.

Two Young Arabs. Amy E. Zwemer. 216 THE FRIEND pp. Paper, 50 cents; Cloth, 75 cents. Central Committee for the United Study of Foreign Missions. West Medford, Mass. 1926.

The Wonderful Names of Our Wonderful OF MISSIONS Lord. T. O. Horton and Charles E. Hurl· burt. 19] pp. Biola Book Room. Los A Journal of Old Time Religion Angeles, California. 1925. and Sound MissionafY Work Youth Looks at the Church. Addresses, WILLIAM FETLER, Editor Questions, Discussions and Findings. National Interdenominational Student Tells about God's workings ir. the great ,conference. 295 pp. $1.00. Abingdon Russian and Eastern European Mission PreBS. New York. 1926. Fields.

&Oonderbai Powar. K. Storrie. 110 pp. DEVOTIONAL 38. Pickering & Inglis. Glasgow.

Treading the Winepress. Ralph Connor. INSPIRATIONAL 394 pp. $2.00. George H. Doran Co. New York. 1925. One Dollar per annum. Post free. Special trial oller 25 cents for six months.

I'he Worship of Nature. Sir James George The Magazine is pnblished right on tbe Frazer. 672 pp. $4.00. Macmillan Co. Mission Field and will be sent to any New York. 1926. address in the U. S. A., Canada or else- where. Jndia in 1924-25. $1.00. British Library of Information. New York. 1926. Subscriptions can be sent in postage stamps. All communications to be ad· Outline and Object. J. W. Jordan. 190 dressed to pp. 38. Pickering & Inglis. Glasgow. REV. E. E. SHIELDS Practical Health Talks. H. E. Gehman. 1844 Monroe Street CHICAGO. ILL. 75 pp. $1.00. Stratford Co. Boston. 1926.

Please mentJon THIi: MISSIONARY REVIEW OJ' THE WORLD In wrltlng to advertisers.

"GOLD IN TIlE ORE" – UNCIVILIZED ZULUS, READY FOR

(See pago 429)

JUNE, 1926

XLIX SIX ORGANIZED ATHEISM IN AMERICA NEWSPAPERS have been giving much pUblicity recently to those who seek notoriety by attempting to found clubs of atheists, agnostics and so-called "free-thinkers" in American colleges and universities. One such society of twenty-five members has been formed in Yale and another in Rochester University where they have blatantly assumed the title of "Damned Souls." The President of the American Association for the Advancement of Atheism announces that they are raising $100,000 to promote atheism in the colleges, and will make an effort to discontinue the office of chaplains in Congress, to remove chaplains from the army and navy and will fight against the week-day religious instruction plans for school children.

Such agitation and propaganda are not new. Atheism was popular following the French Revolution and spread in American colleges that had been founded to train Christian ministers. Atheism feeds on materialism and all forms of selfishness and sin. "The fool hath said in his heart' There is no God,' " but that does not disprove God nor prevent Him from carrying on His work of love in the world. Many writers in the secular press today merely laugh at the young atheists and prophesy their early decease. Christians have no fears for their faith or for the Church. There have been many kinds of unbelievers since the world began. The only cause for disturbance is that some foolish and ignorant ones may be misled, may deny God, may fail to receive His gift of Life through Christ and so may bring ruin on themselves and those who follow them. Such propaganda has little effect on intelligent, earnest men and women.

One chief cause for the spread of irreligion is ignorance. Parents and teachers, who do not know God, cannot be expected to train the coming generation to believe in Him. Senator George Wharton Pep,per, in a recent address made some allusions to well-known Biblical incidents which it was found that less than half of his student 405

audience understood. Professor Watts, of Temple University, con- cludes: .

"It is extraordinary, with Bible societies reporting millions, if not billions, of Bibles sold, that the knowledge of its contents seems to be reaching a vanishing point. Entirely aside from its religious value, there is every reason why the Bible, with Shakespeare, the Greek and Roman classics, and a few other books, should have a vital meaning for the students who intend to go in for public life or literature."

Much less do the youth of America know the Bible as a revela- tion of God and of the Christian way of life.

Another cause of atheism is the desire to be free from the restraints of godliness. The antagonism of Bolshevism and of many communists to Christianity is due to the fact that Christ upholds the principles of government, of law and order, of monogamous marri- age, of unselfish consideration for the weak and teaches the observ- ance of all obligations to God and man. Christianity is opposed to so-called tI free-love," disapproves of the tyranny of capital or of labor, and is against the selfish disregard of the property, the lives or the liberty of others.

A third cause of the spread of atheism is the" false conception of religion such as is promoted by some advocates of eclectic religion.

Such men and women look upon religion as a product of human phil- osophy, the outgrowth of fear, mystery, superstition and a sense of inferiority. Congresses of religions are based on the idea that no religion is revealed or is absolute and trustworthy but that all are the result of human strivings after God and all contribute to the knowledge of a Higher Power and of life. No real benefit has ever come from these congresses of religion (such as is proposed for the Philadelphia Sesqui-centennial). On the contrary, they have only added uncertainty and confusion to the minds of those who are without solid basis in their belief as to God. The calm assurance that comes through intelligent faith in Jesus Christ as the revelation "of God and His way of life gives a very different conception of religion and is the only satisfying basis for religious tho"u.ght and practice.

It is difficult to unde.rstand the motive that atheists have in their efforts to spread such disbelief in God. It may arise from a desire for publicity, may show an inclination to "radicalism," may be due to a wish to secure a following, or may be based on a misconception of the meaning of liberty. How different is the motive that actuates the Christian in his missionary work. His desire is to spread the Good News of God's love, of the free gift of life through Christ, as he has experienced it. He knows the comfort, the power and the joyful satisfaction that come from faith in the loving Heavenly Father and all-wise Ruler of the universe. He knows the effect when lives and thoughts are brought into sympathetic harmony with Him.

926] EDITORIAL

The atheistic propaganda, so far as it succeeds, can only spread selfish individualism, chaos and despair. The Christian propaganda that produces an intelligent following of the teachings and spirit of Jesus Christ will bring harmony, human brotherliness, unselfish service and calm confidence to face the realities of life or of death.

" The Word was God . . . the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory . . . full of grace and truth . . . He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life."

FINDINGS OF THE MOTT CONFERENCE IN CHINA T HE conference called to meet with Dr. John R. Mott, in Shanghai, January 5th to 7th, was called to study the situa- tion ill the Christian churches in China. It was arranged by the executive committee of the National Christian Council and was presided over by Dr. D. Z. T. Yui. The executive committee received the findings with appreciation and recommended that they be referred to Christians in China and abroad" as valuable source material for the study of the Christian movement in China today. "

Some of the questions which were discussed and 'the findings are as follows: The first series of questions relates to the spiritual condition of the Church in China and the causes of the anti-religious movements. The findings report that temporal prosperity and undue emphasis on material things have imperilled spiritual life. The increased influence of church members may have been secured at times at the expense of spiritual power. Unbelievers have received a wrong conception of the nature of the Church. Complexity of machinery has, in many cases, decreased spiritual power. The remedy for this is greater dependence on the Living Christ, with unhurried Bible study, prayer and meditation, fellowship in spiritual things, emphasis on the spiritual motive and power in preaching, teaching and all activities, and more mutual love, confidence, and cooperation among Christians.

The second series of questions relates to making Christianity most effective in China, with autonomy and thorough adaptation to the Chinese nation. There is need for a truly Chinese expression of Christianity, dropping its Western trappings and foreign control. The purpose is not to make Christianity and the Church Chinese, but to permit the spirit and teachings of Christ to find free and natural expression through Chinese hearts, minds and activities~ The third series of questions relates to Christian literature-its nature, aim, production and influence. The findings recognize the great and growing demand and need for snch literature. A constructive literary program is of major importance at present-a program by which all available resources will be utilized effectively. A survey of available literature should be made and capable Chinese

Christians should be employed to produce satisfactory Christian books and pamphlets.

A fourth series of questions has to do with the future policy of Christian missions-the functions of foreign missionaries, their technical training, missionaries to Moslems and other special classes, their relation to the Chinese Church, and the control and ownership of mission property. The findings recognize the aim of missionary work to be the establishment of a self-governing, self-supporting and self-propagating Christian Church with spiritual education, power and freedom. The highest quality of trained, humble, spirituallyminded and loving missionaries is needed in administrative capacities. China still needs many foreign workers but staffs should be adjusted and budgets should be revised to make a larger proportion of the funds available for Chinese work. Religious education and other special forms of work need more adequate support. The Chinese must learn to administer mission property and work. For this purpose, a new survey of this property is recommended and every new' project should be considered with a view to its future maintenance by the Chinese Church. Visits from mission board administrators and an exchange of spiritual leaders between China and other nations is also urged.

Chinese treaties with foreign nations is the subject of the next questionnaire and the resultant findings. Extraterritoriality and toleration clauses are unanimously declared to be now prejudicial to the progress of the Christian movement in China.

Christian education is the subject of the sixth series of questions and the findings express the conviction that such education must continue an organic part of the activity of the Chinese Church, with local boards of management, thoroughly Christian in character, maintaining their institutions as private schools, with full religious freedom, elective courses in the Christian religion, and winning Christian personalities as teachers. An international conference in Jerusalem is proposed for the further study of mission problems.

These topics all deal with questions very vital to the future of the Christian Church in China and may well be the subjects for earnest prayer for guidance by Christians in every land.

CHRISTIAN COOPERATION IN MOSLEM LANDS n .AS ONE result of the conferences held in 1924 in North Africa and Western Asia by Dr. John R. Matt, Dr. Samuel Y. Zwemer and others, the evangelical Christian workers among Moslems in those lands have taken the preliminary step to organize an Inter-Mission Council for Northern Africa and Western Asia. The secretary is Mr. W. B. Smith (Central Y. M. C. A., 6 Sharia Nubar Pasha, Cairo, Egypt). The present plan calls for an executive committee and a council of missionaries. The aim will be to promote

EDITORLAL CO~NTS

a spirit of fellowship, to meet annually in conference, and to unite in the production and distribution of literature.

One of the results of such an organized council of missionaries should be to prevent, as far as possible, the duplication and overlapping of mission work and should advance the more adequate occu· pation of the field. Already something has been accomplished in these respects by the United Missionary Conferences of Syria and Palestine, held annually since 1919. These conferences have recently taken up such topics as the best methods of dealing with converts from Islam; the growing menace of alcoholic drink; the development of the native churches; and the most effective way of presenting the Gospel of Christ to Moslems.

Since the close of the war a great change has taken place, in Syria and Palestine at least, in the matter of religious liberty. While there is not yet entire freedom to preach the Gospel or to accept Ohrist on the part of Moslems, yet, for the first time, open public baptisms of Moslems have taken place in such cities as Beirut, Damascus and J erusalem. These converts have been able to continue in their ordinary businesses without molestation-something unheard of under Moslem rulers. One large mission has adopted the policy of opening missions in hitherto unreached Moslem areas. Evangelical Christian workers are more definitely organizing their schools, hospitals and other forms of work around the one purpose of effectively witnessing to Christ among the Moslems. The need for good Christian literature adapted to Moslems is increasingly felt and the mission presses and societies are working more energetically to supply this need.

PROGRESS IN LATIN AMERICA RELIGIOUS liberty made a notable gain in South America last year by the separation of Church and State in Chile when the new constitution was adopted in August. With Uruguay having taken the same action recently, and with Argentina having broken relations with the Vatican, the union of Church and State in South America remains only in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia and Venezuela. In Brazil, an effort to change the constitution so as to form an indirect link between the Roman Catholic Church and the Government was defeated. In Mexico, government officials, in referring to the laws against foreign ministers and the nationali'zation of ohurch property, have insisted that this is only to curb political activities of the Roman clergy and is not in opposition to religion or to the legitimate activities of foreign missionary societies.

One of the important findings of the Montevideo Congress calls for the uniting of the churches and boards, in certain strategic centers, to support workers among student classes. A significant event last year was the appointment, by the Young Men's Christian Asso-

ciation, of Dr. John A. Mackay, of Lima, to work with the student classes in the different countries of South America. The Association has already been sending Sr. Julio Navarro Monz6 to lecture to the student and other intellectual groups, and with marked success. The carrying out of the one hundred and six findings of the Montevideo Congress, as far as possible, with the raising of more than two million dollars for South America and the proper organization of the various conferences for the Caribbean region in order to deal fearlessly with the important questions facing the Christian forces of those countries, challenge us to renewed faith and consecration.

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN BRAZIL NOT union, but division follows the preaching of Christ. Some believe and follow, while others reject and oppose.· It is one of the results of human free will and of religious liberty. 'rhe Bible and Christ form the greatest dividing line in the worldf(lr or again.~t! It is for man to choose. But, even where there is 1lominal oneness of allegiance, there is great division as to definition, method and the implications of discipleship. In Brazil, for example, where the Roman Catholic Church was long in nndisputed ('ontrol, and where the priests still exert great power, two amend- ments to the Constitution have recently been proposed-one seeks to declare Roman Catholicism as the religion of the country and the other provides for religious instruction in public schools.

The Rev. Hugh C. Tucker, D.D., Secretary of the Brazil Agency of the American Bible Society, writes: "As soon as the congressional committee began work on the amendments, public interest was aroused and discussion opened up through the press. Advocates of the two measures were active and voluminous by letter and wire in their pleas in favor; opponents 'Vere not less so in their protests and arguments against. f!'he representations and telegrams from Protestant groups and individuals made a profound impression on the members of Congress and those actively at work to secure the passage of the two amendments. One result was a revelation of the strength of Protestantism in Brazil.

Liberal elements-positivists, spiritualists, theosophists and others -swelled the ranks of protest, and the first of the two amendments was lost. .

"While Protestants recognized that religious instruction should not be divorced from public education, they felt persuaded that the two amenaments constituted a move to include the Roman Catholic teaching of religion in public schools. While foreign missionaries refrained from taking part in the discussion, the Protestant nationals took the risk of being charged with unchristian beliefs and principles. The situation in Brazil presents a striking contrast to

EDITORIAL COMMENTS

what is taking place in the United States, where an increasing num- ber of Protestant Christians are pleading for the privilege of read- ing and teaching the Bible in the public schools, and the Roman Catholics tenaciously oppose the movement.

"The wide publicity given to the subject in Brazil awakened interest in religion and led to a large number of inquiries for Bibles.

Pastors and other Christian workers called for supplies to have on hand at their churches to meet the demands, and a Y. M. C. A.

secretary asked for a supply of Scriptures to meet the requests that were coming in as a result of the religious discussion.

"The extension of evangelic-aI Christian activity in Brazil, through preaching by foreign missionaries and national!;!, the wide circulation of the Bible in the language of the people, schools, litera- ture, and certain forms of social service, is becoming more and more a recognized factor in the very noticeable intellectual, social, and spiritual awakening of today. Federal, state, and municipal gov- ernments, and private initiative of religious organizations, social groups and others are actively at work to combat illiteracy, multiply centers and means of instruction, and popularize education.

"The evidences of aWllkened interest in religion are apparent.

Pastors and evangelists report good attendance at the regular and special services; the Sunday-schools are prosperous; many invita- tions come to preach the Gospel in communities where there is no established Protestant work. Colporteurs and Christian workers are selling more copies of the Scriptures than ever before. When the presidential candidate for the next term read his campaign plat- form, he announced that he approves of the complete separation of Church and State, for two reasons: first, the church has prospered under this new regime as never before; and, second, he believes that equality, liberty of thought, and freedom of action for other forces c.:mtribute to the development and progress of the country." .

THE CHINESE HONOR DR. CHRISTIE J AST October there was unveiled, in Mukden, a bronze bust of L Dr. Dugald Christie C.M.G., who retired in 1922 from active service as a missionary of the United Free Church of Scotland. All kinds of people in Manchuria-officials, merchants, laborers and country men-contributed to the fund of $6,000. The unst stands on a granite shaft in front of the Medical College, of which Dr. Christie was the fOlmder, and looking towards the hospital which he established more than forty years ago.

The following translation of the inscription on the pedestal of the bust appeared in the Record of the United Free Church of Scotland: Dugald Christie, a native of Scotland, came across the sea to Manchuria in the eigthth year of Kwang Su of the Manchu Dynasty, and established

the Mukden Hospital. In the first year of the Republic he organized the Medical College, by which the treatment of disease was for the first time placed on a scientific hasis. He won universal approbation for his unwearied labors as a pioneer in charitable work.

In the eleventh year of the RepUblic he resigned and returned to his native land. He had been in Mukden for about forty years, during which he showed a spirit of self-sacrifice and sincerity. Although he repeatedly met with obstacles and difficulties, yet he never failed in his purpose to go forward. Year by year the sick were raised to life, their number amounting to tens of thousands. All classes, high and low, recognizing his services to society, willingly contributed in aid of the work, which has now g1reatly expanded.

His virtue and merit are imperishable. Accordingly a sum of money has been raised for the erection of this bust in bronze, to preserve his memory, and this brief account of his life has been carved in stone, as a stimulus to all who shall read it.

In the tenth moon of the fourteenth year of the Republic, erected by the public of the Manchurian Provinces.

AMERICA – AN INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE I NTO America, very many of the blessings of democracy and Christianity have come. In this new world, many dreams of freedom have been realized. It may yet be the arena of the greatest spiritual conflict between Christianity and paganism which the world has ever seen. America is the smelting caldron into which the silver and gold of many nationalities is being melted, to run into the molds of God's purposes. The most important international exchange is the exchange of foreigners fresh from the old world for earlier men and women who came to America to have their characters and their lives smelted, purified and saved. In America, the great plans of God for the people of the earth seem to be ripening.

The Japan Current striking the western shores of North America suggests the spiritual influence which Asia, when Christianrzed, may exert upon the new world. The Gulf Stream is an illustration of a hundred currents that flow from America to temper the climate in northwestern Europe. If the Gulf Stream should cease to flow eastward, what would happen? If spiritual influences from America should no longer pour toward Europe, Asia, and Africa, especially in these days of conflicts and national testings, there would be a great loss to the Christian ideals of the world, and many spiritual harvests would never ripen. To make Christian the peoples of America would be to make the country the lighthouse for many peoples of the world who are still in darkness.

IS THE OUTLOOK? – A GROlJP OF SUDANESE

A New Nation in the Making-in Africa Impressions of the .Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Revisited BY REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D., F.R.G.B., CAIRO, EGYPT '/<;ditor of The Moslem World; Author of "The Law of Apostasy ill Islam," etc.

I N THE vast Sudan today.the:e is being. enacte~ before all eyes the spectacle of a new natlOn m the makmg. Hitherto the many tribes and peoples of the territory south of Wady HaIfa, and north of the Uganda frontier have neither politically or ethnologically had much in common. But for the past two decades all this new territory has been increasingly welded into the British commonwealth of nations. The picked body of men devoting time and energy to the material and moral development of the Sudan c;leserve all honor. Their task is not easy, for the Sudan is a place where three religions, Islam, Ohristianity and Paganism meet; and three races, the Egypto- Arabian, the Sudanese and the British must be taught to live in harmony.

At a meeting of Arab notables in Omdurman, at a tea-party in the American Mission garden, recently, I quoted Al Mutannabi's wellknown lines: I am known to the night and the wind and the steed, To the sword and the guest, to the paper and reed.

413

__ r———~~r,_——– ~~ _~__________________·T'——–, o 9 .oN: 0 rvl. I , .;.

I …t…

ct.

0 ,.

:z: C.) z '"II:: r..

~. ___ . ~.'— .—.r-r*-'_ ~'!pW' .. ..,…. I'D"'"$'

NVans NVI.LdA.9…3….-O'I9NV These lines summarize the recent history of the Sudan. The night of Pagan ignorance, the coming of the swift cavalry of the Arabian conquerors, the fire and sword of the Mahdi and his Khalifa, and finally, the British "guests" with their new administration, with Gordon College, the missionaries and their schools.

For .Allah [as Kipling says] created the English mad~the maddest of all mankind.

They do not consider' the meaning of Things, they consult not creed nor claD. Behold they clap the slave on"the back and behold he ariseth a man! They terribly carpet the earth with dead, aDd before their cannon cool They walk unarmed by two's and three's to call the living to school.

A NEW NATION IN THE MAKING-IN AFRICA

In the Sudan we see British rule at its best. The relationship between white and black is in many respects ideal. Something of the manly, independent quality of the Sudanese draws out the best an Englishman has to give. Not only the general administration, but the excellent railways, Gordon College, the Welcome Research Laboratories, the building of the Makwar Dam and many other things indicate a sense of international stewardship.

The recent development or Port Sudan and the Cape to Cairp railway scheme with its connections show that the Sudan now lies at the crossroads of all East Airica.

Today even West Africa is becoming closely linked up. Many thousands of Nigerians and Gold Coast Moslem natives trek across the great desert areas of the Sahara to the Eastern French and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. At the great dam being constructed at Makwar, south of Khartum in the Gezireh cotton fields of the Sudan Plantations Company-in which South African capital has taken a predominant part-Nigerian workers are seen in hundreds. Why do ~he Moslem tribesmen of Nigeria and the West come to the Upper Nile Valley! Because they are on their pilgrimage to Mecca-from Khartum they go via Port Sudan, to Jeddah, the port of Mecca in twenty-four hours.

I. AREA AND POPULATION The following table and the accompanying map give the latest available information of this great South Land with over a million square miles area and over six million people. The Sudan is divided into fifteen provinces as follows: Province Chief Town Area Population Bahr-el Ghazal Wau 119,800 sq. mi. 2,500,OO{) Berber EI Darner Blue Nile Wad Medani 40,800 "" 111,412 Darfur Al Fnsher 13,900 259,154 Dongola Merowe 142,500 " II 400,000 Fang Binga 120,100 151,849 Haifa 31,800 " " Il H 114,000 Kassala Haifa 113,600 40,708 Khartum Kassala 59,500 "" 140,000 Kordofan Khartum 5,200 186,400 Mongalla EI Obeid 117,400 " 4( 486,622 Nuba Mountains Mongalla 60,700 300,000 Red Sea Talodi 34,600 ,4 " 317,81'1 Upper Nile Port Sudan 34,900 113,415 White Nile Malakal 60,000 (( Il 700,000 EI Dueim 16,500 290,000 ""

"H H"

"" ""

tt "

The center of urban popUlation for the whole Sudan is still Khartum, the capital, with a population of 30,797, North Khartum, linked by a steel bridge with 14,319, and Omdurman, a great straggling African city of 78,624 people. At present ferry service binds the latter to Khartum but a bridge is being built across the White Nile and there is no doubt that in the near future the twin cities will count two hundred thousand inhabitants. What Gordon in a moment of pessimism described as a "useless possession" has become one of

the great future assets of the British Empire in Mrica. In 1925 the imports of the Sudan were over five million pounds sterling and the exports over four million pounds; the laUer have doubled in five years. Peace and prosperity have gone hand in hand. The popula- tion is rapidly increasing. One may travel almost anywhere in the vast area with safety and facility where only a few years ago certain tribes were a terror to each other and such a menace to private prop- erty that trade was well nigh impossible. The Sudan Government railways and steamers are the admiration of all travellers. One may travel from Wady HaIfa in the north to Obeid the capital of Kordo- fan in the south and to Port Sudan and Suakin eastward in railway carriages more comfortable than Pullman cars.

The population of the Sudan consists of three classes: the pure Arab, the Negroid and the Black race. The Arabs entered as conquerors and destroyed the old Christian Kingdoms of Nubia and Dongola, as well as those centered at Sobat on the Blue Nile. Only a short distance from Khartum ruins of Christian churches can be seen-granite pillars with crosses-mute witnesses to Christian life centuries before Islam. The Negroids-of mixed blood with their dark brown skins, black crisp hair, long heads, flat noses and thick lips are considered the best workers of the Sudan. The Blacks represent many tribes and races, and until recently they were the slaves both of the Arabs and the Negroids. Today they are overcoming their natural indolence and are engaged in collecting gum, rubber, senna, ivory, in cultivating the land and navigating the rivers. It is estimated that there are over two hundred tribes in the Sudan, some of which, as the Nubas, use a score of dialects. Arabic is becoming dominant in the north. In the south the multiplicity of language presents extraordinary difficulty for the Government and for missions.

Barbarous customs of bodily mutilation, teeth-filing, lip~perfora. tion, face-markings, and puberty ordeals still prevail even among some Moslem tribes. Illiteracy is well nigh universal and, except in urban centers, superstition rules everywhere. At Omdurman an entire bazaar is devoted to the sale of amulets and charms. Less than one half of the total population of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is even nominally Moslem. But Islam is slowly extending its influence everywhere. No definite line marks the border between Moslem and pagan tribes on the map or in the mind of the people. Where Islam penetrates it forms an amalgam, a paganized Islam. The Koran has become a fetish instead of the old village idol. Stone and tree worship still exist side by side with the mud-built mosque. Yet in the government scheme of education, which began at Khartum, Islam received the place of honor. The Koran is the primary textbook aJ].d for all practical purposes Islam is made the state religion. Friday is the legal holiday and already over six hundred mosques are found

1926J A NEW NATION IN THE MAKING-IN AFRIOA

in Khartum and the provinces, some of them handsome buildings built in part by Government grants! Every year thousands of Su- danese go to Mecca and return with fanatic zeal for their religion.

Everywhere one finds the Religious Brotherhoods of Islam in evidence. The Qadariya (here called the Jilaniya) the Mirganiya, Ahmadiya (or Idrisiya) and the Rashidiya orders have their zawias or religious houses! We visited one at Um Dabban near Khartum.

It was a beehive of many activities-school and mosque, sacred tree and enclosure, a place for sacrifice and holy graves, a guest-house nicely furnished where they offered us tinned provisions and coffee.

In such centers out in the open desert they teach young lad~ the mystic-way and from here the wali or saint goes on his pilgrimage.

Finally the saint, male or female, dies and their tombs become cen- ters of Iniracle and pilgrimage.

At Khartum North we visited two of such saints' tombs. That of Nafassa is scarcely thirty years old but she has a constant stream of worshippers and the grave is covered with more "holy llnr- tains" of many hues than the Tabernacle in the wilderness. In the Northern Sudan on every bar- ren hill and under every green tree we may see saints in the mak- ing. Worship consists of muttered prayers, touching the grave or ty- ing bits of cloth to the bier and A TYPICAL SUDANESE WOMAN rubbing its dust on the forehead.

'l'hank-offerings for recovery consist of white and red flags fluttering on tall poles and so attracting new devotees.

Among the pagan tribes animism with its doctrine of an ever- present supernatural world-seen in the whirling of desert winds, the mirage, the uncanny gnarled tree, the hovering spirits of bird and beast and man-holds myriads of hearts in bondage through fear of death and the beyond.

By the establishment of impartial justice between man and man; by maintaining domestic tranquility and peace; by economic de- velopment through irrigation works and the introduction of new agricultural products and methods; by education especially at Gordon College and in the newly opened Kitchener Memorial Medical School; by the wide-spread influence of the Welcome Research Laboratoris in studying and checking disease; by the opening of government dispensaries and hospitals, Great Britain has proved worthy of her 1 Ct. P. E. Martln-"The Sudan In Evolutlon," p. 246-247 (London, 1921) . • CarmIne WIll18-"Rellglous Contraternltles of the Sudan" (Khartum, 1921), 2

trust. The completion of the great Dam at Sennar, already flooding 300,000 fertile acres in the Gezira plain, marked another step in the evolution of the Sudan. Most appropriately the inauguration of the Dam was not only a civic triumph but a religious ceremony and prayers were offered by the Mohammedan Mufti and by the Anglican Bishop of the Sudan, the Right Reverend Dr. Gwynne.

But the Sudan can not live by bread alone. If any land has a claim and a challenge for missionary enterprise it is this border land.

II. MISSIONARY OCCUPATION Many centuries before General Charles George Gordon laid down his life at Khartum, other Christian martyrs witnessed for their faith. If the meager records of church historians were altogether silent the very stones would cry out that the Sudan belongs to Christ.

In June, 1698, the Jesuit missionary Father, Charles Xavier de Brevedent, entered the Sudan, then known as the Empire of Ethiopia. The first Catholic Mission however was not established in the Sudan until 1846. It continued to work until the time of the Mahdi rebellion. Father Ohrwalder and others were taken prisoner and with horrible cruelty the mission was destroyed." When peace was restored in the Sudan in 1898 this work was again taken up. At present there are four missionary bodies at. work: The Roman Catholic (Austrian), the Church Missionary Society (Anglican), the United Presbyterian Mission (American), and the Sudan Unit.ed Mission (Int.ernational).

As early as 1878 Gordon advocated the evangelization of the Sudan. In 1905 the C. M. S. sent out its first workers. At present they occupy the following stations: Khartum, Omdurman, Wad Medani and Atbara. In the southern portion of the Sudan the Society's work dates from 1906, when, on the invitation of Lord Cromer, Malek, 1,000 miles higher up the Nile than Khartum, was occupied with a view to reaching the Dinkas (Jiengs), a pagan tribe. Other stations for work among them are Juba, with a boarding school for the sons of chiefs, Yei and Lau. Yambio is the center of work among the Azandi, and at Yilu a medical mission has been established among the Horus. The girls' schools at Omdurman and Khartum are drawing an ever larger circle of friendship among the people and the wellequipped hospital at Omdurman under Dr. Lloyd is like a beacon light for the whole community. The whole Moslem staff of the hospital has caught the spirit of service and are following Christ's example before they have gained sufficient courage to confess Him openly. The work in the Bahr al Ghazal province among the pagan tribes has closer affinities with Uganda than with the north.

Bishop Gwynne writes: "It is a matter of great satisfaction to 8 Of. "Ten Years' Captivity In the Mahdl's Camp," by Father Ohrwalder.

A NEW NATION IN THE MAKING-IN A:FRICA

report that what has been talked about so long will, please God, be accomplished this year: that is the separation of the southern prov- inces of the Sudan to form a new diocese, with part of Uganda. The Venerable Archdeacon Kitchen, who has been for more than 25 years a missionary in Uganda is to be the first Bishop of the con- templated diocese. With definite objects and magnificent opportuni- ties, that which had already been won through the strenuous efforts of the missionaries will be consolidated and new schemes for advance planned, and thus another section of the line will be completed in that sphere occupied by our Church."

The American United Presbyterian Mission entered in 1900 under the leadership of the Rev. John Kelly Giffen, D.D., and Rev. George A. Sowash, D.D. With similar enterprise and methods as in the Nile Valley their work has expanded until it reaches from Wady HaIfa across the borders and into Abyssinia. They have work at HaIfa, Khartum, Omdurman, Khartum North, Geraife, Atbara, Sin- kat, Wad Medani, Dongola and Port Sudan; in the south at Doleib Hill and Nasser.

Although this wide field is very much under-manned and has suffered irreparable losses by death, recent years have witnessed a distinct advance on every line of endeavor. The schools are crowded with pupils, the hospitals with patients and homes with visitors and inquirers. The largest Bible class of Moslems in all North Africa, as far as I know, meets every Sabbath in the American Mission School at Omdurman; one hundred and twenty are taught the story of Christ and of Paul by a converted Moslem I Every form' of missionary effort indeed finds fruitful results in the Sudan today. Agricultural and industrial schools although only recently opened have proved their value. The education of the African can best follow the lines of such institutions as Tuskegee and Hampton. Primary and secondary education for boys and girls is a missionary necessity since the only government education so far provided is Islamic in its textbooks and tendency. One has only to look into the eager faces of the pupils in any of the mission schools to realize that such thirst for knowledge and such hunger for friendship and guidance are a call of God to teach all these tribes. In Arabic and English and in some of the many dialects the people already read for themselves the Greatest Story in the world. The need for hospitals and dispensaries is self-evident. Where the natives have the choice between a government and a mission hospital they choose the place where "mercy and truth are met together."

During my all too brief visit at Khartum and Omdurman in February-March last the changes I noticed since my former visit ten years ago were, from a missionary standpoint, full of promise. A new day has dawned. Doors once closed are wide open and the people responsive as never before. At Doleib Hill where they toiled

. for two decades scattering the good seed in hard and barren soil there now is the joy of the harvest. Nineteen hundred are attend ing Sunday-schools and some hundred have been baptized. In Om- durman within a stone's throw'of the ruined tomb of the Mahdi three to four hundred Moslem men gathered night after night for an open- air evangelistic meeting in the American Mission compound. I spoke on such subjects as, "What is Christianity1" "Who is Jesus Christ7" ""Vas Christ Crucified?" "Is There .Toy in the Christian Life1" and the audience was as attentive as in a church service at home. Over a hundred of the leading men accepted a special gift of Mat- thew's Gospel after an address on the "Principles of True Civiliza- tion. " Ten pounds' worth of religions books and Scriptures were sold at these meetings. In the Coptic Cathedral at Khartum two THE PROTESTANT CATHEDRAL AT KHARTOUM. EGYPTIAN SUDAN mass meetings were held on week days and at least fifteen hundred were present on both occasions.

Among the young men and boys there is such a demand for literature of the right type that the Church Missionary Society is planning to open a book shop at Khartum. The American Mission Agricultural School at Geraif is conducted on the lines of similar work in the Southern States and promises much for the future. There is sympathy and cooperation with the missions on the part of many of the leading government officials and an increasing conviction that Islam is not the best religion for the Sudan. The many Christian activities centering at the Clergy House and the Cathedral for the British of all classes are also a powerful witness for Christ. The growing native church is becoming conscious of its mission and eager to enter regions beyond. At a general meeting of all the missionaries and native pastors and teachers, men and women, the conviction was

1926J A NEW NATION IN 'l'HE MAKING-IN AFRIOA

expressed that only by doubling the forces now on the field could the present opportunity be adequately met. Every station and every institution I visited is under-staffed. The places on the map where "the true Light now shineth" are after all like little candles burning in the night of paganism and Islam. Vast areas and millions of people are untouched by all the societies now on the field.. The provinces of Kassala, Dongola (for the greatest part) Kordofan, Darfur, the northern half of Bahrel-Ghazal, the Nuba Mountains, Fung and the White Nile district are practically unoccupied. Who holds the mandate for the spiritual and moral uplift of these multitudes?

Remembering the utter destitution and the long neglect of these vast areas and large populations, the Hnes written on seeing Gordon's statue as it stands racing the great desert and the Sudan at Khartum, have a living message: The strings of camels come ill single file, Bearing their burdens 0 'er the desert sand; Swiftly the boats go plying on the Nile, The needs of men are met on every hand.

But stilI I wait For the messenger of God who cometh late.

The great Makwar Dam at SennaI' is a rebuke and a challenge to the faint-hearted and lukewarm THE REV. MALEK FANOAS in the Ohristian churches. Here Pastor or t be Church In Khartoum is material investment of eight million pounds (sterling) in concrete and steel, in brain and brawn, with absolute faith that the im'es tment will bring adequate return. Faith in what? in the fertile soil and in the fellahin Sudanese.

We have the reservoir of God's unfailing grace and power j we have the soil of the human heart, fashioned everywhere alike and thirsting for the Living God j we have the Seed of the Divine Word which if it fall into the ground and dies never fails to produce a har- vest. 'Wno dares to begrudge the investment of a few hundred thou- sand pounds and the hundred additional missionaries needed to make Christ known in every province of the vast Sudan'

to Christianity in China

BY REV. .JAMES L. STEWART, D.D., CHENGTU, WEST CHINA Vice·President of West China Union University; Author of II The Laughing Buddha"

PERSISTENT hindrances to the progress of the Gospel among the Chinese are not new today and may therefore be considered briefly. They contain such difficulties as: I. Indifference. One meets occasionally with a "God of Wealth" (the colloquial for our "millionaire") in China, but they are proportionately about as rare as her fabled phrenix. In no nation are the multi-millions nearer the bread-line. To live "hand-tomouth" seems no great hardship to multitudes. It is rather that willing hands and therefore mouths must too often go wholly or partially empty. Each day is a constant struggle for existence. What has Christianity to offer for such immediate need' These throngs are out for food, clothing, shelter, an opportunity to work. The Christian message seems ofttimes utterly remote to such men. The preacher talks of faith and hope and love and peace and truth. Much of it is lost upon ears tuned only to the stern realities of daily need. The seed in such cases falls upon stony ground. They go their way indifferent. II. Already supplied is the attitude of another vast section.

China seems to be full of gods of all grades. The merchant has the god of wealth; the mechanic has Lu-ban, the great artificer; the farmer a tutelary god for each group of fields and special gods for each type of cattle, while the scholar has his great Sage and Heaven. In addition there is Animism with its natural objects containing spirits, Taoism with its deification of higher natural forces, thunder, lightning, fire, flood, Buddhism with its personification of psychic fac- t<irs, mercy, wisdom, pity, and Mohammedanism with its appeal to one invisible. absolute Being. If more are needed bas not each man nearer still his own ancestors with their peremptory demands and promises 7 Somewhere from among this galaxy of gods one or several have long since been selected and seemingly found sufficient. Can the Christian God give more than these according to their promises? Why add another, or discard all old for one new?

m. Social customs and sqnctions are disturbed by the aavent of Christianity and so protest. The authority and very existence of all the gods suggested above are challenged, and evidence adduced to show they are fictions. It naturally seems to many that the basis of society is being destroyed. Moreover old street customs concern- ~e February number of the REVIEW contained a.n article outlining certain "Hindrances to Christianity in China," It was an attempted ana1ysis ().f such hlndran"'es from a croRI:I-sec1'i nnal aspect of Chinese SOCiety. It n0ed~ supplementing by lIlore speetfic statement, especially in view of more recent events. A prartical survey can be made from sunh sf"andDoi'lts as Persistent Hindrances, Present-Day Hindrances. and thuesuaPlr(J)lfmoulntsdeorr Hindranoos of the Messenger. This article presents such an attempt within the BPace.-J. 1.. S.

422 ing idol processions, theatricals to the gods, etc., are affected when Christians refuse to assist. More intimate still the old social relations of husband and wife, elder and younger brother, parent and child, sons and daughters are all viewed from a new angle and a new freedom acclaimed. So, to some, it seems that the very family is in danger of dissolution. Even old marriage customs based on the "eight characters," burial customs based on "fung shui" and the sacred philosophy of the past as contained in the Book of Change are all being undermined and unheeded. To the conservative the very basis of society and the nation seem threatened. Who but should decry such disaster!

IV. Sin and evil in all their forms are inevitable opposing forces. In times of unrest such as that through which great China is now passing it is but natural that evil in many forms goes almost unrestrained. Foot-binding fortunately seems steadily to decrease, but gambling and lotteries are in places legalized for revenue. Opium which was so gallantly suppressed about a decade ago is now in sections even forced upon the farmers for the sake of funds. Drunkenness and the social evil abound about many military camps. Blackmail, duress, robbery, arson, rape, murder, militarism fill reports from day to day in the papers of big centers and go all unrecorded out in the defenseless countryside. Let no one malign the great Ohinese people. They too loathe such iniquities, but they are powerless at present. Ohristianity alone, in many places, dares raise a voice against these social· sins and their roots in the lusts of the human heart, and in consequence she is in turn slanderously accused and attacked. Sin and evil in their most hideous forms are steadfast hindrances to the Gospel.

HINDRANCES PECULIAR TO THE PRESENT Present-day hindrances form a second kind of barrier to be overcome. These are regularly mentioned in our newspaper and other reports. They may be grouped under familiar captions: I. Anti-Foreign Feeling. Ohristianity has not always suffered from this in its contact with Ohina. Some opposition, 'it is true, has been to Christianity as a creed and system of conduct. ThuB Oonfucianism has doubtless ridiculed it and even raised riots to oust it from communities and from the country. Yet it will be also recalled that Nestorianism was quite evidently welcomed to the old court at Ohang An by the great Tai Tsung, first of the native Tang dynasty, and that in more recent times under the Mongol, the Min and eyen early Manchu dynasties, Ohristians were protected and praised, even Jesuit missionaries holding public office as Schall in his post as Imperial astronomer. Indeed it appears to have been a question of allegiance to foreign Pope or native Emperor that caused the rift in cordial relations, and such fear of foreign aggression has continued to impede the progress of Ohristianity unto today.

That converts were by becoming Christian also becoming the subjects of France, or Britain or America was quite the common consensus of opinion a quarter of a century ago, following the breaking down of the Boxer Rebellion. The new Republic has done much by its religious freedom and other measures to dispel such difficulties, but now it bursts forth in another form.

II. Anti-Imperialism. Fear of foreign aggression has again attained a great emphasis. The Renaissance of the past few years has brought many surprises. Among others returned students from many lands as well as those educated in their own institutions of learning have been reviewing their contacts with Western nations. The investigation shows a record of constant aggression. Burma, Indo-China, Macao, Hongkong, Weihaiwei, Port Arthur, all show lost territory, parts of which were at least claimed by China. Now Manchuria, Mongolia and even 'ribet appear to them also threatened. Foreign concessions too seem to have taken on an arbitrary attitude through the years. Customs autonomy has been denied and extraterritoriality still demanded. Such seems to be the history of the last century of contact, and China emerges bound on all sides by treaties won from the Manchus then her rulers. In the enthusiasm of the new Nationalism, all this foreign aggression seems arbitrary "Imperialism." This in turn is turned against Christianity for do not the missionaries come from just these countries1 True in their messages, they preach a religion of love, and claim they have no relationship with their governments, but who does not understand the simile of "the dragon head and the snake's tail." And then, are missions not present and protected by treaty forced by these very powers? Many in China today understand the true meaning of the missionary movement, but on the contrary there are others who fail to understand, and oppose Christianity on a basis which they believe is real patriotism. Christianity is "Imperialism" and the missionary its political agent. That should be sufficient.

III. Anti-Capitalistic Sentiment. Much of the'conflict with the foreign nations in the past has arisen over questions of trade. As commerce requires capital, it is easy to conclude that all is capitalistic. Westernism spells Imperialism and back of Imperialism is capitalism-that is the thesis. All this has been aggravated of late by the growth of industrialism. Child and woman labor, long hours, unsanitary conditions, small pay, strikes are not new things in China.

But all these have been emphasized by the mills and factories now springing up in so many port cities. With them have come new forms of labor organi'zations well known in the west with resultant conflicts, lock-outs, strikes and riots. Such conflicts are all the easier to create and embitter when the mill owners happen to be foreigners. Then the issue seems quite clear. It is Western capitalism crushing and exploiting China's helpless citizens. Who would not heed their cry of distress' And the missionaries and therefore their converts,

0138TAOLES TO OfffiISTIANITY IN CffINA

what is their relation? They are the "running dogs" for the cap- italists. They penetrate into the country. Some trouble arises in 30nsequence, new demands are made of the nation, some new port is opened or seized, and the ultimate fruits of victory go to the capitalist. This reasoning again results in one of Christianity's hindrances.

IV. Scientific Matet·ialism. One of the things welcomed enthusiastically from the West, despite opposition to other elements, has been modern science. That has been a great source of enlightenment. Unfortunately the theory of science that has been most readily accepted has been materialism. That perhaps was to be expected. It is naturally the simplest suggestion that all things are but congeries of atoms somehow shaking about and forming a universe.

A CHRIST1AN "CELL" -,HIGHER NORMAL STUDENTS. ONE OF OUR BEST ANSWERS TO COMMUNISM IN CHINA Moreover,much of China's own former philosophy tended toward materialism and'naturalism. Science, therefore,spelled Materialism, that seemed ~elf-evident to many of the scholar class. Then all talk of God or gods, souls and immortality, ,such as religion taught, was utter fable. All religion wassaid to be but an "opiate" destroying progress and self-reliance. It must be onsted if the nation would be free. Science, with possibly aesthetics added, should suffice. To this challenge the older religions had nO reply. Christianity readily answered that hermstitutions stood wholeheartedly for seience. What she did oppose was au inadequate interpretation of scienti:fie fact. She stood for Idealism in some form which in turn demanded the beliefs in God, Freedom and Immortality which Materialism denied and discarded. But such a clearing of the issue' as we well know in the West, will take time. Meantime Christianity is widely attacked today as Superstition, the arch-enemy of Science.

V. Communism comes next. This is not so much the underlying cause of much of the present anti-Christian movement, as its stimulus and somewhat of its strength. Bolshevic propaganda could scarce have come to China at a more prepared period, and it has not been slow to make clever capital of the conflict. We need only mention here Russia's gesture of friendship in waiving old indemnities, foreign concessions, extraterritoriality, most of which 'tis true she had already virtually lost, and her raising of her legation to that of an embassy. All this was apparently to aid China in her struggle against foreign imperialism and capitalism. Naturally the anti· Christian agitation was also quite in keeping with her aims. Communism is avowedly materialistic and atheistic. The Third Inter· national has then quite readily supplied money and men to the propaganda. Attacks in the approved "direct action" way have been made not alone upon mills, but churches, hospitals and schools. As education was admittedly the open door to capture China's leadership, the main effort has been directed against Christian higher grade institutions and colleges. Thus the effort is to turn the great scholar class, especially those of the Renaissance against Christianity-and the end is not yet!

POOFOUNDER HINDRANCES WITHIN THE CHURCH Some of these more subtle and internal hindrances to the progress of the Gospel are: I. Devolution. That foreign control in the growing Chinese Church should decrease and native Christian control increase, is a fundamental principle joyfully accepted by practieally every mission and missionary in China. The difficulty is not in the postulate but in the personalities who have to perform the task. There are therefore many hindrances. The missionary is abundantly willing, but hesitant. He finds it hard to believe that the young boys who have grown up about him are now capable men. He fears that the work helms lavished his love and labor upon will sag or dissipate. The young Chinese in turn may be over confident. What youth yet did not feel that he could soon reform the world were the power but placed in his hands' Then· too, missions as a whole- have trouble in making the transition. Some, indeed many of the young leaders are capable and thoroughly reliable. Yet there are sure to be others who need more experience. It is difficult to make rules that will apply to a few and not to all. They smack of favoritism, with the foreigners setting themselves up as judges. The task is not an easy one. It is being solved but naturally not always according to the reason or at the rate some on either side could wish. Hence there is friction. For this cause occasional members leave our ranks and readily suggest that the cause is too much foreign domination within the Church and that were it but wholly under Chinese Christian control all would be well. Fortunately such are few!

19211] OBSTACLES TO CHRISTIANITY IN

II. Sectarianism. Most of the sects now dividing the Church in China come from abroad. At the recent Shanghai General Christian Conference it was found that there were approximately one hundred and thirty different bodies at work in China, each claiming to have some special, superior angle on the truth. Next there are national divisions. It may be the same denomination, but it has been adjusted to its own national temperament and government, or the same thing is seen from sections of the same nation dragging to the far-off field, old prejudices. Indeed at times the division is between high and low, regular and reformed, close and open, etc., of the same fold. More recently the discussion over fundamentalist ,and modern- CHRISTIAN STUDENTS AT COMMENCEMENT IN WEST CHINA UNION UNIVERSITY ist has been thrust upon the field, and now the debated question of extraterritoriality is upon us. Such divisions dissipate purpose and power and at times even seem to destroy those great fundamentals of love, brotherhood and good will. Needless to add, that this does not originate with the missionary. It lies at the door of Christians in the homelands.

III. A Misinterpreted Message. All Protestantism belongs to the Fuh-yin, the" Glad Tidings" group, and despite their differences and divisions men and women all over vast China are being led to the one Christ. In the past the varying denominational emphasis .did not so much disturb the believer. But today the doctrines of the schools are being attacked by angry and adverse criticism. Naturally misinterpretations, extreme views which the great majority of

the Christian communion have long since discarded but which still find their way to the field, suit such criticism best, and lead to ridicule of the whole message. Some of the more serious in the anti-Christian movement urge that China needs Christ, her sons should "cultivate the passion and personality of Jesus." They hold that the Church is His false interpreter, and say: "We do not need the Church with its creeds and its contradictions, we can go ourselves to the source." In the light of all this, it is little wonder that our own membership are inquiring, "What really is Christianity"? The confusion and contention may be full of hope for some future time but they are hindrances today. Yet who knows, perhaps the purer Christianity in both precept and practice will come clarified by the Chinese Church. In the meantime, too often, the Christ is being again crucified by the misconceptions of His friends.

IV. Spiritual Sag. That perhaps is the most serious hindrance. The earlier missionaries, and consequently their converts, may not have had flll the advantages of present-day culture, though not a few of them are still our masters in investigation into and understanding of things Chinese. But one thing the majority assuredly possessed, it is that which we speak of as "spirituality," by which we doubtless mean the Christ spirit, especially as shown in His humility, His hunger and thirst after righteousness, His whole-hearted love of humanity, his heroic self-sacrifice. It would be false to say there aTe no such missionaries today, but there are doubtless many splendid groups in which these qualities do not dominate. We have superior surgeons, expert educationalists, clear exponents of the evangel, all of which is excellent for the expansion of Ohristian civilization, those fine fruits of our culture, but many seem somehow to lack in measure that one thing needful which the pioneers possessed and propagated, the very roots of the Christian religion in spiritual regeneration. But here again let us not blame the brave and ofttimes brilliant force of missionaries upon the field. Tl:te source of the sag is at home. Water will not rise beyond its level. If hearts in the homeland are not strangely warmed how can we expect them to glow with an all-constraining light and heat among these many hindrances in mighty China!

And yet, despite all these adversaries, He who is for us is greater than all those who are against us. God is working, and there are being added to the Church in Ohina daily such as are being saved! It is well that we recognize our hindrances but it is better that we know Him from Whom our Help cometh!

B. Bridgman, of South

BY REV. CHARLES NEWTON RANSOM, SOUTH A}'RICA MISSION, ZULU BRANon I N THE death of Dr. Bridgman (August, 1925), the world has lost a missionary and a statesman; a "missionary statesman"- but we must not miss the emphasis on missionary.

Dr. Bridgman radiated an influence all over South Urica and indeed to the ends of the earth. Some men are great as seen from afar, some, like Dr. Bridgman, are great and good to those nearest also. One's heart is greatly moved in reading the tributes written to Mrs. Bridgman from South AJ- rica. The pastor of our native church in Johannesburg, Rev. G.

Sivetye, wrote: "We are as the dead. In many gatherings I have attended in the Transvaal, both Black and ·White have witnessed of him.

–Would that our people in Natal might have heard these testimonies. I know of no man so mourned by his friends as this missionary of ours. Indeed the Lord has called him to some greater work above. . .. What our Father and Umfundisi (missionary) accom- plished in so short a time compels me to think that he was conscious that he would be called for higher service soon. It is indeed a higher FREDERICK B. BRIDGMAN service for which he has boen called or else God could not have taken him from the work in which he was most needed. 'Ve all feel helpless. There was so much that was dependent upon his wisdom and clear judgment and so much that cannot be done without Ilis aid."

This pastor is the noble son of Pastor Sivetye who was brought out of heathenism through the influence of Dr. Bridgman's father and mother.

Pastor Sivetye encloses a resolution (in English), passed by the Transvaal Interdenominational Native Ministers' Association: "That this meeting of Native Ministers tender the Associati~n 's sincere condolence in the sad loss which they, the natives of South Africa generally, have sustained in the early demise of Dr. F. B.

