The Missionary Review of the World — January 1936

1936

Ethiopia as a Mission Field Stuart Bergsma Foreign Missions with a Forward Look Robert E. Speer America through a Missionary's Eyes Mrs. E. Stanley Jones Frank C. Laubach Building a Missionary–Minded Church Enos J. Windsor Results of the Gospel in Latin America George A. Miller Social and Religious Problems in Chile Pedro Zottele The Pageant of the Philippines Charles R. Hamilton 25 Cents a Copy $2.50 a Year

to Remember Obituary Notes ical Arts and later president of

Massachusetts State College and the January 6-12 – Universal Wee k of Dr. Lewella Miner, for nearly fifty Michigan State College, died at his Prayer. years a missionary teacher in China, home in Amherst, Mass., on November died in Tsinan, Shantung Province, on 25th. He was born in Lapeer, Mich- January 8-10-Foreign Missions Con- December 3d. Miss Miner went out igan, 67 years ago, and for the last ference. Asbury Park, N. J. to China in 1887 as a missionary of ten years has been the councilor on the American Board. She taught first rural work for the International Mis- January 12-17-Home Missions Coun- at Tungchow and later founded the sionary Council. In this connection cil and Council of Women for Home first college for women in China, the he has studied rural life in many Missions Annual Meetings. Wash- Women's College of Peiping, in 1905. parts of the world and has rendered ington, D. C., Headquarters Cal- Until recently she was Dean of Wom- an invaluable service to rural missions vary Baptist Church, 8th and H en and Professor of Religious Educa- in India, China, The Philippines, and Streets, N. W. The program is tion in Shantung Christian University. planned around the theme, "The She went through the Boxer Rebellion other lands. Rural Church Today and Tomor- and wrote a book entitled, "China's row." Book of Martyrs"; also "Two Heroes *** of Cathay." She was a member of January 15-17-National Conference the National Christian Council of Dr. Robert W. Hockman, mission- on the Rural Church. Washington, China and of the Council on Religious ary of the United Presbyterian Mis- D. C. Education. Dr. Miner was born in Oberlin, Ohio, was graduated from sion, located in Ethiopia as a medical January 21-24 – Cause and Cure of Oberlin College and received the de- missionary in charge of the American War Conference. Washington, D. C. gree of Doctor of Literature from that institution in 1914. Red Cross unit, was killed on Decem- February 2-The Moody Bible Insti- ber 13th while examining an unex- tute Jubilee and centenary of the *** birth of D. L. Moody. This day ploded Italian bomb. Dr. Hockman will launch the Founder's Week Dr. Kenyon L. Butterfield, formerly was born in China twenty-eight years Conference. A folder on "Moody president of the Rhode Island State ago, where his father and mother were Day" may be had by writing to A. College of Agriculture and Mechan- missionaries. Dr. William H. Hock- F. Gaylord, 153 Institute Place, man, the father, is now a member of Chicago, Ill. the faculty of the Moody Bible Insti- tute, Chicago. Mrs. Robert Hockman and their infant daughter were in (Continued on 3d cover.) THE WEEK OF PRAYER The Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America and the World's Evangelical Alliance of Great Britain again call Christians all over the world to observe the week of January 6th to 12th as a special Week of Prayer for an increase of personal spiritual life and service, for improvement in the home, the Church, the nation and the world. The Federal Council of Churches has sent out the Call which includes the following: First Day-For Ourselves. For courage; for a clean heart; for freedom in the Lord; Scripture, Romans 12.

Second Day-For Our Homes. For husband and wife; for children and youth. Scripture, Ephesians 6: 1-20.

Third Day-For Our Churches. For obedience to the mind of Christ; for grace to open wide the doors of the church; for daring to use all our resources. Scripture, Matthew 16: 13- 20 and 1 Cor. 3: 1-9.

Fourth Day-For the World Mission of Christianity. For courage to accept the task; for those on church boards; for nationals overseas; for the Federal Council of Churches; for men, women and children on the mission field. Scripture, selected verses.

Fifth Day-For Our Own Nation. For healing of our present distress; for the unemployed; for humility as a people; for industrial peace; that our nation may put her trust in God. Scripture, Psalm 33.

Sixth Day-For Every People. For recognition of our common sins; for sympathy with the infirmities of others; for statesmen; for grace to live together as brothers. Scripture, Acts 2: 1-21.

Seventh Day-For Light on the Way Ahead. For release from all bondage of body, mind and spirit; for order out of confusion; for eyes that see and ears that hear; for thanksgiving for sure Words already given; for grace to live well; for guidance. Scripture, John 1: 1-18 and John 8: 12-20.

The complete ordetof services include the daily calls to prayer, hymns, Scripture sentences, special prayers, litany and topics for addresses.* "I know the thoughts that I think toward you," saith the Lord; "thoughts of peace and not of evil. . . . Then shall ye call on me and ye shall go and pray unto me, and I will hearken unto you. And ye shall seek me and find me when ye search for me with all your heart. (Jeremiah 29: 11-13.) • These programs may be secured from the Federal Council of Churches, 105 East 22d Street, New York, at 3 cents a copy or $1.50 a hundred.

MISSIONARY Missionary Medical College for

REVIEW OF THE WORLD VELLORE, INDIA DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor LET YOUR TAX EXEMPTION HELP TO GIVE MEDICAL VOL. LIX JAN., 1936 No.1 AID TO MILLIONS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN PuTbhliicrdatiaonnd aRnedilyBuSstsin.,eHssarOrifsfbicuer-g-, Pa. This Medical College trains Christian women doctors, nurses and Editorial and Executive Office– welfare workers for those without medical aid or comfort in Christ.

156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. When you make out your income tax, include in your exemption a Entered as second-class matter at gift to this great work under Dr. Ida Scudder's leadership. One Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879. hundred million helpless women burden her heart. 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. $25,000 will endow a Chair, $10,000 a ward in the Children's Hos- Published monthly, except August. All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1935. pital. $1,000 will endow a bed~ Givers maY,t'ilme these. British agents – Marshall, Morgan Send for ill~trated, free booklet to Mrs. Hl!nty W. Peabody, care and Scott, 12 Paternoster Buildings, of Miss Hilda L. Olson, Marmion Way.,Roc~port, Massachusetts. London, E. C. 1 shilling per copy, 10 shillings a year. Send us addresses of people who still .h:av~: irlcomes, or see them MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- personally for this cause. i· LISHING CO., INC. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Personal Items Society" sailed last fall to attend the centefiariesin Assam, Bengal-Orissa ROBERT E. SPEER, President Arthur E. Slater, Presbyterian mis- and South~India. WM. I. CHAMBERLAIN, Vice-President sionary at Etah, India, has been WALTER McDOUGALL, Treasurer honored a second time within a year. *** DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary In January, he received the Kaiser-i- hind Silver Medal; in August, the Dr. William R. Galbreath has re- SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT Silver Jubilee King's Medal. The signed ,'a;g"Medical Director of the MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD latter is especially appropriate, since Presbyterian Hospital in San Juan, Mr. Slater is celebrating his own silver Puerto Rico, because of ill health. WM. B. LIPPHARD jubilee, having been a missionary in Dr. F. Glenn Irwin has been ap- India for twenty-five years. He is en- pointed to succeed him. ERIC M. NORTH gaged in industrial work and has de- JESSE R. WILSON veloped a large and widely known *** poultry farm. Raising chickens and A. L. W ARNSHUIS milk goats offers an unusual oppor- Mr.,David Glass, son of F. C. Glass, tunity to reach the people of rural has been' appointed a missionary in SAMUEL M. ZWEMER India. Brazil, a field in which he has already served. He has recently been study- Editorial Chat *** ing at the 'Missionary Training Colony and at Livingstone College, London. A Happy New Year is our wish for Dr. James R. Joy, dean of Methevery reader and for the world that odist editors, having reached the age *** of 72, plans to retire from the editor- "God so loved" and that "Christ came ship of the Christian Advocate of New Mrs. Vivian Bose, of Nagpur, Into save." York at the coming general confer- dia, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. John R. ence. Dr. Joy came in 1904 to the Mott, en route to America with her *** assistant editQrship of the Advocate two-year-old son, traveled most of the under Dr. James M. Buckley. Since three months' journey across Asia and The year can be made happy by 1915 he has served as editor of the Europe in an open touring car. In spreading the Gospel and by living publication. Persia they traveled days on end withand serving in the Spirit of Christ. out seeing anyone and for a week *** could find no tree to shade them. *** Their car broke an axle in a lonely Rev. William Hallock Johnson, spot, but within five minutes a truck This is the great aim of the REVIEW D.D., President of Lincoln University came along with a driver who spoke -to reveal the world-wide need for near Philadelphia, has resigned be- English, and gave them a tow. cause of his reaching the age of re.- Christ and to tell the Good News of tirement. He was immediately elected Planned along ad· what He had done for mankind and President-Emeritus. He is the author vanced peda;,ogical lines what He is doing in the world today. of several books on religious and to provide both Home and Class philosQphical subjects. lor the pupil. Varied *** such as Quizzes. Reading Tests, True Dr. Walter Livingstone Wright, False Tests. and Completion Tests. How far is the REVIEW successful? vice-president of the University since the pupil to work out each lesson from 1926, has been elected to succeed Dr. Bible lor himself. Here are some comments of our Johnson. readers: Samples 01 our Sunday School pubhcatlOns and *** Bible Courses tor '{ oung P"ople"s SOClehes "The Latin America number is, I sent hee On request sincerely believe, alone worth a year's Rev. Albion Ross, rector of the subscription." G. W. SPURLOCK. Episcopal Church in Hollidaysburg, CHRISTIANEpm~LI(tTIONS.IN<: Pa., has been appointed pastor of the Bonnie, Ill. American Church in Berlin. Phillips 1502 N. Third St., Harrisburg, Pa. Brooks was once minister of this *** church, which is undenominational, and serves the American colony in the "I have been highly impressed with German capital. the high calibre of the issues which I have read." REV. EDWARD H. JONES. *** The Presbyterian Church, Mrs. Howard Wayne Smith, Presi- dent of the Woman's Baptist Foreign State College, Pa. [ 1] *** "I think the Methods are very valuable. I have kept the back numbers for years and find many suggestions I can adopt successfully in my work."

MISS SHIRLEY V. SCOTT, W. M. S. Community Worker, Presbyte- rian Church, New Westmin- ster' B. C.

*** "I was very much interested in the articles contained in the July issue of THE REVIEW and read them with profit." REV. GEO. A. BROWN.

Elyria., Ohio.

"TThhe Rainbow Emppire," by DDrr.. Stuarrt Ber.qQssmma, Wm. B. Eerdmans Puubblliisshing

Gr(aUnuai' Ramd8, Michigan. MISSIONARIES ON TREK IN ETHIOPIA Native carriers will carry loads of fifty pounds over single path tracks, over mountains and through rivers. There are practically no roads in Ethiopia,, eithheerr for autos or wagons–,except in the Capital City and a few miles In the vicinity. There iIs only one short railroad.. Fallen 1lo01lt:8s often furnish the only bridges. Mules must ford the streams.

NARY

REVIB ORLD VOLUME LIX AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER 1 JANUARY, 1936 Topics of the Times GOOD CHEER FOR THE NEW YEAR bers and influence; it is organized for service A New Year always has many possibilities for and has able leaders and immense financial regood and evil. On the one hand politicians in power are vying with each other in predicting sources. Yet not such were the reasons Christ reasons for optimism, while their opponents paint dark pictures of what the future holds if there is gave for courage then and they are not the true not a change in governmental policies. Economic and moral leaders point out the social evils that reasons for good cheer today. weaken society and religious teachers deprecate the departure of young and old from the Way The one reason given by the Son of God before of God that leads to peace and prosperity. He went to His death on the Cross was: "I have It is easy to enumerate reasons for disappointment and discouragement and yet we search the overcome the world." Whatever may be the seemhorizon for some "cloud the size of a man's hand," for some basis for good cheer for ourselves and ing evidences of defeat for His Church today, the our neighbors. Is there any such basis that will not disappear as a mist, that does not rest on the victory is assured. Christ declares that even the quicksands of human instability? devil and all his hosts cannot overcome those who In what seemed to be the darkest hour of the world's history, Jesus Christ told His disciples to have faith to follow their divine Leader. There "Be of good cheer" and gave them the reason (John 16: 33) . Those to whom He spoke were a may be trials, persecution, suffering and physical small band of weak and unlettered peasants, without political influence or financial resources. They death ahead today as there has been all through belonged to a subject nation, they were following a leader who was soon to be condemned to an the years past. But Christ _as overcome the ignominous death and they themselves were told that they must look forward to tribulation, perse- world by His victory over temptation, by rising cution and death at the hands of their acknowledged religious and political leaders. superior to worldly conditions, by overcoming evil It was in the midst of this discouraging situa- with good. And His followers can enter into His tion that their Master told His disciples to "be of good cheer." It was not an exhortation to shallow victory and partake of His cheer. Is there any optimism, but to courage. The message is also for today. Conditions are bad enough but how reason why Christians also cannot overcome the much brighter than in the days just preceding the world as martyrs and saints and servants of Christ have overcome in the past – by faith, by loyalty, by fighting the good fight of fai~h; by cooperation with Him in carrying out HIS pro- gram rather than adopt the program of worldly leaders. Christ's program includes full personal surrender, following the guidance of the Spirit of CGohdri,stwiaintnsemssainyg"btoe Christ actheheorm," enoant 1 dmearberoyaId.I.I of good spite of the dark outlook due to evil forces at work in the world, but because of the all-powerful wise and loving Eternal Spirit with which followers of Christ are allied. He is already victor.

"LIFE CHANGERS" AROUND THE WORLD Multitudes in all lands are looking for the pan- Crucifixion? Not only have science and learning acea for human weakness and the cure for all evil.

made wonderful progress but the forces contend- At many and divers times and in divers places ing for righteous have greatly increased in num- men and women have claimed to have found the ber and power. The Church has grown in num- remedy. Each of the great ethnic religions be- [3]

gan as a reformation and produced corrective have a faculty for bringing the challenge and the philosophies and better rules of conduct. They transforming power of Christ into the lives of accomplished something and leaders have come worldly leaders in society, professors and stuforward-like Zoroaster, Confucius, Buddha, Mo- dents, stockbrokers and statesmen. They occahammed and Gandhi -leaders with many noble sionally reach also the depressed and degraded. characteristics, but they and their religions have They have changed the order of "to the poor the failed to transform men and women into Godlike Gospel is preached." Word has come from many characters. A "new bir,th" is required for such a missionaries testifying to the new spiritual life, transformation, the impartation of a new life by new earnestness in evangelism and new power the Spirit of God if men are to become children that has come to missionaries and national Chrisof God. Such transformations have been going tians as a result of contact with Christ through on for nearly two thousand years, from the days the Oxford Groups. These testimonies come, not of Paul to the present, in every land and among from active leaders in the movement, but from all races. The secret of such transformations is fellow Christians who note and rejoice in the living contact with Christ. changes wrought. The Burma Gospel Team fur- nishes one example. Missionaries of the Evangel of Christ are the greatest "life changers" of history-witness Sam- In some of the countries of Europe the beneficial uel Crowther, the slave boy who became a bishop; effect has been felt in Church and State, in labor Africaner the Hottentot Terror, who became a and capital. While the movement begins with Christian chief; Narayan Sheshadri, the Brahman changing lives of individuals it is now attempting who became a Christian preacher; Pastor Hsi, to change society, business, governments, the the Chinese opium smoker who became an evan- world. A headquarters has recently been estabgelist; J. H. Neesima, the Japanese Shinto wor- lished at Geneva, the court of the League of shiper who founded the Doshisha Christian Uni- Nations. Christians believe that the only hope of versity, and Dr. Sa'eed Khan, the Kurdish Moslem success, individually or collectively, is in wholewho became an honored Christian physician and hearted acceptance of Christ, the giver of new evangelist. The list might be increased by hun- life through His death on the Cross, and in dedreds of thousands, known and unknown disciples. pendence on God for guidance and power to do His will. Today the "Oxford Groups," so-called from tlleir activities in Oxford, England, have taken SAVING THE WOMEN OF INDIA th~ name of "Life Changers," and have extended their activities not only in the United States and The new constitution for India brings new re- Canada but in the British Isles and on the con- sponsibilities to the men and women of that great tiw~mt of Europe, in Egypt and South Africa, in land. There are many evils to be corrected, as all India, China, Japan and other mission fields. They know who have read "Mother India" or have seen emphasize the need of everyone for full surrender the sickness, the poverty and ignorance, the superto _Christ and for the guidance of the Holy Spirit. stition and sin that hamper progress. In the past They call for "absolute purity" of life and thought; India's destiny was controlled first by the war- "absolute honesty" in dealing with God and self riors, then by religious leaders, and later by and _other men; "absolute and unselfish love" as financiers and politicians. Women have taken althe ruling principle of life. The characteristics most no part publicly in education, business afof mflmbers of the Oxford Groups are almost as fairs, religious rites or government. Hinduism varied as those found in members of Evangelical declares that women have no souls. Their place churches. There are among them the well-in- has been in the home and any power they have formed and the ignorant, the wise and unwise, exerted has been behind the purdah walls. They the weak and the strong. But the leaders testify have suffered and died that the men might live. to their faith in Christ as the Son of God and Saviour from sin; they urge the study of the Today great changes have taken place through Bible -as the Word of God to lighten our path; the reforms instituted by the British Government they believe in prayer-in the "Morning Watch" and through the light brought by messengers of -and in seeking and following the guidance of the Christ. Under the Gospel, with its new hope and Holy Spirit. Some leaders may not sufficiently life, women have been educated; many have -disemphasize the atonement of Christ for sin, and carded the veil that has shut them in-mind, body other Bible teachings, but none of them have been and soul. They are more and more-like Pandita charged with denying these Christian truths. Ramabai, Lilivati Singh, Dr. Cornelia Sorabji and others-taking active public part in education, in One of the chief peculiarities of the Oxford reforms, in medical ministry, in law and in poli- Groups is their ability to reach the "up and outs," tics. How important it is that in the new India more than the "down and outs." They seem to

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

they be godly women "thoroughly furnished unto expected adequately to support this work without every good work." help from more favored Amercia. It is one thing to establish a work and another thing to maintain One of the great Christian enterprises for In- it so as to make it effective. Dr. Scudder says dia's women is the work started thirty-five years that the present needs are for endowment for ago by Dr. Ida Scudder to minister to their phys- ten "chairs" for teachers of Bible, medicine, surical, mental and spiritual needs and to train gery and other branches; for radium and x-ray Christian women physicians and nurses to serve equipment; for endowed beds in children's, matheir suffering and neglected sisters. "Today," ternity and surgical wards; for nursing and pharsays Dr. Scudder, "in South India we face the macy departments; for leper work, and for amproblem of one hundred million women without bulances and roadside clinics. It is a large order any medical aid. Caste and religious customs of but small in comparison with the amount spent that ancient civilization have kept women in the in American hospital centers to meet one tenth background. They were forbidden to have a med- the need. Indians should themselves bear a large ical man treat them and were left to the mercy of part of the load but wealthy Indians will not mainignorant, untrained, superstitious older women, tain a definitely Christian hospital. utterly unfit to meet the terrible need of motherhood and childhood." This is the only Medical College for women in South India as that at Ludhianna is the only sim- To help meet this need the Veilore (South In- ilar Christian Medical College in North India. dia) hospital was established as the result of Already the college has sent out 146 graduates and much prayer, hard work and sacrifice, with a dis- has now 105 students; more would come if there pensary, a maternity building, a children's. hos~ were room. This college should cover South India pital, operating room and surgical block, nurses with medical and welfare service carried on by hostel and the chapel. In 1918 the Medical Col- Indian women physicians and nurses – all thorlege for Women was opened to train doctors and nurses. While the hospital was started under the oughly Christian.t Arcot Mission of the Reformed Church in America, the Medical College is interdenominational CRITICISMS AND CONFIDENCE and international but wholly Christian and Evangelical. The American section of the Governing Every phase of life and every enterprise has its Board includes representatives of the Baptist, critics-science, art, politics, war, education, reli- Congregational, Lutheran, Methodist, Reformed gion. Some critics are captious and prejudiced, more interested in finding faults than.in pointing and Presbyterian Churches.* The British socie- out remedies. Others are intelligent and construc- tive and are true friends of progress. They seek ties cooperating are the· Church Missionary So- not to hinder but to help; they do not discredit ciety, the Zenana Mission, the Church of Scotland work and workers but awaken a desire for imand English Methodists. provement; they do not exalt their own authority, infallibility and programs at the expense of other Some years ago, as a result of a financial cam- workers and plans, but endeavor to strengthen paign, money was obtained to furnish the neces- weak places and remove hindrances to the attainsary buildings and equipment. They are beau- ment of ideals. tiful, enduring and practical and are being used night and day to bring physical health and spir- Critics are and should be a help to the Church itual life to women and children and to train them of Christ and to the missionary cause. The hufor Christian service. Dr. Scudder and her help- man element is always faulty andthe faults should ers also go out each week into the villages to treat be recognized and corrected-but it is a mistake lepers and other sick and suffering folk. The use to weaken confidence in the enterprise or in earof this equipment has already more than justified nest and honored leaders. Even the best and most the money expended. intelligent workers are not infallible and critics sometimes do great harm to worthy causes and The women of India must be prepared for the great injustice to faithful servants of Christ. great task and new opportunities before them. They must be rescued from physical neglect; they In our December issue we printed extracts from must be released from ignorance and supersti- the "Report of a Friendly Critic" of the foreign tion; they must be brought into vital contact with mission enterprise as it is conducted today.·That Christ to give them purpose and power in service. there are weaknesses and imperfections at home This is what the Vellore Hospital and Medical and abroad no one can question. Times change. College for Women are doing. But the people of New methods must be adopted to meet new condi- India, even with government subsidies, cannot be t Send to Miss Hilda Olson, Treasurer, Rockport, Massachusetts. • The American Governing Board Includes Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, Miss Clementlna Butler, Mrs. DeWitt Knox, Mrs. Wm. R. for a copy of the beautifully Illustrated booklet on Vello're Medical Moody, Mrs. Phillip N. Rossman, Mrs. George W. Doane and Mrs. College containing the messages by Dr. Scudder and Mrs. Peabody. Wm. Bancroft HilI.

tions but the aims and ideals of Christian mis- Recent news from Berlin brings disappointment sions, as presented by Christ and His apostles, are to those who hoped for liberty and justice for unchanging. They are rooted in the abiding char- Evangelical Christians who believe that the will acter and will of God, in the unchanging Christ of God and not the will of Hitler should control and the ever-present need of sinning and suffering the Church. A wireless message to The New man. York Times on December 2d, says: Dr. Barnhouse pointed out what he believes to Germany's struggle between the totalitarian State and be some weaknesses in foreign mission work as the Protestant Church took a dramatic turn today when conducted today – especially in the selection of Hanns Kerrl, Minister for Church Affairs, undertook to personnel. The Executive Council of the Presby- paralyze the opposition to his regime. He decreed the supterian Board, to which he presented his report, pression of all groups that attempt to interfere with State received it with expressions of appreciation and, control of the Protestant Church through the new governwhile exception was taken to some statements, ment-appointed church directorates. they promised to look carefully into every case and to take immediate steps to correct anything M'r. KerrI's official explanation says that the decree was found to be out of harmony with the spirit and designed primarily to prevent the exercise of spiritual or teachings of Christ and contrary to the doctrines other authority by the Confessional Synods or other adand polity of the Presbyterian Church. The whole ministrative organs of the Confessional Church, of which Board later took the following action at their first August Marahrens of Hanover, president of the Lutheran meeting (November 18th) after the report was World League, is Presiding Bishop. presented: The Confessional Church was founded over a year ago Resolved, That the Board of Foreign Missions expresses to preserve the independence of Protestantism and to preto Dr. Barnhouse its appreciation of his efforts and con- vent the introduction of Nazi doctrines into its teaching. sideration; and that the Board of Foreign Missions again The Confessional Synod pastors throughout Prussia accuse assures the Church which it represents, that it is, and ever the Government of placing "under State protection the has been, the constant aim of the Board of Foreign Mis- propagation of heresy" in the church. sions to prosecute its work in fidelity and loyalty to the purpose of missionary endeavor as set forth in the Word The new decree of the State prohibits "the exerof God and the Standards of the Presbyterian Church, cise of spiritual and material administrative func- U. S. A.; and further, that we assure the Church that the tions by any organization or group within the special cases cited in the report of Dr. Barnhouse which church." seemed to him to be at variance with the Word of God and our Standards, are receiving and will receive our im- It prohibits the nomination ~f pastors and pastoral asmediate and serious attention with the view of either sistants, examination and ordination of candidates for the justifying or rectifying the conditions cited; and that the ministry, regular visits to parishes, issuance of declararesults obtained from the inquiry will be reported to the tions to be read from the pulpit, collection and adminis- Church. tration of church taxes, collection of funds in connection with services, and parish assemblies of any sort and the This prompt action on the part of the Board summoning of synods. should, we believe, strengthen our confidence in their loyalty to Christ, as well as in their integrity This seems to mean that the administration and and ability in administering the wO'rk committed financial affairs of the churches are to be under to their care. The officers of the Board should be State control. The Government, not content with given enough time to check up on facts by cor- drastic moves to "purify" the Reich by eliminating respondence with the fields. citizens with even a fraction of Semitic blood, now seeks to strengthen the State by insisting on The position of judge is a delicate one and re- church union under State control, even at the cost quires the wisdom, the patience and the Spirit of of Christian character and religious liberty. Evan- Christ. It is comforting to know that "all stand gelical church leaders refuse to capitUlate. They before the judgment seat of Christ" and to Him do not recognize human dictators, in the Church each one is to give account of his stewardship. or out of it, and the synods insist on preserving Mission Board executives have a difficult task and their independence and refuse to compromise do not take their responsibilities lightly. They with Nordic paganism or with any German covet our prayers more than our praise, but merit churches that bear the name Christian but lack our cooperation more than our criticism. the power and spirit of Christ. Christians in Ger- many, as well as Jews, are having difficult times, GERMAN EVANGELICALS STAND FIRM not only in preserving their true Christian char- acter but in functioning as Christians to extend The true followers of Christ, the Son of God, the Good News, and to reveal the life of Christ at always suffer at the hands of earthly potentates home and in their foreign mission fields. . Conwho do not know and follow Him. We see this fessional pastors and other Evangelical leaders illustrated not only in still pagan and Moslem declare that they "must obey God rather than lands today but in Russia, Italy and Germany. men." They may suffer but they will not sur- render and are convinced that even the "Gates of Hell" shall not prevail against the Church Qf Christ.

Missions With a Forward Look *

By ROBERT E. SPEER, New York –t!iI Author of "Christian Realities," "Are Foreign Missions Done )g.- For?", "Rethinking Missions Examined," etc., etc.

BUT is there any forward look? Are foreign selves to the view that the foreign missionary missions not done? This question is an- enterprise as we have known it in the past is draw- swered affirmatively and with contentment ing to a close. As a very well known recent book, by those who believe that the central and essential appraising the missionary enterprise, declares: task of Foreign Missions has been accomplished. "There is no ground for a renewed appeal for the The Gospel has been made known in every land support, much less for the enlargement of these and in almost every land the Christian Church has (foreign) missions as a whole in their present been established as a living institution. It is quite form and on their present basis." If the foreign true that there are many people in the world who missionary enterprise is to go on at all, it is de- do not know the Gospel but that is true in Chris- clared, it must be radically reconceived and tian and non-Christian lands alike. The name of whether when so reconceived there will be ade- Jesus has become the most widely known name in quate motive power to sustain it is an undeter- the world. mined question.

There are some who do not accept this cheerful There is, after all, perhaps not so much novelty view as to the completion of the missionary task, in these ideas. They have a familiar sound to who would like to see it go on and who believe that anyone who has known the missionary enterprise the work is still unfinished, who, nevertheless, feel from the beginning. In Carey's day, when that that the enterprise cannot live in the atmosphere tiny handful of Baptist ministers began the mis- and among the conditions of the new day. The sionary undertaking, how much Christianity was old ideals out of which it sprang, and the motives there in the Church at large, and who knew better by which it has been sustained, they regard as the inadequacy of the motives of romance and now obsolete; the desperate need of man for the glamor than these men who conceived that those Gospel is no longer felt. It is not believed any who were going were going down into a pit and longer that people are lost without Christ. The that those who remained must hold the ropes for old romance and glamor of Foreign Missions them? In the Massachusetts legislature, when the have vanished. We no longer attach to man's life charter for the American Board of Commissioners on earth the dramatic and determinative signifi- for Foreign Missions was under consideration, ob- cance that our fathers attached to it. We are no jection was made on the ground that there was longer disturbed by the fact of men living with- not religion enough to meet the needs of America out thought of Jesus Christ, the Saviour. We no and that there could be no justification in export- longer regard the non-Christian religions as either ing what we had. Dr. Ritson of the British and false or inadequate as our fathers did. We think Foreign Bible Society has preserved, in his ac- of them in the most generous way and are sure count of the monthly conferences of Foreign Mis- that God has not left any of His children without sionary Secretaries held in London ever since adequate guidance. Weare not concerned over 1819, an account of the difficulties which the mis- the spiritual destitution of other peoples. sionary societies were meeting in those early Weare taught, further, that Christianity has years a century ago. He writes: ceased to have the divine value which we once at- At this period the whole outlook of missions changed tributed to it. We are in doubt whether there is from enthusiastic expectation of world-wide success to a any absolute religion or whether we have even in humble hope that a few elect might be saved. A good deal of hostile criticism was leveled against the Societies. In Christianity, as we know it ourselves, something 1825 the Association was enquiring, "In what light are we worth carrying to the rest of the world. In a word, to regard the opposition now so generally excited against so we are told, the old ideals and motives are gone the diffusion of divine truth, and in what mode should it and however reluctantly, we must reconcile our- be met?" and then in 1826 they tried to profit from the opposition-"What practical lessons may be learned from • An address dellvered at the Biennial Meeting of the Presbyterian the recent animadversions on benevolent institutions ?" Women's Home and Foreign Missionary Societies at Ashev!l1e, North Again a little later they discussed, "What are the causes Carollna, in June, 1935.

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of that distrust which has been excited respecting the man- ment in his First Epistle to the Corinthians tells agement of religious societies, and what is the best mode them of his plans. "I will tarry at Ephesus until of removing it?" There is a tone of resignation in the Pentecost; for a great door and effectual is opened title of a paper read in l849. "The trials of missions- unto me, and there are many adversaries!' I have the reasons of these afflictive dispensations and the bene- always been glad Paul said "and," not "hut." The ficial results of them." But they were not allowed to work presence of the adversaries constituted, they did in peace, for within three y~ars it was said, "A notion not qualify, the opportunity. It was because of prevails to some extent that the missionary enterprise is them that St. Paul intended to stay. The door a comparative failure. Is there any truth in it, and what that is open to us today is greater and more effec- are the best methods of dealing with it?" The Minutes tual, and there are no greater adversaries. of this ,meeting record the conviction that "missions had been successful beyond expectation, and probably far sur- Present-Day Difficulties passing the hopes of the fathers and founders of them." As we stand today, accordingly, at the end of a The storm broke out again in 1858 after the Indian great history and consider foreign missions with Mutiny-the friends of missions urging a bolder Christian a forward look the first thing that we note is the policy on the Government, and the critics declaring that summons of the difficulties of our task in the new the Mutiny was caused by proselytism. In the same year day. The old difficulties are with us still and there the Secretaries were also driven to examine "Some of the are new difficulties besides these. We will do principal objections made against the management of reli- wisely, as we gird ourselves for the task not done, gious societies such as the cost of deputation work, pub- not to underestimate the difficulties and adver- lications and periodicals, etc." Criticism from without saries as we go forward. I would name a few of , never ceased, but for half a century the Association has these which instead of constituting a barrier to not spent much time in discussing it. Of course it has not advance constitute an unquestionable divine sum- always come from without. There have been critical and mons and appeal. argumen,tative and candid friends in the inner circle. In 1825, Edward Irving's famous L. M. S. sermon declared 1. There is the old difficulty that is called by a that the current methods were all wrong, and a few years different name in each generation-the interpre- after there was a topic of discussion which sounds pecul- tation of life that leaves out the living God. We iarly modern-"What line of conduct should be adopted by call it humanism or naturalism today. I was with Missionary Societies in order to obviate the dangers, which a group of young student leaders recently in which may be apprehended from the agitation among their one of the ablest of the group spoke of the entire friends or agents, of those' controversies which have re- change of attitude that had come to him as a result cently been moved in the Christian Church?" of a recent trip to China. He had been inclined to stress the humanistic conception of Christianity The lllen and women who began the missionary until he had seen on a large scale in China the utter futility of a leadership dominated by a hu- undertaking a century ago faced all the objections manistic philosophy. He said he doubted whether any nation had done any other nation a greater that we are facing now, and others. If such ob- disservice than America had done China in giving jections are fatal to the continuance of the mis- so many of the young men who are now in posi- sionary undertaking, how is it that they were not tions of leadership in China the humanistic or fatal to its origin? naturalistic philosophical view in the American universities where these men had studied. He I have been reading lately some of the accounts had seen the hopelessness of their attempt to guide of these early missionary discussions in the and lift China, with no resources drawn from Diary of the Rev. John C. Rankin, who was one above and without, through a frank recognition of of our early missionaries in India from 1840-1848, man's need of God and of the hopelessness of up- and in the charges that Walter Lowrie and Elisha lifting a nation save by power from outside itself. Swift gave to the very first missionaries of the He saw now more clearly than ever the impotence Presbyterian Church. I have been noting the of a philosophy of man's sufficiency and the indis- arguments that were made at the beginning of the pensable need of New Testament Christianity. work in China as to whether the mission station Weare cQnfronted today with a new interpreta- in Canton should be continued or abandoned. The tion of life that confines man to his own limits. Persia and some of the India Missions have been This disbelief, with the elimination of God from recalling both this year and last the memories of human life, this disbelief in enlisting superhuman their establishment a hundred years ago. Let any- forces in the help of men is a difficulty that is an one go over this material, and the great mass of appeal. which it is representative, and he will see that we are facing no conditions adverse to the contin- 2. We are ~lso confronted with a distorted and uance of the enterprise that were not matched by exaggerated concept of nationalism. There is a equal or greater difficulties at the beginning. We are unworthy children 'of the fathers and mothers who went before us if we falter now on the thresh- old of the future when they refused to falter on the threshold of the past. To them the difficulties and hindrances appeared not as an impediment but asap appeal, just as to St. Paul. His state-

FOREIGN MISSIONS WITH A FORWARD LOOK

true nationalism just as there is a true sense of forms which it takes in the modern world is surely family integrity and pride but the nationalism at enmity both with Christianity and with natu,re, with which we have to deal today is too often both 'and with truth. It proposes communistic 'equality false and fictitious. It is false in that it will even but applies its proposal not to the energy of pro- go to the extent of rewriting national history in duction but to the distribution of what is pro- disregard of truth in order to create a nationalistic duced. It seeks to establish a principle of equality myth. It is false and also fictitious in that its which is irrational and impossible. There never isolation is selfish and misguided. No nation can has been equality either in nature or in man and separate itself from the rest of mankind today, there never can be. There are true Christian prin- and yet repeatedly nations attempt to do so by ciples which alone will provide what Communism admitting so much influence as they think will help is striving after. They are embodied in the for- them, rejecting the rest, by seeking only to get and mula: "From every man according to his ability; not to give, and by folly of choice as to what to to every man according to his need," but a Com- admit and what to exclude. There are organiza- munism that seeks to share that which it has not, tions built on fiction, on the possibility of national according to its ability, shared in producing is self-containment as though the Dead Sea were suicidal. It is this false Communism which across not a sufficient object lesson in nature of any at- the world today supplies a newdifficulty and a new tempt to apply the principle of self-containment appeal. "On every road in China," a recent writer to human life or society. What more direct chal- states, "there are two men today; one of them lenge to the very essence of Christianity could preaching Karl Marx and the other preaching there be than this national advocacy of a principle Jesus Christ." That is an extreme generalization.

of racial selfishness and human disunity! There are roads in China today where only the 3. Weare confronted with a new idea of toler-, man preaching Christ will be met, but alas, there ance that equalizes all religions and gathers them, are other roads where the Marxian has his way.

into a mutual recognition, into an association of We need the man of Christ on every road, in every faiths. But Christianity has never consented and land, in every market place and every shop, in never can consent to any such equalitarianism in every place, high and low.

religion. There is a great deal to be said for John 5. We have the difficulty of schism and division Dewey's view, in his Terry lecture at Yale, that among men just at a time when there is the great- the concept of religion itself is meaningless. His est and most tragic need of unity. We have this contention is that it is too indefinite and incoher- schism and division even in the Christian Church.

ent, that it means nothing by meaning everything. But then, this too, is not new. Our own Board of When you class atheism, deism, polytheism, mono- Foreign Missions originated at the time of the theism, animism and a belief in a personal God all division of our Church in the Old and New under one term it is obvious that the term means Schools. There were parties in the Church of the so much as to mean nothing. Christianity does New Testament itself, and Paul had to meet no not belong to any such common pool. It cannot greater difficulties at Ephesus than he had to deal be classified with what we speak of as "the reli- with in the parties and divisions in the Corinthian gions of the world." They are human phenomena. Church itself. If we cannot hear today the cry They are the attempts on the part of man to an- of the torn body of Christ we must 'be deaf indeed.

swer the great and irrepressible questions of the We face all these difficulties~ old arid new, as we soul: Where did I come from? What am I to do? look abO'ut us and look forward but we find in'them What can I know? Where am I going? At its simply a guarantee of" the future; they are the best they are the efforts of man to find God, but summons of God ·Himself to us to gird ourselves Christianity is nothing of this sort. It is nota for our task. Two generations ago, in the struggle set of questions asked by man. It is a revelation over the Corn Laws, someone said to Cobden that from God. It is not the attempt of man to find a certain action was impossible. Cobden replied, God. It is God's effort to find man. The religions "Is that all? Then it is time we set about it at of the world at their best are the efforts of man to once." And this also was 'the spirit and principle stumble up the altar stairs to God, but Christianity of General Armstrong, the founder of Hampton is God coming down the altar stairs to man. The Institute, and one of the great creative, educa- very intellectual difficulty which the new view pre- tional, Christian personalities of America. His sents is itself a fresh missionary summons to men daughter writes of him, "He was filled through and women who believe in the Christianity of the and through with a deep sense that by hard work New Testament. alone can a'ny of us be saved." "God's hand," he 4. Both at home and abroad today Christianity ,said,once, "points to a steep and craggy height.

meets the theory of Communism whic:!h ca:llsits:elf ,It must, be climbed. I will climb it!" "I feel happy the foe o-f Christianity and which in many of the when all my powers of endurance are taxed."

Once at one of the conferences at Lake Mohonk hold but man is not living in it as one family," or somebody spoke of a proposal as impossible as to say the same thing in other words, "Weare as someone had done in Cobden's time. Armstrong a political fact members of one another, yet we was on his feet at once with the exclamation, act towards one another as strangers, rivals and "What are Christians in the world for but to ac- even enemies." Once again the only solution is complish the impossible by the help of God?" the Christian principle of human brotherhood con- This was St. Paul's religion. "1 can do all things strued in terms of justice and righteousness. Just through Christ who strengthens me." as the Roman Empire was saved for a new lease of life through the unification which Christianity The old day has come to a close and we cannot brought, so today this disordered and divided recall it; but it is not night that is ahead of us; world can be saved by no other unity. it is the dawn of a new day and the difficulties that we confront ought to appeal to youth as strongly In spite of·· revivifying movements here and as the difficulties of their day appealed to those there in the non-Christian religions it cannot be denied that the old faiths are disintegrating. before us. Francis Wei, president of Hua Chung College in Wuchang, China, said a few months ago in an ad- New Opportunities Today dress at Yale: "The three ancient religions, Tao- ism, Buddhism, Confucianism, are losing ground But there are not only difficulties around and in China. One quarter of the human race is at before us-there is the glory of great new oppor- the crossroads wrestling with its destiny. China',; tunities. "Behold, 1 set before Thee an open door most difficult problem is not political or economic. which no man can shut." We look out on this The problem of gravest concern is whether the world of new difficulties but also new and inviting spiritual forces in the country are sufficiently opportunity. strong to direct and mold her political and eco- nomic development during the next thirty years." It is a contracting world that is becoming slowly Hu Shih, the leader of the young intelligentsia of self-conscious of its identical interest in meeting China, declared recently that Taoism and Conits deep ethical needs. It is different from the old fucianism are both dead. William Hung, of Yenchworld sprawled out over noncommunicating me- ing University, advises the missionary agencies ridians. It were well if our nation would remem- no longer to concern themselves with the study of ber this. There are no isolated or remote places the Christian approach to the non-Christian relileft in the world today. The whole of mankind is gions because they are already incapacitated and bound together in the unity of a common life. The have been replaced by different forms of antagoidea that any people can segregate itself from the nism, namely, "scientific agnosticism, materialistic rest of the world is as fictitious as that one mem- determinism, political fascism, and moral iconber of the body can detach itself from the rest of oclasm." Or as Mr. John McMurray, of BaHiol the body. College, said in a paper that was circulated at the International Missionary Conference in Jeru- It is a world that must act together and that yet salem: "These religions are going to be smashed does not have the instrumentalities for united ac- anyhow, perhaps not quickly but surely, and what tion and it is America which has most at stake; is going to do it, indeed is already doing it, is which is bound to suffer most; which has been modern science, modern commerce and modern most unwilling to share in the development of political organizations." Let anyone go through these instrumentalities which the common inter- China today and visit the abandoned Confucian ests of mankind absolutely require. In the last temples and he will realize what a change is comchapter of his recent book, "The Fact of the ing over the non-Christian world. Once again it Christian Church," Dr. Carnegie Simpson points needs to be said that the non-Christian religions out the way in which Christianity from age to age are far from moribund, but not one of them is has come with the only solution that could meet what it was, or can ever be again what it has been. the emergency of the time. When Christianity One can venture to believe that the day is drawentered the Roman world, he says, it found there ing near {)f which Sir Charles Trevelyan wrote patent inequalities running through society. Of years ago: "Many persons mistake the way in these the most conspicuous and the most deep which the conversion of India will be brought rooted was the line of demarcation between the about. I believe it will take place wholesale, just free man and the slave. Christianity did not at as our own ancestors were converted. The counonce end slavery but it introduced the idea which try will have Christian instruction infused into it in the end dissolved it. In the Middle Ages man in every way by direct missionary education, and had to make the transition from the old order to indirectly by books of various sorts, through the a new which was only possible through the contribution of Christianity once again of the principle of liberty. Now we have a new world and a civilization that is afraid of itself. . "It is one house-

FOREIGN MISSIONS WITH A FORWARD LOOK

public papers, through conversations with Euro- lem women from one of the schools in Constanpeans, and in all the conceivable ways in which tinople coming unveiled away from Santa Sofia. knowledge is communicated. Then at last, when A revolution has come fraught with danger but society is completely saturated with Christian fraught with promise if the Christian women of knowledge, and public opinion has taken a decided the West will meet the emerging womanhood from turn that way, they will come over by thousands." the non-Christian world with Christ.

In the third place the comment which I quoted I will mention only one more of the fresh opat the beginning is quite true; that is, that the portunities now-the appeals that come ever more name of Jesus is more widely known throughout clearly and distinctly from our Christian brethren the world today than any other name. A Canadian in the fields where we have been carrying on forfriend who has just come back from a visit to the eign missions work. Weare often told that the Far East, where he has been more than once be- missionary is no longer wanted and that he ought fore, said in my hearing recently that the first not to go where he is not invited. These invitaimpression made upon him on this recent trip was tions that are pouring in today from the authoritathe increased respect and reverence for that Name tive agencies of the National Churches of Asia and which he met everywhere. A Scotch minister Latin America are a conclusive answer. They set wrote recently about being asked to preside over forth in the most urgent way the desire of these a meeting in India addressed by one of India'~ churches for help. The voice of India was uttered nationalists, a Cambridge and Moscow graduate, by the Bishop of Dornakal in the appeal which he who for two hours poured out a passionate denun- sent to the meeting of the British students in ciation of India and Great Britain, of every class, Edinburgh in January, 1933: of every evil, but who closed his address with these words: "I have to thank you all for allowing me We cannot, therefore, at this time restrain ourselves to speak as I have done for two hours abusing all from sending you a call to "come over and help us" with that you hold most dear, but you must have noticed all the earnestness and passion at our command. that there was One whom I did not even criticize, and indeed He is above all my criticism or any 1. There are vast regions in many parts of India and man's – the lovely Lord Christ." There has re- Burma into which the message of God's revelation in cently appeared a book entitled, "India's Response Christ has not yet penetrated. to Christ," published by Mr. P. K. Sen, a Hindu of Calcutta, in which he writes, "I believe in my 2. There are still whole classes of people, even in alheart of hearts, that India cannot escape Christ. ready evangelized regions (like the middle class Hindus, No one can escape Christ. So has it been with me. Muslims, Buddhists, and Untouchables) to whom Christ The hostility to Christ that made itself manifest and His message have not yet been demonstrably put. in the first clash of the East and West has disappeared. Years have passed and Christ has slowly 3. The small church in India needs outside aid to train and silently entered the hearts of the thinking sec- its manhood and its womanhood and its ministry for nation of the people. Slowly and surely He will tional Christian service and for effective witness to the enter the hearts of all. For Christ is such an One regenerating power of Christ. as cannot but be accepted. 0 what picture of simplicity, reality, holiness, sweetness and love. 4. The rural churches and ,those established among . . . One sees Him and simply cannot escape classes of people once despised and suppressed need guid- ance and help to enable them to play their part in service Him." for rural India. All this represents a vast change in India and 5. Doctors and educationalists are needed for mission throughout the non-Christian world. The Name hospitals and colleges to serve India towards stronger that is above every name is becoming increasingly and saner citizenship. recognized and reverenced. The world is far from accepting Him as Saviour and Redeemer but it is We fear that the strong national feelings exhibited in slowly coming to recognize that at least He is the recent years in India may estrange even the disciples of supreme moral ideal and if men will thus recog- Christ from the call to serve Him in a land that is full nize and obey Him and do His will they will come of racial antipathies. We may assure you that, while that to know the doctrine. is true to a certain extent in the sphere of politics, it is not true in the sphere of religion. At no time has there been The new world above and ahead of us is marked a greater friendliness among the people towards Chrisby nothing more clearly than by the new freedom tians and Christian messengers than at the present time. of women. I contrast in my mind the sight of the British missionaries of the true type – missionaries who veiled women of the Near East a generation ago endeavor in the spirit of our Master to come to India with with what one sees today-concretely, with the sympathy and discernment and to serve her people with laughing faces of a great company of young Mos- that peculiar self-effacing love and power that issues out of the Cross of Christ-such are in greater demand now than ever before.

Again we fear that some may be deterred by a con- sciousness of personal inadequacy for the needs of India, and by a procrastination that makes them wait for some inward guidance and special call before they respond to an appeal for service in India. But surely the crying needs of this great country and its peoples, and especially at a time like this, and the possession of that life and power which issued from Calvary and the Upper Room, coupled with the consciousness of ability with the help of

God to meet these needs – constitute a call the Divine need to remind.ourselves of the word of one of source of which no one can easily doubt. our own missio,nary fathers, Simeon Calhoun, We therefore plead with you to consider whether Chris- whom men called "the Saint of Lebanon": "If the Christi~n Church were what it ought to be, twenty tian students can now fail to give India what they alone years would not pass away before the story of the can give and whether they do not owe India this immediate help at the present crisis of her history. We pray that the call to come over and help us may touch the hearts Cross would be uttered in the ears of every living of some of you, resulting in your surrender for mission- man." ary service in India. And the life is available. We have on the rolls This is an authoritative voice, quite different of the Candidate Department in one Board the from the irresponsible statements of non-Chris- names of some seven or eight hundred young men tian students from these lands studying in West- . and women who are preparing themselves for mis- ern universities. sionary service; Some are paying for their med- These appeals from the National Churches deal ical education by giving their own blood in trans- very specifically with the idea that missionaries fusions in hospitals. Some are ready to go and ought not to go except when sent where they are are offering themselves to the Board and the invited. The National Christian Council of Japan Church. The following letter is signed by four- at its meeting last December spoke these manly teen students, some of them sons of missionaries: words: As students of Princeton Theological Seminary and as The work which Foreign Missions Boards have started members of the band of Student Volunteers, we believe in Japan has by no means reached a full-round goal. that Jesus Christ is the only Saviour of the world; and Much remains to be done to bring it to full completion. we realize that "it behooved Christ to suffer, and to rise We are anxious that they shall finish it fully and hap- from the dead the third day; and that repentance and re- pily. The reason self-support and the spirit of independ- mission of sins should be preached in His name a-mong all ence lags among our churches is the tendency to lean on nations." We adhere to all the doctrines of the Presby- friends and funds from abroad. The Japanese Church terian Church. Because of this belief we are eager to should cut loose and launch out for itself. This has been preach the Gospel in foreign lands. However, because of done in every other sphere of life in the Empire; diplo- lack of funds, of the twenty-one who have volunteered macy, education, commerce, industry go forward through from the last two graduating classes and the present senior Japanese initiative and effort. Why not the Church? class, only two men have been sent to the field.

Mission organizations and missionaries should act from With an increasing conviction of the world's immediate any irresistible sense of mission and not wait for an invi- and imperative need of Christ, we appeal to the Church, tation. The missionary attitude of American Christians to individuals or local organizations, to share with us the motivated by an impelling inner urge should be positive responsibility resting upon all the followers of Christ to and aggressive. Regarding policies for evangelism in send us out as your representatives to proclaim the mes- Japan, we believe that the Japanese Church should in the sage of salvation. main take the initiative. However, we welcome assistance "For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord from abroad which is motivated by a positive urge. We shall be saved. How, then, shall they call on Him in whom fail because there is too much of a spirit of compromise they have not believed? And how shall they believe in with the "Japanese spirit." If Christianity were to be- Him of whom they have not heard? And how shall they come a Japanese religion it would cease to be Christianity. hear without a preacher? And how shall they preach When this is put squarely to the student, for example, he except they be sent?"

is attracted by it. We need to be more forthright in our We, the undersigned, are willing and desirous to go for presentation of the essential differences between Chris- evangelistic work to any field to which the way may be tianity and Japanism. . opened.

We thank God for the new and rich opportuni- Will the Church turn away from such a priceties in this new day. "I have set before you," God less offering of life as this? is saying to younger men and women, "a door that cannot be shut." What we need is the sacrifice that will bring together this life and the latent resources of the OUT Adequate Resources Church, such sacrifice as is not impossible, for we have seen it again and again in our churches and And as we look forward we remind ourselves missionary societies. As illustration I quote from not only of the summons of the new difficulties and two letters representative of the consecration the appeal of the new opportunities but.we remind which now and again we meet and which is God's ourselves of the new and adequate resources. It greatest gift to His Church. Some six or seven is true that there has been a falling'off in contri- years ago-I received a letter from a dear old butions but that is not because the ·Church could friend, the Rev. William Sidebotham of Michigan, not give as it did. There are individuals, of written just after his wife's death. Mr. Sidecourse, who have reached the limit of their ability botham had given three sons to the ministry, one and would gladly give more if it were in their of .whom had been a missionary in Korea who had power, but the Church as a whole is abundantly met a tragic death while home on furlough, two able to give all that is needed for tne full accom- daughters to home missionary work and teaching. plishment of our foreign missiona,ry task. W~ This was his letter:

FOREIGN MISSIONS WITH A FORWARD LOOK

My wonderful wife died last night. The funeral will be than ever before the sacrifices they made in their earlier tomorrow. I am sorry that you cannot be present. The years, that we might be"eaucated, and 1 have come to arrangements are all made. For some years the money to understand a little more fully the joy .they had when we cover expense of funeral has been ready. Many and many all entered Christian work. I feel as though we had been times she has said: "Don't spend a cent for flowers when left a great heritage, something that will be an inspira- I die. Give it to Foreign Missions." Accordingly not a tion to us all our lives. We have a· precious memory of a penny of mine will be spent for flowers. But I enclose wonderful mother and father. $100 from her for the field in Taiku, in memory of our son. She has often wished she was rich, but never that This was the faith and love of the generation she might have a better wardrobe, etc., but that she might that bore the burden of the past, and that is now help the poor and help foreign missions. Some seven gone. There are many among the older ones who years ago, at a presbyterial, Mrs. J. K. Mitchell, appealing will follow shortly on the same road. Before we for more generous giving, said, "Mother Sidebotham, don't go we want to lay this glorious work on the minds you think every woman could forego one pair of silk stock- and hearts of you who are to follow us. We reings to help the cause?" At once she said aloud, "I never joice in the oncoming company. I went recently had a pair of silk stockings in my life." to speak at a meeting of the Presbyterial Society in myoId Huntingdon Presbytery in Pennsylvania She gladly gave Richard to Korea, and she wept when where I grew up as a boy. Th€ old home church the physician blocked the way for Robert's going in Rich- was crowded to the· doors and on either side of ard's place. She gladly gave Emily to home mission work the pulpit were arrayed the representatives of the in 1900, and grieved in 1924, when it was necessary for young people of the Presbytery, some two hundred Emily to come home and be our housekeeper. My salary or more. As I saw them come in and take their was never more than $700 and manse (often less) till I places I had a fresh feeling of confidence and joy. was sixty-four; never more than $800 and manse till I It is clear that .there is to be no breach between was over seventy, in 1918, never more than $1,200 and the future and the past; that tl),ere are rising in manse till I retired, and began to get $50 a month from the Church new forces that will welcome the new the Board of Relief. Yet she uncomplainingly gave her difficulties and the new opportunities, and that children and rejoiced in our tithing until the end. En- will draw on those adequate resources that are closed is $100 in her name. I wish it could be $10,000. available in God for the carrying forward of this enterprise into the new day. Withgratefulness Some time afterwards I received the following and hope we lay it in your hands now with the letter from one of Mr. Sidebotham's daughters: prayer and assurance that the future is to out- shine the past. On February 6, my father, Rev. William Sidebotham, entered into his well-earned rest after an illness of only Let us pray: Oh Lord Jesus Christ, who art the same ten days of bronchial pneumonia. He had been unusually yesterday, today and forever – who walkest serene amid well all winter, and we were hoping for him a few more the changing generations – not fearing to hold the stars years of life. He would have been eighty-four the first and the churches in Thy hand-we are Thine and we are day of April. We know that he is happy now, united with not going out at our own charge or on any self-appointed my mother, whom he has missed more than we have real- errand, but as Thy servants, yes, even more as Thy friends. ized, and my brother Richard, whose work in Korea was For the servant knoweth not what His Lord doeth, but all so dear to my father's heart. Our only sorrow is for our- things that were made known unto Thee by thy Father, selves in our loneliness. Thou hast committed unto us. Lay Thy hand, we pray thee, upon young life, to carry the flame of a new loyalty When we opened his will, we found a sheet of instruc- to Thee wherever it goes; and to set the torches blazing tions. Among them was the following: "After my funeral across the length and breadth of Thy Church. Kindle the expenses are all paid, take $100 for flowers. Do not buy ancient fires afresh on the altars of the new day; and flowers, but send it to Dr. Speer, asking him to see that send us all out with a new sense of our commission from it is used for work in Korea, in memory of my son Thee, and a new purpose in life and death to serve Thee Richard." until the end of the day, which is the Dawn. This is our prayer. Fulfill it to us, Lord Jesus, we ask in Thine own So I am enclosing a check for that amount. I am glad name. Amen. – father was able to do this, and that he had commissioned me to carry out this wish. You may remember that he sent a similar amount at the death of my mother three years ago.

During the last eight and a half years that I have been at home caring for my parents, I have realized more possibly than the other children how dear the work of His Kingdom was to their hearts. I have appreciated more To witness to the world and to win the world are not necessarily coextensive undertak- ings; and when the Church shall have testified the Gospel of the grace of God among all nations it may be that multitudes will yet remain disobedient to the heavenly message.There- fore I boldly affirm that the Church has nowhere assigned to it the achievement of converting the world in this dispensation. Let none be offended at this statement, since I emphatically add that though our task is not to bring all the world to Christ, our task is unquestionably to bring Christ to all the world. A, ·J.GoRI)ON:

Based on a map copyrigM.ed by the National Geographic Society ETHIOPIA – THE LAST INDEPENDENT KINGDOM IN AFRICA The scene of the present Italian Invasion from Eritrea and Italian SomaJlland. Dessye recently bombed. The flteJd of Christian missionary service. Mission stations are underlined. FigUres on the map show heights of mountains and plateaus. For list of Protestant Mission Societies and names of Mission Stations see opposite page.

as a Mission

By STUART BERGSMA, B.A., M.D.

Formerly of the American Mission, Addis Ababa and Sayo, Ethiopia ETHIOPIA has so long been a hermit empire, and such country is extremely hot, dry and unin- withdrawing herself from contacts with the teresting, the soil consisting of volcanic ash, lava, rest of the world, proud and free on her na- boulders and sand, with little verdure. The poptive highland plateau, "forgetful of the world by ulation of such areas is very sparse, for even the whom she was forgotten," that it is not surprising most ignorant native will prefer a higher, more that many questions arise in the minds of Chris- healthful location, if available, to a location in tian people as they read erroneous and conflicting which he is daily burned by a merciless sun and reports about this land which now is the site of a in which he can find scarcely any water. The shameful war of conquest. Reporters following nomadic tribes inhabiting such districts constitute the armies or writing from the capitol city send the wilder people of Ethiopia. No missionary such conflicting reports as these: Ethiopia is a work is done among these people, life being prac- Christian country; Ethiopia is a country of sav- tically impossible for white people for any ex- agery and barbarism; Ethiopia is a remarkably tended period in such a climate. In the hot low- fertile and wealthy country with vast mineral re- lands malaria abounds wherever mosquitoes can sources; Ethiopia is not worth a dollar per square live, and the population is so scattered the mis- mile. sionary would find no audience.

Since the area of Ethiopia is about one-eighth Perhaps three-fourths of the people of Ethiopia that of the United States it can be readily under- live at an altitude above three thousand feet, and stood that there will be great differences in alti- I would judge that at least half of the people of tude, climate, healthfulness, people, customs, and Ethiopia live at an altitude of a mile or more above even religions in various sections of so vast a sea level. A few small villages are located at an country. The lowlands of Ethiopia are found es- altitude of two miles or more above sea level, but pecially toward the east adj oining the Red Sea, the population of these higher levels, where the PROTESTANT MISSIONS AND MISSION STATIONS IN ETHIOPIA 1. United Presbyterian of U. S. A.-ll workers now on the field.