429

Bridgman. They feel that his memory will be treasured as that of the most valued and beloved of South Mrican missionaries and champions of the native cause."

A native of Natal writes: "It is quite obvious today that we are in lost of (have lost), our nobleman of Jerusalem on account of death of our Rev. Bridgman." Another writes: "God has indeed taken away our Moses-what shall We do I . . . Be comforted by a verse in Job which says, 'Though He slay me yet will I trust in Him.' I am too small to say that to you, but I am compelled to say it." The church of Paulpietersburg, Transvaal, wrote: … "Irreparable loss . . . The people of Paulpietersburg say they have lost their bosom father whom they will never forget . . . they thought he would come back to see the fruits of his toil and prayers. But they know that he has gained the crown of his work at Heavenly Mansion."

A whit.e missionary of another Mission in Natal expresses, I think, the general feeling: "I am sure that not only myself but all the other members of our Mission feel that in the loss of Dr. Bridgman the cause of Christian missions all over South Africa has suffered. A brave and mighty soldier has left our ranks, and we bow our heads in sorrow and submission."

DR. BRIDGMAN'S LIFE Dr. Bridgman traveled twice around the globe and so was known personally to many in different countries. He was born at Imfume Mission Station, Natal, South Africa, May 18,1869, and was the son of Puritan missionaries who labored long among the Zulus. He had many handicaps as a boy, but an indomitable spirit. While still a lad he came to the United States, and after preliminary studies went to Oberlin College and the Chicago Theological Seminary. He married a fellow student of Oberlin, the brave daughter of one of the bravest and most consecrated missionaries-Dr. Davis, of Japan. In his student days, young Bridgman made an heroic rescue of some of his fellows who were drowning in the sea off the Block Island lighthouse. This was a forecast of rescue work on a national scale. After the seminary days he and his wife became intensely interested in a church in Wisconsin, but the appeal from the foreign field was irresistible, though his deep humility led him to distrust his fitness.

He and his wife were heartily welcomed to the Zulu Mission in 1897 and began work at Imfume, his birthplace. Long had Imfume been neglected because of the always inadequate staff of the Mission. His course in waking the old mission house, victim of dry rot, white ants and neglect, was far surpassed by his courage in awakening the church. His stern measures were at the risk of popularity, yet he won the undying affection of the people. But the cities of South

FREDERICK B. BRIDGMAN, OF SOUTH AFRICA

DR. BRIDGMAN OFFERING THE CLOSING PRAYER AT A SERVICE IN THlil COMPOUND Africa were forging to the front, and the work there would be pivotal Dr. Bridgman was put in charge of the Durban work where he captained the enterprise for twelve years. Such was his success that when he left he was accorded an extraordinary farewell by natives, by those of other denominations, by the Ministers' Association, and lastly by the business community and town officials in a great meeting with the Mayor presiding. I think the honor was unprecedented. Then came twelve years of even greater service in Johannesburg. He wrought constrnctively and powerfully in both cities in the face of difficulties sufficient to appal a giant.

What a tempestuous period was covered in those twenty-four years! Recall the Boer War in 1899-1902; the Zulu Rebellion- 1906-7; the complicated war tragedies in Johannesburg-1914-1918; the fearful strikes in Natal and the Transvaal; the boiling race issues, British, Boer, Zulu, Indian; the rapid commercial developments with attending perils; the political upheavals; the amalgamation of four divergent colonies into one South Africa Union. These excitements 'and changes directly affected the whole missionary cause. Dr. Bridgman, realizing this, studied and mastered public questions with the enthusiasm of a statesman, while patiently pursuing the undramatic . duties of missionary routine.

"Seest thou a man diligent in his business1 he shall stand before kings." The great qualities in Dr. Bridgman brought him into prominence everywhere, adding to his toils as well as to his honors. Who

could keep tally on the hours which he spent with Governors, Prime Ministers, Secretaries of Native Affairs, Virith influential Commissions, Mayors, Counsellors and other public servants? While on furlough he was "inspanned" to aid the great missionary campaigns. He was chosen as one of the representatives of the Board to attend the Edinburgh Conference of 1910, over 6,000 miles from his base. In 1911, he was a Board representative to visit the West African Mission, 2,200 miles away. He represented the Mission at the celebration of the 75th Anniversary of the Berlin Mission, South Africa, and bore the brunt of the celebration of the 75th Anniversary of our Mission in 1911. The difficult undertaking was so successful as to affect visibly the attitude of whites towards blacks in all the years which followed.

He suffered from physical handicaps, troublesome eyes, terrible headaches, severe sicknesses. He had his share to bear in the national afflictions of locusts, rinderpest, cattle-fever, horse-sickness, great storms, epidemics, bubonic plague and other ills. His personal perils would need a separate chapter-poisonous snakes, leopards, lions, mosquitoes, which he reckoned worse than lions, wilderness walks, run-away horses, adventures by night, perils of mist and storm and the dangers of the deep. In the civil war in Johannesburg, pitched battles were fought within a mile of his home: shells, bombs and aeroplanes kept the household in danger night and day, and the path of duty was in the valley of death.

To follow even the outline of his detailed work makes one's head swim. How did he keep his so steady? As mission officer, he contended for seven years with Government to secure certain native rights-five years for certain other rights. As chairman, he presided over deliberations on perhaps a hundred topics, and was compelled to consider not only all the details of the work but the detailed interests of each individual missionary. He was called to regular and special meetings of the natives, to long and exhausting councils, to building churches, five in Durban and ten in the Johannesburg field. The central churches in Durban and Johannesburg cost respectively $6,000 and $10,000.

He must raise the money, inspire the natives to give enough at least to kindle spiritual fire, superintend the work. He must start and keep up schools, find and pay teachers, that the head might keep pace with the heart. He must train lay preachers, instruct sixty or more a week, know them personally, listen to their grievances and needs, and help in many ways unnecessary in the homeland. Mine compounds must be visited, sites secured, managers conferred with, conditions studied. Visitors from home and abroad must be entertained. Surely he forgot to preach, and trampled on the Great Commission. Never! He preached as if preaching was his only business. His sermons whether in English or in Zulu showed the keenness of a

J926] FREDERICK B. BRIDGMAN, OF SOUTH AFRICA

scholar, and the "far ben" depth of one who comes from God, and speaks to the "heart of the people." Some of these were master- pieces, as that on "The Worth of the Individual Soul." The most despised coolie seemed transformed into a diamond.

SOME OF DR. BRIDGMAN'S SAYINGS How character revealing are some of the off-hand sentences found in his letters: "Who needs patience more than a missionary'" "Of course we are right, so we shall win." "May the day be hastened when the interests of the Kingdom shall be more precious to them (the natives) than those much coveted rights and privileges and honors of recognition." The celebration of the 75th Anniversary of our Mission was put on the broader basis of "The Coming of the Gospel to Natal," so that other societies might share. He wrote: "We desire. to make the event the fulcrum, and the celebration the lever, to' lift work and workers in this field into the higher plane of effective cooperation and ultimate union which are so greatly needed." "It is only by constantly reminding ourselves of the ultimate spiritual issues of this controversy that we get grace sufficient to keep pegging away." "We certainly feel the need of revival of spiritual motives and powers both in our own lives and in our churches and pastors and preachers and lay workers. "

SOCIAL SERVICE AND REGIONS BEYOND In reference to the social service work in .Johannesburg he wrote: "I unswervingly hold to the importance of regenerated character, through personal loyalty to the personal Christ.' 'This quotation is most important as showing that in opening the great chapter' of social service in Johannesburg, he was not substituting this service for evangelistic work but subordinating it. Before he came to Johannesburg, he began on his own initiative, a study of the social conditions in twelve leading cities of South Africa. He found them, as a South African paper put it, "Augean Stables."

He visualized results in an illustrated lecture. Great assemblies were moved. One response was the formation of Native Reform Associations of influential white citizens. In Johannesburg he saw recreations and amusements open to natives "were almost entirely servants of evil," that sports, music, moving pictures "must be guided by a Christian hand in order to uplift the race." His dream was realized when after years of agitation and hard work, Rev. and Mrs. Ray Phillips, with positive genius for this kind of work, came to make it a reality. The directors of mines each year of late placed 3

$30,000.00 in his hands to further social schemes. The Bantu Social Center was built at a cost of $40,000 and the developments will doubtless outrun even his most ardent dreams.

Perhaps the climax of his missionary service was in his struggles to help the "regions beyond." He toiled for Bushbuck Ridge, about 400 miles from Johannesburg, in the Transvaal. Thirty-five thousand natives were living in darkest heathenism. A native leader, converted in an evening school in Johannesburg, was, almost singlehanded, carrying the torch of truth with magnificent courage among those people and crying for help.

Thousands of natives working in Johannesburg came from the region of Inhambane, 600 miles away. Hundreds of these were converted, and came under Dr. Bridgman's pastoral care. Some of them, with the zeal and courage of apostles, returned to their home, established seventy centers of work, building churches and schools in the face of heathen apathy, governmental opposition, famine and fever. Dr. Bridgman was melted with compassion for these people. Again and again he left city and home and plunged into that wilderness with all its dangers and difficulties and in behalf of the people appealed to the homeland for just one man at least to help in this desperate situation. The sorrows and agonies over this matter helped break the "silver cord." Anyone to whom Dr. Bridgman's life appealed could not do better perhaps than help establish that work at Inhambane, which was on his heart day and night.

A MAN AND A MESSENGER Oh! Bridgman, you were a man and a messengerI Your love of humor, love of play, cheerful smile, helped you win when argument alone would not appeal. You wrought for the rights of the native peoples. You sought to reconcile black and white, and make them see their need of each other. You demonstrated the blessing of the Peacemaker. You believed in intensive development, but you would not forget extension and the Macedonian cry. Even your' 'failings lean to virtue's side." You preached Jesus Christ. You lived Jesus Christ. How was it when you came to die? Just listen in! "This is my message." "I rest on the three great' knows' of the Apostle Paul. 'I know whom I have believed' " (the verse was finished for him). "'l'hat," he said, "takes care of all the daily toil and work." "We know that all things work together for good" … "That takes care of all the hardships, the difficulties, and the emergencies of life. All will come out right." And then, " 'For we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved, we have a building of God, a house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens.' That takes care of all the rest."

O! Youth in lands of the light, hear in Dr. Bridgman's life, the Master's call, and spring to help finish the unfinished task.

MORNING AT A CAR-STOP NEAR A NEGRO CHURCH IN

The Negro Church in the City BY THE REV. GEO. E. STEVENS, D.D., ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI T HE Negro church like other churches is established to preach and practice the Gospel of Jesus Christ. There can never be any substitute for this gospel message.. Having been a pastor in St. Louis for over twenty-two years, I can say confidently that our preachers are sound on the basic teachings of salvation from sin through the atoning work of the crucified and risen Christ. The older I grow the more I realize the absolute truth and vital bearing of two sayings of our Lord: "Without Me ye Gan do nothing"; and "Ye shall receive power after that the Holy Spirit is come upon you."

THE NEGRO CHURCH AND NEGRO MIGRATION Within the last ten years quite forty thousand Negroes have settled in St. Louis. This general movement, which is just starting, marks a new chapter in the life of the nation and constitutes a big challenge to the Church. 'rhis movement is the result of the awakening spirit of a whole people bent on improving their condition, seeking better wages, better schools and more security in freer sections. The beginnings of this migration were coincident with the great industrial awakening in the North a decade or so ago, but it was accelerated when the North began to call for laborers.

435

TllE M!SSIONAItY RllVrEW Oli' 'l'nEl WO!lLlJ t.tune

The World War took from the North the bulk of its foreign labor, which fact, coupled with federal restriction on foreign immigration since, has brought Negro labor greatly in demand iJ;l the big industrial centers at the North. Two thirds of the twenty-three thousand colored men employed in the thirty-five or forty big industries here in St. Louis have come within the last decade. Two thirds of the sixteen thousand colored women employed in various ways-as maids, cooks, laundresses, day workers, in elevators and stock rooms of the big department stores and certain factories-two thirds of these sixteen thousand women have settled among us during this decade. These figures do not include the many professional folk, the teachers, doctors and lawyers, preachers, business men and women and mechanics carrying on their own businesses; many of these also have come to us within this period and chiefly from the South. While the South has sent us many serious problems in this migration the general life of the city on the whole is richer for their coming.

Many of the churches help by conducting a sort of labor bureau; many of the 8,000 maids and cooks in the leading white homes of the city were secured through some pastor. We are always recommending these for some position. The message also, from the Negro pulpit has changed somewhat in these years, not indeed the message as to "the faith once delivered"; but the time formerly spent on rousements and the crafty exploitation of emotions, is spent on a message which out of the Scriptures has to do with dependability and integrity of character, efficiency and trustworthiness in service, mastering the job and staying on it when mastered. The characteristic question which pastors put to their men is: "Are you making good Y" Many of the newcomers are from the rural districts of the South and the pastors and other Christian workers have had to teach them the ABC's of proper living in their new environment. It is difficult for one on the outside to realize the fear, the solicitude and sense of responsibility which the Negro Church has felt in respect to getting many of these migrants adjusted to the exacting life of the big city. The wastage in soul values has been great. They are exposed at many points to all sorts of sharks. The Negro churches in the city have been working along these lines too far apart, and to this extent have failed to do all they might have done. As a result of a recent conference of our city pastors of the different denominations, an effective organization is in sight to meet these conditions .better.

THE NEGRO CHURCH AND THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Negro Church in St. Louis has rendered a much-needed service by keeping in touch with the School Board of the city. We have kept its members reminded of the big increase of the Negro school population. Nearly one half of the seventeen thousand Negro school children here came to us in this last decade or were born of parents

THE NEGRO CHURCH IN THE CITY

who came during that period. Unless the school authorities are kept posted so as to make provision for this increase, multitudes of our young become street gamins and court dockets are filled with cases of juvenile delinquency and crime.

In St. Louis we are fortunate in our superintendent and Board of Education. They seem to be alert and responsive and seem to be trying to give to all the city's children adequate school opportunities. But even so it has been found necessary and is still necessary for both the colored and white citizens, working together with a fine spirit, to keep before the Board the tremendous change that has taken place in the Negro population and the imperative need of an adequate and forward program for the colored schools of St. Louis.

In one section of the city, school facilities were so poor, that is, so far removed from where these children lived, that they cOIlId not attend; their parents out at work, they were neglected, they lived in the streets getting into all sorts of trouble. The Roman Catholic Church turned one of its abandoned churches in that district into a school. They have under their care daily something like four hundred children. It is a parochial school. These are children of socalled Protestants. What a challenge to the non-Catholic Church and community this is! It shows why we have had to keep close to the Board. I understand that millions of the Drexel family of Philadelphia, given to propagate Roman Catholicism among Indians and Negroes in this country, are being used here liberally. Rome now as ever is on her job. She turned this lack of school opportunity to her own account in some measure an advantage to our young. If there be censure, it is against Protestants. Judging from the progress the Roman Catholic Church has made among us in the last twenty years, St. Louis is destined to become a leading Negro Roman Catholic center.

The more than three thousand cases of delinquency among our young which have passed through the juvenile courts in the last eight or ten years, resulting from bad housing conditions and overcrowded schools and from no schools at all, have stirred our pastors and churches. We have within the last five years made appeal after appeal to the school authorities and the reaction to these overtures on the part of the Board, the press and leading white- citizens at last has been gratifying. Some relief is in sight.

Naturally, when hundreds of thousands of dollars are involved in providing new schools it is important to know that this migratory movement into our cities is not a spasm, not an unrest of a few months which will die down and be followed by a tremendous recession, entailing great loss of money and energy. Weare convinced here in St. Louis that the spreading of Negro Americans over the nation, in the light of the genesis of this great trek and its inspiring causes, is to be followed by no such recession – it is a permanent

change of habit. If these migrants are here in the Norih meeting an industrial necessity as they are doing in St. Louis, their chila:ren ought to be properly trained and fitted for life and not allowed to perish in ignorance, disease and crime.

THE NEGRO CHURCH AND THE RESIDENCE QUESTION The Negro Church can do and is doing much to allay friction in the big cities growing out of the purchasing and occupying of homes in the neighborhoods that have been occupied hitherto by white residents. I refer to neighborhoods lying immediately adjacent to colored sections, and in the path of the natural expansion of these sections of colored homes. The Negro pulpit by its counsel and influence is determined to do what it can to reduce irritation and produce interracial neighborliness. We never have had a race riot here in St. Louis, and the Lord helping us, we do not mean to have one. Through the efforts of a splendid group of white men and women in the Interracial Department of the Community Council, in addition to what the Negro church is doing, such an atmosphere of understanding is being generated that when the new rush for homes by Negroes is on, friction may be somewhat allayed, and at least. a group will be ready at hand to pour oil on the troubled waters.

It is the spirit and aim of this interracial group in St. Louis to produce such a healthy public sentiment that residential ownership by colored people may not be abridged or continue a cause of friction in those districts, particularly, lying directly in the path of the normal expansion of Negro neighborhoods, that it may be established that residential blocks and sections should not in a great metropolitan center, be regarded as a limited social circle; neither should there be allowed offensive unneighborly, untidy, noisy conduct without be~ ing corrected; that there shall be carried on an earnest, steady, though tactful process of education to effect these ends without doing violence to the Christian spirit, or to a broad civic democracy or to the rights of individuals of either group to purchase and sell at will, and that the races may see each other clearly as neighbors without misapprehension and fear, with all problems of housing settled on individual, rather than upon race, lines.

THE NEGRO CHURCH A CO-WORKER IN CHRISTIAN WORK We are sometimes tempted to satisfy our consciences by preaching the Gospel to those who may happen to come to our church, contending for denominational standards and looking after our local church and parish needs. But if our sympathies and activities are thus limited in a great city filled with its appealing victims, then such local self-centeredness is a tragedy. The Christ we follow looked after all the people in all their life. He lived and taught and died for all times and races, places and conditions. He was ever making

over anew all unfortunates and handicapped ones, making them units of value in the communities where they had been failures.

To do this Christ bridged all chasms, ignored all traditions, provincialisms and conventions. At Jacob's well He shocked the disciples when He scorned an ancient prejudice against a mongrel race to save a sinful woman and community of that race. What is now greatly needed in these big centers like St. Louis, is the spirit of Jesus in our hearts, and to give and live forth His teachings without reading anything into them-for His words still are spirit and life. Except the Lord build the house they labor in vain that build, except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh, but he wakes in vain. If we save the city we save the nation, for the nation is fast becoming a collection of big cities. We must all work together, otherwise this work cannot be done.

A crying need in large centers is inter-church, and interdenominational cooperation,both racial and interracial, to save all these submerged multitudes. If we do not reach them with Christ they will reach us in the general wreck and ruin they will cause.

I believe that there is a great Christian movement on in America which will eventually solve what we call the race problem. I refer to the interracial movement which had its origin in the State of Georgia. I believe that, through this movement, God is taking out of every creed, race and section, a people for His name who are going actually to stand for the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man through Jesus Christ the Saviour of us all. God works that way. In the very palace of the king who knew not Joseph, God had in training His prophet who should deliver the seed of Joseph. The frontal attack is apt to fail; you cannot go up to a man and club him out of his prejudices, we must by indirection emancipate him and ..win him. God said to Moses: "What is that in thine hand 7" A rod. "Cast it on the ground." He did so and it became a deadly serpent. Moses fled from it, but God called to him and said, "Take it by the tail"-not by the head. The frontal approach will not do; the fangs and poison are there; but catching it by the tail the serpent became the mighty rod, the rod of God.

This is a situation in America as relates to the races which must be approached with wisdom, prudence and tact, albeit with honesty and courage, for after all the serpent must be taken. This interracial movement is such a method of approach j the chief thing is to help to realize the great purpose of God. The bitter experiences of Egypt were but a brief schooling in the onward sweep of that purpose. Those slaves in Goshen-ignorant, crushed, besotted and disspirited-must be released and trained though many perish in the process, that in turn they may give their quota of kings, prophets, priests and their high service to mankind, yea, and the Redeemer to the world.

Handicaps of the Negro *

BY CHARLES S. JOHNSON T HE Negro question is a state of mind. Lying back of what presents itself as the problem are established beliefs concern- ing Negroes, embedded in the mores, and handed down by tradition from generation to generation. That these beliefs are out of date, incongruous, inconsistent and discredited by science makes not a whit of difference. The institution of slavery was condoned in the minds of the more conscientious by explaining that Negroes liked it; their weaker minds demanded it. Scientists rationalized these very desirable sentiments and settled the matter by "proving" that they were in their rightful station. Dr. Jefferies Wyman, of Harvard, declared that Negroes" afforded the point wher~ man and brute most nearly approached each other." A. H. Keene, anthropologist, gave scientific'explanation of the belief that Negroes and Caucasians belonged to different species. Anxious students deduced arguments from the Bible: Man is made in the image of God, but God not being a Negro as everyone knows, it follows that the Negro is not a man. Thomas Jefferson was satisfied that not a single Negro could be found who was "capable of comprehending the investigations of Euclid."

When Negroes emerged from slavery 98 per cent illiterate, unsettled, unused to freedom, they could easily have given warrant for that belief. But despite the fact that illiteracy has decreased from 98 per cent to 23 per cent, that Keene, Wyman, Tyler and the rest of the old school have been discredited by the more recent students, and that almost any Negro who has been permitted to go to school can "comprehend the investigations of Euclid" the original judgment stands. G. Stanley Hall is saying in 1900 that his development comes to a partial standstill at puberty, Tyler that it halts at twelve, and President Harding in 1921, that racial differences are "fundamental, eternal and inescapable."

Similarly and for the same alleged reason Negroes are believed to be immoral as proved by the mulattoes and unmoral as proved by their assumed inability to comprehend Anglo-Saxon standards of ethics. A learned professor in an Eastern institution settled the matter by declaring that less than two per cent of Negro women were virtuous. Predilection for sex crimes is "proved" by the fact that out of an average of 8,000,000 Negroes, over a period of thirty years, 480 have been lynched for rape! 'rhis thirty-years' record for Negroes about equals the two-year record for white persons indicted for rape in New York City alone.

• From "The WorM Toml)rrow,"

440 Theories of keeping the Negro "in his place" have given occasion for an endless string of other beliefs about him, modified by locality and probably to some extent by degrees of contact, variously expressed but ever present. He is lazy, shiftless and happy-go-lucky, loves watermelon, carries a razor, emits a peculiar odor, "shoots craps," grins instead of smiles, sells his vote for a dollar, shields from the law guilty members of his race, is noisily religious, loves red, dresses flashily, loves gin, and can sing. In the press, the subject Negro is most commonly news when it is sensational-a crime, race riot or "insurrection." On the stage he is presented lying easily, using long words he does not understand, drinking gin, stealing chickens and otherwise living up to the joke book tradition. The popular literature about him appearing in magazines with the largest circulation of any in this country paints the same unvaried pictures. The average white person knows no other Negro.

These are serious handicaps, but they cannot be so easily measured·as certain others growing out of them. The belief in the uneducability of Negroes, or fear of them educated, might be said to register in part in the following facts: Fifty-one per cent of the Negro children between the ages of six and nine, and thirty-two pel' cent of those between ten and fourteen are out of school. For those in school (where separate schools are provided) desiring to complete the standard 8th Grade, on the present arrangement of short terms, short hours and limited curriculum it would take 22 years in Louisiana, 26 years in Alabama and 33 years in South Carolina. For each dollar spent for the education of white children twenty cents is spent for Negroes. Compulsory education was opposed in Mississippi because it meant that Negroes would have to go to school.

In gaining an economic footing there are further handicaps. It is not right for Negroes to hold positions of authority over white men. For that reason 70 per cent of them fill unskilled jobs. They must not expect ever to be foremen, superintendents or owners, but they must be as ambitious, energetic, loyal, efficient and full of initiative as men who have this hope dangling before them.

They are expected to prove their worth by producing great statesmen when they are not allowed to vote or hold responsible office; by developing captains of industry when they are held in menial jobs; by developing great surgeons and scientists when they are kept out of hospitals and laboratories; by producing Napoleons before they can be officers and distinguished soldiers when their regiments are converted into labor battalions.

Children of this generation begin by reading in their fairy stories that black is associated with evil, in their geographies that there are five races of man of whom the Caucasian is superior, in their histories that Negroes were slaves and left no other mentionable contribution to the history of the world; in their science text-

books that the Negro is "prognathous, has a smaller cranial capacity and emits an odor like a goat," all to make up the content of a prejudice in later life for which they can assign no other cause save that of instinct and natural aversion.

Nor can Negroes themselves resist the overwhelming influence of this suggestion of inferiority and incapacity conveyed by every institution and custom of the civilization in which they live. They have in large measure come to look upon themselves in a vague, abstract sort of way as a block to the fulfillment of Anglo-Saxon ideals and civilization. When Negroes themselves refer to the "Negro Problem" they evidence this feeling. Under the pressure of daily slights and rude reminders of their station they have become super-sensitive and suspicious. Natural impulses are balked. Their philosophy is defensive rather than positive. Generation may succeed generation in the Negro world but they must remain the same, living, thinking and acting in the same way, if they are to get along without friction. Molded in the same American institutions with the rest they are expected to have a Negro psychology, to think and react differently to the same stimuli.

After all the burden of the black man is not so much the actual handicaps of which his life is made as the fact that the white world around him thinks itself right in imposing these handicaps. Honest prejudice is difficult to remove, especially when a system of laws and conduct has been worked out on the basis of it.

A Negro View of the Color Problem* BY JESSIE FAUSET BEING "colored," in America at any rate, means: Facing the ordinary difficulties of life, getting education, work, in fine getting a living plus fighting every day against some inhibition of natural liberties.

I am a colored woman, neither white nor black, neither pretty nor ugly, neither specially graceful nor at all deformed. I am fairly well educated, of fair manners and deportment. In brief, the average American done over in brown. In the morning I go to work by means of the subway, which is crowded. Presently somebody gets up. The man standing in front of the vacant place looks around meaning to point it out to a woman. I am the nearest one, "But oh, " says his glance, "you're colored. I'm not expected to give it to you. " And down he plumps.

At noon I go for lunch. But I always go to the same place because I am not sure of my reception in other places. If I go to • From "The World Tomorrow."

A N,EGRO VIEW OF THE COLOR PROBLEM

another place I must fight it through. But usually I am hungry. I want food, not a law-suit.

All of us are passionately interested in the education of our children, our younger brothers and sisters. And just as deliberately, as earnestly as white people discuss tuition, relative ability of professors, expenses, etc., so we in addition discuss the question of prejudice. "Of course he'll meet some. But will they let it interfere with his deserts 1"

I think the thing that irks us most is the teasing uncertainty of it all. Did the man at the box-office give us the seat behind the post on purpose? Is the shop-girl impudent or merely nervous1 Had the position really been filled before we applied for iU What actuates the teacher who tells Alice that the college preparatory course is really very difficult 1 So much is this difference impressed on us, "this for you but that quite Qther thing for me," that finally we come to take all expressions of a white man's justice with a cynical disbelief, our standard of measure being a provident "How does he stand on the color question 7"

We grow up thinking that there are no colored heroes. The foreign student hears of Garibaldi, of Cromwell, of Napoleon, of Marco Bozzaris. But neither he nor we hear of Crispus Attucks. There are no pictures of colored fairies in the story-books or even of colored boys and girls. "Sweetness and light" are of the white world.

Native Africans are" savages" owing their little knowledge of civilization to the kindly European traveler who is represented as half philanthropist, half savant. How much do we learn of indigenous African art, culture, morals? Weare given the impression that we are the last in the scale of all races, that even other dark peoples will have none of us.

More serious still, we are constantly being confronted with a choice between expediency and an intellectual dishonesty. If persisted in it is bound to touch the very core of our racial naturalness. And that is the tendency of the white world to judge us always at our worst and our own realization of that fact.

I have had to leave Philadelphia-the city of my birth and preference, because I was educated to do high school work and it was impossible for a colored woman to get that kind of work in that town.

And so the puzzling, tangling, nerve-wracking consciousness of color envelops and swathes us. Some of us it smothers.

John C. Young of Aden

A. Roman.ce of Medical Missionary Service BY REV. CAMPBELL M. MACLEROY, B.D.

W HEN Ion Keith-Falconer, Professor of Arabic at Cam- bridge University, died of fever, in May, 1887, at Sheikh- Othman, Arabia, at the age of thirty, Professor Thomas M. Lindsay, D.D., the Convener of the Foreign Mission Committee of the Free Chnrch of Scotland, made this powerful appeal: "Shall this Free Chut"ch, to 1vhose service he gave himself, abandon the work he began? God forbid that it should. Who, then, shall follow 'where he led the way, and bear aloft the banner' of Christ which the yotmg leader of the forlorn hope still grasps in his dead hand?"

In response to this challenge, a little company of men and women in succession have kept the flag fiying in that difficult outpost, within sight of the "barren rocks of Aden." To one man of the little band, blessed with a marvellous physique and a spirit that would never yield, it was given, throughout thirty-three years of service, to bnild on the foundation laid by Keith-Falconer. Now he, too, has ceased from labor, and the unfinished task makes its appeal for some one to take up the banner.

John Cameron Young was born in 1859 in England, where his father, a sergeant in the Royal Field Artillery, was stationed at the time. His boyhood and youth were spent near Steps Road, out from Glasgow. On his mother's side, he was a Cameron, and the Celtic strain showed itself in a warmth of feeling and a dauntless courage, which made him a greatheart among men. His contact with military ideals and discipline, through his father's training, left an indelible mark upon his character. He learned very early, also, invaluable lessons in the school of toil. At ten years of age he began to work, and, in due course, became an apprentice joiner in Glasgow. The great decision was made at a meeting in the Royal Arcade Hall, Oowoaddens, and his dedication to the service of Christ brought to a focus all his gifts and energies.

Having mastered his trade, he went to London to get better work, and there, after a meeting in connection with the London Missionary Society, he offered himself as a missionary. He was told that, without education and training, he could not be accepted, and to obtain these no help could be offered. His native grit and firm Christian purpose asserted themselves, and, with a grim determi- IJation, he set himself, like I~ivingstone, to climb the steep heights of learning. He soon entered Glasgow University, walking each morning from his home-a distance of six miles-for the eight 444 o'clock classes. In the long summer vacations, he worked at his trade. Next, he began medical studies, and eked out his living by teaching and by some work in connection with the Inland Reve1Jue Office. Having taken his medical degree, he attended divinity classes at the Glasgow Free Church College, studying under Bruce and Lindsay and Henry Drummond, and proving his power to win the hearts of men and women for Christ.

The man who, in spite of every hindrance, could thus, for al- most ten years, plod his way steadily towards his goal, was plainly being prepared for some big task. When, in 1892, he was ready, it was seen that the task had been prepared for him. He accepted the call to the hardest mission field in the world, the virtually closed land of Arabia, and on Sunday, November 6th, in his home church at Chryston, was ordained.

In his first seven years of work in South Arabia-a long spell in such a climate-he served his missionary apprenticeship. The diffieult language had to be learned; medical and surgical work had to be done in unsuitable premises and sometimes single-handed, ex- eept for the aid of native helpers, one of whom, Salem the dispenser, was with his chief to the last. On Sundays, the Medical Missionary of Sheikh-Othman became the Presbyterian Minister of Aden-the two places are ten miles apart-and this arrangement, which seemed . to add to the burden of the work, proved to be its inspiration. The little Keith-Falconer Memorial Church at Steamer Point became a real spiritual home for not a few of the exiles, and, in its vestry, which was open during the week also, many a young soldier found what he needed most of all-the strength of friendship, human and divine. Dr. Young was proud of his office as Acting Chaplain to the Presbyterian, Wesleyan, and Nonconformist soldiers of the gar- rison, and when a Scottish battalion, with its own chaplain, was in the camp, he would still come to early Parade Service, as if drawn by an irresistible attraction. Among the civil popUlation of Aden, in which Asiatic, European, and African rub shoulders with each other, he won his way increasingly by his manliness, tempered by a tact and courtesy which broke down many a prejudice and won for the missionary doctor the esteem and friendship of all sorts of men. POl' his outstanding services to the populace, especially in seasons of plague and famine, he received two Kaiser-i-Hind medals. He was never too busy-and no one in the whole settlement was busier than he-to show kindness to travelers of whose passing he had heard from home, and for everyone of them the name of Aden will always recall his hearty handshake and generous hospitality.

In South Arabia as a mission field, Young found a barren soil -as far as statistics could show. Open conversions were very few, and there is little wonder if we remember that it means certain per- secution or death to forsake Islam and remain in that land. Sheikh

Salem, the most noted convert, had to suffer great trials, and once Dr. Young had to make a fiying visit to Paris to secure his liberation from unjust imprisonment. But statistics are not the measure of success in God's work, and the healing ministry of those years softened many hearts among Arab tribesmen, and turned foes into friends.

To this beneficent ministry, Dr. Young devoted himself, body and soul, for a whole generation, and when at last his heart's desire and prayer is fulfilled, and" Arabia's desert ranger to Him shall bow the knee," all that the toil and endurance of those years have done in preparation for Ohrist's day will be made plain. To himself this work was as dear as life. After thirty-two years of it, he wrote: "I revel in the work, if I can use such a word to carry my meaning of real elljoyment in helping the suffering humanity that puts itself under our care."

Twice he visited America, wrote his delightful little book, Children of Arabia, besides taking his full share in the visitation of congregations, and speaking at all sorts of meetings which gave an opportunity to advance the cause of Ohrist. In those visits, he strengthened greatly the ties that bound him to his friends, and everywhere he made new friends.

The War wrought many changes in Aden and the interior, of which the most serious for the Mission was the occupation of Sheikh-' Othman, by the Turks, in July, 1915. It was retaken by British troops after eleven days, but, from that time till March, 1921, the hospital was closed, and the poor, suffering people were deprived of their greatest blessing. At the request of the Indian Government, Dr. Young took up the duties of the Port Health Officer for Aden, thus relieving an Indian Medical Service Officer for active service. These duties he discharged till the end of the War, and for some time after. It was characteristic of him that he laid by most of the official salary of those war years, and relieved the Ohurch of any further expense on his account.

Before the veteran left Scotland for the last time, towards the pnd of 1924, it was evident that even his iron strength was beginning to give way under a strain never endured so long by any European. Last January there was an epidemic of influenza and Dr. Young had a severe attack. To recuperate, he decided to visit Adis Abeba, in Abyssinia, about five hundred miles distaut across the Gulf of Aden, and hoped there to see in full operation the hospital, the site of which he had helped the American missionaries to choose. There, out of sight of those grim rocks laved by the Arabian Sea, which had become dear to him, out of sight, too, of the Yemen hills, beckoning ever to the fair regions beyond, on rruesday, }i'ebruary 2d, he fell asleep, and by friendly hands his body was laid to rest in African soil.

Plight of the Assyrian

A Letter from the Rev. E. W. McDowell, D.D., Mosul, Mesopotamia T AST year I made a trip to London and Geneva in behalf of our L Assyrian people. As you know, they were driven out of their homes by the 'rurks and since 1915 have been living in exile. F'or the last three years they have been camping out beside the road only a day or two's march from their beloved hills, in earnest expectation that the Ohristian Powers would be able to secure permission for them to reoccupy their own lands. But the question of the boundary between Irak and Turkey proved to be too difficult to be settled directly and was submitted to the League of Nations for a decision. The Assyrian country lies just along the border in dispute, and it was hoped that it might be possible, when the matter came up before the League, to have it included in Irak. It was the purpose of my visit, to London and Geneva to speak a word in behalf of our people before those in authority. I was received with the utmost courtesy by the Government in London and by prominent members of the League in Geneya. They were sympathetic and assured me of their purpose to do all that lay in their power to secure the return of their lands to the Assyrians.

As you know, the decision has been rendered and Mosul has been confirmed to Irak. But to our great disappointment the boundary has been so run as just to exclude the Assyrian territory, i. e., throwing it on the Turkish side of the border. This means their permanent eviction; the final loss of all their lands and homes. It has been a grievous blow to them. And what cuts them most deeply, even more than the loss of their lands, is the loss of their church buildings. These churches are very old, some of them dating back to the early centuries of the Ohurch. For more than a thousand years there had been continuous Ohristian worship at their altars. Now they must crumble into heaps of ruins and some of them be converted into mosques for Mohammedan worship.

The people themselves are in extreme destitution. Many are living in caves; others are housed among the ruins of deserted villages. They are without land and without homes. Some have located temporarily in Kurdish villages where the rents exacted are exorbitant. This last year was "locust year" and that region was devastated, scarcely anything being harvested. Is it strange that they are saying that both man anQ God have deserted them ~ Old Eshoo, a friend of mine these thirty-five years, called on me the other day. Like a thousand others he has been living on acorns and roots and is half starved. He is a silent old chap and he did not beg; he did not offer one word of complaint concerning hunger and cold.

447

He sat before me, with tears streaming down his wrinkled face, as he said over and over again, "We have sinned; we have sinned." It was his solution of the why and the wherefore of their cumulative troubles.

The friends of these people in England, under the leadership of the Archbishop of Canterbury, are endeavoring to raise a fund of one hundred thousand pounds sterling for their relief, and an English officer of high standing has been sent out to administer the fund. A. very small proportion of it is being used (about ten cents a person per day), to keep them alive until spring, and the bulk of the fund is to be devoted to the permanent settlement of the refugees on the land in Irak. The people themselves beg to be taken out of the country but they have been told that this is impracticable; it must be in Irak. But the British officials here and also the Irak Government have pledged their assistance. Land is to be donated to them "in freehold" and taxes are to be remitted for several years. Steps are being taken to find locations free as possible from malaria; having fertile soil; water for irrigation; pasturage for sheep; and as little exposed as possible to hostile tribesmen. They will have to build their own houses which they will be able to do out of sun-dried brick. The fund will be used to supply farming utensils, oxen, sheep and seed. It is estimated that this can be accomplished on the basis of about 25 pounds sterling to each family. There are in the neighborhood of 5,000 families.

If the people are left as they are, most of them must slowly perish. This will mean that there will be continuous appeals for funds to keep them from starving. It will be an annual problem. If this settlement project can be carried through successfully the people will be able to put in a small crop this spring and by summer time will be eating their own bread. How much more sensible and satisfactory all around! They will be permanently self-supporting and as Christian communities they will be an asset and not a liability.

The effort in England is not as successful as we had hoped and it has become evident that the fund will fall short of com~tion. If America takes hold of it the project will succeed.

The cause of these people appeals to me as being distinctly Christian in the widest sense. It is the cry which the pitifully small remnant of the Church of the East raises to its strong sister Church of the West to preserve it from extinction. It is felt generally that Christianity and Christian civilization have reached a great crisis. Importunate prayer is being urged on all sides that our God will stretch forth His hand to save. It may be tnat God will condition His answer to our prayers on the degree of mercy we exercise toward a sister church now hungry and naked and in prison; strangers in a strange land; and stretching forth their hands in supplication to us.

METHODS

EDITED BY MRS. E. C. CRONK, 721 MUHLENBURG BLDG., PHn.AD~pmA, Pol.

INTERCESSORY MISSIONARIES prayer together during the two or A Project for Adult Missio-n Study three weeks of preparation for the Classes· special program.

REPOR.TED BY NELLIE EAB.LES QUIMBY PROGRAM FOR A MEETING TO ENLIST INTERCESSORY MISSIONARIES PURPOSE-To recruit members of the home church as intercessory for. HYMN-"Prayer Is the Soul's Sineign missionaries. cere Desire."

"An intercessory foreign mission· RESPONSIVE READING – Scripture at·y is a laborer who cannot go in per- verses on prayer.

son to the foreign field, but who has The verses may be selected by the leadE'T and typewritten, or mimeographed copies set himself apart to pray for definite distributed. The leaflet, "God's Answers details of the foreign missionary to Our Questions on Prayer," t may be diswork."-Rev. .Alfred E. Street, tributed aud used as a responsive reading. Haman, South China. PRAYER-Thanksgiving and praise METHOD-Explain to the study should form the major part of the class the purpose and plans for en- prayer. Pray also that some of those listing members of the home church present may pledge themselves to beas intercessory foreign missionaries. come intercessory foreign mission- Let the class decide to what group or aries. groups the appeal for intercessory missionaries shall be made-mission- LEADER-Prayer is a fOrele as real ary society, prayer meeting group, as electricity. The practice of prayer adult classes in church school, home is the outstanding challenge to the department, etc. Plan a special pro- Christian Church. Dr. J. Campbell gram which will present the need and White says, "Prayer is the first and opportunity for missionary interces- chief method of solving the missionsors. ary problem. Among all the meth- ods that have been devised, none is Precede the program with two or more practical, more fruitful than three weeks of personal work. Di- this, If we could get a definite group of people at home into the .h~bit of vide the members of your mission supporting by prayer each IUlsslOnar.y study class so that they may work in the thick of the fight, by thlS simple method alone the efficiency of together by twos, and assign them the present missionary force could their quota of individuals of the probably be doubled, without adding group for whom the special program a single new missionary to the force." is to be prepared. They should interest those eonstituting their quota STORY ILLUSTRATION-(All story ilin the proposed program and in the lustrations are to be given by somepossibility of becoming intercessory one other than the leader.) Miss missionaries. Phoebe Emery, an evangelistic mis- sionary in Moradabad, India, writes: Each of the teams of two should pray together daily, and once a week all the workers should meet for ~ project Is based on "Prayer and MIs- t Literature Headquarters, 723 Muhlenberg Building Philadelphia.. Price 1c, 5c a dozen. sions," by Helen Barrett Montg<>mery, and the Another' leaflet which furnishes verses for. a stories and Quotations are taken from this book. re,.,ponsive reading and also blanks tor special PubliShed by the Centra.l Committee for the objects for intercession is "What God. Has. Said United Study of Foreign Mission.. About Prayer," Price 2c, 15c dozen.

4 449

M1sSIO~AltY RllVIE'W O:F TItE 'WOttLD

"We had had a day of remarkable LEADER-" And it shall come to pass sU,ccess in the village work. Every- that, before they call, I will answer; where we went doors flew open and and while they are yet speaking, I people were touched by the Message. will hear."

Several times I said to the native STORY ILLUSTRATION-A Scotch mis- preacher and to the Bible reader, sionary tells of meeting a young girl 'Someone is praying for us today!' in a train as she was returning from They, too, agreed that such remark- a Keswick Conference. She learned able spiritual manifestations could that the girl had been reading abcut be accounted for in no other way. the conference and longed to become "Out of this thought came a poem a missionary intercessor and it was which I scribbled down as we jogged agreed that she should take this mis- along in the ox cart. Weeks later I sionary as her prayer partner. "In had a letter from a lady in America ten minutes we had to part," she whom I had never seen, saying, 'God writes, "but I went back to India has led me to select your name for feeling that I had a missionary col- special prayer, and today my five- league here at home. That was six hour prayer period was given to you.' years ago, and I have never seen that The date, allowing for difference in girl since. But we have been in close time, exactly coincided with the one touch by letter all the time. To be on which 'J wrote the poem. I sent my effectual intercessor, she has read her a copy and she has been my and studied and asked questions till staunch prayer comrade ever since." she knows and understands, to an al- HYMN-" 'Tis Prayer Supports most incredible extent, about my the Soul That's Weak." work and surroundings, my helpers, STORY ILLUSTRATION-After one of and the people I am working among.

the world trips made to study the And I cannot tell you what unspeak- different mission fields and their able help her prayers have brought needs, some one asked Dr, John R. me hundreds of times, how real a Mott, "What is the greatest need of fellow-worker I have felt her to be all our missions today ~ ,, along. I should never think now of He replied: "The greatest need is counting up our staff in that district not more men, not more money. It is without counting her as one. Only more prayer." last week I had a letter from her, in This need is illustrated by the ex- which she tells· me how her life has perience of a missionary in South been quite changed by this mission- Africa. The cast-off wife of a cruel ary service. Her lonely, quiet viI;.

chief came to the compound pleading lage life has been filled and made rich to be taken in. There was no money and large by the spiritual partner- to feed even one more mouth. The ship which is as real to her as it is to missionary and his wife prayed and me. And she tells me, too, that, rose from their knees in peace and through becoming missionary inter- full assurance that the needed funds cessor for me, the missionary cause would be supplied. That very night everywhere has become real and dear at evening prayers a Christian man to her as it never was before."

in Syracuse, New York, was asking H YMN-" Blest Be the Tie That God to direct him in the spending of Binds," the first three stanzas.

thirty dollars that had unexpectedly PRESENTATION OF THE PRAYER PRO- come into his hands. Instantly there JEoT-The leader must put time and came into his heart the conviction prayer upon the preparation of this that he ought to send it to this mis- part of the service. Study thor- sionary in South Africa, who months oughly Chapter VI in "Prayer and before had been a guest in his house. Missions," by Helen Barrett Mont- At the very hour they were praying gomery. Emphasize especially the in Africa, the answer was preparing cultivation of the prayer life (pages in America. 188-195), and definiteness in prayer

BEST

(the first paragraph of page 199), when many missionaries are on fur- and from the last paragraph on page lough every year, it is not unusual for 203 through the first one third of them to go two and two, as did the page 207. :first disciples under the direction of Have simple purpose cards pre.- Jesus, to visit every town in certain pared. While soft music is played localities. Not only in churches but pass these cards with pencils to every also in schools, and before men's and one, urging all to sign who will. women's organizations of various CLOSING PRAYER SERVlCE – An- kinds these team mates speak so that nounce a period of directed silent practically every one may have op- prayer, followed by all singing portunities to hear of their experi- softly as a prayer a suitable hymn. ences, their reports of what has been Have all locate the hymn before the done, and their plans for future prayer so there may be no confusion work.

at the end. Handel's Largo, or other Recently a team composed of not quiet music may be played very softly two but twelve missionaries, repre- during the prayer period. Ask your senting the four foreign fields occu- audience to bow their heads in silent pied by the United Presbyterian communion with God. A minute Church of North America, made a later suggest. a prayer of thanksgiv- tour of two synods including many ing. Don't hurry. Take time to offer cities and towns in Ohio, and some an earnest, sincere prayer yourself, places in the bordering states of In- then you can be certain you are not diana, Michigan, West Virginia, and hurrying your audience. A minute Pennsylvania. 'On Sabbatli days, the later ask for prayers of consecration individuals in the team spoke in dif- to the work of intercessory foreign ferent churches so that every congre- missionaries. gation of this denomination in these Then have some one at your signal synods had the privilege of hearing sing as a solo: a missionary. Special conferences "We love thy name we heed thy rod, were held with pastors and' mission- Thy word our law; 0 graeious Godl ary workers of the churches on week We wait thy will; on thee we call; days. Our light, our life, our love, Our all." Two unusual features presented by H YMN-" Spirit of God! Descend this team, marking an advance in mis- Upon My Heart." sionary methods, are worthy the con- sideration of those who welcome suc- LEADER-Dismiss the meeting with cessful ways of impressing missionthe earnest words: "The harvest in- ary facts. Three of these special prodeed is plenteous, but the laborers are grams were given weekly, on aIterfew: pray ye therefore the Lord of nate evenings, in centrally located the harvest, that he send forth labor- churches with members of several ers into his harvest."

A TOUR OF TWELVE congregations in attendance. The first of the special features was REPORTED BY MRs. JAMES C. LEWIS a presentation of the United Presby- When I was a little girl I heard terian ";Missionary Movie ' '-ten reels that a girlhood friend of my mother's of excellent motion pictures taken in had come home for furlough after Egypt under the personal supervision serving as a missionary in Africa. I of a missionary who was formerly a longed to go to the city, sixteen miles newspaper man. In this particular distant, to see a real, live missionary tour, the "movie" was in charge of and to hear of her wonderful experi- an industrial worker in Nasser, the ences, but I did not get to go. Thirty Sudan.

years ago the visit of one missionary The experiences of missionaries to a town was an event of great im- from the time they sail from the portance. In these modern days homeland are most interestingly de-

picted, especially their, ways of liv- is presented as only those who have ing and working, and their contacts witnessed such experiences, or lived with Eastern peoples. The glamour them with their converts in nonof the Orient holds the observer ob- Christian lands, can portray them livious of time as he views on the most vividly. silver screen the Egyptian and other Eastern people in their costumes, It is not often that a pageant is picturesque or sordid, and notes their presented by those who have first interesting customs, crowded streets, lived their parts. This cast included the Associate Secretary o:f the Board wonderful mosques, primitive meth- of Foreign Missions, the President of ods in rural districts. The beautiful Gordon College at Rawalpindi, India, historical scenes of this romantic who has been in missionary service Land of the Nile have a splendid edu- :for thirty-four years. cational value. In no other way could the people at home obtain a bet- The part of the hero was taken by ter grasp of the work of their church a missionary of Pathankot, a perabroad than by seeing these actual sonal :friend of Khan Chand, who has pictures of missionary buildings and lived among the foothills o:f the Himequipment, students at work, hos- alayas and been in close contact with pitals in operation, and other activi- the Pathans who come down frcm the ties made very real by the familiar mountains into the plains. Another faces of missionaries on the field missionary played -the part of Khan whom they know personally. Chand's mother and directed the en- tire presentation. These motion pictures are, so far as we know, the most extensive under- A representative of the work at taking of this kind released by any Sangla Hill, India, and four missionmission board. Two complete out- aries from Egypt added greatly to the fits are now in operation and it is realism o:f the play. These included planned to continue their presenta- an evangelist from Beni Sue:f, a tions until all the members of this teacher from the boys' scheol at Church in the States have had oppor- Zigazig, a kindergarten teacher from tunity to see them. Alexandria, and a member of the faculty of the Girls' College at Cairo. The second special feature was a pageant. In several respects this From the Sudan, too, came a mispageant is "different." ~he story is sionary engaged in educational work not merely realistic-it is real. It at Doleib Hill, and from Assiut Hoswas lived first. So :force:fully did it pital in Egypt, a dector and his impress the missionary who had part wife. in the experiences, and so graphically did he tell it to others, that a pageant A missionary nurse from Sayo, was chosen as the best form in which Abyssinia with the unusual experito present it to audiences. Real names ence :for a woman o:f trekking across o:f real people are retained in the pa- that country had a background for thetic story of Khan Chand, a wealthy making her message real. young Indian who, as a result of a visit in Rawalpindi City, later became Seldom, if ever, has such a group a Christian and was driven from his of players presented in pageant form home. Members o:f his :father's fam- as gripping a message as the one ily, heartbroken over his disloyalty to given in connection with this tour of their gods, could not forgive him. twelve. When a reconciliation with his wi:fe The entire tour accomplished much. seemed possible, his tragic death in a By visits to the churches, valuable wreck occurred. The closing scene is personal contacts aroused greater misan appeal to carry the Gospel to Khan sionary interest. In the conferences, Chand's people. This affecting story special problems have been heard and helpful solutions offered. The pic- tures gave valuable information in an attractive and impressive way, while

1926J BEST METHODS

the pageant opened the eyes of thou- trepret our religious beliefs to nonsands of people to a new understand- Christian Orientals in terms which ing of what it means to "leave all to they can understand and which will follow Christ." win their sympathetic consideration ¥ Teo many volunteers do not know FOR THE WEEKLY GROUP their English Bibles. They merely hope to some day. They are not yet MEETING able to introduce Jesus intelligently to others and to interpret Christian By MILTON STAUFFER belief_ It is a painful confession and alarming. Why not regard the other Student volunteers and other members of your group as nongroups will welcome these sugges- Christians once each month and "tell tions from the Educational Secretary the story"? 'Vhy not discuss within of the Student Volunteer Movement. the group at least three or four of the most recent books on Christian faith The following suggestions may be and doctrine each year 1 of help to group leaders who find the weekly volunteer group meeting' set- 3. A limited number of well chosen tling into a rut and not creative of books and pamphlets, dealing with mllch inspirational and educational the preparation of volunteers, would benefit. The character of our weekly constitute admirable material for ocmeetings may be an index of hew casional group meetings at a time much real life there is in our indi- when so much emphasis is placed on vidual membership. Beware of stag- quality. As future missionary candination! Someone must think and work and pray for these meetings if dates we can well afford to give the their largest values are to be realized. subject of preparation a large place Have you a purpose for your group T in our weekly meetings. "The For- Does your plan for its meetings ex- eign Missionary," by A. J. Brown, tend over a whole semester T These "An Introduction to Missionary Servweekly meetings offer volunteers the ice, " by G. A. Gollock, the special litlargest single opportunity for mutual erature issued by the Committee on helpfulness.· They should not be Missi('nary Preparation, such pam- " prayer meetings' , or ' ,missionary meetings" as these are generally un- phlets as "The Aim and Motive of derstood, but group meetings in the J,fissionary Service," by Stanley sense. that they are planned with the Jones; "Why Leave non-Christian special needs of local volunteers in America for the Orient" 1 by Dr. mind. Some of the fdlowing sugges- Walter Judd; "The Measure of a tion!:! call for an uninterrupted series Modern Missionary," by W. N. of weekly meetings, some for one Wysham; "Not Leaders but Saints meeting monthly, while others are re- and Servants," byJ. C. Winslow; sponsible of realization within the "Preparation for Missionary Servlimits of a single hour. ice, " by Paul W. Harrison, and" The 1. One meeting each month might Christian Enterprise Abroad" sugbe given over to an informal discus- gest the wealth of material at the dis~ sion of the devotional side of our posal of your group. Why not order religious life. some of these books and pamphlets immediately from headquarters 7 2. Many groups may feel the need of greater emphasis on "the things 4. A short but uninterrupted ser~ most surely believed among us. ' , One ies of meetings each semester in which meeting each month is not too much the group engages in an intensive for volunteers to devote to matters of study of some great mission field or Christian faith and doctrine. Have some special type of missionary servwe sufficient reason, not to mention ice, may also be features in any proexperience, behind our religious con- gram extending over a semester. Of victions T Are we preparing to in- the material orie might use for such a

sCehriiens~"' 'Looking Toward a Christian tion, should be urged to do so, in or- and "Missions and World der to familiarize the volunteers with Problems" are discussion courses spe- the changing aspects of missionary cially prepared this year for student service in many sections of the still groups. ' 'The Christ of the Indian relatively non-Christian world.