2. Sudan Interior Mission (Interdenominational and International)-60 workers now on the field. 3. Seventh-Day Adventist-23 missionary workers in Ethiopia and Eritrea. 4. Missionssallskapet Bibeltrogna Vanner (Swedish)-18 workers. 5. Bible Churchman's Missionary Society-18 workers. 6. British and Foreign Bible Society-l worker. 7. Evangelical National Mission Society of Sweden-no detailed report.

8. Church Mission to the Jews-British-7 workers. 9. Roman Catholics have stations at Addis Ababa, Dessye and elsewhere.

10. Hermanaburg Evangelical Lutheran M. S.-West Gallaland-no report.

Protestant Mission Stations and Societies at Work in Ethiopia * Marked on the Map. Societies at Work Are Marked by Numbers.

* Addis Ababa (Capital)-I, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. * Gembe (Wollega)-3. * Gore (or Gorei)-1. Addis Alem-3. * Harar-4. * Asmara (In Eritrea)-4. * * Allata (or Homatcho)-2. Ira (German Mission). Arusi 4. * Jiran (Jimma)-2. ** – * ** * * Bulke (In Kafa)-2. (not underlined). Lalibela (or Lallibella)-2. Chercher (Arusi)-3 Lambuda (Cambatta)-2. * Maraka-2. Darassa (Allata)-2. * Nakempti, or Nakamti-4 (not underlined). Debra Tabor-3. * Saio (or Sayo)-I.

Debra Markos-3. * Dessie or Dessye (Wallo Province)-3. * Shamma (Chincha)-2. Djenda-8. * Shoa-3. * Soddu-2. •* Dire Dawa-4. Wanda (near Soddu) -2. Duromay-2. * Yerga Alam (Sidamo Provin Fitchay-5. ce)-2.

[ 15]

nights become so cold and the rains so severe and of many calling themselves Christians. By this I the air so thin, is a scattered and sparse popula- do not mean to insinuate that none of the mem- tion just as it is in the lower altitudes where the bers of the Church of Ethiopia has a living faith heat is so intense and the land so sun-baked and sufficient unto salvation. His Majesty the Em- the temperature so intensely high. peror seems to be a Christian of the highest type, Missionary stations in Ethiopia are all placed and some of the priests and nobility have a firm where the largest number can have access to the grasp of essential Christian truths. The main preaching of the Gospel and the benefits of our body of adherents to the Ethiopian Coptic Church, schools and hospitals. Hence missionaries in however, seem woefully lacking in knowledge of Ethiopia usually live in the cool, green, beautiful the simplest essentials of the Christian faith, highlands of Ethiopia, where the rainfall is about scarcely ever attend a church service or sacra- sixty inches per year and the temperature range ment, depend .on fasts and external observances is from about 32 degrees Fahrenheit in the cold- for their salvation instead of on the mediatorial est season to about 95 degrees Fahrenheit in the blood of Jesus Christ, and lead a life that cannot hottest season. This temperature range is most be reconciled with that of one bearing the name of remarkable when we remember that Ethiopia is Christian. Many people who have been baptized situated between parallels of latitude 4 degress into membership in the Church of Ethiopia know and 14 degrees above the equator. It answers the no more than that the baptismal string which is question so frequently asked: "Why should a placed about their neck at the time of baptism is European nation desire this country?" Because the guarantee and unshakable proof that they are it is white man's land from climatic standpoint, Christians. As one simple convert told me: "To whereas the present possessions of European na- wear a string about the neck means one is a Chris- tions adjoining Ethiopia are hot and dry wilder- tian, and to be a Christian means to wear a string ness wastelands. about the neck."

Roughly speaking, missionaries in Ethiopia deal The Need of "Christian" Ethiopia with two classes of people, the real Ethiopians or Amharas, and the more negroid subject people, The very members of the Church of Ethiopia the Gallas. The total population of Ethiopia is ap- itself, including even some of the priests, are in proximately ten million, although estimates as low need of the preaching of the Gospel. It is obvious, as six million are given, since there has never however, that missionary endeavor directed to the been a census. Of the total population of Ethiopia ruling class people will be far more difficult than approximately two-thirds are Gallas and one-third to a group which has had no contact with the Amharas. Gospel. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing, The Amharas or Ruling Class it may mean the eternal loss of that soul, for one who thinks he has sufficient and turns a deaf ear The Amharas are the ruling class of people, tall, cannot grow spiritually.

strong, well-fed, proud, brave, and intelligent, and Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, is the trace their origin back to the time of the Queen of "Jerusalem" of the present-day Church of Ethi- Sheba, who they state was an Ethiopian, and who opia. It is the stronghold of the ancient faith and they affirm bore King Solomon of Israel a son, the here are concentrated an enormous number of the son becoming the head of the great Solomonian priests of the Church. Missionary work will conline of Kings of Ethiopia which extends down to sequently be more difficult in Addis Ababa than this day. The Amharas, or ruling class people in in outlying parts where the people are heathen. general, are usually adherents of the ancient The number of converts will be small. Christian faith of Ethiopia. There is in Ethiopia a Christian Church which is a branch of the Cop- Within the last decade the attitude of the tic Church of Egypt. To the presence of this Church of Ethiopia to Evangelical Christian misgroup in Ethiopia is due the common report that sions has been one of friendliness rather than op- Ethiopia is a Christian land. position. This attitude is perhaps due to the fact that modern missions have wisely combined edu- To most of the ruling class people their peculiar cational missions and medical missions and indus- form of Christianity is so vital that they would trial missi9ns with the evangelical work. Ideally gladly die to preserve the Church of Ethiopia, as considered a mission station should have an in- did many of their forefathers in past ages in com- dustrial missionary to teach the natives better bating heathenism and Mohammedanism round- farming, carpentry and other trades; a teacher, about. However, devotion to their Church as a doctor, nurse, and an ordained missionary. His peculiar national institution which must be pre- Majesty the Emperor Haille Selassie I has been served at all costs seems to be the most commend- extremely favorable to missionary work..

able thing one can mention concerning the faith The headquarters of all mission·organizations

ETHIOPIA ASA MISSION FIELD

From "The Rambow Empire"; published by Wm. B. Ee.rdmansll, G(froand Rapid8, Michigan THE ROYAL FAMILY OF ETHIOPIA Emperor Hoaoimlle Seelloaossssie 1I , with the Empress, Woaolzlzeerro Menan , the Crown Prince Astao Wassan and Prince Makonnen working in Ethiopia are situated in Addis Ababa In Addis Ababa is to be found the largest hosand at least one third of the total number of mis- pital in Ethiopia, that of the United Presbyterian sionaries resident in Ethiopia are working in Mission, with 100 beds and modern in every way, Addis Ababa. Here we find the largest hospitals, having electric light, X-ray, adequate medical and schools, and a leprasarium. Addis Ababa is sit- surgical equipment, and a model laboratory. The uated in the very center of Ethiopia and from same mission has also on its twelve-acre compound this city radiate all the roads, most of the roads a girls' boarding school and a church organizamere mulepaths, which lead to the larger cities tion which meets in the hospital chapel. In the and villages in which missionary work is being capital city is also found the headquarters of the carried on. With very few exceptions the mis- Sudan Interior Mission, a mission which has had sionaries approach their stations by way of Addis an unusual growth since its organization in 1927, Ababa. and which has at present approximately eighty missionaries. This mission has in Addis Ababa Addis Ababa is a city of approximately 100,000 a clinic and a leprasarium housing seventy-five inhabitants and is situated at an altitude of 8,700 lepers, and maintains a bookshop, and reading feet above sea level. The city has electric lights room in the downtown section of the city. Swedish and macadam roads. Here are to be found the organizations in Addis Ababa maintain strong legations of America, England, France, Germany, schools for girls and boys, with approximately 200 Italy, Sweden and other nations. From a mis- pupils, and also have had splendid results evansionary viewpoint Addis Ababa is very important gelistically. The Seventh-Day Adventists have a for here the missionaries representing the various modern hospital of forty beds and maintain a Boards make invaluable contacts and foster the small school. There is also a Roman Catholic friendly spirit and show the mutual helpfulness hospital of 100 beds. toward the Government of Ethiopia so important in the continuance of the work in the distant prov- His Majesty the Emperor HailIle Selassie I has inces. two hospitals with a total bed capacity of about

100 beds, and maintains two schools with a total civilized people more and more into barbarism and enrolment of perhaps 500 pupils. In Addis Ababa anarchy." The Gallas are more negroid than the are the government buildings of thheei-:- Ethiopian Aniharas a.nnd have not as strong and rugged Government and the palace of the Emperor. The' bodies, nor" are they as tall or as proud as the most important churches of. the Chu~chOf Etlii- Amharas. "'

opia are also in Addis Ababa, and here resides the Numerically the Gallas outnumber the Amharas Archbishop of the Church and many'':.dther impor- about twoto one. The Gallas in Ethiopia number tant officials of Church and State. . approximately six million. They do most of the The Amharas are especially numerous about work and own least of the land. The system of Addis Ababa and certain provinces ape principally land tenure is in the main that of. a feudal system, Amharic or of kindred stock. Ruling class people the Gallas being the serf class and having over- are also found in every'village in Ethiopia in lords. Some of the Gallas have a nominal attach- ment to the Christian Church of Ethiopia, some are Mohammedan, but by far the greatest num- beelr' aare heathen. Their worship is animism, wor- ship of the things of nature such as rivers, trees, mountains and hills. Sacrifices are given to these natural objects and evil spirits of rivers and moun- tains and trees and other objects are believed to be hovering about seeking to do harm and must be placated. The witch doctor and the Galla medi- cine man still practice their pernicious rites.

The Gallas today are loyal to the Emperor and are of course real Ethiopians today, having had no other home for four centuries. The greatest part of the present army opposing the invaders will perhaps be Gallas, with Amharas generally in the higher positions. The Gallas are brave peo- ple, fatalistic, poor and ignorant.

AN OLD ETHIOPIAN PRIEST WITH HIS CHARMS Evangelistic Fruit Among the Gallas greater or lesser numbers for they function there It is especially among the Gallas that the preachas government officials, land owners, traveling ing of the Gospel has borne fruit. Many are merchants, and most of the priests of the churches heathen and the message is new and startling and are Amharas. A small church building and a appealing. Their aggressive nature makes them number of priests will be found in every impor- good evangelists when the Gospel grips them. The tant village in Ethiopia. Gallas have their own language, the Galla or Oromo language, while the Amharas have the Am- The Gallas, or subject people, are not real Ethi- haric language. There are, however, also other opians racially. They came into the country four languages and numerous dialects. The Gallas hundred years ago as savage invaders, attempted come in large numbers to mission services, our to conquer the Ethiopians they found there, but church at Sayo in Western Ethiopia frequently in turn were conquered themselves. The Galla having above 400 present and at one time as many invasion of Ethiopia retarded the advance of as 555 present at a Sabbath morning service. Ethiopia enormously. "The invasion of the Galla Within the last five years the church at Sayo has tribes has had the effect of checking national prog- received 128 converts. Other stations show enress to this day, and of throwing back a once- couraging results but exact figures are not avail- able.

It is in the outlying districts of the hinterland especially that the Gallas show their appreciation of the medical work done by missions. At our Sayo station in western Ethiopia, where we have a small hospital of twenty-five beds, 15,000 treat- ments were given last year and approximately 20,000 people heard the Gospel in the hospital and clinic services. The need of the Gallas for evan- gelistic, educational and medical assistance is great, for in many locations the doctor in a sta-

ETHIOPIA AS A MISSION FIELD

tion will be the only medical man in a radius of Swedish Mission station with church, school and five days' journey. Superstition must flee wher- hospital. From the north the armies advancing ever a mission station is established, and round- toward the Lake Tana region are near a small about Sayo the witch doctors at first complained station at Djenda and in time must pass through about the reduced income, since people stopped Dessye, a larger station of the Seventh-Day Adbelieving in them, and then the witch doctors ventist Mission, where a hospital, school and moved to sites more distant from the mission. church are to be found. Addis Ababa is the nat- ural focus of advance for the invading army and How will the war affect missionary endeavor in bombing of this city would result in a distinct Ethiopia? The answer depends, of course, to a shock to the morale of the Ethiopians in general. great extent on the outcome of the war. If Ethi- If the railroad should be taken by the invaders the opia retains her independence there may be a con- missionaries and legation officials will be pracsiderable number of important Ethiopians who tically cut off from the rest of the world. will have learned to distrust all foreigners as having selfish motives in coming to their land. On "God moves in a mysterious way His wonders the other hand, the friendly and cooperative spirit to perform" and surely this is true regarding the shown by missionaries to the Ethiopians in this missionary situation in Ethiopia. It seems myshour of intense testing may win alarge and whole- terious to us that a work as promising and fruitful some respect for Evangelical missions on the part as that in Ethiopia must go through the trial of of the natives. The organization of an Ethiopian fire dropping from heaven on an unprepared na- Red Cross by missionary doctors, the care of the tion feeling its way into the light, and that the war wounded by mission hospitals, the sharing of sword of steel must wreck its havoc' rather than dangers common to missionaries and Ethiopians the "sword -of the Spirit" its blessing. Mysterious alike, may reap a mighty harvest later. as it is, let us trust and believe that His Kingdom can come and His will be done even now in If Ethiopia should fail to remain independent Ethiopia. the future of Protestant missions may not be so bright in Ethiopia. In an adjoining territory, Family health had made necessary our deparonce the property of Ethiopia but now a protec- ture from Ethiopia several months before the war torate of Italy, Protestant missions were slowly had started. It is a time of great testing for the closed out by a government policy of refusing to missionaries also, but in this hour of great need, grant a visa for reentry into the country once the with the unusual opportunities of counselling, missionary had left on furlough. comforting, cheering and alleviating the miseries of the Ethiopians our friends in Ethiopia are to The present war situation is not without its this distressed people "as rivers of water in a dry dangers for missionaries and mission property. place; as the shadow of a great rock in a weary The army from the south is approaching Harrar, land." a city of 30,000 population, in which city is a

Through a Missionary's

-tEf11 By MRS. E. STANLEY JONES, of India 11JBe– "WHICH end of this thing do you talk on all sides by the sick and the suffering who have into?" I asked as a young cousin handed no medical aid; the poverty-stricken who have me a peculiar black instrument. never once known what it means to have their "Why the end with the cord attached," she hunger satisfied.

gasped, her eyes wide with astonishment. We fight against filth, ignorance, superstition I finished my conversation and put the receiver and sin. And somehow, as the years go by, we on the table. She snatched it and laid it in its forget that America has faults and shortcomings.

cradle. We think of America as a land of churches and "I have not used a telephone for nearly nine schools and hospitals; we think of America sing- years," I said apologetically. ing, "Our fathers' God, to Thee"; stamping on "I suppose things here seem very strange and her coins, "In God We Trust"; putting the Eight- marvelous to you now," she remarked. "Of course eenth Amendment into the Constitution; leading telephones are old. But we have progressed a lot in idealism. And then-we come home!

in many ways, haven't we?" We were in America on our last furlough dur- "Ask me that question after I have been here ing the days of prohibition. In ,the eighteen a month," I said. months that we were here, not once had any of She asked it again after three months. us seen a saloon, a glass of liquor or a drunken "Well, what do you think of us now? I suppose man. I am not suggesting that they did not exist.

you are always being astonished." But we could honestly say we had not seen them.

"Yes, I am being astonished," I replied slowly, But we returned this time- "but not with Frigidaires and airplanes and air To find ourselves in a city where we had to go conditioning and radios." hungry because we could discover no place to eat "With what then?" she demanded. where beer was not sold.

"I'm afraid you won't like it . but if you To be confronted by miles of glaring advertise- really want to know. . . ." ments, imploring us to drink, smoke, visit certain I was right. She did not like it. She is still in- roadhouses.

dignant and hurt. But we, too, are hurt. Dis- To find it almost impossible to escape the ever- illusionment is painful. And when the object of lasting cigarette. Many a time in train or bus or that disillusionment is anything as dear as one's waiting room or restaurant, I have said, "Is it own beloved native land the pain goes deep. possible that this is America, the land of the free, We have sometimes wondered about the atti- where I don't even have the privilege of breathing tude of the student who returns to India after pure air!"

study abroad in a so-called "Christian" land. But We were startled to see not only men but women we begin to understand his reactions. Because of and girls smoking, drinking, carousing in saloons our long residence out of the country, whether we and beer gardens.

will or no, I suspect that we see it very much as To hear oaths and vulgar expressions on the the foreigner sees it. lips of high school and college girls of good fam- It is very easy for us over in India to begin to ilies-expressions once limited to the type of folks idealize America. with whom one did not associate.

We live with the caste system. We see sixty We noted the change in vocabulary: Self-ex- millions of outcastes despised and looked down pression, syncretism, freedom, nudity, thrill; not upon by the 2,300 upper castes as are no other often the Fords modesty, decency, duty, responsi- people in all the world. We see the sickly, stunted, biIity, obligation.

pathetic little girl-wives and mothers; the widow We were puzzled to find many churches closed treated as an iII-omen; millions of lovely women on Sunday evening, but cinema doors wide open kept behind closed doors. and crowds pouring in.

We see men, women and children worshiping Often we could discover no mid-week prayer the cow, the cobra, the monkey; bowing down be- meeting, but forums, dramas, scouting, dancing, fore idols of wood and stone. We are surrounded bridge, in church parlors.

[20 ] To find churches being sold for debt; benevolent suppose you are dreadfully shocked with us, aren't budgets cut; Christian work of all kinds being you?" closed because of lack of funds; thousands losing their homes, unable to get work, going on relief; "No," I said, "it would take a good deal to shock but to find that, apparently, America still had a missionary who is as old as I am. But I must abundant money for ball games, motorcars, mov- confess that I am puzzled. I am wondering why ies, cigarettes, and beer. you expect me to be shocked if you consider these things to be perfectly right and proper. And I Coming from a land where if we offer to pay am wondering why the East, as it becomes more 12 cents a day for ten hours of hard labor we will and more what we have always considered 'Chrisbe besieged by ablebodied men begging for the tianized' and 'civilized,' tends to put on more job, it was strange to be in a town where there clothes, becomes more chaste and reserved in lanwere hundreds on relief but to find it impossible guage, drops habits and modes of life that we are to get a man to cut the grass or a woman to do taking up." plain sewing at $2.00 a day. The girl glanced uneasily at her watch. "Oh, We were nauseated over the nastiness of the my gracious!" she exclaimed, "I've got to get my modern literature that we sampled. Latin lesson." No missionary can remain a prude and work in It was disconcerting in our search for a Chris- India. What the Hindu has to say he says. What he has to do he does. There is a simple frankness tian college to discover that in very many inabout the most intimate details of life. But he is stances there was now no difference at all between not vulgar. State colleges and the schools founded with conse- crated money. We were accustomed to hearing a spade called a spade when necessary; we were not accustomed To find professors in those "Christian" schools to deliberate verbal filthiness. giving sly digs at the religion which brought those schools into existence; going out of their legiti- A young boy who entered our school in India mate way to speak sneeringly, disparagingly of brought with him a story book. Presently some the faith of the founders; to find even Christian of the older boys suggested that it was not a men raising questions in the classroom that they proper book for boys to read. I asked to see it. did not answer.

"It's just a translation of an American book," One puzzled college senior who had come to me said the boy defensively. with some of his problems said earnestly: "They don't let us flounder around in language or mathe- "Still, I wish to see it." matics, but when it comes to ,the things that matter He brought it reluctantly. I read it and then most if they know anything themselves they're I called the boys together. Page by page we tore d– careful to give us nothing but a question it up and threw it into the fire, and I said confi- mark." dently, "If this book is a translation of an American book it has been made vile in the translation." I talked one day at a summer conference with a Made vile in the translation! Never again can group of girls, all from "Christian" colleges. One I say that! We have turned in disgust from the said: "Our professors don't take any stock in obscenities of Hindu literature. We are producing Christianity. Why should we?" much in America that is no better. Last year I joined a Book of the Month Club to Another said: "I used to pray and I got a good which a dormitory of girls in a Christian college deal of comfort from it. But af.ter I majored in had subscribed. Over half the books we carried psychology, and began to understand the laws of down to the furnace and burned. No matter how the mind, it seemed so silly to pray." beautiful the container, we do not keep garbage in these lovely modern sanitary homes of ours. Another remarked. "I went to Sunday school Why keep on our tables literature fouled with ex- and church until I went to college. But I didn't pressions more revolting, more adominable than want to be queer and different, so I stopped." the filth that contaminates the cesspool! We are accustomed in India to a frank, un- We have monkeys in India. Day after day I ashamed nakedness of body. We are not accus- have watched them in our gardens, on our roof tomed to a flaunting of that nakedness. tops, by the roadside and even at closer range, A high school girl came to see me soon after I for a misguided son of a missionary manse prearrived. She wore as little as the law allows, and sented us with his pet monkey when the family that is very little indeed in some sections of our moved away. country. She lit a cigarette and talked of sex in the words of a medical book. Finally she said, "I And, somehow, now that I am once more where I can see my own kind in action I am inclined to believe that there may be, after all, something in the Darwin theory. There is a similarity to some- thing that I have known all too well that is very disconcerting!

A monkey shows a surprising tendency to imi- Americans, I frankly admit that at first we could tate-.to follow blindly what someone else is do- not see it.

ing, even to his own detriment. A young monkey I passed a beautiful girl on the street one day, sat on our garage roof eating a guava. I sat on lovely eyes, clear skin, hair like sunshine, but when the housetop eating a banana. I threw away the I first glanced at her, I saw only an ugly mark banana skin and without rhyme or reason he across one cheek.

tossed away his half-eaten guava. I broke a sprig Many of these blemishes on the face of our fair from a climbing vine–he broke a sprig from the land are merely unsightly excrescences-skin dis- babul tree above him. I put the sprig into my eases, as it were, which will pass away of them- mouth and although the babul was as bitter as selves or for which we will find the remedy.

quinine he promptly put his sprig into his mouth. But the foreigner, who seldom sees beyond the In our monkey friends we notice a dependence blemishes, returns disappointed, disillusioned, on mechanical amusements, an absorption in the critical, contemptuous. Is this the land that he trivial, a perpetual restlessness, a startling disre- has looked upon as a model of what he wants his gard for the proprieties of life, a heedlessness of own land to become? Is this what Christianity brings a country to? What can a foreigner think consequences, an unstable affectional nature. who must base his knowledge of America on what And somehow my mind goes back to our Indian he hears on our streets, sees in our dance halls garden when I meet those whose only sources of and on our beaches, reads in our modern magaamusements are movies, cards, dancing and wild zines and books? motor rides; when I hear of divorces secured on the most trivial grounds; when I hear complaints A Hindu student was studying in a university of boredom at the very thought of a quiet evening. in Ohio. A young woman rather thoughtlessly said to him – "Now that you're in a Christian When I listen to remarks like these: country, what do you think of Christianity?"

"I know I shouldn't drink, but everyone does." With the inate politeness of the Hindu he began "My mother hates my smoking but even Miss to apologize. "I'm very sorry. I have been so K. smokes." busy with my studies that I have had little time "I suppose sixty miles an hour isn't very safe for anything else. I'm very sorry to say that I but j.t does give one a thrill." haven't been able to see anything of Christianity "Why shouldn't I paint my lips on the street yet." car. Folks needn't look at me if they don't like it." There were other things- A young Chinese student, a Christian, entered The price of a night's sleep and breakfast on a one of our large International Houses. The first train. America, America, no other land so dear! morning at breakfast he bowed his head and silently said grace. Those at the table snickered The high standard of material comfort. We and a young American girl said to him, "Oh, you knew why a visitor from India exclaimed, "If I mustn't do that in America!" am seeing America in a depression, what must it be like in a period of prosperity?" Mr. Natarajan, brilliant editor of the Indian Social Reformer of Bombay, visited the World'~ Fresh from the preciseness and the conserva- Fair in Chicago. Since his return to India, his tism of ,the English press we were sharply aware paper shows that he has become a very enemy of of the untidiness of our national speech; of our Christianity.

prodigal use of superlatives; of the inaccuracy of If he saw what I saw, heard what I heard, when reporters; of the impudent, conscience-less false- inadvertently I found myself about midnight in hoods of the advertisements. And why, oh why, that section of the World's Fair called "The were we so interested in the nauseous details of Streets of Paris," I do not wonder. Mrs. A.'s divorce, the insipid love letters of Mr. A barker spotting my shocked face shouted, "If B., the kind of cigarette used by Mrs. C., the color you can't stand what's going on here, you'd better of the underwear of Mrs. D.! get out. This is no Hall of Religion."

We were aghast over the grotesque, artificial But I saw there young boys and girls of our own appearance of the girls; the freedom of the sexes; land. Young students from India and China and the studied frankness, often vulgarness, of their Japan and. I stayed.

speech; the queer songs and sounds that came "Surely," I said to the friend who was with me, over the radio. The first time we heard crooning "a married woman of mature years may hear and we decided that the singer had been taken ill but see what these young people are hearing and seewas bravely keeping his appointment. ing." But I found myself saying over and over, Being Americans we knew, of course, that there "Oh God! Oh God! What are these Eastern was very much that was fine and splendid and students going to say of us when they get back Christian in America. But although we were home!"

AMERICA THROUGH A MISSIONARY'S EYES

I have just read what one of them said. He like the other commandments it is violated at wrote: "The West is incredibly immoral. There is no such thing as a chaste woman." times, the prohibition ll:!-w is as effective as other .When we first went out to India a good many laws. . . . It is unthinkable that America will years ago, America was more or less idealized by the East. From America came the Bible, tracts, ever go back to the days of booze drinking." books, educative, elevating, inspiring. From America came money for schools and hospitals; And he concludes: "If we Indians are not blind food in time of famine. to our present and future welfare should we not America was the symbol of a people free, educated, sympathetic, generous – a Paradise for take a tip from the American policy of prohibiwomen and for the poor and downtrodden. Young India today has no such delusions. I said some- tion? Let us free our nation from alcohol." thing one day to a Hindu barrister about this change in attitude. He said: "Forgive me. But I wonder what India is saying of us now. Perdo you wish to know the truth ? We. feel that in a moral sense America has failed us. She has let haps Mr. Natarajan expressed it when he reus down." marked to a friend in Chicago, "We can never I picked up a book the other day written by Dr. Suhindra Bose, a Hindu, who has spent many forgive America." . years in America. The book was written for India about America while the 18th Amendment was There are reasons why the Hindu, though he still a law. may desire our Christ, wants nothing to do with He writes, "Thou shalt not drink is the Eleventh Commandment for the United States. Although what he considers our "Christian" civilization.

A Hindu judge was calling one day. In the course of our conversation he said, "Christian America, as you say. . . . "

"Oh, no," I hastily interrupted, suspicious of what might follow, "I never said 'Christian Amer- ica.' "

He smiled, "What shall I say then? Heathen America ?"

Heathen America? Oh certainly not! Chris- tian America? Dare we say it?

America Through a Missionary's Eyes Another View by Dr. Frank C. Laubach of the Philippines SOME of us who have returned to America Men's organizations of all kinds seem equally recently after an absence of from five to ready to meet need. Kiwanis and Lion's clubs, seven years sense some changes for the farmer's meetings, men's church dinners gave better. This is a pleasant surprise. We had suf- very much the same sort of response: surprise fered from a tragic decline in benevolences for that conditions are like this on the other side of foreign enterprises, and had expected to find this the world, and surprise that missions are inter- accompanied by a corresponding decline in spir- ested in illiteracy, hunger, disease, and fear.

ituality. We thought that interest in religion must "This is something so big and so important that have dropped off fifty per cent, since gifts for men ought to do it. What can we do?" One foreign missions had gone down one half. Dur- county judge said: "I have had no use for mis- ing previous furloughs we had experienced a sions. I thought it was the sob stuff we often hear guilty feeling of having overpraised America in about. If mission work is really tackling the great foreign lands. This time we think that perhaps world problems then I am for it." This seems we have underestimated our America. to summarize fairly well the reaction of fifty The first surprise did not come in churches. It men's meetings visited last Fall.

met us in a Rotary club two weeks after our ar- Church audiences, it must be confessed, did not rival. These Rotarians heard that over half the seem to be so uniformly responsive. Some of the world is still illiterate, and therefore suffering churches appear to be frozen; one felt that they from disease, hunger and fear. "We didn't know expected a pious entertainment for a half hour, that!" they said. "Let us do something about it that those who attended sought serenity, sweetness at once." So they formulated resolutions that and light, but no heat; the assurance that "God's filled a column of the newspaper and forwarded to in his heaven; all's right with the world." A mis- the International Rotary Committee in Chicago a sionary with his pictures of sin, ignorance, suf- proposal to make World Literacy a major project fering, and ugliness is a jangling discord in for their organization. A half dozen other rotary churches which usually hear only heavenly music clubs immediately did the same. . apd soothing reassuring cadences from a soft

voiced preacher. Such churches are perfect Bud- only in brutal frankness, disgusted with sham, but dhists with the word "Christian" tacked on the wonderful if you meet their real life questions outside by mistake. honestly. The only thing they seem to lack is a gripping cause that sets their hearts on fire. This But very many of the churches were neither is just what the cause of Christ can give them. cold nor soft. The farther west we went the warmer and stronger religion became. Chicago What these young people seem to need as was our farthest west visit. It was also the most much as piety is a better course in geography. aggressively religious-to our great astonishment. Robert E. Speer and his generation used to tell us The city of murders, corrupt politics, unpaid taxes that we should go to the foreign field unless we and unpaid teachers, did not live down to its repu- could prove that God wanted us to stay here. I tation. We were shown the former rendezvous of do not think that argument will convince youth Al Capone, and, still glancing furtively backward today. But one can say pretty nearly the same for possible pursuing gunmen, we were ushered thing in a way that will grip them mightily. into a Sunday school throbbing with wholesome, healthy, eager children, all of them ready to write "You are about to step forth to rule the world. letters to any and every Filipino, send boxes of You have perhaps forty years of strong active life Christmas presents or trunk loads of books, to ahead of you and this planet under you. Do not convert or educate half the world – anything decide where you will give this, the only life you progressive-and they wanted to get it all done have, without knowing all the facts. Study the by the following Sunday at the latest! Everyone whole world and then decide where you can do the of twenty-five meetings in Chicago vibrated with most good. If you decide upon a narrow basis in that same spirit of "Let's do it, and let's be at it ten years you may regret your decision. at once!" Twice I was introduced to audiences of business men by Professor Arthur Compton, A rather young man in Chicago asked for a without knowing it! America's leading scientists private interview. He started by saying that he can be chairmen of missionary meetings-in Chi- had lost every cent he owned during the deprescago at least. sion and now had less than nothing. I was about to offer my sympathy, but he said: In Michigan we were entertained in homes where they read the Bible around the table, two "N0, I don't need your sympathy. It was gloverses for each reader, sang hymns and knelt de- rious, the most glorious deliverance of my whole voutly to pray – they were not minister's homes life. It drove me to God and to real happiness. either. In Ohio, we found a man of large means Life has been simply glorious ever since." who would not spend over fifty cents for any meal, so long as other people in America were unable His radiant face told the same story. Has finanto spend that much. He and his church were cial depression driven so many people back to making a sound, successful experiment with con- God that they are toning up the entire country to sumer's cooperatives in Columbus. a greater or lesser degree? Many a man who has been serving God and mammon now has more time There is a very marked upturn in the sense of for God because he has no mammon to serve. For responsibility for unfortunate people. Whatever such men the depression can be a "glorious delivpeople may think of the present New Deal, there erance," the kind of deliverance Jesus sought for is an increasing conviction that poor people must the rich young ruler. never again have the unfair deal we once gave them. Consciences never before seemed so tender There.is one more step that America ought now for the unfortunate, the poor, the aged, and for to take. She is pretty emphatic in saying that she children. will not fight anybody or oppress anybody. Let her add one more resolve to that, and she will be There is also a very great increase in interest in nobly Christian: "America does not wish to fight world affairs. The minds of men are being or crush anybody, America desires to serve hustretched across both oceans. Every continent is manity!" America is ready, I think, for that now first page news. Ethiopia, China, Brazil and slogan if the foreign mission leaders can show France take precedence in many newspapers over her just how she may make it effective. Here is the latest murder – which is indeed a sign of a summons to the greatest statesmanship of our progress. greatest Christian statesmen. How can we out- line and formulate the world program so that it But it is youth that have given us our greatest will grip men and women, not only in churches surprise. Before we returned to America we but also in clubs, and schools? How can we bring heard shocking stories, and expected to confront our youth to say: bleary-eyed debauchees. Where are these terrible youth? We face in high schools just healthy, "I love my country so much that I want her to lovable young boys and girls; they seem terrible become a blessing to all the world."

Certainly God desires nothing less than that. How then can we, as Christians, work for less!

a Missionary–Minded

By the REV. J. ENOS WINDSOR, Cincinnati, Ohio Pastor of the Columbia M. E. Church N OW that I look squarely at the title, I am ing. Why? The early disciples won for one rea- almost afraid to proceed. The mere sug- son: they had the passion of their divine Leader gestion seems that of a project greater than with a purpose. The same prescription will win I can lay claim to. Two things cause me to hesi- today. The Church of Christ can only find hertate. There are so many who have both builded self and her task, and once again have the respect and suggested ideas and programs better than 1. of a needy world, when wandering steps have been This is problem enough to be sure. Yet even retraced and some things forgotten are relearned. greater is the inconsistent title. Could we honestly This prescription has worked in my own life and have a Christian Church, in the true sense, which has worked not only in my present church but in is not missionary-minded? If we are Christian, every church I have pastored. should we not be Christlike? And if Christlike, must not our hearts burn to preach Him wherever Success in any line is largely a matter of leader- He has not been named? ship. I was reared in the church and within the sacred walls of a Christian home. Both parents Let us ask some other questions. Can the knew Jesus Christ as their personal Saviour and Church be missionary abroad and not missionary were not afraid to let it be known. In our family at home? Can we succeed in Samaria and fail to of four girls and three boys, none were exempted do justice to Jerusalem? Is the church divided as from church school and church service on Sunday. to its community and its commission? Can there We were thrown constantly in contact with the ever be any other program for the Church of church programs and personalities. At twenty- Jesus Christ than the one which He gave us when one I left home to go to the university and sem- He said: "Ye shall receive power after the Holy inary. I may frankly say that I went to the latter Ghost is come upon you and ye shall be witnesses because it seemed to me rather a fine thing at unto me both in Jerusalem and in all Judea and least to prepare for the ministry. I left both inin Samaria and unto the uttermost part of the stitutions later almost an atheist, or at least an earth." (Acts 1: 8.) Only the foolish or uncon- infidel, because I saw the inconsistency between cerned are unaware that the Church as a whole is theory and practice. In most cases I saw that not fulfilling its task. With few exceptions there the ministry was a profession rather than a pasis retrenchment and retreat at a time of great sion. As a result I practically turned from both need and greater opportunity, instead of reveille church and preacher in disgust. A few years and recovery. Instead of seeking to save the lost later, while engaged in the manufacturing busiwe are seeking to save our faces, and our very ness in a large city, I found Jesus Christ in perchurches at home. I may be criticized for this sonal, joyous experience as my Saviour from sin statement, and called a pessimist, but I can only and my Captain in life's program. I then realsay I prefer to have my eyes open rather than be ized, what I never had known as a nominal Church like the ostrich with his head in the sand. member, that each individual has a need and that this poor old sinful, sorrowing, sobbing world has Our problem today is the same which eleven a need and that both of those needs are not for men faced on Mount Olivet nineteen hundred better philosophies, psychologies, programs, and years ago. They saw only as far as the forbid- material things, but the one great need is Christ. ding hills of Judea; we have been commissioned I began to serve Him first as a layman in a harto look up and see the uttermost parts of the earth. vesting of souls, but soon came the distinct com- They were poorly equipped and organized from an mission "Go, preach the Gospel." There were earthly standpoint; we have wonderful material problems, not the least of which was my own busiequipment and human organization. They were ness with a good income. But from that moment poor in this world's goods, we are rich. They I experienced a passion for men's souls, greater walked to carryon their work, we ride swiftly by than any desire for earthly things. God's leading land, sea, or air. But they won where we lose. that at that time seemed to be that I should con- Why? Today some Christian movements and tact the Christian and Missionary Alliance movesome churches are succeeding, but many are fail- [25 ]

ment and should partake in some measure of the upon me in the day of trouble and I will answer."

experience and passion of its sainted founder. In My first text to that little discouraged congrega- that contact I realized my further need of the ex- tion was the message: "I seek not yours but you."

perience of receiving the Holy Spirit, as the eleven I meant it when I told my people that I was not apostles received Him. Two things came from interested in their money but in their souls. I this experience of being filled with the Spirit: showed that little congregation that God, our Fa- (1) the passion for souls and the vivid vision of ther, Jesus Christ His Son and the Holy Spirit a lost world; (2) I was conscious that the Holy had an interest in men rather than in money.

Spirit gave the power to carry that message wher- One of the besetting sins of the ministry is the ever God might lead. preaching "for filthy lucre's sake" and that ap- Some Practical Results proach incidentally has driven many a soul away from the church. To our shame be it said that Does it work? I shall speak only of my present some churches and pastors seek to obtain as much church. Picture, five years ago, a medium sized as they can from the flock instead of showing how frame church of rather nondescript architecture; much of Christ and blessing they can bring to a hopelessly out of date even when it was con- community.

structed forty-four years ago; situated in the East My one aim was to preach Christ-a living, lov- End of Cincinnati, on a business thoroughfare. ing, saving, interested Christ; One who came On the south within three squares is the Ohio from Heaven to lay down His blessed life on the River; on the east six squareS away. is the air- cross of Calvary that men might live and experi- port; and on the north two squares away is Alms ence life more abundantly. We preach a Christ Park. Parks and rivers and airports are tre- who has a program wonderful enough to challenge mendously unproductive things in building either not only preachers but doctors, lawyers, teachers.

a church or a missionary program. To the west business men, kings and emperors, or what have lies the great city with its many churches and you. Real religion is not a mere form, not sub- movements. In our narrow neck of land are four scribing to a creed, not membership in a church, other churches, one of which is of my own denom- not just a moral life; but the Christian religion ination, to shepherd a small number of people of is a love affair with God as our Father and with the respectable working class, with the usual pro- Jesus Christ, His Son, the "lover of our souls."

portion of professionals, clerks and business men. Our people began to see that they must be "born We have no wealthy people and the years 1929- from above," saved and cleansed; then they could 1934 hit us hard. be empowered – made new creatures in Christ Now another picture: this time a struggling Jesus. Many prominent preachers have openly little congregation of about twenty-five active stated that in our day this sort of preaching is out members and sixty-one communicants; finances of date and ineffective. Let us have done with almost at a standstill; members pulling out to go such foolishness. Jesus Christ called and or- elsewhere; building in a tragically bad state of dained us to preach what He told us-not to pro- repair. Naturally the people were utterly discour- claim our own opinions or the products of imagina- aged. The only services held in this church were tions. "Ye bear witness of me," said He. That church school followed by church service each little flock in Cincinnati began to believe that if Sunday morning. Missionary offerings totaled they would fall in love with Jesus, take Him into only $105 a year. Worse than this there was no their lives and surrender themselves to Him, all mIssIOnary VISlon. There was no sign of life other needful things would be added unto them.

either within the church or in its outside interests. Then He could have their money, time, talents, Plans were under way to give the church prop- interests, or anything they might have, and He erty to the Y. M. C. A., which had already received would supply all their need.

the neighboring church property of another de- The important question is-does it work? What nomination, once prosperous. has happened?

A discouraging picture,· you say. Very! No The first noticeable result was an increased in- one who has not had such an experience can feel terest in all departments an.d work of the church.

the heartache which this sort of situation brings. Attendance in church school increased one .hun- It makes one more sympathetic toward men who dred per cent and in Sunday morning worship one have preceded us, Gideon for instance, who wept thousand per cent. Sunday evening services of because God's cause languished in the land. But, an informal evangelistic type, began four years thank God, there is a better and brighter picture. ago and now the average attendance is close t9 How could the. discouraging situation be four hundred. The. old parsonage, next door. to changed? No man is sufficient for such a task; the church, has been taken as an annex for the and all the glory must go to Him who said "call enlarged program, and a better parsonage was

TO PASTORS-"BEGINNING AT JERUSALEM" 2'1

secured on a fine residential street. The schedule, But the best part of the whole story, like the which at one time consisted only of the church good wine at Cana of Galilee, is left to the last. school and Sunday morning service, now includes All of this has been accomplished without special two regular Bible studies, class meeting, teacher's pleas or financial canvasses. Money is seldom training class, personal worker's class, and other mentioned in our church. I refuse to preach about activities. One noticeable feature is the number it. This whole program is a spontaneous response of young people in all the activities and services- from our people, who bring not only the tithe but another body blow to those who say young people the free-will offerings also to God's storehouse bewill not accept the Gospel. cause they nave come to appreciate God's unspeak- able gift – His only-begotten Son. "Love never And now what about the missionary attitude faileth" and having found Him and fallen in love and missionary gifts of the church? Here are the with Him they have His passion that others who figures for the years 1930-1934 inclusive-$105.00, sit in gross darkness in regions beyond may come $463.00, $657.00, $1,006.00, $2,082.00, and pledges to know and love Him. This does not seem to for 1935 already amount to $2,750. These figures them a strange thing but the natural thing to do. represent only the actual gifts to missionary work We look "unto Him who is able to do exceedingly in home and foreign lands. They do not include abundantly above all that we can ask or think." the large amounts expended on relief and social He abideth faithful. God has promised and will service work in our own community. The pastor's perform: "Them that honor me I will honor." salary has also been increased fifty per cent and Yes, the proclamation of the Gospel of Christ and several thousands of dollars have been expended a passion to make Him known to others is a proin repairs and improvements on the church prop- gram that succeeds in building a missionaryerty. Plans are under way for further extensive minded Church even in depression years. changes.

To Pastors-"Beginning at Jerusalem"

I II~- -o!§{ By WILLIAM A. RICH, Lawrence, Massachusetts A YOUNG friend of mine, who as a grammar were appreciative and responsive, and my joy was school boy, graduated while he was actually heightened greatly by their own simple profession two years behind in his requirements. A of faith in Christ, after their youngsters had at- friendly principal "saw to it" that he "got by." tended a few weeks, and had brought home mes- He has taken physics and chemistry in an evening sages from their consecrated teachers.

school, without the necessary foundation or be- Seeing a greater field wherein I might serve sev- ginnings, and has had to abruptly abandon his eral churches, as well as the groups to whom the further education. He intended to become a me- Gospel was made available, I made my plan known chanical engineer. Chances are he will be only a to several pastors. One at once grasped the idea laborer. and asked his Young People's Society to choose a Is there not a spiritual parallel which most so- young man to help distribute Christian literatur~ called religious educational programs fail to recog- on Sunday afternoons. This youth, in his second nize? How can a dead person receive instruction year of high school, was a stranger to me, but w~ or training? In religious education, to have value came quickly to understand each other and for al- of abiding and fruit-bearing qualities, a new birth most a year and a half we went once a month to must be experienced before one is prepared to re- the homes and institutions, confessing our faith ceive even the best seed. in Christ, handing out suitable literature and not In 1921, I began at my "Jerusalem""":':"which is forgetting children's needs for good stories. This my home city-by simple personal efforts to reacll youth made a full surrender, dedicating his life to several language groups living near my church, the Christian ministry and is now preparing for whose children were spiritually neglected. In his chosen calling. , about three weeks with the help of a cooperative Another pastor found a promising young mart teacher, I had the pleasure of seeing thirty-five who occupied a responsible position and seemed children enroll as regular attendants. Parents settled for his life's ambitions. After some1llOnths

cooperating with me, God spoke. He gave up his sensible, sober-thinking youth whose aspirations fine prospects in commercial life and is now in are heavenward, who in the depths of their hearts college preparing for the Gospel ministry. desire honestly to take their part in building the Two more have indicated their desire, as soon Kingdom whose values are not measured in terms as finances permit, to go to school with the view of worldly pleasure.

of engaging in Christian life work. Religious edu- In his young manhood the great evangelist, cation that omits personal evangelism in practice Dwight L. Moody, was a stranger in a city "at Jerusalem"-where we live-is a .poor substi- church. After becoming a regular attendant he tute for the Holy Spirit's enduement. Most decided to hire a whole pew and make an effort to churches have no aspirants among their youth for fill every seat in the pew. He succeeded and sev- Christian service higher than money-raising ef- eral of his guests became regular in their attend- forts. The secularization of youth's church ac- ance. A committee, yes, or an individual, with- tivities is nothing less than an abomination in out appointment by any society, can successfully many places. We would express horror if a par- undertake a similar venture almost anywhere.

ent insisted upon the amputation of a child's arm Initiative is not given to all young or old but where because of flabby muscles when the physician says spirit is low, let pastor or church officer suggest that all the child needs is proper nourishment and a move of such nature, even if team work and exercise. If the pastor or church would promote competition of teams may be involved.

missions, let not "Jerusalem" – the home field A class in personal evangelism conducted weekly where we live-be overlooked. As a self-appointed at the parsonage or in homes of some of the mem- recruiting committee, I decided to use my ordinary bers may teach how to win souls by putting into opportunities to bring one family a week into con- practice what they learn from the lives of eminent tact with my church. In six weeks five families soul-winners. But here, as in other lines, we shall responded. These all lived in the district where I have to use our own, not another's, talents as lived, and where my church was located. God's spirit shall inspire and direct. If your Since my voluntary activities from the early church would produce a group of soul-winners, its days of my Christian experience have put me youth must have more secure foundations.

under further obligation, because of the joys I There are wonderful opportunities for Gospel must share or lose, I must in all earnestness ap- tract distribution. One inexpensive slip of print peal to pastors and church officers to raise the was used for the salvation of an Italian acquaint- standard of service which you are calling upon ance in my home city. He then sent the message youth to render. No organization can do more for to his brother in the homeland, and later recited youth than the church. In many places young with great joy the message from the absent people see nothing in the challenge which the brother whose heart was warmed when he yielded Church offers. The Church caters too much to to the same Christ. Tracts in many languages the whims and fancies and thrills Which unregen- will be sent for postage if desired languages are erate youth are ambitious to grasp. This insults specified.

SOME PECULIARITIES OF SOUTH AMERICA Winter comes in at the time of the North American summer and autumn comes in April and May. The north wind is hot and the south wind is cold.

In many cities hovels crowd on palaces, and costly motor cars jostle donkeys and choke narrow streets.

Natives speak their own language with a foreign accent, and people and plants seem like strange transplanted things that have taken on queer forms in the new soil. Blue eyes are set in swarthy faces, fat, fair features flash brilliant tropic smiles; shining black orbs peer out of rosy fair complexions.

Exiled oak trees in Argentina and Chile, in despair at the topsy-turvy seasons, put out buds on one side while on the other their leaves turn brown and shudder in an antarctic gale.

Straw hats are often worn with thick fur coats; houses may be floored with marble, while streets are paved with wood. .

The mixture of races has practically obliterated the color line.

Indian or African blood do not stand in the way of intermarriage or of social and polit- ical ambitions.

of the Gospel in Latin

By BISHOP GEORGE A. MILLER, Balboa Methodist Episcopal Church C HRISTIAN missions in most Latin Amer- a once-a-month visit from a native pastor. This ican countries are entering upon a new seems commonplace enough. But wait! The epoch of great significance. The early days rough dances have ceased. Dishonesty has greatof missionary occupation are finished. In places ly abated, and any member of the church who where there were a dozen or two of missionaries secretly has one wife too many is condemned. A one or two or five now remain. The fruits of our new moral standard of decency has been set up planting and planning and praying are now vis- for the whole region. That country district can ible, trained natives are in practically all admin- never be the same again, but you cannot tell istrative positions, and are doing well. things like that in statistics.

Twenty years ago the idea still prevailed among There is a mission farm of nearly 4,000 acres, missionary secretaries that "The educational ap- where an agricultural school, an experimental sta- proach is most effective in Latin America." Ev- tion, a varied farm production, a series of primary angelical schools have done well, though too often schools, a good church, four Sunday schools, a they have tended chiefly toward good educational night school, a Men's Club and Women's Society, output with a high moral content and "good Eng- a social hall and organized athletic program min- lish," that open sesame everywhere. Today the ister to the 300 resident working people of the work of the organized churches, with emphasis farm and five hundred more in the district. One on effective religious education, is increasingly can get a few statistics out of this case, such as influential and these churches are coming to larg- the marriage one Sunday of 19 couples when most er measure of self-support and missionary activ- of them brought their big children as witnesses.

ity. Children are growing up and they are giving We can record the conversion of more than half a good account of themselves. of the people on the farm, the setting of new Latin American missions have always been at standards in athletic sports for the young men a disadvantage in comparison with other fields and women, the preparation of expert agricultural where the peoples are in strong contrasts with the leaders in the technical secondary school, the pro- homeland in dress, customs, religion and manner duction of new and better crops, and leadership of life. Most South Americans dress and live as in neighborhood improvement enterprises. And we do and many possess a culture and charm that so the list might grow, including sanitation and put some of us to shame. the improved housing of the people under more The results of missions in Latin America have decent living conditions.

not usually offered first page publicity material There are plenty of spectacular instances that because of the normality of what is being done. make capital stories. I know of three men, sepa- The more spectacular a story, the sooner it must rated by at least 1,500 miles, in three directions be marketed and consumed before it becomes who have each gone out without support of any stale. The permanent, climate-changing work of kind and have won converts and founded churches the evangelical movement, both in Christian edu- as apostolically as anything described in the Acts.

cation and in evangelism, do not show in any form But these are not the most significant things that of statistics yet invented. I know a neighborhood are happening. All over these lands a new moral in a lovely valley, where ten years ago no mis- tone is evident. The Roman Church is improving sionary had ever been. Concubinage was general its methods and slowly cleaning up its morals.

and respectable. Neighborhood dances were New standards of domestic decency, commercial drunken orgies. Dishonesty was prevalent. Then morality, educational open-mindedness and indus- one man came into possession of a Bible. He read trial justice are being established by the steady it through, gathered up a little money and made a and unspectaCUlar release of spiritual life and the week's journey to get more light. Then he re- unanswerable evidence of changed men and wom- turned to do what he could for his family and en who were once morally blind but now see. Re- neighbors. Work thus begun has gone on there newed life carries its own credentials, becomes until now there is a small home-built chapel, and self-extending and registers in remote regions [29 ]

where no records are kept and publicity stories Evangelical missions have also had a vast influare not published. ence in promoting better understanding between the Americans of the North and South. No other The investment by the churches of North interpreter has so sympathetically understood the America of men and money in Latin America has best in each nor so helpfully worked toward the been small in comparison with that sent to other elimination of race prejudice and that antipathy lands, but the returns have been out of all pro- that grows out of ignorance. We need missionary portion to the life and dollars used in the work. specialists, not merely in education, leadership What might have been accomplished had a really training and other technical activities, but also adequate staff of workers and support been sup- in the promotion of good will among men. We plied to, these American republics, where the same need a few well-equipped schools for the training tides of new-world life flow as those that wash of national leaders, and those schools must be our own social shores! thoroughly and unblushingly Christian. We need especially the continued help of Christians in One of the most transforming results of evan- North America in the confident faith that if reagelical missions is the widespread movement sonable missionary help can be continued for a few among the women. In nearly all denominations, years more, these vigorous young churches will the women have been organized, under one name stand on their own feet, and as one of their leador another, into what usually comes to a combina- ers has said, will "take our share in the evantion of Ladies' Aid Society, Women's Study Club gelizing of the rest of the world, alongside of our and Missionary Society. The results have trans- brothers in North America." formed most of the churches and the lives of thousands of women have been uplifted.

Social and Religious Problems in Chile I -e{ 'By PEDRO ZOTTELE, Santiago, Chile I)ie- SOUTH AMERICA is again becoming a battle- that the sword has not been efficient in solving field. Each country is shaken by strong the pending problems. Other methods must be waves of restlessness – extreme nationalism sought. Will these countries look for peaceful and agitation for social-economic welfare. The methods or will they again resort to violence? governments are facing grave problems. As a general rule, their administrative programs do not The world-wide economic depression has been recognize the confused but genuine aspirations of disastrous for most of these countries. They are the masses. Their programs reflect only the in- suffering from a depreciated currency; salaries terests of the classes which have dominated the have not been increased in spite of the fact that organized national life for nearly a century. prices have gone up; the cost of food and the housing are the nightmare of the masses desirous Armed revolutions have taken place in most of of economic progress. Pauperism is worse in the countries in South America to establish the those countries most highly industrialized, where rights of those deprived of earthly benefits. production has been according to the old concep- "What interests us in these commotions," says tions of economy, and where over-production, the review America (published in Quito), "is not under-consumption and unfavorable exportations what general may have been executed by the have created the unavoidable problem of unemorders of some other general, but what is the des- ployment. tiny of the cane-cutter in Cuba, the coffee-planter in Brazil, the peon on the Argentine'stock farm, Poverty has been a means of increasing sickthe miner in Peru, the grape-cultivator in Chile; nesses due to under-nutrition, lack of hygiene and in a word, what interests us is the destiny of the poor housing. Plague, in Chile, in the last two proletariat." years, has caused the death of over eight thou- sand persons, while tuberculosis has attacked al- But, after ten years, most of the countries which ready over two hundred thousand persons, givexperienced such commotions are in the same ing this country the world's record! condition as before, or even worse. There is still political corruption, economic suffering and very It is true that most of the countries in South marked social divisions. It has been discovered America have written in their constitutions that education is the primary responsibility of the

SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS IN CHILE

State. Nevertheless, there is a very slow prog- 400 years has not been beneficial to the oppressed ress in the eradication of ignorance, because the peoples. It has been presented as an ecclesiastical, budgets for education receive secondary atten- ritualistic and legalistic system. It has always tion. The first place is always accorded to the supported the status quo. It has fed the people military defense of the nation and the adminis- with "other-worldly" aspirations only and has trative budget. Teachers are poorly paid and made it emphatic that religion is very essential they become enemies of the educational authori- for dying well. For the poor, it has this, renunties and of the State which treats them unfavor- ciation; for the well-to-do, indifference. The· ably. The wave of discontentment against the dominant church (Roman Catholic) has been government is thus being fostered by teachers silent when the poor and oppressed have adand students. Child labor is abolished in letter dressed her for help. They have found her albut not in actual practice; economic ills have ways ·on the side of the dominant powers and conobliged thousands of students to go to work so stantly in opposition to their most cherished that culture has been clipped. The problem of the ideals. campesino, or the worker in the agricultural sections, is desperate. The inquilinos are real slaves When, in the Congress of one South American of the farm owners. They receive no instruction; country, legislation was proposed making primary their houses are very primitive, and poorly venti- education obligatory the representatives of the lated. In Chile, an agricultural country, where Roman Catholic political party fought against it. about one million people depend directly on the One of them declared in Congress: "We are land, many workers receive a daily wage of only against this law, because we are against rebellion. ten cents gold, plus a plate of beans and a hard Education of the peon simply means that we would piece of bread. be contributing to the rebellion of the workers." The Catholic Church remained silent! Alcoholism exerts one of the most pernicious influences in these republics. Created interests The same can be said regarding the fight against have always ignored the aims and demands con- liquor. The forces of the dominant church have nected with the salvation of the race. The river been against control of this deadly foe of human of alcohol has been given free license; public bars lives. In some countries the producers of the are popular; the fact that the 18th Amendment strongest wines are members of that church. was defeated in the United States has made it difficult to impress public opinion in favor of es- The present energetic battle for a more social tablishing dry zones. In Chile, a few years ago, order find that church in open opposition to the there was a very strong movement in favor of masses which compose the majority of the popsuch zones but the Minister of Finance fought it ulation. The laboring classes see in the Church on the ground that the country needed the revenue the symbol of opposition to all which involves sofrom the alcoholic traffic. He secured a wider cial and economic welfare. After years of struglicense for liquor and declared officially that beer gle the labor leaders and their followers have deis not alcoholic. Officially, beer contains no al- cided that the liberation from their shackles lies cohol, but the people get drunk on it. Strong in their own hands. drink is very productive of venereal diseases and in Chile medical statistics report nearly a million The Evangelical Church has been helping forpeople suffering from these diseases. ward every reform tending to the welfare of the people. This has been more true in recent years Communism has entered South Amer:ica as a when the Evangelical movement has sought to "new gospel." It promises a time when all eco- solve the urgent problems of the hour. There renomic, social and educational ills will disappear mains a great deal to be done and the grave quesand so has attracted the attention of the masses tion is this: How far will the Evangelical Church who are neglected by the established governments. cooperate in endeavoring to transform the pres- Communism has won many sections by the affir- ent structure of society? mation that in curing the economic ills all the others will be cured. Communism offers salva- The interpretation of the principles of Christ tion here and now with the result that the masses must be applied to the.social as well as to the inof the underfed, u n e m plo ye d and sickness- dividual life. The more youthful Evangelical stricken, exhausted by prolonged suffering, em- preachers and lay leaders consider that the Gosbrace the new social and economic movements. It pel of Jesus Christ contains the happy solution seems that their whole attention is set upon ma- for all the critical social, economic, national and terial interests. spiritual problems which the countries of South America are facing. It must be remembered that the prevailing type of religion preached on this continent for nearly With that faith in the heart, the Gospel of Christ is being introduced into the heart of the great masses which have wandered as sheep without a shepherd.

Evangelization of

By PROF. JOHN C. GRANBERY -t&f Formerly of Brazil,. Now Professor in Southwestern University, . – Georgetown, Texas N o SUBJECT is discussed in Protestant Bahia until 1881. Now Baptists have 427 churches circles in Brazil as much as evangelization. with 34,358 members, every State being occupied.