MRoosald~"m by Stanley Jones; "The 7. Each semester's program might World in Revolution," by well include occasional meetings in which volunteers will be reminded of W. Wilson Cash; "The Task in Ja- their individual responsibilities as ex- pressed in the fourfold purpose of the pan, " by Reischauer; "New Day.s in Movement. These meetings will also furnish an opportunity to consider to- Latin America, " by W. E. Browmng; gether the history, principles and activities of the Movement, as well as "The Future of Africa," by Donald Fraser and b"yThHeenWryayHoofdgthkeinG, o~orde Physician,"

books which offer interesting readmg and which would furnish admirable matters of more personal interest to subjects for weekly discussions. "The individual volunteers. Gospel and the Plow," br Sam Higginbottom, is an interestmg accou-r:t 8. At regular intervals the weekly of the Allababad Agricultural InstI- meeting might be given over to intute which undertakes to bring the tensive Bible study. As volunteers we Gospel to needy millions of Indi~ by could concentrate with great profit teaching them how to draw a httle on the missionary purpose of God as farther away from the starvation revealed in the Bible. The most reline. cent help for such a study will be found in Hugh Martin's" The King- 5. It would be fine if each semester dom Without Frontiers," Lapham's the group could give several meetings "The Bible as Missions Handbook," to a review of more technical books and Dr. Gilkey's "Jesus and Our on missions such as the "Report of the Educational Commission to East Generation. " You may not agree Africa" the report of the Confer- with the author at every point, neverences held by Dr. Mott in India and theless in his general presentation he the Near East, now published under is accurate and inspiring. the title, "The Moslem World To- 9. Some groups might welcome a. day," or the" The Report of the Conference on Christian Work in Latin series of meetings on "Non-Christian America," now published in two ':'01- practices and relationships in Amerumes and quite readable, or the Chma ica" or "areas of life and thought in Mission Year Book for 1925, published in Shanghai, or the Year Book this country which are still nODon Christian Missions in Japan. If Christian." We need frank consideraJlY large number ill the group hap- ation of these subjects because these pen to be interested in one country are the things which militate against above another why not subscribe to the effective witness of American misthe chief missionary pUblication from sionaries abroad. What is Jesus' way t:Q.at country? of life for Americans and how can we make the total impact of our life 6. The occasional use of foreign and thought upon the rest of the sintugdencats~piufsense,cesissaryhefraormtilyneirgebcboomr– world consistently and effectively mended. These students should be encouraged to speak f~~nkly on the Christian' peculiar needs of theIr homelands, 10. 'Occasionally one may secure and iif qualified to interpret the char- variety in the program by devoting a meeting or two to current events acter and longings of the indigenous which have a direct bearing on mis- sionary activities, especially such churches abroad especially with ref- events abroad as present dimlcuIties and challenges to indigenous Chris- erence to future missionary coopera- tianity.

BEST

11. The presentation of recent facts of the Movement, the relation of the regarding the progress of Christian- Christian life to the missionary ity in other lands in the form of a spirit, the Union Conference, summer world survey stressing the growing possibilities for home missionary extriumphs and magnitude of Christ's perience, the realization of our four- Kingdom, always results in new in- fold purpose through our identifying terest and enthusiasm among volun- ourselves with the religious organizateers. It gives them material for their tions of our campus. deputation work, and enables them to interpret intelligently and sympathet- 16. "And when the Day of Penteically the Christian missionary enter- cost was fully come they were all with prise as it is today. Without this one accord in one place." Every livprogressive interpretation, the edu- ing volunteer group will insist on setcational work of missions in Ameri- ting apart at least one weekly meetcan churches is bound to suffer and ing each month primarily and solely the policy of the American Church for united prayer. To the extent that sure to lag behind the accepted pro- group intercession for foreign misgram of indigenous churches abroad. sions receives secondary emphasis, missionary enthusiasm and spiritual 12. No semester's program of meet- victories "take the air." ings will meet the need without a generous place for biographies. "One A RADIO PROGRAM: burning heart sets another on fire." If our volunteers are not burning it REPORTED BY MARrON KING ~OMPSON, is because of the company they keep. Why not let such biographies as IJynchburg, Va. "Henry Martyn: Confessor of the Faith " and "Robert Moffat, One of Several months ago we wrote to the God's' Gardeners, " rekindle the fiame? three missionaries supported by our Loyola's charge to his companions congregation, telling them we were was "Go and set the world on fire." planning a radio program and asking Someone has suggested that each local them to write what they would like to group provide itself with a circulat- say to our Sunday-school if they were ing library of great missionary biog- broadcasting.

raphies. After the several months required for the passage of letters, we received 13. If the group is large enough or their messages and arranged our if enough interested students can be radio program for the Sunday-school. added for the purpose, why not tackle A radio was placed in front for the occasion. a missionary play? A woman and two men stood be- 14. For two or three meetings in hind· a curtain with a megaphone each semester the volunteers of any through which they gave the message. group might be ~sked to represent .the Of course we had some static and different countrIes of South AmerIca, other realistic necessities. In the Africa, the Orient or the Moslem front of OUr room there is a large map world. The leaders would then sug- of the world with electric light bulbs gest two or three problems related.to placed to represent the location of our missions and common to all countrIes missionaries. While the letters were represented. In the discussion that being read the lights shone' at the follows each volunteer would be ex- place at which the missionaries were pected to express the views of the working. country he represents. The fourth member of this school 15. Occasional meetings might be to go as a missionary will likely sail devoted to such general subjects of during the year. She also will be supprimary interest to volunteers as ported by the school. "The Evangelization of the World in this Generation," the declaration card

Woman's Home Mission

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 156 FIFTH AVENUE', NEW YORK A NEW VENTURE devotional part of each Institute, By GERTRUDE CoDY WHEATON prayers and Bible readings suggested The tollowlng article on the way the Women's in the book. This was followed by a short talk on the value and need of p"i,P:.rtOh~~~ o~J~cret(>[~:~ ~~r.,~~~ot o~le~h; such a book. Two other women pre- sented the book, "On Earth Peace," study books, SePtenlb~r 21-30, 1925 will prove to which was added the outline study, =:::: t'!:ae:J!i.,;,t!':nd J:i.~'!::~!~~!y t~r o~;~. "The Search for Peace," these books .. ~~~:r ~ lg~ ~~dr~~~:d (~r~"ll I:l:~=:~:'~ Building, Clev.,Iand, Ohio.

The church women of Cleveland supplementing each other and to- feel the need, yearly, for some sort of gether making an excellent study interdenominational presentation of course, Two women, one who had the current study books, for an en- traveled in South America and one thusiastic conference on "How to who was born there of missionary Use, What to Use and When to Use" parents, presented the three books, these splendid books. The chairman "Looking Ahead with Latin Amer- of our women's department, Mrs. Dan ica" "New Days in Latin America "

Bradley, asked Mrs. Gertrude Oody and "Makers of South America:"

Wheaton to be program chairman and More than one woman had to be to arrange for their presentation at prepared on each book as the Insti- the usual Fall Institute of Missions. tutes were on consecutive days and A new plan presented itself to the one woman could not give eight sue.

committee, namely, to have the books cessive days. Two women who knew taught entirely by lay-women of our the problems of our young people own city, none of whom were to re- talked about ways of getting the ceive any remuneraticm. We were at- "'teen age" interested in missions.

tempting to disprove that a prophet The home mission study book had is without honor in his own city. That the distinction of having the one man IS very difficult because there is a speaker of the entire program, Mr.

charm and advertising power about Prucha of The Federated Churches the expert from another city. staff, who knows our immigrant prob- There were eight one-day regional lem of Cleveland and the Slavic prob- meetings of the Institute held in eight lem in general, spoke at several meet- widely separated churches, taking in ings. At others, we had "Peasant each of the main districts. The results Pioneers" presented by book reviews.

were satisfactory enough to make us Added to these deeper presentations feel that many cities could' do the we had "Slovak Susan" in costume same thing. Forty women were. lined borrowed from one of our own. Slovak .up for the program: some presided, women, speaking for the needs of the some reviewed the various books, some Slavic women right. here in our own .gave dramatic presentations, some city. The monologue by Mrs. Kretsch- gave demonstrations of how to inter- mann, in Best Methods, August,1925, est children or young people in mis- MISSIONARY REVIEW, was used as a sions. Two had charge of exhibits. basis for Slovak Susan 'spIca for co- One woman spoke on each of the fol- operation on the part of missionary- lowing subjects: "Prayer and Mis- spirited women in her behalf.

sions," "South America, " "The The best part of the program to Slav," "Peace." Four women were many was the demonstration, "How .prepared on Mrs. Montgomery's book, to Teach Missions to Primary and "Prayer and Missions," using for the Junior Children in the Church School 4!i6 or Mission Band." DGlls and pic- equipped with a dining room to aetures, maps and articles of various comodate at least one hundred women kinds were used with the stories in for the noon luncheon. A committee simple and appealing ways so as to on places and hospitality was necesteach through the eyes as well as sary. The twenty or more churches in through the ears. Many people are the various districts were invited by ,realizing that an effective way to in- the president of the entertaining terest the world in missions is to be- church and the whole missionary sogin with the child. 'l'he women were ciety acted as hostesses. To one Innot ashamed to confess that they en- stitute a large delegation of colored joyed the children's program for women came from several churches. themselves apart from their interest The prominent missionary women who in learning how to teach chilcken. were hostesses deliberatelv sat with some of this group at IUli.ch so that The study books for Juniors were exhibited and a graphic explanation was they would be sure to feel entirely made as to why they are of value and welcome. for what special groups they are One woman remarked, ' , You are adapted. Another part of our programs was wasting your energy in putting on called "Missionary Hymns: New these very difficult programs. Our Uses for Added Inspiration." Here Boards write us letters telling us what were suggested and outlined the books to use and how to use them. stories of hymns and their authors, Why should you women think you followed by the singing of these must go to all this hard work T" The hymns and the suggested use of slides program chairman replied, "Do you with other hymns. An inspiring pro- think that letters can do what pergram of worship and praise was in sonalities standing right up in front of women can do Y A letter can't have this way demonstrated for a pleasant missionary night or entertainment. a bright, interested face, a pleasing voice full of enthusiasm, eyes which At each church, the Central Pub- say, 'I love this great cause of mislishing Co. of Cleveland put up a sions, come let's work a little harder table of study books, old and new, for together for Christ's Kingdom.' " sale, and other helpful missionary literature, plays, leaflets, magazines. The results were that most of these women who taught the books were Ji'or, as the leader said, "How can we lined up on our Cleveland Lay-Womenthuse others unless. we know, and en's Christian Service Speakers B.urhow can we kng·w unless we study for eau, and in five weeks fifty calls have ourselves T No missionaries or speakers can pour into our minds enough c,ome to the Bureau and many calls knowledge to make the kind of en-' have gone directly to the speakers thusiasm which stirs others." . Be- themselves, so that there need be no sides the books, there were charming speakerless meeting in our city posters by Miss Maude Bradley of through lack of capable lay_women Providence, Rhode Island, and Mrs. Mary Telford of Dayton, Ohio. No speakers. Institute of Missions is complete with- Another result has been that one .

out some illustrations to show the group of women in a very prominent church folks how to advertise. church decided that they, too, would study missions. There had never been In a city of over a miIliGn people a group studying by themselves in that church. As they purchased their it is hard to determine where to take eight One – Day – Demonstrating – Mis- books they said, "This is the result of seeing these other women so intersions-Institutes. Since this was all ested. It comes out of your Instiunder The Federated Churches we tute.' , We know there are great orehad to be SThre to use churches of a variety of denominations. Next, the suIts we cannot measure but we feel sure that we are working hand-in churches must be easily accessible, and hand with Ghrist. "My Father works

and I work" is a good motto for these 5. Missions presented from the pulpit and lay-women who are trying to spur on in Sunday school.

our Cleveland women to greater study Total points, 5. Highest possible score 50 and better programs. Local church points……. Score •. .'.•. : Ministry PAR STANDARD 1. Resident pastor in the community or For a Rural Church area, giving full time to one church or two or more yoked churches. '

Physical Equipment 2. ~he c~urch, or churches, helping finan- 1. Comfortable II!'d attractive parsonage, CIally ill matter of pastor's membership mod~rn .eonvelllences, rent free. in 80me form of Annuity Fund.

2. AudItonum adequate to Beat maximum Total points, 2. Highest possible score, 20. Local church points……. Score ….• ,.. a. attendance at regular service. Organ and piano. Program 4. ~od l:>mps, acetylene, electric lighting, if possIble. 1. Systematic attempts to serve over as 5. Parking space or horse-sheds. ~rge an a:eR of the countryside as pos- 6. Properties kept in good repair and in slble, meetmg every need, condition and good order, inside and out. opportunity revealed by a careful study Total points, 6. Highest possible score, 60. of the same. Local church points……. Score …… . 2. Definite plan and program setting goals for year's work adopted annually by Finance church offi.cers and caotntgernetgioantiondf and held steadily before the 1. Church budget, including both local ex- penses a:ad be~evolences, adopted annually church. by congregatIon. a. Assumption of responsibility for some 2. ~ery Member Canvass for weekly offer- part of the church program (i. e., regu- mg, made annually on basis of budget; all church members, attendants and un- lar stated service) by at least twenty- attached persons solicited; envelope sys- tem used. five per cent of church members.

a. Bu~get of bene~olences meeting denomi- 4. Regular system of farm-stead visitation nll,tlqllal apportIonment or a -minimum SUm equll,! to one third o'f expense budget. participated iii by both pastor and peo- 4. All current hills paid monthly, and an ple. ~rr~gement a~ the bank whereby min- Ister s salary 18 placed to his credit on 5. Systematic evangelism of the educa- the first day of every month. 5. Systematic plan of payments, on prin- tional sort reaching entire area served cipal and interest of any church indebt- edlllllls, with additional provision for any and every resident therein. yearly refunds due Church Building So- ciety. 6. Definite effort to interest various age 6. Properties adequately Insured. and sex groups in religious, social and Total points, 6. Highest possible seore, 60. LoeaJ church points……. Soore ….•.. recreational activities. 7. Established goal for yearly Increase ia membership.

S. Service rendered to all oceupational classes and all racial elements not other- wise provided for.

9. Community service a definite part of church work. _ 10. Yearly systematic survey and mapping of area served, with view to a constant MeeUngs adaptation of the church program to 1. At least one service of worship and Sun- changing lleeds and opportunities as day school each Sabbath. they may arise; 2. Some form of occasional or week-night Total points, If). Highest possible seare, 100. service. Local church points……. Score..•….

Total points, 2. Hignest possible score, 20. Cooperation :ye>eaJ church points ……………. _ LoeaJ church score •••….•.••…..•• Cooperation with: 1. Local or near-by churches. Religious and Missionary Education 11. State and county interdenominational re- 1.. An every-Sunday Church School with an ligious agencies.

average attendance of two thirds of its 3. Local community organizations. 4. ~unty, state and _national welfare agen- membership. ClBS. 2. Efficient Rome Department and Cradle 5. Local and county agricultural agencies. a. Roll. made for enlistment and train- 6. Denominational boards. Provision Total points, 6. Highest possible score, 60. Ing of leaders for church and Sunday Local church points……. Score .•..•..

school work. 8U11T1mary 4. Definite and regular attempts to bring Total points, 37. Highest possible score, 370. Local church points……. Score••..••• p.uPils Into church membership with spe- cific prepara.tory instruetion.

Woman's Foreign Mission

EDITED BY MISS ELLA D. MACLAURIN, 25 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY AN INTRODUCTION TO MRS. CHIU, tional and welfare work among the OF SHANGHAI workers in different places; the Y. W. C. A. has been doing work It is with special pleasure that we along the line of creating public opin- ion and studying the conditions of laintroduce to our readers Mrs. W. T. bol'; and the Church definitely adopted a labor standard in May, Zung Chiu, of Shanghai, China. She 1922, at the National Christian Con- ferenc-e. is a graduate of a mission school and Then what are the actual condiof Smith College (1919) in America. tions in both the old and modern in- dustrial places 7 It will take pages to She also studied in England, was a delegate to the international labor conference at Geneva and is now an officer on the staff of the National Committee and the National Chris- tian Council of China. This splendid article from the pen of this brilliant young woman will be read with keen interest. E. D. MACL.

THE INDUSTRIAL SITUATION IN CHINA By W. T. ZUNG Omu, Shanghai, China Not until very recent years have people taken any interest in the wel- fare of the workers. The products of Chinese handicraft have been ad- mired and treasured far and wide, for centuries. But how many people have ever troubled themselves with the conditions under which those beautiful silks, tapestries, carvings, linens, potteries and so forth are made Y Likewise for more than thirty years since the ihtrQd.uction of rna· chinery into China noboay seemed to be concerned with the multitude of MRS. W. T. ZUNO eHIU (ZUNO WEll 'rSUNO) evils in connection with modern industry such as child and woman lao write about the apprenticeship system bor, long hours, unhealthy conditions alone. Suffice it to say that save for or low wages. We might sa.Y that very exceptional instances in all the some people, either Cb,ristians or non. work-places, new or old, these condi- Christians did appear to take interest tions are nearly identical, namely, in the poor people by doing excellent long working hours, no rest day, low wages, child labor, unhealthful condicharity work but few have ever tried tions, and no chance of development. to seek the roots of poverty, misery, Perhaps one can understand better if and wretchedness. Among these few some of the tenp.s are accompanied with a few words of explanation. are the Y. M. C. A.., Y. W. C. A. and They are as follows: the Christian Chureh whieh find their expression in various ways. The Y. M. C. A. through its social and L Lottg working hours.

industrial workers is doing educa- Fourloon or sixteen hours in old work 459

shops per day with few holidays during the Nations so she is not excluded from Chinese New Year and one or two big fes- partaking in the International Labor tivals. Organization activities. In March, 1923, the Chinese Government issued Twelve hours in mills where two shifts a set of factory regulations but up to are worked with two days' rest per month. this time they are not yet enforced. Fourteen or sixteen hours in silk filatures China is also not uninfluenced by the wh~re there is one shift. ideas of human value and equality of Fourteen, sixteen, or eighteen hours in opportunity for every human being, mines with or without weekly rest day. so we find the rapid growth of a labor 2,. Low wages. movement-a consciousness among labor. In spite of the fact that there Dollars and cents will not mean much to is no sanction for labor to associate, those who do not know the money value and unions of all kinds are found in this the prices of food in China. A silk woman country, headed by people who are worker testified before the Child Labor Com· mission in Shanghai in 1923 that thirty·six usually known either as "rotten years ago when she was seven years old she politicians" or "radically-minded began to work ill a silk filature as stirrer of cocoons in the boiling basin. She got youths. " 15 cents a day then. The little workers doing As the Church has just begun to the same process now get 18 or 20 cents a day. The reelers at that time received as a take interest in the labor conditions daily wage, 30 cents and the reelers today there is plenty of reason to say that get 37 or 38 cents a day. A picul of rice the Church as a whole has not yet thirty-six years ago cost $2.50 and today awakened to the vitalness of the ques- $13.00 (dollllrs and cents here are in Mex., tion. There is plenty of reason too ahout half the gold value). Prices of other for anti-Christians to say that the kinds of food have gone up at the same Christian Church is allied with caprate as rice; 80 has rent. italism and imperialism. There are already instances where labor groups 3. Chad labor. refuse to cooperate with the Christian social workers. They seem to have It is a very common sight to see young very little faith in the Christian tots of five, even four, or six work in both Church. We have to recognize this the cotton and silk factories. When parents' wages are low, habies have to earn fact–that there are very few Chris" money to buy· rice. tian leaders in China, missionaries or non-missionaries, who can pretend to 1I, Unhealthful conditions. understand what the labor movement In old work-shops it is fairly customary means. for employees to sleep in the places where they-work in the day time. In modern fac· The Church has done her part in tories practically no attention is given to medicine; education, and bringing th~ comfort of the workers. Many eat their meals while they work. Ventilation, tern· the Christian message to the thouperature, first aid are in most eases unheard sands of Chinese people in the past. of luxuries. The cotton mills in the North China is progressing despite the fact have adopted the dormitory system. The little workers share beds with eacK other- that she is handicapped b:f all kinds that is to say, when the night shift works, of internal and external disturbanCleS. the day shift crawls into the beds just left If we wish to see the Church in China by the former. The housing conditions in as the leading spirit in all phases of the mill districts· in Shanghai are just ap- life, the Church should cultivate herpalling. Dozens of people are often found self in knowing and understanding to be curling up in one room. These people more fully the needs of the people. are exposed to all kinds of diseases all the The Church should consider it h1lr year round. duty to find means to help remove the causes of social unrest. Until then With conditions .as aforesaid, who the Church will be looked upon as can wonder that so-called agitators something that helps to maintain the could find reasons for agitation Y On present social order which is beneficial the top of all that there is the foreign capital which creates misunderstand- to the favored few. ing by adopting the contract system. Through the barriers of language, lack of sympathy, and racial prejudices, the rank and file are suffering greatly.

Cb.j.~1!- is II. member of the League of

fROM

AFRICA which meant some hours of weary I'urity Work in Cairo trudging. On this occasion we did so much appreciate the calm fortitude ARTHUR T. UPSON writes in that Pastor Sadek showed when so Blessed be Egypt of the purity many insulting remarks were poured movement which was started during upon him. the World War and which "has never stopped, although it has now taken "Another God-given opportunity the form of distribution among Egyp- has been that in the Moslem private tian students and others rather than school. Here between forty and fifty among B<ritish soldiers, the latter hav- Moslem boys have had a Scripture ing had to be dropped from sheer lack lesson each morning in Arabic before of time. Any Thursday the faithful their English lesson. Sometimes there four may btl seen distributing in the has been opposition from the bigger bad quarter of Cairo, and the usual boys, specially when emphasis hasnumber of tracts distributed any eve- been laid on the Lordship of Christ. ning is about one thousand. We have At times one has been asked, 'What very often patrolled the distribution about our prophet Y' or one has heard. in the neighborhood and watched the during the lesson a whisper, 'Empty men coming away after receiving the words. ' Some of the bigger boys leaflets, but we have never seen as have called to see me, and we have many as one per cent torn up. As one thus got into more personal touch small illustration of observable result with them."

-a government official wrote to us from the Delta sending a Christmas Sudanese Sunday-Schools poem for insertion in Al-Bareed. THE successful work which is be- When we inquired how he came to do ing done by the United Presbytethis, the answer was given by Sheikh rian missionaries among the people of Iskandar, 'Oh, this is one of our the Shilluk tribe at Doleib Hill in the friends that we fished out from the Sudan is described as follows by Rev. bad houses through the tracts that we Stephen Trowbridge, secretary for were distributing; he is now a re- Egypt of the World's Sunday-School formed man and regularly reading Association: "Mrs. Oyler concen- Al-Bareed.' " trated especially upon developing a training class for Sabbath school Sowing Seed in Suez teachers. This was started in March, REV. H. E. Jones, of the Egypt 1925. She proposed to the class to General Mission, writes from make the effort to secure an attend- Suez: "On one occasion Pastor ance of 100 in Sabbath school. That Sadek and I got into the hands of seemed then the most that could be some fanatical men, who seized all our hoped for. But the members of this literature and took us by force to the training class have gone out into the Omdeh (the headman of the district). villages, and with earnest, quiet en- He threatened to bring us before the thusiasm have taught the life of authorities in Suez unless we signed Christ and the dramatic stories from an agreement not to distribute litera- the book of Acts. The training class ture in h.is district. We refused to do has now grown to 60, the station Sab- so, and he, reconsidering his threat, bath school to 167, and the number eventually allowed us to return home, attending the village Sabbath schools 461

to 1,350. A year ago there were no village idol j but they listened to the village classes. Tbe use of large col- Gospel, and asked the Christians to ored pictures in teaching has raised stay witb them a few days, and then an interesting problem. The Shilluks to return to teach them on Sundays.

very naturally suppose that Joseph, After a few weeks practically the Moses, Jesus, and Paul were black. whole village decided to become The Shilluks, with native dignity, re- Christian, and they had a public gard the black race as superior. Is it burning of idols. Just after this a best to dispense with the pictures and tree fell across the pathway leading let these tribesmen form their own to the place where the village idol had impressions" , stood, and this was taken by the peo- ple as a sign of approval from God Yoruba Chriatiana Loyal that the idol had been destroyed.

THE persecution of Christians is They are now building a churcn and by no means a thing of the past in teacher's house, and twenty-five chilthe Yoruba country of West Africa. dren are attending school.

For instance, twelve men living at an outstation of the Church Missionary Courtho118e Dedicated with Prayer T Society in the Benin district were HE chief, who is president of the native court of Owo, in the Yoruba fined £5 eacb in the native court for disobeying Ii summons to beathen sac- Country of West Africa, is a Chris- rifice. In that district it is the cus- tian. At the opening of the new tom when the priest requires a sacri- courthouse recently by the Resident fice, to put a staff or other emblem in of the Ondo Province, the chief said or near a house. The owner of the that the building would not be used house must go at once to those in until the African pastor and the mis- cbarge of the idol worsbip, taking an sionary of the Church Missionary So- offering of a goat or some other ani- ciety had had a special service of maL In this case the staff was put in prayer in it. A. day was appointed the church; and because the Chris- for this service, which was attended, tians removed it and brought no of- at the president's invitation, by all the fering to the priest, they were fined chiefs and court memoors, many of by the heathen chiefs. In another whom are Moslems or pagans.

part of the district some converts were fined for planting yams, etc., on Union in Central Africa tbeir farms before the day arranged THE Presbyterian Church of Cenfor holding the festival of the Orisa- tral Africa, recently formed by oko, a pagan rite.-The Christian the union of the Church of Scotland, (London). United Free Church, and Dutch Re- Whole Heathen Village Won formed Church in that region, is to be further strengthened by the inclu- THE Rev. W. J. Payne, working sion of the two German Missions-the for the Church Missionary Society Moravian, and the Berlin Missionary in Benin City, in the Benin Province Society-that have now returned to of Nigeria, writes that the 'work at their former fields of labor. "This,"

Ewonika, a new outstation sixteen says The Indw,n Standard, "is good miles away, is remarkable for its news on two grounds. It shows that rapid growth. Only last April there the process of reconciliation has not was not a single Christian in the vil- been confined to the efforts of states- lage. A special evangelistic effort men at Geneva or Locarno but has throughout the district was made dur- found practical illustration in the ing Passion Week, and some Chris- mission fields of Christendom. It is tians from Benin City went to also another proof that the distinc- Ewonika. The people had just been tions of Lutheran and Calvinists are celebrating the annual festival of the breaking down in the common effort

kEWS FROM MANY

to build up the Kingdom of Jesus 'heathen' in Turkey. They do not Christ both abroad and at home." force proselyting on those who are unwilling. They do not proselyte THE NEAR EAST among the Muslims at all, and where Protesting the LaU8aJ1l1e Treaty they do they are tactful. They are APROTEST, signed by 110 bishops even broad-minded about the right to of the Protestant Episcopal proselyte. They do not force their Church, against the ratification of the way into hl{uses of worship to preach their own doctrines without regard to pending Lausanne treaty with Turkey the religious sensibilities of others.

was sent to the U. S. Senate early in They do not ride rough-shod over the April. At about the same time 109 feelings of those countries in which American residents of Constantinople petitioned the same body asking favor- they are guests. Where they are able action. The signers in Constanti- bigoted they have learned not to nople include the president, vice- voice their bigotry, and many have been broadened out of their bigotry. president and eighteen teachers of the In Turkey you will not hear mission- Constantinople College for Women, representatives of the mission boards, aries gloat over their exploits, as I Near East Relief, the Y. M. C. A., and have heard missionaries in China the principal American business boast of their invasion of the native firms there. These petitioners say village of Confucius over the objecthat the terms of this treaty are in tions and pleas of his descendants."

some respects more favorable than those included in the treaties already Present Activity in Turkey· T concluded between Turkey and sev- HE American Board has now over a hundred missionaries at work in eral of the European powers. The Living Church, supporting the action its Turkey Mission and while there of the bishops, contends that the for- are serious restrictions, especially in mer treaty with Turkey, which pro- educational work, much is being done tected American interests better than both educationally and medically, and does the Lausanne one, has not been through personal friendship with the abrogated by war as was the case people in the mission stations. There with the treaties between the Euro- is a growing demand for the Chris- pean Powers and Turkey, and de- tian Scriptures in Turkish.

clares that "those senators who are The present period is characterized leading the fight against ratification by great literary activity. The daily have the moral sentiment of the as well as the periodical press dis- American people behind them. " The opponents of the treaty also charge cusses religious questions with great that 100,000 Christian women and freedom. Mohammedan literature girls are today kept in worse than outside Turkey is engaged in defend- ing Mohammedanism or attacking slavery in the Moslem harems and Christianity, whereas in Turkey there that the Kemal Pasha regime is re- is a large amount of criticism of Issponsible. lam itself by Turkish writers who de- Moslem Praises Ml..ionaries sire to see their religion brought into closer contact with the actual life of THE methods of Christian mission- the present day. Books are being aries in Turkey have evidently translated which deal in a friendly commended themselves to a writer in way with some aspects of Christianity.

a Mohammedan newspaper published Along with the incoming of general in English in South Africa, The Mos- disbelief in any religion there is a lem Outlook, who says: "Why are desire on the part of the more seri- the missionaries so rimch more liberal ously minded to find a way to make and tolerant in Turkey than in China, religion a moral and social force in for example f They do not cry the daily life of the Turkish people.

At present direct religious teach- cieties-in the south, the Arabian Mission; in the north, the United ing in the schools and colleges is for- Mission. At the south, the trend seems to be to strengthen the medical bidden, but the prohibition does not department; at the north the educa- tional, though this latter is shadowed apply to ethical and social teaching at present by the unwillingness of the local authorities to allow "Bible nor to the actual practice of religion study" to be made compulsory in th~ mission schools. But everywhere the in the lives of the missionary and opportunity and the promise makes an insistent call for devouter, fully other teachers. The desire of the equipped "evangelists" to minister to and foster the awakening con- Turks to achieve a real independence sciousness in Islam of an unsatisfied spiritual craving for better things. in all departments of life is one with New Plans in Bahrein which we should sympathize and ARECENT letter from Paul Harshould be willing to help in every way rison, M.D., says: "We are plan- ning a little advance work here at we can. L. G. M. Bahrein for this year, an effort to harness the reputation of the hospital Leader. Needed in Pel'llia to the evangelistic enterprise. Weare hoping to hold an afternoon clinic in JOHN R. VORIS wcrites in The Con- one or two of the outlying villages, tinent of the Presbytecrian Mis- stay on for an evening mejUs (recepsion in Persia: "One could wish tion) of guests, and finish up with a that the Mission might be able to or- Christian service. The new Women's ganize and finance industrial and ag- Hospital is taking shape rapidly as a ricultural work. The mission schools substantial and beautiful thing, an are training intellectual leaders, but objectification of a dream of years." not industrial, commercial or farm leaders. This must come eventually. School for Boy. in Aden In a small way the Near East Relief orphanage schools are giving indus- REV. CARL J. RASMUSSEN, of trial training, but there is here no ag- the Danish Church Mission, ricultural training, as in the Cauca- which works in Aden in close cooperasus. Industrial and £arm projects, tion with the mission of the Fcree however, require leaders trained along Church. of Scotland, writes: "In our these lines. As Persia begins to mission school all seats are engaged emerge from the realm of individual- and we could without doubt get many istic into organized industry, and more students if we had more ample from the stage of peasant farming to accommodation and a better equipped that of modern agriculture (a long teaching staff. Our work is carried and slow process) thecre will be on in a rented building where we can needed youth who can lead in these have about ninety students. It is conoccupations. And as the country be- ducted on the same principles as the gins to have some gleam of commu- Government '8 educational work. Relinity service, with nurses and social gion as a subject is not included in the workers, there must be some training curriculum, hut we have Bible reading along social lines." and prayers every day. It has been most inspiring to watch its effect upon In Irak and Arabia the students' minds. Those who in the beginning looked angry when we AMISSIONARY at Baghdad re- began the Bible lesson and often put ports that never in his long experience has he known so many Moslems coming for conversation on religious topics, with a sincere desire to know more about the life and teaching of Jesus Christ. On the other hand there is a rapidly rising tide of materialism that is causing devout Moslems much disquiet. This field from Mosul on down to Muscat is fairly well organized by the two so-

1926J NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

their fingers in their ears to prevent campaign story, hymn and Golden any new idea interfering with their Text. Then of the Christians who train of thought are now unwilling to actually gave up a day or days'

leave the schools without prayers. chances of coolie work and went to The ones who at first would not touch other villages along with the workers the Bible will now read it and openly to help in the preaching, there were ask questions regarding it." over 250. The importance of this type of willing Christian service can- INDIA, SIAM AND MALAYSIA not be over-emphasized, for it is in Remarriage of Hindu Widows . this wise that India must be evangel- T HIS question is being approached ized. It is the witness of the Chris- from various angles beside the tian laymen and women which induces Christian one. The January REVIEW so many of their heathen brethren and called attention to the activities of a sisters to give up their names as desociety which concerns itself with siring to know more of this matter; hence a record of 2,500 inquirers. widows of high caste only. Recent Probably the most interesting feature pronouncements by Gandhi on the subject are being widely quoted. He in the reports of these 490 meetings holds that no girl should be married held during the two weeks was the inbefore she !las completed her fifteenth creasing demands made by caste peoyear (it will 'be remembered that a ple for more preaching among them.

bill raising the age of consent to fif- Ever so many definite invitations to teen was defeated in the Legislative come and present their message were Assembly last year); that all widows made by these classes to our poor outless than fifteen years of age should caste pastors and workers."

remarry; that girls married at fifteen and widowed within a year the,reafter The Gospel for All Groups •. !

A should be encouraged to marry again, METHODIST worker in the Pun- jab writes in The Indian Witand that the relatives of widows should treat them with the utmost ness: ' 'Practically all our Christians kindness and make arrangements for are from the outeastes; but there is a their education. "The spirit of these readiness on the part of all castes and rules is to be followed, not the letter," he says. "Hindu society will not classes to hear the Good News, in spite easily accept these changes. But of the fact that we are preaching just that whieh will erase all caste distincthese parents who feel the necessity tion. In one village we held a servof acting according to these rules, ice for a community of Chuhras (outmust try to introduce these reforms, castes) who were inquirers. Afterand should not be afraid of being put wards, a g:roup of Moslems came over out of caste." and said it was not right that we Witness of Indian Laymen should preach just to the outcastes, but that we should preach to them ASPECIAL evangelistic campaign too. After this service, some high- conducted by Canadian Baptists caste Sikhs came along and requested at Vuyyuru, Madras Presidency, is a service in their quarter. In another described as follows by Rev. A. Gor- village we came upon a group of don: "The two-weeks' effort was con- wealthy Jats (farmers). We asked ducted at the end of November when if we might preach to them. Forth- the weather was settled, the moon with they took us over to their gurd.

shining and the people free from labor wllJI"a (a building much like a church prior to the commencement of harvest. and used as their place of worship), The period of p;reparation had been brought out a rope bed for us to sit carried out most heartily at most of on, and a big carpet for themselves.

the villages, as is evidenced by the About forty of them sat down and fact that 2,171 Christians learned the listened while the 'Old Story' was 5

told, then asked some questions and nath Chattopadhya, a versatile listened some more until an hour and scholar, she had a rich ~aining. Afa half had passed. Yes, indeed, In- ter spending some time in Girton dia is wide open to the Gospel, and College, Cambridge, England, she remany of us feel that a movement on turned to India and plunged ardently the part of the upper classes has be- into zenana reforms, and the Moslem gun. We must not slacken, but re- Nizam supported her efforts. .After double our efforts to be found faith- marriage she withdrew from these acful in this time of opportunity." tivities for a time to educate her sons and write poetry, but presently re- Versatile Indian Preaehers sumed her pioneer work with re- doubled zeal. When Gandhi rose to THE Indian clergyman at Narowal, leadership in the years before the in the Punjab, the Rev. Barakat war Mrs. Naidu eagerly acknowledged Ullah, sends to the Church Mission- him. It is certain that in Mrs. Naidu ary Society some interesting details the Swarajists have chosen a dyof his work among the depressed namic ngure that will appeal to the classes in the district. Over 200 vil- imagination of India '8 masses. lage congregations round about Narowal are distributed among fifteen Pioneering in Assam preachers, whose work is to conduct services, teach people, examine them A MERICAN Baptist missionaries in the elements of the Christian faith, 1".. are at work in little-known Asbuild up their church life, superin- sam, and one of them w,rites as foltend the work, act as judges to settle lows of a tribe called the Rengmas: their disputes, and help them when "No missionary had ever given any of maltreated by their non-Christian his time to them, nor any European masters. In one village Mr. Ullah learned their difficult language but found that the Christians had chal- the spirit of God came upon a young lenged the local mottlvi (Mohamme- man named Viliezhn. While in Kodan teacher) to hold discussions with hiII!a as a civil policeman he was led their padre sahib (Christian minis- to accept Christ by another policeman ter) . The challenge had been ac- who was an earnest Christian. He cepted, the moulvi .appeared on the obtained leave twice to go to his own scene, but at the last moment had de- tribe, to whom he now felt impelled cided not to hold any discussion. In to carry the story of salvation. Great another village Moslems and Chris- crowds came to hear his strange mestians decided to discover the true re- sage. Soon he came back to report· ligion by throwing the Koran and the that sixty had become candidates for New Testament into the watel' and baptism. After three years there are then following the book which did not now 200 baptized Christians, and a sink! nominal Christian community of 500. Three more of this tribe have caught Mrs. Naidn, S….arajist the fire and are teaching and preach- ing. Their children are bright-eyed T HE election of Mrs. Sarojini and eager to learn, and Viliezhn has Naidu, a Hindu poetess, to suc- worked hard with the missionary to ceed Gandhi as President of the In- get out a little hymn book with Scripdian National Congress was an- ture readings. It is the first book nounced in the April REVIEW, as an ever published in that dialect." event of great signincance for India. The following facts in her life story Britons and Bur:mese Slave. are, therefore, of interest: Born in 1870 at Hyderabad, the capital of the T HE proposed expedition to the powerful M;ohammedan Ni$m, she wilds of Burma, to be conducted came. of· a distinguished Brahmin by government officials with the pur- ~!I-mily. From her father, Dr. Agor- pose of stamping out both slavery and

NEWS FROM MANY L,ANDS

huma.n sacrifice, was announced in made by motor. There are there the February REVIEW. A wireless fourteen families, all of whom are formessage to the New York Times April mer inmates of the asylum~ It is 29th told of the return of the expedi- worthy of mention that these lepers tion, headed by Deputy Commissioner have maintained their Christian serv- J. T. O. Barnard, of the Burma ices, have sent in theiiI' contributions Frontier Service. It had been stated and have added to their numbers.

that the slaves would be bought for The Chiengmai lepers have just sent about $30 apiece, but the report says down an elder to give them encourage- that 3,445 had been set free for 19,- ment and instruction.

000 rupees, which would make the price about $1.80. Commissioner CHINA Barnard reports that there was no To Limit Missionaries limit to the gratitude and joy of the I N a recent discussion of the number Kachins who were emancipated of missionaries needed in China through the act of the" Great White the Chinese Recorder (interdenomi- Chief," Sir Harcourt Butler, Gov- national journal published at ShangernOr of Burma. Thirty-four villages hai) as quoted in The Christian Cenagreed to give up human sacrifices. tury, holds that the national Church Others suggested that if the Govern- should have the final word as to the ment would .provide the victims for holding a final sacrifice the practice number of missionaries to be emwould be stopped. ployed in each field. Says the Re- corder: "The missionary body is still Siam.ese Christian. Lepers growing numerically. The original sending impulse is still operating.

THE deeply religious atmosphere And yet during the last five or more of the leper asylum conducted by years we have heard £requent refer- American Presbyterian missionaries ence to the wisdom of reducing the in Chiengmai, Siam, is one of the number of missionaries and have characteristics of the institution sometimes been asked how we think which has often been noted. 'The this could be done. We have no anlatest report from Chiengmai throws swer. This conference, however, sugfurther light on this subject. Prac- gested to the National Christian tically every leper in the asylum is a Council to take steps to study the need Christian and it is only a ma.tter of for missionaries in: China. This is time before they express their desire important. For a I steadily-rising to join the church. This is brought number of missionaries tends to conabout by constant teaching on the part tinue the emphasis upon the foreignof the leper elders who make it their ization of Christian work in China. business to teach all newcomers. Thaw With the best of motives it takes con- Chapel, which was dedicated January siderable time for foreign mission- 11, 1925, is the gift of Mrs. Mary C. aries to become 'indigenous.' Many Thaw, of Pittsburgh. It forms the never do. The decision as to the numcentral edifice of the asylum, and is ber of missionaries, who 'still have a the center of the Christian life of the large place in China,' is left to the people. It represents an answer to Chinese Church. The central task and tbe prayers of the leper people of ten aim of Christian work in China is years ago and only a small number of now to support the progil"am of the the original group remain to enjoy Chinese Church."

worshiping in their new chapel. This year sixty-three lepers were received Anti-Christian. Agitation T into full communion. This number HE Rhenish Mission reports that in spite of Bolshevism and antiincludes five lepers il"eceived from Ta Pee village some forty kilos south of Christian movements the Gospel is the city. The trip to Ta Pee was finding an open door in China. So

far there have been more baptisms of formed the band. Each morning we converts than for many years. The gathered in the church for a prayer meeting, and then went forth in pro. Rhenish missionaries have decided to cession through the streets-working continue their schools under the con- to plan, so as to cover as much ground ditions laid down by the Chinese as possible during the week. Our pro. Ministerium. Although these condi- cession was headed by two church tions make the study of religion op- members carrying the Bible poster tional, they can continue religious in- pasted on cloth in banner form. Then struction in Bible classes, Sunday- came five Christian 'sandwich board I schools and in various forms of reli- men carrying blackboards on which gious meetings. something new was written every day: e. g. one day we had (1) 'What- The following details in the Damsk ever is this T' (2)' What concern is Missio11hlad relate to the attacks on this of mine?' (3)' You cannot do Christianity in the press. Out of without it.' (4)' It is the great sal. ninety-five anti-Christian articles in vation.' (5)' How will you escape Chinese papers if you neglect so great salvation T' Then came the boys carrying the flags 36 attacked mission schools, of the evangelistic band. I took my place in the center of the procession 34 Christianity in general, with an accordion and as we went along the streets singing hymns and 11 Christians, choruses the people flocked to the doors just in time to be tackled by 5 ', the Christian Church, the tract distributers and colporteurs who were bringing up the rear of the 5 preachers, procession. The houses of Christians and inquirers and any favorable open 2 G'hristian literature, spaces were made use of for preaching stands and in this way thousands 1 the Bible, heard the Gospel daily."

1 " .Tesns Christ. Real Religion in Saigon New Na.me for Canton College AREPRESENTATIVE of the Christian and Missionary Alli. ASSEMBLYMAN F. TRUBEE ance in French Indo-China tells of an Annamese young man, assistant sta· .t. DAVISON, a trustee of Canton tion master in the Saigon rai1road de- pot, who was converted and who, after Christian College, incorporated un- living a consistent Christian life and der the laws of the State of New York, bearing faithful witness for several announced April 15th that the Board months, was taken ill and died. On of Regents had granted his petition his deathbed the young man called toto change the name of the college to gether the members of his family and Linghan University. The purpose is testified to the power of Christ to save to give the institution its Chinese from the sting of death. As a result equivalent and to denote the expan- practically his whole household acsion fifom college to university. In cepted Christ and the village was twenty years Linghan University has opened to the gospel message. Some time later a man was inquiring for grown to have 1,200 students, with a the home of this young man and College of Arts and Sciences, a Col- asked, ' 'Where is the house of the lege of Agriculture, a Department of young man who used to be the assist- Sericulture, a Department of Busi- ant station master at Saigon but who ness Administration and a Department of Education. The campus covers 350 acres and has fifty-two buildings. Three fourths of the annual budget comes fifom Chinese sources.

Street E:"a.ngelism in Szechwan DURING the Chinese New Year holiday 'Rev. T. Darlington, of the China Inland Mission, Wanshien, Szechwan Province, conducted a week of open-air evangelism. He says: "Thirty-six men and ten schoolbQYs

1926J NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

died last December ~ " The people America is not the only country in did not know, but after explanation which military training in schools and col· said, "Oh, you mean the young man leges is becoming a vital issue; the youth who had religion T He lived over the world over are revolting against it. there. " His neighbors had forgotten 'l'he Japanese youth are no exception to this that he had been assistant station world current, as they are also human and master, although he had held this po· object to wasting time in training for war. sition with a good salary for sev&al While their freedom of expression is very years, but they remembered him as well ban'daged with laws and customs, they the young man who "had religion," do not hesitate in demanding their right to though he had been a Christian only do their own reading and to think their own a few months. thoughts. . . . It is becoming clear that Chinese Christian Giving such requirements as these can not remam indefinitely in force without strong student T HE Chinese Church is giving of protest. The news from Japan, even during her new riches, says Rev. Wilmot the past several months alone, continuously D. Boone, of Tsinanfu, Shantung province, in a measure that American and increasingly told of student agitations Christians have not yet equaled: against tllCse measures. "The total budget of the Presbyterian China Missions is over $1,250,000. Influence of Modern Buddhism If salaries of foreign workers acre excluded, the Chinese are now paying THE thought life of Japan today is approximately sixty per cent of the compared by Rev. Robert S. Spenc08t-a different story from the day ccaetr~, writin g in The Christian Advowhen the only gifts were curses and to a sea lashed by winds. He orphans the only students. Our largest and smallest native contributions says: "To the careful student, not came to me upon the same day. The non-Christian but philanthropic wife the least significant thing about this of our tuchun or military governor sent a real windfall amounting to state of flux is the way in which any $49. In the local currency this is equivalent to 19,300 coppers. The commanding voice, no matter how companion gift was just two of the same copper coins-' two mites,' 'all empty Or strange its message, receives her living'-for this came from a blind Chinese woman who heard an attention and following, and modern appeal to a wealthi& neighbor and borrowed this little sum (half an Buddhism," Mr. Spencer says, "is American cent) from another of the four familieS in the little three- m'aking a strong effort to capture the roomed court where she lived, so that she too might give." enlighteued thinking of the country.

JAPAN.KOREA Christian missions in Japan face to- Students Against Militarl.Snt day, not a Buddhism which sends out T HE statement that Japanese stu- its priests to stone the missionary on dents are protesting against military training in schools and colleges evangelistic service, as my childhood was made in the March REVIEW. An article in the bulletin published by memory records, but a Buddhism the Japanese Student Christian As- which has laid hold of 'the edged sociation in America gives expression to this protest. It says: . tools of civilization,' as the Japanese phrase has it, and is eagerly inviting the missionary to meet it on intellect- ual grounds. Absolute idealism, the latent pantheism of the Western philosophical world, has been taken into the Buddhist grasp, its terms translated into Japanese thought, and thus Buddhism in Japan is bringing to its own support the thought of Western lands. And on the basis of such i.ntellectual appeal, Budclhism is car,rying the battle into Christian trenches. "

Superstition and Suicide I N THE old Japanese calendar, says a writer in the Missirmary Herald, 'the years are' named in ac- cordance· with' a scheme goverhed by

two systems. Certain combinations in this way T Have you ever read the in the names of years that are thus Christian Bible Y If you would read brought about are considered un- just one page of that Book you would lucky, and girls born at a certain one no longer go around saying such of these have the reputation of foolish and untrue things." The eloslaughtering three husbands before quent bystander was overcome with settling down to a peaceful life with amazement and the crowd was ima fourth. The year 1906 was of this pressed by the earnestness of the unlucky character, and girls born young student.-The Continent. then are now of an age when they would naturally think of marriage. Veteran Korean Christians Young men hesitate about becoming their victims, and their old-fashioned SAW SANG YUN, the first Korean parents are still more solicitous lest converted to Protestant Christheir sons should be -entrapped into tianity, is still living an honored marriage with girls now twenty Christian life in a small village thirty years old. Care must be taken against miles from Haiju. As picturesque deception on the part of the go- and as honored a Christian as Saw betweens, who arrange the marriages. Sang Yun is his younger brother, Grief over' the breaking off of en- Saw Kyeng Cho, now pastor emeritus gagements when the truth has been of the first Protestant Christian discovered, or the feeling of disgrace church ever built in Korea. TheSe at being unable to get a husband, has men have together served Christ for been the cause, it is said, of many more than a century in Korea as repsuicides. resentatives of the P,resbyterian Church. But they are honored by An Unexpected Defender Christians of every denomination. Fifty-two years ago, when Saw Sang ASTUDENT in Meiji Gakuin, Yun was traveling as a merchant in Tokyo, Japan, had been im- China, he was treated in a mission pressed unconsciously by the Chris- hospital and there became a Christian influence under which he had tian. When he came home with a been living at the school, but he had supply of Christian books, the police not professed Christianity and did caught him and all but beat him to not realize his loyalty to it until he death. A friend on the police force heard it attacked. He was walking secured his trelease on conditIon that through the city park one day when he get rid of his books. This he did he heard a man by the roadside by hiding them for future r.eference. preaching Christianity. He stopped Although it was nine years after this to listen to the sermon. Suddenly before the treaty between the United one of the bystanders took exception States and Korea permitte<;l missionto the statements of the preacher and aries to come. it was only three years began to harangue the crowd, say- after its signing that the church was ing that they should not believe what built in the native village of Mr. Saw. they had just heard about Christian- Meanwhile his brother had embraced ity, that it was not a good religion for the new faith. Japanese people and was merely the religious ideas of foreigners. The Koreans Sacrifice for Schools student, who had not been long acquainted with Christianity himself, T HIRTY day schools in the Pyengrecognized this as foolish talk and was yang District, Korea, have been indignant as he saw the influence cut off the Methodist mission budget which this bystander was having with by reason of the "cut in appropriathe crowd_ He stepped forward and tions" two years in succession. So to said, "What do you know about this keep the school open and alive pupils Christianity which you are attacking and parents in Nonghung formed a "Chicken-Growing Association."

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

Each member makes an offering of a denominations has helped to quicken chicken a year for school support. the interest in the problem of reli- Chickens cost in Korea sixty cents gious education. The last Sundayeach, or twice the day wage of an school census revealed that fifty-eight ordinary workman. The non-Chris- per cent of the boys and girls of the tians of Kowanne omitted their an- Dominion attended Sunday-schools. nual sacrifice, sold the animals and Owing to the sparsely settled condifood, and gave to the Methodist mis- tion of many parts of New Zealand, sion to prevent closing the day school there are hundre~s of very small in that community. In a third com- schools and consequently difficulty is munity a "prayer and fasting band" experienced in adequately supervishas been organized. Each Satu.rday ing them. In many cases there is only evening the members pray for the one teacher and the children gather mission school and omit supper. from several miles around to one There are forty-five members each homestead to learn together the contributingt ten cents (the value of stories of the Bible and to be taught the meal) for the continuance of the in the way of righteousness. RecogschooL nizing that the training of the Sun- day-school teacher is a matter of su- Outcast Brings Ba.ck Blcssing preme importance, much attention has been given to this aspect of the work T HREE years ago the people in a during recent years. – American certain Korean village told the Friend. parents of a fifteen-year-old boy who had developed leprosy that he must Filipino Youth Movement leave the village. He refused at first to go, and they tried to drown him T HE fact that a real, vital, growing and threatened him with a knife. He Student Youth Movement is presfound his way to the leper hospital in ent in the Islands cannot be doubted, Taiku, seventy-five miles away, and according to a writer in the News after treatment for nearly three years Sheet of the World's Student Chriswas discharged as cured. A.. G. tian Federation, who says: "There Fletcher, M.D., Presbyterian mission- is a general striving after certain ary in charge, writes: ideals. There is a certain spirit of dissatisfaction with the bases, con- La.st month the hospital evangelist cepts, and methods of all phases of preached in this boy's heathen village and, human activity-of education, reliwith the lad's cooperation. won many con- gion, society, etc., and a united effort verts. A new church was started consisting for better conditions. There is an of eighteen men, mostly young, modernly obvious, concentrated 'movement' on educated and very enthusiastic. Three years the part of students for better. and ago these villagers, thinking to protect their more satis:factmy things everywhere. own lives, urged the parents to cast out These things which have been gradutheir leper son. Little did they dream that ally developing in the past few years the outcast would some day return, and still have recently found certain forms of less could they have known he would come expression and organization. As a with a cleansed body, no longer a menace to whole, the ideals of the Philippine their lives but a witness for Him who came Youth Movement are one with those "that they might have life and might have of other lands as expressed in the Fedit more abundantly!" eration: (1) the abolition of war; (2) the abolition of race hatreds and ISLANDS OF THE SEA prejudices; (3) Ohristian interna- tionalism; (4) Christian basis of in- NcW' Zealand's Sunda.y-Schools dustry; (5) Christian unity. With such worthy and noble ideals ;Lnd ob- S UNDA.Y-SCHOOL work in New jectives, students of the Islands in . Zealand has made distinct and gratifying progress during the last few years. The extension of the work done by the existing Sunday-school unions and the establishing of young people's depa.rtments by the various

different schools, colleges,~and univer- (2) its Prudential Committee to be sities feel united in one movement so increased from twelve to thirty-six, that it may be truly said that ther~ is not less than one third of whom a real movement of, by, and for, the should be women; and elected sev- Christian youth of the land for the enty-five women as members of the triumph of Christian principles in the Board and twelve women as well as Islands." twelve men to the Prudential Com- mittee. Sub-committees were ap- New Hebrides "Talking" pointed, and steps taken generally to- A MISSIONARY in the New ward completing as soon as possible Hebrides, quoted in the Moody Institute Monthly, tells how the na- the unification, administratively, of tive Christians carry their testimony the American Board and the three aggressively into the enemy's camp. Woman's Boards. In due time Natives love a big "talk." Often women officers will be elected to the after a big church meeting the men executive staff of the Board, and all gather outside and exhort and ha- the foreign missionary work of the . rangue by the hour. Such meetings Congregational churches will f1l:nction have been held at various centers on as one. the fringes of heathen districts and have afforded an opportunity for both Na.tional Y. W. c. A. Convention Christians and heathens to show reason for their adherence to their re- T HIS gathering, held in Milwaukee, spective beliefs. That the heathen Wis., April 21st to 27th, was not consented to appear at all was in it- only thoroughly repJ'esentative of the self a concession, and almost invari- Association movement, but was also ably the bulk of the "talking" came attended by official delegates from from the Christian party. At one numerous other organizations. The meeting a mim who had been a leader convention passed with only one disamong the heathen, and whose name senting vote a resolution opposing any was one to conjure with, challenged action to weaken the Eighteenth anyone to say when and where he Amendment, and pledging hearty cohad said certain things abusive of operation, not only for the enforce- "the worship." This indicated the ment of law, but for the building of beginning of a change. Gradually he an intelligent public sentiment for became more friendly to the Chris- law observance. The action most tian party, and finally he took a defi- hotly debated by the convention, but nite stand, publicly acknowledging which was passed by a vote of 1,174 his change of mind and telling the to 199, was the optional membership heathen present that if they would plan, which permits others than only give proper heed to the Word members of evangelical Christian they too would change their minds. churches to become full voting mem- bers of the Association. NORTH AMERICA Presbyterian-Reformed Merger A. B. C. F. M. Reorganization By FORMAL action at Atlantic F OLLOWING the recommendations City March 3rd the General of the meeting of the National Council of the Presbyterian and Re- Congregational Council held in Wash- formed Churches in America was ington recently, the American Board united with the American Section of of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- the Alliance of Reformed Churches sions at its meeting March 16th, Throughout the World Holding the amended its by-laws so as to allow Presbyterian System. While these (1) its membership-at-large to be in- two bodies differed somewhat in concreased from 150 to 225, not less than stituency and in scope, their purone third of whom should be women; poses were in many particulars simi- lar. The Canadian Church was not

connected with the Council, as it is gelical Denominations voted in 1922 with the Alliance, but the two organi- to disband and to merge their com- zations otherwise represented practi- bined forces into the International cally the same group of denomina- Council of Religious Education, of tions, and many of the delegates which new organization this was the served in both. It was proposed at first convention. Richmond in 1925, when the two organizations met at the same time, that School Bag Gospel League there should be a merger, and the plan prepared by a committee then T HIS organization, established in authorized was adopted at Atlantic 192~, whose activities have been City. Besides its maintenance of referred to in the REVIEW in the past, standing committees on foreign and now reports work in 181 centers in home missions, work on the continent thirty-four states. The card signed of Europe, Christian education and by the children who join the League literature, ministerial pensions and reads as follows: church history, which bring these I hereby apply for membership in The subjects before the Alliance for dis- School Bag Gospel League. I promise to cussion, the organization will have carry in my school bag and read through the power, "in connection with home Gospel according to John. When finished, I missions, evangelism, work among agree to pass on the Gospel of s,t. John to colored people, church erection, Sab- some boy or girl, thereby securing a new bath schools, publications, education, member; I further agree to notify the ministerial relief and comity," to es- League, which promises to send me a seetablish and appoint administrative ond Gospel~ when that is finished, I am to agencies to "maintain and conduct get the third Gospd, then the fourth. When the work representative of anyone or I finish the last Gospel, the L€ague will give more of the causes mentioned, as con- me a New Testament as a prize for my sented to by the several supreme ju- reading through the four Gospels. dicatories concerned." Striking spiritual results in the lives of many child;ren and in their homes have been reported as resulting from this plan.

"Building Christian Citizenship" Keswick Colony T HIS was the announced theme of SUCH sacred associations gather the convention of the Interna- around the name of Keswick, tional Council of Religious Education, England, that it may surprise some attended by about five thousand peo- to learn that the United States has a ple in Birmingham, Ala., April 12th Keswick, too-a colony near Laketo 19th. Addresses were delivered wood, N. J., and founded twenty-four by outstanding leaders, including years ago by Wm. Raws of Philadel- President Coolidge, and conferences phia. Himself a reformed drunkard, were held on such subjects as chil- Mr. Raws had established a large resdren's work, church and Sunday- cue home and two missions in the school pUblicity, leadership training city, but felt the need of a place where and fine arts in religion. There was his converts could be out of reach of also a conference of denominational their old temptations. With no editors. At other sessions the execu- funds, but with great faith in God, tive committee submitted its ,report, he got hold of a 500-acre plot of land, the program of the International on which he built up Keswick Colony, Council of Religious Education was which during its quarter century of presented by the general secretary service has cared for more than 5,000 and staff, and reports were submitted men, including many doctors, lawyers, by the lesson committee and the com- ministers, priests, professors and memittee on education. The Interna- chanics of all kinds, and has pointed tional Sunday-School Association and them to the One who alone could meet the Sunday-School Council of Evan- their need. Many of these men have

found the Colony a refuge, and a "Mexicans used to be thought ot as gateway to a new life. All over this confined to the Southwest, but today country men are thanking God for they are going into Michigan beet Keswick and the freedom they found areas by companies as large as 6,000 there. The place stands for regenera- -such as invaded the Saginaw distion, not reformation. Since the trict over a year ago. There are death of Mr. Raws, friends have re- more than 13,000 in the steel district modeled one of the buildings so as to around Pittsburgh. They are tound make it a rest home for missionaries by thousands in Gary, Indiana; Joland other Christian workers, and ar- iet, Illinois;, 10,000 are in Chicago, rangements have been made with the and in proportionate numbers in "Council of the Victorious Life Tes- other communities of the Central timony" which point to a develop- West. Coming as they do from the ment Ot at least a portion of the prop- lowest class in Mexico, they bring erty as a summer conterence center. with them a heritage of more than 400 years of peonage, with its igno- Progress in Interracial Work rance, superstition, illiteracy and sus- picion. Equipped only to adopt the Ar THE seventh annual meeting Ot questionable social and recreational the Oommission on Interracial phases Ot the average community, Oooperation, held at Tuskegee Insti- they present a real problem as neightute April 8th-10th, sixty members ot bors and potential citizens. The the Oommission and staff were pres- Presbyterian Board of National Misent trom all parts of the South, be- sions is meeting their needs with a side more than a hundred visitors. program of evangelism, education and Among the number were many well- social service which, in its wisdom and known ministers, educators, business scope, appeals to industrial leaders in and protessionaI men, Y. M. O. A. almost every instance where work is secretaries and leaders Ot women "s established. religious and civic organizations. The reports trom the field dealt with the Japanese In LOR Angeles ''Y'' tollowing lines of successtul interracial effort: Assistance rendered in T HE directors of the Los Angeles hundreds ot colored school projects; Y. M. C. A. have contributed to health campaigns conducted; clinics better race relations by providing for and hospitals established; sewer, a Japanese department in one of the street paving, water, lights and other city branches. This is the result of public improvements secured for Ne- an experiment which has been congro sections in a number of cities; ducted quietly for the past year, durlibrary tacilities, rest rooms, parks, ing which trom fifty to seventy-five playgrounds and pools provided; ap- Japanese have been members ot the pointment of Negro probation officers, branch and have participated in its the furnishing ot legal aid, and the activities. There are three other inclusion ot colored welfare agencies coast cities which conduct special in community chests. The Commis- Japanese Y. M. C. A. branches, to sion was especiallly gratified with the which no white members are adwide-spread anti-lynching compaign. mitted. But the Los Angeles action for the first time admits Japanese to Our MeJdean Im,Dligrants membership in an established branch under the control ot a special Japa- AGREAT tide ot Mexican immigra- nese committee. "The Japanese of tion is spreading all over this Los Angeles," says The Christian country into the industrial regions of Century, "have responded to this acthe interior. Paul H. Buchholz tion both financially and emotionally writes ot it in Women and Missions: to an astonishing degree. "

1926J NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

LATIN AMERICA Union. Aside from the capital city, The Y. M. C. A. in Mexico San Juan, and the second largest city, DR. ANDRES OSUNA, Commis- Ponce, which are common territory, sioner of Education for sixteen the island has been allocated in ex- clusive areas to the different denomiyears in the State of Coahuila, and nations and there is no overlapping vice-president of the National Coun- or competition. A union evangelical cil of the Y. M. C. A. in Mexico, theological seminary and a union .stated during a recent visit to the evangelical board of publication are United States that the general Asso- maintained. ciation program is teaching coopera- tion. The Y. M. C. A., in training the people socially, recreationally and Church and State in Chile A hygienically, is of material help alsoN ARTICLE in El Heraldo (Jris- tiano, published in Santiago, along general educational lines. It has the good will of the Government and says: "The Roman Catholic Church government officials. That the people, in ChlIe is now separated from the too, are impressed by its program is State. The wound which this has demonstrated by the fact that it is caused is enormous, notwithstanding governed and financed almost en- the palliatives administered in the th:ely by Mexicans. In a campaign shape of some millions of dollars held last October in Mexico City to which the Church will receive from raise 500,000 pesos ($250,000) for the the State through the coming five Y. M. C. A., the Government gave years. The heads of the Church pre- 100,000 pesos. About ninety-live per tend to be satisfied with the new cent of the members there are Catho- state of things, from fear of g,reater lics, and although the Archbishop losses, and also because they expect called upon an Catholics to leave it, to reap benefits that do not appear on only nine or ten obeyed him. the surface. The separation of church and state in Chile is a triumph Church Union in Porto Rico for the Protestant cause. It is the THE foundations for an indigenoue fruit of the seed that has been sown church in Porto Rico are being in past years. The idea of religious laid these days. Congregational and liberty was made the battle cry of United Brethren forces are leading political parties opposed to the R.. and the early cooperation of the C. Church, but although they fought Christian Church is expected. The on purely political grounds they name proposed is the United Evan- were made the instruments in God's gelical Church of Porto Rico. These hands to prepare a way for the Gosthree bodies, with their thirty-live pel. " The writer goes on to show churches, lifty-one additional preach- that the Church of Rome, which for ing places, and 3,093 communicant motives of self-interest, apparently members, represent one fifth of the bows her head to the storm, at the Protestant life on the island. The in- same time in ways far more difficult vitation is extended to the other de- to combat, is reaching out after her nominations ;represented on the island old temporal power.

to join in the United Church, and the affiliation of some or most of these Forest Indians of the Amazon T eventually is anticipated. Seven de- HE Christian and Missionary Al- liance reports the establishment of nominations, Northern Baptists, Dis- ciples, Methodist Episcopalians and a. pioneer station among one of the Northern Presbyterians, Congrega- largest of these tribes, the Campa, tionalists, United Brethren, and who dwell in northern Peru on a Christian, have from the beginning great plateau of fine pasture land at conducted their work under a comity an elevation of about 4,000 feet. Thus ag,reement called the Evangelical far they have been able to resist all

the efforts of the white man to pene- formers and opposed to the Word of God." trate their country. They are fine Gospel OlUllpaigns in GIa_ow specimens of physical fitness, unusu- I N THE account given in the Deally intelligent, and, while savagely cember REVIEW of the meeting at- tended by three thousand people jealous of liberty, are kindly disposed which was held in Glasgow to com- memorate the fiftieth anniversary of to those who show themselves the visit of Dwight L. Moody to that city, it was stated that many fruits friendly. The party of four young of Mr. Moody's work are still evident. Charles Inglis, writing in the London men now studying Spanish in Peru, Christia,n, of meetings which he has been conducting ;recently, says: is preparing for the establishing of a Glasgow is, perhaps, one of the greatest station on the borders of this Campa and most fruitfu} centers for aggressive gospel work in the whole of Great Britain, territory. A site has been secured and this may be attributed largely to the enduring infiuence of the campaigns confrom the Government where formerly ducted there by Mr. Moody. In the Tent Ralls belollging to the Glasgow United a Roman Catholic station was built, Evangelistic Association, some fifteen thou- sand men, women and children are brought which was burned to the ground in under the sound of the Gospel each week; and scarcely a meeting passes without souls 1912 because around it gathered the being turned to the Lord and born again of the Spirit. A remarkable feature was witbrutal rubber hunters who oppressed nessed in the processions of believers, hun· dreds strong, that sang through the streets,. the Indians. This station at Cahua- thus bringing the meetings to the notice of many by whom they would otherwise have panas on the Pichis River is in the been neglected.

heart of the jungle, and the mission- No Religious Liberty in Spain aries will need to clear the ltahnedi~ erect A TRIBUTE to the high character their house" and provide own of Spanish Protestants was paid in the May RE~IEW. The fonowing living after the manner of tIle early quotation from Evangetical Christen- dom indicates some of the difficulties American pioneers. under which they are laboring: EUROPE It is generally believed by those who are not in contact with facts that Spain today British Evangelicals Aroused enjoys religious liberty. Since the begin· ning of the Dictatorship, obstacles have been AMOVEMENT has been on foot to placed in the path of the reformers. It is secure cooperation between the unwise to publish details other than those Evangelicals in the Church of Eng- which have been noted in the Spanish press. land and Free Churchmen respecting The constitutional guarantees have been the position of Protestantism, espe- suspended, and the articles which bear on cially in regard to P,rayer-Book Re- the liberty of meetings, the freedom of the vision. Under the auspices of the press and of public speech, and others which World's Evangelical Alliance, a affect Ervangelicals, are not in operation. The meeting along the lines of the one last Governor of the province of Soria imposed year is to be held June 1st in Albert a heavy fine on two Evangelicals for sing· Hall. London. The Free Church of ing hymns and the Evangelical press was Scotland states the purpose of this forbidden by the Censor to draw attention meeting to be "That London and the to the fact and discuss its importance. The country may witness the resolute de- two men condemned sung the hymns within termination of the churches of the their own home. In Alicante the usua} pro· Reformation by all means in their cession of children with their banner and a power to oppose the insidious as well band was prohibited, and in Soller a burnas open assaults on gospel truth and ing of Protestant books publicly took place. liberty established at the Reformation. " Its announcement continues: "It is necessary to be prepared to contest in Parliament any measure of the National Church Assembly which, under cover of Prayer-Book revision, may seek to introduce into our national worship a counter-Reformation, or the sanction of mediaoval doctrines and practices repUdiated by the Re-

books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-

THE REVIEW.

Modern Missions in Chile and Brazil. Chile and the g,reat Protestant states- W. Reginald' Wheeler, Robert Gardner man of Brazil, Erasmo Braga. McGregor, Maria McIlvaine Gillmore, Glimpses of the Montevideo Confer- Ann Townsend Reid and Robert E. Speer. ence are given, with its epoch- lUus. and maps. xviii, 434 pp. $2.50. making meetings. Even those not in- Philadelphia. 1926.

Secretary Wheeler's collaborateurs terested in evangelistic and educain this portly volume are members of a commission appointed by the Board tional work will be impressed by the of Foreign Missions of the Presby- business-like presentation of facts and terian Church in the U. S. A. to visit the countries described. The tour was the prophetic view of missionaries as accomplished in 1924-25 and hence they make their sane appeal for enthis is an up-to-date report of what keen observers and devoted friends largement. The volume is a conglomof missions found in these two great erate, full of fun and the delights of Latin-American Republics. Like its predecessors, the volume travel, inspiring to the Christian who contains vivid accounts of the coun- is moved by progress in the Latintries traversed and of the stations visited. There is the added inspira- American branch of the Kingdom of tion resulting from the special meetings held and the introduction to God, sobering because of the plain leading workers as they meet in conference and are seen at work. No facts which face the Church and efforts carried on by the Northern Piresbyterian Church in those coun- threaten serious loss unless early retries escapes the searching eye of the enforcements and increasing funds Commission, so that we outsiders also see their visions. Clear maps and are placed in the fields. The main rewell-chosen pictures show us the route of the Commission and the mis- sults of the books are summarized in sion sites and scenes visited. The most remote station at which the trav- the chapter upon "Impressions of South America and the Mission Work There." Its personal effect should be what one sentence in that chapter states: "We are going home to be a company of advocates of South Amer- ica. . . . Let us go home to summon our Churches to respond to the call we have heard set forth with such urgency and friendship and good will." A book that accomplishes this is well worth reading. H. P. B.

elers called was Cuyaba, in far West- The Moslem World of Today. Edited with a foreword and closing chapter by John R. ern Brazil near the Bolivian border. Mott. 42() pp. $2.60. New York. 1925. Going up interior rivers, accompanied by countless mosquitos and other un- mentionable "small cattle," with This is a readable presentation of only one sheet on your bed and no the important papers (twenty-two in chair for anyone, are details which number), that leading workers among suggest hundreds of other accidentals Moslems read at " Conferences of mentioned. In a word, the reading Christian 1Workers Among Moslems,"

public is the victim of a plot to make in 1924, held at Jerusalem, Constan- it impossible to be ignorant of South tine, Helwan, Brnmana and Baghdad.

American travel and society, not for- Some of the papers are products of getting such fine specimens as the old- wide studies and experiences of spe- est living convert to Protestantism in cialists. Previous conferences do not 477

compare with these either in com- turesque and convincing way base prehensiveness, in the value of the ad- upon it arguments for a a new for- dresses, or in the grasp of actual ward movement, to win the Moslem present-day situations with their op- world to .Jesus Christ.' H. P. B.

portunity and obligations. No paper The Bible: Its Christ and Modernism. in this entire volume is prosy or lack- T. J. Me Crossan. 208 pp. $1.50. New ing in interest. Brilliant and forceful York. 1925.

writers, like Basil Mathews, Canon This volume presents the extreme Gairdner, and our Lady of the Algerian slums, Lilias Trotter; Islamic conservative position with numeNUS specialists, like Professors Margoliouth, and Snouck Hurgronje; and references to the Scriptures and the the J."ising luminary of Cairo, Profes- proof text method. sor Jeffrey, speak from accurate studies; platform advocates of the The five divisions are: "Why We missionary cause, like Dr. Samuel M. Zwemer, "the rhetorical apostle of Know the Bible Is Inspired"; "Why Moslem Missions," as the late Profes- Christ Ought to Be Our Highest and sor Dr. Warneck once characterized him, speak from intimate contact Final Authority on Every Subject with sympathizing fellow workers; three other Moslem women workers, Upon Which He Declared Himself"; "Six Great Teachings Which Modern- ists Deny"; "Five Reasons Mod- ernists Dare to Criticize the Bible"; "How the Bible Estimates Modern- ists. " J. F. R.

all of them most helpfully contribute The Xey To Faith. Michael O. Gershenson. to a wonderful program. Translated by Herman Frank. 156 pp.

Even the well-informed readers who $1.50. New York. 1925.

may know much concerning Moslem The subject is alluring, but the work, will be surprised at many of treatment is disappointing. The the facts given, especially those relating to Moslem modernity and the re- author is a Russian scholar, versed in cent forward movements in Islam, educational, social and even religious literary criticism and modern philos- -facts that are most interesting and prophetic. Surely these conferences ophy, who, in the closing years of his came "to the Kingdom for such a life has attempted to give a J."ealistic time as this," and all who desire ammunition for agitation and the en- study of Old Testament religion. He largement or promotion of work among Moslems will find here the am- offers no proofs for his views, and munition and the inspiring generals seems to know nothing of exegesis. of the coming campaign. There are here many topics dealt Instead of using the Bible as the with that give information not com- basis for his conceptions, he reverses monly known. But perhaps the two chapters more convincing and path- the process. The author pictures God pointing than any others are the two closing ones, Dr. Robert E. Speer's as passionate and impetuous, yet in "The Issue Between Islam and sore need of man whom He fears because of man's freedom of will.

The struggle between humanity and deity is bitter and jealous on both sides and morality is created when myths give way to codes of religion.

Only pronounced "modernists" will commend such a book. J. F. R.

Christianity," and Dr. .John R. Mott's Quiet Talks on the Crisis and After. S. D. Gordon. 224 pp. $1'.25. New York. "The Outlook in the Moslem World." 1926. The latter gives a nine-fold program, "with reasons annexed." It is greatly This latest volume in the series of to be desired that every pastor who , 'quiet talks" is in a new vein and would be intelligent on a missionary deals with prophecy, particularly as religion which numbers nearly a to a present and future crisis in the quarter of a billion should read this world. The somewhat picturesque vovolume carefully, and then in a pic- cabulary which has been a marked characteristic of Mr. Gordon's writ- that our Lord's birth took place in August B. C. 5 and His crucifurion on ings is much less evident and this is Friday, April 17, 2.9 A. D. He takes the temptation as a spiritual experian advantage in the present case. ence, accepts the superhuman expla- nation o.f the miracles, believes in The first half of the volume is a the physical resurrectio.n and in the reality o.f the ascension. In some of review of the great crises narrated in his interpretations and conclusions, we cannot follow the author, but his Scripture, the Eden crisis, the Flood views are clear and deserve a careful study. crisis, etc. These are treated in a Soonderbal Powar. K. Storrie. 12mo. single chapter under many sub-head- l11} pp. 3s. Glasgow. 1925.

ings in a way to suggest Papini's ar- The father o.f Soonderbai Powar was of the Mahratta caste and became rangement of New Testament ma- a Christian through attending a Bible class conducted by Dr. Murray terial. The remaining half of the Mitchell at Wilson College, Bombay. His daughter was born in 1856 and book is made up of a striking analysis died in 1921 after being in Christian work for forty-five years. She of present-day cond-itions, religious, taiIght her sisters in the zenanas, was a friend of Pandita Ramabai and essocial, moral, educational, commer- tablished a combined Christian train- ing home, Bible college and orphancial, etc., all foreshado.wing a great age that was greatly blessed. Three times she visited England and was reconsummation in the coming King- ceived with honor. The sto.ry of her life is full of evidence o.f the power of dom. The array of facts presented is God and the need fo.r Christ in India, but it is not told with any literary startling and o.f compelling interest. skill.

While some will feel that the picture Jesus and Our Generation. ,Charles Whitney Gilkey. With author's prefaee is o.verdrawn in certain particulars, and account of Barrows Lectureship Fou.ndation. Svo. ISO pp. $2.00. Chiit will be difficult, nevertheless, to. es- cago. 1925.

cape the author's general conclusion. The Barrows Lectures in India, in- terrupted by the World War, were The book will be read with profit, for resumed November, 1924, to Febru- ary, 1925, in a course given by Dr. it strikes a clear and positive note on Gilkey in Bombay, Lucknow, Lahore, Calcutta, Rangoon, Madras, and the subject of the great essential doc- Ceylon. 'l'he audiences were chiefly university students, a majority of trines of Scripture, a fact which will them non-Christians. Strikingly dif- ferent in matter and manner are reassure those who have been dis- these lectures from the ea.rlier courses of Dr. Barrows, Dr. Fairbairn, and turbed by certain ambiguous state- Dr. Charles Cuthbert Hall. They are perhaps better adapted to the modern ments in one or two of Mr. Gordon's student temper. In the Western world, and probably also in the East, earlier volumes. H. R. M. students are not ready to give a pa- Our Lord's Earthly Life. David Smith. Svo. 494 pp. $3.00. New York. 1926.

Lives of Christ are so numerous and written from so many angles that the publication of a new biography is justified only by some new light or peculiar excellence. The justification of this· life, by the professor of New Testament Criticism in the Presbyterian College of Belfast, keland, seems to be in the combination of devout faith, Biblical knowledge, scholarly viewpoint and good sense. Dr. Smith believes in the Bible as, on the whole, a reliable record of facts; he is loyal to. Jesus as So.n of Man, Son of God and Saviour; his purpose is to present a simple, full and reliable life of. Christ during His earthly years. There are other "lives" as good, but none of the noncritical and non-technical are more comprehensive in use of Biblical material. The arrangement is simple and chronological. Dr. Smith holds tient hearing for any message not ex- the establishment of' schools, hospitals pressed in simple terms. '£he East and dormitories. Silliman is unique has never lost its taste for metaphys- in its approach and is known through- ics and its capacity for meditation, out the length and breadth of the but the younger generation every- Islands. The Silliman spirit and where is practical. Dr. Gilkey is Silliman boys are known everywhere aware of this, and shapes his mes- and many former students have come sage accordingly. Eminently practi- to the United States for advanced cal, yet not devoid of elements of study. The best work is in the kindly mysticism, are the author's discus- Christian service rendered wherever sion of "Jesus and Our Generation," they go and in whatever profession " Jesus' Way of Life," "Jesus' Life or occupation they take up.

with God," "Jesus and the Mysteries "Making a Nation," gives a brief of Life and Death," "The Lordship and fascinating picture of present of Jesus," and "Jesus and the Fu- conditions. In the wonderful changes ture. " The author believes and de- which have taken place during the clares the substance and summary of past quarter century, much credit his lectures may be stated in the con- must be given to the American ofcluding words of Albert Schweitzer's ficials, but "unless there had been "The Quest of the Historical Jesus" : real ability, desire for enlightenment , 'He comes to us as one unknown, without and push in the people themselves, a name, as of old, by the lakeside, He came to those men who knew Him not. He there would have been no progress." speaks to us the same words: 'Follow thou Dr. Hibbard feels there is, unfortume! ' and sets us to the tasks which He has nately, a growing distrust between to fulfil for our time. He commauds. And the two nations. It is due to the to those who obey Him, whether they be Filipinos, to the American business wise or simple, He will reveal Him.self in men in the Island, and to the misthe toils, the conflicts, the sufferings which sions that some definite goal be fixed they shall pass through in His fellowship, and, as an ineffable mystery, they shall toward which all could work harlearn in their own experience who He is." moniously together. C. C. A. It is clearly shown that the mission Making a Nation. D. S. Hibbard. 127 work has not been proselyting from pp. 50 cents. New York. 1926. the old Catholic Church. An atfempt Few men ·in the Philippines are has been made to educate and train bette,r fitted to speak of the Filipino for life, and to offer a remedy for people, their customs, their accom- sin, superstition and unbelief. The plishments and their aspirations, than message has gone deep and many is Dr. Hibbard, President of Silli- Christian heroes and martyrs bear man Institute, of Dumaguete, and witness to the Power of the Word of one of the first missionaries to go out God. Some thrilling stories are told to the Philippines. He early turned of faithfulness in times of' great his attention to Christian education stress. Christian statesmen are found and his institution, which began as a in all branches of the Government grammar school, is now of full Col- helping to bring the New Day.

lege Grade and duly authorized by Such an one is Senator Camilo Osias, the Government to grant the same de- formerly President of the National gree as that offered by the College of University. His ClaIiber may be seen Liberal Arts of the University of the in this quotation from one of' his ad- Philippines. dresses: "Perchance the great and The book shows what has been ac- distinct contribution of weaker na- complished by Presbyterian mission- tions may lie just in this, that in the aries to bring the influence of the definition of international philosophy Christian Gospel to the aid of Fili. they, more than the others, the smaller pinos. They have done this by nations more than the bigger ones, preaching, teaching and healing; by may be the instruments of Divine

for the teaching of the Demon Possession and Allied

John L. NeYius. 8 YO. 518 pp. $2.50. wisdom of peace and the criminality New York. 1925.

of war, peace as an attribute both Demon possession, or spiritism, is by no means an out-of-date subject. human and divine, and war as a In Asia and Africa evil spirits are still worshipped; in America and grievous wrong alld an enormous Europe, the spirits of the departed are still invoked. There is always an crime." H. F. interest in the occult and the spirit world. Dr. Nevius was a student of Life and Letters of St. Paul. Dada James religion, a student of science and a Burrell. 12mo. .)2 i pp. 1925. student of men. Therefore, he was interested in men's belief in spirits, St. Paul is a fruitful topic for good or evil. He made a thorough study, and the aged but virile author studY of the subject, conducted a of these popular studies knows how very' wide correspondence and wrote to draw many practical lessons from down the results of his studies. He the apostle's life. Young teachers and does not give his definite conclusion, preachers will find these studies ex- but he relates his own experienees in ceedingly fruitful. China as well as those of other mis- sionaries in India, .Japan and else- A Parent's Guide to Children's Reading. where. Then he studies the various Mary Graham Bonner. J2mo. 161 pp. theories and explanations~patho­ $1.75 net. ~ew York. 1926. logical, psychological, superstitious and biblical-·but fails to reach any The proper guidance of children's very clear cut conclusions. The reading is one of the most important author rather presents facts and testiresponsibilities of a parent or teacher, monies and allows readers to reach ibsnt~xicneetdhiensgelydadyisffoicfutlrt.ashTyhfeictEiodni,toirt their own conclusions. It is still one of the Childl-en's Book Department of the b~st books on the subject of of the Literary Digest, who is also the spiritism. author of a number of volumes of "Bedtime Stories" has here rendered Missionary Art Blotters. Five Series. 25 a real service to parents of children cents a set. $2.00 ten sets. For sale by up to sixteen years of age. Her suggestions comprise not merely a list of Mrs. T. J. Howells, 324 Spencer Avenue. recommended books, new and old, but include brief descriptions of the books Carrick, Pittsburgh, Pa. mentioned. They are classified under imaginative tales, history and his- "l.'hese attraetive missionary blotters torical romances, nature books, are edueational, artistic and useful. poetry, religion and general fiction. Tlte sets dffive, each in an envelope, The list of Bible and religious books contain pictures and quotations se· is weakest, though it contains a few lected to impress missionary ideas on Bible story books. Some volumes the minds of children and adults. recommended, like those of Van Loon, One series is on "The World's Chilare neither reliable nor truly educative. With such a wealth of religious 8d.1r0enns.,"" another on "Prayer and Misliterature for children, there is need for a guide and a great opportunity ExpOSition .01 the Epistles to Timothy. for real service. Miss Mary Stewart's W. E. Vine. 114 pages. 2. net. Glas· Bible stories, Foster's, Hurlburt's, gow. 1925. Dean Hodge's and others should have a place. There are also religious These notes-the basis of a series books of fiction, biography and mis- of lectures given at St. Andrews Consions that will delight and help to vention.in July, 1923, are suggestive educate any child or youth. rather than exhaustive. They would form an excellent guide for a series of There is an index to about 400 prayer meeting studies, or Bible class authors and over 700 books-also discussions, on the character, testiblank pages for additions. mony, and care of the local church. There is a; full outline of each epistle.

I DO NOT MISS THESE

I On the Mission Study Topics For 1926-1927 in Coming Issues of THE MISSIONARY l@V~ THE CHURCH AND RURAL COMMUNITIES Changes in the Last Twenty-Five Years 'arren H. Vilson Director of Tml" and C01/lit,,)' Department, Presby/oria" Church, U. S. A.

The Soil and Spirituality John Scott King Presbytcriall Church, Little Britain, New York The Country Church, and Cooperating Agencies Marjorie Patten Illstitute of Social alld Religious Research Agricultural Missions and the Rural Church Artley B. Parson National COllncil, ProtNtallt Episcopal Church The Real Job'of the Rural Church John McDowell Secretor)" Board of Natiollal Missiolls, Presb)'terian Church, U. S. A, Need for Pioneering in Rural Districts Ralph S. Adams Rural Field Worker, Refo1'111 ed Church ill the Ullited States Best Type of Pastor for Country Churches C. N. McConnell Board of Home 111iss;0}ls, ,lIethndiSI Episcopal Chllrelt Union or Denominational Churches-Which? Elizabeth Hooker Illstitute of Social aad Religious Research Some Successful Rural Churches Malcolm Dana Director of Rural U7nrk. COllpregational HOllie .~Jissioll Societ)'

Religious Education in Country Communities W. A, Squires Board of Christiall Educotiall, Presbyterian Church, U. S, A.

Best Books on Rural Church Problems Edmund deS. Brunner Town and Coulltry Surveys. Illstitllte of Social aud Religious Research CHRIST AND THE MOSLEM WORLD A View of the Moslem World Today Samuel M. Zwemer Editor of the MOSLEM WORLD alld gCllcral1l1issiollory to Alos/ems Changes in Moslem Life and Faith James L. Barton Allthor of "A Christian Approach to Islam"; Secretar}' of tlte Americ01I Board Some Present-Day Problems and Hindrances G. H. Naish COUllcil of Christiall Missiolls ill the Near East A Descendant of Mohammed Converted to Christ A Persian Missionary A l'cmarkable accollllt of the recellt com'ersioll of a ,Hoslem mullah Some Results of Union Mission'·Work in Mesopotamia James Cantine Missionar), of tire Reformed Chllrch ill America to Bagdad The Influence of the West on Moslem Life and Thought Basil Mathews World's Alfiallcc of the Youllg Men's Cl,,-istiOlI Association, GClleva Results of Apostasy in Islam E. ~lorris Wherry Formerl), ll1issionary to India Send in Your Subscription NOW TO THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City 25 cents a copy $20.00 a hundred copies $Z.50 a Year

The Missionary Review of the World — October 1909

gMissionary '/(eview

~ 30 Jowt C I t- s 1 .,.J.

°Hayel Rru. . O I~ J D '?

~ 20 ¢ ."…

0 "1 ~ ARABIA ,.- ~ , Seal arlIn" , thlnar. ' t> <>..9~ ~, ol .1 ~~ '''' :00 "'" 400 ~ ~r:llJian Mh>tt.ion 'StStiOWf uJderlinw I,e l'ield .had~d ~ RallrO:HIs _ _ PrOject,tl R!lllroads ____ Ll:lllltudtl 10 Eut '0 GrrcDwlcb ARADIA-TH E NEGLECTED PEN1NSULA The shaded portion shows the field cared for by the M ission of the (Dutch) Reformed Church of America. The remainder of the vast territory, with the exception of a small district around Aden, is entirely unevangelized j much of it is unexplored. of the World 'OL. XXXII. No. 10 OCTOBER, 1909 VOL. XXII. No. 10 Old Series New Series SIGNS OF THE TIMES THE DOOM OF DESPOTISM; "':" In October last, the Czar, in his proclamation, formally guaranteed Reforms in Russia, Turkey and religious liberty; and even tho as Persia practically bring all the nations yet a dead letter, it may be like the under modern methods of govern- famous "Hatti Humayoun" in Turment. China is promised a consti- key long ago-something to appeal tution in ten years, and the present to in a crisis. The orthodox Greek government seems honestly to be Church continues to be the State carrying out the program. Japan Church and exercises despotic auhas a modern government. Of the thority, and persecution goes on three nations lying on the border of against other creeds. But the proc- Europe and Asia, the least success lamation was and is a distinct sign is in Russia. In Turkey the revolu- of progress, and will yet, no doubt, tion is complete and the constitution be carried into at least partial effect. established. The success in Persia The new Duma enactment provides: bids fair to be almost as great as in Turkey. The new government I. That all citizens of age shall may be handicapped by the Czar of have right to choose their own re- Russia, and possibly by the influence ligion, and be free to change it acof the deposed Shah, and must run cording to the dictates of their conthe risk of his son when the latter science. comes of age. But the new regime is probably established beyond the 2. That children from the age of possibility of failure. The new gov- fourteen to twenty-one shall have ernment will be a protection to Tur- the right to choose their religion key on the east. with the consent of their parents.

RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN RUSSIA 3. That parents shall have the right to determine the religion of Religious liberty seems bound to children up to the age of fourteen. come, however slowly, in the great empire of the north. It is like the The discussion of the bill occaebb and flow of tides, when the new sioned scenes of violence, the clerical flood-mark is at each advance a little party denouncing the bill and its adhigher. The Duma, just 'before ad- vocates. The conservative press, journment for the summer, enacted since the passage of the bill, still what is pronounced, "the most im- opposes toleration, on the ground portant law for the cultural progress that religious freedom is impossible of Russia ever passed" by that body. in Russia. But the final outcome must inevitably be for the truth which makes free. THE NEW CONSTITUTION AND THE ran admits a constitutional govern- OLD KORAN ment, with representation in a Parlia- According to a recent article in ment on the part of non-Moslems, is Pearson's Magazine, by James ·Creel- to affirm a contradiction. As Lord man, Christians and Jews need have Cromer says: "Does not the word no fear of further persecution in Tur- 'Ghazi,' which is the highest title atkey, and the dawn of liberty will soon tainable by an officer of the Sultan's be followed by the high-noon of privi- army, signify one who fights in the lege and prosperity. The Sheik ul cause of Islam; a hero; a warrior; Islam, or so-called "Pope of Moham- one who slays an infidel?" Does not medanism," exprest horror for the every Moslem preacher when he remassacres at Adana, and assured Mr. cites the Khutbeh in the mosque in- Creelman that he was opposed to mis- voke divine wrath on the heads of unsionaries "not because they are Chris- believers in terms which are sufficienttians, but because they are foreigners. ly pronounced at all times, and in We only permit their work as a com- which invective swells still more loudly pliment to the American nation."

This kindly and courteous old gentle- during circumstances which are pro- man, according to the article, stated: pitious to fan the flame of fanaticism?

"There is nothing in the law, nothing Did not the new Sultan himself in a in the Koran, nothing in Moslem pol- public interview with newspaper re- icy or intention, that sanctions hatred porters assure them that he would give or strife between subjects of the em- equal rights to Moslems and "infi- pire, be they Moslems, Christians or dels," and by the very use of this term Jews. The truth is that our sacred "infidel" (Kofir) invalidate his asser- law makes it the absolute religious tion so that the mission press of Egypt duty of a Moslem to live on terms of and some of the secular papers there peace and equality with non-Moslem requested an apology?

subjects. It is his duty, not only not Every friend of missions and of to molest, but to protect his fellow Turkey hopes against hope that the subjects, regardless of race or religion. new regime will continue; but if it I say this officially and without any does, it will not be because of its ad- reserve." herence to the principles of Islam.

It is almost impossible to conceive The fact is that the new constitution of a statement by an intelligent Mo- is already pronounced intolerant of hammedan so full of contradictions as Christians by no less an authority than are the words above quoted. Not only Mgr. Tourian, Patriarch of the Arme- the Koran, but the sacred law of Islam nian Catholic Church. "The declara- based upon tradition, takes for granted tions of lofty principles," says the pa- such a distinction between Moslems triarch, "may for a time deceive Eu- and non-Moslems as regards the civil rope as they have in the past, but they law that abolishing the Koran itself will never inspire confidence on the and doing violence to all the past his- part of those who know from past ex- tory of Moslem jurisprudence, there perience that Western civilization is can be no equality between Moslems inapplicable to Turkish society so long and Christians. To say that the Ko- as the Mohammedan Canon Law re-

OF THE TIMES 72

mains as a tenet of the so-called con- from Western Christendom which stitution." underlie the political uprising. and these ideas are hopelessly antago- The new constitution recognizes nistic to the teaching of the Koran. only the M€lslem religion and its law as The question is, What is to be the the fundamental principle of the Otto- future of Islan~ in its own lands? man State, and the present reform movement may be, after all, an agita- THE NEW REGIME IN PERSIA tion for the rehabilitation of Islam as well as of Turkey. Islam is not a State The revolutionary struggle in Per- Church but a Church State. Religion sia has resulted in the triumph of the and law can never be separated ac- Nationalists. In spite of the cannon cording to the Koran. It is the finality and rifles of Mohammed Ali's Russian of the Moslem code that makes all champions, the forces of the reformers progress impossible, and perhaps the burst their way into Teheran, compatriarch at Constantinople is correct pelled the Shah to abdicate, and set when he says: "The Armenian na- upon the peacock throne his son, Ahtional existence was never, even dur- med Mirza, a child of twelve. ing the darkest days of the reign of the deposed Sultan, so seriously threat- The young Shah, Ahmed Mirza, ened as it is now under the rule of the will be a sovereign only in name, and present young Turks." It remains to has already tried several times to be seen whether American missions escape from his unwelcome office. His will enjoy greater liberty and whether regents are Russia and England, and lIoslem converts to Christianity will his real ministers the English and receive protection of life, limb and Russian ambassadors at Teheran, and property under the new constitution. the foreign ministers who appointed them. The only thing which these ISLAM AND NATIONAL REFORM powers guarantee to Persia is "the maintenance of her independence and The progress of Christ's king- her integrity." In other words, Persia dom in Turkey and Persia is greatly will be made, like Egypt, a protectinvolved in political movements. orate, and Germany will keep her The East and the West contains two hands off, in accordance with the able articles by American mission- words of Prince von Buelow, uttered aries of high standing, the one deal- in the Reichstag last March. ing with Turkey, the other with Persia. They make it clear that the The overthrow of Shah Mohammed crucial fact in the situation is this, Ali brings back the parliament, and that any real reform in lands where as soon as the new government quiets for centuries the traditional teach- the country its sittings will be reing of the Koran has been the only sumed. The difficulties, however, are recognized code of civil law, must of the utmost seriousness. The finanmean the weakening of the authority cial trouble is chronic. Russian of the religious law. Politics and troops are garrisoning Tabriz; Turkreligion are inseparable, and polit- ish troops are in possession of Uruical reformation involves a religious mia; a Russian expeditionary force revolution. It is the ideas borrowed is near the capital.

The missionaries have been much

hampered by the recent revolution and school at Khartum, and asked Arch- have seen their hopes of religious lib- deacon (now Bishop) Gwynne to erty dashed to the ground. Only faith open a school for their daughters at in God has kept up their courage. their own station, suggesting that THE EXTENT OF ISLAM IN EUROPE the Bible should be taught in it as at other mission schools. This was Many do not realize the number done at the beginning of 1908, and of Mohammedans in Europe. Pro- twenty Moslem girls and a few girls fessor Martin Hartmann, of the Ber- of Coptic parentage were admitted lin Seminary of Oriental Languages, in the first few weeks. The school in his recent book on "Islam," gives continues to grow, and the fees some startling figures concerning cover all expenses other than the the number of followers of Mo- missionaries' allowances. Visitors hammed in Europe. Of the total can hardly believe that the well-bepopulation of the Continent, 13,000,- haved, nicely drest children who now 000 are Mohammedans, 3,295'<)()0 of greet them with a friendly "goodwhom are living in the Turkish Em- morning" are the same little pickapire (51 per cent of its inhabitants), ninnies who at first had no idea of while Russia contains almost 8,500,- obedience. They can already an- 000 Mohammedans, or about 8 per swer many simple Bible questions, cent of its total population. Bul- sing- hymns, repeat texts, read easy garia contains 603,000 Mohamme- English and Arabic, do a little arithdans, Bosnia and Herzegovina 549,- metic, and show other signs of prog- 000, Greece 60,200, Rumania 45,000, ress. and Servia 15,000. In Great Brit- ain there are enumerated 2,700 fol- EGYPTIAN WOMEN DEMANDING lowers of the false prophet, iII LIBERTY France 2,600, but in Germany, Spain, Mohammedan women of Egypt, in- Italy, Holland and Scandinavia there cluding members of the khedivial or are few or none at all. reigning family, have started a cam- MOSLEM EDUCATION IN THE SUDAN paign to win for their sex the right Mohammedanism is actually using to have a voice in choosing husbands, education as a ~eans of advancing to put aside the veil which hides their its sway in Africa. This could only beauty, and to pass at will the doors be among unlettered tribes just of the harem, altho their steps may emerging from barbarianism, and lead to precincts where men abound.

even with them the teaching will At a meeting a few days ago in the probably prove to be less real edu- grand opera-house upward of 4,000 cation than memorizing. Moslems women were present, representing the themselves, when they have any cream of society. Speeches were made ambition to move with the times, do by Princess Aisha and others of prom- not look for enlightenment to teach- inence, which brought out a unani- ers of their own religion. In 1907 mous vote for resolutions demanding a number of Mohammedan officers freedom from harem life, the abolition at Atbara, Egyptian Sudan, were of the veil, permission to be in the imprest by what they saw of the society of men and the right to be Christian Missionary Society girls' courted. A permanent organization

OF THE

has been formed and branches are premises and church at Tsao-hai-gai being established throughout Egypt. and the houses of some of the Chris- The ultra-conservative Mohammedan tians were set on fire, but escaped total press is sounding the alarm against destruction. The wife of a mission "an infusion of European ideas into schoolmaster was one of those severe- the sanctity of the harem." Priests ly wounded.

are writing to the press that it is In the neighborhood of Ngan-hsien, against the tenets of Islamism to grant adherents of this sect numbered 4,000 the women's demands. to 5,000 men, and in the county there BREAKING DOWN CASTE IN INDIA were upward of one hundred and twenty meeting-places. At the last national congress held. at Madras, delegates of every class, On the evcning of March 10 an caste and creed sat down, side by official heard of a numbcr of men beside, at a common meal. Of course, ing gathered together supposed to be this was a violation of all the laws gambling, but on arrival with his solof caste, and were caste customs rig- diers he found that they were Boxers idly enforced, every delegate-even practising their rites. He entered the tho a high-caste leader-who at- courtyard and took fifteen prisoners, tended the banquet could only es- the rest escaping. During the next two cape exclusion from his caste by un- days the mandarin received three let- dergoing ignominious and degrading ters to say that unless he released his penance. But not one of these dele- prisoners the city would be attacked, gates appears to have made himself of which letters he took no notice. liable to any such forfeitures or On Friday, March 12, a gathering of penalties. A few years ago, some of men was reported at a place five miles the most influential leaders in Poona to the north, who declared their intenhad to submit to the most humili- tion of burning the church, killing all ating treatment because they had the Christians, and destroying their simply taken tea with missionaries. houses. Nothing happened until next We regard this as among the most day, when they marched on the street, significant movenlents of the day, burned the church, and did a good that this impenetrable and incom- deal of damage in the houses of the municable system is giving way, and Christians, and wounded two women that leaders of Indian society openly and a child. The local authorities and with impunity violate restric- gave compensation for all pecuniary tions that have the sanction of re- loss, but a few days later similar mote antiquity and universal usage. troubles occurred near Chong-pa. Now we are pleased to report the THE BOXERS AGAIN IN WEST CHINA disturbances have been completely The Boxer movement has recently quieted.

sprung to life in western China, and MODERNISM AND ROMANISM seems to be specially directed against The spirit of the twentieth cen- Christians and foreigners. Rev. O. tury is finding its way even into the M. Jackson, C. M. S. missionary in close corporation of the papal body Mien-cheo, province of Si-Chuan, ecclesiastic.

writes that in March the mission It is rumored that Pope Pius X

is about to found at Rome a new have in I908 joined the Los von Rom. school of progress, in which Orien- The evangelical charities have had an tal languages, philology, sociology, unusually successful year. A chiland various studies connected with ch-en's hospital has been opened in the Bible-such as Biblical geog- Bad Hall; in Gorsein, a home for raphy and history, apologetics, her- aged and sick; a Protestant school for meneutics, exegesis, etc.-will be girls in Klagenfurt has built a new building; and in Brunn the Protesstudied. tants have established a training- The Catholic Standard a1ld Times school for deaconesses.

says: The state, however, is still unfriend- ly to the movement. Protestant Ger- The moment could not have been bet- man pastors are still put over the ter chosen. The recent studies and dis- border or allowed only grudgingly the coveries made by rationalists, Protestant right of residence in Austria. Protand Catholic scholars, have added a great estants are still buried in the suicide wealth of erudition to the mass of Bibli- corner of graveyards, and fined becal knowledge possest by students of cause they refuse to salute Catholic previous generations, but united with a processions. The erection of a Protstill greater luxuriance of ill-grounded estant theological faculty in the speculations, false principles, prejudices University of Vienna is still opposed. and deductions not based on the prem- -ERNEST GORDON. ises. It will be the task of this new institute to separate the wheat from the chaff, and give it for the nutriment of Christian scholarship.