The Bishop of the Methodist Church in The Protestant Episcopal Church which began Brazil, the first Brazilian Bishop ever elected by work in 1890 now has 32 churches, all in the south any Protestant Church, Cesar Dacorso Filho, except one in the Amazon Valley, with 3,430 hastened to give evangelism the first place on his members.

program. Sermons, addresses, and articles in the The Salvation Army entered Brazil in 1922. religious papers declare that evangelization is the The Assemblies of God, largely under Swedish Church's first and most important duty. And yet missionaries, are represented especially in northhow seldom the subject is comprehensively ern Brazil. The Seventh-Day Adventists are in treated! Often there are generalizations and the center and the southern part of the country. platitudes, or some one aspect only of the subject Anglican and German churches are not strictly is considered. missionary agencies working among Brazilians in This phase of mission work is given its rightful Portuguese. place in "The Republic of Brazil: A Survey of A map giving the distribution of Evangelical the Religious Situation," by Erasmo Braga and churches in 1930 indicates that every State is rep- Kenneth G. Grubb, published by the World Do- resented, centers of population being followed.

minion Press in 1932. There are included very There are 1,358 churches with 135,390 members. valuable maps and carefully compiled statistics. Anglican, German Evangelical, Lutheran, and Any study of the subject must be made with a Oriental communions are not included in these knowledge of the history of Protestant missions figures. Including the Independent Presbyterians, and with a map of Brazil. who have never had financial dependence upon a It is nearly one hundred years since Protestant foreign board, the most numerous body is the missionary work was begun in Brazil. The Meth- Presbyterian, with 45,550 members. Then come odist Episcopal Church sent the Rev. Fountain E. the Baptists, who, both in and out of the "Conven- Pitts to Rio de Janeiro in 1835 to look the ground tion," number 41,190 members. Braga and Grubb over, and after he had made a favorable report, estimate that "the Christian community, reprethe Rev. R. Justin Spaulding was sent to open the sented by the Evangelical churches, is in excess of work in 1836. He was reenforced by three others. 400,000." Elsewhere in their book they claim that This work was suspended at the close of 1841, with Anglicans, Germans, and inquirers, the but was resumed in 1876 by the Rev. J. J. Ransom. Protestant constituency amounts to about a mil- Today the Methodist Episcopal Church in Brazil lion, or one to forty~one of the population. is credited with 15,480 members and 122 churches. No single church or group of churches seems to In 1855, Dr. Robert Reid KaIley, Scottish phy- have a well-considered, systematic plan for the sician, landed in Rio, and in 1858 organized a evangelization of all Brazil. The Presbyterians Congregational church looking to no foreign board are working toward a definite policy. Erasmo for help. There are 31 of these churches, on or Braga said that the occupation of gaps and of the near the coast, with 3,430 members. vast hinterland is at present "a missionary and Ashbel Green Simonton, of the Presbyterian not a national task," by which he meant that the Church, came to Rio in 1859, and in 1862 the first work must- be done by foreign missionaries and Presbyterian church in Rio was organized. To- not by the Brazilian national churches. Certain day there are 251 churches, fairly well distributed it is that on the present lines the national churches over Brazil, with 32,622 members. are incapable of the task. Even if they should In 1859 the Baptists sent a minister to look get together, as there is now a disposition to do, things over, but as he was not favorably im- removing overlapping and friction, merging conpressed. Real missionary work did not begin in gregations, and dividing the field, there is yet no [32 ] indication that the Evangelical forces on the field Friends or Heralds of Jesus, who would go forth, are ready to undertake seriously and systemati- possibly in New Testament style two and tW.o, cally the evangelization of the whole country. living by the h.ospitality of the communities vis- Equally remote is the likelihood that the Foreign ited, teaching school, or by other employment, in MissiDn Boards of North America, either singly the spirit of the New Testament Christians, of or together, will take over the job. The northern the preaching orders of the later Middle Ages, Presbyterians appear to be giving the matter the and .of the pioneer Methodists of the United most serious consideration. States. This venture calls for a breadth of vi- sion and depth of consecration. There seem two possibilities: First, an awaken- ing of greater interest in the United States. If, One fundamental question in this connection then, the evangelization of Brazil is to be seriously has not yet been considered and is practically enterprised, let the foreign missionary withdraw ignored in discussions, namely, the meaning of from the areas already occupied, except fDr spe- evangelization. In many places only one class of cial, educatiDnal, and institutional work, leaving people has been reached; organized labor, the that field to the national churches. All the efforts upper middle classes, the academic element and of the missionary will then be directed toward the the so-called "intellectuals" have hardly been areas still unevangelized. In any case, this seems touched. Comparison in numbers with some past period is often made, but certain factDrs are over- toO me desirable. A sentiment .of intense natiDnal- looked. The population of Brazil one hundred years ago, when missi.onary work was begun, was ism has seized the Brazilian people, who have so probably not over seven or eight millions; today long been considered exceptionally hospitable to there are forty-two millions. Still more signifi- the foreigner. Fortunately all the large denom- cant is the growing complexity .of the situation. inational groups have been nationalized, and they Then there were no CDmmunists and Fascists. are capable .of running themselves at least as well To mean anything evangelization must now ap- as anybody else. The existence side by side of a proximate something like what Kagawa means f.oreign missionary on an ample salary in Amer- by the Kingdom of God movement. Neither mis- ican dollars, and the poorly paid Brazilian sionaries nor Brazilian Evangelicals have been preacher, is unwholesome. In my judgment, the willing, to any considerable extent, to face the . time has come when the FDreign Mission Boards facts of our modern world, and give hospitality should withdraw financial subsidies from these to these larger conceptions. independent Brazilian churches. . From the beginning one of the most powerful The second possibility is s.o remote that I hesi- agencies of evangelization has been the work of tate to mention it. The national churches have the Bible Societies. The statistics of the churches not the resources to send out well-equipped and were for the year 1930, and only relatively repre- well-paid workers to evangelize their people. But sent the present situation. Another fact of prime should there come to them a vision, a baptism of importance is that there are a few young Brazilian fire, a spirit of evangelical devoti.on, the forces Evangelicals who are alive to the situation and already on the field could accomplish the evan- eager to do something about it. At present they gelization of the country. The converted priest are somewhat appalled by the enormity of the Jose Man.oel da C.onceigao, .ordained a Presby- task, and paralyzed by the seemingly impenetrable terian minister in 1865, went out with Bible and wall of conservatism that confronts them; but medicine chest but without money, proclaiming they may yet surmount all difficulties and take the the gDod news. He was stoned and beaten and leadership in a forward march. after 'seven years, died .on Christmas Day, 1873. I have suggested the formati.on of a group .of the A GREAT MISSIONARY'S AMBITION William Carey listed the following guiding points for himself and his colleagues in the missionary enterprise: 1. To set an infinite value on human souls. 2. To abstain from whatever deepens India's prejudice against the Gospel. 3. To watch for every chance of doing good to the people. 4. To preach Christ as the means of conversions. 5. To esteem and treat Indians always as our equals. 6. To guard and build up the "hosts that may be gathered." 7. To labor incessantly in Biblical translation. 8. To be instant in the nurture of personal religion. 9. To give ourselves without reserve to the cause, not counting even the clothes we wear our own.

Evangelism in

By FRANK RAWLINSON, D.D., Shanghai, China Editor of "The Chinese Recorder"

"COOPERATIVE Evangelism" was the key- able to. SUPPo.rt a pastor and woman wo.rker. Such note of the Natio.nal Christian Co.uncilof workers should have at least a middle school edu- China at its spring meeting. This Coun- cation before taking special ministerial training. cil represents Evangelical Christians in fourteen One important feature of the wo.rk will be the provinces, representing fourteen church bodies, training and supervision of lay wDrkers, who. are and nine natio.nal organizations which include to be trained under village cDnditions. There about fifty-eight per cent of the PrDtestants in must be closer cooperation between theological China. Miss Wu Yi-fang, President of Ginling seminaries and churches. These centripetal mDves Women's College, Nanking, is chairman of the help to put more creative thinkers into Christian Council. service.

For over a quarter of a century certain natiDnal Rural reconstruction is one Df the movements Christian organizations have had a centrifugal in China which tends to compete with the church tendency. Recently a centripetal tendency has for its leadership. Mr. Fu-liang Chang, Rural taken its place. The China Christian Educational Secretary of the China Christian CDuncil, has re- Association and the Council on Medical Missions signed to devote his time to. rural rehabilitation of the Chinese Medical Association are now com- in Kiangsi under the NatiDnal Economic Council.· missions of the National Christian Council, re- Through .the last twenty-two years Christian taining their autonomy, at least for the present, cooperation in China has moved forward in while their staffs confer and their budgets are set strength and scope of program, but the Protestant up conjointly. Such a realignment of the Chris- movement tends to move in two. sections. The tian forces comes from a changed Christian atti- centripetal cooperative move hopes to bring them tude. Moving in the same centripetal direction closer together and find a program that will ap- the Council also appointed a "Commission on the peal to youth and open up to the organized its Life and Work of the Churches," to. be composed rightful place in the building of the new China. mainly of church administrators who will seek to There has also. been growth in the Christian co- tap more fully the thinking of the churches so as operative purpose in China. Before the Shanghai more effectively to influence the cooperative work Missionary CDnference of 1907 cooperation was of the Council. functional and resulted in the production of the The organized church is at present the weakest Bible in Chinese and in commentaries, and other part of the Christian Movement in China. During specific pieces of work. At that Conference the the last twenty-two years hospitals have gone for- cooperative purpose of the church took two forms: ward and Christian schools have largely increased denominational integration and regional councils their enrollment but during the same period the with doctrinal as well as functional bonds. The number of those preparing for the ministry has first went forward; the second expired. The decreased 31.2 per. cent. The appeal of the China Continuation Committee was organized on churches to youth-especially educated youth- the functional basis with tacit agreement on a has weakened. Without new blood the future of "zone of common ideas" (never formulated), and the organized church is imperiled. The Council toleration of doctrinal differences which were did not recommend at present any new youth or- more and more excluded from cooperative discusganization but decided to approach the youth sion. The National Christian Council has gone problem cooperatively through a "National Con- forward on this basis and in its present planning sultation of their representatives." One great dif- the major emphasis heads up in a cooperative ficulty is that of providing Christian leadership evangelism which aims to meet the needs of the for rural churches.. Groups of viIIagechurches- who.le of life… There is. tpday a greater oppor- each village is to have its own fellowship-should tunity than ever before to. lead the Christian be organized into. parishes of abo.ut three hundred, forces fo.rward in society-wide evangelism.

[34 ]

SIGN OF EVANGELICAL PROGRESS IN THE PHILIPPINES; SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY AT

The Pageant of the Philippines By the REV. CHARLES R. HAMILTON, D.D., -ot§f Manila, P. I;, 1907- President of the Union Theological Seminary, Manila THESE are days pregnant with great possi- erns the status of the masses. The people have bilities for the Philippine Islands. A people no important political rights. There is no unify- of fourteen millions have just entered upon a ing tongue but a large number of dialects so difnew period with the inauguration of the Common- ferent that they amount to separate languages.

wealth. The history leading up to this point may Spanish is spoken by only a very small percentage be divided into stages which can be envisioned as of the people, the official and wealthy classes.

the progress of a pageant, in five acts. Scarcely any highways exist for social and com- I. The curtain rises on May 1, 1898. At the mercial convenience and there are only seventy- rear of the stage there is a dim light. It repre- five miles of railway. There is no religious free- sents the Spanish period from 1565 to 1898. The dom. It is a crime to own or read the Bible. The conditions in that half light are seen as character- 'Roman Catholic friars dictate the policy both of ized by ignorance, with no system of public schools Church and State. On September 30, 1896, Jose for the children beyond those where the RomanB.izal, the greatest of the Filipinos, said by many Catholic catechism and prayers have the largest historians to have been the greatest of the Malay emphasis and where the attendance is extremely race, is led out to the field of Bagumbayam, Ma- meagre. Superstition holds the people in its grip. 'nila, and shot to death by the firing squad, the Pestilence and plague hover over the Islands.. Eco- work of the government directed by the unseen nomic oppression prevails.. A social serfdomgov- hand of the Church. Rizal's novels, "Noli Me [35 ]

Tangere" and "EI Filibusterismo," picture the sit- Hon. William H. Taft, Secretary of War under uation of that day. President Theodore Roosevelt, has arrived to rep- May 1, 1898, shows the Spanish fleet in Cavite resent the United States Government in this im- harbor in Manila Bay, with Commodore George portant function. With him on the good ship Dewey leading the Asiatic battle fleet of ,the "Minnesota" traveled three young married cou- United States navy – an episode in the Spanish ples, just appointed as missionaries by the Presby- American War. The engagement is brief, but de- terian Board – Dr. and Mrs. Robert Carter, Dr.

cisive. The Spanish ships are afire and the sailors and Mrs. George W. Dunlap, and the writer and dying, while for the American force, the victory his wife. Dr. Carter gave seven years of splendid is almost bloodless. The American flag is raised medical service and died in 1919. Dr. and Mrs.

over this Far Eastern' archipelago to become the Dunlap, after doing an outstanding work among new symbol of sovereignty. the students during twenty-seven and a half years, II. The curtain rises again four years later- have retired from the service. The writer and his wife gave twenty-ope years of service in Laguna on July 4, 1902. President Theodore Roosevelt Province, Mrs. Hamilton in medical work and the has just proclaimed at an end the Filipino insur- writer in evangelistic service, then two years in rection against American arms. Through mis- educational work as Acting President of Silliman understanding between General Emilio Aguinaldo Institute, now Silliman University, in Dumaguete and United States representatives, the former pro- and since then as President of Union Theological claimed an independent Filipino Republic and de- Seminary in Manila. fied the authority of the American Government, hostilities having broken out between the insur- The scene shows the people of the Philippines gents and the American troops in the early part gradually led along in the paths of citizenship, of 1899 and continuing for two years under electing their Mayors and Town Councils, and two Aguinaldo. His capture broke the backbone of of the officials of their Provincial Boards. The the rebellion, but in various localities the insur- establishment of the various departments of a gents kept up the fight a year longer during which civil government directly touch the life of the peo- time the civil government with William H. Taft, ple. Public schools have been established on a as the first civil governor, exercised control over scale covering the Archipelago. Hundreds of the provinces where civil government had been American school teachers are in service. The Bu- established. The military governor continued in reau of Public Works has built numerous high- charge of the remaining provinces until they were ways in practically all of the provinces and has duly organized and transferred to civil control. dug artesian wells to supply water for the people.

This scene shows not only government officials The Public Health Service has grappled cour- from America coming to take part in the new de- ageously, and with a large measure of success, velopments, but a group of missionaries led by with disease epidemics such as smallpox, cholera Dr. and Mrs. James B. Rodgers, the first duly ap- and plague.

pointed missionaries of any evangelical church to It is a great day when the members of the first the Philippines. They were transferred from Philippine Assembly, chosen by the electorate of Brazil after eight years of service there by the their country, come together, conscious that they Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. The have been charged with the responsibility of mak- stream of missionaries becomes a river flowing in ing laws for their people. They go seriously about with the personnel and equipment of the larger their tasks. Men who later become outstanding evangelical bodies of American churches – Pres- political leaders are in that first Assembly. Its byterian, Methodist, Congregational, Baptist, first speaker is a young man from Cebu, the Hon.

United Brethren, Disciples, Protestant Episcopal, Sergio Osmena. The Assembly chooses as the first Christian Missionary Alliance – the beginning of resident commissioner to Washington, the Hon.

a work which has coursed down through the years Manuel Quezon, who has risen step by step to of this epochal generation. In a true sense the political power, and is now the acknowledged mas- work of the American Government has also been ter of Philippine politics.

missionary in leading and training and developing IV. The curtain again rises in 1916. The the people for a higher type of political, social and scene is the inauguration of the Philippine Senate, economic living, while the missionaries of the the Upper House of the Philippine Legislature, Cross have gone on calling the people to life in taking the place of the Philippine Commission. Christ, establishing churches and· relating them In 1914, the writer sat in the gallery of the to world-wide Christendom. House of Representatives in Washington and lis- III. Again the curtain lifts-October 16, 1907. tened to Mr. Quezon discuss the Jones Bill provid- The inauguration of the first Philippine Assembly, ing for the establishment of the Philippine Senate the Lower House of the Philippine Legislature. as the next step in the extension of autonomy to

19836] THE PAGEANT OF THE PHILIPPINES

the Filipino people. While Mr. Quezon's English ization of the evangelical mISSSIIOons, assigned to was not as good as it is today, one was impressed each mission its particular territory and this prinwith his courage and ability in debate, even when ciple of division of territory has characterized the hectored by such eminent and veteran leaders as work of the missions and the churches ever since. Representative Mann of Massachusetts and others. The Jones Bill was passed by Congress and be- V. Now the curtain rises for the last time– came the organic law of the Islands, a further November 15, 1935. Over the radio waves comes step in the new era of political development. The the program of the most significant event that has scene shows Governor-General Francis Burton ever happened in the Philippines, the establish- Harrison, sent out by President Woodrow Wilson ment of the Philippine Commonwealth and the into speed up participation in the government by auguration of its first President, Hon. Manuel Filipinos and their investment with authority and Quezon and the Vice-President, Hon. Sergio O08sresponsibility as rapidly and widely as conditions mena, two able leaders who were elected twentywould allow. His regime covers the period of the eight years ago to that first Philippine Assembly, most extensive FiIlipinization of the government. the latter made the Speaker and the former hav- The manner and speed of bringing this about has ing been the first Resident Commissioner to Washbeen severely criticized, but it placed the Filipinos ington. The scene shows the Vice-President of in a much larger control of their own affairs than the United States, John N. Garner, the Secretary ever before. During this period we see the Filipinos taking positions as judges in the provincial Courts of First Instance, also filling four of the nine places on the bench of the Supreme Court.

Filipino teachers in the public schools increase in great numbers. Automobile highways continue to be widely extended. Many new miles of railroad are constructed. Health conditions improve. Dev- astating epidemics come under as complete con- trol as in the United States. The whole standard of living is raised. The demand for independence becomes stronger and louder.

During this period we see the evangelical churches growing in numbers and strength. The missions have established schools and hospitals throughout the Archipelago, which stretches 1,200 THE DIA BROTHERS-PRODUCTS OF E1VANGIDLICAL miles from north to south and 600 miles from east MISSION WORK to west, with a land area of 114 square miles, equal Leonardo (Th.B.), Leon (B.S.E .) and Severo (B.S.E.) to the area of New York State and the six New of War, George H. Dern, and forty-six American England States combined. These islands are esti- Congressmen and Senators representing the mated to be capable of supporting a population of United States Government at this inaugural cere- between sixty million and sixty-five million. The mony. They bear the congratulations and good Government Health Service has inaugurated hos- wishes of the President of the United States and pitals in most of the provinces, while the mission of the American people for a happy and success- hospitals not only minister to the body, but bring ful issue of the final autonomous step of the Philip- healing to the soul. The outstanding educational pine people preceding the establishment of the institution of higher learning, other than the Gov- Philippine Republic ten years hence, as the Inde- ernment University, is Silliman Institute, as it pendence Bill provides.

was called for thirty-four years, but is now Silli- Hardly any event in history is quite like this in man University, located at Dumaguete on the its significance.

Island of Negros. Its alumni have gone out to Since 1914 no less than ten special commissions every province and have taken places of trust and have been sent from the Philippines to Washing- responsibility in Government service, in commer- ton, knocking at the doors of Congress and ask- cial pursuits, in law, medicine, teaching, the min- ing for independence. At the first these Commis- istry and in other useful occupations. The Philip- sions were inclined to be peremptory and defiant.

pine Sunday School Union, later the Philippine In recent years they have become less caustic, Council of Christian Education, has been estab- more respectful and voicing their desires with exlished, and out of the Sunday schools orggaanniizzeedd. pressions of gratitude and appreciation for what in many barrios strong churches have grown. In America has done in the Philippines. The tenth the early days the Evangelical Union, an organ- Commission was headed by Mr. Quezon, then

President of the Philippine Senate, and was suc- and the former American Governor-General, Hon.

cessful in bringing about the passage of the Frank Murphy, has become the first American Tydings-McDuffie bill containing the plan for the High Commissioner to the Philippines. After the ten-year period of the Commonwealth, to be suc- continuance of the Commonwealth for ten years, ceeded by the Republic. This was signed on and the adoption of certain amendments by the March 24, 1934, by President Franklin D. Roose- Commonwealth Government, the Philippine Re- velt. Upon the return of the Quezon Commission public is to be ushered in in 1946 or 1947. Thus, to Manila on April 30th, the welcome given them after thirty-six years, the United States has ful- was the largest, most enthusiastic ever tendered filled her pledge, uttered at first by President Wil- such a group of returning political leaders on liam McKinley, that the United States was tak- Philippine shores. The address of Mr. Quezon was ing over the Philippines not to exploit, but to fit given in Tagalog and English on the Luneta in and train the people for self-government. AI- response to the program of welcome. He ex- though the action of Congress in passing the Inde- pressed the gratitude of the Filipinos to the United pendence measure was not motivated wholly by States and endeavored to impress upon the peo- altruism, but was influenced largely by the in- pIe in a sober, practical way, a sense of the great sistent demands of partisan industrial groups in responsibility about to be accepted by them and the United States, yet much of. the spirit that pre- the need of unity in spirit and effort. vailed in Congress looked mainly to the benefit of On the next day, May 1st, the thirty-sixth an- the Filipino people. There the action stands niversary of the Battle of Manila Bay, the Philip- taken before the whole world, as the one instance pine Legislature met in a special joint session to in history of a sovereign nation voluntarily grant- consider the approval of the Tydings-McDuffie In- ing freedom to its colonial possession. "The event dependence Act. It was the great privilege of the is in the hand of God."

writer to be present at that momentous hour in This brief outline of progress does not tell the Philippine history. President Quezon of the Sen- story of the gradual growth and development ate presided. As he brought down his gavel at the which has taken place in things which mean an appointed time, the Chamber became quiet and improved civilization. Probably in no country in expectant. It was a memorable moment. The the world has there been witnessed such strides resolution for the acceptance of the Tydings-Mc- in a like period of time as in the Philippines.

Duffie bill was read and an opportunity was given These improvements include a system of public for discussion, but there was no debate. The ques- school education from primary school to state uni- tion was passed by a unanimous vote. Mr. Quezon versity, with education absorbing 30 per cent of then delivered an address in English, dwelling on the national budget; a complete system of judi- the gravity of the occasion and the solemnity of ciary from Justice of the Peace to the Supreme the hour. He summoned the people and the legis- Court; a coordinating system of municipal, pro- lators to their best thought and highest endeavor vincial and national governments; an ever-ex- in working out the problems immediately before panding system of railroads and metalled high- them. Mr. Osmena addressed the Legislature in ways; a modern health and sanitation service; a Spanish in much the same vein. constantly improving water transportation; a A new era had begun. The formal relations of radio service including radio telephone giving in- the Filipino and American people had been stant communication with the world outside; an changed. Heretofore the Filipinos had entered efficient and up-to-date postal service; airways and traveled freely in the United States; from with regular schedule between chief cities and fur- now on the quota regulations governing the immi- nishing special transportation on occasion to all gration of foreigners are to be enforced for the parts of the Islands and the Trans-Pacific Clipper Philippines, with the quota fixed at fifty per Service from San Francisco via Honolulu, Mid- annum. A United States Vice-Consul has been way, Wake and Guam now in regular operation; : ppointed to superintend matters in connection industries such as sugar, coconut, tobacco, cordage with Filipino emigration to the United States. fiber and lumber, which, developed to an alleged The Rubicon had been crossed. A few weeks after dangerous point of competition in the United this memorable day, the delegates were elected to States markets with American domestic indus- the Constitutional Convention; that Convention, tries, have accelerated from the American .side after continuing in session for about six months, Philippine independence; a gold mining industry adopted a Constitution which was sent for ap- which, in actual production ranks fifth in the proval to the President of the United States. The United States gold producing areas, with two of document was then returned to the Philippines the largest producing mines in the world. These and was there approved in a plebiscite vote… The' are some of the marks of progress in this land of President of the Commonwealth is now in office, vast unexplored forest and mineral resources,

THE PAGEANT OF THE PHILIPPINES

THE UNION THElOLOGICAL SE'MINARY AT MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS healthful climate, unsurpassed beauty of scenery, response of the Filipino people. This fine coopand a happy, hospitable, forward-looking people. eration will, we hope, continue as the two peoples march down the corridors of time as independent This development has gone forward with an but friendly nations.

ever-increasing Philippine autonomy. Out of The best thing done for the Philippines by 7,000 or 8,000 in the public service at present, America, as often stated by Hon. Teodoro R. Yangco, merchant prince, the greatest Filipino there were a few months ago but a few hundred philanthropist, and former Resident Commis- Americans, those chiefly in the Bureau of Educa- sioner to Washington, was the giving of religious tion. Twenty-eight years ago there were 618 liberty and the open Bible. As a result an evan- American teachers in the public schools. Recently gelical Church of probably 200,000 communicants, there were only 188, with 27,769 Filipino teachers. with an equal number of adherents, is exercising In the higher positions of the Government only the its beneficent influence on the life of the people. Governor-General, Vice Governor-General, Insular SOme friends in the States have asked what effect Auditor, six out of eleven Judges of the Supreme Philippine independence would have on mission- Court, two Provincial Treasurers, and directors ary work and evangelical church activity. No of the Bureaus of Education, Public Works and particular effect is expected. The missionary and Forestry, were until the inauguration of the Com- church work will go on without change, though monwealth, Americans. At present these, as well the majority of the people are still Roman Cathas all other high government officials, heads of de- olic. 'Many of these are liberal-minded and many partments and bureaus, and a vast majority of the are affiliated with no church. On the whole the personnel, are in the process of becoming wholly temper of the Filipino people is to hold fast to the Filipino. The goal of complete FiIipinization of principles of religious liberty and to oppose anypublic service will be reached within a short time, thing that might look toward the union of Church certainly within the Commonwealth period. The and State, or that suggests control of the State by record of this development and the' part in it the Church. which the United States has played are things of which the American people may well be proud. There are today about 150 evangelical'mission- Politically and economically the United States has aries in the Islands. The original hope of, those endeavored to deal fairly, by her ward. The re- who organized the Evangelical Union in thhee early sults achieved have not been, however, the work days has been in large part realized in tlieestab.; of the United States alone. They could not have lishment of the United Evangelical Church of the seen the end brought about without the cordial

Philippines, organized from the constituency of Missions. The spirit and principle of cooperation the Presbyterian, United Brethren, and Congre- have taken form in the Union Theological Semgational churches and having a membership of inary, Manila, conducted by five of the evangelical about 46,000. The Methodist Episcopal Church Mission Boards in America, the Presbyterian, represents the largest communion in the Islands, Congregational, Methodist, United Brethren and with a membership of 86,000. Last year the Disciples. United Evangelical Church added 3,000 new converts to its local churches and expended $25,000 on There is promise of a great future for the running expenses. The President of the Univer- Philippines if economic adjustments are wisely sity of the Philippines is Dr. Jorge Bocobo, an made and if high ground is taken on educational, LL.B. from Indiana State University and an LL.D. ethical and social matters and if the great prinfrom Southern California University. For many ciple of religious liberty is held inviolate. One has years he was Dean of the College of Law of the faith to believe that the character and wisdom of University and was inaugurated as President in the leaders, supported by the rugged strength and January, 1935. Although he is an active evan- honesty of the common people, will meet the degelical leader, a member of the Methodist Epis- mands of the new era now upon us. One of the copal Church and President of the Philippine Na- things that begets strong hope for the years ahead tional Christian Council, he was chosen President is the splendid response which the Filipino people of the University by a Board of Regents, the ma- have made to the opportunity of the open Bible jority of whom were Roman Catholics.. The Mod- and the message of the evangelical faith. An inerator of the United Evangelical Church is Dr. telligent, thinking constituency, with life actuated Enrique C. Sobrepena, an alumnus of Macalester by the highest Christian standards of truth and College in Minnesota, educated in theology at conduct, give promise of a virile group exerting Princeton and Drew, a member of the faculty of a mighty influence for the safe guidance of the the Union Theological Seminary, Manila, pastor people in the days to come. Christian education of the largest English-speaking Filipino Church must be given the oncoming generations, so that in the Philippines and was an influential delegate with the training in modern scientific achievement to the Constitutional Convention which framed and broadening of knowledge there may come the present governing instrument for the Com- those great elemental truths which relate life to monwealth. Silliman Institute has become dur- God and call for the dedication of every talent and ing the past year Silliman University, with an an- power to the service of Christ and fellowmen. nual enrollment of over 1,000, whose President is If we can be sure of this, then the Filipino people Dr. Roy H. Brown, brother-in-law of Dr. Cleland may face the future with confidence and "tread B. McAfee of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign the earth with dignity."

One Thousand Tribes Without the Bible* THERE are about 5,000 languages and dialects America and on through Yucatan are tribes re- spoken by mankind; in 954 of these we ha.ve lated to the once mighty Mayan race; and over a translation of at least a part of the Bible; the rugged plateaus of Mexico there are more than 3,000 hardly demand attention, the people being forty other linguistic stocks, including the sturdy sufficiently accessible through other tongues, or Aztecs. Few of these five hundred tribes have else are nearing extinction; 1,000 tongues, how- ever felt a single ray of Gospel light. ever, still beckon for Bible translators. Herein lies the most urgent task of the church today! Missionary work has been carried on in Africa for over a hundred years. Much has been accom- South of the Rio Grande, in Latin America, there plished. Thirty-five tribes have received the enare 17,000,000 dialect-speaking Indians with five tire Bible, seventy-eight tribes the New Testahundred different languages. In the highlands of ment, and 191 more some portion of the Scripthe Andes live the descendants of the ancient tures. Ho-wever, conservative reports state .that Incas, as well as remnants of other former civ- there are three hundred African tribes to whom ilizations; throughout the jungles of Amazonia nothing of the printed Word has been given. rove several hundred wild tribes; in Central If to these are added unreached tribes of many * Condensed from The King's Business. Mr. W. Cameron Town- parts of Asia, we have, perhaps, two hundred tribes more for whom translation work must yet send. the author, has been a missionary to the Cakchiquel Indians be done, for our obligation is undeniable. of Central America, affiliated with the Pioneer Mission Agency.- EDITOR.

a Century Ago*

D=.D;;;;'~II'- -6(1.1.=;;;;B;;;;Y;;;;th;;;;e;;;;R;;;;E;;;;V;;;;.;;;;W=.D=O;;;;U;;;;G;;;;L;;;;A;;;;S;;;;MA=C;;;;KE=N;;;;Z1=E;;;;, 1 T HE American Board was organized in 1810. resolved to check this invasion by nearly a thou- Within twenty-five years it had sent mission- sand Boer wagons. He was a treacherous man aries to India, Ceylon, the Sandwich Islands, and foully murdered about fifty Boers with their Turkey, China and West Africa. Then its officers leader Peter Retief, at a conference meeting and made inquiries of Dr. Philip, the famous director attacked other groups at various points. . . .

of the South African missionaries of the London Chaka and his successor created a new era in Missionary Society, about possible fields in South the history of the Zulus. That influence spread Africa. He advised them to begin work among far and wide. One of his most successful genthe powerful Zulu tribes of the southeast corner erals decided to set up for himself, invaded the of the Dark Continent. Orange Free State, and then swept northwards to settle in what became Matebeleland. In 1834, six young men were ordained and despatched with their wives to that far off, hardly As a young boy I remember that able and ruthexplored and restless region. It is doubtful less monarch, Moselekatse, whom I saw in his whether, if the Board had known all the facts, court. Some of his wives stood behind him and they would have deemed it wise to send those his soldiers in a wide circle before him, with young couples on so desperate an undertaking. shields and spears in their hands. I remember the shock which came when the King spoke and About the beginning of the nineteenth century all the soldiers replied with a deep voice "Bo-o-m." the Zulus had been suddenly roused from the easy, unorganized, unenterprising life of all South Absolute subservience, prompt and merciless ac- African tribes. A young man named Chaka tion when the chief commanded, were obvious learned from another chief, Dingiswayo, who him- even to a very young boy. self had learned during an exile of six years at These were Zulus from Zululand and their or- Cape Town (1793-1799), that effective warfare ganization and habits were carried to Matebeledepends on discipline and drill, and that regiments land from the land of disorder where the first so organized and trained cannot be resisted by American missionaries arrived in 1835. the miscellaneous, undirected and uncontrolled The revolution wrought by Chaka and Dingaan methods of tribal attack and defense. was made possible because the Zulu native was Chaka carried his teacher's instructions beyond splendid material. There were in those people anything that the Zulus had ever known. He latent energy, a readiness to take new paths, and made his whole tribe an army of fierce, victorious, a mental capacity which only needed to be fired irresistible warriors: They now lived for war. with ambition and guided effectively to give them Chaka absorbed the young men and women and the renown which they have won throughout the children of conquered neighbors into his own South Africa. It is these qualities which imtribe. He destroyed the unusable enemies and dev- pressed the first missionaries and which have astated their villages and gardens. His name made the spread of Christianity among them the became a terror through a large part of South fascinating story which it is.

Africa. He was succeeded by his brother Din- The Zulus gaan, also a man of vigor and ferocity.

The Zulus first came into contact with white The Zulus have many of the beliefs and social men when a few enterprising Englishmen settled customs of the great Bantu race to which they beat Port Natal, now called Durban. With them long and which is spread almost all over the there seems to have been no quarrels. But Din- African continent. They are ancestor worshipgaan was aroused to suspicion and fear when a pers, but they believe or are ready to accept belief large movement of Boers from Cape Colony took in one supreme Creator or Ruler of the world. place in the direction of Natal. Their worship is one of mingled dread and com- fort, dependent upon the class of spirits whom The Zulus knew the Boers as slave owners and they believe to be in contact with them at anyone tyrants over the black man. Dingaan therefore • From The Missionai"3/ Herala, Boston. time.

[41 ]

But they are also slaves to magical superstition. gish souls of contented, sensual, lazy tribes that Their "medicine men" are extremely clever spe- their more active and alert minds were more open cialists in the art of creating- fear and suspicion to the startling word of God, which laziness can even among the best of friends, when sickness or never understand, for whose sowing only alert other calamity falls upon them. This makes the minds are prolific soil. people slaves to witchcraft with all its cruelty and bitter hatreds. But that could not be apparent in those confused and baffling years from 1835 to 1842. The six They are polygamists and victims of that de- couples on arrival at the Cape were divided into grading institution in their characters and even two companies. Three couples traveled fourteen in their economic life. For a man's status is af- hundred miles north to those Zulus whom Mosele- fected by the number of his wives and that de- latse had led thither, but they found the conditions pends on the number of his cattle, which of old so hopeless that it was foolish to settle down and were the "coins of the realm." they trekked the long way south to Natal.

The missionaries found these Zulu men addicted The other three couples, after various explor- to all manner of self-indulgence except when they ations, finally settled on the coast of Natal and were at war or preparing for it. Their women began that long story of devoted and powerful were the providers of food, the real workers. Only work which their successors are carrying on the care of cattle and an occasional hunt were the today. male contribution to family sustenance. Drinking . beer was their chief amusement, along with the Some one else may pay worthy tribute to the war dances which often accompanied it. men and women who pressed up into Zululand proper. Later on some of them followed their But withal there is in the Zulu nature that ele- people into the compounds of the gold mines at ment of moral and spiritual insight and apprecia- Johannesburg where their work, at first viewed tion which all their sensuality cannot utterly de- with suspicion by the mine owners, has elicited stroy. Dr. Josiah Tyler, in his interesting book, their admiration, confidence and gratitude. Forty Years Among the Zulus, repeatedly empha- sizes the fact "that conscience among a heathen When a great civilization has been developed, people is a great auxiliary to the missionary." when Zulus are the equals of any race in all the riches of culture, with scholars, scientists, states- I once asked several old men how they felt be- men equal to those of Boston, it will be remem- fore the arrival of white men in Zululand when bered that from Boston those six young couples doing right or wrong. Their reply was "Some- went out, joyously, earnestly, to open the doors of thing within us approved when we did the former the highest life to people who were then called de- and condemned when we did the latter." graded heathen.

The missionaries bear abundant witness that These six men and women: George Champion, these people, apparently sunk in sensuality and Alden Grout, Newton Adams, M.D. (who would hardened in cruelty, were sensitive to love and not leave in those first years, when the others de- sympathy. When they saw the integrity of the spaired of the situation, and who died all too soon "men of the Book," their superior knowledge, even of over-work) besides the Lindleys, the Wilsons, their greater possessions, which seemed enormous the Venables, are the true parents of that Zulu even to a chief, they could not but wonder at their civilization which is still only in its earliest stages conduct towards themselves. but destined to become glorious.

Their incredible message about the God who Later on they were joined by others, of whom had saved the world by our Lord Jesus Christ, one of the greatest, Josiah Tyler, son of Bennet was gradually made credible, realizable, accept- Tyler, was the first president of Hartford The- able by their whole manner of living. To be al- ological Seminary. ways helping others not only in those teaching ways which were at first so hard to understand, As one reads the story of their early years but in many practical ways, chiefly by relieving among the Zulus one feels himself in contact with the sick, and training the young, that was a new that thrilling combination of heroism and saintkind of life, incredible if they did not see it with hood which has been and is the glory of our pio- their own eyes, absurd but that .they were the neer missionaries everywhere. Ready to die be- recipients of its boons. cause they loved, they made real and luminous, let me repeat,… to the hearts and minds of mere sav- But let us go back for a little to the years of ages darkened by evil, the story of "the in'esti- this new revolution in Zulu history. Perhaps mabIe love" of God "in the redemption of the Chaka by his methods had so quickened the slug- world by our Lord Jesus Christ."

A Mission Doctor's Daily Dilemma*

~1~I-=-=~B~Y~S~.~H~.~M~A~R~T~IN~'~M-=.D~.'~S~OO_U~l'~Ch-=O~se~n-=-=~II~ THE day broke through smoke and cloud over it's the doctor's invariable rule never to leave a the South Mountain and into empty corridors waiting patient, he could not leave these cases, yet with their clean smell of lysol disinfectant. he had an appointment at 5 P. M. He knew there The clinic workers were singing, "What a Friend were no empty fourth or fifth class beds (5th is We Have in Jesus," when the doctor with his as- charity). He knew, too, that one case like this sistants started his long round of treating the sick, was being treated in the third class ward on per- and of giving bedside instruction to students, in sonal account. All the charity prescription blanks the main wards of the Severance Hospital. Many were locked up. Miss S., our American "Goddess acute cases were rapidly becoming normal, and of Mercy" (Kwannon) had gone home. As he others were patiently holding their own. took off his overcoat he saw, posted on the wall, But it is after 10: 00 A. M. and the doctor must the notice that he was down to speak at College hurry to the clinic, where the waiting room is the next day. He would probably plead with the filled with suffering humanity waiting in turn be- students to treat patients' souls, as well as their neath a huge painting of "Christ healing the sick," bodies, and here was he, a fine example of a mis- sionary doctor, not even caring for the bodies of when he, too, was a practicing physician. The people five feet away from him. They were examfirst patient, a youth of twenty, accompanied by ined, medicines were given and charged up to the many uncles and aunts, sat with the shoulder long list of Kimses, Pakses and Yesses to "perblades of his emaciated chest flaring, a replica of the "Winged Victory"; but this picture repre- sonal account."

sented defeat. Of these two- pictures, "Misery" and "Woe,"

Many other cases were seen, and one young such as are often seen in the doctor's clinic, woman of university standing was told, quietly "Misery" was a deserted wife of fifty, and "Woe" and honestly, that she had not a weak lung, but was the son, with a shock of matted hair and a the truth, which she already knew, was that she bony framework supporting an acute peritonitis must be treated for tuberculosis immediately. of tubercular origin. There were no beds, "There She received the shock with immobile features, was no room in the inn" for this mother and her and departed with faith in her heart, and six son. Well! what could one do for all the unfor- Kagawa books in one of her sleeves. One of the tunates in Seoul! One was not expected to take booklets was entitled "The Thorn in the Flesh," care of all the unfortunates in Seoul! Nevertheand another "Mediations on Christ." less, here was the one opportunity in the whole day to do something really worth while. Why An old man with visible stomach cancer tried bother about research on dead rabbits when liv.e to get the doctor to tell him that it was due to in- pulsating humans were suffering in sadness, with digestion, although he really knew that the demon only an occasional cry, "Sal yaw chusio!" (Please that had seized his vitals was cancer, and there save our lives). I could put a needle in the boy's was little hope. A Chinese "dancing girl," with abdomen and remove fluid, but he might die of a Shantung accent, told her many woes and de- shock and it would be considered criminal on my parted with hope and medicine. And so, through- part if he died. To make it short, a few minutes out the day, they came and went, some with bodies later, No. 51, the doctor's old Ford, in which all eased, and others with hopes denied; some with classes of people from Government officials down the gratitude and the hope of the Christian, and to opium derelicts picked up at 2: 00 A. M. have others with the Oriental fatalism. ridden, was taking these people to a home of rest, warmth and good food. As the sun set over West Gate prison, the doctor rushing into his overcoat, passed into his Leaving them there the doctor, having opened waiting room to smell and see two perfect pictures all the glass windows of his car for ventilation, of misery; one of the pictures holding, in an rushed off to the other end of the city to a very emaciated hand, a note from a missionary. As clean Japanese home, where all was silent save • From The Korea Mis·.inn Field, May. 1935. the "bara bara" of the tadis (Japanese slippers) [ 43]

on the polished floors within, and the "goro goro" tude, she placed on the table many "sticks" of of the rain without. The patient, a dignified eggs. She departed into the mud and rain (Komatron, with her son, told him of the onset of in- reans hate mud), and the doctor felt a lump in his sidious cancer. Diagrams were drawn to illus- throat as he saw her going off alone into the darktrate the operation to be done the next day. ness and again he questioned, "Should I have sent her home in a taxi?" Elaborate bows were made and No. 51, after being driven, drenched and cleaned, was housed And so to bed, until the roar of the city again again for the night, or so the doctor hoped. He steals to his window, and a lurid red breaks over climbed the hill to his home, and opened the library the South Mountain, and the corridors of the city door to find a poor woman who had been waiting hospital fill again with the sick and the suffering. two hours. She apologized as he tried to dig up As the doctor starts anew he wonders, "How from the tired depths a Christian smile of wel- many shall I turn away today, and how many come. She had come to thank him for "saving times shall I fall short of what Christ would have someone's life," and with many words of grati- me be and do?"

Yun Chi Ho of Chosen* Y UN CHI HO, who has been called the best- In 1906, General Yun, the father of Yun Chi Ho, beloved man, and the most genuine Christian said to Bishop Candler: "You were his teacher. in all Korea, celebrated his seventieth I am an ignorant man and cannot say whether or birthday last November. Dr. Yun's modesty not you taught him well, but I know this, that he threatened to veto the plan for a general celebra- came back from you a different man and differtion but he was finally convinced that the occasion ent from other Koreans. He is honest, truthful, would be in the interest of the coming of the King- obedient and diligent. I am grateful for what he dom of God. has been taught and for what he is!"

In Korea it is almost a proverl) to say that if a In 1910, he was sent as a delegate to the Edinman was of the nobility he was proud; if he was burgh Missionary Conference. Early in 1911, wealthy he was miserly; and if he lived long he after he had devoted some years to Christian edumultiplied his troubles. In the case of Dr. Yun cational work in Korea, he was falsely charged all of these statements were contradicted. Many with complicity in the attempt to assassinate Geninteresting facts of his life were brought out at eral Terauchi, the Japanese Governor-General. the celebration in Seoul, when Dr. Yun sat with The Japanese Government held him in prison for his wife, eleven of his twelve children, and his quite a while, finally liberating him without trial mother, who is ninety-two years old. or conviction.

Fifty years ago, as a result of political intrigue, Dr. Yun has been very active in the Y. M. C. A. in which he was not a participant, Yun Chi Ho in Seoul and is still active in various educational was exiled and went to China where he met Dr. enterprises. He has given some of his best serv- Young J. Allen in Shanghai, and was converted, ice to the Korean Methodist Church. He sponsors being baptized on March 23,1887. On Dr. Allen's several philanthropic projects, is the active head advice he went to America to study and entered of various cultural and research societies, and is Vanderbilt University, and later completed his alive to every significant Christian movement in studies at Emory University, at Oxford, Georgia, Korea and the world. where Bishop W. A. Candler was president. The authorities of the college were ready to help him Last December, Dr. Yun wrote to Bishop financially; but he chose to provide for his own Candler: expenses by lectures. He earned several hundred dollars for his own support, and when after two The so-called celebration of my seventieth year, which years he completed the courses at Emory University, he placed in Bishop Candler's hands $265 of some friends planned without my knowledge, has brought his earnings with these words: "I want to make this the nucleus of a fund for establishing a Chris- me some letters which are very embarrassing. The friends tian school in Korea, should I find it possible to go home." who wrote them, in their efforts to say something nice • Condensed from The World Outlook. about me, seem to have drawn more on their imagination than on actual facts. I have to take their love as a jewel and what they say simply as a wrapper. . . .

My mother is ninety years old now; my youngest boy -Joseph-is six years old. One of the reasons why I can't visit America is that I can't leave them even for a few short months.

Your affectionate boy, T. H. YUN.

Japanese Return

-at I By GEORGE WARREN HINMAN, I A Former Missionary in Japan I M OST of the second generation Orientals in at least in the large cities, has gone so far in adopt- America are Americans in spirit as well ing the standards of American life that there is as in legal status. But some of them, less danger than formerly of becoming alienated handicapped by discrimination in finding jobs in from the common life of the country by residence the United States, turn back to the land of their in America.

parents to find opportunity for using the education Dr. Kagawa made the surprising statement that and training that America has given them. We ninety-five per cent of the leading Japanese are much more fair in providing education for preachers and Christian educators have spent American children of every race than we are in some time in America, though nowhere near that providing a chance to use that education. proportion have given much time to systematic Of the older generation of Japanese a consider- Christian work among Japanese communities in able proportion return, or wish to return, to their the United States. The homogeneity of the Japa- native land. They do not go back" as some "100% nese in America, both workers and students, so Americans" imagine, to assist Japan in the ulti- different from the situation among the Chinese, mate struggle against the United States. Intimate makes it much more natural for every Japanese acquaintance with Japanese in the United States, student and visitor to identify himself with the and with those who have returned to Japan, tends resident Japanese communities and to contribute to discredit the assumption of an inevitable war. something toward work among them. The older Japanese go back home because of an Dr. Ebina, former president of Doshisha Uniunusual loyalty to the culture and traditions of versity, and one of the "elder statesmen" of the their people, and because of the difficulty of find- Christian movement in Japan, calls attention to ing an accepted place in American life. the difference in preparation and attitude between We wonder sometimes what has been the effect some of the earlier Japanese immigrants and the of American contacts, and particularly religious later students and visitors. Those who went to contacts in the United States, upon the returned America, as did Neesima, with a serious devotion Japanese emigrant. Sometimes too much atten- to the spiritual service of their country, came back tion has been paid to the experiences of the stu- to be Christian leaders because they had the dents from Asia. But the Japanese farmer and springs of leadership in them before they went.

merchant, the Chinese laundryman and shop- In general, the men and women who have had keeper, and those from both races who have some experience in Christian service in Japan, worked as house servants under alien conditions, and have proved their earnestness in life, come instead of depending upon government or private back from America strengthened and stimulated subsidies for education in the United States, are by their contacts with the religious life there and likely to provide the best evidence of what America find their way naturally to places of leadership.

does to the Oriental strangers within her gates. But many have come to America, moved merely When they return to the lands of their birth we by material considerations and without knowledge can see the indirect influence of Christian work of Christianity. Their natural energy and purpose- among Orientals in the United States upon the fulness and qualities of leadership have been de- Christian movements in Japan and China. veloped and directed by the influence of the Chris- A careful study of the subject reveals the share tian schools and churches in America to which in the Christian life and work of Japan taken by they may have come at first merely to secure help those Japanese who have lived for considerable in learning English and finding a job.

periods in America. A Japanese pastor 'who has worked sixteen Many of them are fitting in so well to the local years among his fellow nationals in Shanghai Christian institutions that the missionaries hardly was converted in Los Angeles, and spent fourteen think of them as especially influenced by their years in Christian service there. He is just cele- American experiences. Some have acquired a brating the thirtieth anniversary of his conversion "United States complex"; but Japan, as a nation, with a book of religious essays. He has visited [45 ]

the Japanese in the mandated islands of the South two years, as a private in the Japanese army in Seas, and seems to have a special calling to the Manchukuo. One wonders how his American life work among the overseas Japanese in any land. and study will affect his approach to the problems Another Japanese who came to the United States of Japan's militarism. primarily for business, and went through an American business college, was turned to Christ A mere listing of the men and women who have by the missionary forces working among Orien- come back to Japan from actual service, not meretals in California. He worked his way through ly study, abroad would fill many paragraphs. More college and theological school, selling shoes as important than such a record, however, is their Moody did, gave several years to Christian service loyalty to the friends who helped them and the in Los Angeles, taking a large share in the financ- ideals they caught from Christian life in America. ing and erection of the great Union Japanese An afternoon of friendly conversation with a church there, and is now a close associate of Kaga- Japanese girl in America years ago brought to wa in his evangelistic and social service enter- Mrs. Hinman while in Tokyo, an unforgetable prises in Japan. Another man who served a Japa- visit from the daughter of Japan's Salvation Army nese community in California is preaching to the commissioner, herself a prominent officer after Japanese in Hongkong; another is with the Japa- years of service as well as training in America, nese in Korea, and another in Manchukuo. England and Scotland. The Japanese who have returned from extended Christian service in Several of the leading pulpits in Tokyo and America are not forgetful of those who have other large cities of Japan are occupied by men of shared with them in labor and faith and brought long experience in the Japanese churches of Cali- the support of the American churches to this fornia. It was my privilege to occupy the pulpit form of missionary work among the Orientals. of one of my former colleagues in the Japanese Many men, now pastors of strong, self-supporting work in California. The church was well filled by churches, with influential political and educational a cultured audience and the number of students connections, received us to their homes and hearts attending church was very noticeable. An artist in a way few. foreign visitors are welcomed. They member of the congregation had carved a little made it seem like a spiritual home-coming. bird which was presented to me with the hope that it would symbolize the dove of peace in the rela- Government officials testify to the service done tions between Japan and China. One of the by those who have worked in the United States. former Japanese pastors in San Francisco is chap- One of the strongest women leaders in social servlain of a great girls' school in Yokohama. A man ice in Japan, joint author of the mission study who spent many years in the principal Japanese text book about women in Japan, was brought up church in Honolulu is the very earnest preacher in a Japanese parsonage in California, and the at Doshisha University. The new dean of Kobe present president of Doshisha University spent a College spent a term of service in an American year with his uncle, the pastor, in the same home Y. M. C. A., as secretary for American boys. and church relationship. Scattered all over Japan are men and women who, in spite of the suspicion These returned Japanese have not lost touch and misunderstanding all around them when they with America since their return to Japan. Many were in the United States, saw through the mists subscribe for American religious papers. The pas- the true heart of American Christians and retor of one of the large churches in Tokyo has left sponded with a new devotion to service and to inhis son as an instructor in Japanese in Stanford ternational brotherhood. They have gone back University. Another Stanford boy has returned from their American life to a larger service in from his years of American experience to serve Japan with a broader spirit.

WHAT THE DAY OF PRAYER MEANS TO AFRICAN CHRISTIANS* We went into the street and asked two women, "What do you think of the Day of Prayer? Does it really help or is it just another meeting?"

They exclaimed in one voice, "Help? It helps, truly! When we know about the condition of other tribes then we know how to pray for them. When we know how many do not yet know the good news ·of Jesus, we realize how faithful we must be in prayer and in giving money, and how we must send the words of God to them. What we learn on the Day of Prayer makes us very grateful to God for the many blessings which he has rained down upon us – the greatest of which is that we know Jesus our Saviour."

• From The Drum Call, Elat. West Africa. II Effective Ways of Working 'T'estedMethods for Increasing Interest at Home s. EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO THE NEW YEAR'S part of the present distress is new study books summon you, it OUTLOOK due to the need for those whose is one that demands our very attitudes were formed under the best consecration and endeavor. "Behold I make all things older regime to change some of This is not mere rhetoric or relinew." their thought habits, their stand- gious vaporing. The Church, the "Prove all things.. hold fast ards and ideals, even their very Christian world-builders are not that which is good." nerve reactions in the process of rising to the present emergent In the harmony between these integrating themselves into a situation nor even holding their two tones lies the keynote for the new order. But it is imperative own with the forces of disinteopening year. Pastors and all that all of us find our place and gration: but the reason may be varieties of church workers line up in an advance which im- laid at our own door in our lack should attune themselves accord- peratively conditions even the of zeal and dependence upon God ingly. This is "Moving Day" survival of the Christian Church, for guidance and the power to throughout the world, though to say nothing of civilization and follow it. Choose your own fronsome (mentally) old tenants do the perpetuation of democracy. tiers. Break your own paths. not realize it. George B. Rich- Your Department Editor is far But do get going. The Way of ter says, in Modern Salesman- from being able to blaze the trail ship: or comprehensively to map out Christ through the wilderness the exploration. She can only has not failed: it has yet to be A frog is a particularly daft crea- give a few high lights in a tried. Never for one day have ture. If it is put into a bowl of cold sketchy itinerary, from which we as individuals or the Church water and the water is very slowly you may set out for yourselves as a collective unit lived the Serbrought to a boil, the frog is so un- mon on the Mount. Volumes of conscious of the gradual change that on a pioneer journey, or at least theology have been written on select your traveling compan- theories of the birth and the it is boiled to death when at any ions. moment it might have jumped out. So death of Jesus Christ and the it is with many people. I meet scores The New Frontier of them so unaware of any change in bloodiest wars of all history have conditions, so obstinately unwilling to Pioneering is easily the key- been waged in the name of the admit that there is any change that, word of the day, but without its Prince of Peace, born of a virgin as they die peacefully in their minds, old connotations of covered wag- and dying as an atonement for their work dies imperceptibly in sym- human sin – forgetting most of pathy.

If our readers have reason to ons, camp fires, wilderness perils that Life which lay between the suspect that they are biped frogs, and log homes hewn out of the two goal posts and which, alone. gives validity to all theology and it is high time to do a little jump- forest. However in this shift all endeavor in His name. Let us ing, for the water is coming to a from geography to the realm of begin to take Him seriously and boil very rapidly. Basic needs human thought and endeavor we act as if His work were the and the fundamental verities have not been the gainers in the greatest thing in the world. with which to meet them are un- matter of perils or strenuous en- This will necessarily enlist us changed and unchanging.. but among the missionary pioneers. the thought patterns and the deavor; for the obstacles of the old frontier were but foothills modes of operation must change compared with the well-nigh in- Missions the Prime Endeavor because they are the necessary surmountable ones we now face mutations of advance. Any be- among social conditions, racial Just here lies, for some of us, lief, any enterprise which can- prejudices, class antagonisms, one of those mutations incidental not or should not be changed (by foreign folk so stultified in their to advance. "Go ye into all the enlargement or otherwise) is new nationalism that they resent world" has all the timeless urge dead: theology, missions, the Christianity and the messengers of an unchanging necessity back Church are no exceptions. It is who bring it. While it is a new, of it-but not, for many in the futile to sigh for "the good old regirded, recommissioned type younger generation, as primarily days." Look and work rather of pioneering to which religious obedience to a command (though for the better ones. No small leaders and the writers of the that may later approve itself as [47 ] a changeless verity also), but of missionary endeavor. Thus our sired pUblication) is convincing. rather as that more fundamental purpose to obey His commands will It is fine "sales talk" if backed urge toward sharing what we be deepened and intensified and our by "the goods." The sampling have reason to know is the high- interest in missions will become posiest revelation ever given by God tive rather than passive. . . . Our process is illustrated by an acto man. The non-Christian cul- magazine introduces us to and ac- count in Women and Missions of tures have much that is fine and quaints us with our missionaries. a successful literature meeting worth Christian consideration: · . . After we have come to know last spring in a Denver Presbybut anyone who claims that any them personally from reading the acpagan religion fits human need counts of their work, we not only terian church: as does that taught and practiced pray more effectively in a subjective by Jesus Christ is simply igno- way but our prayers take on objec- "Read the End Yourself." First, 10 rant of the facts, and should be tive force as well. We find ourselves members gave brief and interesting sent for a lengthy sojourn in an writing a letter, sending a bit of a papers on "The Negro Since the Civil oriental land or even in a church- gift perhaps, remembering that the War" and "Outstanding Negro Womless community under the Stars giving of a definite part of our in- en." When they had finished half a and Stripes. The evangel of the come is one of the ways we can go to dozen women jumped to their feet and Great Commission applies not the uttermost parts of the world. quoted articles in Women and Misso much to geography as to every sions, each starting her story and phase of human existence, not It is an indisputable fact that the then stopping short in an interesting forgetting the frontiers of a war- missionary-minded church is a vital, place and finishing with "But you less world and a social order dynamic church. . . . It is likewise must read it for yourself and see how without competitive antagonisms true that a missionary-minded Chris- it comes out." (Several of these or liquor-born crime. Let no one tian becomes a spiritual power in his "spontaneous" remarks were prearpersuade you that missions have circle of influence. A Christian who ranged.) Subscriptions to the magahad their day. Their need is reads eagerly his missionary maga- zine were received at the close. At timeless. zine, who comes to feel that he is a the same meeting the Year Book of coworker with God, is one who never Prayer was stressed and the society Equipment for Pioneering yields to discouragement. . . . Even went over the top in the sale of that. more than that, such contacts with the So much has been said in this great ones of earth give me the con- Samples on a larger scale are Department about mission study, sciousness of my own spiritual need furnished by a meeting in which the necessity for a church mis- and drive me back to God who re- a synthetic program affords a sionary committee for compre- kindles my own spiritual fires. mosaic of best features from hensive planning, coordinating past issues of a given magazine and activating, the annual hold- When growth stops, decay begins. or is built entirely from features ing of a school of missions or · . . How does the missionary maga- in the issue of the current month. "world friendship" which shall zine aid in spiritual growth? . . . As An illustration of the former reach every department of the food, exercise, warmth are the impor- may be found in the article on Sunday school and church life, tant factors in physical growth, it (the "The Silver Anniversary of Misthe maintenance of a circulating magazine) supplies all these elements sions Magazine," on p. 241 of library of attractive missionary which are essential to growth along THE REVIEW of May, 1935. The books, the adoption of definite spiritual lines. . . . In the magazine latter might be exemplified in the field projects to obviate the evap- we see Bible facts and truths at work following outline constructed oration of emotion aroused by in- in the lives of men and women, ac- from the October issue of THE formation into mere sentiment, complishing things for God's King- REVIEW and adapted from a proetc., that it seems unnecessary to dom, effective in the lives of believers. gram actually used that month do more than mention such mat- · . . These vital facts of missionary by a Baptist women's society: ters. Study, reading, attendance success strengthen us for our task upon good meetings for "arouse- here in the homeland. Setting: Wayside camp of a group ment" are all prime equipment of Christian tourists exploring South devices: but one of the greatest There is one thing that cannot be America with the current study books of these is the thorough reading claimed for the magazine. It has no as guide books. Camp fire, rustic of a standard missionary maga- magical power. A dozen copies scat- benches, trees scattered about (tall zine. tered through the home but unused shrubs in pots), "pup tents" and the will be of no avail. . . . It is difficult U. S. and other Greater American Jesus said, "Go ye into all the world to decide which is the more short- flags as a background. Participants and preach the Gospel to every crea- sighted policy-not to take the mag- seated and, presumably, talking over ture" and we daily pray in His own azine or to take it and fail to read it. the day's experiences. Native speakwords, "Thy Kingdom come, Thy will Therefore we urge-read, digest, as- ers with or without a touch of costume. be done." In our missionary maga- similate, then release for God the new zine we should be able to find ways energy which has been produced. Talks should be mere briefs of the and means whereby we can go into all (The Women's Missionary Magazine text indicated-a few minutes to each the world with this good news, either -United Presbyterian.) and participants strictly held to time in person or by sending our prayers by flashlight signals from a front seat and means. We can pray more sin- A number of artful and enter- in audience. cerely … as we readofothe progress taining devices for stepping up The object of the meeting will be de- the subscription list have ap- feated and the Magazine brought into disrepute if the audience is fatigued peared in this Department from by an over-long presentation. An hour time to time; but intelligent peo- all told is long enough to give to a missionary program. ple are most reliably reached by testimony fro m trustwo.rthy Music should be interspersed among the talks to relieve voice-monotony readers of the publication in and freshen attention. This is very question or by the commercial important. Use "The Missionary lure of "sampling." A testimony Call," p. 470, as solo or quartet to the meeting of brief, pointed state- ments as to "What THE REVIEW has meant to me" (adding or substituting the name of any de-

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

familiar tune; short numbers of char- why should missions be so "sin- dents of 29 colleges and schools acteristic music on some stringed in- gular"-so set-apart, when it is of New Engl~nd enlisted as an. strument such as guitar, mandolin or ukelele, and "America Both North and an integral element in the outcome of just one of the 10 South" (see p. 495) as a close. church's task, to be assumed by. regional conferences on the 1. The Head Scout Speaks (material taken from "The Latin American the recruit as an "of-course" cause and cure of war. It is note- Lands," pp. 455-457, opening the subject and giving both atmosphere and and not a "maybe" obligation? worthy that youth is not content background. Use real map or reproduction of the one on p. 456). "What God (through His Son) merely to form resolutions and 2. Through the Surveyor's Transit hath joined together, let not the memorialize congress. The s e (presumably a report from the surveyor of the party, using material Church put asunder," as it has young folks made arrangements from "Unevangelized Areas of Latin America," pp. 462-464, and a repro- been doing. Especially let mis- not only to study but to take defiduction of the graph on p. 470). sions permeate every department nite steps against compulsory 3. The Doctor D i a g nos e s (the party's medical man adapts the high of the Sunday school. Looking military education and all forms lights of "The Need for the Gospel," pp. 459-461, apparently writing a pre- through the Church School Sup- of war propaganda. Other description at the close). ply catalog of The Westminster nominations have taken similar 4. The Tourists Talk (a few informal moments to relieve the monot- Press recently, the writer noted action. There is no more timely ony, in which items selected from "Our World-Wide Outlook," pp. 500-509, are that instructional and stu d y or important enlistment of piogiven informally, back and forth, as if conversationally spoken as observa- courses on missions extended neers than this. tions of recent features in the tour). from the primary departments Another line which will be pio- 5. Guests in the Southland (introduction of two or three native South through the discussion groups, neering to many good church Americans who give the merest outlines of the corresponding sketches on men's clubs, brotherhoods, fel- folk is the approach to the Jewpp. 491-494, in the first person). lowships, missionary societies, ish problem mapped out in the 6. Why Send Missionaries to South America? (Head scout proposes this ladies' aids and the home depart- study book, "The Jew and the question for discussion as a focus to the foregoing topics and atmosphere, ments, even to the Sunday ser- World Ferment." A set of forceseveral tourists giving points from the editorial of that name, pp. 451, mons by the pastor. In the study ful programs has' been printed 452.) courses which are a part of the by the Women's Missionary So- 7. Close with singing of suggested hymn and prayer for the objective. new program for Christian Edu- ciety of the United Lutheran After the camp presumably breaks up, the leader mentions the source of the cation in the Presbyterian Church, 723 Muhlenberg Buildsubject matter and introduces the librarian who will show his bookshelf church, Unit D takes up the ques- ing, 1228 Spruce St., Philadeland dispose of study books, also take magazine subscriptions, after the serv- tion "Is the Missionary Idea phia, Pa. The monthly topics ice closes. (See "Our Missionary Bookshelf," pp. 510-512). Valid in the Modern World?" considered are: The Heritage of Can you imagine a program more (the basic book selling in paper Israel; They Still Throw Stones; easily arranged or more profitable, provided the parts are not over-long covers at 15 cents) and "endeav- Next Year in Jerusalem, and !l.nd are invariably spoken and not read? You can do this with any copy ors to lead the readers to face the Thy Neighbor, the Jew. Ruling of THE REVIEW. Mix an ounce of consecrated imagination with a pound facts of the present world situa- out a few denominational speof worthful subject matter, then work. tion in its bearing upon King- cifics, these outlines are available "Calling All Pioneers" dom enterprises and lead to a for any denomination, and seJl "Mission Stu d y: Abstract noun, third person, singular fresh appraisal of the Gospel and for five cents each or 40 cents for number, feminine gender, objec~ tive case-object of feminine en~ the Christian life as solutions of the set. Much supplementary deavor in local church." Wrong! Obsolete usage! Parse the term the world problems as well as to material is included. in common gender this year; make it "collective" instead of develop and foster an earnest In the last analysis, our ml:l,in- 1'ingular, including everybody from the beginners in Sunday purpose of cooperation in the stay for successful pioneering is school to the invalid enrolment of the Home Department. And advancement of the Kingdom with the younger generation.

throughout the Church." In- Mrs. Katherine V. Silverthorne, Cluded in the missionary studies writing in Women and Missions, are booklets for leaders as well says: as students, m. s uggugpe sat e dschporooIc0ef- dur t Much is said and written nowadays es f or set about. "Youth Building a New World." missions and for cultivating the Before we dare begin building we must mind for peace, inclusive of "Be- have some new facts about the world yond War-a Program of World and its needs. . . . Missions is not Peace," describing the roots, re- something vaguely religious, set off apart from life or young people's in- sults and remedies for war, and terests. Tie missions into the young an effective dramatization (10 people's and children's programs cents). For further information rather than have it drawn: away as a write to The Westminster Press separate interest. As they plan their year's programs . . . whether the at 216 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, label "missions" is used or not, they Ill. will come to see if guided aright that Another down to date depart- ttehlelyigecnatnnoatndbuicldonasntryucktiivned opfroagnrainm- ment of endeavor enlisting youth without including the spiritual needs is exemplified in the formation of America as well as those of the in the Presbyterian denomina- world at large, which has become tion of an intercollegiate com- such an interdependent world that we cannot separate the missionary ele- mittee to prevent war, with stu- .' ment out of'it. . . .' The Council of Women for Home Missions ANNE SEESHOLTZ, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, 105 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK IN THE BEGINNING BaTbara Green.

God, the Father of us all, is re- The Teton Mountains, Wyoming, furnish the background for a rural church where sponsible for the beginning of tW() summers ago two young p eople met (or the first time during vacation. This summer life. The Hebrew hymn writer they made their way back to the same little rural church and were married. tells us that "God saw everything that he had made, and, behold it THE RURAL CHURCH TODAY AND TOMORROW was very good." The Home Missions Councils Missions Congress was held in According to John, "in the be- are now in the second five-year 1930. The cooperation of the ginning was the Word – the period of planned cooperative Word became flesh and dwelt advance, under the direction of Washington Fed era t ion of among us, full of grace and the Committee on Planning and truth." That was over 1,900 Strategy, representative of the Churches is assured. New Years ago! constituent Boards. The National Conference on And now-"Please turn over," "The Rural Church Today and the Rural Church is concentrated as is often written at the bottom Tomorrow" was the emphasis in three days of the Annual of a page. New Year 1936 chosen January, 1935, for the Meeting, from January 15-17, inmarks not the beginning of our Annual Meeting program of the clusive. The program will prelives, not the beginning of the Council of Women for Home church, not the beginning of Missions and theHome Missions sent the religious and economic men's fears and hopes and de- Council, to be held January 13mand for new life. On January 17, inclusive, Washington, D. C. situation in rural America, and 1, 1936, most of us, and most of Preparation has been made in ac- the significance of urban-rural our causes were like unto that cordance with the theme and relations. The speakers and. pattern carried into sleep De- place, and the programs are cember 31st or early morning of available. Meetings will be held leaders are from church and the new day, except as we con- at the Calvary Baptist Church state, from "town and gown." sciously turned over the begin- of which the Rev. Dr. W. S. Christian education of young ning of the new day with the re- Abernethy is. pastor. It isthe view of who we are, where we same church where- the Home people and of those older, will be are, .and where we are going. considered. The design for our lives and the [150 ] church is long since determined On Wednesday evening, Janby God the creator, and our response through the years to his uary 16th, in a general session, will for our lives and his purpose for an creation. the conference will consider the subject, "Christian Youth in Ac- WHY? Why? tion in Rural America," to be My tears fall- While the people are wanting food, and starving, Heartless militarists make war upon them! Wandering in the hills are men and women Hunting firewood and praying for peace. Do the militarists know these gentle hearts?

-ToyohikoKagawa.

BULLETIN OF THE COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS

presented by young people them- happen, however, that she and ness friends who. will do more selves. The guest speaker for her family and many others like than be sorry for her. She needs the evening will be Daniel Pol- her are suffering from social in- "open doors" to life's best gifts. ing, Jr., pastor of the Presby- justice of long standing. terian Church of Bedford, New Why do we Americans persist York. The young people of Cal- The picture of the Haskell in calling the first Americans vary Baptist Church and of the graduate is given for compari- "Indians," as if they were more Washington Y. W. C. A. are co- son. She is not the grand- alien than Irish, Latin, Dutch, operating in the plans. daughter. She is probably not Swedish, or others of us whose of the same "tribe of Indians." ancestors left a known country The program of Christians for She is the modern girl with for the new land? Their ancesworld peace through work for dreams and hopes, with second- tors gave them a legend of the securing social justice within the ary school education completed, Great Spirit placing them on land and through support of gov- eager for life's best gifts. this beautiful American conernment policies making for "no "What is unusual about that?" tinent. more war" is a dominant interest Nothing unusual- that is the of the church women. The Coun- point. But, she with other In- In connection with s eve n cil of Women for Home Missions dian youth is unusual in her ex- U. S. A. schools which Indian is one of 27 national member or- treme need for honest-to-good- Americans, not resident near ganizations of the Nat ion a 1 standard public high schools, at- Peace Conference, who are at tend, the two national Home Misone in their determination to sions Councils now maintain Reunify peace action. The Council ligious Work Directors. There has been a constituent member are other schools where interdefrom the beginning of the Na- nominational Christian workers tional Committee on the Cause should be preaching and teachand Cure of War, whose Elev- ing "the Good News." In the enth Conference will be held in seven – Riverside, Albuquerque, Washington, D. C., January 21- Santa Fe, Haskell, Flandreau, 24, inclusive. All peace work of Chemawa, and Lac du Flambeau the Council representing 20 na- ~there are more than eighty tional Home Mission Boards in tribes represented among 3,400 U. S. A. and three Canadian students. The boys and girls church women's groups, is based come from homes typifying on the Gospel "of peace on earth every stage in the merging of to men of goodwill" and on the Indian and white cui t u res. conviction that "now is the day United Protestant cooperation of salvation." makes possible a ministry of Christian friendship and leader- FIRST AMERICANS ship training. Americans thus served can be a power in bring- The grandmother with her dog ing "peace on earth through men had supervised the building of of goodwill." the temporary "wickiup" in the Northern Wisconsin woods, and Will you who read this do had placed the huge kettle in the what you can to open doors of center for "sugaring off" time. opportunity for the I n d ian Her children and grandchildren youth? You can secure for five were each assigned a specific cents from the Editor a mimeotask and place. No one entered graphed News Release giving ex- "the wickiup" where the syrup cerpts from the recent reports of was boiling except upon invita- the Religious Work Directors. tion. One of the youngest of the You who observe the World Day grandchildren had his fingers of Prayer (February 28, 1936) rapped when he stuck a long stick of his own finding into the should tell others how this minboiling mass of sugar. The visi- istry is supported financially, tors were given the privilege of and interdenominationally from a taste, and samples of maple year to year by the share in the sugar which had been finished in freewill offerings, and furthered previous boiling. spiritually, by the prayer pre- vailing throughout the land. "What's unusual about that?" Nothing – that is the point! It In the seven schools the Indian just happens that her tent is young people also observe the called a "wickiup" instead of Day of Prayer, and send freewill just plain "tent." It just doesn't gifts for the ministry of others -like the Migrant children, or the children of other lands.

~ Our World–wide Outlook ~I

II ~ A Missionary Newspaper of Current Events ~,==—-=–===========,~ EDITED BY MRS. HENRIETTA H. FERGUSON, XENIA, OHIO "

MISCELLANEOUS what better than that of the mis- ened to the exigencies of the times. For more than a year an sions, due to better living condi- enlarging group of ministers Missionary Meeting At Sea tions. The missionary group has has met for consultation and prayer; between the meetings Last August a novel mission- lower incomes, more exposed oc- prayer has gone up to God for ary meeting was held for Deep cupations and locations, less va- His leading, and for His bless- Sea fishermen on board a mis- cations, and more strenuous ing especially upon all who are sion smack, the "Edward Birk- work. seeking to do His will-that if it beck." Two addresses, with lan- . 6. In general,single persons, were in accord with His will, all tern slides, were given on the especially single men, did not who worship Him in Washing- Uganda Mission. For such' a last long either as bachelors or ton might be led to appeal as one lecture the sea must be fairly as m.issionaries, they left the so- man to those who are forgetting calm, so that the lantern will be ciety early or got married. God. steady, and the time chosen must 7. It is often said that the not interfere with the work of present – generation missionary This group has been joined, the fishermen. The seats were . does not view his work as a work at least in spirit, by practically fish boxes and the smell of fish for life. In recent decades, how- all denominations in the city, by and the oil lantern made it a bit ever, the proportion of life-long fellow Christians of the Roman difficult for the speaker.. After services has been increasing. In Catholic Church, and by Hebrew hearty singing of ','All Hail the the past nine years, ten per cent believers in the God of Abraham, Power of Jesus' Name," the men of all withdrawing women mis- Isaac and Jacob. Thus the peolistened with rapt attention for sionaries, and fifteen per cent of ple of God in Washington are an hour and a half, occasionally the men, had served for forty preparing to appeal with one adding their comments and ask- years or more. voice, as they have never been able to do before, to fellow couning questions. Salvation Army Extension trymen living wit h 0 u t God. -Toilers of the Deep. President Roosevelt has put on record his appreciation of the "Health and Turnover" The Salvation Army is quick- value of this movement. – An- of Missionaries drew R. Reid, in The Christian ening its pace. During the six Observer. In a Medical Missions Bulletin, Dr. E. M. Dodd, of the Presby- years of General Higgins' com- Peniel Community Center terian Foreign Board, U. S. A., quotes from the "Lenox Report" mand it invaded Tanganyika, One of the centers of evanin regard to the "health and gelism in the United States turnover" of missionaries. Belgian Congo, Ashanti, Algeria, which has had a continuous rec- ord of progress is Peniel Com- 1. Looking back over a cen- French G u ian a, Yugoslavia, munity Center, Chicago, an entury, there has been marked de- terprise of the Presbyterian cline in the missionary death Southern China and the Straits Church. It began in an abanrate. Africa shows the highest doned church, from the changrate. Settlements.' It also opened a ing neighborhood of which the members had departed. Now 2. Losses from ill-health are chain of large "Shelters" in there are seventy thousand Jews greater among women, and in the community. During the losses from death are greater seven of the principal capitals of Center's twelve years of history, among men. the work has been enlarged, new Europe, stretching from Riga to buildings erected, and a Chris- 3.' The greatest needs lie in tian influence exerted which has treatment for infectious dis- Rome. In Paris in the last two broken down barriers of prejueases, and neurosis. dice and won many to Christ. years,1,300 beds in 1,000 bed- 4. The highest turnover is re- -Forward. corded for Latin America, pos- rooms represent its capacity insibly due to the scarcity of missionary doctors in these areas. crease iIi this direction. In Great 5. The turnover of career men Britain it is also trying to "take of the diplomatic service is some- the sting out of old age," to its eighteen "eventide homes," with 210 men and 477 women in resi- dence, it plans to add three more shortly. -So S. Tim~s.

. NORTH AMERICA Religious Life in Washington Christian people in the Na- tional capital seem to be awak- [52] Interdenominational ranged for their distribution, the larger circulatioFl of strongly Oonference government providing transpor- evangelical literature. In addi- Between 80 and 100 men and tation. The Bible Society head- tion to its sales, both retail and women from foreign mission quarters in New York specify fields will assemble in Dayton, quantity and destination in re- wholesale, the Association is con- Ohio, January 19 and 20 for sponse to applications from the chaplains, of whom there are stantly sending large quantities what is said to be one of the some 250, army and reserve, each in charge of several camps. of books, booklets, Scripture porlargest of such conferences ever Since the work started in June, held in the country. The meet- 1933, the Society has supplied tions and Gospel tracts to prising is a cooperative program 2,000 camp libraries each with a Bible. At its meeting on August ocncse, hospitals, lumber camps, among all Protestant denomina- 1, the board authorized a further camps, fire stations, lodg- grant of 10,000 Testaments, tions, and for the purpose of ob- making a total of 105,000 Testa- ing houses, mountain and piotaining from people on the field ments so far provided for distrithe real impression and story of bution among the men, besides neer schools, Alaska, French many thousand portions sent in reactions of those countries and response to requests from chap- Louisiana, Latin America, Philnations. Mainly, the program lains. It is required that Testaaims at dispelling fear and prej- ments be given only to those who ippine Islands, India and other wish to use them. udice through learning the atti- needy places for free distribu- -Christian Observer. tude of national leaders abroad. tion. These totaled 3,735,620 The conference is to be na- Southern Presbyterian Jubilee copies, during the past fiscal tional in scope. Approval of the year. plan and acceptance of the invi- Since July 1st, the Association tation to participate has been received from national heads of has sent its literature to the practically all denominations. teachers of 2,373 mountain schools, upon their request. To these schools no less than 68,934 copies of the Horton edition of the Gospel of John, with helps, have been sent, and a copy of the Pocket Treasury offered to every On the "Up and Up" The Diamond Jubilee of the boy or girl who will read the Southern Presbyterian Church Gospel of John and memorize The Woman's Home Mission- as planned by the General As- the nine verses listed under ary Society of the Methodist sembly is intended to be a great "God's Plan for Saving Sinners." Episcopal Church reports 12,983 forward m 0 v e men t in the More than 4,000 Pocket Treasorganizations with a member- Church. Daily Bible reading is uries and 1,181 Testaments have ship of 276,325. "We rejoice given an important place in the been thus earned by pupils. A that for the first time in eight Jubilee Year observance. Other total of 12,199,343 pages have years," writes Mrs. DeVinny, been mailed to these mountain corresponding secretary, "we aims put forward are: schools, and there are still 2,100 have a net increase in member- to be supplied. ship of 4,570, also a net gain of 1. To foster a more vital sense of 545 in the number of organiza- the fellowship of Christ and a more Lincoln University tions. ardent desire to do His will. This institution was founded "The treasurer reports re- 2. To develop in individuals and in in 1854, to train missionaries for ceipts of $1,901,243.02, an in- the churches a more fervent and con- Africa and Colored ministers for crease of $505,968.03. This in- stant spirit of evangelism, that the their people in this country. crease was largely due to the Church may not lag in her supreme President William Hallock John- business of winning men to Christ at home and abroad.

3. To lead people into a better splendid personal gifts for build- understanding and more faithful prac- son recently received a letter tice of Christian stewardship of life ings. The total for buildings and possessions. from the Rev. Joel D. Mbengowas $221,733.21." . Nyangi, '13, from East London, It is hoped that a hundred -Christian Advocate. thousand tithers may be enrolled South Africa, in which he says: and a thank-offering of half a "It is gratifying to know that Bibles for 000 Oamps million dollars received. The Lincoln University is getting theme for the Jubilee Year is The American Bible Society "Christ and His Church First." stronger every year. The seed recognized a responsibility and of righteousness sown by good an opportunity when the CCC -Christian Observer. camps were inaugurated in 1933. men of that institution will grow up even in this dark continent of J. E. Yates, chief chaplain at ours." that time, responded gratefully "Ye That Sow Beside All to the Society's offer to supply Waters" A recent study sponsored by the General Education Board Scriptures for camp libraries The Bible Institute Colportage shows that of the Color.ed minisand for men who wanted them. Association of Chicago, founded ters who have the bachelor's de- It was arranged that a stock of by D. L. Moody, celebrated its gree, one-third of them were Bibles and Testaments be main- 40th anniversary last year. The trained at Lincoln University; tained by the Society at Wash- circulation of destructive litera- and of the 150 leading men of ington, under the charge of the ture by religious cults and athe- the race, more were graduated Chief of Chaplains, who ar- istic associations has called for a from Lincoln University. than

from any other single institu- In the City of Mexico a young man C h u r chis now much tion. The University stands lawyer, friend of the Minister of stronger than ten years ago. foursquare for the Gospel. Education, spends fifteen min- utes every morning studying The Protestant Episcopal -The Presbyterian. Moody's "The Way to God" and Church in Cuba has become dis- the New Testament. There have tinctly Cuban, an end toward New Japanese Mission been ingatherings among the In- which Bishop Hulse has worked. dians also. In Yucatan, where Three-fourths of the 3,411 com- Portland, Oregon, has a new the Church is mainly Maya In- municants are Cuban. Sermons Japanese Mission under the care dian, twenty-nine new groups for the most part are in Spanish. of Rev. K. W. Nakajo, Protestant have been formed, and the total The number of Cuban ministers Episcopal minister ordained in membership is now four thou- has increased almost twofold. July, 1935. He has been work- sand. There are nearly 3,700 Sunday ing among Japanese in Utah. school pupils. What One Christian Twenty-five or thirty adults Accomplished -The Living Church. are connected with the new mission, and as many children. Bartolo is in the coffee-grow- Clergy Banned from Ecuador ing section of the Lares Moun- Mission Force Reduced tains in Puerto Rico. Years ago Within six months from Oc- the Gospel was preached there, tober 16, all foreign clergymen The United Church of Canada but because of economies and re- must cease their activities in has been obliged to make drastic ductions in budgets, work was Ecuador, in accordance with a readjustments on the mission discontinued. The place became decree promulgated by President field, because of progressive noted for lawlessness and hor- Federico Paez. The decree folshrinkage in income at home. rible crimes. lowed one which nationalized The board decided to recall from church property. Churches and the fields about 60 persons rep- A Christian moved into a other buildings, designed for resenting missionary homes. In large farmhouse near the com~ public worship and built by pubsome cases this may imperil the munity and began to hold meet- lic subscription on privately future resumption of the work ings in his home, since there was owned lands, become State propshould the civil authorities, ac- no church. To his surprise erty, according to the terms of cording to their laws, take over crowds began to attend, until he the presidential decree. The the mission property for use by had to send an appeal to a Sup- buildings will not be subject to the nation. As soon as news of day school missionary. taxes and cannot be mortgaged this decision began to reach the or sold. -The Living Church. congregations, a marked in- "Come quickly with your crease in the daily receipts at the tent," he wrote. Mter the mis- Among Nicaraguan Indians foreign missionary offices was sionary had spent 15 days in noted. evangelistic services, the 103 The Moravian Church main- who confessed Christ wanted a tains a mission to Indians in Nic- LATIN AMERICA chapel. A prominent man gave aragua. One feature of the work the site; and today the Bartolo is an annual school for evan- More About Mexico people are sacrificing ollt of their gelists, usually held at Bilwask- poverty to build a place of wor- arma. Each "catechist" has According to Rev. Bancroft ship. charge of the work in a village Reifsnyder, there are more op- or a group of villages, under the portunities than ever for mis- Protestants in Cuba superintendence of an ordained sionary work in M e x i c o. minister. In villages where Churches and ministers all over The bishop of Cuba, Rt. Rev. there is no officially appointed the country are making plans Hiram R. Hulse, affirms that catechist are helpers who voland carrying them out. When Protestant missionary work has untarily keep up regular Sunday the Government a few months had a noticeable effect on the services, although they do not ago, in cutting a new boulevard Roman Catholic Church. Cath- give instruction to candidates in Mexico City, was obliged to olic bishops, suddenly realizing for baptism, nor are they retake over the Presbyterian what co u 1d be accomplished sponsible for day-school work. Church, which has a thousand among the country people, have There are also keen young Chrismembers, it gave in return a now sent priests outside urban tian men who are ready to much better building formerly boundaries. This is especially preach occasionally and assist in occupied by a group of schis- true in the Province of Cama- any other church work which matic Roman Catholics in a bet- giiey, where Spanish padres-have they find to do. It is for all these ter location. The high altar was followed close upon the heels of that the school is held. In 1935, not removed but the images were their Protestant cousins. Often fifty-four men and two women taken out of their niches, and Bishop Hulse receives inquiries were in attendance. At least John 3: 16 placed by the church from officials in the Roman Cath- six languages were heard on the members where the Guadalupe olic Church asking just how he premises. Subjects taught were Virgin had stood for many does it. Partly for this reason, Old Testament History, New years. Bishop Hulse concludes, the Ro-

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK &6

Testament Exegesis, Christian ned as one feature of a scheme Gladstone was based upon what Doctrine, Moravian Church His- to evangelize that city. This is he called "the impregnable rock tory, Elementary Homiletics, but a preliminary to a world- of Holy Scripture." Lord Salis- Day-School Methods and Sing- wide evangelistic campaign, and bury was a devout churchman, ing. There were also Medical next March the effort will be ex- and so was Asquith, the Congre- tended to provincial centers and gationalist; Balfour, MacDon- Lectures. The contrast between the afterward overseas. Dr. Thomas ald and Bonar Law, the Presbypresent and 30 years ago is Cochrane, the president of the terians; Lloyd George, the Bap- striking. Then there was only movement, said that the coun- tist and Stanley Baldwin, the one Indian young man who was tries which had sent mission- Anglican of Methodist ancestry, even trying to lead a decent aries abroad were now them- who, in outspoken fashion, con- moral life : today there are many selves in danger of becoming fesses that without the Bible, he young men who are keen, pagan, and it was therefore ur- would be hard pressed by the straight-living Christians, and gently necessary to seek a re- weight of his responsibilities.

thoughtful Bible students. To- vival at home. John Bright, the B r i tis h day there are Christian Indians -The Living Church. Quaker statesman, lifted the ora- who even on business journeys tory of the House of Commons will not let Sunday pass without Oxford Group at Geneva and of the political platform into trying to gather people together the realm of prophecy by his defor a simple service. Some of the strongest repre- votion to the Bible. King George sentatives of the Oxford Group -Moravian Missions. promised his mother, Queen assembled at Geneva when the Alexandra, that he would read Evangelical Trend League of Nations was in ses- the Bible every day, and he Rev. C. Darley Fulton, South- sion, and so managed it that Dr. states that he has kept the ern Presbyterian worker, writes Benes, President of the As- promise.

from Brazil: "I am amazed at sembly, invited his associates to the extent and momentum of the Evangelical Movement in North a luncheon to meet the Groupers Waldensians in the Crisis Brazil. I am confident that the and hear their message. Some committee has little idea of the 400 persons, including represen- Young men of the Waldensian fine work that has been done and tatives of forty-four nations, ac- Church, the oldest Protestant the results that have been at- cepted the invitation. Ethiopians communion in the world, have tained. I had imagined that one and Italians were present. They been drafted to service in Africa. might possibly find as many as heard representatives of this The battalion of Alpine, first to a dozen congregations scattered Christian fellowship make a plea embark, was commanded by a through this vast territory. In- for the settlement of interna- Waldensian, son of a well-known stead I found that there are lit- tional disputes by the method of professor of history. Waldensian erally scores of them, that the Christ, by reason and under- chaplains have not been apchurches and chapels are crowd- standing, absolute honesty, sin- pointed for Africa, but the spired everywhere, the people eager cerity, purity. They did not stop itual needs may be cared for by and enthusiastic and the pros- Mussolini, but they did make a two Waldensian pastors working pects bright for a great develop- great impression on those who with the Swedish Mission in ment of the Church in this area. were present, some of whom had Eritrea. Opportunities are taken never realized the vitality of for the distribution of the New "It is freely recognized that Christian religion when em- Testament and Gospels. the evangelical cause is enjoying bodied in living men and women. a season of great favor in this One man who was present said: The situation in Italy is one of area just now. The stronger "The Oxford Group has given me exceptional gravity for Waldenchurches seem to be conscious of a new faith in the body of Christ, sians; almost every activity is their responsibility for sur- where miracles happen. The faced with the danger of being rounding communities. Prac- Group has given us a new vision closed, and the League's sanctically every organized congre- of the Church as. a living body, tions may eventually make it gation had a number of mission with Christ as the soul – a difficult, even impossible, for points through which it was Church marching, fighting, vic- Protestants outside Italy to send preaching the Gospel." torious." financial help to the Waldensian Church, although no embargo at -Christian Observer. -The Christian Advocate. present is placed upon gifts for religious and humanitarian pur- EUROPE Public Men and the Bible poses. After the present trou- bles are ended, the clerical party World-Wide Campaign for The Watchman – Examiner may come into power, with grave London urges the habit of daily Bible results to the Waldensians.

reading by calling attention to -The Christian.

With the whole-hearted coop- the fact that the Prime Minis- Warning to Nazi Neo-Pagans eration of several hun d red ters of Great Britain, one after churches, fifty campaigns in and the other, have been men of the The Nordic pagan symbol, a around London have been plan- Bible. The entire thinking of silver swastika in the form ofa

sunwheel on a robin's-egg-blue ism is probably only a bargain- were recorded during Mayas field has been subjected to offi- ing point in his controversy with against 4,381 marriages. This cial Nazi "desecration." Alfred the established churches. What revision is directed toward tight- Rosenberg and other recognized really is at stake is the moral ening responsibility of parents neopagans of the Nazi Retch, leadership of the 6,000,000 boys for their children. Indications united in what is known as the and girls in the German Youth multiply that Soviet Russia is Wagnerian Guards, have been Movement. . . . Hitler insists in recognizing the value of the told to cease their propaganda bringing them up under the home to the nation. for the neopagan cult apparently guidance of the swastika." because the propaganda is an- Signs in Germany seem to The Gospel in Siberia tagonizing other nations. Hitler point to a restoration of the priv- Although Soviet Russia tries was said also to have imposed ileges of religion within the to keep her frontier from pene- bans on Teutonic cult-festivals State. The Evangelical Church tration of the Gospel, Christian and on further building of open- Committee, recently created by workers are finding it possible air amphitheaters in Germanic Hans Kerrl, has ordered legal ac- successfully to evade this pro- style where such gatherings tion against Protestant pastors hibition. Agreements have been might be conducted. in Prussia to be stopped. made with sailors on the Sun- German churchmen believe gari River whereby they are in- that Hit I e r 's announcement Russia – Whither Bound? termediaries in this connection. means tliat twilight had set in Steamers from Harbin reaching for the Wagnerian Guards and Many different opinions are that Dr. Alfred Rosenberg's phi- expressed about Russia, Dr. the Amur River visit the wharfs along the Russian coast. There losophy of a German faith with Walter Van Kirk, Secretary of they quietly leave Scripture cop- German gods will no longer be the Department of International tolerated. ies, and there are always plenty Justice and Goodwill of the Fed- of persons eager to read the Hans Kerrl, the Nazi Minister eral Council of the Churches of much prized books. One Red Christ in America, upon his reof Church Affairs, has also is- soldier wrote the radio station, sued the following statement: turn from a recent tour of in- expressing gratitude for the ser- "Reich-Chancellor Hitler, acting vestigation, reports: mon broadcasts and saying there were many religious people in at the wish of Dr. Hjalmar "I have the distinct impres- Schacht (P res ide n t of the ·sion that before very long that the Soviet army, and that often Reichsbank and Economics Min- country will be, in the main, a they have long conversations ·godless and churchless land. upon the question of salvation. ister), has had country and dis- Churches are neglected. They As it is impossible to find a Bible trict leaders advised that 'Hitler have been stripped of their in the place where they are stawill lead the Party along the crosses. Their general appear- tioned, they were very happy path of positive Christianity and not along the false path of anti- · ance is one of desolation. Train- when some frontier sentinels ing for the ministry is strictly discovered a few small-sized Christian doctrine.' " forbidden." The offering at one Holy Scriptures when by chance The Washington Post says: church, visited by Dr. Van Kirk, they visited one of the frontier "Doctor Schacht must have been "consisted of five pieces of black villages. At first the Gospels largely motivated by a concern bread, four green apples and an for the strangling economy of his were thrown under a bench, but country. The connection between egg. Russia is in the business afterwards the soldiers began to of getting rid of religion as well take them out one by one and as Reich Treasury statements and as ecclesiasticism." – read them. They were amazed Reich Druid dances is not so re- by the logical force of the Bible, mote might at first appear. – Watchman-Examiner.

"Dances and all the other rites Divorce Law in Russia and the soldier mentioned above of the Wagnerian Guards, as the says that until he secured a copy neopagans were officially known, The Soviet Government is he had read nothing but atheistic have come .to represent in the changing its laws governing di- literature. AFRICA mind of the world the psycho- vorce, which have been so shnple pathic hysteria which dominates that a man or woman could go to Ethiopia's Black Jews the divorce bureau, signify that Germany today.

"Consciously 0 r otherwise, he or she wanted a divorce, pay a Among the 5,000,000 inhabit- there has developed a disinclina- trifling sum, and leave entirely ants of Emperor Haile Selastion on the part of civilized peo- free from a former life partner. sie's land are 50,000 who call ple everywhere to enter upon Frequently the divorced party themselves "House of Israel."

dealings with a people seriously was completely ignorant of the They claim to be descendants of interested in the worship of step taken. The new law gives Abraham; worship in syna- Wotan." eith!'lr party the right to obtain gogues, keep the Sabbath and ob- Nazi· neopaganism has made a divorce, but registration of the serve a ritual distinctly Jewish. little real progr~ss, ,says the Bos- divorce.can be effective only with The rest of the population call t o n f f e. ~r a" l "d,',-..w ·the}rnpwledge of both: parties…. them Falashes. ' It is generally hfch a d d ed : ' , , "" , " "Hitler's disavowal· of pagan- In Moscow alone 2,040 divorces conceded they are Negroes.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

These are not the only Jews The United Presbyterian Mis- ditions changed more definite whose racial origin must be ques- sion has been very successful organization became necessary. tioned. There are Chinese Jews among the Copts and the Evanand the "Bene Israel" of India; gelical Church has 50,000 mem- -C. M. S. Outlook.

on the Malabar Coast is a group bers, largely recruited from the Faith That Gets Things Done of Black Jews who unmistakably Coptic community. belong to the Negro race. Scat- Malingi and her husband were tered along the Loango Coast of -Blessed Be Egypt. old, and the big tree that stood North Africa is a tribe of Ne- stubbornly in the middle of the groes, called by their neighbors Dugald Campbell Crosses bit of land they wanted for their J udeos, who follow many Jewish Sahara garden was too much for their customs. In New York and old African strength. "I give other American cities there are The National Bible Society of up," said the husband, and went synagogues of Black Jews. Scotland has published letters back to the house leaving the from Mr. Dugald Campbell, the gardening, which is woman's Though Jews of today claim Society's agent who recently work, to his wife. to be nonproselyting, there have crossed the Sahara. He has piobeen periods in the past when neered his way through hitherto Malingi looked at the tree, and Judaism was aggressively mis- absolutely untouched peoples, go- looked at the big stretch of sionary. Christ referred to this ing from oasis to oasis, and in ground which she might use if when He declared of the zealots his six months' journey he had it weren't there. "Didn't our of His day: "Ye compass sea circulated many thousands of Lord say if we had faith we and land to make one proselyte." Scriptures, and had established could move mountains ?" she said contacts with desert dwellers of to herself. "I'm going to move -Our Jewish Neighbors. Berber, Arab and Tuareg races. that tree!"

The Copts Today He had at last arrived at Taman- Back to the house she went rasset, 4,700 feet above the sea, and brought coals from the The Italo-Ethiopian conflict where the temperature was cool. hearth fire. She laid them at prompts a word about the Copts The king of the Tuaregs had wel- the base of the tree, chopping of today. Those in Egypt and comed him cordially. He had al- out a little hole with her cutlass in Ethiopia are closely related, most died of heat and thirst in so that the fire would get a start. and in spite of age-old enmity of the desert. The temperature It was a big tree, and it didn't Mohammedans, one sees the was 1200 in the shade, and all burn all at once, but little by strange spectacle of Moham- the water he discovered was salt. little as she worked at it it medans and Copts openly united yielded. Now it lies on the in their desire to aid the Chris- -The Christian. ground, like all the others that tian nation of Ethiopia. Such Two Jubilees Malingi has brought down' to an unusual gesture may be sus- make her garden. "The Lord pected of having a political mo- The C. M. S. will celebrate two gave me my garden, because I tive. jubilees in 1936 -the diamond took His promises as he gave The Copts at present number jubilee of the Uganda Mission them to me," Malingi says. -Presbyterian Pastors' nearly one million, one-fifteenth and the golden jubilee of the . News.

of the total Moslem and Chris- Gleaners' Union, which in 1891 tian population of Egypt, and are became the Missionary Service an important minority. They League. Its chief aim has been WESTERN ASIA cherish a bitter hatred toward not to collect money, but to stir New Social Ideals other Christians, outdoing Mos- Christian people with a new vilems in this respect. Their fa- sion of the work overseas as "a A social experiment is being naticism has led them to offer great and holy cause demanding tried at Kayseri, Turkey, by open opposition in many places and deserving a front place in common accord the dirtiest town to the work of Protestant mis- the Church's thought." From the in Anatolia, despite the prover- sions and churches, but over beginning the emphasis of the 'bial shrewdness of its 40,000 in- against this are some encour- Gleaners' Union was on fellow- habitants. A state-owned settle- aging facts. Many Coptic priests ship rather than organization; ment has been created on factory are open-minded and enlightened in fact its simple form was de- grounds where workmen will be and the rank and file are reading vised by Dr. Stock to meet the given opportunity to practice all Christian literature. In the objection expressed by clergy sorts of sports and games, each Coptic church there are several and lay workers: "We really are under the guidance of some reform movements, especially overdone with organization, es- amateur official, engineer or among the younger men, and pecially C. M. S. organization." foreman. The canteen is on a co- what is more hopeful still is the The object of the Union was operative basis. Extensive build- fact that Coptic church.societies simply to unite in a fellowship of ings for personal housing are in certain place& have begun to personal service the rank and file now being erected and will con- invite missionaries to speak to of . missionary-hearted people. tain up-to-date accommodations.

them. But as the Union grew and con- A cinema, it is e~pected, will be

added. The workers will be in- the calm way in which the wom- as their bodies. To the regular troduced to a standard of living en present took it all, praising af,ternoon service on Sunday we hitherto unknown. But the fac- God for His goodness, for the have added an evening service of tory, not the individual, is the meeting, for His Word, and a free and easy type, with a wall social unit. praying for strength to meet picture to serve as an illustration these calamities bravely and to of the little talk. Each weekday -The Christian Century. be a witness to their neighbors. begins with a prayer service One poor woman whose son is a with the hospital staff, though Palestine Citizenship cripple and husband a lame ped- others are invited. This year we dler, when asked what she would have been delighted beyond A campaign is planned by do when she lost her house, an- words to see three of the staff Zionist leaders to persuade per- swered, "I don't know at all. We become Christians." manent Jewish residents of for- are just trusting God." eign nationalities to adopt Pales- -Neglected Arabia. tine citizenship. Of Palestine's -Missionary Herald. 350,000 Jewish residents, only Ion Keith Falconer Mission 130,000 are Palestine citizens. Progress in Arabia Disease and other obstacles Syrian Orphanage Dr. Paul Harrison writes that have made it difficult to estab- the new hospital at Matrah, lish a missionary footing in On November 11, it was sev- Arabia, is a joy, and that the South Arabia. Fifty years ago enty-five years since the Syrian people show genuine cordiality. Ion Keith Falconer went there Orphanage began its blessed "It has been a particular pleas- as a missionary of the Free work in Jerusalem. At present ure," writes Dr. Harrison, "to Church of Scotland, and two there are 53 European and 37 gain the appreciation and warm years later this scholar missionnative workers who carryon in friendship of the ruling sultan ary died a victim of malignant 4 stations. The mission prepares and to see the hostility of the in- malaria. His work was not in the children under its care for land sheikhs diminish, so that vain-a mission was founded in the most varied pursuits and at opportunities for touring are Sheikh Othman. In spite of disthe same time constitutes a opening in several directions. couragements this mission has strong moral backing for the Our plans for touring miscar- definitely developed. Fifty years Evangelical native Christians. ried, so that the total volume of ago the work was carried on in a The chief settlement in J eru- work is less than last year, hut fifteen feet by twelve which salem is now compelled to move though the numbers treated in served as consulting room and since the part of the city in Matrah are larger. Five thou- dispensary, and accommodated which it stands is being occupied sand patients made 18,000 visits three in-patients. Today there more and more completely by ,to the dispensary. Major opera- are two hospitals – a general Jews. The city administration tions were just over fifty. The hospital with about fifty beds, proposes to convert it into an in- summer was a very trying one and a leper hospital with about dependent Jewish suburb with and the resistance of the people thirty. There are two schools a Jewish city council and mayor. was evidently greatly reduced. for boys, a junior and senior, There have been several cases of and some educational work for The Syrian Orphanage is to tuberculosis applying for treat- girls. There is the nucleus of an move from the northwestern ment. When possible we send orphanage. In 1893 the Keith part of the city to the southern. such cases to India where X-ray Falconer Memorial Church was For the same reason the two is available, and, with it, more built; it has undertaken chap- Kaiserswerth institutions, the constant supervision and better laincy service among troops in girls' orphanage, Talitha Kumi, nursing. For nine out of ten Aden. and the German hospital, have such patients a trip to India is also decided to plant new settle- impossible, and we hope for the Converts to Christianity have ments in the southern part of the time when a small X-ray plant been so few that there are no city. will make us more competent to native Christians available as as- handle them. Practically all our sistants, but the doors into this Armenian Refugees Evicted general surgery is done under closed land are being very slowly spinal anesthesia and the results opened. About ten thousand people have been very satisfactory, so were put out of their homes dur- satisfactory indeed that we feel -E. M. M. S. Quarterly. ing the summer in the Armenian that some of the solutions now Settlement near Aleppo, Syria, in use in Muscat may be worth INDIA AND SIAM the government tearing down publishing. Women and chiltheir shacks or small houses of dren have been coming this year A Difficult Problem sun-dried brick because the own- in much larger numbers, due to ers of the land demanded their the fact that Mrs. Harrison is The so-called Chamar moveproperty. Mrs. John E. Merrill, there to mix their medicines ment is presenting a difficult American Board missionary at with sympathy and interest, and problem. The Chamars are Aleppo, led the last meeting in be a nurse to their souls as well workers in leather. Within the the Bethel Church, also to be past few years they have become torn down, and was amazed at greatly interested in Christian- ity and have eagerly welcomed

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Christian evangelists. No", they Shine on, Lone Star I Thy radiance ready for dedication in less than are seeking baptism in large bright a month. Bricks can be dug and numbers. The que s t ion is dried for nothing; palmyra trees whether to baptize them, and Shall spread o'er all the eastern sky. supply light, strong roof timber then not be able to teach them and a leaf thatch will keep out adequately, so that they may be- This time the poet prevailed. sun and rain for two years. The come communicant church mem- floor is clean sand. This little bers. Last year a large gather- Again in 1862 there was a de- church is only a mile from aning of mission workers and mand that the Mission be aban- other congregation, whose leader Chamars met to discuss the sub- doned, but again ,the decision will go every Sunday and hold a ject. Many groups are eager to was overruled, reenforcements service. -C. M. S. Outlook. have their own church building. were sent, and today there are Workers are adding to their ter- over 110,000 members of Bap- To End Animal Sacrifice ritories, already too large, to get tist churches in that area; in semi-frequent visits to these twenty-eight stations and over A Hindu pundit, Ramchander, people. 300 organized churches. has fasted for more than a month outside the temple at Indian Poverty -Watchman-Examiner. Kalighat, near Calcutta, as a protest against animal sacrifices According to a statistician of Devil Devotees Buy Gospels at the temple. Frantic attempts Gujerat College in Armadabad, are being made by priests of this the latest estimate of the aver- Mallianoor is not a very im- temple to counteract the inage annual income for each per- portant spot in Madras Presi- fluence which the hunger strike son in India is Rs. 58, which dency, except for its annual fes- is exerting among Hindus. Raamounts to 6 cents a day. This tival in honor of a goddess be- bindranath Tagore has appealed is believed to be the lowest lieved to be the head of all devils. to his countrymen in Bengal not among civilized nations. People Most of the devotees are young to turn a deaf ear to the meswho borrow money from Pa- women who begin, as soon as sage of this pundit. thians and other money lenders they arrive, to dance, jump, sometimes pay 150 per cent in- scream and run in fearful fash- -The Living Church. terest per annum. One case is ion, to eat the ashes of burnt cited where a sweeper had bor- corpses, and some hang the en- Christmas At Moulmein rowed Rs. 100 from a Pathian, trails of animals about their and in twelve months had paid necks. Without the Camp for October Rs. 150 as interest, yet not a pie sketches the 1934 Christmas at of the principal. To the festival this year came Moulmein L e per Hom e in six missionaries, to share with Burma. The patients began -Duyanodaya. the deluded throng their knowl- three months in advance to pre- edge of Christ. With a large pare for it by practicing scenes In Telugu Field supply of tracts and Gospels they from "Alice in Wonderland" and stood in different centers and "Little Red Riding Hood." The Those familiar with the more told gospel stories appropriate to men manufactured instruments recent history of the Telugu the occasion. They even entered for their Burmese band, even to mass movement know that there the temple with their message. a violin with a horn. Early in were three proposals to abandon In less than two hours they were November they gave a public this mission because all effort sold out of Gospel portions. concert. An offering was taken seemed fruitless. The first was and about $19 realized. This when Mr. Day, founder of the -Bible Society Record. went to the lepers' own Christmission, after the first ten years mas tree and for needed things of service, reported that there A Church for $4.00 for the colony later in the year. were few converts. "We must Gifts came from far and near; close the Mission," said his Far away from any road at mufflers from England, a good Board. "N0, we must send re- Mangulam in Tinnevelly, stands gift from America and another enforcements," said Mr. Day, a 15 shilling (less than $4.00) from India. Tea, coffee, sugar, and his advice prevailed. church. Eighteen feet by nine, milk, shirts. Game boards given it can seat 30 people, but it fills to the wards caused great joy. Again in 1853 the question the present need for there are The boys asked for baseballs and came up again. A poet was only six baptized Christians and bats. The soft indoor balls will present, and so profoundly was 20 inquirers in the village. The be very good for hands that he stirred by the proposals to usual service is a few simple bruise easily. For the whole abandon the Telugu Mission that prayers, and a Scripture lesson home, a hot water heater has he had a vision in his room that read by the only one of the been made and the Hindus of night and dared to become a group who knows one letter from our community are to be responprophet. The next morning the another. One family in the vil- sible for two or three good milk poem was read and it is stated lage has been Christian for many cows. This last gift caused that the whole assembly wept years, and new inquirers have much joy. At the lepers' own when they heard the words: come in as the result of a visit from a preaching band. It was the energetic leader of the band who decided .that they must have a church at once, and it was

gift giving the children gave a streets and preach to the mer- Chinese Peace Prayer pageant of the "Infant Jesus." chants in their little booths. Conference After the pageant, homemade Some say, 'Yes, we have read the Followers of Confucius in gifts, userul and humorous, were little Gospels, the Jesus doctrine China are proposing a World exchanged. A chance visitor seems good, and we will likely Peace Prayer Conference to profrom America was carried away all believe some day.' Others mote "Confucian cosmopolitanwith the genuine joy and good mock and say, 'We have read the ism." The promoters recognize cheer. Jesus Gospels and we read that the menace of the present com- when Jesus was on earth he petition in military training and A Hindu patient came to those worked miracles. Now you show equipment. They have therefore in charge of the pageant and us a miracle and we will believe,' invited their "Great Teacher," said, "I am not a Christian but and when they say that, Pastor, Tvan Szetsun, to give a series of I want a part in celebrating the I am troubled and I don't know lectures on "Confucian Cosmobirth of Jesus." He brought how to answer them." politanism" and to pray for with him little pots filled with world peace. Many high officials incense sticks, and so for the 1 thought a moment and re- of the Chinese military and civil pageant there was incense-not plied, "Well, Mr. Chang, these government – national and local only from the sticks, but the love men know what kind of man you -have endorsed the movement. of a simple heart. were before you became a Chris- The honorary secretary is Sung tian, don't they?" He said, "Oh, Hsien-zong, 862 Boone Road, The Boon Itts yes, they know that I drank and Shanghai. gambled and led an impure life." Pitsanuloke Station, Siam, was So I said, "And they know what Communists Leave a Trail served by Rev. Boon Itt, a man kind of man you have been since of determination and spiritual- you became a Christian?" "Oh, ity, grandson of one of the first yes," he said, "they know I am a Like a horde of wild beasts, Siamese Christians and a grad- very different man now." So I the large army of Soviet commuuate of Williams College and of said, "Well, Mr. Chang, the next nists who were driven out of the Auburn Seminary in the United time one of these men asks you southeastern provinces of China States. His son, Boon Itt, II, to show him a miracle, you say, have moved across country to was educated in Bangkok Chris- 'Look at me. I am a miracle of the far west border and then tian College and at Silliman Uni- Jesus Christ.''' His face lit up. turned north, leaving a trail of versity in the Philippines. On "Why," he said, "I hadn't death and destruction. Missionhis return he took up medical thought of that. But it's true. aries had to evacuate their staservice in a government hospital. I'll tell them that. I am a mir- tions in Kweichow, Yunnan, Later, two years were spent in acle of Jesus Christ." scholarship study in America. western Szechwan and western Kansu. The workers of one He was in line for notable ad- Concentrate on Christianity C. I. M. station crawled on hands vancement. Then God spoke to him and he heeded the call to The American Board reports and knees up on the city wall, Pitsanuloke to take charge of that the heads of several villages medical work under the Church in the Paotingfu area invited then dropped over and crawled of Christ in Siam. So Dr. Boon Dr. Samuel H. Leger, Secretary out of sight. Unspeakable atroc- Itt takes up the work his father of Religious ';Education for the ities were committed. From one laid down. Tiny Boon Itt, III, Church of Christ in China, and community it was reported that completes the family group. a missionary: to speak to them the Reds rounded up all the on the different religious and young men they could catch and -The Christian Century. moral teachings. Before he be- asked them how many would like gan, however, one of the village to join the "movement." Out of CHINA gentry remarked, "We really fear a number signified their willingness to join up. Then A Modern Miracle know a good deal about Bud- these "volunteers" were com- dhism and the moral teachings manded to slay their neighbors The U'(I,ited Church Record of of Confucius. What we do not who preferred' to remain at Toronto gives an example of a know enough about is Christian- home. modern miracle, and its use as ity. I think we had better ask an answer to argument. The in- Dr. Leger to spend his time on Missionaries in Kweichow, cident is told by a missionary of Christianity." He did! – And Yunnan and parts of Szechwan the United Church of Canada. every day the gentry and head- are now back in their stations seeking to comfort the hearts of One day in Hamheung, Elder men came to hear him. When it their little flocks who suffered so Chang was calling on me, and he was all over these villagers in- terribly, and gather up the broken pieces for a fresh start. said, "Pastor, there is something vited a Christian teacher to their The latest word reports these that troubles me." I said, "What school, and hired Miss Chang hordes as converging toward the is that, Elder Chang?" He said, from the Paotingfu Bible School southern part of Kansu. Per- "In my spare time I go down the to work among them. sons familiar with that section

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

are wondering what will happen not only to bring ,these men to members," 60, 70, even 90 years when they attempt to pass Christ, but to help them to be de- of age. They may be seen every through the territory inhabited livered from besetting tempta- afternoon at two o'clock, aslargely by Mohammedans, who tion. The nation's leaders are sembling at their own tile roofed· are not of the sort to tolerate an sorely perplexed with problems building near the West Gate invasion by communists or any of character building, relations Presbyterian Church. The only one else. between parents and children object of their Association is to and the like; and those who are pray, and they call their build- -Moody Institute Monthly. seriously concerned about the ing the "Old People's House of moral and ethical tendencies in Prayer." Moslem Union in Manchukuo Japan are anxious to find out the best and most effective way for Some months ago Mr. Chang The Moslem World announces the guidance of the younger gen- Shup, 81-year-old chairman of a Moslem Union in Manchuria, eration. They are kindly dis- the Association, said to Prof. M. composed of nearly 600 Moslems, posed toward Christianity. W. Oh: "We cannot forget Mr. including I n d ian s, Tartars, R. J. Thomas, his preaching and Turks and Japanese. The aim is -The Living Church. his martyrdom, and want to do to preach the Koran in the Far something in his memory. We East. The headquarters of the Kagawa's New Novel prayed for a long time about this. Union is in Tokyo. Moslem Eventually God told us to build a mosques and schools are being The first instalment of Kag- preaching boat to be called "Margradually set up in Tokyo, Kobe awa's long anticipated novel, tyr Thomas" to preach the Gosand other cities in Japan, for "Christ," has appeared in Kaizo, pel to boatmen on the Taidong which land has been given free a secular magazine of liberal and River. We never heard of anyby the Government, who is also intellectual inclination. The one trying to preach to them. providing teachers and paying story starts with the coming of Weare old and weak physically, their salaries. It is estimated John's disciples for the Bap- but we cannot sit still. We dethat there are 17,000 members tist's body, and plunges quickly cided to raise money for the of this Union in the Far East. into the incidents of Jesus' early boat. It will seat about 50, and ministry, as seen through orien- cost 600 yen. I am sure God JAPAN tal eyes. will bless this small work of His 'old children' in Pyengyang." Anglican Opportunities They Wanted a Christian Funeral -Korea Mission Field. The Anglican Church in Japan has 11 bishops, 400 clergy and A young Japanese pastor was ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC lay workers, and about 20,000 called to an isolated village communicants. This is the out- where lived a lone Christian Silliman University Attacked growth of 70 years' effort on the mother. Her baby had died and part of churches in England, the she wanted a Christian funeral. Silliman University is under United States and Canada. The As the pastor entered the door heavy fire from Catholic forces Japanese Church has not yet the grandmother said, "I want a in the Philippines. The opening reached complete autonomy. Buddhist funeral. That's what gun was fired in these words: we are used to here." Kneeling, The Brotherhood of St. An- the mother pleaded, "Please stay. After noting the activities of Protdrew has recently been revived I want a Christian funeral for estant schools, and their methods of in Japan, and finds abundant op- my baby." "Of course I'll stay," destroying the faith of young men and portunity for putting its motto, responded the minister. After women, we remind the parents that "Prayer and Service," into effect. it was all over the grandmother they are under obligation not to send Some forty years ago when suddenly said. "I want you to their children to the aforementioned young men were graduating come and give me a Christian schools, with this warning that they from Christian Mission Schools, funeral." "Bless your heart, are amenable to punishment as folgovernment offices and chief Grandma," laughed the young lows: "Parents and guardians, who, business and banking houses minister, "you have many happy by their own free will, send their chilwere closed to them. They had years of life ahead of you." dren to the schools where non-Catholic to trust only in their own sheer "Well, then," she insisted, "come religion is taught, are amenable to exability. In these days, however, and teach me to live a Christian communication, which right is redanger lies in just the other way. life." He promised to visit her served in the hands of the Bishop They are employed by some busi- once a month. This body also reminds the cure of ness and banking firms simply their duty to refuse the sacraments to by virtue of their being Chris- -Overseas News. those parents and guardians who do tians. However, when they are not endeavor to avoid the danger of brought in contact with non- Preaching Boat in Korea losing the faith of their children and Christian men who work in the wards." same office, temptation gathers Pyengyang has an "Old Men's its tremendous force. The duty Association," formed six years This was added as a sort of of the Brotherhood workers is ago. There are now over 100 postscript : And perhaps the parents will ask this question, "To what schools the Catholic children should not go?"

(A) "Silliman Institute." .