PROTESTANT MOVEMENT IN AUSTRIA ENCOURAGING TIDINGS FROM INDIA In various parts of Bohemia, Lower A great movement toward Chris- Austria and the Steirmark, Social tianity is reported as going on among Democrats are turning to Protestant- the Jatiya Chamars in Northwest Inism. One of the Socialist representa- dia. Rev. P. M. Buck, of the Methtives in the Austrian Parliament re- odist Missions, says that they have reo cently joined the evangelical church cently baptized about I,OOO of these in Klagenfurt, making the third So- people and they are coming in crowds cial Democratic parliament member for instruction and baptism. Fully who has become neo-Protestant. three-fourths of the I I,OOO Christians in the Rurkee district are now from The number of university students this caste. On being baptized in the in Vienna, Brunn, Prague, Innsbruck, name of Christ they cut off their top- Graz, and Leoben that have passed knots, thus signifying their final refrom Catholicism to Protestantism has llt1l1ciation of heathenism. this year been larger than ever. Five priests in different parts of Austria

THE RELIGION OF THE FUTURE" AND

BY THE EDITOR·IN·CHIEF Vve are hearing much nowadays from right convictions that whatever about "the Religion of the Future." It attractive elements may be found in is difficult to say who are its principal alliance with error can not be due to exponents, for scarce a month passes the error embraced, but to the truth that we do not find some new state- mixed with it; so that the purer the ment, from some new source, of its truth loyally believed and faithfully coming character and claims. Latter- obeyed, the more beautiful the life. If ly Sir Oliver Lodge in Britain, and history can be trusted as a witness, an ex-president of Harvard, Prof. error and evil, truth and right, are George B. Foster in Chicago, and twin brothers.

Prof. Villiston Walker in Boston, As to religious beliefs, "The Apos- have each made more or less startling tles' Creed"-so called-which has predictions as to the new religion; been traced back to the fourth cen- while even so-called "Bible Diction- tury, if not earlier, has been tacitly aries" and "encyclopedias" are em- accepted as a sort of consensus of doc- bodying in "scholarly and critical" trine by the Church at large. But, forms the results of much study along after more than a millennium and a these lines. half of such acceptance, our modern After giving these declarations and religionists find it unsatisfactory in al- prognostications a hearing, one is most every particular.

tempted to ask whither we are drift- The "New Religion," which is in ing; wllether, having loosed from the reality neither new nor a religion but old moorings, we have any safe an- a philosophy, is rather negative than chorage, or any compass, chart or positive, rather destructive than con- even rudder left-whether our eyes structive. It is difficult to frame any are any longer to be upon the stars, or creed out of mere negations. But, if whether even the stars are no longer we attempt to articulate into organic to be accounted among the unchan- form the denials of our day, there ging guides in a stormy sea. seems to be no belief in any final au- Ve all crave some simple credal thority outside of the human reason basis, for to every complete life some and conscience. There is no longer an sort of belief seems essential. The infallible Church nor an infallible Bi- careless saying that "it matters not ble. "Man in the present generation is what one believes, provided only that ready to be led, not driven," and is a he is sincere," is very elusive and de- law unto himself. The belief in human lusive. It needs but little logic to per- depravity is abandoned, and there are ceive a reductio ad absurdum; for if "no malignant powers." Sin is not such a maxim be sound, it follows of guilt, but misfortune, and is to be necessity that it is neither worth while dealt with not as deserving judicial to seek after truth, nor to follow it penalty, but medical and ethical treat- when found! ment, not hell but a hospital, not pun- We all know that nothing is more ishment or pardon but new environ- needful than to discover what is ment and culture. The expiatory Truth, in any realm-physical or eth- death of Christ is denied, with all ical, scientific or religious, and beauty "safety thereby primarily afforded to of character and life is so inseparable the individual"; and it is denied that

"character can be changed quickly," or suit and fit the progressive spirit of that "Christ is in any way essential to the twentieth century. We do not religion." doubt the honesty of those who, with the courage of their convictions, make Whether the vague new religion bold with their denials and affirmacan be formulated in a creed is very tions. But we can not quite evade or doubtful; but if it can be, it would avoid the vital inquiry, whether this read somewhat thus: new doctrine is sound and safe; whether Christianity has any essential, The New .. Apostles' Creed" eternal facts and truths which can not be so modified without surrendering all "I believe in 'a conception of God, its claims; whether stich reconstruca multiplication of infinities, and in tion is not in effect destruction. We creation by spontaneous generation are reminded of the Chinese method and eternal evolution; and in Jesus of slow execution-beginning at the Christ, as a distinguished ethical fingers and toes and cutting off parts teacher, who was born of natural gen- most remote from the centers of life, eration, suffered as a martyr for what and slowly advancing toward the vital he believed to be truth, and was cruci- parts, meanwhile the life-blood gradfied, dead and buried. He was re- ually ebbing away. puted and believed by His disciples to have risen from the dead and to The Idea. of God have ascended into heaven, and to be coming again to reign on earth as For example, how can a god who is King. a "multiplication of infinities" be either worshiped, loved, or obeyed? "I believe in the Infallible Ego, as and in such a definition what becomes the ultimate court of appeal in all mat- of individuality and personality? ters of truth and duty; a universal What becomes of Christianity without Church composed of all who are hon- Christ as a vicarious substitute and est in their opinions, and upright in atoning Savior? We are told that, "in their conduct; in the communion of primitive times, sacrifice was the root the cultured and the philanthropic, in of religion," the implication being that the reformation of bad habits and the the notion of any expiatory value in inculcation of virtue; in the proper the death of our Lord was simply a care of the body, and the education of natural offshoot from this root-its the mind; in scientific progress, col- historic fruit. The Church of God has lege training and the 'Spirit of the been wont, conversely, to hold that sin Age'; in 'two great commandments- marred God's primal creation, and the love of God and the service of fel- that, at once, He gave the promise of low men; in a life of altruism, and so a redemptive seed-and that a life for in undying influence for good.' " a life was the root out of which, on the contrary, sprang both the conception In the above attempt to crystalIize and the institution of sacrifice as the some of the tenets of the Religion of basis of a divine religion. The new the Future into apprehensible form, theology is robbing us even of the there is no desire or design to mis- miraculous Resurrection of Christ, represent or caricature it. If we understand modern liberalism, it aims so to restate the beliefs of the ages as to

"THE RELIGION OF THE FUTURE" AND

without which even the New Testa- What now-to dismiss for the time ment itself concedes that there is noth- all other issues-is the outlook for ing worth believing or preaching, for missions, if this new religion is to pre- His death could not have been deliv- vail?

erance to others if He still remained Outlook for Missions under its bonds and bondage Himself. First of all, how are we to meet ·What is the missionary going to other religions? Is there any such preach as his good news, if this com- thing as a "false faith," or are all re- ing religion is to reshape his message! ligious systems part of the "spiral We are warned that the Religion of movement," orbing toward perfection?

the Future "will not teach that char- If there is no Court of Last Appeal acter can be changed quickly." If so beyond the "inner light," what be- all sudden conversion is a delusion. comes of the decisions of that court The story of Saul of Tarsus, the jailer when there is no unanimity of verdict.

at Philippi, not to say the dying thief, What we call "conscience" is a com- must be relegated to the realm of pound faculty, made up of a judgment myth–of fancy, not fact. The new of the reason and an impulse or religion will "believe in no malignant prompting of the moral sense. First, powers." Then the temptation of Eve the judgment decides what is right or in Eden, and of Christ in the desert, wrong, and then the sense of obliga- the satanic plot against Job, and the tion or prohibition follows; but if the messenger to buffet Paul, and countless judgment errs, failing to discern other references to the devil and de- moral quality, the moral prompting is mons, must be expurgated as worth- unsafe-the blind leads the blind and less traditions, for we are assured "it both fall into the ditch. Here lies the will be an immense advantage, if the fallibility of conscience-in the falli- religion of the twentieth century shall bility of the judgment. We have been get rid of these things." comforted, amid all the divergences of Weare glad that men every way human opinion, by the confidence that qualified to represent the cultured in the Word of God and the teachings liberalism of the times have boldly ven- of the Lord Jesus, we have an ulti- tured to speak out. We know at least mate authority by which to correct "where we are" when we know where even the errors of conscience-as by others are. To define their position the sidereal clock of God we correct helps us to discover ours. the variations of our watches and even A modern English writer who has chronometers. But if the new relig- watched the drift of the day toward ion is true, and every man's inner light blank agnosticism and materialism is to be his guide, what are we to do has put his apprehensions into form: when, according to our own deep con- I believe in wheat and rice; viction, the light that is in others be Not in virtue and in vice; but darkness and great darkness! Does In a stated cause of crimes, it not, if this new· religion is to In "Macaulay" and The Times. prevail, become unnecessary and even Hydrogen inflames ambition; intrusive and impertinent to plan a cru- Nitrogen inspires volition; sade against other men's convictions All that's great and good in men and beliefs, and say to theml as Paul May be found in oxygen!

did to the Athenians, "Whom ye ig- "pro Christo et humanitate" seems to norantly worship, him declare I unto us to leave out the pro Christo alto- you!" Why not let men alone if evo- gether and put a pro Ego in its place.

lution instead of revolution will bring Weighed and Found Wanting them out into the final perfection of For ourselves we think the "old one faith? wine is better," having tasted the The Cross of Christ new. "With charity to all, and malice Again, if there is no necessity of 'the toward none," we can only say that expiatory death of our Lord Jesus the new religion, weighed in the bal- Christ-if that death was not substi- ances, is found wanting. It takes tutionary or vicarious-what becomes away a personal God and Father, and of the doctrine of the Gospel? Why substitutes a vague multiplication and longer preach a Gospel of Grace as aggregation of infinities. It robs us "affording safety primarily for the in- of a supreme court of final appeal dividual" ? If salvation is not by re- and substitutes the inharmonious dis- ceiving Christ by faith, but by refor- ~ordance of a thousand warring opin- mation of character by works, and Ions. It denies malignant powers and character can not be changed quickly, leaves us to the mystery of wondering why depend upon the Evangel? What "who carries the devil's business on?"

we need is not preaching, but teaching and how it is that Satan and sin seem -the school rather than the ChTuhrecrh~ so intensely alive and real. It takes books rather than sermons. away Salvation by grace, regeneration is little use in any longer saying, by the Spirit, atonement of the Ctororses~ "Look and live," There is no new birth and leaves man to do his best from above. If there is any heaven, form himself, bearing his own sin and it is entered by obeying the two learning to sow only what he is willing commandments, love to God, service to reap. It makes all sudden conversion to men. We need no coming to the a deception and delusion, and makes Cross-we pay our own penalties for time an essential factor in the slow sin and work out our own salvation change or growth of character. It from sin-the only crown of glory is substitutes obedience to two command- that which every man makes out of his ments for faith in Christ, and makes own best attainments, and whose gems them the foundation, instead of the are his own heroic achievements. structure built upon Him as the one We do not wonder that modern lib- foundation. I t gets rid of alI that is eralism has no world-wide missions. fundamental to the Christian system in It has no motive to go into all the the new building it rears. To our con- world, and no gospel to preach to ception the new religion is not Christ, every creature. It has no need of but anti-Christ.

waiting to be endued with power from on hi gnoh-Cfaolrvairty.haWs nhoethPeernittechoasst~nays The Gospel that Saves it has By way of illustrating the defects resurrection from the dead does not of any such system, and the power appear, or any certainty of a future of the Cross, we venture to reprint life. The ex-president of Harvard- an oft-told story of the lamented Rev.

an institution whose ancient motto is Dr. Charles A. Berry's experience (of

"THE RELIGION OF THE FUTURE" AND MISSIONS 73

Wolverhampton), as he told it to his mined, and I had to dress and go. I found the place was a house of i1Ifriend Rev. J. H. Jowett, of Birming- fame. In the lower rooms they were drinking and telling lewd stories, and ham, England: up-stairs I found the poor woman dy- "One night there came to me a Lan- ing. I sat down and talked about Jesus as the beautiful example, and cashire girl, with her shawl over her extolled Him as a leader and teacher; head and with clogs on her feet. and she looked at me out of her eyes of death, and said: " 'Are you the minister?' she asked. " 'Yes.' "'Mister, that's no good for the " 'Then I want you to come and get likes 0' me. I don't want an example my mother in.' -rm a sinner.' "Thinking it was SOlllC drunken brawl, I said: " 'Jowett, there I was face to face "'You must get a policeman.' with a poor soul dying, and had noth- " 'Oh, no,' said the girl; 'my moth- ing to tell her. I had no Gospel, and er·s dying and I want you to get her I thought of what my mother had into salvation.' taught me, and I told her the old story " 'Where do you live?' of God's love in Christ's dying for " 'I live so-and-so, a mile and a half sinful men, whether I believed it or from here.' not.' " 'Well,' said I, 'is there no minister nearer than I?' " 'Now you are getting at it,' said " 'Oh, yes, but I want you, and yot! the woman. 'That's what I want. have got to come.' That's the story for me.' And so I "I was in my slippers, and I solilo- got her in, and [ got in myself. quized and wondered what the people of the church would think if they saw "From that night," added Dr. Bertheir pastor walking late at night with ry, "I have always had a full Gospel a girl with a shawl over her head. I of Salvation for lost sinners." did all I could to get out of it, but it was of no use. That girl was deter- Can the new religion give us any thing to take its place?

ARABIA

TWENTY YEARS OF THE ARABIAN MISSIONS DY REV. JAMES CANTINE, D.D., MUSCAT, ARABIA !.Iissionary of the Hcformcd Church in America, 1889- It is somewhat of a distinction to mained. Some in the home land be an Arabian missionary of twenty called on us to halt, but the fact that years' standing, and it may empha- our organization was semi-independsize the late date of the beginning ent made it possible for us to appeal of mission work in Arabia to say widely and directly for ree.nforcethat to the writer's knowledge, no ments. Those whom no danger other can yet look back over twenty could deter came in increasing numyears of continuous service in the bers, so that we soon passed beyond land of the Arabs. There were other that deadly zone of isolation and missions who entered Arabia before overwork which hems in so many 1889, notably the Church of Eng- small organizations. Years have land at Bagdad, in the northeast also brought experience, and increas- (r882), and the Free Church of Scot- ing income has made possible more land at Aden, in the southwest healthful surroundings, until now (r885), but none of their first mis- our missionaries can reasonably exsionaries are still on the field. pect far more than two decades of SerYlce. In those first years, we scarcely dared to hope for a long residence These twenty years may be diin this, "a land that devoureth the vided into three periods-those of loinhabitants thereof." Again and cating, establishing, and developing again, heat and fever took workers our work. The first period reprefrom our ranks, until, at the end of sents the time and effort spent in ten years; scarcely more than half deciding upon our field. Its importhe number of men sent out re- tance is not likely to be overesti-

TWENTY YEARS OF THE ARABIAN MISSIONS

mated. Many a colonizing enter- almost the entire circumference of prise, and missions are surely that, the Arabian peninsula. We had has been doomed to failure because considered the possibility of Aleppo of a wrong location. The Arabian at the northwest corner, of the Haumission was fortunate in having as ran south of Damascus, and of its founder one who knew the Moab east of the Dead Sea. At "Nearer East" and could introduce Aden, we spent a few months. The us to many of the workers there. ports of the Red Sea on the west Our first year was spent in language were visited, and those of the Arastudy and investigation among the bian Sea on the south, together with missionaries of the Syria mission of the inland towns of Yemen. Finally, ARABS AT THE MISSION AWAITING MEDICAL TREATMENT the Presbyterian Church. The we sailed along the eastern shore knowledge we carried away, not from Muscat to Bagdad-a total disonly of the Arabic, but of their tried tance of nearly five thousand miles. and proved methods of meeting the general problems of Christian work Our faith in the future growth of in a Moslem country, was invalu- this work led us to wish for an unable, and probably saved us from constricted field. Our call to do many disastrous mistakes. Our first pioneer work for Mohammedans led native associate and helper, Kamil us to seek a population wholly such. Abdul Messiah, was a convert from The eastern coast of Arabia seemed Beirut, and from the mission press best to fulfil these conditions, and of that city we took and are still there no mission had ever located, taking our most effective weapon, or seemed likely to locate, its men. the printed word of God. Communication from the outside world was excellent, and the pre- Within two years, we had seen ponderance of British influence in

the Persian Gulf gave promise of while to combine against him, have safety and a settled government. remained long enough to establish The repressive Turkish rule ex- a right of residence in those East- tended but a short way south along ern lands, where "whatever is" is the eastern coast, so that it was pos- taken as something that "must be."

sible to have much uninterruptable The subsequent history of our mis- access to the interior. sion has justified the risks we ran.

From the few large towns, Busrah Establishing the Work was chosen as our first station. The liberal character, wealth and enter- The next period was that of prise of its large population; its establishing our work, or as one might strategic position, where trade routes almost say, of defending our claim. from north, east, and west meet at Like many a pioneer, we faced and the tidal waters of the mighty resisted more than one attempt to "River of the Arabs"; its proximity drive us off. All of our resistance measured in long eastern units of was passive-it could hardly be days' travel, to the older mission otherwise at Busrah, where our opfields of Bagdad, Mosul, and Mar- ponent was the Turkish Governdin, at the north, whence our native ment-but tho passive, it was fairly Christian helpers have largely been intense! We have been scratched drawn-these all combined to de- up a bit in being dragged by the termine our choice. Turkish police before a Turkish tri- bunal, and have seen the inside of Our second year in eastern Arabia a Turkish guard-house from behind was signaled by the beginning of a locked door. We have had a guard work at the islands of Bahrein, mid- of soldiers before our house for way down the Persian Gulf, and the days, searching us each time we third year by the opening of Mus- came out, and only awaiting, so they cat, well toward the southeast cor- said, orders from headquarters to ner. Thus the mission had in this bundle us out of the country bag and short time outlined its entire field, baggage-or more likely, without and this when its working force con- the baggage. With no American sisted of but three or four men. consul at that time near enough to To so isolate them in stations dis- be of much dependence, and not tant one from the other three or knowing how our minister at Con- more days' journey by water, and stantinople would balance our sim- this possible only at intervals of ple assertions of orderliness against two weeks, seemed extremely haz- the vivid and highly-colored com- ardous. But we felt that to rapidly plaints of the local authorities increase our mission force at one backed by petitions forced from the point, was to still ,more rapidly in- different communities of the city crease SUspICIon and opposition, asking that, as evil-doers and insur- while it would also alarm the native rectionists, we be deported, we rulers at the other two places we were led to place our great trust in wished to hold. And one man, liv- prayer, and in belief that He who ing quietly and alone can often, be- brought us to Arabia would keep us fore hostile forces think it worth there. Fortunately, our friends

YEARS OF THE ARABIAN MISSIONS

among the American missionaries thorized is difficult to say, but once in Constantinople interested them- we were in our own house, we had selves actively in our behalf, and some "face," and our main troubles our representative there would not were over. lend himself to the misrepresentation of the Turkish Government, tho The islands of Bahrein, where our he did casually send word by a second station is located, are govpassing traveler that we were caus- erned by an Arab sheik, himself ing him more trouble than all the bound by elastic but unbreakable other mis.sionaries in Turkey. Not treaty ties to the English Govern- ment. Here, for a long time, our MUSCAT HARBOR, EASTERN ARABIA being able to force us out of the missionary's was the only white country, they next sought to estab- face. By living among the Arabs in lish a sort of a boycott, especially an Arab manner, with some measagainst our renting a dwelling- ure of medical knowledge made full house. Here providence opened a use of, by familiarizing himself with way for us through the only man in the literary and religious authorities Busrah able to oppose the wish of of Islam, he was able to anchor his the authorities, the Persian consul, venture before the zealots awoke to who gave us one of his houses to the fact of what it meant. There live in. This respite gave time for was some rough work-our house a bargain with a wealthy native to was fired into at night, and threats build for us in a very desirable part of murder were repeatedly made. of the town. How he ever managed The English political resident was to have the contract and permit au- approached and asked if he would

stand aside and allow the Americans within the tropics, the Arab characto be driven into the sea. He re- ter is perhaps more indolent and plied, so he told us, that while he more ready to accept the inevitable, was not responsible for the Amer- to cast the responsibility for evil icans, yet the ties of kinship were conditions on the divine decree that pretty strong; that our ruler's son may not be changed. One of their might marry his ruler's daughter, Koranic sayings is often used in this etc., and that before they did any- connection, "I take refuge with God thing rash, they should take these from Satan the accurst." On one things into account! Very vague occasion, years ago, as the missionwords, and yet quite effectual! The ary was passing out of the audience representatives of the English Gov- room of the Sultan after having ernment in Arabia have, however, gained, through importunity, some officially observed a strictly neutral little concession, his Highness was attitude to us and our work, even heard to use a little adaptation of going so far as to convey to Wash- the old proverb in the words, "I ington the information that they take refuge with God from a counwould not be responsible for our try that has missionaries in it!" safety. Yet we have accounted Not very complimentary to our permany of them as our personal sonnel, but very reassuring when we friends who have here and there, thil'k of pitting our Western perunofficially and perhaps unknowing- sistence against the Oriental inertia. ly, been of great assistance to us. Developing the Work At Muscat, the third station, our right to remain was not so keenly The third period of these twenty contested as at our other two sta- years was that of development. We tions. Here we found the only had reached the field; we had proved American consulate in all our field, that we could stay there; now what and it may be for this reason that could we accomplish there? As rethe Sultan of Muscat, an independ- gards the direction of our developent ruler, was never actively hostile. ment, we held to our first intention But it must also be remembered -"Arabia and Islam." An early inthat the Arabs of Oman, from the vitation from Bagdad at the north Sultan down, are probably the most to take over the work of the English polite and cordial to accredited mission there, would probably, if strangers of all the dwellers of accepted, have absorbed all our ef- Arabia. The main thing our consul forts in that great city with its thouhere has yet done for us, is to col- sands of native Christians. An oplect reimbursement for personal' and portunity to assume responsibility mission property looted during an for the Jews of Arabia, tho very inincursion of the inland tribes; a re- viting, was refused as not being that payment, which the mission wished nearest our hearts. Another to ento forego, but which the consul in- ter into the work of one of the great sisted upon for the sake of the honor Bible societies was not accepted beand prestige of the country he rep- cause it was deemed easier for them resented. Here at Muscat, just to get men than for us. Work

among the heathen slaves brought of our number, a doctor, for definite to Arabia from Africa, tho embraced work among the tribes inland. and faithfully car:-icd O'lt. W2S limited through the decline of the slave- Regarding the work itself, it trade. Our society seemed definite- seemed to us, new men entering a ly held to its first purpose of pioneer new field, that there was but little work among Moslems looking to- to guide us, and that we could only ward the interior of Arabia as its try and prove all means, seeking for ultimate goal. This development the lines of least resistance and toward the interior, tho necessarily greatest promise. The Arabic scrip- tures were at our hand, the British Tl£E GATEWAY OF A WALLED TOWN IN ARABIA following our occupation of the and the American Bible Societies coast, has been steadily carried out. were ready to help us, and at once Our first out-stations were a couple we started to sow the Word of God of hundred miles from Busrah, one over all eastern Arabia. From small on the Tigris and one on the Eu- beginnings, our circulation has phrates, and in the mountains of grown to about five thousand copies Oman, westward from Muscat, there yearly, most of them sold outside is another Christian outpost. We our Bible shops in ever-widening have always prayerfully and long- circles of colportage. It may be iningly looked at the open roads in- teresting to note that outside our land, but only this year has our medical work, by far the largest force on the coast been strong amount of our time and money is enough to justify setting aside one spent in Bible circulation. The spiri-

tual results have justified this ap- of Christ to forgive and to save. Of plication of our energies. as much or more promise to the fu- There has been nothing excep- ture is the perceptible leavening of tional about our medical work ex- the whole mass of Islam with Chris- cept, perhaps, its proportion to our tian principles and its uplift to a other activities-twelve of our plane where future effort will meet twenty-seven missIOnaries being with a more quick and sure return.

qualified doctors or trained nurses.' In all eastern Arabia, the dense ig- It will be nothing new to readers of norance regarding Christianity has this REVIEW to be told how thou- been enlightened, inborn and tradi- sands yearly are thereby brought, tional prejudices have been dis- while in most receptive mood, under pelled, and indifference is slowly Christian teaching. If other devel- giving place to interest and accept- opments of our missionary work- ance.

our touring, our schools, our wom- The indirect results of our occu- an's work in all its branches-are pation are also worth a thought. As only mentioned in passing, it is would have been the case with through lack of space, and because Mackay, of Uganda, had he seen the they probably differ but little from answer to his plea for a strong mis- the same work in other fields. sion in Arabia, so have the hearts The Results of other workers in Mohammedan countries been gladdened by the If one takes a comprehensive look knowledge of this successful assault back over these twenty years, it is on the very citadel of Islam. Is it easy to see that some things have hard to believe that many a think- been accomplished. Converts are ing adherent of Islam finds his heart enduring reproach, suffering shame, assailed with doubt and dismay, as loss of property and liberty, groping he sees this land of the holy cities, after the higher ideals of Christian- the cradle of his faith, slowly being ity, slipping backward at times, but encircled by the standards of the realizing more and more the power Cross?

OF MOHAMMEDAN POPULATION IN

PROVINCES OF Total Buddhists Per Cent EUROPEAN Population (Lama;tes) M ohamrnedans RUSSIA I I I I I Mohammedans Heathen I I I55 Less than 1 per cen Arkhangelsk ……. 237,000 I Astrakhan ……… 1,004,000 I 300,000 135,000 I 30 per cent Bessarabia ……… 1,935,000 I 600 I I Less than 1 per cen Vilna ………….. 1,591,000 I 4,300 I I " " 1" " 600 I Vitebsk ………… 1,498,000 I " " 1" " " " 1" " Vladimir ……….. 1,516,000 I 410 ,.,. " " 1 " "

Vologda ……….. 1,343,000 I 176 I I " "1 " Volhynia ……….. 2,989,000 I 4,880 I Voronezh ………. 2,581,000 I I " "1 " 310 I I Vyatka …………. 3,031,000 I 132,000 I 5,500 5 per cent 32,000 12,500 Grodno ………… 1,603,000 I 3,750 I … .. .. …. Less than 1 per cent"1 Don …………… 2,564,000 I 3,500 I 21,000 Yekaterinoslav ….. 2,114,000 I 2,090 I 5,000 "1 25 per cent Kazan …………. 2,171,000 I 633,000 I 350 Kaluga …………. 1,133,000 100,000 Less than 1 per cent 170 144,350 I Kiev ……… ….. . 3,559,000 3,000 I " " 1" " " " 1" " Kovno …………. 1,545,000 I 1,900 Kostroma …. , ….. 1,387,000 I 800 " " 1" " " " 1" " Kursk ………….. 2,371,000 I I 480 I " " 1" …"….. Courland ……….. 674,000 I 600 I " 1" Lierland ……….. 1,299,000 I I " Minsk …………. 2,148,000 I 536 I " . 1" Moghiler. …… ,. 1,687,000 I I " .. 1 " Moscow .. ……. . 2,431,000 I 4,600 I " I " 1" 184 I 2 1-2 per cent Nizhnii-Novgorod .. 1,585,000 I I Kovgorod …. , ….. 1,367,000 I 5,500 I .. Less than 1 per cent Olonets ………… 364,000 I 41,000 I I " 1 " ,.

Orenburg ………. 1,600,000 I 500 I I 22 per cent Orloffsk ……….. 2,034,000 I 70 I I Less than 1 per cent Penza ………….. 360,000 I I 4 per cent Perm ………….. 426 I I 1,470,000 59,000 I 2,9')4,000 II I 5 per cent 150,000 I Podolia ………… 3,018,000 I ..Less than 1 per cent I 3,450 I " 1" " Poltava ………… 2.778,000 I 640 I 750 I Pskov ………….. 1,122,000 I 37 I " " 1" " Ryazan …… … -,. 1,802,000 I I " " 1" " Samara ………… 2,761,000 I 5.000 I I St. Petersburg ….. 2,112,000 I 190,000 I 7 1-10 per cent Saratov ………… 2,406,000 I I 6.000 I I Less than 1 per cent Simbrisk . . . . . . . . . . . 1,528,000 I I I 4 per cent Smolensk ………. 1,525,000 I 100,000 I Taurida ………… 1,448,000 I 130,000 I 8 1-3 per cent Tambov ………… 2,684,000 I Tver …………… 1.769,000 I 300 I Less than 1 per cent TuIa ………….. '11.419,000 I Ufa ……………. 2.197,000 I I 14 per cent Kharkov ……….. 2.4n,000 I 191,000 I Kherson. . . . . . . . . .. 2,734,000 I 17,000 I Less than 1 per cent 500 I 178 I .. " 1 " "

. " 1 "

1,000,000 I I 50 per cent 1.360 I I Less than 1 per cent 2,300 I I " " 1 '" " " " 1" " Chernigov. . . . . . …. 2,298,000 I .. " " 1 " Esthonia……….. 413,000 I 530 I I . " " 1 " Yaroslavl. …….. 1,071,000 I 75 I I 275 I I I I I Totals …… " .. I I I I I 3.363.082 I 167.750 I I I I [onR] ___P_RE_O~_Vt_IlJ_s~_f_l_N_o_F_1 PoJ::f:!ion IMOhammedansll1~'f!;i~~:) I Heathen 1_ Ma~_;n_~e_e"J_an~~ I W:::~:;:::'W"'d 11932'~ 1'167,750 3,36::: -144,3;0 Kalisz. . . .. . . . . . . . . 841,000 I 214 , Less than 1 per cen 1 .. Kielce. . . . . . . . . . . . . 762,000 96 I Lomza ………… . 580,000 , 1 .. 480 , Lublin ………… . 1,161,000 II 1 .. Piotrkow ………. . 1,404,000 Plock …………. . 554,000 462 I 1" Radom ………… . 815,000 I Suwalki ……….. . 583,000 , 311 , 117 105 11 "

Siedlce ………… . 772,000 I 266 , 1"

65 , 1"

786 , 1"

669 , Caucasus 675,000 250 3,300 83 per cent 340,000 53" " I Baku ………….. . 827,000 10,300 300 62" " fl~:~ 4,100 13,800 50" " Daghestan …….. . 650,000 I 5 1-2 per. cent Elizabethpol …… . 878,000 12 1-2" " Kars ………….. . 291,000 I 103,000 I 40 4-10" " Koubausk ……… . 1,919,000 53 per cent Kutais ………… . 1,058,000 117,000 , 20" " Havrapolsk ……. . 873,000 ,I 38,000 , 5 3-10 per cent Tersk …………. . 934,000 , 41 7-10" " 485,000 II Tiflis ………….. . 1,051,000 ' 189,000 I Tscheruornorsk …. , 57,000 I 3,100 Erivan ………… . 830,000 350,000 I I Siberia I 665 I 8,500 3,700 Less than 1 per cen 28 1,950 1 per cent Amur …………. . 683,000 5,000 4,400 Yeniseisk ……… . 570,000 174,000 52,000 Less than 1 per cent 11,600 1 2-3 per cent Transbaikalia ….. . 672,000 , 3,200 I' 53,200 24,350 Irkutsk……….. . 514,000, 3 4,410 Primorskaya and 7,600 43 15,850 12 per cent 1,1 3 936 Sakhalin …….. . 243,000 3,000 , so 4 1-2 per cent 64,900 , Tabolsk ……….. . 1,433,000 40,000 , 960 2 1-10" " 126 1 Tomsk ………… . 1,928,000 1 ""

Yakutsk ………. .

Middle Asia 270,000 1'1' 1,900 " 100 per cent Akmolilbk …….. . 440,000 439,000 62 1-2 per cent 240,000 Sakaspisk ……… . 382,000 840,000 98 1-2" " 880,000 I Samarkand …….. . 860,000 615,000 100 97 "H Semiryechensk …. . 988,000 II 1,400,000 I 33 1-3" " Semipalatinsk ….. . 2,806,000 390,000 'I 95 "" 478,000 Syr-Daria ……… . 1,478,000, 86 "" 1,550,000 Turgai ………… . 453,000 I' 100 77 "" Uralsk ………… . 645,000 20 I 99 "" I Ferghana ……… . 1,572,000 I Finland" .. . .. .. …. 2,587,000 80 Totals ……….. ~-~-+1~13-'3-23-'0-8-2–';i-4-3-1'0-3-0-+1~2-69-'-73-1 Russian Depend- TEo;ttailmPaotepdu- 1 Estimated Total Non-christian Population of Rus- encies in Asia Moslem sian Provinces, 14,023,843 Population lahon Khiva ………… . 800,000 600,000 Bokhara ………. . 1,250,000 I 1,000,000 [O'ER]

T HF. S PR E AD OF ISLAM IN TIlE Rl:!=;S TA!>l L{PIR E

Th e sl~aJed ))(Irt io n s sho w wh ere I sla m is predomin a nt . Hailways– Hail w3Ys projected· . . .

ISLAM IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IlY REV. SAMU EL M. ZW EMER, F.R.G.S. Author of "Arabia, The Cradic of Islam," etc.

Mohammed the Prophet was doubt- roar with heat he said, "Bring me less ignorant of geography as well as molten brass that I may pour it in," of the future of his religion, or he and Gog and Magog were not able to would not have told of the rampart of scale it, neither were they able to dig Gog and Magog, built by Alexander through it. the Great, which divided Russia from Asia, and which men are able neither "This," said he, "is mercy from my to scale nor dig through. Lord."

In Surah I8, verses 93-97, we read, The Moslem commentaries leave no "They said, 0 , Alexander, Gog and doubt that this great wall was sup- Magog waste this land. Shall we then posed to exist between Turkestan and pay tribute so thou build a rampart Russia, and was intended to shut off between us and them?" the nations of the north from those of the south. He said, "Bring me blocks of iron until it fill the space between the To-day, beyond the ramparts of mountain-sides. Ply," said he, "your Alexander there are no less than fourbellows," until when he had made it teen million followers of Mohammed. There are more Moslems in the Rus-

sian Empire than in any other coun- pilgrims in this case also binds the try except India, China and Java. uttermost confines of Islam to its cen- There is a larger Moslem population ter. The literature of El Ezhar at under the rule of the Czar than the Cairo, the Pan-Islamic spirit of Contotal number of Mohammedans in stantinople, and the fanatic devotion Turkey or Egypt, Arabia or Persia. of the Meccan dervish extend their While we hear much of the Russian constant influence in Tobolsk and the Jew, who forms only 3.55 per cent of villages of the steppes as well as at the population, little is heard of the Samarcand and Bokhara. Moslem, who forms 9.47 per cent. The Spread of Islam The "Statesman's Year Book for 1908" gives the total number of Rus- Islam spread to Central Asia from sian Mohammedans at 13,9°6,972. I Persia. As early as 666 A.D., it had am indebted to Miss Lucy von Mayer reached Balk, and in 672 the Saracens of Moscow for more recent statistics attacked Bokhara. The conquest was by provinces. (See table.) not an easy one, and the invaders were repulsed. In 704 Kuteiba, the These comparative statistics of Mo- Arab conqueror, appeared on the hammedans, Buddhists and pagans scene, and is said to have advanced are interesting and show in which as far as Tur.fan on the extreme eastprovinces Mohammedanism is most ern border of ea.'tern Turkestan, imprevalent. The accompanying map posing Islam as he went. We read indicates roughly over how large a ter- that Bokhara was conquered and conritory in Russia Islam extends. Mos- verted three times, only to revolt and lems are found all the way from St. relapse until the strongest measures Petersburg to the steppes of Siberia, were taken to establish the new religand from Tobolsk on the Obi River to Ion. Every Bokharist, Vambery tells Bokhara, and from there southward to us, had to share his dwelling with a Persia and Afghanistan. The chief lToslem Arab, ana those who prayed centers of Mohammedanism are the and fasted, like good Moslems, were following provinces, where over seven- rewarded with money. Finally, the ty-five per cent of the population is city was wholly given over to the Moslem: Baku, Akmolins, Samar- Arabs, and a little later Samarcand cand, Semiryechensk, Sirdaria, Tour- experienced the same fate. From gai, Ural and Ferghana. Bokhara as a center, Islam spread gradually by coercion or persuasion, According to Dr. Hubert Jansen, by preaching or by the sword, in all the total number of Mohammedans in directions throughout Afghanistan, European Russia is about 6,000,000. Turkestan and Chinese Tatary for a This is exclusive of the Caucasus. period of two hundred years. When By far the largest number of the Mo- Marco Polo crossed these countries hammedans in the Russian Empire be- (I27I-1294), he found Islam nearly long to the orthodox, or Sunni, sect, everywhere dominant. while in Asiatic Russia there may be 100,000 Shiahs. The various dervish When Kuteiba came to Samarcand orders are strong in the centers of he found many idols there whose wor- Moslem population, and the annual shipers maintained that any man who visit to Mecca of hundreds of Russian

ISLAM IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

did violence to the idols would fall Islam. They persuaded him not only dead. The Moslem conqueror set fire to accept their teaching, but he became to the idols, and no death ensuing, the an earnest propagandist, establishing idolaters embraced Islam. Such is the schools in which the Koran was taught story as given by the Moslem chroni- and being a close ally politically of clers. But it was not an easy conquest the Mameluke Sultan of Egypt. for Islam. The opposition to the new faith was so violent, we are told, that About the middle of the tenth cennone but those who had embraced the tury the first of the khans of Turkesreligion of Mohammed were allowed tan became a Moslem and over two to carry arms. Spies were needed to thousand families of his tribe followed protect the new converts to Islam, and suit. These Moslem converts were the Moslem conqueror made every named Turkomans to distinguish them effort to win favor; even going so far from the Turks proper, who still reas to offer money to all who would mained unconverted- (Arnold) . The attend the mosques on Friday. After year 1347 marks the conversion of the Mongol conquest, when the army Timur Khan, the ruler of Kashgar. of Ghengis Khan had swept the old After this date we have little detailed centers of Moslem civilization like a information of the continued spread desert simoon, and left behind them of Islam in Asiatic Russia. As late ruin and devastation, the regions as the fifteenth century an Arab of which now form part of the Russian Damascus was a preacher of Islam Empire in Asia were the battle-ground among the pagan tribes, Tunjanis, of three faiths. And these three great who lived between Ilia and Kamil. He world religions are still struggling for was brought as a prisoner of war by the mastery. "The spectacle," says Timur, and was so zealous for the Arnold, "of Buddhism, Christianity faith, we are told, that thousands were and Islam emulously striving to win converted. the allegiance of the fierce conquerors that had set their feet on the necks of The spread of Islam in Siberia the adherents of these great mission- proper dates from the sixteenth cenary religions is one that is without tury. In the eighteenth century Islam parallel in the history of the world." first gained entrance among the Ba- Buddhism did not win great victories, raba Tatars, while during the ninebut Islam and Christianity divided teenth century the Moslem faith won the field between them, and the many adherents among the Finns on struggle was as fierce as that which the Volga, and their numbers are still the missions are facing in Africa to- increasing. There is reliable testimony day. of Moslem aggression and propagan- dism in Russia to-day. Baron Nico- The first Mongol ruling prince that lai, of St. Petersburg, reports that embraced Islam was Baraka Khan, "In the province of Upa, there are chief of the Golden Horde from 1256 aboriginal tribes, Tshenenuss and Voto 1265. The story is told that he fell tiaks. Since the edict of religious libin one day with the caravan of Mos- erty has been granted, the emissaries lem merchants from Bokhara and of Islam have been doing such sucquestioned them on the doctrines of cessful, quiet work among them that already 100,000 nominal Christians

have turned Moslems. In the district the training of Moslem teachers, in- of Birsk alone, there are 91,000 be- cluding the celebrated Irnazar-Eltchi, longing to these tribes. Within ten founded by Empress Catharine II of years they will all be Moslems." Russia, who gave the sum of forty That Islam did not win still larger thousand rubles to build a college in numbers of adherents and overspread Bokhara for her Moslem subjects.

European Russia has been variously I rnazar-Eltchi was an envoy sent to explained. The Greek Church un- the Empress from Bokhara, and the doubtedly through its hierarchy raised local story is that this money was a strong barrier, nor was the govern- given to him by Catharine after a ment favorable to the spread of Islam liaison which she had with him. This in the European provinces, a11(1 per- story is of a' piece with the usual Mos- haps, as some one has maliciously lem ideas. / said, it was the prohibition of wine Thc population of Bokhara is 75,- which lost many Russians to the Mos- 000, and this is only one of the great lem side. But altho Europe in Russia Mohammedan cities in the Russian has been able to withstand the attrac- Empire. Other great centers of Islam tions of Islam, she has been unable to are Khokand, Samarcand and Tash- prevent the peoples of the Caucasus kend. Testimony of travelers from and of Central Asia which have come Schuyler in 1873 to Fraser in 1907 under her rule from joining the ranks agrees as regards the social and moral of the false prophet. degradation of the Moslem population Social and Moral Conditions of Central Asia. It is not unfair to measure the general condition of Mos- In a general sense the Mohamme- lem lands by that of Moslem woman- dans of Russia are not distinguished hood. This differs in accordance with from the other Moslems of Central the degree of Western civilization not Asia in their beliefs or practises. only, but also with the degree of Nearly all of them belong to the or- purely Mohammedan culture. Among thodox Sunni sect and follow the Ko- the Mohammedans of Russia the usual ran and the traditions of Islam in eviJs of the social system permitted accordance with the school of the and perpetuated by Mohammed ob- Hanifs. There are a small number tain. "The matrimonial relation,"

who are disciples of the Shafi school, says Fraser, "sits very lightly in Tur- but there are no others. The recent kestan, as indeed it does in most Mus- revival of the Wahabis never extended suIman countries, despite the injunc- into Central Asia, altho it did to India tions of the prophet. Here, however, and Afghanistan. they are easier than perhaps in any According to Professor Vambery, part of the world. The law allows Bokhara is the stronghold of Islam, four wives, and to the letter of it all not only for Russian Asia, but for the decent men adhere. But they entirely whole of Central Asia and Chinese disregard the Splflt by continual Turkestan. Bokhara is the social capi- change. It is quite usual for an old tal not only, but the center of Moslem man of high standing and good repu- culture for a wide region. It has sev- tation to admit to having had thirty eral important colleges and schools for or forty different wives in the course

IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

of his career. Some men, of course, a way as to defy the keenest scrutiny, have so many that they lose count en- but in spite of all these precautions tirely. A considerable proportion of immorality among Russian Mohamthe women have an average of ten medans is rife, as it is in all parts of husbands during their comparatively the Moslem world. brief period of good looks. . . . Divorce costs threepence. It is only Superstition flourishes because, necessary for either party to mention among the Moslems of Russia, as the matter to the Kazi, and he makes among those in India, illiteracy is out a ticket declaring the marriage sadly prevalent. Some of the su- perstitions are even more puerile From "The Marches of Hindustan," Wm. Blackwood & Sons.

A RUSSIAN MOHAMMEDAN AND HIS TWO WIVES dissolved." And he also gives a sad than those observed in Arabia, tho picture of the lack of respect for old all of them find their excuse in the women too frail to drag themselves teaching of Mohammed as handed the weary length of the pilgrimage to down in the traditions. Schuyler re- Mecca. lates that he was shown one day how to eat a watermelon: "Accord- The use of the veil and the seclu- ing to the Koran, when an animal is sion of women is more universal in killed for food, its throat must be Russian Turkestan and other parts of cut in order that the blood may all the Russian Empire than, for example, run out." By a transfer of ideas and in Persia. Women are seldom seen in to satisfy orthodoxy, the melon is the streets of the town, and when a treated in the same way! When a woman does appear she is clad in such

man drinks water, he must first sayer intense satisfaction or disapdrink one swallow slowly while re- pointment. peating the name of Allah; then take two swallows, after which he can The mystic poets of Persia are drink as much as he pleases. Among widely read by the Mohammedans the more strict Moslems, laughing of Russia, and the dervish orders are is not allowed in the proximity of very strong. Everywhere there are the mosques, and whistling is sup- tombs of saints or welis, and popuposed to be dangerous, as it brings lar religion finds comfort by seek- ing the intercession of those who died for the faith and are considered martyrs.

TWO GENERATIONS OF MOSLEMS IN RUSSIA Dawn of a New Era death and disaster. A common There are signs, however, that the method of divining the future is to Russian Mohammedans are dissatplace the shoulder-blade of a sheep, isfied with present social conditions, carefully cleaned, on the fire. The and the women themselves have alcracks and colors produced foretell ready entered a protest against the future events. Among the Kirgis system of seclusion. Newspaper dis- Mohammedans another kind of div- patches a year ago told us that the ination is very common. Forty- Mohammedan women of Orenburg one balls of dry dung are taken and province have sent to the Duma divided into heaps. These are di- a memorial demanding that the vided by three, and the varying Mohammedan representatives take numbers and positions at the con- steps to free them from the "desclusion of the game gives the sooth, potism" of their husbands.

"Altho our holy religion," reads the document, "declares us free, some of the ignorant despots, our husbands, are oppressing us and force us lavishly to submit to their caprices. According to the books of doctrine, women have the right to learn, to travel, to pray in mosques, engage in business, etc., and in Ara- bia and other countries there have been noted women writers and poets. Now our husbands would forbid us even to study our own religion. But we Mohammedan women, Allah be praised! now begin to get education.

"Mohammedan deputies, you are required to demand all rights for Mohammedan women. You must carry through legislation defending us against the arbitrariness of these

19091 ISLAM IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

despot husbands, against oppression among others, the situation of our womand torture. We, mothers of the en has been under discussion in Egypt, people, have in our hands the edu- Russia and India. There have been becation and progress of the people, sides many other topics touched relating and if our status be not changed, to the mutual condition of Eastern and the day will come when the men, Western civilization; questions which too, will become slaves, and then the ought to be handled with ripe considerawhole :Mohammedan world will per- tion and solved in accordance with the ish." special wants of the different countries.

No action has yet been taken on Icr~J . ~i.ol this petition so far as we know. .'tI16. ..:J.1 ,,~ Ml1nn~ HIICPfAAHHb J:'..,.-..,, ''I Not only is there discussion of social reform, but, strange to say, one THE DEVIL CARRIES OFF THE PERSIAN HOUSE OF of the centers where religious reform PARLIAMENT is proclaimed on the part of the new Islam is in Russia. On October 12, Title-page to a humorous paper published in Russia 1908, the London Times contained for circulation in Persia an article translated from the Tatar paper Terdjuman, and published But since these questions are of extraorat Bagchesarai in the Crimea, in dinary interest for the cultural revival which the proposition is made to of I slam, it is preferable to discuss these discuss in a congress questions of matters in a common, general way, ingeneral importance for the reforma- stead of the hi therto used single and seption of Islam. The appeal is signed arate form. The fi rst congress of the by its editor, a Russian Mohamme- Russian Mohammedans in 1905 has g-reatdan, Ismael Bey Gasprinski. The Iy contributed towa rd th e rousing and article stated: development of these thoughts, and now a much greater necessity has arisen for the In paying due attention to the relatiolls convening of a general congress, the acof the Mohammedan world, wc shall be tivity of which may be useful to Islam. grieved to notice that, wherever and un- The congress, embodying our learned der whatever rule they be, they always clergy and literary celebrities, must not rema in behind t hei r neighbors. In Al- be frightened by the European clamor of giers, the Mohammedans are superseded Pan-Islamism, for our representatives, by the J ews, in Crete by the Greeks, in gathering from a ll parts o f the world, Bulga ria by th e Bulgarians, and it! Rus- and striving to solve many social and sia by everybody. It is patent th at, groaning under despotism and unable to profit by liberty and constitution, they pass their time in patience and submission. W e ought to investigate into the causes of this deplorable state, for admitting, for example, that the Algerian J ews surpass the Algerian Arab, it is astonishing and quite inexplicable that the poor and devout Buddhist should get ahead of the once energetic Moslem.