The University· waited . to Bible into Tahitian was cele- ago. Colonial authorities never watch the effect on attendance. brated in December in all Prot- allowed a mission to start work When classes opened the enrol- estant churches in the South there, but now there are a num- ment was 150 more than last Seas. ber of churches consisting of year. At the 34th anniversary The end of his 22 years of Batak immigrants.

celebration in Aug u s t, 140 labor on the project was signal- Amboinese Christians are in alumni were present for the va- ized by Henry Nott, one of the somewhat similar conditions to rious activities. Never in the great South Seas missionaries, the Bataks. Their native islands history of the school has there in a letter to the London Mis- cannot hold them, and for many been such a group gathered at sionary Society late in December, years they have been spreading one time. At the banquet, the 1835, with the words: "You will all over the archipelago, being mayor of Dumaguete, the gov- be pleased to hear that on the employed as government officials, ernor of the province and the 18th of December last, at half soldiers, police, etc. Everywhere representative of the district in past 1 0'clock, I finished the they cling to their faith, and in the legislature spoke in glowing translation of the Bible into the some cases have been the means terms of Silliman, and apologeti- Tahitian language." of spreading the Gospel among cally for the rabid attacks. Nott made his translation not non-Christian tribes. The latest -Philippine Presbyterian. only from the English but also instance is in the island of Bali, from Hebrew and Greek sources. on which attention has lately One X-Ray for a Million He arrived at Tahiti in 1797 been focused. -Malaysia Message. Milwaukee Mission Hospital, aboard the Duff, first missionary Legaspi, P. 1., is rejoicing in the ship sent out by the London Mis- A New Hebrides Martyr sionary Society, and remained at installation of an up-to-date his post until his death in 1844. The John G. Paton Mission in X-ray unit which will do all In four years the missionary had the New Hebrides has suffered mastered the native language a severe setback at one of its kinds of radiography, fluoro- sufficiently to make his first pub- stations, opened two years ago lic address to the Tahitians in among the cannibals of North scopic examinations, and surface their own tongue. Nott's body is Malekula. For more than forty and intermediate therapy treat- buried near the royal tombs in years missionaries have sought ments. Since it is the only X-ray the district of Arue. to gain entrance there, but the power of the ancestral chiefs between Legaspi and Manila it Missionary Aeroplane was so great that not until two years ago were they able to settle must serve over a million people. The Neuendettelsau Mission Apon, a native teacher, in one of in Dutch New Guinea uses for its the villages. It was a position During a ten-day agricultural work an aeroplane, named the of great danger, requiring in- "Papua" which has been in use finite tact, but through sheer and commercial carnival and this past year. Up to June it strength of character Apon suc- had made 145 flights in 107 fly- ceeded in gaining the goodwill of fair, free fluoroscopic examina- ing hours and had carried 258 the savage tribesmen, and nine tions were offered, and 1,734 per- passengers and 16,000 kgs. of converts were won. Then trousons took advantage of the offer. freight. From now on it is to fly ble arose from the recruitment every Tuesday to one of the three of native women for plantation All were intensely interested in inland stations, Ega, Ogelbeng w 0 r k. Infuriated husbands finding out whether or not they and the American station, Kero- started a vendetta not only wagi. The main purpose of these against whites, but all who were had tuberculosis. Many came out Tuesday flights is to carry pro- friendly with whites. Apon was of the room with glad faces and visions. at once marked down as a victim. a joyful "0. K." on their lips for One day when returning home their waiting companions. Those Batak Christians after his morning's visitation he was shot down from behind by who were asked to wait for fur- Because their own country is a savage, although personally re- over populated, the younger gen- spected. ther advice did not look so eration of Batak Christians is happy, but all were grateful for spreading all over adjacent In his short period of service the help. Records show that 30 areas; even in the largest towns Apon had made a beginning of a of Sumatra and Java there are Christian village. With the. conper cent of all deaths in the Batak settlements, and every- verts he had planted hundreds of Islands are due to TB. A spe- where they found their own coconuts, had introduced new churches. There are colonies of kinds of fruit, and was looking cial effort was made during the free X-ray clinics to distribute tracts and h e a I t h pamphlets. Many were the discussions overheard as to spiritual things. Said one young woman: "My husband and I have long been seeking just what we now find in the Christian religion, but we never knew where to find it before."

-Philippine Presbyterian.

Tahitian Bible Centenary Batak Christians in the Atjeh forward to a life of usefulness in territory, whose inhabitants are the service of the Master. His The centenary of the comple- considered the most fanatical death has scattered the little tion of the translation of the Muslims of the whole archipel- flock. -The Christian.

Missionary

I Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information ~'I===-=—=-=-=—-=–=–=~==~—-==-~=—=~ The Netherlands Indies. By Joh. tion of this island world, a sketch and the numerous appendices, Rauws, H. Kraemer, F. J. F. Van of its history, and of the dawn Hasselt and N. A. C. Slotemaker de of missionary interest in Hol- including one on Bible transla- Bruine. World Dominion Press, land. This is followed by an il- New York City, 1935. 186 pp. 58. luminating chapter on Culture, tions for this vast area. The net. Politics, and Religion by Dr. H. Kraemer. He describes the Is- five maps are large and well At last we have an adequate lamic and Animistic background and accurate account in English in which Christianity has had its printed. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER. of that part of the great mission- conquests. Today nearly one and ary enterprise hitherto shrouded a half million natives belong to Rivalries in Ethiopia. By Elizabeth in the mists of reports, manuals the Protestant Church. The P. MacCallum. Introduction by and monographs in the Dutch number of Pagans is rapidly de- Newton D. Baker. 8 yo. 64 pp. and German languages. It is as- creasing and a real impact has 50 cents. World Peace Foundation. tounding that we have English been made on Islam. In no other New York. 1935. biography of Nommensen the field are there so many Moslem great pioneer of Sumatra and converts. This is a little book of facts that the extraordinary success of touching on Ethiopia and the the work among the Bataks is Weare told that in Java Italian invasion. It contains a almost a closed chapter to those "every year the number of Jav- small sketch map to show the reotherwise well-informed on mis- anese Christians by conversion lation of Ethiopia to the sursions. There are probably 41,- from Islam is increasing by rounding Italian, British and 718,000 people on the one island many hundreds. Forty thousand French interests. Miss Macof Java, nearly all Moslems, a in the midst of forty million Callum seeks to be impartial in density of population without Moslems is, however, a very her statements, showing the imparallel (817 to the square mile) small number. Yet Java as a portance of this "bone of conand that among them Christian mission field is an exception tention" and the history of missions count 67,346 converts. among the Moslem countries of treaties that affect the country's The oldest and most successful the world. In central and eastern fate. Italy covets this "Naboth's of missions in this area is that in Java wherever well planned mis- Vineyard" and has determined Sumatra where there is a self- sionary work is undertaken re- to take it by force. Ethiopia, supporting Christian church of sults are sure to follow. The rea- Britain and France object. The over 300,000 members. Thirteen son for this exceptional situation League of Nations covenants are years ago it was our privilege to in a Moslem country is that only flouted by Italy who is losing visit the Dutch East Indies and the north coast and the western prestige and seems to care nothlearn something of the marvel- part of Java are consciously and ing for the consequences to other lous work of God's Spirit among tenaciously attached to Islam. nations. primitive tribes in Sumatra and The remainder of the country is among the Moslems of Java. still in process of Islamization. The book is readable and in- The old Javanese heritage and forming on a subject of present- This is one of the best surveys the innate Javanese psychology day interest. yet published by the World Do- make the people more openminion Movement. It is a com- minded to spiritual forces of dif- Christian Youth in Action. By Frank posite picture by two mission- ferent origin than is usual in W. Herriott. 8 yo. 169 pp. $1.00, aries and two administrators. Moslem countries." cloth; 60 cents, paper. Friendship Apparently much of the material Press. New York. 1935. was translated from the Dutch A description of the work of language and is not without oc- thirty-seven Protestant societies The youth movement of today casional error due to lack of and eleven Roman Catholic or- is not quite so insistent on its knowledge of Dutch ecclesias- ganizations and orders is crowd- "divine rights" as it was ten tical terms. In ten chapters we ed into these significant chapters years ago but the youth must have first a geographical descrip- still be reckoned with. They must be helped to establish true standards and reach Christ's ideals. Dr. Herriott has had twenty years' experience with youth-in the pastorate, during the War and in Y. M. C. A. work.

Any of the books noted in these columns wil1 be sent by the R1VI1W publishers on receipt of price.

[63 ]

He is now Professor of Religious The third volume takes up how also number 3,196,623 in the na- Education and Psychology in to win people to Christ, the prin- tional (Colored) Convention. Union Theological Seminary and ciples and practice of steward- Other denominations inc Iud e at the same time Educational ship and the missionary call. Colored members in their statis- Secretary of the West Side Y. M. tics and have no separate bodies. C. A., New York. Dr. Herriott The fourth volume is, what its This Year Book gives a full re- takes up America's needs – for name implies, brief outline port of ·church Boards and offi- economic betterment, for health- studies of Bible characters in cials, of Negro churches in ier race relationships, for social their historical setting. twenty-two branches, interna- justice, for release from mili- tional organizations, missionary tarism and for a more adequate Each chapter suggests a series work, publication soc i e tie s, religious life. Christian youth of "problems" for review and ex- Negro colleges, the Negro in wants action, rather than talk, to amination and many have black- business and other valuable correct present evils. board outlines. Each volume facts. contains a selected bibliography Next Dr. Herriott shows what in its subject but we are sur- Can God-? 10,000 miles of Miracle Christian young men and young prised to note the omission of in Britain. women are doing and can do to such valuable books as those by meet these needs-in local com- Lawrence, Hoslett, Schauffler, Prove Me Know. 10,000 miles of munities, in national service and J ames, Pease and other recog- Miracle to Moscow. By J. Edwin for world betterment. The sug- nized authorities. Since these Orr. Is. each. Marshall, Morgan gestions are varied and practical studies are put out by the South- & Scott. London. 1935. so that any earnest group of ern Baptist Convention there Christian young people should be can be no question as to their The first v.olume tells how Ed- able to find 'here something to fit conservative viewpoint. They win Orr traveled six times over their abilities and opportunities. are evidently based on wide read- England, Ireland and Wales, wit- Each chapter has references to ing and experience. nessing for Christ, and living by recent books and articles for faith. He tells here the story of further study. The whole study Cooperation and the World Mission. answered prayer. It is told is practical and social rather By John R. Mott. 79 pp. $1.00. simply and to the glory of God. than spiritual in its ideals but it International Missionary Council. presents effectively the call for New York. 1935. The second volume tells of a definite service for all who claim similar experience on the con- . to follow Christ in His ministry John Mott's name on the title tinent. The age of miracles is to meet human needs. page of a book is a hallmark of not past. worth. The Christian world has Creative Learning. By J. M, Price learned that he has something to The Basic Beliefs of Jesus. By and J. L. Corzine. 8 vo. 272 pp. say and that he knows how to Bishop Paul B. Kern. 12 mo. 247 say it clearly and effectively. In pp. $2.00. Cokesbury Press. Nash- Old Testament Biographies. By H. this small but important book he ville, Tenn. 1935. W. Tribble, John L. Hill and K. M. summarizes the achievements Yates. 8 vo. 229 pp. and progress of the cooperative The author, a bishop of the movement in missionary work as Methodist Episcopal Church, The Bible and the Bible School. By he has had abundant opportunity South, has given here a study of J. B. Weatherspoon and G. S. Dob- to observe it in his extensive Jesus as revealed in his beliefs bins. 8 vo. 268 pp. travels. It is an authoritative which underlie His life and and valuable compendium and work. Here are set forth His Making the World Christian. By P. heartening to all who hope and character and His conception of E. Burroughs, A. J. Brown and John· pray for unity of planning and the universe; His belief in God I. Freeman. 8 vo. 335 pp. 75 effort in world evangelization. and in ultimate good; His faith cents each. Broadman Press. Nash- in the oneness of the human race ville, Tenn. 1935. ARTHUR J. BROWN. and in universal brotherhood; His view of himself and His rela- These four volumes offer a val- Year Book of Negro Churches. Com- tion to God. These chapters uable course in religious educa- piled by Bishop Riverdy C. Ransom. form a valuable contribution to tion for teaching training classes 1935-1936. Wilberforce University. present-day theological and prac- at home or on the mission field. Wilberforce, Ohio. tical problems. Many will differ They are prepared by teachers from the author in some points~ and are well printed and bound, The first Negro Methodist was as for instance in his view of offered at a very low price. baptized by John Wesley in "election" and "decrees of God" 1758; the African Methodist -yet all earnest and intelligent The first volume takes up ele- Episcopal Church was begun in students will find here much ments in character-building – a Baltimore in 1884. Today they light to correct misunderstand- psychological background – and have a well organized church ings and good material to stim- goes on to deal with the meaning with many educated ministers ulate thought. Bishop Kern has and methods of imparting and and a membership of over 1,200,- combined his liberal Christian receiving knowledge. 000 in three bra n c h e s – the philosophy with his Biblical the- African M. E., the Zion M. E. ology. The second volume is a more and Colored M. E. The Baptists general study of the Bible and the Bible school and shows how to make the best of both.

Books ~bt 1Stng'1S rsU1Stnt1S1S

The Answer of God. Seventieth An- published by niversary of the China Inland Mis- sion. Marshall Broomhall. 93 pp. BIBLE INSTITUTE OF LOS ANGELES China Inland M,ission. London. A monthly Bible Family Magazine with something in it The American College and Univer- for every member of the family circle sity. A Human Fellowship. Charles Franklin Thwing. 244 pp. $2.25. I SSUED for twenty-five years without interruption. THE KING'S BUSI- Macmillan. New York. NESS has consistently represented the best thought of the funda- Bible Stories for Small People. mental Christian churches of the nation. In addition to its Muriel Chalmers and Mary Ent- interesting contributions by leading teachers, evangelists and pastors, wistle. Illus. 12 vol. 60 pp. each. it prints every month several valuable departments, including: An 25 cents each. Thos. Nelson & Sons. International Lesson Commentary, Notes o~ Christian Endeavor, Daily New York. Devotional Readings, Girls' Query Corner, Junior King's Business, and Church Community and State. J. H. Helps for Preachers and Teachers. Trial subscriptions (3 months) 25c; Oldham. Pamphlet. Harpers. New Annual subscriptions $1.50. The following premiums are at present York. avaiJable ,fre~ with annual subscriptions: a teacher's Bible, a copy of Jam1eson s Bible Chart, or a copy of Objects that Talk and Teach, con- Ethiopia-A Pawn in European Di- plomacy. Ernest Wrok. 354 pp. taining 52 new and interesting object lessons. The supply of each of $2.50. Macmillan. New York. these premiums is limited, so order at once.

Ethiopia in the Light of Prophecy. Address: L. Sale-Harrison. 29 pp. 20 cents. Evangelical Press. Harrisburg, Pa. mbt i{ing'5 j'Su5int55 Jeremiah. With Explanatory Notes 558 South Hope Street Los Angeles, California and Paraphrases. E. H. Broadbent. 284 pp. 4s. Pickering & Inglis. Sex and Temperament in Three Prim- Obituary Notes London. itive Societies. Margaret Mead. 335 pp. $3.00. William Morrow. (Continued from 2d cover.) The Love Life. W. Graham Scroggie. New York. 96 pp. 1s. Pickering & Inglis. Egypt at the time of Dr. Hockman's London. Tracts for the Times. 1. Why Chris- death. He was a popular and efficient tian Missions? E. H. Jeffs. 2. Un- missionary, devoting his life sacri- Ralph Norton and the Belgian Gos- dying Flame, McEwan Lawson. 3. fieally to help the Ethiopians in both pel Mission. Edith F. Norton. Are Missions Up to Date? A. V. peace and in war. 253 pp. $2.00. Revell. New York. Murray. 4. Cmsar or Christ? B. C. Plowright. 5. Seeing, We Perceive *** Religion in the Republic of Mexico. Not, D. W. Langridge. 6. What G. Baez Camargo, Kenneth G. God Is Doing About It, C. North- The Rev. Sumner R. Vinton, for- Grubb. 165 pp. 5s. World Do- cott. 7. What Right Have We to merly a Baptist missionary born of minion Press. London. Go? H. Partington. 8. Can a Man missionary parents in Rangoon, Bur- Save Himself? E. J. Price. Each ma, died at his home in Roselle, New Rockefeller Foundation. Annual Re- about 24 pp. 4d. each. Livingstone Jersey, on November 26th. Mr. Vin- port. 407 pp. Rockefeller Founda- Press. London. ton was 61 years of age and after his tion. New York. return to America helped to promote Cosmic Christianity. Leon H. Bar- missionary and welfare work through The Shadow and the Substance. Sir nett. 45 pp. $1.00. Revell. New photography. He was for some years Arthur Blackwood. 124 pp. 1s. York. in charge of the photograph publicity Pickering & Inglis. London. department of the Golden Rule Foun- The Great Battle and Our Glorious dation. His wife, Nellie Bunker Vin- The Collapse of Cotton Tenancy. Victory. M. Borduin. 23 pp. 25 ton, and a son, S. Brainerd Vinton, Chas. S. Johnson, Edwin R. Embree cents. Zondervan Pub. House. survive him. and W. W. Alexander. 81 pp. Grand Rapids, Mich. University of North Carolina Press. *** Chapel Hill, N. C. The Gist of the Lesson. R. A. Torrey. 156 pp. Revell. New York. Mrs. William G. McClure, who Four Girls and a Fortune. Esther E. went to Siam fifty years ago, died in Enock. 256 pp. 2s. Pickering & Golden Watchwords. Almanac. 40 Chiengmai, Siam, on November 29th. Inglis. London. pp. Marshall, Morgan & Scott. She and her husband, Dr. William G. London. McClure, who died in 1927, were mis- I Go a Fishing. John McMeill. 127 sionaries under the Presbyterian pp. 1s. Pickering & Inglis. Lon- How to Teach Evangelical Chris- Board of Foreign Missions. Mrs. don. tianity. Theo. Hackel, Norman E. McClure was before her marriage Miss Richardson, Klaas Jacob Stratem- Jeannie Henderson. She was born in Keswick Convention Report, 1935. meier. 122 pp. 75 cents, paper; Aughnacley County, Tyrone, Ireland, 271 pp. 2s. 6d. paper; 4s. cloth. $1.25, cloth. Zondervan Pub. House. on April 18, 1863, and came to Amer- Pickering & Inglis. London. Grand Rapids, Mich. ica at the age of four. After grad- uating from Park College she went The Prose Poetry of Su Tungo-P'o. Agnes Weston-The Sailor's Friend. to Siam as the first foreign mission- Cyril Drummond LeGros Clark. Jennie Chappell. 96 pp. 1s. Pick- ary from that college. She became a 280 pp. Kelly & Walsh. Shanghai. ering & Inglis. London. teacher in Bangkok and later went with her husband to Petchaburi where A Historical-Educational Study of What Happens After Death. William she had charge of the Boys' School and the Japan Mission of the Reformed Striker. 226 pp. $1.50. American also directed a Girls' School. Later Church in America. S. W. Ryder. Tract Society. New York. Dr. McClure became principal of the 172 pp. $2.00. Union Theological Bangkok Christian College. Seminary Book Service. New York.

Between Two Centuries: A Study of Four Baptist Mission Fields-As- sam, South India, Bengal-Orissa and South China. 246 pp. $1.00. Judson Press. Philadelphia, Pa. THE MOSLEM WORLD SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, Editor SOME ARTICLES IN THE JANUARY NUMBER January, 1911-1936 ………………………………………. Murray T. Titus Islam in Ethiopia and Eritrea …………………………… Samuel M. Zwemer Evangelism in Iran ……………………………………… John Mark Irwin The Muslim Point of View ……………………………………. Orientalist A Life of Mohammed for Children …………………………… Oscar M. Buck Theology and Philosophy at Teheran University …………….. Walter A. Groves Sacrificial Giving in Iran ……………………………….. Frederick G. Coan The Kansu-Sinkiang Marches …………………………… Harold D. Hayward The Views of a Chinese Moslem …………………………….. Virginia Dacca Mohammed, Seal of the Prophets? ………………… Maulvi Abdu Rahim Nayyar and Edwin E. Calverley Current Topics – Book Reviews – Survey of Periodicals » » SUBSCRIBE NOW « 50 Cents a Copy. $2.00 d Year (postpdid) In combindtion with THE MOSLEM WORLD THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City $3.50 d Year. (Foreign Postdge, 50 Cents) British Asents: MARSHALL, MORGAN" SCOTT, 12 p.lerno.ter Buildinss, London, E. C. Price in Great Britoin, Eight Shillings 8 Yeor, net READ THE COMING ARTICLES By MISSIONARIES, NATIONAL AND TRAVELERS CHANGING ATTITUDES IN IRAN Commodore B. Fisher FROM BONDAGE TO LIBERTY IN CHILE Laura Jorquera CONTACTS WITH MOSLEMS IN ARABIA N. D. Hakken A BLACK MAN WITH A WHITE SOUL • Casa Collier THE FIRE.WALKING FESTIVAL IN INDIA MISSIONS AND MOTION PICTURES • Millicent Moody Samuel King Gam Also Look for the Special Number on Africa and Home Mission Number on Negroes in America Have you sent your subscription for 1936? Send it today and make your yearly volume complete.

Each issue contains valuable hints for "Effective Ways of Working."

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD Third and Reily Streets, Harrisburg, Pa. $2.50 a YeaT 25 Cents a Copy

The Missionary Review of the World — September 1935

1935

The Only Christian College in Iran Samuel M. Jordan Islam's Debt to the Bible Samuel M. Zwemer Federal Favor for Fetishism Flora Warren Seymour Always Something New in Turkey Charles Trowbridge Riggs What Is a Faitll Mission?

Robert Hall Glover Forty-seven Years Among Chinese Jonathan Goforth Front Page News-An Airplane Crash!

R. w. Hambrook 25 Cents a Cop, $2.50 a YeaI'

to Remember Obituary Note. Mrs. Lucy W. Peabody has

September 3-S-Negro National Bap- Miss Stella Relyea, who had served from the chairmanship of the Associa- tist Convention, 143d Street Armory, 37 years under the Baptist Board in tion of Baptists for Evangelism in the Harlem, New York. China, died May 7 at Clifton Springs, Orient. She has been succeeded in N. Y. In 1902 she became principal' the chairmanship by Rev. Harold T. September 16-23-School of Missions, of Chung Md Girls' School in Kinwha. Commons, of Johnson City, New York. Minnesota. Mrs. A. F. Auguster, The work of this Association is con- 1536 Van Buren St., St. Paul, Min- fined to the Philippine Islands. nesota. *** *** September 17-24–School of Missions, Warren, Ohio. Mrs. Geo. Konold, 314 Mrs. Archibald Hore, for many Rev. Paul Shinji Sasaki, professor Scott St., N. E., Warren, Ohio. years associate editor of the Spirit of Liturgics and Applied Theolog~-, of 1ldissions, died last June in Scotch Central Theological College, St. Paul's September 27-0ctober 6 – Interna- Plains, N. J., at the age of 86. tional Committee of International University, Tokyo, has been elected Missionary Council. Northfield, *** second Bishop of the diocese of Mid- Mass. Japan. He will be the fourth native Bishop Arthur Stanley Ward, of of Japan to be elevated to the Angli- October 15-20 – International Con- the Moravian Church, died May 27, in can espiscopate. vention of the Disciples of Christ. his 71st year. He was born in Ja- San Antonio, Texas. maica, where his father was a mis- * October 16, 17-American Mission to sionary. Bishop Ward was a member Rev. G. A. Riggs, Baptist mission- Lepers. Annual Meeting, New of the General Missions Board of the York, N. Y. Moravian Church. ary in Puerto Rico, is celebrating the October 22-Five Years' Meeting of :;: * * silver jubilee of his service in the the Friends. Richmond, Ind. Levi Mumaw, Yice-President of the island. * * '" October 2S-November 1 – Houston. Mennonite Board of Missions and Texas. Mrs. E. B. Mohle, 2309 Charities, diE'd at his home at Scott- Dr. T. L. Holcomb, of Oklahoma Robinhood, Houston, Texas. dale, Pa., .Tune 4. In addition to his City, has ~ucceeded Dr. L J. Van Ness duties in conncctilil1 with the mission November 17-Men and Mission Sun- activitics he was secretary-treasurer as Secretary-Treasurer of the South- day. Topic: "Jesus Christ and the of the Mennonite Publishing House at World Today." For source material Scottdale, and secretary of the Men- ern Baptist Sunday School Board. write to the Laymen's Missionary nonite Central Committee, a relief or- Movement, 19 S. La Salle St., Chi- ganization that carried on extensive * *' * cago. work in the Near East and Russia after the war. Dr. Daw Saw Sa, who is noJw in December 7-Universal Bible Sunday. private medical practice in Burma, '" * * takes an active interest in missionary December 28, 1935-January 1, 1936- work, and represented the National Student Volunteer Convention. In- Miss Elma French, missionary of Missionary Council of India, Burma dianapolis, Ind. and Ceylon, at the International Mis- the Reformed Prellbyterian Church in sionary Council Meeting at Lake Mo- the Levant, passed away April 26 at honk, New York, in 1921. She was Aleppo, Syria. Miss French had been formerly Head of the Lady Dutferin on the field about twenty-seven years. Hospital at Rangoon. The greater part of her work was in Mersine, Asia Minor, where she did ** outstanding work in the schools and for the refugees and Armenians Dr. J. J. Lucas, of the American through their trying years. Presbyterian Mission, who began his service in 1870, is the senior mission- ary of North India. He has beeR active with his pen and recently has published a history of the North India Tract and Book Society.

Printin Personal Items •*• When You Require It Dr. and Mrs. Daniel A. Poling, Dean L. S. Cozart, of Barber-Scotia President of the World Christian En- Presbyterian School at Concord, N. C., We wish to ext••d to you an invi- deavor Union, sailed from New York has been accorded several honors as a tation to become acquainted with on a round-the-world tour on July reward for outstanding service. The THE EVANGELICAL PRESS of 12th. Mter visiting Europe and at- Governor of North Carolina asked him Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. tending the Christian Endeavor Con- to serve as a member of a special com- vention in Budapest, they plan to visit mittee of fifty, composed of 25 whites Thousands of institutions and individ- Greece, Egypt, the Holy Lands, and and 25 Negroes, to gather facts reuals have accepted a similar invitation, go through Persia and Iraq to India, garding Negro teachers in North Caroand have enjoyed a profitable printing Siam, China, Korea, Japan, and Aus- lina. He was also asked by the State association for years. Department of Education to serve on Our specialty is Books, Magazines and tralia. Dr. and Mrs. Poling expect to the Textbook Committee, the first Booklets. We have modern equipment to meet all the requirements of your be in Hawaii in March and to return Negro in the history of North Carolina particular job. Our service is quick, to the United States in April, 1936. to be asked to' help select its textbooks. careful and courteous. ,. '* '" * ,. * Why not allow us to estimate on your next printing? You will be delighted Dr. James L. Barton has retired Dr. Harold A. Moody, Negro phywith our product, price, and service. from the office of President of the gov- sician in London, is the founder and erning boards of the three union col- president of the League of Colored The Evangelical Press leges for women in India, an office Peoples, organized in London four which he has held since their organiza- years ago to promote the economic, Printers 01 tion. He has also resigned as chair- educational, political and social inter- man of the trustees of the v,ralker ests of colored peoples in Great The Missionary Review of the World Missionary Homes, Auburndale, Mass., Britain and America. He has been after thirty-five years of service. elected president of the British Chris- PLANT AND MAIN OFFICE: tian Endeavor Union. **• Third and Reily Streets Harrisburgl Pa. *** Dr. Walter Van Kirk, Secretary of the Department of International Jus- Dr. Robert Cochrane has resigned tice and Goodwill of the Federal Coun- the medical secretaryship of the Brit- cil of ChUrches, has been designated ish Empire Leprosy Relief Associa- as the special investigator with regard to the possibility of establishing an tion to work as a volunteer for five American church in Moscow to serve years among lepers in India. He will members of the American colony. (Concluded on page 385.)

MISSIONARY Times may grow worse, but the RE- America and open fQr engagemet;lts

REVIEW OF THE WORLD VIEW grows better." during the autumn. Arrangements may be made through Dr. David Por- DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor REV. HOWARD A. ADAIR. ter, Headmaster of Mount Hermon Paterson, N. J. School, Massachusetts. Dr. Koo is VOL. LVIII SEPT.,1935 No.9 one of the mQst brilliant, eloquent and *** Publication and Business Office– convincing speakers who have visited Third and Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. "The July issue has just come and America. He is especially effective is more fascinating than ever." with young people and miscellaneous Editorial and Executive Office– 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. REV. MARTIN P. SIMON. audiences. Entered as second-class matter at Eugene, Oregon. *** Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under *** Act of March 3, 1879. Dr. K. S. Oh, a Korean Christian The article on "The Spiritual Con- physician, has been elected President 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. dition of the Heathen," by Dr. Frost, of Severence Union Medical College in Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. in the July REVIEW, is the strongest Seoul, KQrea, as successor to Dr. O. Published monthly, except August. argument I have seen for the imme- All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1935. diate evangelization of the non-Chris- R. Avison, retired. Dr. Oh is a rep- British agents – Marshall, Morgan tian wQrld. It shows what God resentative of the Southern Presbyte- and Scott, 12 Paternoster Buildings, teaches in His Word and ought to be rian Church. He was born in Korea London, E. C. 1 shilling per copy, widely read. on October 4, 1877, of Christian par- 10 shillings a year. ents, and after completing his course HORACE N. DOUGHERTY. at the Pai-Chai Middle School came MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- New York City. LISHING CO., INC. to America and studied at Center Col- BOARD OF DIRECTORS Personal Items lege, Kentucky, and the University of ROBERT E. SPEER, President (Concluded from 2d Cover.) Louisville, after which he returned to WM. I. CHAMBERLAIN, Vice-President WALTER McDOUGALL, Treasurer go to the Leper Settlement in Madras Korea. DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary for a five years' period of 'intensive research into the treatment of leprosy ••ttAWonderful Help SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT on the most modern lines. He will MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD live among the 750 patients at the onThe Foreign Field"

WM. B. LIPPHARD Settlement. * * * The School That Comes to You… By Mail!

ERIC M. NORTH Misses Mildred Cable, Evangeline "Your school is a wonderful help here on JESSE R. WILSON and Francesca French, the three in- the foreIgn held and I am so happy to have trepid piQneer workers for the China my children so well educated," writes a A. L. WARNSHUIS Inland Mission, who were held pris- parent whose children are studying Calvert oners three years ago in the Gobi Courses in far off China. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER Desert, returned to their work in northwest China last month. They For 28 years. Calvert School has had a part Editorial Chat are accompanied by "Topsy," their in educatmg the children of famIlies in sixteen-year-old deaf and dumb Chi- Missionary work . . . in giving them the Our June Special Home Mission nese adopted child. rich, cultural background of an Amencan Number has been enthusiastically re- private school. ceived. Now is the time to order *** copies for pastors and Mission Study No matter where your mission, Calvert Classes. This issue of the REVIEW, The Rev. C. Y. Cheng, D.D., LL.D. School will come to you with complete with its wealth of Home Mission in- (Dr. Cheng Ching-yi), has resigned courses of instruction for your children formation, will be a stimulus to many. as general secretary of the National from kindergarten to high school age. Special rates for quantities ordered at Christian Council of China. He has one time. been for 25 years a leader in China, All lessons, books, stationery and special remarkable for his winning personal- Calvert educational devices are supplied *** ity, broad statesmanship and marked from our rrominent and successful pnvate ability. He was chairman of the Chi- day schoo in Baltimore. As noted in our July issue, the Au- nese National Christian Conference in gust number Qf the REVIEW was omit- 1932 and has made several visits to These simple, understandable, moderately ted – to save expense and because Europe and America. He originated pnced Home Instruction Courses arc a many readers are away from home. the Five Year Program of Evangelism unique and satisfactory way of solving your To compensate for this the June, July, for China and has been moderator of b~l~~'s educational problem in the foreign September and October issues each the General Assembly of the Church contain sixteen pages extra. Do not of Christ in China since its organiza- Lessons MlY Be Storied It Any Time miss their wealth of material. tion. Dr. Cheng is now placing him- self at the disposal of the United Write today. Get full information about *** Church Qf Christ to work for the unity Calvert-"The School That Comes to and upbuilding of the Christian cause You." See what Calvert is doing for The REVIEW has been warmly rec- among his people. others . • • it will do the same for your ommended at many Qf the Summer Conferences and Schools of M.issions. *** – – – – – children. – – – – – – – – – – – If it is not on sale, or is not mentioned at any conference yQU attend, please Rev. James H. Nicol, of Syria, is CALVERT SCHOOL speak about it to leaders and write to temporarily filling the place of Dr. us that we may correct the oversight. Cleland B. McAfee, in the Presbyte- Mrs. G. S. Rhoads It is your magazine. rian Board of Foreign Missions, Dr. Director of Home Instruction McAfee being laid aside by illness. What you say*, a*nd w* hat others say, 189 W. Tusclny ROld *** helps the REVIEW and helps the Cause BALTIMORE, MARYLAND of Christ. Already we have been Dr. Toyohiko Kagawa, the foremost asked to reprint three articles fro'm Christian leader of Japan, is expected Name recent numbers. Notice what some to arrive in America in December for Address readers say: a six months' lecture tour. One of his principal addresses will be at the Stu- Child'. Age_ _ "The June (Home Mission Number) dent Volunteer Convention in Indianis especially strong and valuable. I apolis, December 28th. Dr. Kagawa's wish that all our Home Mission boards speaking engagements are being made would order a large number of copies by Miss Helen Topping, 2969 Vernon to distribute throughout the Church." Ave., Chicago, Ill.

JOHN McDOWELL, Secretary of *** Board of National Missions, Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. Dr. T. Z. Koo, the well-known Chi- nese Christian speaker, is now in *** [385 ] "I rejoice in the continued high character and helpfulness of the articles in the MISSIONARY REVIEW.

DAY FOR HEALTHFUL SPORT AT ALBORZ COLLEGE

STUDENTS OF ALBORZ COLLEGE AND HIGH SCHOOL IN ASSEMBLY Note that Persian Students Wear Their Caps in Chapel TRAINING PERSIAN YOUTH IN BODY, MIND AND SPIRIT

NARY

REVIB ORLD VOLUME LVIII AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRES!'l NUMBER 9 SEPTEMBER, 1935 Topics of the Times NEED FOR REVIVAL IN EUROPE (5) Modern rationalism and humanism also deify humanity and humanize God. This tend- All Europe is like a volcano, a powder box or a ency leads to the exaltation of reason, science and cauldron "where the devil's broth is brewing." the material universe, and to the degradation of Miss Ruth Paxson, a well-known Bible teacher humanity by the worship of the creature rather and Christian ambassador, who has been spend- than the Creator. ing some months on the Continent, calls attention to the following outstanding antireligious factors (6) These influences lead to paganism with its that are working against Christ today: attendant nudism, loose sex relations and the exal- tation of pagan superstition and ancient deities- (1) There is the communism that deifies ma- as in Germany. terialism and seeks to destroy belief in God. Soviet leaders will fail to realize their aim to It is estimated that 375,000,000 people in "uproot religion," but a spiritual awakening is Europe need to be evangelized. Many know the needed to counteract that influence. name of Christ but show little or no evidence that they really know Christ as Saviour and Lord, or (2) Atheism has organized "The Alliance of that they have ever experienced spiritual life, or Militant Godless" which ten years ago reported know the transforming power of the Gospel. Mil- 120,000 members, five years later claimed 2,000,- lions of people in Europe today need to be evan- 000 and in another five years (1940) expects to gelized as truly as do the millions of Africa and enroll 20,000,000. Godless Russian groups are Asia. Dr. Karl Barth says that if Evangelical promoting atheism in thirty-nine other countries; Christianity is not to be utterly destroyed in thirty-five antireligious universities have been Europe, then the truths of the Protestant reforstarted and there are travelng antireligious mu- mation must be reemphasized. If the Christian seums and atheistic papers published in forty- Church is to survive in Europe then Christ must eight languages. be reborn in European hearts by the power of the Spirit of God. (3) Nationalism is another movement that is sweeping over Europe and is seeking to put the State above God. Hitler and Mussolini attempt RELIGION AND MISSIONS IN GERMANY to make themselves and their laws supreme. Mrs. Wasserzug, a German Christian, says: "The The situation in Germany does not seem to imleader principle means that the will of man is to prove. Not only is anti-Jewish persecution as rule absolutely in all spheres of life, so that the strong as ever but the Nazi's are campaigning Church becomes a servant of the State. It is anti- against Roman Catholics and all Protestants who Christ wanting to save man according to a human will not yield to the dictatorship of the secular plan. Christ is no more to be Head of the Church." State. The German evangelical Christians stand All this is leading to man-worship and idolatry. firm though threatened with the loss of property and the management of their own ecclesiastical (4) Fanaticism, in the form of superstition, affairs. These injustices and high-handed measignorance and bigotry, is another evil influence. ures on the part of the Hitler representatives are It may be in the form of mariolotry, Bibliolotry, causing Germany to lose friends in all civilized ecclesiasticism or any other formal religious be- countries, have brought about a threatened boylief that exalts something else in the place of cott of the Olympic games in Berlin next year, Christ.

[387 ]

and may bring retaliatory measures in other di- t1;ley must combine their spiritual forces with the rections. Some German leaders are still seeking "confessional churches." They have gone through to promote a return to the worship of all pagan one perplexity after another. After the World Teutonic Gods. Confessional pastors are also be- War there was the task to recover the lost mission ing persecuted. fields-a task in which they have not been com- German evangelical missions are still suffering pletely successful. * from financial depression, the attem!pted regulation of churches in Germany, and the Nazi finan- Then suddenly the disastrous inflation threatcial restrictions. Dr. Julius Richter, of Berlin, ened to put an end to all German mission work. writes as follows concerning the present situation This danger had hardly passed when the turmoil of church and missions in the Germany today: of the political and of the ecclesiastical develop- ments threw the missions again into great and The Protestant churches, as a whole, have not seemingly unsuperable difficulties. At present the been divided by denominational lines but by the missions face the perplexity of foreign exchange historic territorial divisions – the P r u s s ian and the government prohibition against exporting Church, the Bavarian Church, etc.-twenty-eight money from Germany. British and American of them. When the German Reich was forged churches, in spite of their own perplexing financial together it seemed desirable to the Government situation, have to some extent come to the help of to amalgamate those 28 territorial churches into German missionaries. God alone can preserve the one united "Reichskirche" since there was no de- work and keep alive German Protestant Chriscisive obstacle of creed or order. But this attempt tianity. has met with strong opposition. THE JEWISH QUESTION IN AMERICAt All the world over it has been a common experience that a vivid materialistic upheaval A very remarkable conference of well-known usually goes hand in hand with a religious revival. church leaders of many denominations was held This seemed within reach if all 65 millions of in Princeton in June to consider the attitude of Germans could be brought under the all-embrac- Christians and churches toward the Jewish people. ing enthusiasm of the national socialistic revolu- The Conference accepted the principle that a tion so that a strong religious rejuvenation might Christian approach to the Jews is an integral part follow the political and national reconstruction. of the Church's responsibility. Christian work The development has gone rather in an opposite among Jews has too long been regarded as the direction. Cinderella in the Church's missionary enterprises, lightly esteemed, scantily supported, and pushed In Germany, as in many other countries, there aside for what have been considered more imhave been many pseudo-religious movements such portant enterprises. The time has come to recogas spiritism, theosophy, anthroposophy, and Chris- nize the regal character of a ministry to the race tian Science. These substitutes for Christianity of Jesus, and to claim for it its rightful place in have made a move in line with the national revo- the life of the Christian Church. lution, have taken up the watchwords of race and blood and "Bode" and have started a dozen or a The right of the Church of Christ to include the score of old German or neo-pagan associations or Jewish people in its ministry should never be quesspiritual currents which curiously find favor in tioned. As Dr. Louis H. Evans, of Pittsburgh, extreme nationalistic circles. The pious Christian put it: "Christianity dm never fulfill its task if circles have felt all the more the obligation to it loses its sense of imperial universality, born of stand firm on the foundation of the Biblical reve- the fact that Christ is the need of every race. The lation and of the German reformation. At present power of evangelization is largely lost when we the "Reichskirche" is dead, yet there is a very approach our task with any sense of apology, or serious conflict between the divers currents of of embarrassment, as though what we had to neo-paganism and of the "confessional churches." offer did not justify the attention and loyalty of every human heart. Christ is the universal need. The Protestant missionary societies are not di- He is no more sectarian than sunshine or rain." rectly implicated in this ecclesiastical turmoil, but There should be no illusions as to the greatness • The Swiss Basel Mission has not recovered its flourishing work of the task of winning Jews to the discipleship of in the French part of the Cameroon mandate, the Bethel Mission Christ or of the difficulties that must be faced, but has not been given back its promising work in Belgian Ruanda, the we cannot avoid the duty because of its extent or Hermansburg Mission has lost its Telugu field. of the difficulties involved. There must be an earnest spirit of endeavor to accept the challenge The Rhenish Mission has transferred Its mission in Borneo to the and to gird ourselves anew for the task. Basel Mission Society; has transferred its mission in Southwest Africa and Amboland to the Finnish Mission Society; has trans- t Notes of a conference held at Princeton in June. ferred its mission in New Guinea to the United Lutheran Church of America.

The Berlin Mission has transferred its Kioutschou Mission to the American Lutherans.

The Breklum Mission has transferred its mission In Tanganyika Territory to the Newkirchen Mission.

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

There is, of course, great room for diversity with the Church if it does not recognize its opof opinion as to methods to be used in work for portunity. the Jews. But differences of view can be discussed with a real desire to understand and ap- "Unless the Church is made to feel its responsipreciate others' points of view. In Princeton bility for the Jews," said Dr. Wm. R. King, "there there was complete unanimity on one issue-the is no hope of an advance in our approach to them. Christian attitude toward antisemitism. The It must be confessed that the Church has not al- Church can never compromise with an attitude so ways gone about this work in the best ways. We foreign to the teaching and spirit of Christ. A must bring to the work sane and practical methmissionary, a pastor, a layman and a public school- ods, tried and tested techniques, and above all a teacher, each discussed most helpfully "The Im- genuinely Christian spirit of approach that is full portance of a Christian Ministry to the Jews." of promise for its future success." There was no disposition to minimize the value of the mission in a Jewish ghetto as a means of evan- WHITHER MEXICO? gelization but there was a keen recognition of the fact that the time has come when the Church it- Not many weeks ago, General Elias Calles, for self must undertake the task directly and by means a number of years the supreme stage director of of every agency at its command. With Jews liv- the Mexican drama, suddenly took a plane in the ing in 12,000 different places in the United States Federal Capital and flew northward to his native and Canada, and with at least 50,000 churches state of Sonora. This sudden and dramatic flight having Jews living in their parishes, besides hav- of "Mexico's strong man" marks the end of one ing many neighborhood houses, colleges, and other chapter and the beginning of another in the revoinstitutions in continual contact with Jews, it is lutionary history of the country. How are we to high time that the Church utilized its resources estimate the significance of this change in the in some adequate way to break down the barriers center of power in Mexican affairs? In the inbetween Jews and Christians and open a way for tervening weeks since the flight took place, a numthe Gospel. ber of happenings have occurred, sufficient to lift the veil from the Mexican enigma, and set in high The open forum, literature, the neighborhood relief the part played by Calles in the antireligious house, the local church and the Christian college, campaign of recent years, and the trend of the may be very effective means of approach. new government on the religious issue.

The high value of an educational program is The state of Tabasco, a quite unimportant reacknowledged, not only through the pulpit and gion on the geographical periphery of Mexico, will promotional literature, but through church study go down in history as the chief experiment station groups, and church literature. Dr. Park Hays where General Calles and his satraps permitted Miller, of the Board of Christian Education of antireligious policies to be worked out, expecting the Presbyterian Church, said: "In our interpre- to apply them at an opportune moment to other tation of the Bible we can and should endeavor to states. In April, 1928, General Obreg6n called be fair and to avoid creating prejudices. As an Tabasco the bulwark of the revolution. The Goveditor supervising Sunday school lesson materials, ernor, Garrido Canabal, had been assidiously clos- I have felt called upon to revise some manuscripts ing churches and expelling all clergy from the at this point when they unnecessarily stirred anti- territory. This identification of Obreg6n (an ex- Jewish feeling. This can be avoided without president of the Republic, and then candidate for weakening our Christian testimony. There is a second term), with the radical policies of the little use in avoiding opposition at the price of Governor of Tabasco, was an ominous sign of surrendering what we believe to be essential what might be expected when the new president truth." took office. Less than three months later the presi- dent-elect was assassinated by a young Catholic Contrary to the general impression, Christian fanatic. work for the Jews has not been attended with meagre results. Fruitful fields await only wise In March of 1934, another presidential candiand consecrated reapers. So many have been the date visited the state of Tabasco, General Lazaro converts in connection with Peniel Community Cardenas, his visit coinciding with that of the ex- Center, Chicago, that the Director is planning for president and then virtual dictator, General Elias the establishment of a Hebrew Christian Church Calles. The two men publicly eulogized the in October. Pastors bear testimony to the re- achievements of the Tabascan Governor, and held sponsiveness of Jewish neighbors to a friendly up Tabasco as the model state of the republic. Christian approach. The Spirit of God is mani- Less than two months later the exercise of the festly moving upon Jewish minds and hearts Christian ministry became illegal in Sonora, throughout the Jewish world and it will fare ill Calles' native state, where his son was Governor.

From then onward, until Calles took farewell of tion. The main radical policies of the governthe Mexican capital, one radical act followed an- ment will probably continue, but positive religious other with startling rapidity in different states of persecution will increasingly diminish. One of the Republic, and in the Federal Legislature. The the first acts of the president, after power was amendment to the Constitution (in October, 1934) fully vested in his own hands, was to rescind his made it a primary function of education to com- former edict which had banned religious literature bat all religious prejudice and fanaticism. Some states interpreted this as a charter to eliminate and correspondence from the mails. The presence religious ideas from the minds of children. All Roman Catholic Churches were closed in the State in the new Cabinet of General Cedillo, former govof Queretaro and Colima, while all religious services were suspended in the State of Chihuahua. ernor of San Luis Potosi, is evidence that a rad- ical policy will be followed along agrarian lines, The new president took office on December 1, but a liberal policy in everything relating to reliand on February 12, as a result of an alleged conspiracy against the state, the use of the mails was gious belief and worship. General Cedillo has condenied for religious literature and for correspondence which might involve propagation for any re- sistently refused to allow the Federal laws bearligious teachings. The notorious governor of ing on religion to be applied in his state. The new Tabasco had also come into federal politics, as chairman of the National Revolutionary Party Minister of Agriculture in the new Cabinet. He (ex-president Portes Gil) is one of the most libwas accompanied by a small army of "reds" whose eral elements in Mexico. He sympathizes deeply function it was to bait Catholics in the Federal with the Evangelical position and was at one time District. Some bloody conflicts took place and an official in Tamaulipas when Doctor Andres increasing restrictions upon religion in a number Osuna, a distinguished evangelical, was governor of states created a situation of growing intensity of that state. both in Mexico and in the United States. Nobody knew who was really responsible for this ultra- Meanwhile the strain and stress has tended to radical trend. Was Garrido Canabal the protege weld Mexican evangelicals more closely together. of Cardenas or of Calles? Was the antireligious In some states they have suffered religious recampaign, which continued in full force during strictions equally with Roman Catholics, but they the new president's first months in office, a delib- have great hopes for the future. For some time, erate policy of General Cardenas, or was it im- a prayer meeting, held each morning in the Fedposed upon him? The answer to that question has eral Capital at 6: 30, has been largely attended by been supplied by events in Mexico since Cardenas evangelical workers. Although the foreign misshook himself free of the tutelage of Calles and sionary aspect of the work, as carried on by evandefied his erstwhile chief. gelical churches in this country, has been greatly It is now clear that the major interest of Presi- curtailed, the Gospel has sufficiently taken root in dent Cardenas is not the suspension of religious Mexico to guarantee under God its continuance liberty, but the prevention of capitalistic exploitation. He thus appears as the new champion of and indigenous propagation. The next phase the Mexican workmen and agrarians, while his administration is denounced by Calles as radical should be the establishment of closer relations and anarchistic. Calles himself began as a poor schoolmaster in the early days of the revolution between evangelical communions in the United and is now a feudal baron with millions of capital. States and autonomous evangelical communions Among his immediate followers have been a con- in Mexico, so that together, in full Christian libsiderable group of socialist millionaires. The revolution undoubtedly gave back many wide acres erty, they may think and pray and work together to the people, but it also bas thrown up a new landed plutocracy. for the promotion of Christ's kingdom on both Nobody can confidently forecast what may take sides of the Rio Grande. JOHN A. MACKAY. place in Mexico, but if the Cardenas government succeeds in consolidating itself for a period of THE CRISIS IN ETHIOPIA years, certain actions of the president and the composition of the new Cabinet, warrant us to Ethiopia (formerly known as Abyssinia) is attempt a prediction. Mexico at present is not threatened with invasion by Italy, possibly with taking a swing to the right or to the left, but is a view to making it a part of the Italian empire, returning to the central position of the Revolu- at least with the hope of making it a protectorate. This mountainous country comprises 190,000 square miles-about one-fourth less than the area of Texas, nearly the size of Spain. Tradition says that the rulers are descended from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba and the Emperor is called "The Lion of the Tribe of Judah." The country has maintained its independence for over 3,000 years. The Abyssinian religion is traditionally Christian, having been introduced by the officer of Ethiopia in the first century A. D., as a result

of the preaching of Philip the evangelist on the from God, went through this province and made a great road from Jerusalem to Gaza. The people of the impression on these people. Almost to the last man they country are hardy, poor in this world's goods, and are devoted followers of the teachings of Asa. Among generally uneducated. The nearest neighbors to many other things, he told them that soon the white man Ethiopia are the British in the Egyptian Sudan would bring them God's Word, and to wait for it and beand British Somaliland, the French in French lieve it. And ~ it is not surprising that there are 150 to Somaliland and the Italians in Eritrea and Italian 200 people coming out on Sundays to hear God's Word. Somaliland. They will listen to a two-hour message, and then sit until three or four o'clock asking questions. Theirs is not merely Premier Mussolini, like a modern Cresar, hav- an idle curiosity, but a genuine intelligent interest. The ing set out to form a strong Fascist government, old men in the surrounding country come out, and many with a militarized people, apparently desires to have shown an amazing grasp of the atoning work of our enlarge Italian territory and is looking for some Lord. Until the old men have decided on the "merits" of way to use the growing Italian army and navy. this "new matter," the women and children must not Slight disturbances on the Italian Somaliland- listen, even for a moment. Abyssinian border have given an excuse for demands on Ethiopia and a threatened invasion. The friends of the Sudan Interior Mission re- Naturally not only is Ethiopia greatly disturbed cently sent a cablegram to the Ethiopian Minister but France and Great Britain also, especially as of Foreign Affairs expressing sympathy and say- Ethiopia is one of the chief sources of the Nile, ing that they were joining in prayer for Ethiopia. which is the life of Egypt. The arousing of A reply came from His Majesty, Emperor Haile Africans and other colored races, by a new evi- Selassie, expressing the gratitude of the nation dence of "white imperialism," also threatens to "which has lived through many centuries, guardstart a race war and possibly another world war. ing her independence. In the Name of our Lord Any Italian-Ethiopian conflict will be a blot on Jesus Christ, I beg you to continue praying for civilization and will set back the cause of peace her." and world brotherhood at least a generation. This is a matter of world-wide concern. For more than a decade the door into Ethiopia has been wide open to Christian missions. The Haile Selassie I has appealed to the League of Sudan Interior Mission alone, in the past eight Nations to prevent armed conflict. The Emperor, years, has sent in eighty-seven missionaries. upon whom falls the burden of governing and When the American Government requested that modernizing a medireval empire, is ruler of a war- American missionaries withdraw, the mission has like people, and he promises to lead his armies replied that mothers with children, and others with the "Ark of the Covenant" borne by the Ethi- electing to go, would be sent home but most of opian pope at his side, just as the ancient Kings them will remain at their posts. of Judea once went out to wage battle. Emperor Haile Selassie asks the world to note that Ethiopia Recently an American committee of the "Friends is progressing in civilization, is promoting educa- of Ethiopia" has been formed, with Dr. Thomas tion, that many slaves are freed each year and that Jesse Jones as chairman and Emory Ross as secspecial schools are opened for their instruction. retary. This is a national committee, representing many interests and religious creeds. The object Evangelical missionary work is carried on in will be to arouse Americans, British and others Ethiopia and is encouraged by the government. to the need for definite action to prevent a conflict. The British and Foreign Bible Society has col- An appeal is being made to various governments porteurs there, the Swedish mission has long been and to the League of Nations. established, the United Presbyterians (U. S. A.) have an excellent medical work and the Sudan WHISPERING CAMPAIGNS Interior Mission (international and interdenominational) is opening many stations as centers of An astonishing admission has come from a witpioneer evangelistic work. ness before the Senate investigating committee to the effect that he had recommended a "whispering If Italian domination should prevail in Ethiopia, campaign" as a means of combatting certain legisit seems probable that limitations would be put lation to which he and his friends were opposed. on evangelical mission work, as has been the case What this campaign was or why it was recomin other Italian territory in Africa. A glimpse of mended or inaugurated does not concern us here the type of work conducted by the Sudan Interior so much as the fact that the statements made in Mission is given in a recent interesting letter from the campaign were without foundation in fact, Mr. Harold Ste~t who has recently settled in a were intended to destroy public confidence in a new station at Shama, eighteen days' journey national leader and were given pUblicity for the southwest of Addis Ababa, the capital. purpose of winning support for the campaigners' cause. That such unscrupulous campaigns are About ten years ago a native religious teacher and possible is another sign of human degeneracy. prophet, named Asa, who claimed to have a revelation "Whispering campaigns" to discredit opponents are doubtless as old as history. They have been

used against Roosevelt, Hoover, Wilson and other WHAT AN AFRIOAN WOMAN THINKS presidents. They were used against St. Paul when OF A MISSIONARY* men said he was "mad" ; they were started against Jesus when His enemies said He had a demon and Mrs. Thomas Moody, for forty-four years an blasphemed God. They are used today against American Baptist missionary in the Belgian Christian ministers when, without proof, they are Congo, died on November seventeenth, following charged with being disloyal to Christ or unfaithful a two weeks' illness. Dr. Catherine Mabie, of the in their sacred office. "Whispering campaigns" same Mission, writes: "To know Mrs. Moody was are not only carried on against missions by un- to love her and she leaves a large group of col- leagues and friends; in hundreds of Congo vilsbeellfiiesvhearsndwhuonpcrloaidmuctthivaet,thbeutweovreknisCuhnriwstairarnasnwteild~ lages there is sorrow because the lightly tripping feet of 'Mama Moody' will never again be comfully arouse suspicion as to the orthodoxy, loyalty ing down the long trails over which they have or effectiveness of missionaries in general because so often passed during recent years. Both Mr. they think that some have proved unworthy of and Mrs. Moody have been intrepid itinerant their high calling. These "whispering campaigns" evangelistic missionaries. Three to four months are started through rumors which discredit indi- of each year they have spent out among the vilviduals, boards or causes with which the cam- lages, ministering to the deep need of the Chrispaigners are out of sympathy. The rumors may tian communities as well as winning many conhave some foundation but are insufficient to war- verts to Jesus Christ." rant the campaign. The worst of it is that the campaign is spread by thousands who pass on the One of the Congo Christian women, Elizabeth rumors but know little or nothing of the facts. Mangunga, came under the influence of Mrs. Moody and reflects something of Mrs. Moody's Such a "whispering campaign" was recently saintliness and serenity. She gives her testistarted by an anonymous editorial in a Christian mony (here translated) to what a missionary periodical. The editor thought he had reason to may be: spread charges as to certain missionaries' unorthodoxy and lack of evangelistic zeal. Readers Mama M'oody called home by God our Father in the accepted the report as true and it spread by word of mouth to the great detriment of the mission- Congo. She has gone to the Saviour, Jesus Christ, whom aries, the mission Board, and the cause of Christ. Subsequent investigation showed that the "cam- she loved so much. paign" was without any adequate basis, and the man who wrote the letter acknowledged that he Tata and Mama Moody, our helpers, came to this councould not substantiate his charges. Unfortunately much damage had been done, for falsehood is try to tell the Good News of God to us, but our fathers much more fleet of foot than truth that seeks to overtake it. in the early days opposed them and they endured many Followers of Christ should be energetically op- hardships. They were truly workers who sacrificed their posed to all "wliispering campaigns." Jesus himself did not approve of them when His disciples own desires to work for God our Father; they persevered were inclined to discredit those who did not agree with them in all particulars. The Christian will in showing the friendships of Jesus Christ, and our fathers make no compromise with sin or with falsehood but neither should he spread suspicion and doubt. came to know that they were people of love and finally It is best to deal with facts, tested facts, proved facts-the truth spoken in love-and trust God received Jesus Christ. to judge motives, loyalties, and results. After many years of close contact with missions we are Mama and Tata Moody loved us very much. They were convinced that, as a rule, no body of people in the world is so unselfish, so loyal to Christ and the zealous to tell the Good News of Jesus everywhere. They Word of God, so full of spiritual power and so effective in service as are the missionaries of never tired; they went to Lukunga, Bolenge, Mwanza, to ~hrist. It be~ooves us to uphold them in prayer, m understandmg sympathy and by sacrificial gifts the Bayaka and Bambala country, to Sona Bata, telling so that we m,ay be in partnership with God wherever He is manifestly working to transform lives the Good News. They continued zealously to tell the and to enlist men in His service. Let us beware of "whispering campaigns," but be diligent in story until Mama Moody finished her work here on earth spreading the Good News. and,went to her Saviour and to her God, whom she loved always.

In 1927 Mama Moody excelled in itinerating. I went with them to the Bayaka country. They had a very diffi- cult trip. When the carriers could find no food, they re- fused to carry tIle "Kipois," Mama was not discouraged, we walked along the road together.

She told me how much trouble and sorrow she had ex- perienced. She told me of the time her child died at Lukunga. She was all alone at the time, for Tata was at Leopoldville on a trip to the district there. "Y eCs~"ngMo abmuat Moody said, "we have had hardships here in never mind, all is well."

That night Tata read and talked about Philippians 3: 7-12. His teachings strengthened us at Zikomba and all through our trip, which was long and tedious. '

Mama never tired of working for Jesus and with a great love she loved us. The Sunday before she was taken ill she went out to a village Kinzila, to hold services. Now she is resting in heaven-Mama has finished washing her heart in the blood of Jesus Christ.

ELIZABETH MANGUNGA.

• Congo MisSion News.

HALL, ALBORZ COLLEGE, TEHERAN

The Only Christian College in Iran By SAMUEL M. JORDAN, D.D., LL.D.* President, Alborz College of Teheran MANY were surprised when the Persian gov- most outstanding feature of the landscape. This ernment informed other nations that from new name preserves the College monogram- March 22, 1935, the spring equinox on ACT, which has become the College slogan. Stuwhich the Persian New Year begins, that country dents and alumni say, "We Iranians have always is to be addressed by her proper Persian name, been famed for poetry and philosophy rather than Iran (pronounced "ee-rahn") , by which, from for practical action, but the students of our Colprehistoric times, she has been known to the in- lege act. We do things." They have acquired habitants and to her Asiatic neighbors. Iran is this reputation throughout the empire and are the land of the Aryan, in contrast to Turan the justly proud of it. land of the Turk. In the autumn of 1872 the American Mission Ninety-nine per cent of the people of the coun- was established in Teheran, the capital of Iran, try, if they heard the name Persia, would not by the Presbyterian Church, and the following recognize it. Cyrus and Darius were natives of March a school for boys was opened. This school the province of Pars (Fars today), from which, was at first of primary grade, but the standard through Greek and Latin, our English term "Per- was gradually raised as the demand for modern sia" has been derived. education increased. In 1901 it became a high school, in 1913 a junior college, and in 1925 a The growing nationalism of Iran is fUrther standard college. In 1928 the first B.A. degrees evinced by the fact that the government has re- were given under a temporary charter granted by quested foreign institutions to discontinue the use the Regents of the University of the State of New of foreign names. For this reason the name York. This charter was made permanent in 1932, American College of Teheran has been changed putting the American College of Teheran on a to Alborz College of Teheran. This is eminently level with first-class American colleges. appropriate as the snow covered Alborz range, rising like a mighty wall behind the college, is the For many years this Christian school occupied centrally located but limited quarters within the • President Jordan recently received the honorary degree of Doc- city. In preparation for the college-to-be a new tor of Laws from Washingtqn and Jefferson College. In the citation, Dr. Ralph C. Hutchison, the President. said: ··Great and beloved site, now comprising forty-four acres, was purteacher of the youth of Iran, tutor of princes, preceptor to sons of the desert, indomitable pioneer, ingenious moulder of bricks with- chased in 1913. At that time it was waste land oofutthsetratwho,ucgrhetataonrdoifdiaomsigonfifaicabnrot tahnedr psetroaptleeg, icspcioriltluegael , fraathreerscohf otlhaer of noml'nal va.lue,· but today ·l·.·t l'S ··perhaps the most c~~isl;,an, and powerful, happy, and veteran missionary of the valuable property in the.city. Located just north [393 ]

of the recently demolished city walls, overlooking picked up a flashlight and stepped out to show the entire city, it commands a superb view of him the way. It was this same young prince with mountain and plain. a large pail in his hand. I said, "Hello, are you on the water patrol this week?" He replied, "No, On this campus college buildings have gradually I am not, but a few minutes ago I went to the tank arisen until at present the plant comprises Rolle- to get a drink and found it empty. I brought a stone Hall, the main building with offices, library, pail instead of a cup so that if any of my friends auditorium, and classrooms for 600 to 700 stu- should want a drink the water would be there. It dents; a fully equipped, up-to-date Science Build- seemed to me a brotherly thing to do." I think ing; two dormitories with a combined capacity of we all will agree that it was a brotherly thing to 150 students; an infirmary; and three residences do, but a few years earlier no high-class Persian for professors. Three football fields, three basket- would have dreamed of "demeaning" himself by ball, four volley ball, and eight tennis courts, base- doing such a thing. ball diamond, and running track, provide for the physical education of the students. These col- Before the World War in the numerous schools lege buildings combine American ideas of educa- and colleges scattered throughout the Turkish tional efficiency with Persian architectural grace Empire, because of the bigotry of the Turk, the and beauty. They are considered the best modern enrolment was largely made up of the minority examples of the celebrated Persian-Saracenic peoples – Armenians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Ser- bians, Syrians, Jews; every race rather than the architecture. Turk, the ruling people. Naturally the students imbibed liberal ideas and became agitators for Prejudices Removed reform. Hence these colleges were looked upon with suspicion and distrust as fomenters of re- In Iran the different races-Moslems, Zoroas- bellion against the rule of Turk. trians, Armenians, Assyrians, Jews – have had separate schools. The result has been suspicion, One of the remarkable things about this College distrust, intolerance, and enmity. We have al- in the capital of Iran is the class of students enways enrolled students of all races, religions, and rolled. While many deserving poor boys have ranks of society without discrimination. They been accepted and trained-and a number of these have shared the same seats, sat beside each other today are found among the prominent leaders of in classrooms, rubbed shoulders on football fields the country-since the beginning of the century and basketball courts, and the result has been that a very large percentage, especially in the boarding all have learned to be friends, and to cooperate department, have been sons of prominent families; enthusiastically in service to their country. sons of royal princes, cousins of former Shahs, the only grandson of His Majesty, Reza Shah In 1928 three sons of one of the greatest princes Pahlavi, sons and grandsons of Prime Ministers in Iran were graduated from our Junior College. and other Cabinet Ministers, of Members of Maj- When one of them was about fifteen years old he less (Congress), of the great tribal chieftains, and was playing in a football match one afternoon. He of other influential men from every corner of the and another boy collided and they proceeded to Empire-boys who whether educated or not would scrap with all the vim and enthusiasm that Ameri- be in future years among the rulers of the land. can boys .would show under like circumstances. A The Persians suspect the citizens of all other nacousin on the side lines turned to the servant of tions of selfish motives. They do not suspect the princes, who had come with their carriage to Americans. All classes have confidence in our take them home, and exclaimed, "What a good- good intentions and our ability to give their sons for-nothing servant you are! You saw the son of the education they need to equip them forthe new His Imperial Highness struck by the son of no- duties of the new democratic age. Referring to body and you did not avenge the insult!" The Alborz College, the Persians say: "The Americans young prince overheard the remark. He stalked have a factory in Teheran where they manufacover to his servant and laid down the law thus, ture men." Because of the efficiency and trust- "When one of my friends and I have a difference worthiness of the men turned out, the College has of opinion on the football field, you understand it won its high reputation. Probably no other school is a friendly fight. If you ever dare to interfere in the world has ever enrolled so many of the sons and strike one of my friends, I will report it to of the leading men of any country as for the past His Imperial Highness, my father, and you will thirty years have been studying in this College get bastinadoed." He then turned back and re- in the capital of Iran. The result has been that sumed the game. many of the men educated in this College are prominent among the progressive patriots who Some five years later we were camping in the have cooperated to transform the medireval des- Alborz Mountains with the Boy Scouts. Late one night I heard someone going to the spring from which we got the drinking water.. Knowing that the lantern had been taken in for the night I

THE ONLY CHRISTIAN COLLEGE IN IRAN

potism of thirty years ago into the modern, pro- new campus. We need a football field. See this gressive democracy of today. stack of shovels. Here's the way to make a foot- ball field!" Suiting the action to the word, I threw Self-Support, Self-Respect, and Service a shovel across my shoulder and started off. The young American housemaster did the same. The Making people pay a fair price for what they boys without hesitation followed. We marched get is one of the best ways to teach self-respect out through one of the principal avenues, past the and self-reliance. Tuition fees are much higher home of the Prime Minister, and each boy was than other schools and the boarding department having the time of his life, for he was outraging has been more than self-supporting. We have the proprieties and conventions of a thousand years and he was enjoying it just as an American boy would. We put in three or four hours of good stiff work and at the end I said, "I hope you re- alize the significance of what we have done. It will go down in the history of the College that the first work on the campus was done not by down- trodden peasants receiving twenty cents a day,"- the usual daily wage-"but by the self-respecting, patriotic students who wished to testify by action as well as by word that a new day has come in Persia and any kind of labor is honorable." The young men who took part in that first "labor demonstration" more than twenty years ago never fail to mention it with pride as they return to the college. Some facetiously maintain that the num- ber who participated has materially increased with the passing of years. Numerous such de- IN THE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, IRAN COLLEGE charged nine sons of the wealthy and well-to-do DR. VESSASI, MEDICAL GRADUATE AT WORK enough to support ten. This has met with the full approval of the patrons. In this way we have partures from medieval prejudices have helped been able to educate a number of worthy poor to establish the dignity of labor. boys. Although the majority of the boarders are from wealthy families, the spirit of the institution The steadily increasing contribution of the is democratic. There is perfect equality. Each alumni to the development of the new national boy makes his own bed and takes his turn in wait- life of Iran becomes more impressive year by year. ing on the table. This is contrary to their old One alumnus-the only man who has been a memideas of rank and exclusiveness, but it has worked ber of every Majless (Congress) since the incepwonders in ushering in the new democratic age. tion of constitutional government in 1907 – con- In every department of the College we are teach- tinues to be (utstanding in the political and ecoing the dignity of labor. We are producing men who are both democratic and level-headed. We are training up a democracy that is safe for the world.

The dignity of labor has been instilled into the students by example as well as by precept. Shortly after the land for the present campus had been purchased, passing along the street T saw a mule loaded with the wooden snow shovels which are the ideal things for cleaning off our desert land. I bought the whole load and had them stacked up in front of our door. As it was Friday, the school holiday, I sent word to the housemaster of the dormitory to bring over his boys after luncheon. They all came anticipating something interesting. I said, "You know we have bought land for the

nomic life of the country; another for five years In 1914 when many were terrified by the imhas been the youngest member of Majless, though pending peril of a Jehad or Holy War, we posnot the least influential. The Minister of Educa- sessed our souls in peace, for we were sure that tion, his first assistant, the working head of the Persia would not go in, and, therefore, a Holy medical school, the legal advisor of the Ministry, War could not succeed. In her early years bolthe Governor and the Chief of Police of the shevism boasted and other nations feared that she wealthiest province, the Assistant Minister of the would make an easy conquest of Persia, and from Interior, the controller of the government opium there spread eastward into Afghanistan and Inmonopoly, the director of the mint, the financial dia, and westward into Turkey, Irak, and Arabia. controller of the new railroad, and the superin- Again we knew it would not happen, for we had tendent of the rolling stock, and hundreds of been selling the Persians a different brand of others as government officials and in every walk democracy, and the bolsheviks would find no purof life are rendering notably faithful and efficient chasers for their special brand. The political, service to the country, as physicians, lawyers, social, and international services rendered by this teachers, army officers, merchants, manufacturers, College are worth to the world many times all that bankers. It is a great joy to us to see how loyal has been spent in Persia in the last century-and our alumni are to the ideals of honesty, truthful- these are only by-products. ness, and hard work which were held up to them in student days. It is often said by those in high One of the reasons for the success of the school places that the greatest defect of the Iranians is is that we have always played fair. We accepted that they fail to cooperate. Frequently we hear the all races and creeds, and every social rank, and remark: "Noone in Iran knows how to cooperate naturally insisted that there should be liberty, except the young men who have been trained in fraternity, and equality. One of our first rules the American College." By means of football, was that no one, either student or teacher, should volley ball, basketball, and other group games, and make a slighting remark about the religion of the Boy Scouts, as w~ll as by classroom instruc- another. tion, our students have learned that cooperation is the only road to success, and so they are playing While there is religious liberty for all, the well the game of life. Christian character of the school has been positive and pervasive. A goodly number .of the students The College has always cooperated with the become Christians. As a rule this causes very government in every possible way. For many little comment o.r opposition. The Christian stuyears practically all the football games of the city dents have weekly Y. M. C. A. meetings; carryon were. played on our fields, our laboratories have personal work among their fellow students and been shared with the government medical school, evangelistic work for outsiders. The All-Persia members of our staff regularly assist in the an- Christian Student Conference initiated in 1928 nual government examinations, and in revising continues to conduct inspiring conferences each and drafting l1ew courses of study for the govern- spring. ment schools. ··.With the recent full recognition of our higher courses of study, the very favorable Inspiring the young men of Iran with the ideas attitude of those in authority, and the fact that and ideals, the principles and standards requisite one of our loy~l. alumni is Minister of Education for the regeneration of a nation; helping a nation prospects seem brighter than ever before. to move out of the middle ages into the twentieth century; training the men who are helping to .The best political news in the world today is mould the new life of Persia; counteracting that Iran, the 1,2000mile bridge between the Near numerous subversive influences; promoting inter- East and the Eftr East, is a nation of hearty good- national understanding and goodwill, and consewill. In the midst 'of ~ world gone mad with quently promoting world peace, this College is supernationalism Persia has kept her head better rendering a priceless service not only to Persia, than any of her neighbors. While maintaining her but also to the whole world. national integrity, and insisting that other nations shall treat her with due respect, she is not carry- If anyone of the 623 colleges and universities ing chips on her shoulders. She is eager to co- in America was forced to close its doors there would be 622 remaining, eager to welcome the operate with her sister nations for international students of the college that had closed. But Al- borz College- is the only Christian college in the fair play and international peace. This is largely Empire of Iran, the only Christian college in a stretch of 3,000 miles. This college needs help to due to the American Mission in general, and to continue its service. Do not let the fact that you the College in particular, which have convinced cannot contribute as much as you would like pre- vent your sending what you can. the Persians of the sincere disinterested friend- ship and goodwill· of America.

Favor for

The American Government and the American Indian By FLORA WARREN SEYMOUR, Chicago, Illinois U NDER the high-sounding slogans of "toler- dent that the opposition to many other features ation" and "religious liberty" missionaries would also prove a barrier to its passage. It was of all denominations working among the therefore withdrawn, and a substitute provided. American Indian are meeting with such obstruc- The religious feature was, among other things, tions to their work as have not been encountered eliminated. for more than a century past. Still Indian opposition to the bill has continued. The attitude of the present administration of At the last moment, when the session of Congress the Indian Bureau was made clear in the original text of the was almost at its final gasp, the passage of even this emasculat- Wheeler-Howard bill which ran Here is a striking and im- ed remnant became clearly im- its spectacular course during portant contribution. Mrs. possible. A hurriedly composed the spring of 1934. In this Seymour is an attorney at makeshift was then rushed proposed legislation it was ex- law, for twenty-five years has through Congress and sent to pressly declared to be "the pur- been a student of American the President for signature. It pose and policy of Congress to Indian life and history, and is became law on June 18, 1934.

promote the study of Indian the author of HThe Story of This last minute legislation con- CI.VI·1l·zat·IOn and preserve and tbhoeoksR. edSheMwaans,"a manedmboetrhoefr tained only a few of the pro- develop the special cultural the United States Board of visions of the original bill. It achievements of such civiliza- Indian Commissioners from was obviously a face-saver- tion including Indian arts, 1922 until it was abolished in something which should still crafts, skills and traditions." 1933. She has visited many bear the names of the original Such a purpose is far from of the Indian reservations and promoters and so relieve the ad- favoring "religious liberty" as schools and is thoroughly ministration of the onus of defined by the American Con- familiar with the situation complete failure. To those who stitution. Instead, there was in among the Indians and the had read neither bill nor the contemplation a deliberate pro- various efforts to improve substitute, the similarity in motion of "native religion" as their condition. What she name (Wheeler-Howard bill) opposed to the Christian faith wanrditeasctsheorfe thoef UtnhietedattSittautdees made it appear that success had learned by the Indian from Commissioner to encourage crowned the efforts of the pro- white missionaries. Here was the Indians to Hrevert to ponents of the original. That a direct challenge to those who type" should be read and impression was strongly fos- believe missionary endeavors carefully considered by all tered by a press release from to be justifiable and desirable. who are genuinely interested the Indian Bureau itself, pro- One denomination, and only in the welfare of the Red Man. claiming that the Commissioner one, realized this challenge of Indian Affairs was "the hap- fully and roused itself to meet piest man in Washington" on the danger. From one church and another in the day the bill was signed. If he read the final Michigan, from home mission clubs, from Sunday text which became law his happiness must have school groups, from young people's societies, pro- been sadly dimmed.

tests poured in to Congress asking that this sub- Succeeding events seem to indicate that the In- versive clause be removed from the bill. It was dian Bureau is still unaware that the deliberate made plain that there was strong opposition to fostering of native religions and primitive ritual- the deliberate official teaching of Indian traditions ism is not a part of the law of the land. For the and superstitions. official encouragement of shamanism, tribal cere- When the bill had'been three months before monials and the like, has gone on as strongly as Congress and before the Indians, it became evi- if there were legislation behind it. This attitude [397 ]

on the part of the Indian Bureau in Washington dermine the practice. The attitude of the Indian is a hindrance and a menace to the work of teach- Office was made clear before the Wheeler-Howard ers, extension agents, physicians and nurses, as bill was passed. On January 3, 1934, an order well as to the missionaries whose aim in life is signed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and to replace the old Indian magic and fakirism with countersigned by the Secretary of the Interior, the tenets and practices of the Christian religion. declared that "the fullest constitutional liberty in all matters affecting religion, conscience and cul- HOPI-INDIAN SNAKE DANC ER ture, is insisted upon for all Indians." A rattlesna k e is carried in the mouth of the priests in front while This sounds like a wide and generous gesture; the priest behind uses a whip of featbe rs. it is supplemented by something a bit more spe- cific: "In addition, an affirmative, appreciative at- From the nor.th woods a woman missionary titude toward Indian cultural values is desired in writes: the Indian Service."

The work here is getting very hard. Paganism is on the "Cultural" is an all-embracing word. In some increase. The children are being taught the pagan dances Indian tribes it includes polygamy; in others, and rituals. Our scout troop has been taken to a distant r,tual prostitution; in many, a pitiful terror of city to exhibit the Indian dances and the largest pagan evil spirits that supposedly keep baleful watch ritualistic service in our twentieth century was held two over every human activity. Fear of the dark, weeks ago. fear of a dead body, fear of touching even the hide of certain animals; fear of looking in the direc- When I came to this post in 1931 I went fearlessly all tion of one's mother-in-law; fear of dreams; fear over the reservation at any hour of the day or night. This of eat~ng fish-these are some of the many Indian is no longer possible. They feel that they are a law to taboos ' toward which employees of the Indian themselves and celebrate by getting and staying drunk. Service are bidden to take an "affirmative, ap- I am afraid to meet a drunken Indian after dark. Sober, preciative attitude." How much appreciation for they are both gentle and kind. . Indian customs can a teacher or matron manifest when a young girl begs to remain at school for the Under a previous administration provision was summer that she may avoid the submission of her made for the setting aside of one hour weekly, body to the elders and medicine men of the tribe? when pupils in the government schools might receive religious education, according to the de- The first Indian Bureau circular was followed a nominational preferences of themselves or their few days later by one which permitted "as a parents. Openly to abandon this would have been provilege" the use of a schoolroom for religious impolitic, but the same purpose could be served education by a missionary, "Including any repreby new regulations which would effectively un- sentative of a native Indian religion." It was stated that children were to receive instruction from missionaries only if their parents appeared before a superintendent and gave consent, or made request, in writing. To obtain such formal con- sent from illiterate parents, living at remote dis- tances from the reservation superintendent, would be difficult if not impossible. With the Indian Bureau employees formally warned to maintain an "appreciative attitude" toward native religions, the obtaining of parental consent would not be facilitated. As a result religious instruction lan- guished in many of the schools. The prohibition of "required attendance" was frequently if not always interpreted to mean that the religious hour was not regarded as an educational period at all and in some schools the new regulations brought about a discontinuance of all religious education.

On April 3.0 Secretary Ickes promulgated a cir- cular threatening with dismissal any employee of the Indian Bureau who should oppose the new policy, including "opportunity for them (the In- dians) to develop their own culture." That cir- cular still applies to any encouragement that gov- ernment employees might offer to missionary en-

FEDERAL FAVOR FOR FETISHISM

deavor. Some employees still attend churches, and rule is that the pupils should converse in their own contribute to their support, as has been their cus- tribal language, though that as a rule shuts them tom in the past. Others, not few in number, have off from communication with the teacher who is felt that their standing with the Washington of- supposed to be guiding them. How disastrously fice will be better if they withdraw from any con- this retards the school work is too obvious to need nection with religious activity. elucidation. It is a widening of the gap between the races. But the purpose of Indian schools is "My wife and I feel that we have a right to at- to narrow that gap. tend church when away from the reservation," The new day schools among the Navajos offer A TYPICAL INDIAN HOGAN (HUT) the solution for this problem. No books are pro- vided so the native mind is unsullied by their insaid a teacher of many years' service, "but here fluence. No blackboards on which a word might on the reservation it is best to refrain from par- be written, deface the unbroken whiteness of the ticipation in the work of the mission." schoolroom walls. There are no teachers to whom English is the native tongue. Instead, young While such participation has not been formally Navajo "assistants" conduct the affairs of the inprohibited, no doubt is left in the minds of Indian stitution-largely industrial-with the use of the Service employees as to the direction in which Navajo language. the wind is blowing. Even such apparently innocuous contact as might be involved in an em- One might assume that English would thus be ployee of the Indian Bureau explaining to a effectively barred. Strangely enough, in the very missionary gathering the purposes of the govern- few day schools that have so far been put into ment work on erosion control or agricultural ex- operation, the demand for English teaching has tension has been definitely discouraged. In other already come, in no mistakable terms, from pupils words, if a government employee values his job- and parents alike. The Navajo people themselves, and who doesn't, in these hard times ?-it is to though primitive, are intelligent and adaptable. his interest to remain silent and inactive in re- They realize fully the usefulness of the English gard to his own religious convictions. This in the language in their daily life. name of "toleration" for the native religion, we find to be a virtual denial of religious freedom to Nowhere, however, does the inconsistency of the government employee, whether white or In- the Indian Bureau reveal itself more clearly than dian. NAVAJO INDIAN GRADUATES OF A MISSION SCHOOL If this were all, it would be sufficient to show that the vaunt of "religious liberty" is a mere in the medical work among the Indians. "Native cloak for official opposition to Christian mission- religion," as all workers among primitive people ary effort. But the insistence upon the inculcation understand, usually includes medicine men, with of native culture goes much farther than this. their incantations, charms and ceremonies de- signed to relieve a patient from illness or disaster Heretofore the use of the English language has brought upon him by the ever-present evil spirits. been required in Indian boarding schools after the To foster the ancient traditions inescapably means pupils have become acquainted with the speech of to foster the traditional, primitive forms of treattheir teachers. A case can be made out for call- ment of disease and the ceremonials in case of ing this rule a hardship, but it is a hardship that death. is inseparable from effective education. None of us learn to speak a foreign language if we persist in using our own on any and all occasions. Yet such is the procedure now officially fostered. The

The Indian Bureau has accepted responsibility ual values to offer the Indian, then he should re- for such encouragement of shamanism. Faced frain from intruding upon him. In that case the with this question at an open meeting, the Com- sooner he withdraws his schools, hospitals and missioner of Indian Affairs told the inquiring churches, and leaves the native culture undis- physician that the "cultural unity" of the tribes turbed to work out its own way, the better it will must first of all be preserved. It is fully under- be for all concerned. But if he has a better way of stood, among employees of the medical service of living to present, either for this world or for the the Indian Bureau, that they are expected to co- next, then he should present it without apology, operate with the local medicine men – priests with the full consciousness that it is truly a better of the native religion. Too often such coopera- way and is entitled to supplant filth and ignorance tion means the removal of the patient from the and cruelty.

hospital at a critical period. He may then be the A Higher Way of Life subject of a bear dance or a four-day "sing" or some other typical tribal ceremony. Whether his Missionaries and those who support them are disease be tuberculosis or scarlet fever, a broken committed to the belief that there is a higher way leg or bronchitis, the ceremonies include the at- of life than that beset by shamanism and savage tendance at his bedside of as many interested fears. In that belief they should confidently put spectators as can be crowded into his smoke filled before the Indian what the white man can offer hogan or tepee or "wickiup." When the disease is in the way of relief from physical and spiritual contagious, the death of the patient may be only terrors. Missionaries giving their lives to such the beginning of the fatalities as a result of the work deserve the unqualified backing of the observance of native religious rites. boards and congregations farther removed from Handicaps of the Indians the actual problems. In the past two years that backing has not been so confident or so strong Fear and ignorance are too often accompanied as the faithful workers in the field deserve. In by cruelty. The spirit working these ills must eastern cities, far from actual conditions, men sometimes be exorcised by physical attacks upon and women listen to the specious cry of "religious the affected portion of the body. Beating upon a liberty." Some are deluded into thinking themtubercular spine, at the hands of the local medicine selves "broadminded" when they are merely negman, was the lot of one little girl. Another Indian ligent; tolerant when in fact they permit stumbpractitioner essayed to perform a major operation, ling blocks to be placed in the way of their chosen using for a knife a piece of a broken bottle. In representatives. both these cases death was a merciful end to hideous suffering. What does "cultural unity" "We white people have nothing to give you Inmean in the face of such preventable "tragedies? dians," the Navajos were informed at a council held last summer. Missionaries and employees An ancient tradition among the Navajos looks heard this from the lips of a man sworn to carry favorably upon the presence of vermin in the hair on the government's work among the Indian and upon the body. Many of the tribes have never tribes: "Our culture is a disintegrating thing. known what it is to be without body parasites. It Yours is an integrated culture. You must do your is difficult for those raised in our more modern best to preserve it." civilized ways to realize the religious and cultural significance of these small creatures. Even yet, Fine-sounding words: but what do they mean?

after two years of pronouncements on ancient In the final analysis, this-that both government rites and folkways, the average nurse or teacher and missionaries should cease their efforts to is apt to feel an aversion to them. After a pupil bring about any improvement in Indian life and or patient has been visited by members of his fam- thought. No longer should we impose upon the ily, there are often discovered tiny crawling in- Red Man our decadent notions of education and truders carefully placed by the visitors upon a sanitation and social values. We should retire and child's hair or clothing. Real toleration and a leave his integrated culture undisturbed.

properly "appreciative attitude" would· perhaps If the members of the Christian Church believe let such vermin remain; but this is broadminded- such a statement, all missionary activity should ness which few real friends of the Indians have as stop at once.- But if they hold the conviction that yet been able to attain. Christ has something of value to offer the Ameri- This conflict between modern cleanliness and can Indian, they should continue to make the offer; ancient "culture" is typical of the whole illogical, and should back up by word and deed and earnest unintelligent attitude which has prevailed in the devotion the work which is being done to bring Indian Office in the past two years. If the white the Indian into the fellowship of the faith and the man has nothing in education, sanitation or spirit- ways of Christian civilization.

Something New in

By CHARLES T. RIGGS, Istanbul Missionary of the American Board ST. SOPHIA changed into a museum! The be made for a limited time by the Grand National wonderful airy dome of this gem of Byzan- Assembly, allowing such garb for one representa· tine art, the church erected by Anthemius tive of each religious body. In a place where the and dedicated by the Emperor Justinian fourteen long flowing robes and peculiar headdress of each centuries ago, will no longer echo to the prayers one of a dozen or more different sects or faiths of the faithful of Islam. After nine hundred years have always been noticeable, such a law is drastic as a Christian church, and five hundred more as and causes much discussion and speculation. Will a Moslem mosque, the massive building is now the Roman Catholic orders acquiesce, and French closed to all visitors, to be reopened after exten- and Italian priests and nuns doff their garb? Or sive alterations, as a museum of Byzantine art, will they decide to leave the country rather than under the secular government of the Republic of submit? With most orders of nuns, the pure Turkey. Thus have the present rulers solved a white butterfly-winged hats are a part of their problem that has been for ages a source of trouble consecration vows; how can they abandon them? between Greeks and Turks. The Syrian Archbishop has already appeared in the streets in civilian garb; and the Gregorian One essential item on the Megali idea, or grand and Orthodox clergy will apparently offer no replan of the Greeks, was that when the city was sistance. For Evangelical Christian bodies, the again brought under the Greek flag,' the services new regulation makes no difference. in Agia Sophia, the Church of Holy Wisdom, in- terrupted on that fateful day in 1453 by the in- What is the purpose of this new ordinance?

rushing hordes of Moslems, when the officiating The Government gives no explanation, save that priest fled through the secret door, shall be re- it is determined to abolish all distinctions tending stored and resumed. The initiated believe that to establish a religious hierarchy. The fact that the priest will again come out of that same door· the new law affects many times as many Moslem to conduct the worship. The Turks for many clerics as all the others put together, seems an years excluded all Greeks from the mosque and indication that the step is rather for the purpose declared that it should be blown to atoms rather of striking another blow at the reactionary, ultra- than surrendered under any circumstances. But conservative Moslem element, than (as has also many will regret that the famous Night of Power, been suggested) to lessen the prestige of the Ital- the night of the twenty-seventh of Ramazan, with ian and French Catholics. When one considers its awesome mass of ten thousand worshipers go- the former domination of the Ottoman State by ing through the Moslem prayers together, will not the Moslem clergy, one is the more ready to con- again be repeated in this place. done such drastic measures. When an Evangelical In this transformation is there any resemblance clergyman was recently interviewed by some reto that of the Church of St. Michael in Moscow porters on Turkish dailies, as to the feeling of changed by the Soviet Government into a mu- Protestants toward this new regulation, they were seum? There is another change which, like this, surprised to learn that the Gospel gave no direcis attributed by some to the growing influence of tions whatever as to any distinctive dress for the the Soviet Government in Angora. A significant clergy, and were pleased to be assured that Protfact is that Comrade Karahan, who has recently estants as such had no peculiar religious garb. been sent there as Russian ambassador, is an When they asked the clergyman what were his Armenian. With grim sadness the remnant of own individual feelings about such a regulation, Armenians left in Turkey witness the predom- he replied: inating influence of an Armenian over Turkish "I am an American; and in my country any policies. This second change, rightly or wrongly clergyman can wear whatever he pleases, in the attributed to Soviet influence, is the ordinance street or anywhere else; there is absolutely no forbidding the use, by any cleric-Moslem, Jew, compulsion, everyone is perfectly free as to what or Christian-of any distinctive clerical garb out· he may wear. I only wish there were this same side of places of worship. A single exception may freedom from compulsion in every country."

[401 ]

Their reply was significant: "This present rule instrumental minor of western music, gives a preis one step for us in that direction." God grant vailingly melancholic effect; and the peculiar high that with complete freedom from ecclesiastical quavers form an art by itself. But henceforth domination and from all fear of it, may come also Western music is to be the standard; and in order complete freedom to preach and teach the Chris- to be acceptable, Turkish tunes must now be set to tian faith! harmony. No longer will the inje saz orchestras be heard; and for a while Turkish popular music Another extensive change of these days in Tur- is greatly hampered. The reason for the change, key is in the adoption of purely Turkish family as given in some newspapers-that this sort of names in place of the ancient system of "Ali, son music was inevitably associated with drinking and of Mehmet," and "Suleyman, son of Bayram." carousing, which must stop – is specious. The The law has now been promulgated that everyone true reason seems to be that those in authority beshall have a family name, which must be Turkish, lieved that Europeans were jeering at Turkish and not Arabic or Persian or other nationality. music as unmusical, and that therefore Turkey Thus the President, Mutafa Kemal, has become should conform to recognized Western standards, Kemal Atatiirk; the Prime Minister Ismet Pasha, to prove her high civilization. has become General Ismet Inonii; the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Tewfik Riishtii Bey, has adopted In the midst of all these Ghanges, woman seems the name Tewfik Riishtii Aras; the Turkish Min- to be coming into her own far more rapidly than ister to Rumania, Hamdullah Suphi Bey, is now in other lands. During last December a law was Suphi Tanriover. This is sufficiently confusing; passed, giving her not only the right to vote in but coupled with this has come the more surpris- national elections, but also the right to candidacy ing regulation abolishing all titles heretofore used. for the Grand National Assembly; and in the com- Not only have they discarded such titles as Pasha, ing elections for members of this parliament, we Hodja, Hadji, etc., but even the lowly Bey and shall probably see many women voting, and per- Efendi, which were no more than the equivalent haps a few elected to seats. One thing is certain, of mister; and Hanum, which was applied to all in general education women have made wonderwomen, old or young, married or unmarried. Such ful strides in these past ten years, so that perhaps titles, according to Turkish custom, were placed they are as well prepared to be electors as the after the name. Now, they are all dropped and average of the men. ancient Turkish words for Mr. and Mrs. (or Miss) – Bay and Bayan – are being adopted. The revolutionary-evolutionary process also in- These, moreover, are to be placed before and not cludes progressive steps in the development of the after the name. The military titles of Mushir and Turkish language. Further spelling reforms are Pasha must also now be replaced by Marshal and being introduced, which are real improvements General. So that Ismet Pasha becomes General over the system as first adopted six years ago. Ismet Inonii; and Halide Hanum becomes Bayan A commission is at work discovering and listing Halide, while Ali Efendi is Bay Ali. For a time for adoption hundreds of old Turkish words in this may lead to confusion; but in the end it will place of foreign words thus far in common use mean a great simplification. Some may like to see for very common things. Even highly educated in this a further indication of Russian influence Turks find this sudden bringing back into use of -like the universal adoption of "Comrade" and terms long rare and provincial, or even obsolete the abolition of titles of nobility. for centuries, most confusing. In their eagerness for a pure Turkish, these scholars are far more But perhaps the new ordinance that has caused anxious to get rid of Persian and Arabic terms the deepest sorrow to the heart fond of the ancient than of French or German ones; and the ordinary traditions and customs of the Turk, is the sweep- newspaper today, while it is very particular to ing abolition of traditionally Turkish music or avoid certain words of the former type, will have dozens of European words in every column. music ala Turque. On pipe and lute, the familiar In this connection it is providential that the new airs in a peculiar minor key which have held many translation of the Bible into modern Turkish, now in progress and of which certain parts have been a coffeehouse group spellbound, and have formed issued in tentative form, will take some years yet part of the entertainment at countless firesides, before it is ready for print; for by that time we are now forbidden to be played over the radio, or may hope ttl see a bit more of stability in the ,voto be used at any public gathering. This does not cabulary and spelling of Turkish words. Every effort will be made to keep up to the minute with for the present ban them in private homes; but it official changes, which have a distinct influence on puts the stamp of official disapproval on this brand the Turkish attitude toward all foreign ideas and of music. Typical Turkish music knows no four- customs, and a bearing on Christian missionary parts, or harmony of the European sort. Its work.

rhythm-often alternating measures of four and five beats-is weird; its minor key, resembling the

Turkey's Predicament*

-~I~=======B=Y=D=R=.=C=H=A=RL==E=S=C=.=M=O==Rru==S=O=N======~1I~ T HE government of Turkey is in form a re- Ataturk is unqualified. His support does not rest public; in reality it is a dictatorship. Its on force, though of course force is in the back- undisputed head is Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, ground; but the people's mood is spontaneous and the president of the republic. There is a parlia- genuine. They are grateful to him for saving the ment of one chamber, called the Grand National country from Greek domination and the domina- Assembly, which debates and passes laws, but it tion of the great powers. They recognize in him is strictly under the dictator's control. Its mem- a military genius and trust his devotion to the na- bership is determined by him through the one- tion's well-being. They support the reforms he party system which insures that the candidates has already instituted-even the abolishing of the selected by the party chiefs and approved by the fez caused a minimum of murmuring. If he does dictator will be elected. The members are allowed not become too ruthless in his collision with to debate certain measures upon which the gov- Islamic habits and institutions, the people will ernment is neutral, and to vote freely upon such tolerate his reforms and follow him. There is no measures, but measures considered vital by the clamor for a more real democracy. Sympathetic government are not debated, and there is no di- outsiders see a dictatorship in some form as in- vision in the voting. evitable for Turkey, and they would rather have Ankara, the capital, is a new city, in many Ataturk than a sultan or a Stalin.

respects, like far western American cities. The Assuming that the new regime is successful and government has established here a score of insti- attains its objective, what sort of society will it tutions for training a new generation of leaders produce-a communistic or a capitalistic society, in every type of economic and cultural need-agri- or something else? There is in the dictator's culture, industry, pedagogy, music, liberal arts, regime a minimum of economic dogma. The lead- various sciences, plant pathology, business admin- ers hold no brief for capitalism, though so far istration, accounting, stenography, and others. there has been no mortal wound inflicted upon it.

Thousands of students are drawn to Ankara from On the other hand, they are not afraid of doing every part of the nation and given free instruc- things which are characteristically communistic tion and free board and dormitory. Such students (or socialistic). The railroads and the banks are are under oontract to go, at the end of their train- owned (or controlled) and run by the government.

ing period, wherever they may be sent, with sup- The government is doing practically all the in- port but without salary, for a period of five years, dustrial developing that is being done. The lead- to teach locally the things in which they have been ers deny that this is socialism. It is looked upon trained at the government's expense. Thus the as necessity; it is common sense! If there is to government hopes to "rationalize" the economic be any industrial development in Turkey, the gov- life of Turkey and to quicken its cultural aspira- ernment must mother it and operate it, for the tions. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Tevfik very good reason that no one else can!

Riishtii Aras, is also president of the assembly of Turkey is poor. From the background of the the League of Nations. United States or Germany or even Italy, it is un- Americans and other foreigners, missionaries believably poor. It is predominantly agricultural and foreign business men, the Turks themselves, and even its agriculture is deflated. There is no officials, highly responsible citizens, and the man industry, in the modern sense. There are, in rough in the street, all tell essentially the same story as figures, 7,000 "industrial workers" in Turkey; there are 4,000 "factories." This means that the to matters of fact. so-called "factories" are for the most part one- man shops, most of them in the homes. It will be There is little criticism of the form of govern- clear, therefore, that the economic problem which ment. For the present stage of Turkey's develop- Turkey faces in bringing herself abreast of modment, it seems that no better form of government ern nations is tremendous. This lack of industrial could be devised. The popularity of President • Condensed from The Christian Century, June 19, 1935. development in Turkey greatly simplifies the eco- [403 ]

nomic problem on its theoretical side. There is market, a dumping ground for European manuonly one thing to be done – put the collective factured goods. She paid for these goods by her wealth of the people-that is the government- agricultural products, by the marvelous treasures behind a program for the creation of industry. of art which had been accumulated through the While you are doing this very socialistic thing, centuries of her own imperial prosperity, by her you can pass laws, and vigorously enforce them, woven things like rugs and tapestries into whose prohibiting socialistic or communistic propa- creation millions of hours of human toil was put ganda; you can do this without inconsistency be- at the most cruel of starvation wages, and by the cause the propaganda of any kind of economic piling up of a vast pyramid of debt to other nadogma only tends to clutter the necessitarian tions which only put her the more helplessly at the policy of the government. mercy of the vultures. Thus Turkey's impoverish- ment was made complete. Mustafa Kemal's prob- There is but little radical agitation and little lem was to turn a mere market, a dumping ground, likelihood of it, or of its opposite. The govern- into a self-respecting and self-supporting econment's assumption of the industrial burden is not omy. He and his regime are working at the probopposed by industrialists, for there are none; nor lem with true patriotism. by "labor," for there is none! That is to say, the Kemalist government can use its common sense in LAWRENCE OF AFRICA* developing industry, and will meet with no resistance such as is met in America or in any coun- Everyone has heard of "Lawrence of Arabia" try where industry has become a vested private (whose death has saddened the British Empire), interest and labor has become class conscious and but there is a Lawrence of Africa whose advenorganized. This simplifies the problem for the tures have been equally thrilling. Dr. William T. Kemalist regime. Lawrence has spent thirty-four years in the East Africa Mission of the American Board and speaks But it is easier tl} introduce collectivism in a with a smile of the hazards of living where lions society that has no machine industry, and it is and leopards lurk in the grass; where cobras pay more difficult to make that collective industry a social calls and where swarms of red locusts, four practical success. Machinery has to be procured inches long, sometimes take half a day to pass a from other countries. Materials for the construc- given spot, and break off branches of trees when tion of plants must also be imported, as well as they settle down on them. many raw materials for the manufacturing of commodities. How will you procure. this ma- Better roads have meant the difference between chinery and these materials? You can buy them. life and death to the kindly dispositioned Ndaus Yes, and how will you pay for them? Only by of this country. When Dr. Lawrence first went the export of your own agricultural products. But to Africa he traveled on foot, then on horseback, other countries, with a few exceptions, are not in on bicycle, motorcycle and now by auto. great need of your agricultural products – they have their own. Not only so, but in order to pro- We who live where a ring on the 'phone brings tect their own agriculture against competition, a doctor quickly, and where an ambulance rushes they have erected high tariff walls to keep yours a sufferer to a well-equipped hospital, cannot conout. And so your industrial program, backed by ceive the plight of thousands in Africa. For exthe unqualified collective good will of the nation, ample, a mother with a baby on her back, trying cannot even get started. to carry home a bag of grain, slips down a wet bank and breaks her thigh. What can she do but This is Turkey's predicament. Here success lie in agony? largely depends upon securing some degree of cooperation from other nations. She has effected Lions and leopards are particularly dangerous, certain trading arrangements with Germany and often roaring around the spring that supplies a Russia, but these, while better than nothing, are village with water, so that no one dare approach. all onesidedly unfavorable to Turkey and are quite Once they have tasted human blood these animals insufficient for the realization of her industrial are for all time "man eaters." The deadliest repaspirations. Responsible men whenever they ap- tile is the cobra, but another is the puff adder. proach the question of trade relations with 'other The amambla attacks without warning and death countries, see that their whole program depends ensues if tts poison reaches the blood stream. upon overcoming the economic isolation of Turkey. Dr. Lawrence not only has a hospital under his Kemal had on his hands a Turkey which was, care, but the health supervision of more than 400 economically, at least one hundred years behind boys and girls in mission schools; the training of the rest of Europe. Other countries had some natives in first aid and frequent trips through degree of industrial development; Turkey had jungles to outstation schools. none. Turkey had been a market, nothing but a * C'ondellseil from The Mi$$ionary H erakl.

Islam's Debt to the

_."'Ii! By SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, Princeton, N. J.

Editor of "The Moslem World"

JEREMIAH the prophet draws a clear distinc- Rome, have written books on the subject, prov- tion between false and true teaching, between ing their thesis by a wealth of new evidence. the revelation of God and the muttering of We notice that the influence of the Bible on self-deceived prophets, comparing them to the Islam began in the very life of its founder and his wheat and the chaff. (Jeremiah xxiii). This sharp family. Mohammed was, in a sense, the illegiti- contrast with the climax, in which he asserts that mate child of the Oriental Church, and Islam is a the Word of God is a fire and a hammer that Christian heresy. Two of Mohammed's wives were breaks the rock in pieces, reminds us of the phrase Christians. His cousin, Waraka, read the Hebrew of Karl Barth, "The Word of God or the word of Scriptures, and Khadijah, his first wife, was per- man." haps a Jewess. It is even held that Mohammed There are many voices on religion, but only one himself could read and write and that he heard Revelation. There have been many prophets, but parts of the Gospel read by Christians. So in only one Saviour. That is the eternal issue. "The many and mysterious ways the truth of God bored grass withereth, the flower fadeth, but the word its way from within.

of God abideth forever." Our New Testament is From the first the Bible, directly and iJildirectly, the supreme textbook of missions. The basis, the has exerted its power and has changed Islam. This aim, the goal, the motives, the triumphs of mis- is true, for example, in Moslem mysticism, which sions are what they are because God has spoken owes so much to early Christian teaching. Then once for all. In the last analysis all the sacred there was the influence of apostates, Christian books of the non-Christian religions are a chal- wives of Mohammedans, and Christian slaves who lenge to the supremacy, the finality, and the suf- embraced Islam. The traditions are in a measure ficiency of God's Word. the table-talk of these people who told what they This is especially true of Islam, for it is the only knew and did not know of the Gospel.

great religion that came after Christianity, and Christ, even though portrayed only in caricature the only one which has supplanted it in some parts in the Koran, cannot be hid. The light that was of the world. When Mohammed was born in under the bushel has burned the bushel! The fire 571 A. D., the New Testament had already ap- smouldered for centuries, then burst into flame.

peared in six translations: Syriac (Peshito) , Therefore today we see the result, and are face to Latin (Vulgate), Gothic, Armenian, Coptic, and face with a new situation, new toleration, and' new Ethiopian versions. Thus there were two versions manifestations of God's Providence in the history for Africa, two for Asia, and two for Europe. But of Islam. One example is the beautiful Mosque of it is the tragedy of the Near East that no version Santa Sophia in Istanbul (Constantinople), which existed in Arabic and that Arabia became the was built in 537 A. D., under Justinian, and for cradle of Islam through this neglect. nine hundred years was a Christian Church. In In the old city of Mecca and in sight of the the fifteenth century it was made a mosque and sacred Kaaba (where three Yemen Arabs recent- the precious mosaics were covered with plaster.

ly attempted to assassinate Ibn Saoud), Moham- Recently this plaster has been removed and the med gave out the Koran which professed to be a building restored to its original condition-not as new revelation from God, supplanting that of a Christian church, it is true, but as a museum.

Jesus Christ our Lord; from that day, down the Yet here the stones cry out to the Moslem visitor, centuries, the Koran has captured the tongues and proclaiming the "Old, Old Story," in symbolism minds and hearts of 250,000,000 people. In the and mosaic art-Jesus Christ, Good Shepherd, the Philippine Islands, under the American flag, there Alpha and Omega and the glory of His Cross and are 557,000 Moslems, and in India 77,800,000. resurrection victory.

Islam arose out of a Christian and Jewish en~ The Koran itself bears clear testimony to the vironment. Present-day scholarship is agreed that Bible. Other sacred books have no reference to the best elements in its dogma and ethics are due the Gospel or to Jesus Christ. But Mohammed to Nestorian Christianity. Professors Bell of Glas- could not escape Him. This is one of the most gow, Tor Andrae of Upsala, and Lammens of remarkable facts in the study of the non-Christian [405 ]

religions. Sir William Muir has collated all of tongue of the common people which men despised, these references and commented on their character he recreated the German language and the Gerand significance. There are 131 passages alto- man nation. When Tyndale and Coverdale gave gether, 65 of the Mecca period and 66 of the the Bible to England, they perpetuated the faith Medina period in the Prophet's life. The Old and of the Bible not only, but made its vocabulary and New Testament are highly spoken of as God's style penetrate and permeate English literature. earlier revelation and as "containing light and Shakespeare, Tennyson, and Browning are exguidance for the pious." amples.

Moslem Tradition About Jesus So when Dr. Cornelius Van Dyck and Eli Smith a century ago ended their "work of faith and labor Add to this fact the influence of the Bible on of love and patience of hope," translating the Bible Mohammedan tradition. There are six great page by page and verse by verse into the Arabic standard works numbering tens of thousands of tongue, they ushered in an era far more important pages. That vast, heterogeneous collection of laws than any dynasty or any change in governments and customs, of folk-lore and story, resembles the in the Moslem world, because they gave to 50,- Jewish Talmud. But in one respect it is very dif- 000,000 Arabic-speakhig folk the Word of God in ferent. Jesus is dishonored in the Talmud and a matchless translation. There is a proverb curwas cast out of the Ghetto. He is crowned and en- rent at Damascus, "Al 'Arabiya la tatanassar" shrined in the pages of the Koran. As Goldziher ("Verily, the Arabic language will never be Chrishas shown, the early Moslems borrowed very tianized") . But they no longer use it. Not only largely from the New Testament to build up the has the Arabic tongue been Christianized in an form and content of their faith. They spoke of excellent Bible translation, but there have been Jesus as a great prophet and miracle-worker. Then modern Christian poets and writers who have they took their colors from a Christian paint-box wielded this language with tremendous powerto portray Mohammed-his character, his sayings, Dr. Andrew Watson and Dr. Hogg, in Egypt; his ethics. Al Ghazali, the great theologian of the Dr. Jessup, Dr. Post, and Nasif-al-Yazigi, in eleventh century, is an example in his frequent Syria; Gairdner and Upson and Ibrahim Saeed, references to Jesus' teaching. Again and again he in Cairo; Dr. George Ford, of Sidon; and Miss says, "I have read in the Gospel."* Trotter, of Algiers. The Christian literature of the Cairo and the Beirut press finds its taproot in Now remember that for thirteen centuries these the Scriptures, and has gone to all parts of the pictures and stories of Jesus and about Jesus have Moslem world. circulated in the world of Islam. It is as if an advertising firm had circulated cheap and gaudy New Testament Influence prints of the Sistine Madonna, not at all a true representa.tion, but still calling attention to the Take another example. On the cover of an great original. In fact, the Koran references have led many toward Christ. Professor Mohammed Albanian translation of the Koran there is a re- Ismail, of Lahore, once told me of three things in the Koran which led him to Christ: the fact that production of an old German picture of Christ and all men are sinners; that Jesus Christ as pictured in the Koran is sinless; and that those who want the two disciples on their way to Emmaus. But to learn more about Jesus must read the Injil, the Gospel. the title reads: "Mohammed, Abu Bakr and Ali on Again the Bible in present-day literature and Their Way to Mecca"! So even Christian art is the press is more influential than ever before. It has been translated into all the languages of Islam being adopted by Moslems! and circulated everywhere. It is the hammer of God, more powerful than that of Charles Martel The leading Turkish novelist, Yakoob Qadri, on the battlefield of Tours. Missionaries were the first to capture the magnificent vehicle of the states that he owes his style to the Bible, and he is Arabic tongue for Christ, as Mohammed once used it to proclaim his religion. When Ulfilas, the great criticized in the press for using a Christian vomedieval missionary, came to Northern Europe he put the Bible into the language of the people, and cabulary. The leading Moslem poet of Egypt, the appropriated the Gothic tongue for Jesus Christ. When Martin Luther made the Scriptures use the late Shauket Bey, found much of the motif for • AI! the passages are given in full In chapter Ix of Zwemer's his national poetry in the New Testament. The A Moslem Seeker After God. Revell & Co. 1920. daily press of Cairo affords many other interest- ing examples. .

Sirdar Iqbal Ali Shah in his book, published in 1933, called Lights of Asia, writes of the precious blood of Christ in the words of a fundamentaHst: Whatever modernists may think about the Blood, God esteems it very precious. Saith the Word: "The blood is the life" (Deut. 12: 23). "Without shedding of blood is no remission" (Heb. 9: 22). "It is the Blood that maketh atonement for the soul" (Lev. 17: 11). God commendeth Hif; love to us, in that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.

WHAT YOUNG TURKS THINK OF MOHAMMED

And this from the pen of an Afghan Moslem prison. What a book is the Word of God! It abideducated in England! eth forever. It is God's spiritual dynamite in the hands of converts in India and Persia and North Think of the ever~increasing circulation of the Africa. Century follows century; the Bible re- Scriptures in Persia, Arabia, Moslem India, and mains the same. Empires rise and fall and are Egypt! Holy places which less than twenty years forgotten; it abides. Dynasty succeeds dynasty; ago could be visited only in stealth by Christian it rules hearts. Kings are crowned and unworkers now receive the Word openly-among crowned; it remains the same. Its enemies dethem Kerbela, Nejf, Qum, Riadh, Hail, and even cree its extermination; but it lives on. Taif, the neighboring city of Mecca. It is a seed that takes root and bears fruit in "So is the kingdom of God as if a man should every soil; an anvil that has broken a million cast seed into the ground," said our Master . . . hammers; a light that shines on "till the sun and then it brings forth "automatically." This grows old anq the stars are cold, and the leaves of Greek word is also used of the iron doors that the Judgment Book unfold." swung back when Peter was released from his What Young Turks Think of Mohammed* An Open Letter to Mohammed -"I By ERNST MAX HOPPE, Sofia, Bulgaria 1j;t- ~==========================~ "Well then, do you ever teach yourself, you teacher of religion is spiritual, a faith, a conviction. What! should other people ? You preach against stealing; do you steal? the faith or the conviction of a Moslem, or a faithful one You forbid adultery; do you commit adultery? You de- be in danger? It is not possible to take away the faith of test idols; do you rob temples? You pride yourself on another. the Law; do you dishonor God by your breaches of the Law? Why, it is owing to you that the name of God is Yes, something is in danger; but it is not religion. maligned among the Gentiles, as Scripture says! Circum- It is the interests of those who, under the name of Dercision is certainly of use, provided you keep the Law; but vishes and Hodjas, exploit the masses that are in danger, if you are a breaker of the Law, then your circumcision is and that in the name of Allah. It is these interests that turned into uncircumcision." Romans 2: 21-25 (Moffat's are in danger. Islam does not consider prayer as intranslation) . trinsically necessary where there is no water, nor is a mosque necessary for worship. Actually no true Moslem Jesus said: "Come to me, aU who are laboring and needs this disgusting class of intermediaries between God burdened, and I will refresh you." Matthew 11 : 28 (Mof- and men. The more the land progresses, the more does fatt's translation). this class lose its means of livelihood, for its religion con- sists only in material profit. CONCERNING Mohammed – his life, his times, his mission, his wars, his ostensible In late years there has been no lack of Turkish miracles and acts-many books have been voices that betray a search after a new religion written in the occident. The thing which has been and that rebel against Islam. Among them the interesting me more and more, while living in the following "Open Letter to Mohammed" is worthy Orient, was to investigate the present-day opin- of notice. The letter is a cry of the awakened ions concerning Mohammed and his teachings, young Turkish generation in these modern times. that engage the Moslem nations and peoples them- It appeared in the Stambul periodical Gendsh Diisselves, who formerly played an important part as hiindshiiler (Thoughts of the Young) and was pioneers in the spread of the Mohammedan faith. printed in three issues of the paper. I am quot- ing it unabridged in translation, as follows: The Turkish paper Aksham, in. Stambul, once published the following item about Islam in Open Letter to the Prophet Mohammed Turkey: o Apostle! In Turkish history the cry, "Religion is in dangerl" is well known. Ever and again, whenever this country has Thou must tell us the reasons why these decrees of the taken a further step toward civilization, this cry, "Religion Hodjas and MoUas (the religious leaders and teachers of (Islam) is in dangerl" has been heard. Islam) are so entirely unknown, although they have had an important influence for centuries upon the destinies Religion, as all people know, is not anything material, and the politics of the nation. which one can see or touch. Like all other hallowed things, Thou hast forbidden the worship of images and hast • Article translated by Dr. C. Theodore Benze, Philadelphia. even betrayed the worshipers of idols and images. But

notwithstanding, thy representatives have worshiped only within you, that I too belong to that class of dark scounthe external forms of thy work and have desecrated them drels, who use this world to build up the future world, for more than thirteen hundred years. Is it not an for I know very well, that unless an earthquake will shake abominable setting-up of idols, to kiss the pages of the that old building-a pile of stones and earth-whose sole Koran, to go into the wilderness of Arabia, to imperil value consists in its antiquity-it will not tremble. one's life there, to offer up money, in order to visit the four sid~ of the holy shrine (the Kaaba at Mecca) and o Apostle! to conceal one's hypocrisy under the cover of a pilgrimage? How can we deny this? Because thy softas, who forbid The Kaaba did not tremble when foreign unbelievers such a beautiful art as pictures and music, as being contrary to thy holy law, defend sheer idolatry. tried in their drunkenness to tread down thy building with If thou hadst had such a powerful spirituality distrib- their polished shoes. Why did not the heavens burst under uted over all the world, as thou hast a philosophy and ideas, thou wouldst surely not approve these things with these desecrations? Thy lazy softas always explained, a seeming approval. "No unbeliever may enter the Kaaba, the holy temple in Further yet! Does not thy silence express a clear approval? Let not thy silence be abused here, 0 Apostle of Mecca. Upon such desecration the suns will fall from God. Let it not be abused, because under the mysterious protection of thy holy law, the softas (perhaps holy for heaven in fiery masses and destroy the earth with fire." thee, but for us only disgusting cowardly rascals) commit hundreds and thousands of crimes and hypocrisies. Never- And yet the boots of the unbelievers trod the temple at theless they ascribe all their acts to thee and thy holy law. Mecca and committed all kinds of abominations under its o Mohammed, holy law-giver, is not in this case thy shadow. But nothing fell from heaven and nowhere did silence an approval? the earth quake. . o Apostle! With thy permission I will tell thee something and in- Did not the Kalifs, thy so-called rep.resentatives, and the form thee of a fact that will really make thee tremble. softas and the sheik-ul-islam, who worked in thy name, Thy softas with their great turbans, waving garments commit for centuries, following thy example, those abom- and fat necks, raised their heads and uttered prayers that inations of the harem, for which the whole civilized world thy sanctuaries and theirs should be trampled down. They and all humanity was aroused? All those corruptions and prayed to Allah for the slavery of Islam. Why? Because heinous deeds, which merely to name is a disgrace to the the unbelievers brought money. Is not gold a religion, human name and civilization, and which are hearths of the creed and the faith of them all? infection in a large community, thy hodjas call "Punna" (i. e., holy practices), enjoined by thee. More yet! The o Apostle! Kalifs and Softas, who for so many centuries could secure the perpetuation of their pleasures and their rascality, by How shall I make it known that even thy enemies are depriving these orphans of martyrdom of the last they ashamed because of the spiritual downfall of thy reprehave, call this thing "thy holy punna"! sentatives. But thy softas are never ashamed for this! Does thou see it now, 0 Apostle of God? o Apostle! Thou who sawest no wrong in adding several captured women to thy harem after thy warlike expeditions, thou Suppose we draw a dark curtain over all this and see hast approved of the abominations of these hodjas, softas it no more. We have already drawn a curtain and see and kalifs. And thou hast even made them legal by the nothing more of the abominations of thy softas, nor hear marriage rite. their sermons. Weare only suffering from the wounds of the past. Since thou hast been example and pattern for them, thou hast taught as a holy custom the marriage of I know not But what wilt thou do? Thou who hast always promhow many women with men, who did not even have the ised righteousness, uprightness, prosperity and happiness ability to earn their daily bread. Thou hast taught that by thy religion and thy laws! these things are meritorious actions in the sight of God and so thou hast been the cause of thousands, yea millions What wilt thou do, since that which the unbelieving of family tragedies. Thou didst cause that millions of could not do, in spite of their endeavors, in order to exchildren roamed abandoned in the streets and became terminate thy people during the last thirteen centuries, criminals, swindlers and voluptuaries. thy softas and sheiks have succeeded in doing, namely dragging down this poor Turkish nation into that deep Did not thy temple in Mecca tremble when thy soul did whirlpool, only because it adhered to thy religion! Benot do so? But do not let my words awake the thought cause hodjas and softas held the fort from within. The evil that the unbelievers were unable to accomplish, they did with pomp and delight.

And thou stoodest there as an unconcerned spectator and gavest approval to all the evil deeds and wickedness of these men! So many years, yea centuries did we wait for the promised Redeemer! We waited for Gog and Magog! No deliverer appeared. We even prayed for the deceiver to come; but alas! he too did not come to help us!

KUMANDAN OGLU KASIM TEVFIK.

This eighth chapter of Paul's "Letter to the Romans" gives us some conception of God's dealing with His children. The Spirit takes the little child of God, and leads him to the Fa- ther; then, as he approaches, and is a little timid, the Spirit of God whispers to him, just like. a mother: "Now, do not be afraid, remember that He is your Father" witnessing with our spirit that we are the children of God, and teaching us to say, "Abba, Father." Then as we approach God, and try to put before Him our requests, and do not exactly know how, the Spirit takes up the inperfect prayer and says, "Father, this is what the child really wants." Thus He interprets our desires in his own dialect in the Father's ears. ARTHUR T. PIERSON.