This is the much m0re to be wondered at when we see that in recent times important thoughts and questions have arisen in the Moslem world, and tha t,

cultural questions, will open more than journeys on the part of one or two one hitherto closed way and door. We pioneers, and the work of the Sweshall thus be able to sanction the una- dish missionaries at Kashgar and voidably necessary reforms and innova- Yarkand in Chinese Turkestan, as tions in Islam. After obtaining by delib- far as I am able to learn no miseration the unity of thought, and by sionary work is carried on for the striving to propagate these ideas in the Moslems of Russia and Central whole Moslem world, we shall have Asia. created a sound understanding and a general awakening of the hitherto sleeping The entire New Testament has Mohammedans. At the time of public been translated into the Turkish association Islam was a ruling power, dialect spoken at Kashgar, and the now three-fourths of it are ruled by Swedish Mission has at present others. The world is constantly chan- seven missionaries in Chinese Turging and progressing, and we are left kestan. They expect to open up Khobehind for many, many miles. As this tan, near the border of Tibet. The congress, owing to certain reasons, can not meet in Constantinople, we trust to missionary, E. J. Larson, reported at be able to unite in Cairo, which is looked upon as the second center of Islam. We the Cairo Conference that Bible disare anxious to have the opinion of the tribution had been carried on from Mohammedan press concerning the pro- Bokhara as a center, and that a gram and the discussable points, and number of Moslems had been conthere is much hope that we shall meet verted and baptized in the Caucasus, in September next year in Cairo. but this work is in its infancy. It is encouraging to note, however, It is very remarkable that this ap- that the Bible, or portions of the peal for a Moslem congress should Bible, have been translated into the come from a Russian Mohammedan. following languages used among the The Mecca Conference, held in I902, Moslems of the Russian Empire, was probably also somewhat under while the Koran, altho translated the influence of Russian reform, be- into Russian,* has not been put into any of these languages except Turkcause this secret meeting of dele- ish: gates from every part of the Moslem world to discuss the reasons for the Bashkir Turki ………….. In the Urals decline of Islam met in the house of Trans-Caucasian Turki ……… Caucasus a Russian subject for fear of the Turks. Jagatai Turki …………….. Turkestan These attempts at reform indicate Kashgar Turki …….. Chinese Turkestan the disintegration of Islam and the Kirghiz Turki ……….. Western Siberia dissatisfaction of Moslems with Kazan Turki ………….. Kazan Russia their own faith, but they promise little hope for the future. Whether "* An annotated Arabic text of the Koran was Islam is capable of reform or not is published at St. Petersburg by order and at the an open question. The only real expense of the Empress Catherine II in 1787. This edition was reprinted in 1790, 1793, 1796, 1798, hope for the Moslems of Russia, as and again at Kasan in 1803, 1809 and 1839. Anfor men everywhere, is in the gospel other edition in two volumes without notes was of Jesus Christ. Of all the Moham- printed at Kasan in 1817; reprinted in 1821 and medans in the world the Mohamme- 1843, and a third elaborate edition in six volumes dans in Russia have been neglected. at the same place in 1819. These editions were With the exception of missionary all for the use of Moslems in Russia and were of the Arabic text. A Russian version of the Koran was printed in St. Petersburg in 1776. It is not, of course, in general use among Moslems.

IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

Mordoff ……………… On the Volga boards, there was great need of Ruthen ……………….. Little Russia stimulating all evangelical Russian Russian ………………. Russia proper organizations, and especiaIIy to fur- Turkish ……………………. Crimea ther the spread of vernacular Chris- Uzbek Turki …………… Central Asia tian literature. In how far the rec- Wogu!. …………….. Western Siberia ommendations of this committee Wotjak …………………. Orenburg (see article by Rev. James L. Bar- Yakut. ……….. , …… Eastern Siberia tOll, D.D., 011 the Religious Situa- tion in Russia, TIIE MISSIONARY RE- Has the time not come to begin VIEW, October, 1908) apply to the missions among the polyglot Mo- Moslem population is not stated. In hammedans of Russia? Surely, some respects, missionary work there are many souls among them among the Moslems of Russia would who are longing for salvation, if afford opportunities surpassed in no only the gospel were proclaimed. other country. The Mohammedans The mystic tendency of Islam in in Russia can no longer be ignored central Asia and the numerous pil- in the solution of the world-wide grimages to Mecca of Russian Mo- problem of Islam, and present a hammedans, which so many of strong claim upon the sympathy them undertake at great personal and aid of Christendom. A convert sacrifice, are proofs of a secret long- from Islam, perhaps one of the first ing for peace. Baron Woldemar Ux- in Bokhara, has himself thrown kull says that in the Caucasus, very down the challenge. "Once," says little has been done for the spread missionary Larsen, "I remained in of the gospel. Bokhara two months. From our book-store in the tity, our native "Religious life there is only in the helpers distributed the New Testa- German villages, which are spread ment even among the people of Afall over the country; but the colo- ghanistan. One old professor in the nist~ could not, in former years, high school of Bokhara received preach the gospel because it was a from us the Bible in Arabic. He was crime." Tiflis, the capital, is an im- very thankful and early in the mornportant center of Mohammedanism, ing he used to come to us for readand Moslem journals are printed ing, prayer and conversation. One here that have a circulation all over morning he said, 'I am convinced Persia. Nothing has been done for that Jesus Christ will conquer Mothe Mohammedans of Siberia, and hammed. There is no doubt about in central Asia we find dense spiri- it because Christ is king in heaven tual darkness. and on the earth, and His kingdom fills heaven and will soon fill the The Conference of Foreign Mis- earth.''' Let us pray and work with sion Boards of North America ap- hope for the future and specially repointed a committee on the subject member in prayer the Moslems of of religious work in Russia. In Russia and central Asia, one of the 1907 this committee made a report largest unoccupied mission fields in after personal investigation. Tbe the world. conclusions of the committee were that, altho the time is not ripe for any denominational advance upon Russia on the part of mission

BIBLIOGRAPHY "The Mohammedan World of To-day." (Fleming H. Revell Company, New T. W. Arnold-"The Preaching of Is- York, 1906.) lam." (Westminster, 1896.) "Revue du Monde Musulman." (A C. R. Haines-HIslam as a Missionary monthly published at Paris by La Religion." (London, 1889.) Mission Scientific du Maroc.) See P. D'Abry de Thiersant-HLa Maho- Volume V, No.7 and other numbers. metisme en Chine." Two volumes. (Paris, 1878. See the chapter on Johannes Awetarian-HGeschichte Eines Muhammedaners der Christ Wurde: Turkestan.) Deutsche Orient Mission." (Berlin, Hubert Jansen-HVerbreitung des Is- 1905.) lams." (Berlin, 1897.) "Dawn in Central Asia"-Volume VII, David Fraser-"The Marches of Hindus- number 2, February, 1909. Pros- pects of Missionary Work in Russian tan." (Russian Turkestan, Chapters Turkestan.

XXVI-XXXI. London, 1907.) Baron Woldemar Uxkull-"Actual Re- Eugene Schuyler-HTurkestan." Two vol- ligious Conditions in Russia. In the Examiner," November 5, 1908. umes. (New York, 1885.) HOur Moslem Sisters"-(Fleming H.

Revell Co., 1908.) A TOUR AMONG MOSLEM VILLAGES IN ASIA MINOR * BY REV. STEPHEN VAN R. TROWBRIDGE, AINTAB, ASIA MINOR Missionary of the American Board Direct Christian work among the known the name of Jesus and have Moslem villages of Turkey has been exalted another name above His name. regarded for many years as practically But faith is more powerful than fact, impossible. Scarcely anything IS and there are certainly Christward therefore known about hundreds of movements among the Turks which villages within a few hours' horseback are little known to Armenians and ride of large missionary centers. The Americans. The desire among these plan of touring has been to push thoughtful Moslems is to learn from through as rapidly as possible to the the New Testament a religion of Protestant churches of the out-stations, spiritual experience. using those Moslem villages which have fallen in the line of travel simply l'irst Journey: Aintab to K uziiI His- as lodgings for the night. sar. The nurse and the touring mis- sionary on horseback, with Suleiman Since the proclamation of the Con- as muleteer and guide. After riding situation . the plan has been to some hours we reached Kuzul Hissar, make Mohammedan villages the where our host was Hi:ikkesh Aga, objective points, to gather as much known as "Toppal" Hokkesh. Six information as possible in brief years ago he was in the American tours, chiefly within a certain magis- hospital for four months. His father tracy, with its two hundred or more is not living, but was kiahyah of the villages, and to serve the common village. people through medical aid and through the direct message of the r went with Suleiman and a butcher • Gospel. to the tents of the miserable AbtaI·, a From day to day the fact looms tribe of nomads like the gipsies, but large and sad that the Moslems have more primitive and godless, as they are neither Moslems nor Christians. They * This article was written soon after the proclamation of the constitution) when greater freedom was possible in missionary work. Since then the country has been disturbed by Moslem hostility to Chri.· tians.-EDITORS.

MOSLEM VILLAGES IN ASIA MINOR

live partly underground and are woolen quilt for covering. Next to nomads and thieves all summer, and me on the floor slept Suleiman, the in winter roll the big drum for Turk- muleteer, third came Hokkesh, then ish weddings in many villages. his wife, his younger sister, five-year- From this encampment we went to old boy named Mohammed, and a the elementary "market" of the baby that cried lustily during the village, where the old men sit in the night.

st1nlight all day. The Khoja (teacher) T he Turks do not go to bed early; was called, and tho unable to read they are up two or three hours before throug h his having a bad case of dawn, sitting arouml the "tandur"

trachoma, he showed good-wi;!. talk ing and smoking. They do liot Sheikh Mohammed by name, he is teacher and Imam (preacher) of th e lower mosque near the mill. He said he could not afford to buy a copy of the "Injil" (gospel), but at my sug- gestion one of the villagers promptly drew ou t hi s purse and bought one.

A bright lad, named Haji Memik Oghlotl, bought the Psalms and eagerly began to read when I showed him the twenty-third . He came again at night for an hour's lesson. After a friendly talk about the Gospel of J esus and "Zabour" of David, we turned back to Hokkesh's house, where many patients had already crowded in to be treated by the nurse.

In the evening Omer Mohammed Oghlou bought a New Testament and a copy of the Psalms. He is a young man of good physique, and reads well REV. S TE PH EN VAN R. TRQWBRJnGE ON TOUR and thoughtfully.

We ate our dinner on the floor, the work hard during the day, and conse- bread being brought in wrapt up in quently need little sleep. The the patched-up sackcloth which served "tandur" is a hollow in the floor where in place of table and table-cover. The hot coals are kept, with a little wooden dinner consisted of crusht wheat frame and heavy quilt thrown over it with a little boiled mutton on top. In to keep the heat inside. In the winter place of spoons the villagers cleverly the family sit around this, feet con- use bits of thin bread to help them- centrating under the quilt, like the selves from the one common dish. petals of a sunflower.

The Turkish bed, both in winter and In the morning we rode over to Haj – in summer, is a very simple affair-a jar, a village built on a high mound, woolen mattress is laid on the floor, with one hundred and forty houses and with a large pillow of rushes, and a twice that number of families. Hajjar

means "stone" in Arabic, and honestly have never been annulled by Jesus describes the disposition of the people. or Mohammed, and that Jesus had Both Apo Khoja of the lower mosque said, "Heaven and earth shall pass and Hamid of the upper mosque were away, but my words shall never pass opposed to us as Christians and un- away. At this Hamid Khoja believers. Few of the villagers came evidently wished to close the conto see us. But one woman who had versation. He said, "Your four fallen from a roof and cut her head gospels are not the single and genuine open, had her wound drest by Miss Holy Gospel which was sent down Trowbridge, the nurse, and was pro- from the heavens upon Jesus." I refoundly grateful. In front of the plied that the agreeing evidence of HAMZA, THE VI LLAGE CHIEF, AND HIS RETAINERS, CENTRAL TURKEY mosque, where the men of the village four witnesses is valid, but more than were gathered, I read the Sermon on this the living presence of Jesus tothe Mount. They listened with rever- day is proof of the same Holy Gospel ence, and Hamid Khoja could make which He first proclaimed. His no objection. Then he asked for the miracles and His life must be studied New Testament and read aloud the with diligence and with reverent faith. fifteenth chapter of St. Mark. When he finished he closed the book and I went with the Khojas into both declared: "There is not a word of the mosques and found them unswept, truth in it. The Koran has annulled empty rooms, with common rush mats the authority of the Gospel, just as on the floors and no other furniture the Gospel has annulled the law of than two oil-lamps upon the right and Moses." I assured him that the com- left of the Imam's niche. In place of mands "Thou shalt not steal" and a pulpit, such as city mosques have, "Thou shalt not bear false witness" the Imam, who is also the Khoja, stands in a large niche in the back wall

VILLAGES IN ASIA MINOR 75

HOUSE OF HAMZA J A TU I{KISII CHIEF of the mosque. Few people come to villagers sitting in the sun, and the Friday service and the only regular Han1Za, the Kiahyah, took me by the preaching is during the month of hand and led the way to the guest- Ramazan. The teachers are most room next to his own house and faithful in performing the prayers and served us with coffee. About twenty prostrations, even tho many of the of the chief men seated themselves villagers constantly neglect them. around the sides of the guest-room, and for three hours we .conversed about Thursday evening we visited a the Gospel, the needs of the villagers, sepulcher above Kiizul Hessar, which the lack of a teacher for the mosque, was accidently broken open this year. and the prevalent malaria. Five of The condition of bones and manner the New Testaments and Portions of carving the rock seem to indicate were bought, one by Hamza and one a very ancient date, possibly as far by Suleiman's friend Ibo. I explained back as the Hittites. Miss Trow- the causes of malaria and sold four bridge treated about twenty-five boxes of quinine. We left the village patients and referred many others with a most cordial invitation to come to the American hospital. again and spend several days.

With SuleimanI rode an hour to The next morning, after many more Sazghiin, an Ottoman village about patients had been treated, we rode an a mile to the east of the caravan road. hour to Jaghdiighun, an Osmanli It is built on a Hittite (?) mound and village, where we were entertained is very malarial because of standing at Mohammed the Kiahyah's house. water and low ground near by. There Ingrowing eyelashes and a lazy dispoare about 45 houses and 90 families. sition have made Sadduq Effendi, the At the mosque we found all the

Khoja. incompetent of doing the and cattie, and a third is sent to work ignorant villagers much good. Many in the fields. But the women, while robbers live here and no one can read having to work very hard, are not or write in the whole village. The closely veiled, and may sit down to Khoja well exprest their attitude t()- meals with their near male relatives. ward Christianity when he said "Jesus Divorce is easily accomplished and was a true prophet like Moses and very frequent-high words or an un- Mohammed. That is enough for us friendly act causing the husband to to know about him. But your Scrip- send his wife away. No legal transtures are not genuine." action is necessary and the woman has no right of divorce. Actual These villages range from forty to slavery does not often exist in these five hundred houses, two related villages, as it does in the cities, and families usually live in a house, with daughters are not sold to Constantian average of six or seven in a family. nople harems, as they are from the Hence a village like Hajjar would Circassian villages. have about I,SoO inhabitants; Kuzul probably 4,000. These peasants are Robbery is common, both petty all Osmanli Turks, for we met but thievery and highway brigandage, iC.l11e Arab and one sojourning including the plunder of a whole Christian. The people speak Osmanli caravan. In Kuza the farmland is Turkish with many provincialisms, owned In small sections by the and we found scarcely any knowledge villagers themselves-an unusual of Arabic even among the teachers. circumstance in Turkey. Taxes are high and unjust, the total for an In this district we found that individual ranging from IO to 25 per malaria is common, as are gun-shot cent of his earnings. The taxes are wounds and severe coughs. Typhoid collected by the Kiahyah at a margin and smallpox are not rare. Amulets, of one-fortieth of the total tax. The three-cornered and wrapt in leather, well-to-do men send their servants are much used. Verses written from to plow and harvest the fields and the Koran are eaten to cure disease. vineyards, and usually employ hireling Parts of a tortoise boiled was recom- shepherds to tend their flocks. ~nded as a time-honored remedy for dyspepsia. In the gathering and The village organization is almost curing of medicinal herbs the old men democratic, and dates back to nomad and old women are really skilful. days of Central Asia. The Kiahyah Sewerage and street conditions are is elected by a council of the old men, disreputable, but not as bad as in the who are the heads of clans within the crowded parts of the cities. village. He is invested with the village seal, which is necessary in law- Marriages are arranged like market suits and in dealings with the national bargains, from $1.00 to $ro being government. The Kiahyah has power paid as dowry for the wife. With few of punishment (stripes or prison) and exceptions the men have two, three, even according to ancient tradition the or four wives each. It was said that power of life and death. Severe cases in the large families, one wife bakes of crime the Kiahyah always refers bread and makes fires all day, another to the city courts, tying the offender's is assigned to take care of the goats

VILLAGES IN ASIA MINOR

hands behind his back and personally world. In Sazghiin, when I showed escorting him on horseback into the the men my compass, they examined city. it carefully, and one old chief exprest the convictIon of all: "This is All the people are Sunnis (ortho- certainly the work of the true Prophet. dox Moslems). The Khoja is the The needle never wavers a moment center of teaching the Koran and from Kulbc" (the direction of fabulous lore from the Hadith. In a Mecca, south from here). The men few cases the teachers have crude little solemnly nodded assent, and one by schools for the children, but beyond one handled the "miracle of the True the formulas for devotional worship Prophet." It was in vain that I told not much is taught. Alevis Moslems MOSLEM BOYS IN A TURKISH VILLAGE, CENTRAL TURKEY are hated and regarded almost as them of the magnetic pole in the apostates. Alevis are liberals, similar north and of the mariner's use of the to the Persian Shias. The mosques compass. They reaffirmed their beare a little better built than the mud- lief that this was created as a guide houses, but are neglected and not at to Holy Mecca. But how it had all attractive. Minarets are usually ever passed into my hands was more dispensed with because of the cost of than they could divine. building them. But the call to prayer is never dispensed with in any village, The attitude of these people tono matter what the conditions of ward Christianity is much more open weather or epidemic. This call is and friendly than we anticipated. usually given from the flat earthen Tolerance, perhaps, describes it best, roof of the mosque. but among the poorer classes there is stich complete ignorance that it may Mecca is the holy center of the be truly said: Even the name of

Jesus is not known. In a few cases people are inclined to disregard the the teachers oppose the facts of the teachers' warning and accept the Gospel, but their objections stand on Gospel as equally with the Koran, such shaky ground that the common the Word of God.

CHRISTIAN FREDERICK SCHWARTZ BY REV. JOHN RUTHERFURD, M.A.

The honor of having sent the first It was in a curious way that his Protestant mission to India belongs thoughts were turned to India. The to Denmark; but the majority of the project was being spoken of at that European workers, for the first fifty time of printing at Halle a new ediyears at least, were Germans. So also tion of the Bible in Tamil, under the was the famous missionary at whose superintendence of missionary Schultz. life we shall now glance. Schwartz, This idea was never accomplished, if one of the earliest, was also one of but while the project was still on foot the most successful of Indian mission- Schwartz and another student were aries. He lived and worked in India recommended to acquire what knowl- for forty-eight years, having never edge they could of Tamil in order to even once had any home furlough dur- qualify them to help in correcting the ing that time. printing of the book. While engaged in the study of this language, which Christian Frederick Schwartz was occupied him for several months, bam in Sonnenburg, a small town in Francke asked him if he would go to the Electorate of Brandenburg, in Oc- India, and he resolved to do so if he tober, 1726. After an elementary edu- could get his father's consent. This cation in his native town, he was sent with some little difficulty was obtained, to a higher school in the neighboring and in August, 1749, Schwartz with town of Custin. Before this he had two other missionaries left Halle for been "confirmed" according to the Copenhagen, where they were orrites of the Lutheran Church, but re- dained to the ministry by Bishop Horceived little impression. At Custin a reboa. lady brought him some books to read: one of these was "Demonstrations of Returning to Halle they made prepthe Footsteps of a Divine Being yet arations for their final departure, and in the World," by A. H. Francke. It left Germany for England en route for was a narrative of the rise and prog- India. In London they were kindly ress of the Orphan House at Glau- received by the Society for Promocha, near Halle. The reading of this ting Christian Knowledge and other book proved the turning point in his friends, including the king's chaplain. life. Schwartz was called on to preach in the royal chapel, and the directors of In I746 he went to Halle, where he the East India Company gave the lodged in the Orphan House while three missionaries a free passage to pursuing his studies in the university. India. His intercourse with Francke did him much good, and strengthened his res- They embarked at Deal in January, olution to devote himself to God. 1750, and arrived at Cuddalore in the

FREDERICK SCHWARTZ

MONUMENT TO SWARTZ IN INDIA following July. Long afterward it and to assist in the schools for the was observed that for a century after native children. the founding of the Danish Mission, and in the course of which some fifty A wealthy Hindu merchant said to missionaries had proceeded to India, him, "Sir, be not displeased. I wish no vessel had been lost in which any to ask you a question: Do all Euroof them sailed. peans speak like you?" Schwartz re- plied that all Europeans were not true Beginning in India. Christians, but that there were many who were really so, and who sincerely In a few months he was able to be- prayed for the Hindus that they might gin preaching in the native language, become acquainted with Jesus Christ.

"You astonish me," replied the mer- In this year, 1756, three Mohamchant, "for from what we daily ob- medans were baptized at Vepery, the serve and experience we can not but first fruits of Islam to Christ on the think Europeans, with but few excep- coast of Coromandel. tions, to be self-interested, incontinent, proud, full of illiberal contempt and The branches of the mission in Cudprejudice against us Hindus, and even dalore and Madras were seriously inagainst their own religion, especially terfered with by the hostilities between the higher classes. So at least I have the French and English armies; but found it with the majority of those Tranquebar, where Schwartz was stawith whom I have had any inter- tioned, belonged to a neutral State, course." and thus escaped the horrors of war.

Meeting a Hindu dancing-master In 1760 some of the native Chriswith a female pupil, Schwartz told tians of the Dutch Mission in Ceylon, them that no unholy persons should having requested that the Danish misenter into the kingdom of heaven. sionaries should visit them, Schwartz "Alas! sir," said the poor girl, "in that journeyed to that island, and visited case hardly any European will ever Jaffnapatnam, Colombo, and other enter it." towns. This visitation of the Cinga- lese Christians occupied three months. This incident is of the same tone "The word of Gael being so scarce in as some remarks he made years af- that island, I assure you that the Diterward. "The wretchedness of many vine service was conducted in a very young people is difficult to be de- solemn and edifying manner." scribed. Of such, how many are in a short time removed into eternity! In 1762 Schwartz determined to ex- They arrive in this country to make, tend his labors beyond the limits of as it is called, their fortunes, and usu- the Danish territory, and accordingly ally go down to the grave under cir- set out on foot to Tanjore and Trichicumstances sorrowful indeed." nopoli, where he preached to both Christians and heathen. From that His fellow laborers soon discovered time his work was chiefly concerned Schwartz's talents, and appointed him with Tanjore and Trichinopoli even to superintend all the Christian schools more than with Tranquebar. south of the river Caveri. This involved much itinerating work, which Those were years of continual war, he cheerfully rendered. battles and sieges following in rapid succession; but amid it all the mis- Various drawbacks occurred in the sionaries held on their way, sometimes conduct of the mission. These arose in the besieged towns having their from political events, such as the S11C- goods seized and the converts often cess of the French in some of their cruelly used; but the work went on military enterprises in India; but not- which they were sent to do. At the withstanding this feeling of uneasi- siege of Madura by the English, ness, the Danish Mission celebrated Schwartz is reported to have been sigits jubilee on July 9th, 1756, the anni- nally useful to the English army. versary of the day on which, fifty years before, the first Protestant mis- In 1766, at the request of the Sosionary landed in India. ciety for Promoting Christian Knowl- edge, and with the approval of the

Royal Mission College at Copenhagen, spent it in building a m1SSlOn house Schwartz left Tranquebar and settled and hall and school; and after furnish- in Trichinopoli. ing these buildings, he resolved to re- Personal Characteristics tain only half for himself and devote the other half to the use of his congre- In regard to his personal appear- gation. In I768, the English being inance, we have this description: "His volved in war with Hyder Ali, garb, which was pretty well worn, Schwartz found an addition to his seemed foreign and old-fashioned, but work in attending the sick and the in every other respect his appearance wounded from the English camp. was the very reverse of all that could be termed forbidding or morose. Fig- At a visit to Combaconum, he talked ure to yourself a stout, well-made himself quite weary with various man, somew~at above the middle size, heathen, and one of the catechists read erect in his carriage and address, with to them our Lord's warning against a complexion rather dark, tho healthy, false prophets, whereupon a Brahman black curled hair, and a manly, en- declared aloud, "It is the lust of the gaging countenance expressive of un- eyes and of pleasure that prevents us affected candor, ingenuousness, and from embracing the truth." On this benevolence, and you will have an idea Schwartz makes the unusual but just of what Mr. Schwartz appeared to be remark, "St. Paul enumerates idolaat first sight." try among the works of the flesh. If it were only an error of the under- The following particulars may be acceptable: His annual income at standing, the greater number of Trichinopoli was about 148. "Let us heathens would already have forsaken see, then, how he managed with this it; but being a work of the flesh, and income. He obtained of the command- Christianity requiring its crucifixion, ing officer a room in an old Gentoo they stop there."

building, which was just large enough Another Brahman used the plain to hold a bed and himself, and in words, "The reasons why we do not which few men could stand upright. embrace the Christian doctrines are With this apartment he was contented. avarice, pride, and voluptuousness."

A dish of rice and vegetables, dressed The Hindus were accustomed to after the manner of the natives was justify themselves after this fashion: what he could always sit cheerfully We can not be better than the gods; down to; and a piece of dimity dyed now the gods everywhere practised black and other materials of the same lying, impurity, injustice, and re- homely sort sufficed him for an an- venge; these can not, therefore, be nual supply of clothing. Thus easily sinful. In the temples the most fla- provided as to temporalities, his only grant actions of the gods were de- care was to do the work of an evan- scribed in images and pictures, and as gelist." He was never married. the result the people were sunk in The English garrison being with- vice and misery. "They that make the out a chaplain, Schwartz regularly idols are like unto them."

preached to them. The Government of "But we faint not," said Schwartz; Madras granted him 1100 a year for "we know that Christ is ordained as these services, and this benevolent man a light of the Gentiles."

Hindrances to Conversion o(Hindus circulated both III India and in In regard to the hindrances to the Persia.

conversion of the heathen, it was his What with school work, vIsitation conviction that the principal cause of the troops, the regular services of which prevents most of the Hindus the churches, evangelistic and pastor- from embracing Christianity is the al tours among the natives, and pri- fear of man. In regard to the Brah- vate conversations, his time was well mans in particular, he writes: "Noth- occupied. "The day being cool," he ing but fear keeps them at present writes, "I went round the fort, the from embracing the Christian relig- poor heathen collecting in numbers to ion. . . . For my part, I entertain hear the Word of God. After convers- a cheerful hope of seeing better days, ing with them, a Mohammedan ap- and therefore rejoice in the present proached and asked me what was the opportunity of preaching the salutary difference between his religion and doctrine of Christ, frequently recall- mine. To which I replied, 'we both ing to my mind that there is a time have a heavy burden of sin to carry.

of sowing preceding that of reaping." You have none to remove it, but we Having visited Tanjore in 1769, he have in Jesus Christ a powerful De- was introduced to the king of that liverer.'''

place, Rajah Tuljajee, and with this The blessing of God rested on the prince and his successors Schwartz's work year by year, and the native history is much interwoven. Mean- church continued to increase. Many while, he worked at Trichinopoli. instances occurred of conversion, both "Padre," said the son of the Nabob among Roman Catholics and the at Trichinopoli, "we always regardell heathen; and the genuineness of the you Europeans as a most irreligious change was shown by the way in race of men, unacquainted even with which they withstood allurement and the nature of prayer, till you came and persecution. "The increase in the con- told us you had good people among congregation," he writes in 1771, "has you in Europe; since you are come been greater than in the preceding here, indeed, we begin to think better year, a hundred and forty persons in of you." all having been added to it. We have Seeing the opportunity of infiuen- also remarked more of the work of cing the Mohammedans of India God in the heart of the catechumens, through the Persian language, he took which has encouraged us cheerfully to means to circulate the Gospels in that persevere." His work among the language, and an attempt was made Europeans was equally fruitful, many to procure the whole of the New Tes- of the soldiers coming out clearly and tament in Persian; but such a trans- fully in the Christian life.

lation could not be got then. But tho Among many interesting conver- Schwartz failed in this, his idea has sions was that of a man said to be long ago been carried out. Henry more than a hundred years old. Not- Martyn did this work. The Persian withstanding his extreme age, he com- translation of the New Testament is prehended well what he was taught; an enduring monument of his zeal he was received into the church by and worth, and it has been widely .. baptism.

I909J CHRISTIAN FREDERICK SCHWARTZ

The Rajah of Tanjore proposed to sure him of the pacific intentions of employ Mr. Schwartz as a mediator the Madras Government. It was or ambassador in some negotiations thought that Schwartz's knowledge of with the English, but was overruled Hindustani and his incorruptible inby his officers. The Rajah used these tegrity qualified him for this mission remarkable words to Schwartz, "Pa- of peace; and viewing it as an endre, I have confidence in you because deavor to avoid war and bloodshed, you are indifferent to money." he thought it would be wrong to re- fuse. Accordingly, he journeyed to By the combined efforts of the Eng- Hyder Ali's court, and had the delish Government of Madras and the sired interview. He gives some curi- Nabob of Arcot, Tanjore was cap- ous information about the court of tured and the Rajah deposed; but that prince and the terrible severity these proceedings did not meet the with which he governed. This emapproval of the authorities in Eng- bassy, well as Schwartz endeavored to land, by whose orders the Rajah was carry it out, proved ineffectual to serestored to his throne. The Rajah's cure the desired end, for Hyder Ali restoration once more opened the way not long afterward invaded the Carto Schwartz for freely preaching in natic with an army of about a hun- Tanjore; the war had greatly hin- dred thousand men. This involved a dered him. war which lasted three years, during which the sufferings of the natives The languages which he had hith- were extreme. Famine prevailed. erto used were English, German, Ta- Schwartz writes: "We have suffered mil, and Persian, but at the request exceedingly in this fortress from hunof the Rajah he also acquired Mah- ger and misery. When passing ratta. The princes of Tanjore, as de- through the streets early in the mornscended from the Mahratta conquer- ing, the dead were lying in heaps." ors, used this language, and by thus "A vigorous and strong man is learning it Schwartz increased his in- scarcely to be met with: in outward fluence in that court. appearance men are like wandering skeletons." Apprehending the out- An additional missionary had been break of this war, Schwartz had purappointed at Trichinopoli, and Mr. chased twelve thousand bushels of rice Schwartz was able from 1778 to re- at a low price, and this enabled him side chiefly in Tanjore, tho he con- not only to support his catechists and tinued to visit Trichinopoli and to su- schoolmasters, but to assist many othperintend the work in both places. ers; indeed, he was able to feed a considerable number for seventeen Political Work months. "Such distress I never be- fore witnessed, and God grant I never At the request of the Governor of may again." Madras, Schwartz undertook a piece of political work; some might blame During this trying period the work him for it, but he thought it right to of the mission not only did not fall comply with the request. It was that back, but even made cheering proghe should go to Seringapatam to have ress, while as regards Schwartz hima personal interview with Hyder Ali, for the purpose of ascertaining his feelings toward the English and to as-

self, his Christian character attracted they all give a strict account of their universal confidence and esteem, and lives, must they all appear before the even Hyder Ali, notwithstanding his tribunal of Jesus, the Mediator and cruelty and the desolation which he Judge?' How little do they mind was spreading so widely, yet ordered their end and the consequences of their his officers "to allow the venerable lives !" padre to pass unmolested and to show him respect and kindness, for he is a He had now been in India considholy man, and means no harm to my erably more than thirty years, and government." speaking of the heathen, he says: "They are almost entirely devoid of Hyder Ali's career of conquest was feeling; they hear the doctrines of the cut short by the defeats inflicted on Gospel explained and even applaud him by Sir Eyre Coote and Warren them, and yet, go on in their old way Hastings, and in 1782 he died at Chit- as if they had heard nothing about it. tore. The war, however, was con- Some Brahmans lately said to me, tinued by Hyder Ali's son, Tippoo. 'We have no objection to hear these After it had proceeded for some time things, but heavenly subjects do not a new attempt was made by the Eng- make much impression upon us.' This lish to secure peace, and once more avowal is certainly too true; and they they applied to Schwartz to accom- are, moreover, so timid that they pany the peace commissioners as their would not dare to profess the faith interpreter. He agreed to do so, and of Christ before their relations. This went so far on the way to meet the is truly stony ground, which requires Sultan Tippoo, when he was stopt much seed and returns but little fruit." by the Sultan's officers, peace having been otherwise concluded. Colonel In consequence of these prolonged Fullarton, the commander of the Eng- wars and misgovernment by the nalish troops, writes of him at this time: tive princes, the people in those parts "The knowledge and the integrity of of India were reduced to great desthis irreproachable missionary have titution. The Rajah of Tanjore not retrieved the character of Europeans being able to agree with the East Infrom imputations of general de- dia Company in regard to the way in pravity." which those distrest people should be governed, a commission was ap- Returning to Tanjore, he was a sec- pointed by the English governor for ond time requested to join the peace the purpose of endeavoring to aid the commissioners, 'but not being well, he inhabitants and to induce the Rajah declined. In the account which he to agree to certain needed reforms. gives of this declinature, he says: On this commission Schwartz was in- "When one considers all, high and vited to sit as an ordinary member, the low, rich and poor, rulers of those other members being some three or that are ruled, one is struck with grief four Englishmen of the highest rank. and a variety of passions. 'What Schwartz agreed to the proposal, and blindness, insensibility, and obstinacy, to aid on all occasions that did not ingreediness and rapaciousness! A thou- volve violent or coercive measures, sand times I think with myself, 'Good which, however expedient the English God, must all these people die, must Government might esteem them, he

FREDERICK

nevertheless considered unbecoming tend our daily worship. That which his position and character as a Chris- you for so many years desired, that tian minister. On this commission he we might have a village of Christians, did work which the government God has brought about without our highly valued. So highly were his interference." services esteemed in this matter, that the Governor and Council of Madras In 1792 he writes to the Society for resolved to grant him a salary of froo Promoting Christian Knowledge that a year as interpreter to the Company tho past his sixty-fifth year, he was in at Tanjore. good health and able for his duties, and that eighty-seven converts had Sathianaden Ordained been baptized during the previous year. In Dcccmber, 1790, a Christian Hindu named Sathianaden, who for In the same year he says: "As many some years had been engaged as a of the natives daily come to me from preacher in the service of the mission, all parts of the country, I had the best was ordained by Schwartz and his opportunity of declaring to them the colleagues according to the rites of counsel of God for their salvation. the Lutheran Church. "It was a sa- Those who came at 7 in the morning cred and most delightful day to us attended our morning prayers. Othall," says Schwartz. Sathianaden had ers who called at 8 heard the instrucalready approved himself as a trust- tions given to candidates for baptism. worthy and humble man. "His love Sometimes forty or fifty persons are to Christ and his desire to be useful present, both of high and low castes. to his countrymen are quite apparent. Frequently from fifteen to twenty His gifts in preaching afford universal Brahmans are sitting by while I am satisfaction. His love to the poor is catechizing. I say to them, 'Sit down, extraordinary, and it is often incon- and you will hear what doctrines we ceivable to me how he can manage to teach. I trust you will dedicate yoursubsist on his scanty stipend (three selves to the service of your Creator star pagodas per month-about 24s.), and Redeemer, and forsake your and yet do so much good." Sathiana- wretched idolatry." They quietly sit den's career justified the hopes which down for an hour, and hear everywere entertained of him. thing I have to say. Thirty years ago they would have looked on this as In 1791 he writes: "Tho I feel age the greatest scandal. . . . My hope and the infirmities connected with it, that this country will be brought to a I have much cause humbly to praise saving knowledge of the Gospel daily God that He so graciously strengthens gains strength; but whether I shall me to pursue my daily labors among live to see the change, the Lord only both Christians and heathens. . . . knows, nor indeed is it material. My I baptize no one whom I have not in- chief care is to train up young people structed daily for two and sometimes in the service of Christ." three months. There are two villages of Christians round our garden, one The Rajah of Tanjore's adopted of Pariah and the other of Soodra son was named Serfojee, and on the caste; and these can conveniently at· father's death the education of this youth was entrusted by the English

Government to Mr. Schwartz's care. fellow laborers, both European and· His influence over the young man was native, and to the last he did not cease excellent. "For two years I have dis- to witness for Christ with great joy.

charged the duties of a Resident. A Resident usually receives 7,000 star Bishop Heber', Testimony pagodas, or 13,000 sterling. I have not received anything, nor have I Bishop Hebe~', who in after years asked it. My journey to Madras I un- visited Tanjore and Trichinopoli, dertook at the desire of Government while he says that once he had been as tutor of Serfojee. The expenses of doubtful as to the wisdom of all the the journey I bore myself. I was political work in which Schwartz en- obliged for conscience' sake to under- gaged, yet records that this impres- take it as the legal guardian of the sion had been a mistake. "Schwartz,"

young man. His life was in the ut- writes the bishop, "was one of the most danger. He is now at Madras, most active and fearless, as he was learns English, and reads good books. one of the most successful mission- What effect this may have on his fu- aries who have appeared since the ture life is known to Him alone who apostles. To say that he was disin- trieth· the heart and the reins." terested in regard to money is noth- And so this good man continued to ing; he was perfectly regardless of work year in, year out, steadfast, un- power, and renown never seemed to movable, always abounding in the affect him even so far as to induce work of the Lord, living as a father an outward show of humility. His in the midst of the native Christians, temper was perfectly simple, open, for the church was built in his gar- and cheerful. . . . His converts were den, and they had their houses close between six and seven thousand, be- to it. sides those whom his predecessors and Schwartz died at Tanjore on Feb- companions in the cause had brought ruary 13th, 1798, surrounded by his over."

CHRISTIAN INDIAN SETTLEMENT AT METLAKAHTLA~ ANNETTE ISLAND"

WILLIAM DUNCAN, FOUNDER OF METLAKAHTLA ARRIVED AT FORT SIMPSON, OCTOBER I, 1857 BY BELLE M. BRAIN, DETROIT, MICH. Author of "Redemption of the Redmen," etc.

On Annette Island, southeastern him. "Let us forget the tool and glo- Alaska, there is one of the most re- rify the Master." markable villages in the world. In it nobody gets drunk, everybody goes to It seems safe to infer, however, that church, no one smokes save an occa- he was reared in a Christian home, sional tourist, no work of any kind is and received the most careful training. ever done on the Sabbath, God's name One day, when about seven years old, is never taken in vain, and there has he found a penny in his pocket that never been any bloodshed. he could not account for. No one had given it to him and he was sure he This model community-seemingly had not stolen it. By and by, remema bit of heaven on earth-is New Met- bering stories he had heard of people lakahtIa, a settlement of full-blooded selling themselves to the devil, the Tsimshean Indians, founded by Will- thought came to him, "Perhaps the iam Duncan, a simple, unassuming devil put it there!" At this he threw English layman who made his advent it into the tall grass, as far as he among them fifty-two years ago- could send it, determined not to let October I, 1857. the devil buy him.

Owing to Mr. Duncan's extreme When nine years old, the organist reticence in regard to anything per- of Beverly Minster sent for him to taining to himself, very little is known test his voice, which was one of unof his early home or his childhood. usual sweetness and power. The test Even the exact date of his birth he proving satisfactory, he was admitted keeps a secret, tho it is known that it to the vested choir, and for the next occurred in April, 1832, at Beverly, seven years sang regularly in the minin Yorkshire, England. "I am only ster. So effectively did he render the a tool in the Master's hand," he says solo parts assigned him that people to those who would know more about came long distances to hear him. Yet

he was utterly devoid of pride and seven counties. Taking his religion thought only of the spiritual power into his business, he wasted nei- in his singing. On Saturday after- ther the time nor the money of his noon he was in the habit of going, employers, and was so successful that with a fellow member of the choir, to within two years he became practically a quiet spot in the outskirts of the indispensable to the business. One town, to ask God to help him take his favor only he asked of the house-to part well and si ng to His glory on the return to Beverly each week to attend morrow. When his voice left him at a Bible Class taught by his pastor.

In the business world he undoubted- ly had a bright fl1ture before him. But one Sunday a friend invited him to a missionary meeting, and this changed his career.

The night of the meeting was dark and stormy-it was held in December, r8 S3-and the church far from home.

But young Duncan had promised to be present and he always kept his word.

At the church barely thirty were pres- ent and the pastor was somewhat in favor of postponing the meeting, but the speaker of the evening, a vener- able rector from a neighboring city, declared that those who had braved the storm had a right to hear what they came for. And so the meeting was held. At the close of a powerful plea for missions, the old rector, rais- ing his eyes toward heaven, asked God PAUL LEGIAC, THE CHlt.ISTIAN' CHIE,. to put it into the heart of some young man in the audience to go to the the age of sixteen, he sought to satisfy heathen. .

his intense love of music by practis- In the audience there was but one ing on a concertina, which he took young man-William Duncan. On with him to Fort Simpson, and still the way home, alone in the storm, he keeps as a cherished possession. said to himself, "I was the only young At the age of fifteen, he entered the man in the meeting. Perhaps God office of George Cousins & Son, tan- wants me to be a missionary." So ners and wholesale dealers in leather. strongly did the idea take hold of him Quickly discovering his great ability, that that night, before he slept, he de- the younger 11 r. Cousins gave him les- cided that he would go if God should sons in bookkeepi ng, and so rapidly call him. When he opened his heart did he advance that before he was to his pastor soon after, the good man eighteen he became a traveling sales- said, with much emotion: "That eve- man, representing the house in six or ning, during the service, I prayed to

DUNCAN, FOUNDER OF

the Lord to put it into your heart to where was the man? The committee devote your life to this work. The scanned its lists in vain-no one holy name of Him who heard my seemed available for so lonely and prayer be praised." dangerous a mission. Presently Cap- tain Provost came again to say that When he told his employers they he had been ordered to sail for the were dismayed and offered him a large increase of salary to remain with them. WILLIAM DUNCAN But he declined it, tho he agreed to stay six months to train a successor. north Pacific coast within two weeks, Not long after he was approached by and would carry any missionary they another concern, with the offer of a might appoint, free of cost, to Vicmuch larger salary and the promise of toria. partnership in three or four years. But, tho it involved a sacrifice of at Once more the committee scanned the lists and at last the name of Dunleast $5,000 a year-a very large Sllm can was suggested. He was sent for and the location and character of the in those days-this, too, was promptly work explained to him, together with declined. the fact that the vessel would sail the next Tuesday. Then he was asked if At the end of six months, having he would go. "I will go wherever I been accepted by the Church Mission- am sent," was the heroic reply, "and ary Society, he entered Highbury Col- if necessary, can start in an hour!" lege to prepare for his chosen calling. Here he did such excellent work that, Before sundown that night he had after two years, the society began to purchased most of his outfit, including talk about sending him to India to tools for carpentry, blacksmithing and teach in their college. But God had gardening. Sunday was spent at Bevneed of him elsewhere. erly, Monday found him back in Lon- don again, and in the afternoon of In 1853, about the time William Tuesday, December 23, r856, he sailed Duncan heard God's call, Captain for British Columbia via Cape Horn. Provost, in command of the British war-ship Virago, was cruising along the Pacific coast of North America. An earnest Christian man, he noted with sorrow the desperate condition of the Tsimshean Indians at Fort Simpson, a fortified trading-post of the Hudson Bay Company, and on his return to England, urged the Church Missionary Society to send a missionary to them. But the treasury was empty and the society obliged to decline. Permission was given him, however, to publish an appeal in their magazine, and within a month $2,500 had been given by two persons anonymously for the new mission.

The money was now ready, but

After a long voyage of nearly six was strewn with the hacked and manmonths, he at last reached Victoria, gled bodies left there for the dogs to 600 miles south of his destination. eat. Here the governor, Sir James Douglas, a truly good man, protested On the evening of October I, 1857, against his going to the fierce and the Otter anchored at Fort Simpson, bloodthirsty Indians at Fort Simpson, and by the light of their torches, fladeclaring it a useless sacrifice of life. ming through the black darkness of As Captain Provost insisted on his the autumn night, Mr. Duncan caught going, the matter was finally decided sight of the Indians running to and by Duncan himself. "My instructions fro upon the beach. That night a bid me go to the Tsimsheans at Fort visit was made to the fort, but not Simpson," he declared, "and I have until next morning did he take up his all the more reason to go when I hear residence within it. they are in such a condition. If you will give me shelter in the fort until The prospect was far from reassur- I learn the language, I will take all ing. At first there had been no Inrisk." dians living near the fort. But, as time went by, for convenience in tra- As the company's steamer, the ding the Indians at Metlakahtla, Otter, had started north shortly before seventeen miles to the south, had been his arrival, and there was no other induced to remove thither, and it was means of transportation, Mr. Duncan now the center of a Tsimshean setwas obliged to remain three months at tlement, composed of nine tribes, Victoria until its return. While there whose names, indicating their original he mastered the trading jargon known location, were as follows: as Chinook, a mixture of English, French and Indian words used by the 1. Kitloosahs: the people living inside. company in communicating with the 2. Kishpokaloats: the people of the natives. Finding an Indian from Fort land of the elderberries. Simpson, he endeavored also to make 3. Kitnakangeaks: the people who live a beginning in Tsimshean, but the where there are lots of mosquitoes. man soon returned home with the 4. Kitandoahs: the people of the land news that a white man was coming of the poles. who would be a friend to the Indians. 5. KitsahcIahs: the people of the caflOn. 6. Kitlahns: the p<:";'ple of the island. On September 25, 1857, the brave 7. Kitnatowiks: the people where the young missionary, bidding farewell to water runs swiftly. the many friends he had made in Vic- 8. Kitseesh: the people of the hair-seal toria, took his life in his hands, and traps. boarding the Otter, sailed for Fort 9. Kitwilgeants: the people of the last Simpson. On the way up, he caught place down. his first horrible glimpse of the heathenism of the region. For some The cruelty and degradation of slight breach of etiquette, a canoeful these tribes beggars description. of Haidas who had come to trade with Their natural fiendishness was augthe Indians at Fort Rupert had been mented by the white man's rum, and massacred by them, and the beach they were a terror all along the coast, both to red men and white. Yet they were physically very well formed and in intellect far above their fellows.

At the fort safety was secured only

SIMPSON AS IT WAS WHEN MR. DUNCAN ARRIVED IN

From "The Apostle of Alaska."-Revell. INTERIOR OF MR. DU NCAN'S " W ESTMINSTER ABBEY," METLAKAHTLA

"The Apostle of Alaska."-RevelL

SUNDAY- SCHOOL TEACHERS AT METLAKAHTLA

DUNCAN, FOUNDER OF

by taking the greatest precaution. The Meanwhile Clah, who was ever a palisade surrounding it, formed of friend to the missionary, was spread- tree-trunks two feet thick, sunk in the ing the news that a white man had ground and riveted together, was 32 come to the fort, not to barter or get feet high, and at the four corners gain, but to bring a message from God were bastions provided with cannon. to the Indians. In this way the·keen- The massive gates were kept securely est interest was aroused, and they barred and bolted and sentries were on were prepared for his teaching.

guard both day and night. So great One day, about. three or four months was the fear of treachery that never after his arrival, a fine-looking old more than two Indians were ad- chief, elaborately painted for the oc- mitted at once, and at special seasons, casion, came to the fort to ask if it when the revolting ceremonies of the was true that he had brought "a letter cannibal and dog-eating clubs were in from God." On being told that it was, progress, no one was allowed inside he asked if he might see it. When for weeks at a time. the Book was opened before him, he Not long after his arrival, Mr. Dun- reverently touched it and looked long can witnessed a sight from one of the and earnestly at the strange black bastions that revealed the awful characters on its pages. "Are you go- depths into which these people had ing to give the Indians that?" he asked fallen. A chief having murdered a at last. "Yes," was Mr. Duncan's· slave woman in honor of his young reply. At this the old chief stood mo- daughter, two bands of hideously tionless a few moments and then, say- painted savages dragged the body to ing, "Good, good," went away.

the water's edge, tore it limb from At length, after eight months' study, limb and apparently devoured the there came a great day-Sunday, June flesh. Maddened by rum and wrought 13, 18s8-when Mr. Duncan went to a pitch of hysterical frenzy, they forth to preach the Gospel to the continued their fiendish orgies day Tsimsheans. Having prepared a sim- and night for some time. ple sermon, the manuscript of which Such a scene might well have he still keeps at Metlakahtla, he sent caused the stoutest heart to waver, but word to the chiefs of each of the nine to William Duncan, with his sublime tribes-it was contrary to their cus- faith in the power of God to transform toms to meet together in one assembly the vilest sinner, it was only an added –that he was now ready to give them incentive to give them the Gospel. God's message, and asking permission Within two days after his arrival, to speak in their houses. Permission Mr. Duncan secured the services of was readily granted, and so great was Clah, a native Tsimshean who is still the interest that next morning not a living, as a teacher. As Clah under- canoe left the beach.

stood no English, and Mr. Duncan At ten o'clock on that memorable only a few words of Tsimshean, it was Sabbath, with his sermon safe in his slow work at first, but by and by, pocket, Mr. Duncan left the fort, and, through the use of most ingenious accompanied by C1ah. entered the methods, a working vocabulary was house of Neyahshnawah, chief of the acquired. Kitlootsahs, where an audience of

about one hundred had gathered. Ai: her hands. This being the Tsimshean he found himself face to face with the way of expressing surprize, she was Indians his courage suddenly gave asked why she was doing it. "The In- way. Such a great fear of using a dians are all amazed and astonished," wrong word or mispronouncing a syl- was her reply; "they have heard a lable came upon him, that he turned white man speak in their own tongue to Clah and begged him to stand at his wonderful things about God." side and repeat the sermon to the peo- ple, a sentence at a time. But Clah A few days later, Legiac having was even more terror-stricken than offered his house for the purpose, Mr. himself, and he had to do the best he Duncan opened a little school, for could alone. children in the morning and grown folks in the afternoon. On the first Sending up a prayer for help, he be- day forty-one were enrolled, and it gan by asking them to shut the door. proved very popular, but by and by, This awed them into silence, and they when the salmon season came on, and looked on intently while he kneeled Legiac went away, it seemed best to down and offered silent prayer. This close it. But, as the Indians seemed done, he proceeded with the sermon, to eager to be taught, Mr. Duncan which they gave the closest attention. erected a log schoolhouse with their At the close, when he asked them to assistance during the summer, and on kneel down while he prayed aloud, November 17th reopened the school everyone did so. with an attendance of more than 200.