Is a Faith Mission?*

By REV. ROBERT HALL GROVER, M.D., D.D., Philadelphia Home Director of the China Inland Mission THE name "Faith Mission" was not chosen or undertaking for the evangelization of inland assumed by Missions which have come to be China. Thus was born-by the Spirit of God, but so designated. Rather was it given them by through the travail of the soul of His servant-the others on account of their distinctive policy and China Inland Mission.

practice regarding financial support. Nothing is But how was such a new enterprise to be sup- more remote from the mind of such Missions than ported? Every Board already carrying on mis- that they have any monopoly upon faith, or that sion work depended for its support upon the they necessarily exhibit any greater faith than churches of its own denomination. Mr. Taylor Missions of a different order. Keenly conscious was quite unwilling that a single shilling should oftentimes of the lack or frailty of their own faith, be diverted from these existing missionary chan- they take humbly the position of looking to God nels. More than this, he felt the importance of alone for the financial needs of their Christ-ap- safeguarding his new undertaking from any just pointed tasks. criticism on this ground. Accordingly he cove- The oldest Mission of this type today, and still nanted with God that he would solicit nothing much the largest in the number of its workers from man, whether publicly or privately, but and the extent of its work, is the China Inland would tell the needs of the new work only to the Mission. Begun in 1865, this Mission is just Lord in prayer and look to Him alone for its about to celebrate its Seventieth Anniversary. support.

Brought into being unquestionably by God, its In this spirit of implicit faith he walked into a human founder was Hudson Taylor, whose name London bank, and with ten pounds (fifty dollars) has become well-known throughout the Christian -all the money he possessed-opened an account world. . . . He had spent seven years in China, in the hitherto unheard-of name of the China Inand although he was compelled to return to Eng- land Mission. Fifty dollars to begin the task of land in broken health, the burden of China's un- evangelizing four hundred millions of Chinese on evangelized millions continued to weigh heavily the other side of the globe-what an absurdity! upon his heart. He thought of China by day; he Yet not so, for it was fifty dollars p~us God! And dreamed of it by night. And little wonder, when so wonderfully did God set His seal upon this attiwe stop to think of China's spiritual condition at tude and action of faith on the part of His humble that time! More than half a century since the servant that in the succeeding seventy years, as beginning of Protestant mission work in that the Mission has maintained unaltered its original land, and still there were only fifteen stations in financial policy and practice, approximately $26,- the whole Empire, all of them along the coast, 000,000 have passed through its treasury and been eleven out of eighteen provinces yet unentered and used in its work. Its first party of missionaries, lying in utter spiritual darkness, a mere handful eighteen in number, left England in the sailing of missionaries, and actually only 350 evangelical vessel Lammermuir on May 26, 1866. Such has Chinese Christians among 400,000,000 heathen! been the growth of the Mission through the suc- Mr. Taylor made the rounds of all the Mission ceeding years that its missionary staff now num- Boards in London that had work in China, and bers 1,368. These workers, together with nearly pleaded earnestly with each one to undertake a 4,000 Chinese colleagues, occupy 344 stations and penetration of the interior, but no Board saw its 2,000 outstations, distributed over all but three of way to respond. Finally, on a Sunday morning in China's provinoes and also her vast adjoining de- June, 1865, he fiung himself upon the sands of pendencies to the north and west. Brighton Beach . . . and cried to God in behalf of China. Then it was that God spoke and this It was not long before this new type of misgodly young servant of His received a never-to-be- sionary undertaking for China began to be duplidoubted divine call and commission to begin a new cated in behalf of other needy fields, and thus, one after another, new "inland" enterprises were • Condensed from ReVelation, Philadelphia, April, 1935. launched, such as the Africa Inland Mission, the [409 ]

Inland South America Missionary Union, the one to produce facts to prove the contrary. . . . Sudan Interior Mission, and so on. The list of such societies working in foreign lands has now Evangelistic missionaries, far from being mere grown to twenty or thirty. While these have no propagandists, are the ones in every mission field organic relation to one another, each being a sep- who are living closest to the people, who know arate entity, and while as to their organization their needs and problems most intimately, and and administration, and even their financial meth- who along every practical line are filling the role ods, there are differences in detail, yet in the main of the Good Samaritan toward them. For evi- they are patterned along the same lines and as a dence of this fact one need only point to the China group have come to be spoken of as "Faith Mis- Inland Mission as an illustration, with its 16 hos- sions." For purposes of spiritual fellowship, pitals, 106 dispensaries and 328 schools, its opium prayer and conference over common problems, refuges, leper asylums and orphanages, its spe- and mutual helpfulness in every practicable way, cial work for the blind, the deaf and dumb, the . a number of these societies on this continent are aged and infirm, and the victims of domestic now linked together in a purely fraternal union slavery, as well as the leading and costly part it known as the Interdenominational Foreign Mis- has taken, year after year, in relief work for suf- sion Association of North America. ferers from famine, flood, and pestilence. This is equally true of the other Missions of this class Distinctive Convictions of Faith Missions laboring in other fields. Yet none of these Mis- sions thinks for a moment of apologizing for the 1. As to financial support, they do not solicit fact that all such ministries in behalf of the funds or pursue popular methods of raising physical, temporal and moral welfare of the peo- money, but look to the Lord in faith and prayer ple are ever held subservient and made contribu- for the supply of the means to carryon their work. tory to the primary aim of seeking the salvation They do not go into debt or borrow money. Their of lost souls. . . . workers are not guaranteed fixed stipends, but all unite as a family in trusting God for their tem- We are of the opinion that any Christianity poral needs and accepting what He is pleased to which does not find practical expression in daily send them through the voluntary gifts of His peo- life is not the real article but only a spurious imi- ple. All share alike financially, no distinction be- tation. The Gospel which every evangelical mis- ing made on the ground of age, length of service, sionary preaches is something that prov,es its or position in the work. power by making those who embrace it better men and women, whether as sons and daughters or 2. As to doctrinal position, firm insistence is parents, as workmen or employers, as citizens or laid upon sound evangelical belief. No worker is rulers of the State. Nor do we know of any other accepted or retained who does not unequivocally potent means of lifting society to a higher and hold all the great cardinal truths of the historic purer level, and of making human relationships Christian faith with reference to the Bible, the what they ,ought to be, apart from the winning of person and work of Christ, the lost condition of individuals through this Gospel to a new life in man and his need of spiritual regeneration. These Christ the Saviour. Missions firmly hold that the old Gospel is the only Gospel, and they are absolutely opposed to 4. As to missionary policy, stress is ever laid "modernism" in any degree. by these Missions upon wholly unoccupied fields and unreached areas in fields already entered. 3. As to missionary method, these Missions They believe that the true objective in missions unite in the conviction that the terms of our Lord's is the evangelization of all men, rather than the Great Commission make the preaching of the conversion of anyone favored section or the edu- Gospel the primary and central task of missions cation of anyone preferred class. As set forth for all time. . . . In accord with these instruc- in the account given in Acts fifteen of that first tions, direct and aggressive evangelism was given great missionary conference of the Christian the central place in the missionary program of the Church, convened at Jerusalem, God is in this New Testament Church, and with attendant re- period of time-from Christ's ascension to His sults transcending those of any succeeding gen- Second Coming-"visiting the Gentile nations, to eration. In the face of the disposition today in take out of them a people for His Name." The some missionary circles to disparage and discard true ambition of the missionary today should evangelism in favor of a more popular program of therefore be what Paul's ambition was in his day, social service, higher education, and other things, "to preach the Gospel where Christ was not we boldly assert that the substitution of any other named" (1 Cor. 15: 20), or "in the regions be- policy or program of work has signally failed in yond" (2 Cor. 10: 16), inspired by the hope of achieving anything like equal returns for the reaching the last unevangelized region and tribe energy and money expended. We challenge any- on earth, and winning the last souls to complete

19351 DRAWING ON THE CHIEF TREASURER

the church, or "ecclesia" (called-out company), goodness that this testimony has been given. He which must be made ready for her Lord's return. has condescended to use these most imperfect and It is the consistent aim and endeavor of these unworthy agencies in some measure to carry out Missions ever to be pushing on into new territory His purposes and to show forth His faithfulness and reaching with the Gospel those who have and power. May He be pleased to use what has never had a chance to hear it. The China Inland been written to call forth more prayer both for Mission, for example, has within the last five years these Missions and also for all others that are actually opened and occupied eighty-two new striving to obey the Great Commission by taking centers in China as a part of its Forward Move- the Gospel of salvation to all those for whom the ment. Eight of these new points are in distant Saviour died!

Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) and on the borders of Tibet and Mongolia, while others are among the DRAWING ON THE CHIEF TREASURER* primitive hill tribes on the remote frontier of Burma. No less marked and worthy advances Is Christ the chief Treasurer who supplies the (although less familiar to the writer) have been missionary funds? Practically there is a wide made by other pioneer Missions into hitherto neg- difference of opinion upon this point.

lected areas in South and Central America, in "And Prudence sat over against the treasury, Nigeria, Abyssinia, the French Sudan and other watching the expenditures, to see that Faith did parts of Africa, in the Netherland East Indian not overdraw her account," would fairly state the archipelago, and in still other sections of the mis- financial method of many missionary committees.

sionary world. . . . "Faith in t~e work of preaching the Gospel, in- While much more could be written about the so- deed, but in administering the missionary ex- called Faith Missions, enough has perhaps been chequer, sound business principles, if you please."

said to set forth their more distinctive common So we have often heard it, and we do not dispute features. It may be well to add a few words the wisdom of the saying.

about the question of missionary reinforcements But we are conducting the King's business, let in the light of the present grave economic. situa- it be remembered, and in its transactions are no tion. . . . They (the "Faith Missions") have overdrafts of faith ever allowable? May the never concluded that their continuance or advance promises of God never be taken as collateral in need be gauged by prevailing financial conditions. this business? Is the Lord's servant forbidden to If God wants a certain work done, He is surely hypothecate the bonds of the everlasting covenant well able to provide the necessary means, whether as a security for a missionary contract when he little or much, and in times of prevailing plenty has no funds in the bank? The enterprise of misor stringency alike. If the work in hand demands sions is peculiarly the Lord's work and as such reinforcements for its effective advance and com- has guarantors and guarantees back of any that pletion, and offers of service come from those who are human.

give clear evidence, after thorough and prayerful The paradox, "Verum est quia impossibilia," consideration, of being called and fitted of God which Tertullian uttered concerning doctrine, it for such work, then would it not be contradictory is time for us boldly to apply to action, saying, "It to the very principle of faith upon which these is practicable because it is impossible," for, under Missions were founded to decide to decline such the dispensation of the Spirit, our ability is no applicants from fear or misgiving as to whether longer the measure of our responsibility. "The financial supplies will continue sufficient? Rather things which are impossible with men are poshas their policy and procedure been to accept such sible with God," and therefore possible for us who approved new recruits, and to look to the Lord have been united to God through faith. with them in prayer land faith for the provision of the necessary fundi" as a seal of His approval. Since the Hoty Spirit has been given, it is not sufficient for the servant to say to his Master, "I In this way the China Inland Mission during the ;:tm doing as well as I can," for now he is bound six years of depression has sent out over 500 new to do better than he can. Should ~*I;New York workers without curtailing the support of the merchant summon his commercial agent.in Bosexisting work and workers, and has thereby made ton to come to him as quickly as possible, would possible the most marked advance a,nd develop- he be satisfied if that agent were to arrive at the mentof its work in its whole history. Substantial end of a week, footsore and weary from walking reinforcements have also been sent out, and no- the entire distance, with the excuse, "I came as table field advances made, by other Missions of the quickly as I could"? With swift steamer or railsame group. It is with a spirit deeply humbled by an over- way express at his disposal, would he not be bound whelming sense of the Lord's exceeding grace and • From The Alliance Weekly.

to come more quickly than he could? And so, condition for attempting great things for God, with the power of Christ as our resource, and His we shall be disappointed; for that is not believing riches in glory as our endowment, we are called but bargaining. "Said I not unto thee, that, if upon to undertake what of ourselves we have thou wouldest believe, thou shouldest see the glory neither the strength nor the funds to accomplish. of God?" (Jno. 11: 40) . Shall we reverse this order, and believe only according as we have seen We have watched with the deepest interest an that glory? If so, He will give us little credit for experiment of enlargement which has come under our faith. Most significantly is it written: "Many our observation. A missionary treasury, taxed believed on his name because they saw the mirto the utmost for years to meet the demands upon acles which he did; but Jesus did not believe in it, was assessed at one stroke an extra fifty thou- them" (Jno. 2: 23, see Greek). sand dollars annually for a new work which God seemed to enjoin. Seven years passed since the I am more and more persuaded that the greatundertaking, and yet the treasury kept just as est things are possible if only we have His power full through all this period, notwithstanding the resting upon us. I have seen such a demonstraextra draft, as during the seven years previous. tion in my church when we met morning after Certainly this outcome does not seem like a di· morning in the early year, simply to pray for the vine admonition not to do so again, but rather like power of the Holy Spirit. We were looking for a a loud invitation to repeat the experiment upon revival. When I made a plea for foreign misthe first new call. When the bugle is sounding sions, I astonished my conservative brethren by for an advance along the entire line, we do well asking ten thousand dollars for our contribution. to mark the significance of such experiments. Only a few wealthy men among us, and they were Our Lord does not say, "Be it unto you according not likely to give largely. But when the offering to your funds," but "Be it unto you according to was gathered, twenty thousand dollars came; noyour faith." If He sees that we trust Him for body was personally asked; no solicitations were large missionary undertakings, He will trust us made. It was simply a great impulse of the Spirit. with large missionary remittances. If, on the contrary, we demand great things of God as a A. J. GORDON.

Seventy Years ofthe China Inland Mission* -ail By MARSHALL BROOMHALL, M.A., London, England / THE history of the China Inland Mission has Hudson Taylor has told us how an aged min- proved that to trust God for the supply of ister of the Gospel prophesied failure both to him temporal things is more than a pious idea. and to the Mission, when the Lammermuir party "How shall Jacob stand? for he is small," cried sailed. "You are making a great mistake in going the prophet Amos of old. And some such cry to China with no organization behind you," this might well have been uttered seventy years ago well-wisher said. "We live in a busy world, and when Hudson Taylor founded the China Inland you will all be forgotten, and the Mission won't Mission. The crisis at Brighton in June, 1865, live seven years." "That," wrote Hudson Taylor and the opening of a bank account in London two some years later, "was the prophecy of this good days later, in the name of the new Mission and man-and a wise one, too. But he was mistaken." with the small sum of £10, are well known. But as we look back over the seventy years, imagina- It is a good thing to remember that the Mission tion endeavors to recapture the human feelings of was not always a large and well-known organizaweakness associated with such a venture as Hud- tion, and th.at God answered prayer seventy years son Taylor then undertook. What prospect was ago in the day of small things as well as today; there that a new organization, founded by an un- But one word of warning is necessary. While God known man, for work in a distant and little known led the children of Israel through the Red Sea, the country, could stand and prosper? Egyptians, when they essayed to imitate them, were drowned. Even prayer must be God-guided, • Condensed from The Ohristian, London, May 9, 1935. not merely inspired by the spirit of imitation.

SEVENTY YEARS OF THE CHINA INLAND MISSION

The China Inland Mission today, though a large of China have been opened to the Gospel, but and now well-known organization, has no other what a history of prayer, of patience, of hardground or foundation upon which to build than ships endured, of mercies granted, and needs supthat which Hudson Taylor enjoyed. It has no plied lies behind that brief statement. other confidence; and the very magnitude of its work, as compared with seventy years ago, makes There are 345 central mission stations, and yet it more, rather than less, dependent upon God. the full story of almost anyone of them would fill The present Master of Balliol has truly said that a small volume. For twenty-five years unceasing "structures and systems are always asking us to prayer and persistent efforts were made to secure worship them, to forget the spirit that informed a footing in the hostile province of Hunan, before them, and to settle down for good in the per- entry was obtained. One 'man, Adam Dorward, manent camp. When that happens, when man's actually traveled in that province for eight years spirit worships its own creation, then structures without having a place which he could call his and systems become idols." The China Inland own, where he could lay his head. He died not Mission is nothing except what God has made it, having obtained a footing. Somewhat similar in answer to the prayers and faith of God's peo- stories could be told of most of the other provinces. ple. And it will only continue as that spirit prevails. Unless the Lord Himself had built the Mis- Times have changed but the difficulties and sion, Hudson Taylor had labored in vain. And trials cannot be said to have decreased greatly unless the Lord today keeps the Mission, its watch- with the passing years. Opposition has only asmen will be vigilant in vain. sumed a new form. In the early years outbursts of violence and local riots were a common experi- Changes in Seventy Years ence. These culminated in the terrible Boxer per- secutions, when nearly two hundred foreigners, The world of today has altered out of all recog- including children, lost their lives, as well as an nition since 1865. Then the Suez Canal had not unknown number of Chinese Christians. Of late been cut, and there was no cable to China. Then a new menace has raised its head, partly as the voyage to the Far East had to be made by sailing outcome of prolonged civil strife, and partly as the ships around the Cape of Good Hope, and it took fruit of communistic propaganda. It has become the best part of a year to obtain a reply by letter a far-too-common experience now for missionaries from one country to the other. Today the journey to be taken captive, and sometimes to be slain. can be made, via Siberia, in about a fortnight, Opposition to Christianity has become more subtle, and, by air, letters can travel even more quickly. more organized, and more ably directed. The News of the recent earthquake in Formosa was local riot has been exchanged for systematic antireported by wireless in England within an hour of Christian methods and bitter hostility. The natthe disaster! Such things would have seemed in- ural anti-foreign bias of the Chinese mind has credible to members of the Lammermuir party. proved a fruitful soil for the false reports of a militant communism, with its godless spirit. It is When the China Inland Mission was founded, therefore the simple truth to say that there has the greater part of China was unevangelized, and, been a life-and-death struggle for the soul of indeed, the interior of that great country in theory China during the last twelve or thirteen years, open by treaty, was extremely difficult of access. largely directly from Russian sources. There were then only fifteen Protestant mission stations in the whole of China, for the most part Yet, despite the formidable opposition-which on the coast. Seventy years ago the total number at times has made the evacuation of considerable of Chinese converts connected with Protestant areas inevitable-spiritual results have increased. missions, was about 2,000. Today the China In- During the first fifty years of the Mission's hisland Mission alone has 345 central stations, 2,000 tory, a period devoted in the main to breaking new outstations, reports over 160,000 converts. ground, 50,700 persons publicly confessed their faith in Christ by baptism; but during the last It is comparatively easy to look back and see twenty years that number has been increased by what God hath wrought, or at least see the super- an additional 107,000 souls, making a total of apficial aspect of what has been done, but it needs proximately 158,000 from the commencement of historical imagination to realize what those sev- the work. The promise that those who do not beenty years have meant. Some knowledge of the come weary in well-doing shall reap in due season trials and difficulties are essential to an apprecia- has been fulfilled. tion of the past. The future always looks more formidable than the past, and it is easy to forget If after these seventy years the China Inland the obstacles that have been overcome. Progress Mission were asked to give an account of its stewcan only be measured by difficulties surmounted. ardship, we should begin to ask: What contribu- It needs only one line to say that the closed doors tion has the Mission made to the Church of God generally? Its primary duty has been the evan-

gelization of China, but in seeking to be obedient come must speedily be transferred. The spiritual to this call, God has given the Mission a witness need and claims of China are still great, and if to bear concerning God's faithfulness in fulfilling God still has a work for the Mission to do, as we His promises. In a day when materialism is believe He has, we would make this time of celerampant, and when men are ready to deny the bration one of renewed dedication to the service presence and the power of God, the testimony as of Him who has blessed us hitherto. to God's trustworthiness in the matter of temporal supplies has strengthened the faith of many. WHEN A CHINESE "HEART.IS God's goodness in supplying the daily bread for His servants still continues a standing marvel, BROADENED" and those who know most about the Mission's financial history can rej oice in God. A mIssIOnary is exammmg an old woman of seventy-three for baptism and admission to the When the World War broke out in 1914, the church: human probabilities against the continuance of the work increased, yet the Mission was maintained "Who is Jesus?" throughout those difficult years. When the cost "Jesus died for me." of silver rose to unheard-of prices, and the con- "How did he die?" sequent need of a greatly increased income, in "I don't know." terms of gold, became necessary if the work was "Who were Jesus' disciples?" to continue, the total income of the Mission in- "I don't remember. I can't read." creased according to that need. When economic "Do you know the names of any of the books famine came to afflict all countries, though the of the Bible?" Mission could not expect to be immune from the "When one can't read. . . " general trial, the necessary bread was given, and "Where did Jesus live on earth ?" water was made sure. Though economies have Silence. had to be practiced-and the Mission has no de- The missionary stopped. The old woman had sire to escape from the trials experienced by so made a very poor showing. many of its supporters-and though faith has "This old lady is one of our most faithful Chrisbeen tested, the barrel of meal has not wasted, nor tians," said a deacon. "She always comes to our has the cruse of oil failed, "according to the word meetings, though she lives three miles away. She of the Lord." gives cheerfully what she can to every good cause. She used to have a terrible temper, but since she In other ways the Mission has been allowed to believed, she has become kind-hearted and patient. bear witness, as in the blessedness of an interde- Everybody knows about it." nominational fellowship, and in the possibility of The missionary looked at her. Seventy-three maintaining an international relationship even years old. She might be gone before he could through the war. The ideals of Hudson Taylor come around next year. He decided to go on with have not been proved impossible, but they have the examination. been embodied in life, and have stood the strain "Who is God?" and test of seventy varied years. "God is our heavenly Grandfather." "Where is He?" We cannot close without a word of gratitude to "Wherever I go, He is there." God for His goodness to the Mission in the matter "Can you talk to Him?" of leadership. The seventy years of the Mission Her face brightened with understanding : "Yes, history are strangely divided into two equal peri- I can." ods of thirty-five years each, with the Boxer crisis "When do you talk to him?" in the centre. From 1865 to 1900, Hudson Taylor, "Why, very often. When I am working in the the founder, was the leader of the Mission, and fields, when I am making bread, when I feel sad, from 1900 to 1935, that great responsibility has I talk to him and my heart is broadened." She rested upon the shoulders of Mr. D. E. Hoste. was now on familiar ground. "I talk to him when- God's best gifts are often found embodied in some ever I want to. Sometimes I have more to say consecrated personality, and the Mission cannot and talk longer. Sometimes I have only one or be too grateful to God for the long and devoted two thoughts and talk shorter. Whatever I have labors of those who have had the rule over the in my heart, I say." work. Mr. Hoste is now well over seventy years of age, and the time has come when he must lay From Jesse R. Wilson's new book, Men and Women of his burden down. The prayers of Christian Far Horizons (paper, 60 cents; cloth, $1.00), which is friends are asked for the one upon whom the published by the Friendship Press, New York. great responsibility of leadership in the days to

Forty–Seven Years Among the Chinese*

The Fruit of the Labors of Dr. and Mrs. Jonathan Goforth D R. AND MRS. JONATHAN GOFORTH re- compromise with sin, he is always very tender in turned to Canada early this year after dealing with sinners. forty-seven years of consecrated missionary Throughout these forty-seven years he has service in China and Manchuria. When Dr. and never lost that passion to save souls and to give Mrs. Goforth were in Canada nine years ago they the message of salvation to the unsaved. The met Allan Reoch, a young student just graduating hardships he has been willing to endure, the scars at Knox College and he returned to China with on his body (marks of the Lord Jesus), his ex- them. ample at the age of seventy-six, and blind, testify- Mr. Reoch has written the following illumi- ing for our Lord with the energy of youth are all nating study of Dr. and Mrs. Goforth who have proofs of this. Not only has his love for the left their beloved mission field in Manchuria to Saviour been the impelling motive, but also his return to Canada. love for the people. The Chinese aTE) intensely at- tached to him. What qualities have made Dr. and Mrs. Jonathan Goforth so outstanding and so marvelously Not only has he labored in season and out, to used in their work for the Saviour? I came across reconcile lost souls to God through the preaching the following "Seven Rules for Daily Living" of the Cross and shed blood of Jesus, but his work made by Dr. Goforth in 1894 and written on the in reviving backslidden Christians is too well fly leaf of his Bible: known to need further comment. His prayer has been, "0 Lord, revive thy work in the midst of the 1. Seek to give much-expect nothing. years." 2. Put the very best construction on the actions of others. 3. Never let a day pass without at least a quarter of an In all these qualities Mrs. Goforth has shared to hour spent in the study of the Bible. the full. All through the years she has been an 4. Never omit daily morning and evening private prayer able and loyal helper, rendering effective aid to and devotions. the cause of Christ amid dangerous scenes. While 5. In all things seek to know God's will and, when not able these last few years to engage as actively in the preaching as before, on account of ill health, known, obey at any cost. she has carried on an equally important work and 6. Seek to cultivate a quiet, prayerful spirit. 7. Seek each day to do or say something to further Christianity among the heathen. strenuous correspondence.

Dr. Goforth has lived up to these rules. He has After having worked with Dr. and Mrs. Goforth surpassed them. His love for the Bible is well for many years, all these qualities together with known, and he has taken every opportunity to read their obedience to God, strict honesty, generosity, it. Even after becoming blind he had a Chinese kindness, and benevolence remain as precious read to him at least twelve chapters a day. His memories. loyalty to the Bible as the Word of God, and his defense of the fundamentals of the faith have been Dr. Goforth held a week of special meetings just outstanding in his career. before leaving. The farewell service, which lasted four and a half hours on January 20 was attended He is a man of prayer, and through prayer and by many of our Chinese leaders. Bible study has sought to know God's will. It is this love for Bible reading and communion with Pastor Chiang, who represented the Christians God that has given him the power to move audi- from the North, struck a high note when he said, ences to a conviction of sin and repentance. At "Now that Elijah is leaving, we must all be Elishas and pray for a double portion of Elijah's all times he keeps self in the background and relies spirit." wholly on the power of the Holy Spirit to take of the things of Jesus and reveal them unto his Dr. Goforth, speaking from Acts 2, dwelt on hearers. "Not by might, nor by power, but by my the Promise of Power, and the necessity of being Spirit. . . ." These Scriptures have ever been filled with the Holy Spirit to save those yet in his battle cry. darkness. The Christians from every part of the field sent farewell gifts to Dr. and Mrs. Goforth. The silk banners were hung on the walls, while a Though Dr. Goforth's preaching contains a long table was covered with silver shields, all stern denunciation of sin, and in no case tolerates manifestations of their love for them personally and an expression of appreciation of what the • Condensed from The Sunday Schoo! Times, Philadelphia, May Gospel has meant to them.

25, 1935.

[415 ]

Everyone expects their forty-seven years of and gambling. He broke everyone of the ten eminently fruitful service in China and Manchuria commandments more than once. Among other to be crowned with rich blessing among the things, he sold opium and rented out his buildings churches in the homeland. for houses of ill fame. He was converted a year and a half ago and since then has been a tower of Some Fruits of Their Labors strength in the work. He has lived a changed life The result of this aggressive evangelism is that ever since, has provided buildings for a church, precious souls nave been won to Christ and have and gives testimony himself. Whereas before he the hope of eternal life. Some of the old Chris- never got up in the mornings until near noon, now tians we found in a backslidden condition have he is at the church at five a. m. for early morning prayer meeting. DR. AND. MRS. JONATHAN GOFORTH TODAY Mr. Sung, of Tailai, was not baptized when we been restored. One in particular who has been opened work there, but he was a nominal Chrisgreatly used in opening new centers, especially in tian, and his father was an elder. Living away the country districts, is Wang Teh HaL He was from home, he had not received much instruction, baptized about twenty-five years ago, but shortly but was anxious to help. He was seIling opium on afterward an unconverted deacon in the church the side, and, when reproved for his conduct, taught him the best tricks in gambling. Afterthis slapped faithful pastor T'ang in the face. But love Mr. Wang became the most notorious gambler in and patience won the day. Mr. Sung has been his country and was feared because of his con- made a new man in Christ and is a pillar in the stant lawsuiting. He had a fierce temper. One church. Last year, when the building of a church day while he was listening to the preaching of the was discussed, he sold five pigs and brought the Gospel, a pastor offered him a Scripture portion, money to the treasurer. but he threw it to the ground in a rage. The second day, however, his hardened heart was touched, Among the recent converts, Mr. and Mrs. Wang, and he has been out and out for the Lord since. of Tailai, are outstanding. When, in the autumn He said lately that in his unregenerate days, if of 1930, the missionary was doing evangelistic anyone stole a chicken out of his yard or a pump- work in that city, he went out with the colporteur kin off his window sill, he would stand on the selling Scripture portions. One of those to buy housetop and swear at the neighbors for three was a soldier. Later he went to a shop to find out days. Now he used his flow of language in telling what they were about, as he couldn't read. He the Gospel story. only bought them because they were so cheap. The manager in the shop said he didn't know and Mr. Tung is the most prominent and wealthy gave away the ones he had bought to Mr. Wang, layman who has joined with us. He was baptized who then went to the chapel and heard the Gospel three years before the Boxer trouble and remained for the first time. He was so impressed that he steadfast throughout that persecution. Later he decided to become a Christian. On reaching home became an official and rich in this world's goods. he smashed up his opium lamps, for beside being He fell from grace and took unto himself eight a soldier, he ran an opium den. Mrs. Wang bewives, spent his days in opium smoking, drinking, came as ardent a Christian as her husband. What a change the light and love of Jesus brought into that dark and sinful home! Now, four years later, we find Mr. Wang working as an evangelist. Mrs. Wang went to Bible college at her own expense and does voluntary preaching among the women. They are a marvelous couple, showing in their lives the power of the saving grace of God. . . . .

Another who has come out on the Lord's side, is Chang Pao Cheng. He was living in Szepingkai with his mother, wife, and family. When his mother became ill, his wife decided to consult a fortune-teller, as things were going from bad to worse in spite of her daily burning incense to pla- cate the gods.- Seeing her distress, and having listened sympathetically to her tale of woe, the fortune-teller said that their little daughter was the cause of all their troubles and that they would have to get rid of her. Mrs. Chang was to keep on a vegetable diet, burn twice as much incense,

FORTY-SEVEN YEARS AM;ONG THE CHINESE

and finally give him a liberal contribution for his the thirteen-year-old daughter of Mr. Sun, as he advice. grabbed her tightly around the throat.

For the next few days, Mrs. Chang could be "I don't know where my father is, and even if seen walking up and down the streets of Szeping- you kill me, I can't tell you where he has fled to kai, carrying her daughter in her arms. The child because I don't know," she replied in a calm voice.

was dressed in her best clothes with a piece of The unperturbed manner of this country girl straw sticking in a buttonhole. That was a sign in the face of danger was so different from what the girl was for sale. But nobody wanted to buy they had ever seen that one bandit asked of his the girl, and wouldn't take her even for nothing, companion in evil, "What kind of a girl is this?"

as every family had enough to do to make ends "I'm a Christian," she said, slowly raising her meet without adding to expenses. head (for she had been standing bowed in silent One day while looking for a prospective buyer, prayer). "I think you would like to hear me sing,"

Mrs. Chang stopped at the market place where a she ventured.

theatrical performance was in progress. The "Yes, sing us a song," the bandits shouted.

church had also put up a tent and, taking advan- She sang a hymn, and they were so pleased that tage of the large numbers present, preached daily they wanted to hear some more. "Wait until I to the crowds. Mrs. Chang heard the Gospel for call my cousin and we'll sing together. You will the first time, went home and told her husband.. like that better still," was her reply. When her The next day Mr. Chang went, and was even more cousin, a girl about her own age arrived, they sang impressed. They decided for Christ, went home another hymn, and the robbers were so delighted and smashed their idols, determined not to sell the that they returned all of her father's goods they child but to trust in Jesus for the recovery of the had stolen. "Please give back my uncle's things, sick. From that time on, the old woman began too," she boldly pleaded, and they did as she asked.

to recover, and is still hale and hearty. On leaving gave her two dollars as well.

Later Mr. Chang was made an elder at Szep- A Farewell Message ingkai. Now he is out preaching in a very wild district. When he was a young man living in A "Farewell Message from Dr. and Mrs. Go- Shantung, he lived a very bad life. How com- forth" sent to friends in January, just before they pletely he was changed by Christ! He became left Manchuria, contains the following: gentle and could be trusted absolutely and was As we lay down this work, we praise God for our faithconstantly sent to the bank on business. A year ful coworkers, the Rev. and Mrs. Allan Reoch and the Rev.

ago he returned to his old home for a short visit and Mrs. William G. Davis, who with some splendid Chi- nese leaders must now carryon. They have all along been and won family after family for the Lord. absolutely one with us in the aggressive evangelistic The Sun Girls and Bandits methods adopted from the inception of this work. Mr. Reoch is now Secretary-Treasurer of the Goforth Evan- A typical case of how the Christians stood firm gelistic Funds Account, from which nearly all our evanduring the chaotic conditions prevailing two years legists are supported. Address the Rev. Allan Reoch, ago may be seen in the case of the Sun girls. My Szepingkai, Manchuria.

notebook tells the tale better than memory could We plan to open a "Goforth Evangelistic Funds Acrecall. count" in the Canadian Bank of Commerce, Toronto, in which all money for this work will be deposited. Our "If you don't tell me where your father is, I'll home address is 47 St. James' Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, kill you," said a rough looking Chinese bandit to Canada.

A MISSIONARY'S PRAYER By VIOLA RICH SIMTH, Legaspi, Albay, Philippine Islands Oh, lift us heavenly Father, At noontide, with its scorching heat, And strengthen day by day From labor worn, we find The feeble thoughts that yearn toward Thee, Renewal, rest and'peaceful power, For we would learn to pray. At once with Thine Own mind.

We come to Thee at morningtide, "At even' when the sun is set," When skies are clouded gray; We bring our day to Thee, The howling winds of bitter fear And find its petty burdens gone, Thou clearest from our day. Ourselves, Christ-centered, free.

Letter to a New Missionary*

By ALEXANDER McLEISH, London World Dominion Movement YOU wish to know how best to set about your provide material for home letters, but your spir- work. To answer that is not easy, but there itual power, your success in creating a living are certain things which stand out prom- Christian fellowship, may be conspicuously absent. inently. First of all I would place at the center, One of your problems will be the use of money. as of primary importance, the influence of per- The amount the missionary spends on himself and sonality. One must keep the best of one's energy his household will seem prodigality to the poor for personal relationships. There must be un- villager so that you must make every effort to live hurried daily communion with God through Bible . simply and with as little display as possible. This study, meditation and prayer. You cannot live is the way of avoiding innumerable difficulties. on spiritual reserves, but on day by day "income." "Give us this day our daily bread" has a twofold The problem of a young missionary going to an old field is very different, and also very diffisignificance. cult. Here he finds work which is long estab- Secondly, every contact in any capacity is a lished, and the question will arise in his mind why, after thirty years or so, has it not been commissionary method, and therefore you are "on duty" 'every moment of the day. mitted to the people themselves to carryon i The Does anything else matter? In a sense, no! saying that "here we have no continuing city" is You may often be perplexed as to what you should true of the contact of foreign missionaries with do. The urge to get things done is Western and native peoples. The missionary is not intended to modern. As your object is to build up a truly in- be a permanent factor in the life of an alien peodigenous Church, you should aim principally at ple. His work is to make Christ the permanent winning the family to Christ. In the social sys- factor, and himself to pass on to other pioneer tems of India, China and Africa, the family and tasks as quickly as he may. The one thing wllich the communal life are the real units. As a general will justify your presence in an old field today is rule it is better to urge the individual to realize the strengthening of the indigenous Church to his Christian duty to the members of his family live its own life and to develop its own institutions and to seek to bring them with him before he is in its own way and with its own personnel. The baptized, for once baptized he will in most cases acid test of work today is whether it can stand be effectively cut off from further influence with alone in the absence of the missionary and withthem. A convert always finds it easier to wind out the help of foreign funds. his family before his baptism than after, and thus the social unit is won. This may mean in- It will be seen that a new missionary's task is no easy one. Every talent will be needed, and the tensive rather than extensive work. For this vital contact with the people the first more he possesses the better. A great deal of the requirement is intimate knowledge of their lan- paraphernalia of modern missions he will find to guage, customs and ways of thinking. To keep be of little use. He will find it best to study the first things first is no easy task. You may find Master's methods and closely follow them. When yourself running a printing press when you could confronted with the difficulties of your task aleasily get the work done elsewhere; you may find ways remember that Christ said, "Lo, I am with yourself hurrying off to a Fair with Gospels, be- you alway, even unto the end of the world." This fore you are able to answer the questions of your alone will give you the true outlook on the situa- hearers. All such activities may fill your day and tion, and will inspire you to press forward with • Condensed from The Burma News. the task of evangelism.

"Growds of young people are awakened to their dire need, and eagerly look to the Church for leadership. In thirteen years in Korea I have never seen such a favorable time as now for direct, aggressive evangelism. Never were the people more eager to hear the good news." -REV. C. C. AMENDT, Konju, Korea.

[418 ]

Page News-An Airplane Crash*

-ell] By R. W .. HAMBROOK, Washington, D. C. 11Jue– l'". AS A substitute for my chief in the United me to go Home to be with Him or whether he still States Office of Education, I spoke before had more work for me to do. His answer seemed members of the New York Teachers' As- to be that my work on earth was not yet finished, sociation at Syracuse, New York. Having been and therefore I sought His promises and found compelled to sleep on Pullmans for two nights, I comfort in John 15: 7-"If ye abide in me, and decided to return to Washington by air. A plane my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will was to leave at 7: 23 p. m., which would allow me and it shall be done unto you." I searched my own to spend a night in Newark, and reach Washington heart and then I said, "Lord, I will to live, if You the next morning at the same time as by train. will me to live."

It was snowing heavily when I reached the Syra- It may have been seconds or it may have been cuse airport, but the wind was scarcely evident. minutes after we brushed the top of the tree be- About 7: 30, after the pilot fore we struck other trees. We had made careful inquiry re- were in total darkness, but my garding weather conditions The secular press gave con- emotions were not at all disahead, and after being in- tinent-wide front-page dis- turbed, and I was noting carestructed to fly, we left Syra- play to the incident here re- fully the different events cuse with a pilot, co-pilot, and corded. While grateful to the which were taking place. The a passenger co-pilot, and my- men who, on land and in the nose of the plane turned self as the only paying pas- air, ran great risks or endured downwards and struck the senger. real hardships to effect their ground first, and then the We had been flying for rescue, and deeply apprecia- plane settled on the snow as about three-quarters of an tive of those interests, wheth- level as if it had been laid on hour when I became aware er private corporations or special foundations. Immedithat something was wrong. I ately the two pilots rushed indid not know that the left government owned, that· in a to the cabin and asked if anymotor had stopped in conse- single day burned up nine body was hurt. To the astonquence of ice, nor did I know thousand gallons of gasoline ishment of all, not a leg, nor that a small amount of ice had in their efforts to locate them an arm, nor even a finger was formed on the leading edge of by plane, Mr. Hambrook broken, nor was one drop of avows his supreme indebtedthe wings, resulting in de- ness to the Heavenly Father. blood shed, nor was one of us His compensation for the two creased wing efficiency. A days and two nights of phys- in any way stunned. I re- light burning in the front of ical suffering and nervous marked that God had an- the cabin said, in effect, "Do strain lay in the joy that he swered our prayer and had not remove your safety belt had in leading his three com- saved our lives. or smoke as long as this light panions to a saving knowlremains lit"; it had not been edge of Jesus Christ. Gasoline was pouring out of the left tank in the wing. We turned off as is the custom stepped out of the cabin door upon leaving an airport. The into snow almost to our knees cabin was growing cold through lack of heat from and stayed there until all gasoline had ceased run- the exhaust of the left motor. The plane throbbed ning; then we returned to the cabin, turned on somewhat, caused, as I learned later, from the the lights, and made a survey of our situation.

"missing" right motor. This motor had been The two active pilots spent the night in the open, supercharged and was working at its limit, but by the side of a small fire which they had lit, in yet the plane was losing altitude. hopes that someone might have heard the sound The first indication to me that anything serious of our crash and come to rescue us. The passenger was the matter was when we brushed the top of co-pilot and I spent the night in the cabin in a a tree. As a child of God, my thoughts naturally temperature somewhere between freezing and turned to Him, and I asked whether He wished zero.

• Reprinted from The Evangelical Christian, Toronto, Canada. The next morning the pilot and the passenger [419 ]

co-pilot decided to seek a way out to the north, available. We took the fifteen seat cushions and takmg the airplane compass to guide them. After placed them under our feet and in front and in going about two miles they decided to return be- back of our feet, and then we pulled off the cur- fore becoming completely exhausted. One of the tains from the windows and wrapped them around men decided to repair the radio, and found the our feet. The two blankets we shared among us.

antenna broken, but the battery still in good con- Never shall I forget the misery of that night, dition. Starting the generators, he called Albany, as the temperature reached 15 degrees below zero. giving the number of the plane saying that we I was so cold that it seemed as if my body must were all safe and not injured, stating our altitude, shake to pieces. Only those who have had similar and requesting assistance as soon as possible. experiences can understand what we passed Several calls were made at different intervals for through during that night. We had gone into the the purpose of directing the radio beam to chart cabin shortly after dark, and after we had been our location. shivering for a short time, I began to pray out Fifteen Degrees Below Zero loud, constantly referring to Scripture. I was most grateful that I had stored my memory with During the day a lean-to was made, using sap- multitudes of His promises. The prayers of that lings tied at the top and fastening upon them night have all been answered. We were still cold, fabric torn from the wings and fuselage of the but I learned again the infallible truth of Philipplane. The fabric was tied with strings to the pians 4: 6-7-"In nothing be anxious, but in ev- erything by prayer and supplication, with thankssaplings. giving let your requests be made known unto God, I prayed with the men and asked God to send and the peace of God which passeth all underdeliverance. In addition, I prayed many times standing shall garrison your hearts and your alone. Our lean-to was about ten feet in diameter thoughts in Christ Jesus." His peace filled my and a little over one-half of a circle, but it was soul. somewhat small for the four of us, so several times I left the other three to attempt to make a good Life Out of Death fire where several logs could be pushed together. It was a distressing night. I do not believe any Try as we would, however, we were unable to se- one of us slept for more than a few moments at cure wood that burned brightly, or made smoke. a time. Only God kept us from freezing to death. which would rise above the tops of the trees. A' Many, many times we referred to our watches to foot of snow had fallen during the night, and see how long before morning. Shortly after dawn, with the snow previously on the ground, made a we heard the sound of an airplane. All four of us depth of nearly three feet. With no shovel, no axe, immediately rushed out into the snow to see a and no food to give strength, it proved very ex- plane equipped with skis flying a few hundred hausting to secure wood from under this depth of feet above the trees, less than one-quarter mile snow. Our only means of removing snow was away. Although we waved our arms frantically, sheet metal cowling taken from around the motors. the pilot failed to see us. It seemed as if some of Numbers of times I knelt near this second fire to the 35 to 50 planes which were sent out to rescue plead with God for aid, but the heavens seemed as us were within sight of us a good part of the day.

brass, and no answers came. The sky was overcast When our plane crashed, the interior was in as all day Saturday, and no airplane came within good condition as when we left Syracuse, with the reach. We heard no sound of automobile horn, rail- exception of one seat a leg of which had pushed road train, or airplane. Again and again I sought its way through the floor. We used seat covers to the promises, and my thoughts turned to John 15: protect our ears and to cover our feet to prevent 7. I asked God if I were abiding in the Lord Jesus snow from getting into our shoes. We utilized and if His words were abiding in me, and I asked strips of curtains for tying the seat covers and Him to search my heart and see if anything as yet other material on our feet and legs. One man had was unconfessed to Him. . I wanted nothing to a pair of zipper overshoes, another had a pair of come between myself and God. Still the answers low rubbers, whereas the other two had nothing did not come. . more than low shoes. Pillow cases, towels and We made our plans for Saturday night so that pillows were all put into service in some way, we could secure as much protection from the cold Even the parcel rack material was ripped from its and assist each other, as far as possible. It was place and made into leggings and foot coverings.

impossible to secure wood enough to burn The leather backs of the pilot seats made good throughout the night. We could light no fire in the leggings when tied with strips of curtain material.

cabin without burning it. None of the fifteen seats One of the men said he was tempted to chew on could be removed because there were no tools the leather before using it for leggings, but de-

FRONT PAGE NEWS – AN AIRPLANE CRASH

cided the dye might be poisonous. Strange to say ferred to John 1: 12 again. He replied, "A son of we were not conscious of hunger. God." I asked whether he would thank God for this fact in his own words, and there in that deep About ten o'clock Sunday morning two of us de- snow, he, with a towel bound around his head, and cided that we had better make one more attempt I with a seat cover over my head, with our hats at finding our way out. Consequently we fitted off, he expressed his appreciation to God for the ourselves up to walk through the deep snow. We fact that he was now a child of God. had pushed through the deep snow, over huge fallen logs, over small hills and into hollows, for We trudged along. The thrill of that moment about a mile. Before leaving our camp I had asked is with me as I write. Numbers of times as we God (according to James 1: 5, 6), to give wisdom walked along my companion said, "Mr. Hamand to show us a way out, that we might bring brook, it seems so different n9w." help to the other two left behind. We stopped to rest a moment, and I challenged my companion, We came to what seemed to us a swamp. The saying, "lam concerned about your soul. Are you really satisfied that all is well?" He replied, MR. HAMB'ROOK WELCOMED HOMill AFTER THE CRASH "No, Mr. Hambrook, I am not satisfied." "Then," I said, "what is to prevent you from snow was deep, but we could travel in a straight making things right now, before we go any line. At one point, my pilot friend all of a sudden farther?" He replied, "Nothing, if you will slipped into water up to his knees. Wet legs and show me how." zero weather do not go very well together, so we turned back and continued on the same side of You can imagine the delight that was mine in the swamp until we reached a deer trail, the only knowing how to show him the way to salvation. sign of animal life that we had seen. While we I began with John 1: 12-"But as many as re- were contemplating crossing the swamp, our skiceived him, to them gave he power to become equipped airplane flew nearby, but failed to see us, the sons of God, even to them that believe on although later he told of seeing our trail in the his name." Then I explained by John 1: 1-3- snow. "In the beginning was the word and the word was with God and the Word was God; the same was in the beginning with God; all things were made by him and without him was not anything made that was made" – whom it was that should be received-that it was Deity, the Christ of God. Then I passed on to John 1 : 14, "And the Word was made flesh and dwelt among us and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth," and pointed out from this the manhood of Christ. From there I referred to John 1 : 29, "Behold the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world," and explained how the blood of Christ was necessary to take away sin. Next reference was made to Romans 10: 9, 10, "That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead thou shalt be saved; for with the heart man believeth unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation."

The question was put: "Will you accept the Lord Jesus Christ as your Saviour?" He immediately said, "I will." I then asked him if he would tell God this fact. He said he would repeat after me in sincerity such prayer as I would present to God. We both prayed around the Scriptures referred to above, and ended by a statement something like this, "I, in this snow, among these trees, accept You, Lord Jesus, as my Saviour." Immediately I asked him, "What are you now?" and re-

It was suggested that we go back to camp be- in 25 degrees below zero temperature. How we fore exhaustion was complete. God said, "Go back. thanked God for men with hearts like these men There are two more in the camp whom you must who rescued us. lead to Christ." We reached camp about 1: 30 p. m., and immediately I put the same questions to Between one and two o'clock in the morning, one of the other men, with the same result. At seven of the men went back, and two remained 1: 45 the third pilot came into our lean-to and I with us all night. After a while one of the pilots put the same questions to him, discussed the same said, "Don't you think we ought to thank God for Scripture passages, received the same replies from this?" So he prayed, and I prayed, and the other him. two prayed, thanking God for His wondrous kind- ness in saving us in our hour of need. Then I began to understand why God had not answered the praye'rs which had gone up to Him At eleven o'clock, an army plane flew overhead for rescue. Now all four of us were members of and dropped a parachute of food for us. Early the body of Christ and could go tod-od' in unity the next morning another plane dropped another and make request for rescue. We prayed around parachute and now we had enough food to start our small fire and told God that we needed His aid, a restaurant. In the morning men returned with that we had done all we knew how toward our a toboggan, boots, woollen socks, and other things, rescue, but now that He must take action. We to bring us out of the woods. The pilot was carrequested God to send help before midnight, as we ried on the toboggan; the co-pilot walked most of felt that some of us would have passed· into death the way, but was very weak, having bruised his before morning. face and injured his jaw in the crash.

It was growing colder every minute. The situa- On our way into Morehouseville, I was privition looked hopeless; but our trust was in God. leged to talk to the leader of the men who reached At dusk, when it seemed as if all search would us the night before. After discussing the same cease, we heard the noise of an airplane over- Scriptures with him, he held out his hand and head, and then saw its lights. As hastily as said, "I'll do that," and there in those woods, he fatigued bodies would allow, two of the men se- accepted Christ as his Saviour, and lifted his cured gasoline and threw it upon a tree, and then voice in gratitude to God. with an ember from the fire, lighted it. The flare attracted the attention of the pilot, and he began An ambulance was waiting for us at Moreto make circles around us. Our joy can be imag- houseville to take those who needed it to the hosined, for we knew that he would immediately radio pital. The two of us who had walked the entire to our relatives and friends that we were safe. way rode in the doctor's car to St. Elizabeth's All of us stood by the flare to indicate I'tliat all Hospital in Utica, where I shaved myself, took a four were able to stand up. bath, and left Utica on a plane at about six o'clock for Washington. The bad weather forced us down Saved At Last at Newark, and it was necessary for me to con- tinue to Washington by train. The first plane left us, after dropping a flare, but soon afterwards another airplane appeared. Was it worth it? An $80,000 plane was de- We did not know just what he was doing, but he stroyed except for some parts salvaged. The four continued flying over and at about 10 :,30 we heard of us suffered untold agony for two days and two a shot, then a shout.' Two of the men~n our party nights. Our relatives and friends went through went outside and shot off their revO,lvers, while great anxiety. Nine thousand gallons of gasoline two of us stayed in the lean-to next'~ to the fire. were consumed in one day by airplanes searching Never shall I forget how my whole being sobbed for us. in gratitude to God -for bringing aid.~ Jesus said, "What shall it profit a man if he In a few moments, nine men reached us, bring- gain the whole world and lose his own soul?" ing hot coffee, chocolate, bread, sandwiches, wool- (Mark 8: 36). If it ,had cost the whole world to len socks, blankets, and other things to make us win those souls, it would have been worth it. comfortable. Soon a big warm fire was burning and we were chewing slowly on the food. These Since the accident happened one of the pilots men did not know then that they were answering has publically given his testimony many times and our request to God in bringing help, for only those his :wife has recently been converted. A recent acquainted with these Adirondack woods can rea- letter from one of the men ends: "May God bless lize what it means to tramp through the deep snow you for showing me the Way." One of the resat night over rough ground for four or five miles cuers writes : "We rescued us and then you res- cued me." • Your cooperation in giving this thrilling testimony a wide distribution is most heartily invited. Price per copy 10c, 3 for 25c, I would not go through the experience again for $7.50 per hundred. Evangelical Publishers, 366 Bay Street, Toronto, millions of dollars, but I believe I would go Canada. through it again if' God wanted in that way to bring one more soul to Him.*

Challenge of Changing

An Address Delivered at the Younger Men's Missionary Congress. Stevens Hotel, Chicago, May 3, 1935 By GEORGE CRAIG STEWART Bishop of Chicago M EN talk of a coming revolution in the world from now on there's going to be a change!'" It order. We are in it. Men speak of the would be a dull world if there were no change. Day of Judgment. It is here. I entered It would be a mad world if there were no stability.

college in 1895. Christmas Ev·e of that year 2. Well, there is no danger of a static world. marked, I suppose, a very definite gateway into This era of ours is a very helter-skelter of change. a new universe so vast, and subtle and mysterious And I am glad to be alive in it. It is exciting, adthat all our conceptions have had to be recast. In venturous, perilous, challenging, and that fits my 1900 the dictionary did not include "radio" or religion. (Sometimes you know I am called a high "movie" or "chauffeur" or "aviator" or "jazz" or churchman. Very well, we have in the Episcopal "hijacker" or "rum-runner" or "income tax" or Church an interesting triplet,-"Low and lazy, "parcel post" or "fundamentalist" or "bolshevist" broad and hazy, high and crazy.") or "quantum theory,"-Pas rei. "Everything flows." The map of the world, the map of the uni- Jesus Christ came into the world to change it, verse; the map of life changes before the ink is to change lives, to change attitudes, to change indry on your old one. It is bewildering. And the stitutions, to change human relationships, to main features of these changes are- change the world. He refuses to be pocketed by any party or by any "ism," but He is and always 1. The narrowing world of communications. has been a revolutionary. Wherever He is the en- 2. The new emphasis upon the common welfare vironment changes. And there is no place in His of all the race. discipleship for those who want to settle on the 1. Now there is something in us that resists lees. "Let the dead bury their dead," He says, "go change and also something that demands it. Here thou and preach tbe kingdom." are two fundamental human bents-one for things as they are; one for things as they ought to be The kingdom is fresh seed planted in every and are to be. One side of us is with the past and soil and growth is change. It is light for every conservatism- darkness, and light is lively. I see the economic and social and political upheavals, the scientific So was it when my life began and philosophical and religious shifts and up- So is it when I am a man, heavals in the world today as the signs of God shaking the earth, sifting the nations, breaking up So be it when I shall grow old the old stale modes of thought, tearing down and one side of us is with the restless spirits who Rejoice that man is hurled, withering and sterile relics of empty tradition, From change to change unceasingly, and pouring His spirit into men, imperatively de- manding life-life more abundant. And to you His soul's wings never furled.

If one side of us has all the say we become old, and me He comes challenging us as His followers static, obfuscous, obscurantist, fossilized. If the sayingother has all the say we become noisy nuisances Look to your faith! Is it so anremic that it will committed to what Walter Raleigh called "the not stand going out of doors where the bright idiotic simplicity of the revolutionary idea." light of science beats and the tearing gales of a I remember once down in Memphis, Tennessee, new naturalism and skepticism come out of the many, many years ago hearing a Baptist orator northeast? A challenge faces your Christian eth- preaching a very eloquent sermon. He was all ics which you say are based on the character of flame. The only thing I remember was this, that God-can they stand the tests of new social vision, he compared England with America. "In Eng- or will they capitulate and be revealed as only a land," said he, "they say, 'as it was in the begin- kind of protective coloring for the old order?

ning, is now, and ever shall be:' but in America Is your Church the Body of Christ with the we say, 'As it was in the beginning, is now, but wounds full of the power of crucifixion and resur- [423 ]

rection, or is it a "subsidy of Caiaphas" and a bul- There is a crisis here today in the world. There wark of the privileged class? A challenge to your was once a crisis in Jerusalem. Uzziah the great creed! Is it the dry bones of formula, or is it the statesman king was dead. Then a young man, beblood in your spiritual veins, beating through your wildered like the rest, went to the temple to ask reason and firing your will? Can it be said of us God to raise up some one on whom they could lean. as of the apostles-"they thfl,t have turned the And suddenly God spoke to him. "Why not you ?" world upside down are come hither also"? The other day a young man, a Christian, came to me and said-"I believe the time is ripe for some 3. John Buchan, the new Governor-General of young man who actually believes in the risen and Canada, has just written another book-since his contemporary and reigning Christ to rise up and "Cromwell"-I mean "The People's King"-in sweep all young men of the country into following honor of the 25th anniversary of his gracious Him in establishing His kingdom." I said, "Why majesty, King George V. And in that book he not you?" brilliantly reviews the Georgian Era and its changes. Indeed he begins with 1834-100 years After all when I see Jesus Christ coming down ago, with a picture of young Gladstone and his the center of the world's stage the kindest, friendfirst t,erm in Parliament. Gladstone was only 25 liest, cleanest, gr,eatest, noblest, grandest figure years old. He returned to spend a week-end in of all ages, I observe that what He is really about Oxford. And what do you think his diary reveals? is calling for leaders. "Will you come? Will you He spent the week-end reading. Reading what? follow Me?" Pickering on "Adult Baptism!" "The name of the book," says Buchan, "moves me like a spell. And suddenly I hear a vulgar Philistine's Preposterous and yet magnificent! The symbol modern note, "What'll we get out of it?" of a lost security of soul long ago dropped by the wayside!" Then Buchan goes on to show the de- And His reply is the kind that challenges all veloping skepticism and religious languor of the that is finest in man-"Get out of it? You'll sleep end of the century. The manly humility, called the with me in the bracken. 'Foxes have holes and the fear of God, began to disappear. And then the birds have nests, but I have not where to lay my war-August 4, 1914. Sir Edward Gray looking head? Are you game? Drink a bitter cup! I out from his window in the Foreign Office as the must drink it. Are you able? I must go to the lights sprang out of the dusk said, "The lamps are cross and my followers too. Loneliness. Scorn. going out all over Europe: we shall never see them Opposition. Hatred. Death. Will you come?" lit again in our life-time." And then came the crashing of thrones and the filling of a world with "What if we are alone, and don't know the the noise and dust of them. And following the way?" war, the disintegration of morals, the flood of cloacal fiction, and petty petulant poetry, and joy- "I am the way. I will be with you to the ages of less gaity, and everywhere the familiar cliches ages." of decadence. "Where shall we go?" But now out of the depression-to be seen in facism, in communism, in nazism-everywhere "To the ends of the earth!" youth is springing forward with fresh willingness to sacrifice, with idealisms not to be denied, with "What shall we do?" a demand that the spirit shall be recognized. "Heal the sick, teach the good news, baptize 4. There is in the Christian faith the stability them into me and my kingdom !" not of stubborn death but of growing life. The larger universe has not destroyed God but enlarged You know what happened; a Power that went God. We need a bigger God than we have like wind and fire through Syria, through Greece, dreamed, and how the world today leaps to re- through Rome, and when Rome fell gripped the ceive Him. invaders, swept through France, England, Ire- land, Scotland, leaped to America, and is this Christ, as Tertullian said, is "not convention very day changing not only individual lives but but Truth." His shoulder, as Francis Thompson society itself in every part of the earth. said, is "too high for me to lean upon it," and yet how He stoops to us! Jesus Christ is bigger, vast- David Livingstone said, "We will go anywhere er, than we have dared to think, and yet as ever provided it be forward." I think of the three available to the hllmblest. The challenge is not young men who faced a wonderful picture in one from the new world to Him, but from Him to you of the galleries of Europe, "Come unto me." In it and me. one can see the sick, the sinful, the discouraged, the worldly -coming. But one young man stood longer than the rest searching the eyes of Christ, and letting his soul come up and speak and finally that young man did speak,- "0 Man of Galilee if I can help you in your great world job, count on me!"