Bidding them good-by, he went At first all went well, but by and by next to the house of Legiac, the head there began to be trouble. Early in chief of the Tsimsheans, where he December Legiac sent word that the found about ISO assembled. Here, school must be closed for a month dur- too, the attention was perfect, for Le- ing some special ceremonies in C011- giac had admonished his people to be- nection with his young daughter. have themselves and listen to the white Tho Mr. Duncan was warned of the chief's message. consequences, he refused to make what he regarded as a compromise Leaving Legiac's house, Mr. Dun- with evil, and thereby incurred the can continued his work without taking wrath of the chief. Not long after, time for rest or refreshment. By four with a band of drunken savages, all of 0'clock he had visited every tribe and them in war-paint and some in hideous addrest between 800 and 900 Indians. masks, he came to the school, and In some places, where they seemed bursting into the room, drove the chil- more interested in the cut of his dren out and threatened the life of the clothes· and the buttons on his coat, he teacher. Fortunately, however, Clah read his sermon twice-in one in- arrived in time to save him. stance, three times-in order to make them listen. Five days later came Christmas, and the children were told to bring their Tho the sermon did not, apparently, friends and parents to the school. make much impression, he was assured About 200 came and listened attentive- that the words were good, and next ly while Mr. Duncan explained the morning several Indians came to the meaning of the day. Then he quesfort, among them a woman clapping

DUNCAN, FOUNDER OF METLAKAHTLA

tioned the children about the Bible Duncan and would have shot him had truths they had learned in the school, not his nephew seized the weapon and and, accompanying them on his con- held it. certina, had them sing two hymns he had translated into Tsimshean. From Yet, with heroic faith, the brave this time on services were held every missionary continued his work un- Sabbath in the school, and Sunday be- daunted. But sometimes he was so gan to be called "dress-day," and weary, both in body and mind, that Christmas, the "great dress-day" of when he lay down to rest it was with the year. the prayer that God would not let him see another day, but would take him to Gradually great changes began to Himself while sleeping. take place. The congregations on the Sabbath were larger and the interest But God had a better reward than became greater. Not so many came to taking him home before his work was school with painted faces, and drunken accomplished, and in the summer of brawls were less frequent. In April, 1860, while on a canoe trip up the 1859, to the astonishment of all, Le- Nass River to carry the Gospel to giac come to the school, not to kill the other Tsimsheans, he had a glad surteacher, but to take his place as "a prize. Fearful lest the crew might learner of the good ways." In due murder him for the clothes he wore, he time he was converted, and became one took for paddlers some boys from the of Mr. Duncan's best friends and most school, and for pilot an old man whom efficient helpers. he could easily overpower. One night, after supper was over, the boys spread Notwithstanding all this, the mis- their mats on the ground and were sionary's life was often in peril. In soon fast asleep. But the old man sat August, 1859, a chief named Cushwalt by the fire, quietly smoking his pipe. was bitten by a dog belonging to the Some time after, Mr. Duncan, looking fort. According to Indian custom, he out from his tent to see that all was was determined to have his revenge on well, saw the old man preparing his the whites, and as Mr. Duncan was bed. When all was ready, he laid the only white man he could get at, down his pipe, and reverently raising he went to the school determined to his eyes to heaven, uttered this prayer: kill him. But Mr. Duncan was not "Be merciful to me, Jesus." Deeply there, having gone to the fort to get moved, Mr. Duncan lay down again, some medicine for an old woman who thanking God for this first indication was very ill. Finding the door locked, of a change of heart among the Tsim- Cushwalt broke it in, cut out the lock sheans. and destroyed books and other furnishings. On a later trip made up the Nass River during that summer, a remark- In November he had another narrow able incident occurred, showing that escape. While endeavoring to teach the influence of the work was being the children some simple games, one felt far beyond th~ confines of the setlittle one slipt and fell. At this the tlement at Fort Simpson. In an adothers laughed, and the father, greatly dress before the Board of Indian Comenraged at his child being thus missioners in Washington, in 1887, "shamed," leveled his gun at Mr. Mr. Duncan gave it as follows:

In order to show his delight at my will listen. Thanks to Thee, Great Father, for sending Thy Word to us." arrival, the chief of one very heathen I was astonished. This was no dance. tribe put up what they call a large cap. After the prayer, the chief thanked me for coming. Then he began to dance and This was an umbrella, not used to pro- the Indians began to chant, clapping their hands. The words, which had been tect them from the rain, but as a web- extemporized for the occasion by one of their number, were all about God having footed cap to be spread on state occa- sent his messenger to teach the Indians. It was certainly a grand reception. sions 'n as I landed I saw the On July 26, 1861, the first fruits of r .•a and noticed the excitement. the mission were received at Fort Simpson, when 14 men, 5 women and " _ chief sent a message saying he 4 children were baptized by the Rev. Mr. Tugwell, who had been sent to would like me to come to his house, and assist Mr. Duncan, but was soon obliged to leave, owing to the illness would send a messenger when he was of his wife. From this time on the number of converts steadily increased, ready. By and by the messenger camel their sincerity and steadfastness testi- fying to the reality of their conversion "What are they going to do when I go Long before this time, however, Mr. into the house?" I asked my little crew. Duncan had begun to realize that the Christian Indians must be separated "Dance," was the reply. At once I sent from their heathen neighbors and shielded from the worst temptations. It word that I would not come. I had was, therefore, decided to start a little Christian community at Metlakahtla, brought a solemn message and did not the old home of the Tsimsheans, seven- teen miles to the south, where there wish to see a dance. To this the chief was a fine beach, a well-protected har- bor and land ready cleared from the replied: "Tell the white chief he must forest.

come; if he does not, I won't go to hear A meeting was called and the whole project laid before the Indians. Then his message." This changed the matter. those who were willing to go were asked to rise to their feet. At first I had a consultation with my boys and only a few did so, but seeing them, others took courage, and on May 27, they advised me to go. So I walked up 1862, a little fleet of six canoes, with 50 Christian Indians left Fort Simpson to his house, I confess, in a very grim and laid the foundation of the famous settlement at Metlakahtla. On June kind of a spirit. I did not like the idea 6th, less than a fortnight later, 30 more canoes arrived with 300 Indians. of a missionary going to a dance. But Others following from time to time I had to do it.

When I entered the house, I was shown to a special seat prepared for me -a box with a bearskin spread over it.

The house was a very large one and one part was curtained off by a large sail.

Very soon two men stept out. One had a rod in his hand with which he kept beating the floor. After stamping his foot and bringing his rod down forcibly, he said: "The heavens are changing." To this the other responded: "Yes, so it seems; the heavens are changing." After exchanging a few more such sentences, the sail was drawn aside and out dashed the chief, magnificently drest, his head covered with ornaments and feathers. He had his rifle in his hand. He shook it and pointed it in my face. Then, putting up his hands with the rifle in them, he looked through the hole in the center of the roof where the smoke comes out, and in the most solemn and pathetic manner uttered this prayer: "Great Father I Great Father of Heaven! Thou hast sent Thy word! Thy letter has reached this place. We, Thy children here, are wanting it. Thy servant has come here with it. Help him to teach us and we

WILUAM DUNCAN, FOUNDER OF METLAKAHTLA

eventually brought the population to out and public opinion made it so unabout 1,000. comfortable that he was glad to get out of the town. The most severe pen- So tremendous an undertaking as alty, seldom resorted to, was public building up a civilized Christian com- whipping, sometimes by the missionmunity from material so crude as this ary, sometimes by one of the Indianb'L required a man of unlimited resources In the latter case, the culprit wadT and unmeasured wisdom. But William blindfolded that he might not know ort Duncan proved himself equal to the whom to take revenge. Wife-beating task, and it soon became evident why was cured by sending the husband to God has chosen a consecrated business jail and keeping him there until his man to be the apostle of the Tsim- wife asked to have him released. This sheans. sent him home full of gratitude to her for securing his liberty, and the of- The laws governing the little colony fense was seldom repeated. were very strict. All who became members of it were required to pgb- The methods of electing officers licly pledge themselves in fifteen par- were as novel as the punishments. As ticulars as follows: very few could write at first and the election could not be by ballot, a sys- 1. To give up their Indian deviltry. tem of blackballing was substituted. 2. To cease calling in conjurers when Each man having been provided with sick. a button, a very deep hat was passed. 3. To cease gambling. When it came to him each man put his 4. To cease giving away their property closed hand into the bottom. If favorfor display. able to the candidate, he retained the 5. To cease painting their faces. button; if opposed, he left it in the 6. To cease drinking intoxicating hat. This method proving too slow, drinks. Me Duncan eventually devised an- 7. To rest on the Sabbath. other. Standing the electors around 8. To attend religious instruction. the room with faces to the wall, the 9. To send their children to school. name of a candidate was announced. 10. To be clean. At this every Indian put his hand be- 11. To be industrious. hind his back, open if favorable to the 12. To be peaceful. candidate, closed if opposed. Mr. Dun- 13. To be liberal and honest in trade. can, who stood in the center to note 14. To build neat houses. the result, sometimes saw a closed fist 15. To pay the village tax. shake violently behind some back. Ten closed fists defeated a candidate. No transgression of these rules was allowed to go unpunished, but many of On New-year's Day, 1863, the vilthe penalties were novel rather than lage tax was collected for the first severe. Whenever it became necessary time. The assessment being one blanto rid the town of some desperate ket, or $2.50, for each man and one character who would make trouble if blanket, or $1.00, for every boy an attempt were made to eject him, approaching manhood, the returns the simple device of hoisting a black amounted to one green, one blue and flag over the jail worked like a charm. ninety-four white blankets; one pair of Everyone knew what it meant and at once began to ask who was the offender. It did not take long to find

white trousers, one elk-skin, seventeen of their goods, which, stored in their shirts and $7.00 in money. huts, had hitherto been injured by mil- dew and moth. Meanwhile various improvements in the village were being rapidly pushed. Indeed, much that Mr. Duncan did Roads were constructed, wharves seemed to border on the miraculous. built, public wells dug and play- ~When the sawmill was established one grounds laid out. Buildings of various old man said: "Now that I have seen kinds were erected – comfortable water saw wood, I want to die." homes for the people, a guest-house "Why?" he was asked. "None of our for visiting Indians who came there to old chiefs ever saw such a wonder trade, a large schoolhouse and a beau- while they lived," he replied; "and I tiful church, seating 1,200 people. In- want to be the first to tell them." All struction was given in various trades, one day he sat by the mil!, watching and the Tsimsheans soon became ex- it intently, and strange to say, died not pert carpenters, coopers, brick-makers long after. Somewhat later when a and blacksmiths. Ere long a sawmill telephone was installed between the was built, and a soap-factory started- sawmill and the store, the amazement the latter a necessity, for the people of the Indians was unbounded. It were dirty and soap was expensive, a might talk English, they declared, but small piece costing $1.00. not Tsimshean which it had taken Mr. Duncan so long to learn. In order to prevent the visits of trading-vessels, which were practically In January, 1870, after thirteen floating grog-shops, and to keep the years in the wilderness, Mr. Duncan Indians from going to Fort Simpson, made a visit to England, where he where there were many temptations, a learned new trades and procured new small schooner was purchased in which machinery. Arriving at Metlakahtla the Indians were induced to take $5.00 again on February 21, 1871, after an and $10.00 shares. So successful was ausence of more than a year, he rethe venture that a dividend was paid ceived a welcome that showed the inwithin a few months. At first this tense affection his Indians had for him. troubled the Indians. They thought it Many told him with tears that they meant giving up their interest in the had prayed day and night that they vessel, but when at last they under- might live to see him again. stood it, they wanted to rename it Kahah (slave), as it did all the work As the fame of Metlakahtla spread, and they got all the profit. it attracted many notable visitors, among them Lord Dufferin, governor- To further aid them in a material general of Canada, Admiral (formerly way, a cooperative store was opened Captain) Provost, and the Bishop of which served as a savings-bank as Columbia. All were amazed at what well. When a yearly interest of ten they saw and bore the strongest testiper cent was allowed on their strange mony to the deep spirituality of the deposits of blankets and fur, the In- converts. dians were amazed. They could not understand how their "ten blankets Wonderful as was the work at Methad swollen to eleven." They thought lakahtla, there is a sad chapter in its they ought to pay for the safe-keeping history which can here be dealt with

WILLIAM DUNCAN, FOUNDER OF METLAKAHTLA

but briefly.* Serious differences con- them. Then a solemn service was cerning the conduct of the mission held on the beach, dedicating New having arisen between Mr. Duncan Metlakahtla to God. and the Church Missionary Society, a controversy resulted which lasted for Tho obliged to give up their houses years. and gardens, their business enterprises and the church and the school, the In- At length, as the best way of end- dians went bravely to work and ere ing it, Mr. Duncan and his sorely tried long a new village was reared, better Indians decided to leave Metlakahtla in many respects than the old. All and seek a refuge elsewhere. Accord- the old industries and many new ones, ingly Mr. Duncan came to the United including a saimon-cannery, were soon States, and early in I887 petitioned in successful operation, a fine new President Cleveland for permission to church, a school and other buildings locate in Alaska. Having been as- were erected, and New Metlakahtla sured that they were welcome to set- became what it continues to be to-day, tle anywhere in the Territory, and that a prosperous town and a model Christheir rights wottld later be secured to tian community. them by Congress (this was done by Act of March 30, I89I), Annette Hale and hearty at seventy-seven, Island was selected for the new home Father Duncan, as he is known and the move made during the sum- throughout the Northwest, is still the mer. center of life and work in the village. Years ago, when asked what had tamed On August 7, I887, now kept as the Tsimsheans and wrought their Pioneers' Day in the village, a flag- transformation, he gave a reply which staff was erected on the new site, and he fully indorses to-day: "The only as the Indians stood by with uncov- power there is in the world to change ered heads and reverent faces, the the heart of man is revealed in the Stars and Stripes were unfurled above Bible. The Gospel has done its work. You can teach the Indian in a great * Those who wish to know more concerning it many ways-teach him to be this and will find it fully treated in "The Story of Metla· that and teach him to work, and then kahtla," by Wellcome, and the "Apostle of fail if you discard the Gospe1." Alaska," by Arctander, the latter recently issued by Revell.

CHRISTIAN INDIAN COUNCILlo(EN Of" ¥ETt.AItAIlTLA

BLE MISSIONARY DATES FOR

PREPARED BY MISS BELLE M. BRAIN October 1, l8S7.-William Duncan ar- October 17, 1819.-First missionaries rived at Fort Simpson. sailed for Hawaii.

See article in this number of the REVIEW. See "Transformation of Hawaii," by Brain.

October 2, 1792.-Founding of the Bap- October 18, 1859.-Arrival of Dr. Hep- tist Missionary Society in Widow Wal- burn in Japan. lis' back parlor, Kettering, England. See "Regeneration of Japan," by Cary. See any life of Carey; also MISSIONARY RE~ VIEW, October, 1894. October 18, 1867.-United States flag raised in Alaska. October 3, 1820.-First missionary ar- rived at the capital of Madagascar. See "Alaska for Juniors." by Crowell.

See MISSIONARY REVIEW, March, 1909. October 20, 1769.-Birth of William Ward. October 3, 1842.-Marcus Whitman's ride began. See "Encyclopedia of Missions."

See HMarcus Whitman," by Mowry; also MIS- October 23, 1815.-Daniel Poor sailed for SIONARY REVIEW, September, 1902. Ceylon.

October 4, 1876.-Death of John Reb- See "Encyclopedia of Missions"; also "Old· mann. time Student Volunteers," by Trumbull.

See "Encyclopedia of Missions." October 24, 1826.-Death of Ann Hassel- tine Judson. October 6, 1899.-Death of Dr. Douth- waite, China. See any life of Judson.

See ('Encyclopedia of Missions"; also "Story October 25, 1820.-David Griffiths sailed of the China Inland Mission," by Taylor. for Madagascar.

October 7, 1829.-Alexander Duff em- See "Madagascar of To-day," by Cousins. barked for India. October 26, 1726.-Birth of Christian See "Modern Heroes of the Mission Field," Frederica Schwartz. by Walsh. See UMen of Might in India Missions," by October 7, 1885.-Ion Keith-Falconer Holcombe. Also this number of the Mrs- sailed for Aden. SIONARY REVIEW. See "Encyclopedia of Missions"; also "SerVe ants of the King." by Speer. October 26, 1834.-Arrival of Peter Par- ker at Canton. October 8, 1732.-First Moravian mis- sionaries sailed for St. Thomas, West See "Old-time Student Volunteers," by Trum· Indies. bull; also MISSIONARY REVIEW, August, 1902.

See "Moravian Missions," by Thompson; also October 28, 1646.-Eliot preached his MISSIONARY REVIEW, May, 1900. first sermon to the Indians.

October 8, 1850.-Schwartz arrived at See "Pioneers and Founders," by Yonge. Tranquebar. October 28, 1891.-Death of Madame See "Men of Might in India Missions," by CoiJlard. Holcombe. Also article in this number of the REVIEW. See MISSIONARY REVIEW, June, 1904; also "Eminent Missionary Women," by Gracey. October 9, 1747.-Death of David Brain- erd. October 29, 1885.-Martyrdom of Han- nington. See "Life of Brainerd," by Sherwood. See "Life of Hannington," by Dawson; also October 10, 1793. – Birth of Harriet MISSIONARY REVIEW, September, 1909. Newell. October 30, 1789.-Birth of Hiram Bing- See "Mission Stories from Many Lands." ham.

October 10, 1906.-Haystack Centennial. See "Encyclopedia of Missions."

See MrSSION AR¥ REVIEW, December, 1906. Suggestions for a Program on William October 12, 1492.-Columbus discovered Duncan and Metlakaht1a America. 1. Scr£pture Lesson: The Power of the See any history of the United States. Gospel. Romans 1: 16.

October 13, 1799.-Arrival of Marshman 2. Hymn: "All Hail the Power of Jesus and Ward at Serampore. Name."

See "Pioneers and Founders," by Yonge. 3. Quotation: "Prayer and pains through faith in Jesus Christ will do anything." October 13, 1849.-Birth of Alexander -John Eliot. Mackay. To be used as a wall motto and memorized. See "Mackay of Uganda," by his sister. 4. Reading: "The Tamer of the Tsim- October 13, 1859. – Consecration of sheans." Bishop Whipple, of Minnesota. See UFifty Missionary Stories. If by Brain. See "Lights and Shadows of a Long Episco- pate," by Whipple. 5. Special Music: (a) Tsimshean Love Song. (b) Tsimshean Canoe Song. October 14, 1906. – Death of Bishop Schereschewsky. See "The Apostle of Alaska," by Arctander~ pp. 338, 339. See MISSIONARY REVIEW, February, 1907. 6. Blackboard: Write on the blackboard October 15, 1832.-Birth of Isabella Bird the phrase "May you be happy" in Bishop. Tsimshean; also "The Lord's Prayer."

See MrSSrONAII.Y REVIEW, July, 1905_ See "The Apostle of Alaska," by ArctanderJ pp. 59, 343. October 16, 1812.-Death of Henry Mar- tyn.

See any life of Martyn.

RELIGIOUS CRISIS IN PERSIA *

BY REV. WILLIAM A. SHEDD, URUMIA, PERSIA Missionary of the Pr~sbyterian Board of Foreign Missions For apparent solidity and unyield- a body of Mohammedans in Trans- ing strength, no religion is more caucasia filled with revolutionary impressive than Islam. But just as ideas, trained in revolutionary meth- the silent forces of disintegration ods, and possessing a revolutionary press. The increase of social discon- are reenforced by the more spectacu- tent has been caused, in part, by the lar, so revolution is bringing into advancing price of the necessities of evidence the change which has al- life and the great increase in the ready been worked in Asia. The use of imported articles, particularly force of missions is one of the least sugar, tea, petroleum, and cloth; but destructive among the forces at a still larger factor has been the work. A few days ago the writer growing acquaintance with other was talking with two young Mos- lands resulting from commerce, pil- lems, who are sympathetic with grimage, and diplomacy. modern culture and also desirous of holding to their faith and were The active part in the reform bewailing the growth of unbe- movement taken by the Mohammelief. The question was asked wheth- dan clergy might seem to show that er the educational work of Christian it is really religious in character; missionaries or the influence of a but various considerations break the certain European in the Persian civil force of this conclusion. The abservice did most to undermine faith sence of any hierarchical organizain Islam. The reply was emphatic tion among the clergy makes them that the latter did most, and a few dependent on the people. The highminutes later one of the two told est mujtahid, whether among the how, in argument with a material- clergy of a city or among those of ist, he had cited the faith and char- the holy cities of Kerbala and Nejef, acter of a well-known medical mis- is he who has the largest popular sionary as proof of the reality of re- following. Hence the clergy are ligion. It is worthy of remark that very sensitive to popular feeling and the revolutionary forces are most follow as well as lead. The espousal active in Persia and Turkey, where of the popular cause by so many of Christian missions have been most the mullahs, and especially by the hampered in their action. chief mujtahids of Kerbala, has made it far more formidable than The movement is not religious. It it would otherwise have been. is not pan-Islamic, tho pan-Islamism may become its creed. Much less is If the movement is not animated it anti-Islamic or irreligious. Its by a zeal for Islam, still less is it principal source is social discontent, marked by any profound discontent and this is not of recent growth. with the national religion. Com- For years Persians have freely ac- plaint against the mullahs is freknowledged the ignorance, injustice, quent enough, but the reformers and weakness of their government; generally believe that the religion but they have had neither the faith can be purged of its representatives. nor the manhood to hope for or to So far as my observation goes, it attempt a remedy. The spark that may be said that altho it has suited kindled the flame came from the the purposes of the royalist cause to Russo-Japanese War, and the flame stigmatize the leaders of the popuwas blown into a conflagration by lar cause as BabisJ this sect and the revolutionary movement in Rus- other dissenters from orthodox sia. The former showed that Asia- Shiite teachings have held themtics might hold their own against selves aloof from the movement, Europeans, and the latter furnished fearing the power of the mullahs.

• From The Easl and The Wesl.

A Lack of Leadership it were confined to a class specially influenced by European ideals, but The movement has real strength the wide-spread character of the among the people. In general, the movement defies explanation. lack of leaders has been a remarkable feature of the situation, and the It behooves us to be cautious in organization has been exceedingly foretelling the future. We have for defective. In contrast to what has the present, at all events, a vigorous taken place in Persia, the movement political movement animated by in Turkey has had its leaders and modern Western ideals. It is a its organization; but there also the commonplace of history to say that easy conversion of the army and the every social revolution tests the general acceptance of the reforms prevalent religion, and that no rehave shown how ready were the ligion can pass through such an orminds of the people. In Persia the deal without itself being profoundly strongest adherents of the movement affected. If a wide-spread and deep have been the merchants and the ar- revolution has begun in Asia, Istizans, the people of the bazaar in lam will have to face an ordeal more Persian parlance, and the bazaars searching than the fire and sword of have been the strongholds of the the Mongol and Tatar hordes of revolution. The spirit of discontent is Genghis Khan and his followers. strong and is growing among the vil- But the question may be asked lage peasantry. It is true that the whether Islam, by its simplicity and ideas of the people are nebulous. They the bareness of its creed, is not petalk of liberty and shout, "Long live culiarly adapted to meet such a the Constitution," without any idea crisis. I ts enthusiastic apologists of the meaning of their words. Hu- tell us that simple monotheism and morous stories at the expense of the the recognition of Mohammed as ignorant are plentiful, such as of the God's prophet are all that is essenman who saw with his own eyes tial to the religion, and that this five hundred camels loaded with faith can survive any change. One "tanzimat" (reform) and the villa- might be tempted to ask whether gers who asked as to the wife of survival or enrichment is the true Anjuman Agha; but every month destiny of religion. It may be adshows that the hold on the people mitted that popular Islam contains is real. Of one thing the people are many elements that are foreign to convinced, namely, that they have been wofully misgoverned. re- it and that can be cast off. As a An almost inexplicable fact is that leader in the late parliamentary the ideals of the movement are gime remarked to the writer, much Vestern. To hear the streets of a that goes along with the Muharram Moslem provincial city, nay, even celebrations is abhorrent to the the mosques themselves, resound spirit of Islam. Much, therefore, with cries of "Long live the Consti- can be cast off without affecting the tution," "Liberty," "Fraternity," essence of Islam. "Equality," is indeed strange; and yet this year the Muharram proces- But it is not admitted that essensions went about with the new tial Islam is as simple as is often represented, nor that it contains in shouts for freedom mingled with the itself the power to hold men. The old mourning for the martyrs of claim can well be made that the ele- Kerbala. Platform speeches have ments foreign to Islam are, in part, been delivered, pamphlets circulated, due to the attempt to supply its indemands made for a free press, herent defects. Islam is not merely newspapers have sprung up (and faith in Mohammed as the preacher disappeared) like mushrooms, and of monotheism, but in Mohammed schools have been organized on new as the lawgiver. Lord Cromer men- tions three difficulties offered by Islines. One could understand this if lam to political progress: the posi-

RELIGIOUS CRISIS IN PERSIA

tion of woman, the unchanging law the forces that are at work in the of Islam, and its intolerant spirit. transitional period, none is more The question is whether the defects truly constructive than this. are so imbedded in its very constitution as to make remedy impossible How shall the Church meet this without destroying the system. A urgent call? What are the agencies consideration of the character of the required? First and chief is the inprophet suggests that a remedy Huence of high Christian character. must be difficult if his example be The issue will depend far more on the source of Mohammedan ideals. the character than on the number of the men who represent Christianity. The brief history of constitutional They must be broad enough to symgovernment in Persia has already pathize with peoples in the struggles furnished a pertinent example of the of new aspirations, and yet hamreality of this conflict. The Persian pered by the inherited prejudices of Constitution was written and ready an ancient civilization; and they for adoption, when the leaders were must be strong enough to influence compelled to preface the document strong men. Again and again have with an article definitely accepting the events of the past three years the inviolable authority of the re- brought out the lament that there ligious law· of Islam, and that not are no men in Persia whom the peothe law of the Koran, but the law as ple can trust. No contrast of doctraced to Iman Jaffar; i. e., the de- trine or of worship can be so patent tailed traditional law of Shiah Is- to people beginning to think and lam. As well bind together the strive for themselves as the contrast American Constitution and the Tal- of faithful honesty and self-seeking mud, making the latter supreme and perfidy. inviolable-a conflict between civil and religious law that is most The second agency I would menmarked in countries where Islam is tion is education. The missionary politically supreme. work already carried on in the Tur- kish Empire and in Persia has re- What We May Learn sulted in stable educational founda- tions that are strategically located It remains to suggest some of the and have already gained the confilessons for us who believe that in dence of the people. The only limit Christ alone can be summed up the of efficiency is the limit of funds. warring aspirations of humanity. Another indispensable agency is The first lesson is that efforts are the medical work. Of this, too, the urgently needed to cast the Chris- foundations are laid. In many large tian leaven into this lump. It is not cities hospitals are in operation, and merely, or principally, the question all over the country missionary of gaining converts, but the ques- physicians are held in loving and tion of setting Christian influences grateful esteem by multitudes withactively to work. The commercial out limit of religion or nationality. and the political sides of Christendom are in evidence, but the relig- The fourth agency is literature. ious soul of Christian civilization is The demand for literature is increashidden. So far as the European ing, and will increase, for the numteachers of Asia are not missionary, ber of schools is multiplying everymany, perhaps most, of them are ir- where. School-books are required, religious. Missionary work is ur- simple treatises on modern science gently called for in Mohammedan and on history, and discussions of lands, not simply in order to fulfil philosophical problems. There will the terms of the great commission, also be the call for non-controversial but as the most efficient means of statements of Christianity in terms presenting the moral and religious intelligible and attractive to the side of Christian civilization. Among mind of the East. In literature, as in daily intercourse, religious con-

troversy is not to be sought, but it God, and this hope is authorized by can not be altogether avoided, and the Koran itself. Furthermore, it is literature of this kind will be re- this characteristic of Islam in its quired; a's often perhaps to contro- conception of religion and the scope vert materialism as Islam itself. of religious law that brings it into There is a special work for special conflict with modern political progsocieties, such as tract societies and ress, a conflict which must become more fierce as the issues are defined Christian literature societies. more clearly. May we not trace in What is the best method of pre- history the divine plan in bring- ing into Mohammedan lands those senting Christian truth and of meet- churches whose past is identified ing the attacks of Islam? In the with the struggle for freedom and past controversy has largely focused whose theological convictions emupon the credentials of the founders phasize the doctrines of grace? of the faiths and of the sacred books. Along with this special defense of Another aspect of the same questhe doctrines denied by Islam has tion is the respective relations of been made, especially those of the Christianity and Islam to the State. Trinity and the Deity of Our Lord. These can not be ignored, but new rslam has no permanent organizaconditions suggest new methods. Is there not a lesson for us in the tion independent of the State. There method of the Apostle Paul? Islam is no Islamic Church. While the is Judaistic in its theological atti- congregation of believers may by tude to the law. What is noble in circumstances have an existence of Islam is a new emphasis on Old Tes- its own, it is bound whenever postament faith, and what is debasing sible to assume the functions of the is the attempt to make permanent State. The character of the Koran the legalistic and temporary ele- and the personal history of the ments of that faith. Saint Paul, in prophet imply this. Hence the diffimeeting Jews boldly, emphasized culty of religious freedom and the impossibility of men finding equality. Similarly, a contrast may either forgiveness or holiness be drawn between the social misthrough the law. While the masses sion of Christianity in furnishing of Mohammedans are lower in in- motives and not regulations, and the telligence and in morality than were mission of Islam in laying down the masses of the Jews in the first regulations and laws for society. century, their attitude to the law and to the way of salvation is the Finally, we may find strength same. The Koran promises salva- and comfort in the thought that Istion for bare faith, and the masses lam is being brought to the judg- ment of history, and that this judgtake it much as the Jews took cir- ment will be more relentless, more cumcision; and the Koran bases searching, and more just than primorality on the arbitrary enactments vate judgment can possibly be. God of God and not on His holy nature. has not committed to us the judg- Practically, the great hope of Mo- ment of the world. That controhammedans is in the ceremonial law versy is His. In this faith we can as a means of gaining merit with rest and wait and push forward with renewed energy.

EDITORIALS

PRAYER FOR THE WORL I « r· Iy 20,000 men took part. Thousands of dollars' worth of ammunition was FERENCE wasted, and much damage inflicted on private property, merely to test The World Missionary Conference, the question how far an army of inwhich is to be held in Edinburgh in vasion, approaching by way of the June of next year, is one that should harbor or landing at less-guarded be the subject of prayer the world points, would be likely to sucround. Only thus can any real success ceed in approaching Boston. To be assured. Very important topics carryon similar experiments at other will be discust in a way that will, no points of possible attack would redoubt, help to shape the missionary quire an expenditure almost equal policy and progress in many lands. to actual warfare. And these are the days when "arbitration" is in Pray for the delegates. everybody's mouth as the great ref- Pray for the speakers and leaders. uge from international conflicts! Pray that the conference may be What we need is to train up men. characterized by courtesy, earnestness, Then they will be able to defend the humility and' dependence on God. country in time of need. Pray that the Gospel message may be sounded more clearly and widely. ASSASSINATION AND EDUCATION Pray that native Christians may be more wisely guided and encouraged When the atrocious and deliberate in the evangelization of their own murder of Sir Curzon Wyllie, at the people. beginning of July, took place in the Pray that the missionaries may be Imperial Institute in Great Britain, more faithful and wise and kept from a profound impression was made as mistakes. to the insecurity of life, especially Pray that the translation and pub- among those in public office. This lishing work in foreign fields may be impression was deepened when the more carefullv directed, without waste Punjabi student who committed the of time and I~oney or the printing of crime acknowledged in public that useless or harmful literature. it was long premeditated; and Pray that the educational work may claimed that it was not murder or be more spiritual and may bear more homicide, but a justifiable act of definite fruit in the conversion of men self-defense on the part of opprest and women and in the training of East Indians, who regarded the Engnatives for spiritual Christian service. lish occupants of India as invaders Pray that the medical work may be and aggressors who were entitled in every respect not a mere philan- to no mercy. He threatened that thropy, but a means of preparing the for his life taken by the English way for the Gospel. executioner, a score of other lives Pray for the Christians at home that would be given in avenging his own; they may be more earnest in obeying and declared, in effect, that a wide the command of Christ and may share con£piracy was on foot for the estabmore truly in the sacrifices and devo- lishment of East Indian independtion required for the campaign. ence.

MONEY FOR MIMIC WARFARE Sir Curzon Wyllie was well known to the missionaries in Rajpu- While many are objecting to the tana, and held in the highest esteem, cost of maintaining modern mis- as an able, wise, and most courteous sions in extending the kingdom of official, in sympathy with the natives God, millions are being spent in and devoted to their welfare. His playing at war. Is not the growing assassination reveals the existence military spirit a startling sign of of an active and alarming peril in our times? The recent great war Indian student society; due to men game at Boston harbor has no equal in the history of this republic. Near-

who are in a conspiracy of anarchy ony had to be carefully divided and and crime, and are disseminating they allowed only five grains to each such ideas among their fellow stu- person; and at the same time to record dents and countrymen. the goodness that preserved them from starvation, and gave afterward The chief lesson of the tragedy is, ample crops. however, the unwisdom and danger of a merely secular education. It In the history of some of the most has well been said that, "the system successful missions, if the first records carried out in the government of the work could be preserved and schools, divorced from religious and brought to light, how small would be ethical teaching, tends inevitably to the measure of the harvest returns of produce minds outside the moral years of labor. It is a very common standards set up by Christianity"- and perhaps significant fact that, in an evil which Dr. Duff foresaw and some of the now fruitful fields, seven foretold. The assassination of Sir years elapsed without one convert. Curzon Wyllie is a new challenge to Let anyone read the story of Robert teach the truths and ideals of Chris- Moffat's first communion season in his tianity to the youth of India. African field, Morrison's first Chinese convert, Carey's first Indian trophy, CHILDREN'S PRAYERS the first converts in Zululand, Mada- gascar, the Fiji groups, the New Heb- Children's prayers are sometimes rides, etc., and then d:tre to say that intensely quaint and amusing, and, at missionary labor is in vain. How apthe same time, sublimely real to them, propriately might the yearly feast of and no doubt acceptable to Him who commemoration of those early begininterprets with fatherly tenderness nings lay even an empty plate before their strangely exprest yearnings. the guests to indicate the long expe- One little one in Britain prayed to the riences of disheartening apparent fail- Lord Jesus, "Do try to make me a ure that tested patience and courage good girl; and, if at first you don't and constancy. succeed, try, try again /" Another besought the Lord to make her "abso- NEW BIBLE CONFERENCES lutely pure"-"like Cadbury's Cocoa" / Out of the mouths of babes and suck- These are multiplying, and as we lings prayer, like praise, is perfected. rejoice to see, along the lines of the It is not the consistency of well-or- old faith, notably Dr. Torrey's "Penndered speech, but the higher consist- sylvania Northfield" at Montrose, ency of desires that accord with His where the interest and attendance will that assures answer. Mr. Spur- have secured a fund of $ro,ooo to geon, after the stumbling first prayer buy some r70 acres of wo~ded land, of a young convert, quietly added, and build a large auditorium. Under "Take the meaning, Lord /" And, as Dr. Torrey's guidance we may be He reads the meaning, many an unlet- well assured of a conservative and tered, ungrammatical, and even un- eminently Biblical gathering. There warranted petition undoubtedly gets a will be no uncertain sound on that platgracious hearing and an equally gra- form. At the same time an "Erieside" cious response. convention has been projected and met this summer, and is organized with THE DAY OF SMALL BEGINNINGS such men as Dr. Elmore Harris and Henry W. Frost as trustees. The peo- It is an interesting relic of the past ple are hungering for the old teachthat when the descendants of the Pil- ing, in which is no doubtful note as to grim Fathers keep the Feast of Fore- the full inspiration of the Word, the fathers' Day, one course consists of infallible utterances of our Lord, and five grains of corn, laid on each plate, the certainty of atonement and the in remembrance of the fact that, in a Resurrection of Christ from the dead. day of distress, all the corn in the col-

MISSIONARY

ASIA-MOSLEM LANDS to obtain this saving knowledge, we have found it the sweetest and most precious Conference of Moslem Converts thing, for by it we have discovered at" one and the same time our guilt before The first conference for Moslem God and mercy and forgiveness from converts in Egypt was held at Zeitoun, Him, together with deliverance from the Cairo, on the 16th, I 7th, and 18th of power of sin. All we can desire for you June. A large tent was erected for is that you may obtain a share in this the delegates, for at least 25 men came heavenly blessing, which the "World" at the beginning and stayed all the knoweth not, and never can know, that time. Between meetings, one might it may save you as it has saved us. have heard the sound of praying in Arabic from upstairs, and the mission- A New Site for a Famous School aries pleading for blessing in English. Not only the converts received bless- A recent cable dispatch announced ing, but all the missionaries who at- that official permission has been ob· tended the conference. tained from the Turkish Government for transferring the American College The C. M. S., the American Mis- for Girls from the Asiatic to the sion, the Egypt General Mission, and European side of the Bosporus, and the Dutch Mission were all represent- that the title of the college to the maged. Among those who attended, was nificent site secured for it two years Barakat (Blessings) ; a tall man from ago has been recognized as valid by up country, once a slave, now a native the Turkish Government, and so pastor. Two men who had been to- recorded. The Congregationalist suggether as Moslerhs in Jerusalem five gests: years ago, met here for the first time since then, both having become Chris- There are cherished associations with tians. Ishaak, an evangelist in Is- the buildings on the hill slope of Scutari. mailia, told how he was one of eight But the lofty hill where the new college men who had come out for Christ at will rise will overlook the old location the same time in Akhmeem. and command a noble view of the his- toric waters of the Bosporus with the Two letters were drawn up at the Asiatic mountains beyond. Not far away conference, and signed by all the con- on the same side is Robert College. We verts present. The first to other Mos- don't believe Americans anywhere in the lem converts in Egypt, encouraging world have planted two other such inthem in the Lord, and the second for stitutions of learning in so commanding missionaries in other Moslem lands, so positions with regard to eventful history, that they might have it to show to beauty of location and splendid opporthose who say there are never any tunity. Two noble American women, Mrs. Russell Sage and Miss Helen Gould, converts from Islam. have given generous aid. The following is to Moslem breth- School Schemes of the YounS Turks ren in all lands: "The New School" is a project of DEAR FRIENDS: great interest and significance, con- ceived by leading members of the We, a company of converts from Young Turk party. It is meant "to Islam, gathered together in conference develop the physical, moral, and inat Zeitoun, near Cairo, send you our tellectual faculties of the children by greetings. teaching them the art of enjoying themselves in a happy and useful man- Having heard from time to time, by ner." In its curriculum living lanmeans of the Christian missionaries guages are to have a foremost place, working among you, that you have some and the Ottoman and English landoubt concerning the existence of actual converts from Islam in the world at all, guages are to be taught to all pupils, but more particularly in Egypt, the general instruction being given in "Citadel of Islam"-we (personally for these two languages simultaneously, ourselves present at the conference, and and English is given this preference vicariously on behalf of those unable to as being the language of a people attend) have the pleasure to tell you whose spirit of independence and inthat we have heard and received the itiation ought constantly to be their "Good News" of Salvation through Jesus Christ, and having sacrificed all things example. Practical studies are also Barrien Removed ADd Doors Opened to be kept to the front, such as com- In the Northwestern Christian Admerce and agriculture. The promo- vocate Miss Maskell of Kolar writes; ters are raising by means of a company, with shareholders and articles of All the Mohammedan homes which agreement, the sum of over £40,000 were closed to us are now opened. It was such happiness when we went to a sterling, and the first £ro,ooo are village where Mohammedans live to have the women and girls cluster around promised in England. us to listen to the singing of hymns and INDIA the reading and explanation of the Bible. Ashes of Buddha Unearthed Twenty-three Hindu women have been baptized this year_ One of her zenana The telegraphic news that the body pupils is of the royal family of Mysore. of Gautama, the founder of Buddhism She belongs to a caste in which the has been unearthed from the founch- women are kept in strict seclusion. An- other is the wife of one of the wealthiest tions of an old pagoda half a mile men in Kolar, who refused to give their from Peshawar city, and some thirty little daughter in marriage to a man rich feet below level ground, will create and of high position, because he was great excitement throughout the forty years old, nor does he wish his daughters to marry until they are at Buddhist world. The pagoda dates least sixteen, a well-nigh unheard-of pofrom the time of the Buddhist Em- sition for a Brahman to take.

peror Kanishka. Its site was un- Secular and Religious Combined known, save for the references made The Indian Witness says that the to its position in the writings of government of Mysore State has Hiuen Siang, a Chinese Buddhist pil- passed two measures during 1908 grim of the seventh century, and but which will have an influence on edufor the keen observation of a French cational work of missions in that state. scholar it might have remained un- One measure abolishes the collection known indefinitely. It is now reported of fees in the primary department of to be the veritable ashes of Gautama, the state schools. As the mission who lived and taught more than four schools will have to conform, this may centuries before Christ, and whose mean closing some missionary instituteaching so profoundly imprest the re- tions, unless the government will inligious thought of the Eastern world. crease grants-in-aid by way of compen- A Hindu Contribution sation for what has been surrendered. The second measure introduces relig- Dr. Frank Van Allen speaks of ious instruction into the state schools. "a remarkable state of missionary de- The reasons given are that to divorce velopment" that has recently been wit- secular and religious education is to nessed on the Madura field in India. bring about disaster to the state. The It is a contribution to the Albert average Hindu home has ceased to Victor Hospital of 17,000 rupees, of exercise religious or moral governwhich "almost every anna was a gift ment, with the result that boys are to this Christian institution, for its growing up without reverence for endowment, by those professing the their parents. Hindu faith. "Christianity must be How Prayers Are Answered advancing in the good graces and good regards of the people here when Hin- On the nineteenth of October it was dus will give money to build a Chris- twenty-five years since I came to In- tain hospital and give money to endow dia. About twenty years ago I came it. Fifty years ago such a thing would to Sibsagor. The first evening in our not have been dreamed of by either devotion I prayed that the Lord would missionary or Hindu." This money, spare my life till I should see a thou- equal in value to $5,667, has been for- sand converts. My dear wife said warded to the treasury of the Ameri- after my prayer: "You expect to grow can Board. old in Sibsagor, asking to see a thousand converts." In those days we and princes. Doubtless beyond any were accustomed to see only mercy other Caucasian, Dr. Martin has drops. I wanted to see showers. I entered into the secrets of the Oriental prayed for the thousand converts and mind, appreciating its processes and I have seen them. VVe have on the accepting its point of view, and of all Sibsagor field 1,084 members, and I Occidentals he undoubtedly has done have seen daughter stations of Sibsa- most to build the bridge over which gor growing into prosperous missions. China is to-day marching out of its VVe have sown in tears and have isolated conservatism to take advanreaped in joy. VVe have come re- tage of VVestern knowledge. Many joicing, bringing our sheaves. Praise would now gladly reward him with the Lord, 0 my soul !-c. E. PETRICK. some sinecure appointment in public life as a tribute to his national serv- A Statesman Missionary ices. But the old hero will not have it so. He prefers to return to the In The Outlook VVilliam T. Ellis humble lot of the evangelist missays of one missionary: "On the rear sionary; and the man whose voice in seat of a jolting tonga I rode through other years moved the councils of the the streets of Ahmednager in the cool empire is now heard speaking of of the evening. Beside me sat Dr. Jesus to the throngs of the street." Robert A. Hume. Every few yards his finger-tips were at his head, his A .. Self-government Society" lips, his heart, returning the salutations of all sorts of Indian men. Fre- VVhile at Tsang-shing city in Sepquently the slow-moving tonga was tember last the Rev. P. Jenkins, of halted while the stranger was duly Canton, was invited to attend a meetpresented to 'rich man, poor man, ing of the gentry in the Confucian beggar man, thief.' VVhatever else he temple, the opening ceremony of a – has accomplished, Dr. Hume has made "self-government society," the object himself solid with a diversified and of which was to give instruction to interesting constituency. I saw some the people in preparation for the time natives-members of one of the in- when a constitution should be granted numerable Hindu sects-on pilgrim- to China. He writes: age, worship at his church. They did not know that it was a Christian build- It seemed a possible opportunity of ing, for in all external appearances making friends that ought not to be it conformed closely to the native style missed, so I accepted the invitation, and of ecdesiastical architecture. Saga- took with me the Chinese clergyman. ciously orientalized, Dr. Hume has We were treated with every respect and perceived that there is nothing inher- given seats of honor. There were beently Christian in the Occidental trap- tween three and four thousand people pings, and equipment, and appurten- present. After the mandarin who preances of the Gospel. A church steeple sided had given the opening address and is not one of the Five Points of Cal- the vice-president of the society spoken, vinism, nor yet one of the Thirty-nine I was alarmed to see my name written Articles of Religion." on the blackboard as the next speaker. At the close of the gathering the thanks CHINA for my address were flattering-I hope sincere. Will Die at His Post The Crying Need of Reenforcements The Interior has these well-deserved words of praise for Dr. VV. A. Martin, In a recent address Bishop Cassels, Presbyterian missionary, now eighty- of VVest China, used these words: two, and in the foreign field almost sixty years, but still "joyfully preach- The people have become weary of ing the Gospel of his Lord in street waiting for us to come. They are tired chapels in the city of Peking, where of stretching out their hands to us for he has been the confidant of emperors help. They are ashamed of appealing to us again. They have gone off and joined the Roman Catholics in many cases. They have got cold and indifferent in other cases. And in some cases they have got disgusted with a form of religion and a Church which seemed so in- men, women and children have given different to their welfare and paid so lit- in their names asking for baptism and tle attention to their calls. I am speaking have offered the site for a church and the truth. I am telling you what I $400 for the building. They are poor know. These are indeed solemn words and they give an aspect of things in people, so this is a big sum for them, China not often in view. These Chinese and this, Miss Jones writes, is how who are presently interested will not they collected it: wait for us forever. They are bound to seek and find something, and if we do $130, subscribed by men, women and 110t respond to their appeal they will children, $1 each: $120 t'a-tsin money, turn elsewhere, and to that which is false and destructive. From -many stand- formerly subscribed for heathen worpoints, it remains true, "The king's busi- ship; $150 obtained by selling some of their fields. The young promise to proness requires haste."-China's Millions. vide some clay bricks for the building, A .. Cleanliness Society" and they will Cllt down trees for the beams. A Chinese woman who had been staying in the building prepared for Are Chinese Christians Grateful the school for Bible-women at Hangchow, and afterward became a pa- Dr. W. E. Geil, who has traveled tient at the hospital, when she went miles enough to belt the globe five times around, makes this answer: back to her home in the country had a There are Chinese here who are gratewonderful tale to tell. Never before ful and show it; there are others who are had she seen anything to compare grateful and do not show it; there are with the neat, clean rooms of the some, of course, who are not grateful. But a missionary physician in this city Bible School or the whiteness of the medicated a woman who exprest her gratitude by bringing him one thousand hospital, and she determined to make her own home clean. Miss M. Holmes eggs! I spell it out, lest in putting down writes: figures you might hold that a slip of the hand had added at least one cipher too Impossible as this seemed to her ac- many. The 1,000 eggs might not have quaintances, her efforts were such that, when Miss Barnes next visited that vil- been "good" according to our standard, lage, she noticed quite a change in the but the celestial standard is different, and woman's house; and this novel idea had her gift must be measured by her standmade such an impression on her neigh·· ard, which is the national standard for egg taste !-Missionary Herald.

bars that the suggestion was made to KOREA start a "Cleanliness Society." Several joined, promising to put forth their best The Bible for Koreans efforts to the difficult task of removing One can not overestimate the value the age-long dirt from their houses and of Bible translation: children. The whole thing was so strange that news of it quickly spread to other Koreans have no religion worthy of villages, and in them also similar soci- the name; they are indeed a people eties were formed. This is but a first thirsting after religious truth. Great is step on the ladder, and Miss Barnes has the importance, therefore, of the splenmuch glad news of many who have did evangelical work now going on in reached to higher things. – C. M. S. this country.

Gleaner. The most important part of Christian work in a foreign country is, no doubt, Liberal Chinese Christians to supply the people with the Bible In Canton and the out-stations 113 written in its own language. In this persons were baptized last year, and respect, Korea owes much to Dr. Gale the Chinese Christians contributed and the Bible societies who enabled them to procure the Word of God at $I,861 for religious purposes. In the such a cheap price. It is much to be San-ui district of the Canton mission the number of converts is steadily in- desired that the day will soon come when creasing. In Seungling, about ten we see the whole Bible in the language of Korea. No small number of Koreans are in possession of Japanese or English miles from Tsang-sheng-k'ai, the capi- Bibles to help them understand, and a tal of the district, Miss A. M. Jones greater number have Chinese Bibles. It says that practically the whole village is in favor of Christianity, and 130 is said that a Korean Biblical Diction- ary will be published before long and many are waiting anxiously for it. Massing for the Final Assault the missionaries and the Japanese Rev. J. F. Preston writes thus In authorities on the peninsula. Accord- the Christian Observer: ing to the terms of this agreement, Our division of the army (Southern it is understood at Seoul: "That on Presbyterians) holds alone the southwest condition of the registration of the of Korea. and facing us is one-fifth the mission schools absolute freedom of entire population of this country, or Christian religious teaching is granted, and that the Japanese protectorate about 3.000,000. We must take our part will cooperate in continuing estabof the line, must also move up to the lished Christian school work and final assault, but we can not do so with Christian schools; Christian school the present force and equipment. The graduates are in future to receive total number of workers required to the recognition and benefits enjoyed evangelize this field if they are sent now by the government schools without any discrimination whatsoever." has been estimated. The mission says give us 7 clerical workers, including 2 Jubilee of Japanese Minions already under appointment, and with our native constituency our part of Korea Rev. G. P. Pierson, of Hokkaido, can be evangelized. In addition to these, we want as speedily as we can get them writes of the semi-centennial of mistwo more college graduates for educa- sion effort in the Sunrise Kingdom, tional work, 3 doctors (one a specialist), which will be celebrated this fall. He 3 trained nurses, and 5 single lady work- says: ers for educational and evangelistic work. With these we will fully man everyone of our four stations and open up a fifth and last to the south.

The Oddity of Things Korean This is a great year in Japan; the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of Rev. J. H. Pettee has recently Protestant missions in the empire. Half a century ago came Dr. Brown, Dr. Verwritten: beck, Bishop Williams, Dr. Hepburn, Dr. Thompson, and others. The situation in Korea is peCUliar. Technically speaking, there are no young When Dr. Thompson (who is still people, or very few, only children and working here) came to Japan and saw grown-ups. Girls often marry at eleven; the attitude of the government, the twothe Christians are now raising the age of sworded Samurai, and the superstition of marriage to sixteen for girls and eigh- heathenism, he said to himself, "If I teen for boys. To earn thirty dollars work here all my life, there may be one and buy a wife, shave the top of the hundred believers at the end." He sees head, wear a topknot, and become a man now 60,000 Protestant Christians. has been the great aim in life of Korean lads or of their mothers for them. Hence AMERICA the scarcity of young people. More Missionaries Wanted In company with Mr. T. Sawaya, secretary of the Japan Christian Endeavor Thirty-eight of the foreign mis- Union, I have just spent four delightful weeks preaching in the cities of Korea sionary societies have appealed to the and southern Manchuria, questioning and being questioned on work for the Student Volunteer Movement to ischildren, and enjoying the sights, tho not the smells, of market-day in "the land of sue a call for over 350 men and women the topknots," on which occasion families occupy the same stalls in the open to take positions in foreign countries. squares of the city that their ancestors did five hundred years ago, and a Korean The list of persons needed includes can buy anything he needs from grass linen to brass basins, from h9rsehair hats IIO ministers, 35 male physicians, 28 to straw sandals, and from dried fish to squealing pigs. The pedlers squat on women physicians, 28 male teachers, their haunches, and chew dried grasshoppers while waIting for customers. 68 women teachers, 10 nurses, besides JAPAN printers, carpenters, stenographers and business men. Of the missionary bodies calling for workers, the Con- gregationalist wants 45; Episcopal, 40; Canadian Presbyterian, 38; Ameri- can Presbyterian, 28; Methodist, 27; Christian Schools Allowed in Korea Baptist, 23; and Reformed Church, Missionary work in Korea will 27. Most of the workers are needed benefit largely by an understanding for China, where 120 will be sent, which has just been reached between while 60 will go to India, 56 to Japan, 19 to Africa, 14 to Turkey and its Board $82,343, and if we had the Asia Minor. offerings of the Brick Church, $52,- 551, we find these two Presbyterian The Student Volunteer Movement churches giving $134,894 to their Board-about the same amount that It has been often said that this the whole diocese of New York gave great movement has been practically to our board last year. The Church ineffective in sending out mission of the Holy Apostles, Philadelphia, workers. This chaJlenge led to a care- gave to our board last year $33,243. ful examination and tabulation of re- Who will attempt to measure the insults, and in the interests of truth fluence upon the whole American and accuracy we reproduce and record church that would come from an effort them. to emulate the example of our Pres- byterian brethren and of our own The movement records the names Church of the Holy Apostles in work of 3,861 volunteers who, prior to Janu- for missions?" ary I, 1909, had reached the mission field, having been sent out as mission- Loss of a Million Ship aries of no less than fifty different missionary boards of the United States The loss of the missionary steamer and Canada. About one-third are Hiram Bingham and the death of her women, and the sailed volunteers are master, Capt. A. C. WalkUp, were redistributed by countries as follows: ported in a cablegram from Sydney, N. S. W., by the American Board of Mexico .•…………. ………… 117 Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Central America ………………. 26 South America ………………. 234 The dispatch gave no details 0: the West Indies ………………….. 109 Latin and Greek Church countries disaster, and did not state where or when it occurred. The Hiram Bing- of Europe ……………….. 18 ham sailed from San Francisco No- Africa………………………. 412 vember 10, 1908, and after visiting Turkish Empire ……………… 149 Honolulu, proceeded to the Gilbert Arabia ………….. ………….. 16 Islands. She was last heard from Persia…………… ………….. 37 March 25, when she was at Ocean India, Burma and Ceylon. . . . . . . . .. 782 Island, one of the Gilbert group. Siam, Laos and Straits Settlements.. 76 China ……………………….. 1,130 Another Church With a World Parish Korea …………. …………… 180 Japan ………………………. 357 Among the churches which are Philippine Islands ……………. 115 notable for their missionary interest Oceanica ………………………. 49 we know of none to surpass the Miscellaneous ………………… 144 American Presbyterian Church of Montreal, of which Rev. Robert Total ……………………… 3,951 Johnson is pastor. Not only is this church interested in every aspect of If Only All Would Imitate the Few missionary effort, but they do not even confine their giving to their own de- Indulging in some reflections upon nomination, as witness their liberal contrasts in giving to missions be- contribution every year to the Ameritween certain churches in N ew York can Board. In non-Christian lands City, The Churchman prints the fol- they have stations in India, China, lowing: "The largest offerings made Japan, Africa. For years they have through the Board by individual par- been paying one-half of the salary of ishes in New York last year were: Mr. C. C. Fuller, under the American St. Thomas's Church, $17,133; the Board at Mt. Silinda, South Africa. Incarnation, $15,667; St. Bartholo- A member of this Church also supmew's, $15,122; Grace Church, $13,- ports Mr. C. M. Eames, connected 568; Trinity parish, with its ten with the American Board mission at churches, $17,135. These five par- Pasumalai, India. Another member ishes with all of their dependent churches gave to the Board last year, according to the figures furnished us, $78,627. This same year the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church gave to of the Church supports an evangelistic forty-one years in the West Indian worker in Formosa. The young men island of Trinidad. He went there of the church also support an Ameri- from Nova Scotia after a breakdown can worker abroaJ. In all, this Church of health, and there he found his life is standing behind 6 missionaries. opportunity among the East Indian coolies who had been imported to work Secular Forces Fighting Liquor in sugar and cacao plantations. He returned to Nova Scotia, presented There was a time when the Church the need to the Church, and volunstood almost alone in her fight against teered as missionary. The Hindu the saloon, but now she has help from popUlation in the island now numbers many quarters outside of her borders. I05,ooo–abont a third of the whole. As a writer on this subject says: "It This is Dr. Morton's report of reis a fact not fully appreciated that, sults: so far as their advertising sections are concerned, our great magazines When we went there, there was no are rapidly 'going dry.''' Among Christianity among them and no schools. these periodicals are found: The We have given them education and have American Magazine, The Century, printed books in their own language, we Collier's, Everybody's Magazine, The have helped them to improve their agri- Youth's Companion, McClure's, Mun- cultural methods and their mode of life, sey's, Ladies' Home]ournal, Literary and we have given them the Gospel. Digest, Outlook, Review of Reviews, There is a Christian population of some World To-day, Saturday Evening 12,000, and the whole lump has been so Post, Success Magazine, and others. leavened that it will be impossible for Some of these magazines not only aid the children growing up to be idolaters, the cause of temperance by refusing as their parents were. It has been well thousands of dollars' worth of adver- worth while. tisements annually, but also by publishing in their columns strong articles Gospel Transformation in Mexico setting forth the evils of drink. In World-wide Missions Rev. H. A Catholic Priest Turns Presbyterian A. Barrett reports as foIlows: On Sunday, August 1st, Dr. Juan Thirty years ago a small company of Salvator Orts Gonzalez, a Franciscan Protestant Christians in the village of monk and a Roman Catholic priest, Atzala, State of Puebla, were attacked was publicly received into the Lafay- by a fanatical mob of Roman Catholics ette Presbyterian Church of New and twenty of the members of that little Orleans and baptized. Dr. Orts is of congregation were cruelly murdered, a prominent family of Valencia, Spain, some of the officials of the town giving and is a distinguished scholar. While assent to the assassination. A few days in his order, he was Superior, first of ago I held service in our chapel in that the college of Benisa and later of place, and behind me on the wall were Onteniente. He has received signal printed the names of those twenty who honors at the hands of the Pope of were sacrificed for the establishment of Rome. About four years ago (he the new faith. To-day what a marvelous was then thirty-six) he began to doubt transformation is noticed. We have a the veracity of Rome's exclusive Methodist church there with the followclaims. Having received a dispensa- ing officials of the town as members: tion, which permitted him to honor- The president of the municipality, his ably withdraw from his order, he secretary, the first assistant to the presitraveled in Mexico and Guatemala, dent, one other member of the town and at last came to the United States. council, the teacher of the boys' school and the postmaster. Truly the blood of Canadian Mission in Trinidad the martyrs is the seed of the Church. At another point on this same circuit we The Presbyterian of Toronto, Can- have a day-school of 62 scholars and the ada, reports an interview with Rev. members of the congregation are at pres- Dr. John Morton, after spending ent erecting a neat chapel.

Progress in Porto Rico Educational progress in Porto Rico has been rapid. Dr. Dexter, commis- sioner of education in the island, at the National Educational Convention,

gave an instructive account of the of Palestine as an inalienable posses- work so far done. At the time of sion of the Jewish people, a refuge the American occupation, there were, for the armies of Jews now forced to roughly, 500 schools. With one ex- wander and beg in all the world. Part ception these were held in private of the cOhtributions have been spent houses, and only poor children were in buying strategic land areas in va- admitted without a special tuition fee. rious parts of Palestine. The Indus- Under the present educational organ- trial Art School, Bezalel, in Jerusalem, ization, the island is divided into 3S stands on national land, as well as the school districts. The schools of the Jewish National Museum. The lands island are divided into four classes: for the agricultural school on the rail- high schools, graded schools, rural road between Jerusalem and Jaffa, the schools and special schools. All are olive-tree plantations of the Herzl- free to all classes, and are eagerly wald on the Sea of Galilee, the model taken advantage of. In the last year farmland of the Land Development upward of 60 school libraries have Society, which has been rented to been established throughout the is- Jewish peasants from the Caucasus, land by the department of education. and the land on which the Polytechnic School banks have also been estab- at Haifa is being built are all provided lished in nearly 300 schools, and chil- by this fund.

dren's playgrounds in I7 munici- All over the world wherever the palities. Jewish diaspora is represented (and EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN where is it not?) the Zionists are hard at work collecting money for the pro- Christian Students in Conference posed Jewish state. One illustration comes from South Africa, where from The Conference of the World's early morning, writes a correspondent, Student Christian Federation, at Ox- "Each collector went about the street, ford, was a great and unequaled suc- each with his blue-white national cess. Over 30 countries were repre- badge, feeling evident pride in the sented, and the delegates were housed race and people to which he belonged. in several of the colleges. A Swedish In the evening there was a massworker, Carl Fries, was president, and leading workers, including such men meeting in the Zionist Hall in Johan- as J. R. Matt and R. Wilder, Baron nesburg, and 2,000 shekels were re- Nicolai of Russia, and J. N. Farquhar ported collected."-ERNEST GORDON.

of Calcutta, were present. Mr. Matt England's Missionary Gifts reported at some length on the Student Movement as a whole, dwelling We, in America, frequently point especially on the developments during to our English brethren and thcir the past four years. About 140,000 liberal gifts to missions as an exstudents throughout the world are now ample for ourselves. Now comes Mr. members, and about 2,000 colleges De Thierry and tells us that England and universities have branches. Re- was engaged, during the nineteenth cently special attention has been in- century, in 19 wars, for which it spent creasingly given to work among boys more than 6,000 millions of dollars and and girls at school. Social work has in which it sacrificed the lives of more also come into a much more prominent than 700,000 men. In supporting 2,060 place, and it would appear that in this missionaries, with about 9 millions of department the British students are dollars annually, in the battle for taking the lead. Christ, England uses, after all, such a small amount for missions that the The Jewish National Fund sum spent for wars in the nineteenth The Jewish National Fund, founded century would be sufficient to carryon at the Fifth Zionist Congress in 1901, all present missionary work for seven has now reached a total of 1,800,000 centuries. Only by comparisons simi- kronen. Its purpose is the purchase lar to the one above we become aware

of the smallness of our missionary of 4,000 men who went ashore, not contributions and the insufficiency of more than 300 came back sober, and our efforts. 1,500 were left in charge of the police. Two years ago, Lord Beresford said, Foreign Missions at Oxford he brought a fleet to the same city, and of 3,000 men who went ashore, One of the most remarkable features not over 3 failed to report for duty in the life of modern Oxford is the when shore-leave expired. revived interest in foreign missions. More men than ever before-at least Mormons Invading England in recent centuries-are going forth into the pagan world as missionaries, The report comes from England and at every point the cause of mis- that Mormon missionaries are specially sions is continually in evidence. busy in that country. The Bishop of Among other Oxonians going to the London has issued a warning to his front this year is Mr. A. H. Jowett clergy against the renewed efforts of Murray, of Magdalen College, the Mormon agents to entrap young men youngest son of Sir James A. H. Mur- and women. By assiduously visiting ray. A very affectionate and impress- from house to house, by unstinted disive farewell was bidden to him at tribution of literature, ~nd by their the George Strcet Congregational open-air meetings, they captivate in- Church, of which he and his distin- experienced and unsuspecting souls. guished father are members. He The Bishop has written a number of briefly stated the way in which he pamphlets exposing Mormon practises had been led to decide in favor of edu- and refuting Mormon statements. To cational work in China, paying strong counteract the Mormon influences, the tribute incidentally to the great Christian people are holding open-air spiritual influence of the Free Church meetings, visiting from house to house, camps for schoolboys. Mr. Murray distributing literature and teaching goes out to assist in the work carried clearly and definitely the fundamental on in Tien-tsin by Dr. Livingston Hart doctrines of the Old and New Testaat the Anglo-Chinese College. ments.

Total Abstinence Advancing Total Abstinence in the British Arm"

In spite of occasional reports to the Rev. }. H. Bateson, after twentycontrary, the cause of total abstinence three years' experience, as he says, from intoxicating liquors seems to be "gave his testimony to the honor of growing in Great Britain. One in- the British soldier and to the glory of teresting fact is found in the report of God !" The converted soldiers, he the temperance organizations con- said, were becoming a missionary nected with the Free Church Union. power in India, and their numbers Thirty years ago, out oi 2,560 min- were being added to week by week. isters connected with the Union, only What an encouraging fact it is, too, 760 were total abstainers; to-day, out that out of our 67,000 soldiers in the of 2,963 ministers, no less than 2,670 great Dependency there are no fewer are total abstainers; that is, the per- than 30,6r I "out-and-out total abcentage of abstainers has increased stainers," and that in one regimentfrom about thirty-three per cent. to the Cheshire-there are 700 total ababout ninety per cent. in thirty years. stainers out of 900 men. There has Out of 59 young men just entering been, too, a very remarkable developthe ministry 57 were teetotalers, and ment in regard to purity, an improveof these 44 had never known the taste ment undoubtedly due to the power of of liquor. Lord Charles Beresford, God working in the army. addressing a recent meeting in Liverpool, said that forty-six years ago he Care,,'s Beginning Recalled came to Liverpool with a squadron, and the city entertained the men. Out Kettering was recently the scene of a very interesting gathering. "The Mission House" connected with the

modern missionary movement under to-hand fight with the hosts of dark- William Carey is now in the occupa- ness, but we are all assured that the tion of Mr. John Stockburn. This tide of battle will turn! Some 409 gentleman has permitted the erection missionaries are engaged in this work; on the outer wall facing the public and last year over a million and a roadway of a brass tablet stating that quarter visits were paid to houses, and the modern missionary enterprise was over a million conversations were held originated in this house on October with persons in public-houses and fac- 2, 1792. It also makes reference to tories; moreover, 39,089 meetings Carey's sermon at Nottingham, "Ex- were held in cottages and missionpect great things from God; attempt rooms, and 7,607 meetings were congreat things for God." Of those who ducted in the open air. The workers were present at the unveiling cere- were enabled to reclaim 1,271 drunkmony, were the grandson of Andrew ards; they obtained 1,018 situations Fuller, Sir Thomas E. Fuller, who for men, and rescued 126 fallen womwas until recently Agent-general for en. This is good n(~ws, for which we South Africa; and Rev. S. Pearce thank God, and take courage.-Lon- Carey, the great-grandson of William don Christian. Carey. Among the relics exhibited were some of Carey's cobbler's tools THE CONTINENT and the box in which Andrew Fuller deposited the first collection made on A Carpenter Evangelist behalf of modern missions. A Scotch missionary, William Wad- Mission Stud" Circles dell, who accompanied M. and Mme. Coillard to the Zambesi Mission, has Says the Free Church Missionary just gone to his reward. Mr. Wad- Record: dell went out as carpenter, builder and man of all work, and erected buildings It is a hopeful sign that the youth of at four mission stations besides trainour church are more and more turning ing the natives of those places as cartheir attention to the systematic study penters and builders. After ten years of home and foreign missions. During of ungrudging labor he was compelled, last winter there were' no fewer than 305 in 1894, to seek rest, but not without study circles in connection with the the hope of returning to his post. It United Free Church, with a membership was found, however, that in his work of 2,336. Of these, 224 circles, with a among the natives he had contracted membership of 1,737, studied "The De- leprosy, and for fifteen years he has sire of India," the handbook written by suffered continuously, during which Dr. Datta; and 57 circles, with a mem- time he has been devotedly nursed by bership of 422, studied Mr. Malcolm his sister. To the last, tho blind and Spencer's handbook on "Social Degrada- infirm, he continued his interest in the tion." Twenty-four circles, with a mem- Zambesi Mission, and counted it the bership of 177, studied "The Uplift of privilege and honor of his life to have China." The total number of circles is given those ten years to mission servalmost double that of the previous year. ice in Barotseland. There might have been more but for the lack of qualified leaders, and more atten- Great Uprising Against .. White Slavery" tion is now being given by th.e Mission Study Council to supplying opportunities Thirteen governments have entered for the training of leaders for this work. into an agreement to fight that traffic in women which we know as "white Splendid City Mission Work slavery." Personal responsibility for watchfulness is to be embodied in a No Christian society has a finer special officer for each, the governrecord than the London City Mission. ments are to exchange information, Like the law of gravitation, it makes the railroad stations and steamer landno noise, but its work is none the less ings are to be watched. This is the effective. These brave missionaries honor list of governments and colonies are engaged year in and year out in "excavating souls from the slums"; and God only knows the result of their unselfish labors. It is a hand-

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 79

engaging in warfare against one of The Swiss Romande Missionary Sothe most cruel combinations for gain ciety has published its annual report that the world has known: Austria- of the work done by its missionaries Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, in Transvaal Colony and in Portu- France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, guese East Africa. It has added two Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Russia, new stations to the eleven in existence Spain, Switzerland, the Bahamas, Bar- at the close of 1907, besides which it bados, British Guiana, Canada, Ceylon, has 65 out-stations. Its European Australia, Gambia, Gold Coast, Malta, workers are 19 missionaries, 3 physi- Newfoundland,· Northern Nigeria, cians, 7 male and 20 female helpers, Southern Rhodesia, Trinidad and the to which force should be added 21 Windward Islands. wives of missionaries. The force of native Christian helpers numbers 85. Declined With Thanks I ! ! In three missionary schools in Trans- vaal, which are being carried on by The Synod of the Protestant the aid of the English Government, Churches in Belgium has sent to the the number of pupils has increased 26 American Baptist Missionary Union, per cent during 1908, viz., to 663. The Boston, a proposal to withdraw all baptisms, as far as recorded, numbered missionaries from the Kongo, and turn 180, and the number of native Christheir mission and mission work over tians has increased to 2,II8, while the to the Protestant Belgians. This ac- 86 missionary schools of the Society tion is urged in the interest of har- are attended by 2,716 pupils. The mony between the missions and the total income of the Society for 1908 Kongo Free State. A conference has was $62,803. been held between representatives of the Baptist missions with the president Retrench or Trust? of the Belgian Synod, representatives of English missions in the Kongo be- The Paris Evangelical Missionary ing present. Officials of the Baptist Society is the only Protestant mission- Missionary Union says, "Such a pro- ary force in the overwhelmingly posal is almost too radical to be enter- Roman Catholic and infidel French tained, but it is to be hoped that from RepUblic. Its circle of supporters is this discussion some good may come limited and small, but its work is exto the Kongo." tensive, since it supports missionaries in Basutoland, in Senegal, in French Missionary Societies in Switzerland Kongo, in Rhodesia, in Madagascar, and in Polynesia. It is no wonder The great Basel Evangelical Mis- that it is threatened by a deficit of sionary Society had been greatly about $18,000, and that its leaders are troubled with the fear of another def- prayerfully considering the question icit, which by some was estimated at if to retrench or to advance according about $20,000. Calls for prayer and to the opportunities in the different urgent appeals to the friends of the fields, especially in Madagascar, where Society in Switzerland and Germany the missionaries have continued to were published, and lo! the year closed labor so faithfully in spite of the perwith a deficit of exactly $1.50. The secutions by the French officials. We deficit of 1907, amounting to about bespeak the prayers and sympathy of $13,000, however, remained unpaid. our readers for this great society. The work of the Society is very prosperous, especially among the Balis, Students' Musionary Federation in Germany in the interior of Kamerun, German West Africa, where the first heathen In eleven German universities have been baptized (32) after only eleven missionary societies with 498 five years of active missionary effort. members were flourishing on April I, All those baptized were fruits of the 1909. These eleven societies have missionary schools and among them now united in the German Students' were two sons of the king of Bali. Missionary Federation, which is

governed by a committee (Ausschuss). which should be added 10 assistants The purpose of the Federation is in Minahassa, of whom, however, 2 mutual counsel and help. are sent out by the Utrecht Missionary Union and 1 is sent out by the Nether- Dutch Missionat")' Societies lands Missionary Union. The income of the society from all sources was For many years the Dutch Govern- $55,284, of which amount $21,400 ment was very suspicious of the were legacies. Protestant missionaries in the Dutch East Indies and favored quite publicly Danish Missionary Society the Mohammedans. Thus Islamism spread rapidly among the restless and The annual report, for 1908, of the dissatisfied heathen, who gladly turned Danish Missionary Society is a most away from their empty animism. encouraging document, because it Thus Java became almost altogether shows steady progress of the Gospel Mohammedan. But Mohammedan sub- in the fields of the society, namely, in jects proved far less reliable than the India and China. In India its work Christian natives, and the Dutch is south of Madras, where its 22 mis- Government has not been slow in at- sionary laborers supply 8 stations, betempts to correct its mistake by aid- ing aided by 79 native helpers. The ing the missionary work in the Dutch number of native Christians was 1,242 East Indies actively. Only a short on January 1, 1909, and the 33 mistime ago it surrendered the public sionary schools were attended by 1,383 schools in Minahassa to the Nether- pupils. lands Society, and the Queen herself continues to encourage all missionary In China (Manchuria), where the work among her heathen subjects. work, interrupted by the Russo- Thus it is not strange that the Dutch Japanese war, is being carried on with missionary societies are in a prosper- much vigor, there are 7 stations, 20 ous condition and sent out, in 1908, missionaries, and 24 native helpers. more missionaries than in any previ- The number of native Christians was ous year. 306 on January I, 1909, and the 8 missionary schools were attended by The Utrecht Missionary Union cele- T28 pupils. brates this year its semi-centenary, having been organized on April 13, Swedish Church Missionary Society 1859. Its fields are Halmaheira and Burn in the Dutch East Indies The great society maintains missions and New Guinea. It now employs to Swedish seamen in German, British, 16 European missionaries upon 12 sta- French, and Italian ports, supports tions, and its laborers report a weak- pastors for congregations of Swedes ening of the hold of Mohammedanism in various European cities and in everywhere and great readiness to re- South Africa, and is engaged in direct ceive the truth as it is in Christ missionary activity in South Africa Jesus. Rev. Van Hasselt, its first and in South India. In South Africa missionary to New Guinea in 1862, is it reports 11 stations, 18 out-stations, still alive and able to participate in and 73 preaching-places, with 10 orthe celebration. The income of the dained and 12 other European mis- Utrecht Union was $33,224 in 1908 sionaries, and 53 native helpers. Of from all sources. adult heathen 148 were baptized in 1903 and the number of native Chris- The Netherlands Missionary So- tians increased to 3,196. In the 45 ciety, which was founded in 1797, has schools 921 pupils attended. published its most encouraging report concerning the work of its mission- In South India, including Ceylon, aries upon Java, Minahassa, and other are 8 stations. 35 out-stations and islands of the Dutch East Indies. It preaching-places, with 8 ordained and has now 27 European laborers, to 6 other European missionaries, and 23 native helpers. Of adult heathen 22 were baptized in 1908 and the number

19°9] GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

of native Christians increased to 1,918. stration responsible for the present un- In the 41 schools 91 teachers instructed happy condition of things, may be re- 1,780 pupils ( 1,436 boys and 344 garded from several points of view girls) . as an official admission that the cruel persecutions of the Jew have been a A Year of Blessing in Hungary grave social and political mistake. We pray that this tardy recognition of the Rev. J. T. Webster is in charge of view held in England and other civilized countries will be followed by the Presbyterian mission at Budapest, drastic reforms; and if those which Hungary, and also superintends a have been suggested are not parlarge colportage work carried on under ticularly striking in their liberality, the auspices of the Religious Tract their adoption may, nevertheless, usher Society of London and the National in an era of comparative peace.-Lon- Bible Society of Scotland. He writes: don Christian.

N ever in my experience has there been Papal and Pagan Rome Compared such a year of blessing as the past. From all parts of the country the colporteurs The late Canon Bigg, the regius report on conversions known to them to professor of ecclesiastical history at the number of about one hundred. But Oxford, has remarked, in his posthua special feature of the past year has mous volume-recently publishedbeen the great increase in the sales of "The Origin of Christianity," that the Scripture Portions. The total circula- actual loss of life due to persecution tion of Scriptures, books, tracts, etc., in the early days of the Christian faith amounts to 328,588 copies, for which was far less than is often supposed, $11,595 has been received in cash. and that the persecution of Christians in later ages by Papal Rome "far out- A Missionary Society in Hungary weighs in horror, brutality, and in- j llstice the spasms of Imperial Rome." Protestants in Hungary are neither It is quite true, as the deceased hisnumerous nor much blest with earthly torian has said, that the life of a treasures, so that it seemed impossible Christian was precarious under each for them to found a missionary so- and all of the emperors, but the emciety and send missionaries of their pire was a vast one-from Britain own to the heathen. Now the Luth- to Mesopotamia-and when we speak erans of Hungary have founded a of it we are virtually speaking of the Hungarian Missionary Society which whole world; yet-the martyrs of the has its headquarters in Oc1enburg, early Church, which was as wide as and is to support the work of the Leip- the empire, even if we include those sic Missionary Society in India and who perished under Decius and Dioin East Africa (Cerman and English). cletian, were really outnumbered by The new society may well be called the heretics who died for their faith in the direct fruit of numerous visits of the sixteenth century, in almost every the inspectors of missions of the one of the realms which have sprung Leipsic Society to Pressburg, Buda- out of the empire. pest, Odenburg, and other places during the last thirteen years. The society is to be independent from the Church, like the German societies are, but strictly Lutheran.

Czar and Jew AFRICA It is gratifying to learn from our Islam in the Sudan Jewish contemporaries that there is solid ground for an anticipation of Ten years ago the Sudan, the largest better times for the Hebrew people in unevangelizcd mission field in the Russia. The Jewish Chronicle has world, presented an almost hopeless published the full text of a long and spectacle of devastation. Three thouremarkable document, a minute of the sand missionaries were preaching the Czar's Council of Ministers, which, Gospel in China, but the great "land altho it offers a defense of the adminis- of the blacks" in Africa, the great "land of darkness," the Sudan, as

large as China proper, had not one Bloemfontein. Seventy-five delegates light-bearer. from over 20 societies were enrolled, the Continental members being in To-day, after millenniums of fight- strong force. The retiring president, ings, the Sudan is at rest. The Mo- Rev. J. S. Moffat, son of the great hammedans are leaving their fortified pioneer, and brother-in-law to Livingcities, and as traders and cattle-keep- stone, in an opening speech drew a ers, as agriculturists and religious striking contrast bdween the mission emissaries, are spreading their influ- field as he first knew it and at the ence and their faith far and wide. The present time. Statistics showed that pagans are leaving their·mountain fast- the country south of the Zambesi is nesses and fortified towns in the plains, almost entirely taken up by the various and are beginning to reoccupy the missionary societies (over 800 Eurosurrounding country as farmers, and pean workers being engaged), and recognizing the better education and Dr. MacVicar of Lovedale phophesied the higher prestige of the Mohamme- that within a few years half the natives dans, are going over to that faith. will be Christian. If an adequate attempt were made now, we might see the results of Chris- Briton and Boer Standing Shoulder to tian missionary efforts in Uganda repeated and multiplied in the central Shoulder! Sudan. A few feeble efforts have been put forward to meet this great need Dr. Jameson and Gen. Botha, sitting (in the whole Sudan there are less side by side on the steps of the throne than seventy missionaries), to make in the House of Lords, while the use of this most wonderful opportu- Colonial Secretary asked for the secnity and to win waiting nations to the ond reading of the bill to create a Christian faith.-KARL KUMM. South African commonwealth, in which Briton and Boer should have Catholic Neighbors a Hindrance equal rights-this is the astonishing and gratifying spectacle which Eng- A West Africa missionary writes: land is able to offer to the world. Who "Our Roman Catholic neighbors do could have believed it possible, when not help us much to enlighten the peo- the desolating war in South Africa ple here in Angola. At Malange, six was raging, so short a time ago? It miles from Quessua, they have a is a vivid proof that Great Britain has school and church. Among the trades not lost her acquired skill in colonial taught is brewing, and a great quantity administration. So healing and conof beer is sold from this so-called re- structive a piece of legislation as this ligious center. Some time ago one of Act of Union for the four South Afrithe priests went through the country can colonies has not been seen in touring and teaching the people. He many a year. It is an evidence of brought with him large quantities of England's real greatness more conrum, of which the people are very vincing than all her battleships. The fond, thus trying to entice them to his consummation of this great act of meeting. At one of these places a chief statesmanship under a Liberal Minisdrank so much rum that he died in a try will rank as perhaps the proudest short time from the effects of it. They achievement of the present governalso believe in slave holding. Lately ment.-New Y ark Nation. a man whom we know went and sold himself to the same Catholic mission. Christian Endeavor in South Africa A catechist near our mission has a real wife and at least two concubines." In South Africa Christian Endeavor among the Dutch-speaking population The South African Missionary Conference is very strong. There are only three societies, so far as we know, outside After an interval of three years, the the Dutch Union, and of these three third South African Missionary Con- the Bloemfontein Baptist Endeavorers ference has recently been held in are the only English-speaking group.

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

They number 26 all told, and for the Wuman's Life in Africa past year have been supporting a native evangelist in Pondoland, who The woman in Angola gets up early sends them regular reports of the work and starts the farm land about 6 there, which are read in the society. o'clock in the morning. About 9 One of the members, a corporal in the o'clock the man follows her to do some British army, whose time has expired, work also, and he returns home about has offered himself for the foreign II, idling or loafing about the rest of field. Eight of the nine Sunday- the day. About 4 o'clock the woman school teachers of the church are En- returns. On her way home she cIeavorers. gathers the necessary firewood. She now has to cook the main meal of the A Prosperous Methodist Mission day, and is kept busy till nightfall. At the beginning of the planting sea- Rhodesia is a British province of son the man gives each of his wives 435,000 square miles, as large as the a hoe, and at the same time demands States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Mich- that from the products of her garden igan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri each wife shall furnish him a sum of combined. It is located in southeast money varying from $9 to $15. This Africa, north of the Transvaal. The money she earns carrying basketful centers of the Methodist Episcopal after basketful of the produce of her Church are in the eastern half, the farm on her head sometimes for miles richest and most densely populated until she finds a sale for it. Besides part of this territory. this she has to clothe and feed herself and children. The opening of this mission was made possible by the splendid gift of Self-sacrifice of 8aganda Pastors the British South Africa Company, which included the village of Old Um- "Everywhere a spirit of inquiry tali with several buildings and 13,000 abounds," Mr. H. B. Lewin, of Kikoacres of land, probably the largest rna, in Buwekula, in Uganda proper, single gift ever made to the Methodist says, and there is "a distinct 'revi- Church in a foreign field. The work val,' " evidenced by churches crowded is among two races: Anglo-Saxons, on Sundays, baptism and confirmation lIlade up of colonists and Africanders, classes full, and the contributions from and native black Africans. In the ten the Christians well in advance of other years since the opening of the mission years. Of the liberal spirit of leading the membership has grown to 1,245, Christians and of the Baganda clergy, there are 18 Sunday-schools with 1,- Mr. Lewin wrote: 922 pupils, and the property is valued at $145,000. On it becoming known at the church cOlwcil that there was a deficit in the The Result of a Strike fund for the teachers' salaries, the native pastor, the Rev: Mikaeli Bagenda, him- The Zulus have a custom like that self led the way by saying, rather than of the ancient Hebrews in naming a that the number of teachers should be child, of giving a name that will mark diminished, he would give one-third of the time, or place, or some incident his half-yearly stipend toward the debt; that occurred when the child was born. and then one after another of the teach- Recently at Durban, Natal, a child was ers arose, relinquishing some a fifth. some brought for registry on a day when a seventh of their salaries. a strike had interrupted traffic on the railroad. The child was given the The Retarding Influence of the Troubles of name of Umhlabelungubevinbelaisitimela, meaning "When-the-white-men- the Missionaries in Madagascar stopped-the-train." We wonder what the boy was called for short. The missionary work of the Nor- wegian Missionary Society upon the island of Madagascar has been hin- dered no less than that of the French missionaries by the continued persecu- tion of the French Governor-general and his officials during the past years.

The number of native Christians con- to send tides of native mIssIOnaries nected with the Norwegian Society throughout that great country. This is has actually decreased, fewer heathen going to be the rubber land of the future, have been baptized, the attendance at and that means more and more voluntary church services has grown perceptively Chinese labor. The openings for British smaller, and the number of missionary enterprise are limitless, and so are they schools has dwindled from 860 to 360. for Christian enterprise; but the laborers Yet, the missionaries remain of good are few! cheer and consider the persecution a trying of the converts as by fire, which Funeral of a Maori Princess must be conducive to the final strengthening of the Church. To offset the A correspondent, wntmg from closing of so many missionary schools Napier, New Zealand, sends an acto a certain extent, Sabbath-schools count of the funeral of one of the most are being started everywhere and 766 highly placed Maori princesses of New of them with more than 21,000 pupils Zealand, Airini Karauria. On her have been established already. It is vast estates she exercised a lavish hosalso remarkable that contributions pitality. Many distinguished Eurofrom native Christians have increased peans, including the Prince and Prinin spite of smaller numbers. cess of Wales, have been among her guests. At the funeral the Maori lan- An African Mode of Torture guage was used, but an address was also given in English. In front of A woman tied to an African anthill the coffin walked the Maori clergyis thus described by Bishop Taylor. man who had been speaking, and im- He said: mediately behind him a venerable and venerated Anglican Bishop. Stand- I saw a woman who had been accused ing round Airini's open grave a crowd of witchcraft, and condemned to death of Maoris burst into Christian song. by ferocious ants .. She was bound to an anthill-often from IO to IS feet high- OBITUARY and kept there all day. The cries of her infant were such as to cause her release Mrs. Harris. of Tokyo at night. The victim usually dies in two days, but this woman was bound and tor- A cablegram from Tokyo, Japan, tured for five days, and then driven brings the sad news of the death, on away because "she was too hard to kill." September 6th, of Mrs. Flora Best She crawled in a terrible condition to Harris, the wife of Bishop M. C. the mission station, and the missionary Harris, of the Methodist Episcopal told me she was the most pitiful sight Church. he ever beheld. After careful nursing for months she recovered, and this Mrs. Harris was born in Meadville, woman, so terribly scarred and disfig- Pa., where her father was for many ured, was converted at my services. years a prominent physician. She was married to Rev. Merriman C. Harris ISLANDS OF THE SEA on October 23, 1873, and on the same day they sailed for Japan, where they Great Progress in Malaysia were stationed as the first Protestant missionaries at Hakadote. The Rev. F. B. Meyer writes to The Christian: Dr. Julius Soper says: Mrs. Harris had a vigorous and active Too late in life I learned what I have mind, and wielded a facile pen-writing missed in not being a missionary. It is a frequently for publication. Several of great and profound miss, that in my case her hymns have been translated and are can never be undone; but here at least the used in Japanese hymn-books. She is fields are white. Vast centers of popula- also the author of a collection of poems tion are growing up in the Straits Set- entitled "Songs of War Time," translated tlements, under British control, where, into Japanese by natives. The Japanese notwithstanding the noble efforts of the highly honored her and delighted to hear Methodists, Episcopalian, and Presby- her speak in their native tongue. Her terian churches, little or nothing is done memory will long be fragrant-as ointfor the crowds of Chinese immigrants ment poured forth-among the Japanese. pouring in from their own country. Whatever perils or hardships exist in Inland China, there are none in Malaysia. To evangelize the Chinese here would be TURKEY IN REVOLUTION. By Charles Ro- Enver Bey himself-that he never den Buxton. Illustrated. 8vo. 282 pp. would have undertaken the task had Charles Scribner's Sons, New York; it not been for the previous work of T. Fisher Unwin, London. 1909. the American colleges-he would doubtless have mended his phrase. The author of this book is one of the original members of the Balkan As the volume was published be- Committee in England, the sole ob- fore the counter-revolution of April ject of which was to improve the last and its dramatic suppression, conditions of all the European sub- the author did well to warn his readjects of Turkey, regardless of race ers that this was not a final account or faith. – Naturally, this commit- of the Turkish revolution. Nevertee rejoiced at the coup d'etat of theless, as a true and vivid picture July, I908; and on their arrival in of conditions up till the end of 1908, Constantinople 011 a visit last De- it will have permanent historic value. cember, its members were right royally welcomed and feted by the Ot- CHRISTIANITY AND THE RELIGIONS. By Rev. toman Committee of Unioll and Arthur Selden Lloyd, D.D. 12mo. 126 Progress, who fully realized the pp. 75 cents, net. E. P. Dutton & Co., value of the moral support of this New York. 1909. committee in England. Most incongruously, the Balkan Commit- Dr. Lloyd delivered these lectures tee's delegates were at that time at the Harvard Summer School of given an audience by Abdul Hamid, Theology. His viewpoint is this: whose duplicity throughout those "The one who understands that it months has since been rewarded by (the Christian religion) is a mesdethronement. The present volume sage from the One Father to His is an accurate and picturesque ac- children everywhere, will approach count of the author's observations other teachers as brother draws near and experiences during two visits to to brother." Dr. Lloyd presents a Turkey, together with a vivid story simple discussion of the essential of the bloodless revolution itself. difference between the revealed and the man-made religions, and points The forecast of the future, in the out the obligation resting upon last chapters, has proven statesman- Christians toward those who know like, and in the main, correct. The not the gospel of Christ. illustrations add much to the interest: A map of the Ottoman Empire The human religions, Dr. Lloyd would have been more appropriate maintains, were introduced' by than the one given-of Austria- dreamers who sought to introduce Hungary and the Balkan States. higher ideals of life, and the people Aside from a passing word of praise who adopted them developed until for Robert College, Mr. Buxton has these ideals had been attained, and entirely ignored the enlightening then first stagnated and then dework of the American and British cayed. Christianity reveals the colleges and high schools, as well as truth which other religions grope the permeating effect of the great after, and the revelation through mass of truth sent out broadcast Christ removed the need for any from the American presses at Bei- other religion. Christians possess rut and Constantinople. To say eternal wealth in their revelation. that "it was through French books, This wealth must bless the world or French translations of English or curse the possessor. books, through intercourse with Frenchmen, through the ideas and CHRISTIAN SCIENCE IN THE LIGHT OF HOLY traditions of French democracy, that SCRIPTURES. By Rev. Dr. 1. M. Haldethe mind of Turkey was awakened," man. 12mo. $1.50, net. Fleming H. is neither sufficient nor fair. Had Revell Co., New Yark. 1909. the author heard the testimony of This book is entitled to a reading. It is the most thorough and compre- hensive and exhaustive discussion of the' claims and pretensions of this

master delusion that we have yet and condition. It is the strangest seen. It is a volume of 440 pages, of these peoples that are described and about 200,000 words. It dis- here-black aborigines of Australia, cusses, in twenty chapters, the rela- professional thieves of India, witch tion of Christian Science to matter, doctors of Africa, dancing girls, sin and evil, sickness, disease and man-eaters of New Guinea, lonesome death; man and God and Christ and Eskimos of the Arctic regions, head- Satan; to Christian doctrine, prayer, hunters of Borneo. It is a most inmarriage, woman's place in the teresting collection with odd cus- Church, the word of God, and the toms and ideas of life and death, of anti-Christ. Those who know the eating and drinking, marriage and author, know that Dr. Haldeman burial, peace and war. A large numnever treats any subject without ber of well-chosen photographs add careful examination of it, and never interest to the descriptions. Many handles the Word of God deceitfully. chapters would form appropriate He shows in this book that he has topics for missionary meetings. given the best powers of his mind to the investigation of the theme, THEY MUST, OR GOD AND THE SOCIAL DEand the work is well done. MOCRACY. By Hermann Kutter. 12mo. 232 pp. $1.00. Cooperative Printing DAYBREAK IN KOREA. Annie L. Baird. Il- Co., Chicago. 1909. lustrated. 16mo. 123 pp. 60 cents, net. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1909. There can be no doubt that the Church has failed to reach the ideal The life of women in the East fur- of Christ as to holiness, unity, love nishes abundant material for pa- and efficiency. The divine law of thetic romances. Here is an excep- harmony for the economic, political tionally interesting story of a Ko- and religious life of man is the subrean girl who passed from a de!ll~re ject which the author here attempts little maiden to become an unwllllllg to set forth; the law that will bring and abused wife, became an inquirer true cooperation in place of monopand then a Christian, was the means oly or competition in commerce; of her husband's conversion and a that will bring harmony out of disleader in Christian work. The facts cord in politics, and will produce about Korean life-girlhood, wife- unity in place of sectarianism in rehood, widowhood, slavery, sorcery, ligion. vice, and the results of missionary work in the lives of those who re- Socialism is pictured as the most ceive the Gospel – are forcefully effective agency in bringing about shown in this brief narrative. It these results. The author inclines is entertammg as a story, not to the opinion that a "purified, social- "preachy" or philosophical, but with ly ethical Christianity," will be the well-sustained interest from first to ideal all-embracing religion of the last. It is especially well adapted to future. The kingdom of God, as girls. The account of the conver- proclaimed by Jesus, and the coopsion of the sorceress is unusually erative commonwealth, aimed at by impressive, and, like other features the Socialists, are declared to be one of the story, is true to life. amI the same. It is this statement that the author seeks to prove. Mr. QUAINT SUBJECTS OF THE KING. By John Kutter is a German-Swiss, for some Foster Fraser. Illustrated. 8vo. 304 years pastor of a Protestant church pp. $1.50. Cassell & Co., Limited. 1909. in Berne and later in Zurich. He left the pastorate because of his The British dominion includes opinion that the Church does not many strange peoples-cannibals represent the true teachings of and warriors; naked and fur-clad Christ. His disagreement with the savages; black, brown, yellow and Christian Church is a matter of inred skins; fetish worshipers, sun terpretation and application of truth. worshipers, people of every climate

THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY

WE Two IN WEST AFRICA. By I?ecima preaching among a savage, degraded Moore and Major F. G. GuggIsberg. people was followed by many con- Illustrated. 8vo. 368 pp. $3.00. Charles versions; then came persecutions, Scribner's Sons, New York. 1909. when men, women and children were speared and hurled from preci- A British surveyor and his wife pices. Many were the thrilling es- capes and noble martyred ones. write their observations and expe- Bibles were saved by hiding in caves and ovens and loaves of bread. Then riences on the Gold Coast of Africa came the conversion of the queen and years of prosperity. until a third and the hinterland. The book is en- of the population became Christian; and now the French occupation and tertaining, but in no way remark- bitter opposition to Protestant mis- sions. The story is illustrated and able. The ground has o.ften been well told for children twelve to fif- teen years of age. covered before; the expenences are EDITH STANTON'S OPPORTUNITY. By snhoot wunnuosuka~l enanidnsitghhe t observations Kingston de Gruche. l6mo. 176 pp. into native Is, 6d. Church Missionary Society, London. 1909. character or customs. There is a Missionary exhibitions in Engsense of disappointment in readi~g land have become elaborate affairs with large educational value, attractthe meager descriptions of pec1!!tar ing immense crowds and picturing graphically life and work i~ I?isscenes, customs and occupatIOns sion lands. The author of thiS httle story gives a clear idea of what these that might have been really valu- missionary exhibitions are like, and the opportunity they offer for eduable-such' as native sports, gold- cation and service. As a story, it is scarcely worth reading; but as an mining, a king's birthday. fete, n.~b­ account of the purpose and value of missionary exhibitions, it has a disber, marriage, native sacnfices, nl1S- tinct value for those who like their facts drest up in story form. There sionary work, etc. is a great deal of interesting infor- mation given about the foreign coun- Those who have time and inclina- tries represented, as well as about the conduct of the exhibition. tion to enjoy a cha~ty narrative. of NEW BOOKS travel will read this volume with THE AWAKENING OF TURKEY. E. F. Knight. pleasure; others will prefer some of 8vo. $3.00. J B. Lippincott, Philadelthe many recent volumes of more phia. 1909. unique value. TURKEY IN REVOLUTION. By Charles R. FAR NORTH IN INDIA. By William B. An- Buxton. Illustrated. 8vo. 285 pp. $2.50, net. Charles Scribner's Sons, derson and Charles R. Watson. Illus- New York. 1909. trated. 12mo. pp. 312. 75 c~nts. Board KOREA IN TRANSITION. By James S. Gale. of F. M. United Presbytenan Church, Illustrated. 12mo. 270 pp. Cloth, 50 cents; paper, 35 cents, net. Philadelphia. 1909. SERVANTS OF THE KING. By Robert E. This is a description of t~~ coun- Speer. Illustrated. 12mo, 216 pp. Cloth, 50 cents; paper, 35 cents. try, people, history and rehglOns of SOUTH AMERICA. By Thomas B. Neely. the Punjab and a ske.tch of the :vork Illustrated. 12mo. 312 pp. Cloth, 50 cents; paper, 35 cents. of United Presbytenan (Amencan) missions in that part of India. It is a brmioe~f t wimelpl-owrtraintttenandsu. minmtearr~yst~ongf the facts. United Presbytenan MISSIOn study classes can not do better than take up this as a fi.eld wh~re Mos- lems and Hindus, Sikhs, Jams, Bud- dhists Parsees and Christians strug- gle f;r the mastery. . The. foreign missionaries engaged III this work number I02, so that each has a p.ar- ish of 40,000. The whole Punjab contains nearly 25,000,000 souls.

THE MARTYRS' ISLE. By Annie Sharman. Illustrated. 8vo. 174 pp. 2s, 6d. Lon- don Missionary Society. 1909.

The story of Madagascar is one of the most romantic in the history of missions. The early days of THE UPWARD PATH. By Mary Helm. Il- SNAPSHOTS FROM SUNNY AFRICA. Helen E. lustrated. 12mo. 333 pp. Cloth, 50 Spnnger. J1Justrated. 12mo. 194 pp. cents; paper, 35 cents. Young People's $1.00,l1et. Fleming H. Revell Co., New Missionary Movement, New York. York. 1909. 1909. SATAN. By Lewis Sperry Chafer. 12mo. MISSIONARY STORY SKETCHE8 AND FOLK ~63 pp. 75 cents, net. Gospel Publish- LORE FROM AFRICA. By Alexander P. lIlg House, New York. 1909. Camphor. Illustrated. 12mo. 346 pp. $1.50, net. Jennings & Graham, Cincin- CHINA AND THE GOSPEL. Illustrated Re- nati. 1909. port of the China Inland Mission for 1908-9. Is. China I nland Mission VENTURES A~lONG THE ARABS. By A. For- London, Toronto, Philadelphia. 1909: der. Illustrated. 12mo. 291 pp. $1.00. Gospel Publishing Honse, New York. BOOKLETS AND PAMPHLETS 1909. TALKS ON EGYPT. Illustrated. 6d, net. OTHER PEOPLE'S PRAYERS. By E. M. F. Church Missiunary Society, London. Major. 16mo. 6d. 1909.

THE TELL-TALE CLUB. By G. A. T. Frere. FORWARD MOVEMENT MISSION STUDIES. 16mo. 6d. Paper covers. 15 cents, net. Baptist "LEPERS SOUGHT HIS FACE." By C. Hor- Forwar.d Movement for Missionary der. 16mo. 6d. Church Missionary ~ducatlO.n. Am~ncan Baptist Publica- Society, London. 1909. tIOn SOCIety, PhIladelphia. 1909.

CHRIST AND THE EASTERN SOUL. Chas. Book 1. THE CHILDREN OF MISSION LANDS Cuthbert Hall. 8vo. 6s, net. T. Fisher Wm. C. Griggs. . Unwin, London. 1909. Book 4.. HEROES OF MODERN MISSIONS. C. MARCUS WHITMAN. By Rev. Myron Eells. P. ChIpman. 8vo. Alice Harriman Co., Seattle. 1909. BAPTIST FORWARD MOVEMENT MISSIONARY SPAIN OF TO-DAY. Joseph T. Shaw. 12mo. EXERCISES FOR THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL. The Grafton Press, New York. 1909. SOCIAL SERVICES SERIES. A Reasonable EIGHTEEN YEARS IN UGANDA AND EAST AFRICA. A. R. Tucker. 2 vols. 30s, net. Social Policy for Christian People. C. Arnold, London. 1909. R. Henderson.

DR. LAWES OF SAVAGE ISLAND AND NEW ETHICAL AND RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE OF GUINEA. By Rev. Joseph King. 8vo. The Religious Tract Society, London. THE STATE. ~y J. Q. Dealey. 10 cents 1909. each. Am~ncan Baptist Publication THEODOSIA DAVENPORT JESSUP, OF BEIRUT. SOCIety, PhIladelphia. 1909. 1909. MISSIONS IN ASSAM. 10 cents. A. B. M. THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN. A., Boston. 1909. By Otis Cary. Two vols. Map. 8vo. $2.50, net, per volume. Fleming H. c. WM. S. AMENT. An Ideal Missionary. Revell Co., New York. 1909. Rev. J. Cromer. 5 cents. A. B. C. UNDER MARCHING ORDERS. Mary Porter Gamewell. 12mo. F. M., Boston. 1909.

SUNRISE IN THE SUNRISE KINGDOM. (Re- LIFE OF J. H. NEESIMA. J. D. Davis. Pub- vised.) By Rev. J. H. De Forrest. lished in Japan. 1909.

12mo. HANDBOOK OF THE AMERICAN BAPTIST MIS- SIONARY UNION. 15 cents. Boston. 1909. TEXT-BOOKS. Cloth, 50 cents; paper, 35 cents. Published by the Young Peo- ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE YEAR BOOK 1909 E ple's Missionary Movement, New York. N. Cherrington. Anti-saloo~ Le~gu~ 1909. of America, Chicago.

EDUCATION IN THE FAR EAST. By Charles Go YE-A MISSIONARY SERVICE. By N. W. F. Thwing. 12mo. $1.50. Houghton, Mifflin Co., New York. 1909. Porter, Baltimore.

THE LIFE OF GEORGE GRENFELL. By George THE BIBLE VIEW OF MONEY. By Charles Hawker. Illustrated. 8vo. 587 pp. $2.00, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New A. Rowland, Athens, Georgia. York. 1909. MISSIONARY STUDIES-By THE USE OF EYE GATE. By J. Smithard. Liverpool, Eng- land. .

PICTURE POSTCARDS. American Baptist Missionary Union, Boston.

THE CHALLENGE OF THE HouR. By Donald Munro. A. B. M. A., Boston.