– ¥;II &IA $

PAPAU TA CHAPEL – I N TERIOR; ALL-SAMOAN DESI GN A N D WOR KMANSHIP Building an All–Samoan Chapel * By EVELYN A. DOWNS 1·- L. M. S. Missionary, Papauta, Western Samoa ~==========================~ PAPAUTA L. M. S. Girls' School in Samoa is asked for a plan and took it away to consider now forty-three years old, and all through whether it could be constructed. A few days later those years the church services have been held he returned full of enthusiasm, saying that he and in the big schoolroom. The teachers and mis- his fifty men were ready to start immediately.

sionaries have talked often of a beautiful Samoan They would cut all the materials out of the forest, cruciform building for a church, in which only and would try to make everything as perfect as Samoan materials and workmanship should be possible. We had no idea of beginning so soon, used. but we felt that the opportunity might not come With this object the girls planted sugarcane again. So within a week we had fifty men in the two years ago, so that there should be plenty of compound with our plantation men. The old chiefs thatch if ever the dream were realized. At the of Saanapu decided to come to keep the boys in same time they began to plait sinnet from the order, and direct the work. The men were with husk of the coconut, for there are no nails in a us for six weeks and we had services together '

Samoan building; everything is bound together every Sunday. The boys as well as our own school- with miles of string. They are optimists, for girls caught the spirit of working joyfully to the times are hard in Samoa and at the beginning of glory of God. As the building grew, all seemed 1934 the church building seemed a far-away pos- to be conscious of the peace that pervaded it.

sibility. But God rebuked faintheartedness. The The foundation of a Samoan house is laid last sugarcane flourished as never before and the beau- of all. The heavy posts are first put in place, the tiful leaves were ready for mak,ing into thatch. beams hoisted on primitive levers made from Food plantations yielded more taro and bananas than usual, so that there was plenty of food for boughs of trees, and bound firmly to the tops of the carpenters who would live on the estate while the posts. After that all the work is in the roof. working. In June a famous Samoan carpenter We assembled for the raising of the first post, from the village of Saanapu, Iuma by name, came sang a hymn, and the Samoan translation of "God over the hills to visit and I asked him to come to be in my head and in my understanding." The talk of something new. There has never before posts are the trunks of large breadfruit trees been a Samoan building made with transepts. He brought down from our hillside plantations. The great crossbeams are coconut logs.

• R eprinted from The Ohr oni cle; April , 1935. While the young men were doing this heavy [425 ]

THE NEW CHURCH AT PAPAUTA WITH TRANSEPTS, PAPAUTA, SAMOA work, the older men sat under the trees and made Government High School offered to bring the the ribs for the roof, a long, tedious piece of work, while others shaped and spliced the rounded ends earth, and to build up the outside platform. The of the building. This was expert work, for all shaping was from rough logs, and measurements building looked something like a giant anthill, as only by eye. the two hundred boys and our own one hundred We had prepared 20,000 yards of sinnet (string), but we soon realized that there was not and fifty girls rushed backwards and forwards nearly enough. It is an expensive item if it has to be bought so we challenged the girls and asked carrying baskets of soil. them to make as much as they could in a week out-of-school hours. The compound resounded The girls had to go to a part of the beach nine with the thud of beating coconut husk, for the husk had to be gathered, washed, beaten, and miles away for a special kind of grey pebble for rolled before the plaiting could be started. Everyone, big and little, walked round for that week the surface, a species much admired by the with a bundle of husk, and the length of string grew steadily. There was tense excitement when Samoans. lit took two days to gather enough for we measured it a week later; even the tiny girls brought a few yards as their contribution. Alto- forty lorry loads. The village near by entertained gether they had made 26,000 yards in that one week and the sinnet, used in the entire building, the girls, and helped them with the work. is twenty-eight miles in length. The outside posts of the chapel are tree ferns, The girls also undertook to make the thatch, which is the leaf of the sugarcane twisted on to with a beautiful, rounded surface. There are a pieces of wild bamboo two and a half feet long. Some went into the forest to cut the bamboo, while hundred altogether, and they had to be brought others gathered the dried leaves of sugarcane. There are 8,000 pieces of thatch on the roof, made from a forest on a hill ten miles away. by the schoolgirls themselves. The girls helped also to make the lattice work When the building was completed, the next consideration was the floor, which must first be made and blinds, which are slats cut from the slender with heavy rocks, with a layer of beaten earth, and finally covered with a layer of small pebbles some wild coconut and bound together with string. six inches deep. The students of Malue offered to put in a day bringing up the heavy stones which They designed and made the basketwork lampthe girls could not lift; they worked very hard, but it was a merry time. Then the boys of the shades which cover the electric light and match the general scheme of the building.

To stain the woodwork we made a varnish from the bark of the mangrove, and darkened it, as it is red, with lampblack made from the candlenut.

There is very little furniture needed in our chapel, for the congregation sit in Samoan style on the floor for which old Papauta girls in the Tokelau Islands have made beautiful mats. The pulpit is of pomuli, a Samoan forest tree and the log had to be brought several miles. This was the gift of a friend of the school. , Now this truly Samoan chapel lies in the shadow of Vaea Hill, where sleeps Robert Louis Stevenson in his grave "Under the wide and starry sky"; and in front stretches a wide view of the sea beyond the white waves breaking on the coral reef.

Situation in Korea*

By C. BURNELL OLDS, Japan -<I£( Missionary of the American Board T HE process of Japanese assimilation is go- city of 150,000, are seventeen flourishing Pres- ing on in as healthy fashion as could be ex- byterian churches, half of them organized within pected. I heard some complaint from the the last fifteen years, while within the suburban missionaries that the attitude of the government area of the city are twenty-;five Presbyterian in compelling conformity to her program of shrine churches, with 350 country churches of the same worship and reverence for the Japanese soldiers denomination in the province.

who had been killed in battle in Manchuria, was On Sunday morning, in visiting half a dozen of not wise. these churches at the hour of Sunday school, I The government is making great strides in the found practically the whole church constituency Japanization of the population through her diligently engaged in the study of the Bible. No educational program. During the last year the church member or church adherent, old or young, number of primary schools under government is regarded as in good standing if he was not a supervision increased from 4,000 to 7,000. As regular attendant at Sunday school. In the first practically all the instruction in these schools is church visited, 1,115 children were gathered in carried on in the Japanese language this means well-organized classes, during the first hour of the that Japanese is fast becoming the language of morning, followed, the next hour, by 709 adult the country. women, while during the last hour, just before Since Japan is planning evidently to take over noon, there were 344 men gathered for their reg- into her own hands as rapidly as possible the en- ular class work. This made a total attendance at tire educational enterprise in Korea, the mission- Sunday school that morning in that one church, ary enterprise will of necessity have to undergo of 2,168, and that was only an average day.

considerable change. At present a number of sec- The preaching service is held regularly in the afternoon, but since this was a special day, in ondary and higher mission schools are doing work honor of the meeting of the General Assembly, a great mass meeting of all the Presbyterian of such excellent quality that the government may churches in the city was held on the playground of one of the large schools belonging to the misnot be able soon to dispense with them, but even- sion, and it was estimated that there were between 12,000 and 15,000 people present at that service. tually her own system will be so far perfected as This was followed by a parade through the city, in which some five or six thousand people parto make it difficult for privately controlled schools ticipated. Such is the strength of the Presby- terian church in that city, to say nothing of the to continue. Even now students of mission work of the Methodist churches which is, in some respects equally strong. The point to be noted is schools are put to a great disadvantage in view the universal emphasis put upon the work of the Sunday school, as the training school of the of the preferential treatment given to all grad- church. I was interested also to see how well or- ganized the work seemed to be. The classes uates from the government system. seemed to average between ten and twenty mem- bers, but even so, regardless of the large number The missionary in Korea, as compared with of teachers required, there seemed to be no dearth of teacher material. Hundreds of the teachers, I Japan, occupies a position of predominant in- was told, came from the boys' and girls' schools that the mission has in the city for some ninety fluence, though undoubtedly that is waning rather per cent of the student body in these schools is Christian and most of them are engaged in Sunthan waxing. The Korean Christians are begin- ning to chafe under the missionary's too persistent exercise of control.

One cannot but be impressed by the amazing efficiency of the organization that the missionaries have built up during this first fifty years in the Christian movement in Korea. • I was especially impressed by the strength of the organization built up by the Presbyterians and by the efficiency of the method developed by them.

To see the work of the Northern Presbyterians one needs to go to Pyengyang, the largest Pres- byterian mission station in the world. Here, in a • Condensed from The Japan Christian Quarterly. day school work.

[427 ] Effective Ways of Working j 'Tested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA S. AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO ~=I================~====~======~ HOME MISSION STUDY the teachings of Christ are sufficient your church, locally and as a denomi- for meeting all the problems of the col- COURSES nation? lective life." 2. List activities and accomplish- The books issued annually for Devotional theme for the Course: the United Mission Study courses ments of your church which are funhave become increasing popular, "There remaineth very much land to damentally home mission and give not only for use in church or com- be possessed." Josh. 13: 1 c. (R. V.). reasons. List agencies in your community schools of missions but munity which illustrate the broader also in group study in Sunday Course Hymn: "America, the Beau- definition. Discuss the relation of the school, discussion sessions of the prayer meeting, as a basis for tiful." local church to these. programs in young people's and The Study Involves: A review of 3. Debate: The Church should conwomen's missionary organizations, and even as source mate- the pioneer home mission enterprise; fine itself to inspiring people to prorial for the pastor's sermons. Coupled with the reading courses an analysis of recent trends in our na- mote such activities as health and recin vogue in nearly all denomina- tional life as affecting and affected by reation centers, settlements, hospitals tions, they have made themselves the Christian Church; an appraisal of and clinics, rather than to engage in felt in church finances. One na- the present home missions program; a them as an organization. tional secretary of missionary consideration of the enterprise "in reeducation said that in her de- lation to the total task of the Church 4. Discuss the relation of the church nomination the relationship be- and to the inclusive purposes of the as an organization toward such evils tween study and financial re- Christian religion as these are under- as bad housing, civic corruption, liquor turns was direct and unquestion- stood and accepted by the Church." able. Whatever division of opin- and narcotics traffic, unwholesome ion there might be on the ques- Aims of the Course: tion of the continuance of for- 1. To review the history of home amusements, etc. eign missions, there surely can missions as a background for ap- 5. Make a study of one large city, be none as to the practical value praisal of the needs and opportunities of the home bookS" this year. indicating in parallel columns causes They have been linked up di- of the present. rectly with social, economic and 2. To consider the extent to which for growth, effect on industry, culture. religious issues of dominant im- distribution of population, etc., and portance. the existing home missions program is ways in which the Church tried to supplying spiritual ministry in Amer- meet new problems. Make a similar Toward a Christian America ican life. study of one rural field. by Hermann N. Morse affords 3. To define and assume our indi- Chapters 5 and 6 aim to discover excellent study or discussion material. Mrs. B. P. Heubner, of vidual Christian responsibilities in the areas in need of evangelization and to Galesburg, Illinois, sends the outline used by her as instructor in enterprise. evaluate the means available to meet the Boulder, Colorado, Summer Chapters 1 and 2 aim to discover the School of Missions. Only a few the needs. high lights can be used in our home mission motive and trace the be- Devotional Theme: "That all may limited space; but those wishing ginnings of the efforts. to secure the full outline may know Him." Rom. 10: 13-15. have it at cost price plus postage, Devotional The me: Yesterday's 15 cents, addressing her at 56 E. Spiritual Frontiers. Rom. 1: 13-25 Assignments: Fremont Street. (R. V.). 1. List methods used by your local The Key Quotation was: Home mis- Special Assignments and Devices: sions must think of the salvation of so- 1. A brief history of your church in 'churches to win men to Christ and conciety as well as of individuals, and that sider their effectiveness. America with attention to extensions in its program. 2. Original dramatization: A local church official board meeting with pas- 2. "The Missions Map Grows"-a tor discussing such questions as:- chalk talk indicating the settlement of How many of the present membership emigrants, approximate dates, indus- of this church are active in its work? tries affected by their coming and cor- How many do not attend services, give responding- missionary expansion. financial support or show interest in its program? Are there unchurched 3. Reading'S or dramatizations from people in the community? How can "We Must March" (Honore Morrow.). they be reached? What is our respon- sibility in their evangelization? In re- 4. "The March of Time," introduc- ing' the characters of Chapter 2. enlisting those on the membership list? 3. A review of your denomination's 5. "Thumb-nail statements" of pres- ent status of pioneer stations reviewed Christian Americanization work. in this session. 4. Story hour period of "human in- Chapters 3 and 4 aim to comprettend terest" narratives from such fields as the broadening scope of the ChurCh's function in American life. this session considers. 5. A thought question: Should the Devotional Themes: Today's Spir- itual Frontiers. Matt. 6: 33. (See Church carryon any activity which is text, p. 56.). The Christian as Inter- not in some way, directly or indirectly, preter. Isa. 40: 3. evangelistic? Chapters 7 and 8 survey the Church's Assignments: ministry of practical service as now 1. How have the forces summarized conducted and consider its relationship on page 52 affected the program of to the extension of a social welfare [428 ] program.

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

Devotional Theme: Jesus' posses- year was "Looking Upward- York City, marking package "Books sion of "new land" through service. Claiming Spiritual Treasures in for the Philippines," as many commu- Matt. 4: 23. (a) Bible Study; (b) Prayer nities are bookless although the people and Intercession; (c) Devo- love to read. Arrange a shower of Assignments: tional Books." This year's em- books and magazines (and magazine phasis is upon "Reaching Out- subscriptions.) for home mission insti- 1. Compile a list of home mISSIon ward-Seeking Living Treas- tutions. service agencies in your state. Is ure." The climactic note in 1936there duplication with similar govern- 1937 will be "Moving Forward- Set up an inquiry as to recreational mental or public agencies? Sharing Love's Treasures." This advantages, hospital facilities, etc., for year's emphasis is timely in view otHer racial or national groups in your 2. Use electrified map locating serv- of the study topics: "For the community and bring pressure to corice projects in your denomination. As ultimate measure of both our rect any inequalities. each light is flashed on, have a brief work in the homeland and our sketch of that project. Impersonate mission in Latin America must Sponsor a Church School of Misworkers at the various stations, giving be in terms of human lives and sions. information in the first person. human relationships. To a large degree the early exploration and Plan a Pan-American evening with 3. Review or readings from "Nurses colonization of the American an exhibit of pictures and objects illuson Horseback" (Ernest Boole) or continent were motivated by the trating home life, etc., in Latin Amer- "Clever Country" (Carolyn Gardner). search for material treasure. It ican countries and have a program in is the high mission of the Church keeping. 4. "Relay story," given like relay to rediscover America in terms race, of "Quare Women" or "The Glass of her living treasure." Coordinated with these programs is Window" (Lucy Furman). a leaflet packet interpreting each The September to January outlines month's theme by discussions, drama- 5. Exhibit of handicraft stimulated feature "Treasures at Our Door- tizations, stories, book reviews, panel by missions among Indians, Southern Awaiting the Pioneer": "In Rural discussions, conversations, selected Mountain People, West Indians, Mexi- Areas," "In Areas of Attitude and Ac- poems and the like, furnishing good cans and urban centers, its discussion tion" and "In the Paths of Peace." material for any denomination willing creating atmosphere and imparting in- Among the questions for personal to substitute its own specifics. formation about the various peoples. preparation are: Address the Society at Missions Chapters 9 and 10 appraise the prog- Do I, as an individual, enjoy any Building, 222 Downey Ave., Indianress made toward accomplishment of benefits as the result of home mis- apolis, Ind. the ultimate objectives of home mis- sions? What? sions. BULLETIN NUMBER Is my community a friendly place for Devotional Theme: Possessions to- the representatives of the various THREE gether in His Name. Heb. 11: 40 b; races and nations? Joshua 13: 1 c. Those who have used Bulletins How would these groups answer the Number One and Two of the Pro- Assignments: same question? fessional Advisory Section on Missionary Education of the In- 1. Survey of local social welfare A Christian order of society: what ternational Council of Religious agencies from standpoints of coopera- does this involve in regard to church Education (and the secretary retion, duplication or overlooking, and unity, race relations, housing, economic ports a large number of orders adequacy in meeting needs. conditions, etc.? from readers of THE REVIEW) will find the third issue, which 2. List important tasks in your com- What elements in our national life came out in July, of even greater munity which are done cooperatively retard efforts toward world peace? value, since it fits in with the two by churches and which can be consid- study themes for this year and ered as home mission tasks according January to June outlines feature provides excellent auxiliary and to the interpretation in this course, "Treasures Next Door-the Lay of the source material instead of spegiving attention to any tasks at- Land" : "Beyond the Rio Grande," cific methods as heretofore. It tempted competitively. "The Pearl of the Caribbean," "Cos- reports the main addresses given mopolitan Argoentina." "Libertv-Lov- at the February meeting of the 3. Study one cooperative orgoaniza- ing Paraguay" and "Treasures Sought Council and falls under the foltion like the Home Missions Council, and Found." Some of the questions lowing four heads: Federal Council of Churches, Mission- are: ary Education Movement, etc. 1. The address of Dr. T. P. H. What effect do the economic condi- Sailer of the Missionary Educa- 4. In parallel columns list the rela- tions of Puerto Rico have upon the tion Movement, on "The Situative advantages and disadvantages of Church? tion in China" and starts from denominational emphasis in the home this keynote: "The Chinese mission enterprise; of interdenomina- Has our country's attitude in the Church is too frequently giving tional cooperation. conflict between Paragouay and Bolivia its efforts to an imitation of been consistent with the teachings of the conventional forms of the 5. Discuss: If it could be demon- our missions? Church in the West rather than strated that it would be for the g'ood studying and meeting needs. of the cause of Christ in your com- How can the U. S. as a nation pro- Many Christian leaders, Chinese munity if your church were' disbanded mote friendly relations with Latin and foreign, gave testimony to and the members taken into another American peoples? this effect. . . . What should Protestant church, what &r'!'Uments be the Christian policy under for and against the plan would you ad- Some of the projects under "Reach- such circumstances?" The disvance? ing' Outwprd" are: cussion of this theme and also of Mrs. Heubner's complete outline Seek living treasures in your own gives many more assiO'nments and a church and community in a quest for very comprehensive biblioO'r3nhv. Ex- those who will share actively in memcerpts from her course on "Christi3n bership and service. youth in Action," l1S taugoht in July, at Lake Koronis, Minnesota, will ap- Send stories, books of travel, biogpear next month. raphy, handicrafts, the classics, etc., to the Methodist Episcopal Board of For- SEF.'KTN''''- T.TVTNG eign Missions, 150 Fifth Ave., New TREASURE Th~ United Chrh;tlan Mi<1sionary Society is working- lln~er a three-year program on "Treasure Seeking." The keynote last

the situation in Japan is detailed tive outline last year, their sub- -may be used to paste little outand authoritative and throws ject matter being divided into line bottles on whenever mismuch light on the matter of "Re- five- and ten-minute talks: sion stations at definite points Thinking Missions." are mentioned. Contrast with Opportunity. Vast, unchristianized the size of the world the few sta- 2. A panel discussion of home regions of our country considered and tions we maintain. missions participated in by Dr. pressing needs emphasized. Charles H. Heimsath; Dr. W. R. Expressional work may well King, Executive Secretary of the Charity. Large amount used in be the dressing of nurse and doc- Home Missions Council; Dr. J. medical mission work, etc. Brand in- tor dolls or the makiing of scrap- L. Lobinger, Chairman of the dispensable. books for children in hospitals Department of World Fellowship either here or in foreign lands. in the Congregational Education Spirituality. None of better quality. Visiting a real hospital, if one is Society; Miss Anne Seesholtz, Its company endeavors to make brand available, and making sunshine Executive Secretary of the Coun- more popular especially with students. boxes (filled with little toys, letcil of Women for Home Mis- (Deals with religious education, evan- ters, pictures, cards, etc., done sions; Rev. J. S. Stowell, Direc- gelism, etc.) up in separate packages and tor of Publicity of the M. E. marked to be opened at different Board of Home Missions, as well Unity. Increasing demand for this times) for use among crippled or as a number of people in the au- brand. Its lack one of greatest deter- charity patients would be a dience, the report indicating the rents to foreign missionary progress. prime expression. Some patients several contributions by identify- would be allowed to have fruits ing designations. Finer mate- Prosperity. Comparatively modern and candies. Playing games rial on the theme, "What is the brand grown by horticulturists under with the patients in hospitals for future of Home Missions in the direction of Christiani-tea Company. cripples is another activity, the light of the increased emphasis (Agricultural missions.) games being, of course, all of a on social relations"? can scarcely sort to be played sitting still. be found anywhere, and not only Brands of rival companies laymen but pastors and teachers were: Conformity (custom-fol- A suitable program for the inof mission study classes will lowing, as in China); Modernity spirational meeting might be as benefit by reading it carefully. (young China's flair for new follows : ventures); Infidelity (Russian 3. The address by Rev. S. brand in particular). A Chinese Hymn, "Rescue the Perishing," or Franklin Mack of the Presbyte- figure cut out of wall paper was "The Great Physician," followed by rian Board of Foreign Missions used to carry the program, name prayer. on his recent trip taking motion and date of each meeting being pictur€;s in Latin America for inscribed. Devotional lesson on "Jesus heals use in the interdenominational and then the disciples try." study of the current year dis- Crusaders of Compassion cusses at length (a) "The Re- Discussion of Presbyterian (or ligious Sit u a t ion in Latin This program for Juniors may whatever the denomination may be) America," and (b) "Protestant be held out of doors around a hospitals around the world, using map Achievements and Prospects" in camp fire, hence it fits in well as indicated. a fine, appreciative critique. with the present season. Stories of medical missionaries, taken Prayer for the sick, doctors, nurses, 4. A discussion by Dr. and from study books or the pam- native helpers, salvation of souls Mrs~D. C. Baldwin of their work phlet literature of your denom- through this ministry of healing, etc. among college students in Amer- ination may be divided into secica, with a view to throwing light tions and assigned to good talkers Dramatizations of little medical mison the facts as obtained from the in the membership; or if the sion incidents, in costume, may be students themselves, facing and stories seem a bit long, invite made very effective. analyzing the difficulties and sug- some intermediate members to gesting ways of meeting them. tell them. Seat audience around -Adapted from outlines by Miss College pastors and counselors a camp fire and have recreational M. Katherine Harris, in will find this particularly helpful. songs for the warming-up, then "World Comrades." lead into a good hymn before be- The mimeographed fourteen- ginning the program. After the J. Hudson Taylor said that the page report is sold at the cost story-telling, s,ing again, then following are necessary to the price of 25 cents. Address Miss quietly have your Scripture equipment of a missionary: Ruth HeinmiIIer, 2969 West 25th study and close with a prayer St., Cleveland, Ohio. before the social f eat u res. A life yielded to God and controlled Toasted marshmallows make a Christiani-tea Company good climax. Another group by His Spirit. might use the topic, "Bibles and The women of the First Bap- Pill Bottles," the program being A restful trust in God for the supply tist church of Hillsdale, Mich- written on paper cut in the igan, used the following attrac- shape of a pill bottle with pic- of all needs. tures of hospitals, nurses, etc., pasted on duplicate pages tied A sympathetic spirit and a willing- together with the colors of the organization. A good map of the ness to take a lowly place. world – homemade or otherwise Tact in dealing with men and adap- tability to circumstances. .

Zeal in service and steadfastness in discouragement.

Love for communion with God and for the study of His Word.

Some experience and blessing in the Lord's work at home.

A healthy body and a vigorous mind.

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BULLETIN OF ; The Council of Women for Home Missions ~=I=============================I~ ANNE SEESHOLTZ, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, 105 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK'

Setting-Up Conference for group their experiences, point- The discussion of the use of ing out the importance of the re- the 1935 vacation church school , Migrant Work lation of the Council staff to the migrants themselves, to the em- text for nursery and kinder- A dream of the Council of ployers and to the local commu- garten school, "Let's Go Out-of- Women for Home Missions be- nities. Thus the group was Doors," was led by Miss Frances came a reality this year when oriented in a measure to the sitabout thirty young men and uation in which they would find M. Hedden, Director of Chilwomen, who were soon to serve themselves. Now they were dren's Work, New Jersey Counin migrant camps in the East, ready for help in building pro- cil of Religious Education. met at Salvedale Camp, Califon, grams for the various aged New Jersey, for the first setting- groups in migrant camps-pro- Then, Miss Jeannette E. Perkins, up conference for migrant work, grams that would really develop member of the Editorial Staff, June 22-26. These were to be physical, mental and spiritual Congregational Publishing Sodays of preparation for Chris- strength. The faculty, all spe- ciety, and head of the Primary tian service among the migrant cialists in various fields, did an people in Delaware, Maryland, outstanding piece of work. They Department, Riverside Church, New Jersey, New York and Con- caught the spirit of enthusiasm New York City, suggested ways necticut through the summer of the group. The first and sec- of using "Exploring God's Outand early fall. These young peo- ond evenings Miss Marguerite ple, graduates and undergrad- Hazzard, head of the Depart- of-Doors," the 1935 vacation u ate s, represented Columbia ment of Church School Music, church school text for primary University, Mt. Holyoke College, School of Sacred Music, Union Sarah Lawrence College, Syra- Theological Seminary, showed children. She also fascinated cuse University, Bennett College, how to teach songs to groups, the group with her lesson in State Teachers Colleges of New taught a number of songs that spatter work and blueprinting. Jersey and New York, Biblical they in turn could teach, and Seminary, New Jersey College suggested many others suitable As the majority of the chilfor Women, Bucknell University, for the various age groups. She dren at the migrant centers dur- Colgate – Rochester D i v i nit y helped the group to see the vital ing the daytime are of nursery, School, Yale Divinity School, part that music can play in the kindergarten and primary ages, Princeton Theological Seminary, program at a migrant center. Northern B apt i s t Seminary, Miss Marie Gaertner, head of Eastern Baptist Seminary, and [431 ] the Nursery School, New Jersey Hartford Seminary Foundation. Interesting also was the wide College for Women, gave the range of denominations repre- young people invaluable help in sented: Northern Baptist, Congregational – Christian, Pro t- methods of handling children of estant Episcopal, Mis sou r i these ages and various types of Synod Lutheran, United Lutheran, Methodist Episcopal, A. M. children-the friendly child, the E. Zion, Presbyterian U. S. A. shy child, the negative child, the and Reformed in America.

Although almost all were meeting for the first time, there seemed to be an unusual spirit of oneness in the group. For four days they worked, played, studied and worshiped together. Five former staff members who had served several summers in migrant centers reviewed for the

over-stimulated child, the fright- Work, led the group as they grower for his investment, risk, worry talked and thought together. and labor." ened child, the imaginary child, There were moments of quiet in the talkative child and the child the group, moments when each Experienced adult pickers are said with an inferiority complex. She one around that camp fire dedi- to make from $1.75 to $2.50 per day. cated himself to the task of mak- To those who say migratory workers illustrated story – telling and ing "more abundant" the lives should have more pay and better livshowed how to make toys and of the migrant people. ing conditions, the grower asks where playground equipment out of the additional money to provide these New Complication in the changes is coming from. He says with things at hand, such as cigar consumers in the cities demanding boxes, planks of wood, nail kegs Migrant Situation cheap food on the one hand, labor de- manding higher pay and better living and spools. The value of group The education, health, low conditions on the other, it is imposactivity with modeling clay was wages and living conditions, sible to satisfy both and stay in busi- have long been problems in the ness. Even today, the farmers say, also demonstrated. migrant situation. The relief the majority of their number are One evening Mrs. Newman, of program has brought a new com- heavily in debt. . . ." plication. To quote from the the Music Department of the New York Times, July 7, 1935: Labor Sunday Message, 1935 E. R. A. of New York City, Recent events in this extensive berry Excerpts from Message of demonstrated singing games and growing area (Hammonton, New Jer- Federal Council of Churches of community singing. At another sey) have focused public attention on Christ in America: session, Mrs. Pauline Rappaport, a situation that for many months has been the subject of much discussion in "But in the midst of our suf- Assistant Recreation Supervisor gatherings of fruit and vegetable fering a glorious truth shines of Bergen County, New Jersey, growers, whose crops are largely har- clear. For the first time in hugave excellent suggestions for vested by seasonal or migratory man history, man has the tech- workers. For many years labor of nical knowledge to solve his ecohandcraft both for little children this kind has been recruited without nomic problem. He can at last and older boys and girls. Prac- difficulty from metropolitan areas, en- provide sufficient material goods tically all of her suggestions tire families moving out into the coun- for an abundant life. Since the try to work as harvest hands as the depression the researches of could be followed out with very various crops matured. scientists and engineers, the findsimple equipment and could be ings of private and governmental Farmers contend that, with the ad- commissions, have been reiteratcompleted within a short space vent of emergency relief, it has be- ing this same basic fact. The of time, an important item with come increasingly difficult to obtain natural resources of the United harvest hands and other temporary States of America and the inchildren. labor. Matters came to a head here dustrial and agricultural equip- last week when, it is asserted, there ment are sufficient to give every While several of the other were not enough pickers available to man, woman and child the mamembers of the faculty touched move a raspberry crop variously esti- terial basis for the good life. Reon recreation, Mrs. Annetta mated to be worth from $300,000 to cent governmental estimates and Humphries, Recreation Super- $500,000. . . . other authoritative studies have indicated that had our plant been visor of Bergen County, New One criticism is that the farmer used to capacity in 1929 over Jersey, was exceedingly helpful underpays this help. This point has $4,000 in goods and services been made with respect to the two and could have been supplied to in showing how to teach games a half cents a pint the grower is pay- every American family. Neverto groups and she also taught ing for picking raspberries. . . . theless, 16,000,000 American families, or nearly two-thirds of games which were suitable for Another criticism the farmer has our people, actually received in the young people at the centers. faced bears on the living conditions on that year less than $2,000. . . . farms for migratory workers. From Health, a vitally important various sources it has been charged "Finally, the churches must that the camp-like environment in ceaselessly proclaim that out of part of the program was covered which the migrant workers live varies the heart are the issues of life. by Mrs. McLaughlin of the State all the way from "inadequate" to True religion must stand always Department of. Health in New "unspeakable." . . . not only against exploitation but against the very desire to ex- Jersey, and Miss Marie Doer- Support of the raspberry growers' ploit. The Christian religion mann, Specialist in Nutrition, contention that they cannot pay more demands now and must always Extension Work in Agriculture than two and a half cents a pint for demand that both human hearts picking was given by Professor J. and human institutions be conand Home Economics in New Harold Clark, small fruits specialist trolled and judged by that mind Jersey. Miss Doermann majored of the State Agricultural Experiment which was in Christ Jesus. . . ." on the planning of menus for Station at Rutgers University. Gross returns to the growers, he pointed out, Suggestions for the observance of lunches that would be tasty as have been six and a half cents a pint Labor Sunday and Bibliography may well as nutritious. Mrs. Mc- this season. Professor Clark said the be secured for five cents, from 105 Laughlin gave excellent sugges- grower would have to charge off one East 22d St., N. Y., N. Y. cent for the berry crate and boxes, tions for the care of babies in one-half cent for fertilizer, one-half the nursery, using a large doll cent for cultivation, hoeing and other for demonstration. growing costs, and another half cent for taxes, interest on investment and The last eve n i n g all met other overhead charges. around the camp fire to talk over the experiences of these days to- "This totals five cents a pint for all costs," Professor Clark said, "leaving gether, what these days of prep- one and a half cents a pint to the aration had meant, and the challenge of the task that each was about to undertake. Miss Laura H. Parker, Chairman of the Council's Committee on Migrant

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~~I_=====()==u=A=r=M=;xr=SiO=nO=ary=r=~d=ew=::V=~=!=~=:=c=ur=r~=mU=E=:=~~=s=o=k======_~~ JAPAN-CHOSEN John R. Mott in Japan than 17,000 members of the Union, which is established in The Far East Situa.tion As a result of Dr. Mott's re- many parts of the Far East. A cent conferences with the young J a pan e s e correspondent at Dr. Wynn C. Fairfield, Secre- Japanese, the following resolu- Tokyo states that Islam is still tary of the American Board, who tions were adopted and referred a long way from having any aprecently visited Asia, reports to the National Committee of the preciable standing in Japan. that, in general, Christian lead- Y. M. C. A. in Japan: Mohammedanism, he says, is ers take the whole Manchurian still classified in Japan among development as a fait accompli 1. Increased efforts to expand the the quasi-religions. unlikely to be reversed, and cer- work of the City Associations to new tainly not as a subject for con- centers, and to train the leaders for -Moslem World. tinued agitation on the part of such expansion. the Christian group. Even an Temperance League outstanding Christian, who care- 2. The adoption of a program that Anniversary fully refrained from defense of will elevate the quality of the present Japan, took the attitude that the student Associations. It is suggested Japan's Temperance League Christians had for years left the that the National Committee place a was 50 years old last April. The Manchurian question to the gov- student secretary in each important 16th National Conference was ernment. There is a general student center, or at least one man in held in Yokohama, where the satisfection with the successful each of the present districts. League was founded. The first negotiations for the transfer of session of the conference was in the Chinese Eastern Railway 3. Increase the number of student charge of the juvenile section of from Russia to Manchukuo. hostels. the League, and this was fol- This will clarify Japanese-Rus- lowed by a lantern procession in sian relations and make for 4. Adopt a program of leadership the evening. The public was peaceful understanding. training for Middle School Associa- surprised at the number of youth tions. enrolled in the movement, and The Christian group, as seen their ability and enthusiasm in in a number of personal inter- 5. A larger measure of cooperation promoting temperance. The views and larger conferences, with the various world-wide Christian N. T. L. is a reform movement seems to expect no further de- movements. of national importance, and with velopments in relation to China. government recognition is pro- Rather, the gaze is turned east- 6. Plan to establish Y. M. C. A.'s moting education for temperance ward, where the shadow of in industrial and rural regions. and purity in every nook and American militarism is pro- corner of Japan and her dejected. 7. Cooperate in the promotion of pendencies. ~mutual understanding among the na- Everywhere there was evi- tions of the world. Rebuilding Village Life dence of determined interest of Japanese, both Christian aI].d S. Study the possibility of pro- In proportion to her area and non-Christian, in better under- moting the Y. M. C. A. in Manchuria. population Japan has one of the standing and peacemaking. Rep- "Christian Leadership" and "Spiritual largest student bodies of any naresentatives of fifteen peace or- Habits" were discussed by Dr. Mott tion in the world. Tokyo alone ganizations met Dr. John R. with a force and persuasiveness that has 300,000 students attending Mott and expressed their strong moved every delegate to a new con- schools of various types and interest in the improvement of sideration of his own resources and grades. Japan has one of the understanding between Japan responsibilities. best organized educational sysand America. A representative tems in the world; her literacy of the Three Religions. Associa- Islam in Japan is 99.7 per cent. It is evident tions, formed in 1924, and in- that evangelism requires trained cluding Shintoists, Buddhists Almost 600 Moslems, includ- leaders. and Christians, quoted a Jap- ing Indians, Tartars, Turks and anese proverb: "If in a hurry, Japanese, have formed a Moslem Today, the Christian movego around." In international Union in Manchuria. The aim ment is reaching out into rural political matters, the way of is to preach the Koran in the Japan. During the past seventy rapid progress is to "go around" Far East, and the center of the years, Christian forces have through religion. -Advance. Union is at Tokyo. Little by concentrated their efforts in little they set up mosques and .schools in Tokyo, Kobe and other cities. The Japanese Govern- ment gave them free land for this purpose and provided teach- ers whose salaries were paid by the Government. In one of the Universities of Japan a special class with free scholarships to Moslem stu den t s has been opened by the Government.

At present, there are more [433 ]

cities and larger towns. Ap- entirely on the Presbyterian trained in Moo.dy Bible Institute, proximately 31,900,000 people Church in Korea and America. Chicago, and the Missionary live in 11,434 rural towns and The need for this Bible school is School of Medicine in Londo.n. villages. This inc Iud e s the great-to train Korean Chris- She Io.cated in Perigi, district of 1,450,000 fishing folk and the tian lay workers as evangelists Landak, built her own dwelling 450,000 miners, who are dis- and Bible teachers. and added a tiny dispensary. persed in these rural communi- She has also made prolonged and ties. Of the towns and villages, Some of the results of the arduous journeys into the far 9,127 lie beyond the range of work are shown in a letter from inland and untouched regions, by Christian influence. The Baptist the late Mrs. W. J. Anderson of means of coolies or bearers, Mission is in the initial stages Seoul: carrying food sup p lie sand of developing two Rural Life shelter. These journeys cover Demonstration Centers: one in Traveling over Korea the mission- new territory each time and last northern, and the other in south- aries frequently meet Pierson Bible as long as four weeks. Only the ern Japan. These projects aim School graduates who are doing effec- merest fringe of the territory at rebuilding the total life of the tive work. Mr. Oh, a blind student has been touched. village – agricultural, economic, had a class of twenty or thirty who social, moral and religious-on a met regularly at the Sung Dong The Scripture Gift Mission Christian basis and according to Church. The Koreans are great peo- sponsors this work and hopes to Christian principles. ple to follow the sun rather than the send another woman missionary clock, and on a dark, cloudy morning to join Miss van 't Eind. – Watchman-Examiner. service is very apt to be a half hour late in beginning; but these blind Suicide Among Dyaks Methodist Student Conference young men seem to have better sense of time than those with eyes, and they Unlike the Japanese who think The first All-Japan Methodist are always on time. After their Bible it co.urageous to take one's own Student Conference was held in study in one of the classrooms, they life, the Dyaks of Borneo think Tokyo during the summer, with come in to the church service. Mr. Oh it cowardly and shameful. The 60 delegates in attendance. married a widow with one little girl, following incident is to.ld in The a darling bright-eyed child dearly Pioneer: A committee was appointed to loved by all the blind boys. Her habit cooperate with the adult com- was to lead them into their places Some excited Dyaks summoned me mittees of the denomination in Sunday morning, always with a ra- to their long house and upon entering studying the needs, and ways of diant smile. I saw a strange sight. A Dyak woman meeting the needs, of students sat bolt upright against the wall. Her in Japan today, and particularly Rev. W. J. Anderson, of Seoul, eyes were closed, her head was tied to prepare for a larger and if is the new administrator of the against a board, her feet were tied possible an interdenominational Pierson Memorial Work. together, her hands were clasped bestudent conference in the near fore her. The woman was dead – a future. The significance of this Hospital Replaced suicide. I learned that because of first denominational national grief over the death of her husband student conference in this land Despite the destruction by fire and child she had drunk of the pulp lies in the fact that it testifies of the Southern Presbyterian of the tuba root, which brought her to the awakening of Japanese hospitals at K wan g j u and to a speedy end. churches to their responsibility Chunju, the medical work of the to students and youth; and indi- mission has had a most encour- I heard other Dyaks enter, then the cates that the churches as such aging year. At Kwangju a new sound of loud slapping and angry must hereafter be reckoned with building has already replaced the voices; the relatives of the suicide as important factors in the stu- old one, and the record for hos- stood over her corpse and beat it undent Christian movement in the pital operations was greater mercifully, accompanied with loud de- Japanese empire. than the total number during the nunciation of her action, inasmuch as previous two and one-half years. it was a disgrace to all her relatives. -The Christian Century. In cramped, temporary quarters, 137 operations were performed. Usually the Dyaks bury their dead Pierson Memorial Bible School in rough boxes made from trees. To There has been a marked in- sh6w their contempt in this case, they Owing to changed conditions crease in the members enrolled merely tied three boards together, in the church and missions in in mission schools. During the which served as a stretcher. The men Korea, the Methodist Missions year 1,451 communicants have hurried off with their sorry burden, (North and South) have with- been added, while 2,736 have off to a lonely grave apart from the drawn from the work of the been added to the catechumen others. There was no ceremony, no Pierson Memorial Bible School roll. The list of communicants lamenting, nothing but loud scolding. in Seoul and that institution is now stands at 13,318 in a Chrisnow entirely under the control tian constituency of 42,000. In the Dutch East Indies of the Presbyterians. This will • -Christian Observer. siUlPlify the problems of man- .In this area there are a comagement and teaching while it ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC paratively small number of well places the financial responsibility developed Reformed churches bf Untouched Areas a strict Calvinistic type and a few smaller groups, such as the About two years ago a new Adventists, with adherents prin- area was opened to the Gospel by cipally in humbler circles. By Miss Greet van 't Eind who was far the greatest number o.f the Christians belong to. the General

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Protestant Church. The old that he wanted to be christened largest Protestant denomination, East India Company had in its as soon as he was strong enough with 10,027,929 members. The time introduced the Reformed to walk to the church. Weare Methodists were second, with Church which was the prevalent especially rejoicing because this 8,976,492. The largest religious one at home in the Netherlands. man is influential in his commu- body in the country was still the The Company considered it to be nity." Roman Catholic Church, with its duty to foster not only the 20,398,509 communicants. matters of commerce and juris- The Year in the Philippines diction, but also those of religion. Contributions made by church It founded the first congregation The United Evangelical Church members for all purposes in in 1621 in Batavia. About the of the Philippines continues to 1934 amounted to $299,416,781, same time a Lutheran congrega- grow. Its slogan now is, "Uni- or $12.07 per capita. tion was organized. In the fication of all activities." The middle of the 19th century the organization of a National Chris- Church Effort for Children King of Holland succeeded in tian Endeavor Union and of sevuniting the Reformed and the eral district unions marks this The United Presbyterian Gen- Lutherans in one denomination. as a year of real progress for eral Assembly of 1935 appointed This church has done much good Christian Endeavor. One society a special committee to promote a in the course of three hundred has taken as its special project serious effort to reach all chilyears. The Dutch government the transportation expense of an dren in America with the Chrishas always fostered tbese church earnest Christian who goes each tian message. In Sterling Colinterests in the warmest manner, Sunday afternoon to the near-by lege, Kansas, thirty-four of the even in the case of occurring leprosarium and conducts a Sun- best students signed the followvacancies. In such times the day school for some of the 150 ing: government assumed the care lepers there. There were 9,429 for the vacant congregations, children enrolled in the 247 daily DECLARATION OF PURPOSE their church buildings and had vacation Bible schools in the even the cemeteries kept in area served by Presbyterian mis- It is my prayerful purpose to lead proper condition by prisoners. sionaries. In one congregation, at least 10 boys or girls into real 18 of the children so enrolled trust in Christ as Friend and Saviour Medicine Man Becomes united with the church. One through being a Leader of one or Christian section reports that accessions more Boys or Girls Clubs which I hope to organize. It is also my purpose to Dr. Hawkins K. Jenkins, of this year were 93 % more than help in all possible ways to extend the Saguda, P. I., writes of a signal knowledge and experience of Christ victory over native medicine the average for the seven years to all Children and Youth in America. men. preceding. There are 400 church-con- "One of them became seriously -Women and Missions. nected colleges in the United ill himself, and immediately be- States. If 34 students in each gan to offer sacrifices to evil NORTH AMERICA formed a similar resolution this spirits. He was a sincere be- would mean 13,600 volunteer liever in the teachings which he Churches Gain Over One leaders of boys and girls. had helped for years to pass on Million Members to those younger than he, so he Coverdale Bible Anniversary was quite puzzled when he found George Linn Kieffer, statistithat he derived no benefit from cian of the National Lutheran Over the signature of Robert the sacrifices. When it was Council and head of the Amer- E. Speer, John H. Finley, Wilquite evident that he would soon ican Association of Religious liam Allen White and Martha die unless something more effec- Statisticians, reports that church Berry, announcement was made tive could be done for him, he membership is increasing in the in July of the formation of a naasked to be brought to the hos- United States, and that the gain tional committee to sponsor a pital. There we found that he last year was the greatest since nation-wide commemoration of had a very large abscess of the 1930. the four hundredth anniversary liver, and advised that he be of the first printed English Bible. operated upon immediately. To There were 207 religious Dr. Finley, speaking for the comour great surprise he consented, bodies in the United States in mittee, stated, "On October 4, and now th!>t he is well again he 1934, with a total adult member- 1535, the first printed English is one of the most ardent sup- ship of 62,035,688. These bodies Bible, a translation by Myles porters of the hospital. Shortly added 1,222,064 members. The Coverdale, was issued from the before leaving the hospital he Methodist Episcopal Church, press. During the four centuries told me that he wanted to be- with an increase of 210,475, since that date, it has not only come a member of the Church, headed the list of Protestant de- surpassed in circulation any that he was no longer satisfied nominations. The B apt i s t other book in the world, but has with worshiping evil spirits and Church, which had previously profoundly influenced the lives been first, came second with a of peoples and the ideals of gov- gain of 161,720. The Lutherans ernments. Regional, state, city were third with 101,118. The and church committees through- Baptists continued to be the out the country will arrange suitable programs."

New Bible Society dren carrying heavy burdens of great need of new departments Headquarters pain, suffering, hunger, adnidsesaosre~ of research and medicine. The debt, ignorance, terror, Scudder family has given 400 The American Bible Society years of medical service through has purchased a six-story build- row. medical missionaries in India. ing at 450 Park Avenue, New York, as its general office, li- Rev. James Myers, in his ad- At another "Round Top" sesbrary and salesroom for Scrip- sion Mrs. Peabody spoke of the ture'S. The new location in a dress, said that "missionaries danger of war between Italy and fireproof building will not only Ethiopia, and said that the safeguard the Society's records have ~v.er been the shock troops Treaty of Bethlehem rather than and library containing Scrip- the Treaty of Versailles is the tures in 639 languages and dia- of relIgIOn. They are Christians only hope of peace, as the only lects but will enable it also to successful internationalism is make exhibits and displays of its unafraid, and know how to face that under the leadership of the rare manuscripts and editions Prince of Peace. which for many years have been loneliness, misunderstanding left for safekeeping with the Hungarian Church Celebrates New York Public Library. The persecution, danger, martyrdom' Society hopes to occupy the new The First Magyar Reformed building in the fall, so that it and death in the supreme loyalty Church under the shadow of may be used in connection with Cornell Medical Center in New the celebration of the Four Hun- to Christ. As the church turns York City, is celebrating three dred Years of the Printed Eng- anniversaries this year. The lish Bible from October to De- now with missionary zeal and work was begun 80 years ago cember. when Kossuth visited the United courage and sacrifice to the high States. Forty years ago the members of this church formed adventure of the abolition of war, we may look forward with renewed assurance to the final victory of peace and goodwill among men."

The 2000 people in the parade pledged themselves as follows: "Because I cannot reconcile the Way of Christ with the practice of war, I pledge myself before God to work for the abolition of war as a method of settling international dis- A Demonstration Against War putes and to insist upon the use by a permanent organization, and 20 years ago the new building A dramatic demonstration all governments of the machinery of was erected. against war was impressively peace to maintain international jus- tice and goodwill."

presented by the Northfield Mis- Women's Conference at Manhattan's Abyssinian Northfield Church sionary conference on July 11th. A special Women's Confer- The Abyssinian (Negro) The Peace Parade was hailed as ence was successfully arranged Church in Harlem, New York, this year in connection with the added 771 members last year "an omen of profound signifi- General Conference (July 27- giving the church an enrolled August 12). Mrs. William R. membership of 12,808. The cance in the religious crusade for Moody was chairman, with Mrs. church raised from all sources Henry W. Peabody cooperating, $33,120.76; $8,584.62 of this a warless world." and nearly 300 women regis- amount went to benevolences. tered for the morning sessions. The church ended its fiscal year The Parade for Peace started The general topic was "The Bi- with a surplus of $1,160. ble Our Message: Everyone a at Round Top, the grave of Messenger." This church has a staff of twenty-nine paid workers, in- Dwight L. Moody, pas sed Speakers inc Iud e d Mrs. cluding t'WJ missionaries in Li- Moody, Mrs. Peabody and Mrs. beria, Africa. It gave last year through the village of East Delavan L. Pierson, who has re- $900 toward the support of the cently visted New Guinea, India, Chair of Religious Education at Northfield and back to the camp- and other fields; Mrs. John F. Virginia Union University. It Williamson, of the Westminster owns a home for its aged memus. The Cross was borne in the Choir School; Miss Gnanadi- bers at 732 St. Nicholas Avenue, kam, M.A., of the Madras Wom,.. Manhattan, and all its properties front followed by the massed col- are free of debt. The pastor for an's Christian College, India. 27 years, Rev. A. Clayton ors of the Church, the flags of On August 4, meeting was de- Powell, celebrated his 70th birth- voted to the medical work of Dr. day anniversary May 5 and dothe nations, missionaries from Ida Scudder of Vellore, India, nated $1,000 to the Home for the who has spent thirty-five years Aged which is named after him. many lands, many nationals in in South India and has opened a native costume, students, nurses, delegations from churches with- in a radius of fifty miles and the 600 members of the Missionary Conference. Salvation Army bands furnished the music.

The most striking float de- picted Flanders Field with rows of crosses, each one bearing a silver dollar sign and the Dsolollgaarn~ "Munition Makers Reap -Others Reap Death." The bowed figure of a "gold star mother" in heavy mourning sat Christian medical college that in the foreground. The final has sent out nearly 200 graduate The First American Foreign float, with the slogan, "Genera- Indian women doctors, all of Missionary tions of Children Bear the Bur- them Christian. An endowment Susan Elizabeth Kaske, wife of dens of War" showed the chil~ is being sought and there is George Kaske, was the first na-

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

tive-born Protestant missionary Mohammedan Association (that strength of the institution. to go out from America to a for- is, Russian Tatar Moslems) in Starting with six members in eign land. The Moravian Church Brooklyn, a three-story wooden 1830 there are now over 700,000. of Bethlehem, Pa., founded in building; and the only Moslem With its branches and missions 1741, sent her with her husband newspaper is El Bayan, pub- it records nearly 2,000 church in 1746 to South America where lished in New York City, with a organizations. There are seven they served in British and Dutch circulation of 2,000. temples where the inner rites Guiana. Susan E. Funk was are performed. The church uses born November 18, 1721, in Ger- Leaders strive to present a the radio, printed page and the mantown and moved to Bethle- new and more or less enlightened rostrum as channels for its meshem in 1843. On May 12, 1746, Islam, keeping in the back- sage. There is a system of relishe married George Kaske, and ground aspects at variance with gious education second to none, they went to work among the modern ideas, e. g., the position starting with the Sunday school, Indians of South· America in of women. The number of con- continuing through the seminary Berbice, Demarara. They la- verts must be less than 10,000; for week-day religious instrucbored there until 1763 and Mrs. it is not to be expected that tion ; and cuI min a tin g in Kaske died in Bethlehem, Pa., on Islam can be more successful Brigham Young University. July 28, 1804. here than in Europe. -Presbyterian Banner. Recently on June 2, 1935, the -G. H. Bousquet, in "The Women's Missionary Society of Moslem World." LATIN AMERICA the Bethlehem church celebrated its 117th anniversary. Ozark Mountain Children Work for Puerto Ricans Taught Bible Moody Institute Lectures A united evangelistic cam- Hugh B. Reid, of Carthage, paign has been carried on in A new venture is to be Mo., writes that through the co- Puerto Rico in a very unique launched by the Moody Bible In- operation of rural public school way this year by the churches of stitute of Chicago, September 5, teachers he is reaching more five cooperating denominations. according to the President, Rev. than 11,000 children of south- These services, extending over Will H. Houghton, D.D. The western Missouri with a Chris- several weeks, p r act i c a II y plan involves the visit of a num- tian program. About 5,000 of brought the presence of Christ to ber of Bible teachers and church- these receive no other Christian the entire area where Protestant men of unusual prominence, each training. Mr. Reid reports that churches are located. The final serving a one-month lectureship. results' of this campaign have They will be especially stim- 585 families were called upon. not been tabulated, but Dr. Arulating and informing to pas- 460 pieces of clothing were given chilla reports that the number of tors, evanglists and other Chris- accessions should reach at least tian workers who aspire to a to the needy. a thousand. greater mastery of the art of 81 toys were given at Christmas. expository preaching. Among 470 addresses were made. The Puerto Rican church, althem are the following: Dr. Wil- 63,000 pages of reading material were ways aggressively evangelistic liam Evans, expositor, author and missionary, was responsible and lecturer on Bible themes; given away. a number of years ago for the Dr. B. B. Sutcliffe, Bible class 634 books, and more than 1,300 opening of work in the Dominiteacher; Dr. Harry A. Ironside, can Republic. The Presbyterian a clarion voice in the field of ex- Bibles, Testaments and Gos- mission is now proposing to position, pastor of the Moody pels were distributed. carry the gospel in Spanish to Memorial Church, Chicago; and 48 were added to Cradle Rolls, and the Puerto Ricans who have col- Dr. Wilbur M. Smith, editor of 92 to Young People's So- onized in the Virgin Islands if Peloubet's Notes. cieties. finances permit. Representa- 6 new schools, with an enrolment tives of the presbytery have vis- Islam in America of 216 were added. ited the island of Santa Cruz, 48 conversions resulted from 5 re- have preached there and discov- It is impossible. to know the vival meetings; and 30 from ered that there are 150 members exact number of Moslems in the 27 Vacation Bible Schools in of the church in the colony of United States; perhaps 25,000 which over 900 were enrolled. several thousand. is a fair estimate. The largest 169 took a leadership t r a i n i n g center is probably Detroit, with course. Baptist Work in Puerto Rico 10,000. There are about 2,000 10,700 Bible verses were memorized in Pittsburgh, 3,000 in Cleve- by school children. The Watchman-Examiner reland, 5,000 in greater New York, 8 institutes were held. ports advance on all fronts in 2,000 in Massachusetts, 500-600 7 teachers' conventions and Puer·to Rico. There were more in Rhode Island. The only real 145 rural public schools were vis- baptisms than for several years. mosque which exists today in ited. The Sunday school attendance is America is that of the Anglo- the largest in the history of the Mormonism work. Offerings have moved To most Americans Mormon- ism is a curiosity. "But," says Dr. W. M. Paden, "it is more than that. It is the largest, wealthiest, best located, best or- ganized, most aggressive of all the false religions of America." Not everyone is aware of the

upward and church membership The balance of their sustenance mander of Jutiapa was an enemy continues to increase. they make up by tenant farming of the gospel and when Don Jose and odd jobs. The Campaign began to offer Scriptures for During the year representa- shares in the expenses of fur- sale… the commandant took him tives of the various denomina- nishing free rent and firewood to jail, struck him twice on the tions working in the island made for the transients, and thus se- head, pulled his hair, and said, a tour, covering the greater part cures the opportunity of making "What do you mean by preachof the work of all denomina- suggestions as to sanitation and ing without my permission?" tions; this was followed by four of asking for reports on the Don Jose replied that the law days of conference – review of number and nature of the con- gave him perfect liberty to the past, evaluation of the pres- tacts made at each lodge. Cam- preach. "Oh," said the coment and plans for the future. paign evangelists make regular mandant, "you know more than visits to the lodges to help the I do." "No," responded Don Cuban Pastors' Conference lodge keepers make our Lord Jose, "you know that as well as known to the travelers, and then 1." The commandant hunted for Last winter Cuban pastors follow up prospects in their the jail keys. Don Jose told him called a meeting of representa- homes. Well located lodges are he would not run away, but the tives from every church organ- operating in s eve r a I places. keys were found and the doors ization throughout the entire Re- Since its opening in March the locked, and five guards placed in public to form an association of San Pedro house has been the charge! The faithful worker evangelical ministers and work- means of reaching 171 Indians sang hymns and read his Bible. ers for the purpose of promoting with the Word of God in direct In the morning he was released cooperation am 0 n g religious personal evangelization. and ordered not to preach, but to groups. Foreign missionaries leave town. Don Jose made no were invited to attend, but it was A Steadfast Indian promises, but went out and sent in every sense a distinctly Cuban a telegram to the President of movement. Plans are made to Work among the Cakchiquel the Republic, asking if he had a put this into effect throughout Indians of Guatemala was men- right to preach the gospel. The the six provinces of Cuba dur- tioned in the REVIEW some time reply came quickly and read as ing the next year. ago. About 100 preaching cen- follows: "You have liberty to ters are now estaollshed, and a preach the gospel as long as -Presbyterian Banner. Bible school has trained 25 grad- peace is not disturbed." uates. The quality of the con- "Over Night Lodge" verts is apparent in the story of Eventually,arrangements were Don Macario, evangelist. Some made for public meetings; at the The Guatemala News indicates years ago a man knocked at his first, twelve persons accepted the possibilities in a work called door about midnight. When Christ. "Flop Houses for Indian Tran- Macario opened the door he was sients." Migrant groups of In- struck with a machete which al- -Moody Institute Monthly. dian laborers and their families most severed a cheek bone from huddle around their little camp his face. He was taken to the White Ribbon Mission Work fires at night along the road- hospital at Antigua and after a sides, or in the public squares of few months returned home, Missionaries find that the the towns. The dirt floors of the healed but with disfigured face. Woman's Christian Temperance open thatch roofed sheds along He began preaching in his home Union is the right hand of the the highways are often very and a mob of several hundred church in many foreign lands. damp and always vermin in- tore down the house. But he has fested. .Even in the towns the the Indian persistency. The In Japan alone there are ten corridors of the public buildings house was rebuilt, and eventually thousand women members of where the Indians sleep on the the town ceased opposition to this brganization, and thousands brick paving are exposed to the him and his preaching. About of young people and children in fury of the elements and afford 125 worshipers assemble at his the various branches. Twenty little in the way of shelter. Ex- home every Sunday. thousand men are united in the haustion may induce a few hours masculine Temperance League, of disturbed slumber despite the -So S. Times. largely as the result of the efnight life of bugs, rodents, dogs; forts of the W. C. T. U. As a but between two and four o'clock Open Door in EI Salvador result of their activity, a law was in the morning the cold becomes passed in Japan a number of so pentrating that the migrants For some time special prayer years ago forbidding minors to are glad to be up and going. had been offered for Cabanas, smoke or drink. There are three with its population of over temperance periodicals-one for Christian evangelists have in- 66,000. men, one for women, and one for stituted the over-night lodge children. Besides the direct war which has become largely self- About a year ago a colporteur, against alcohol, tobacco and supporting. A Christian family Don Jose Escamill,a, made a drugs, members have attacked in charge does a simple lunch passing visit to Jutiapa, a town the social evil most vigorously, counter business which provides of over 3,500. The military com- have established rescue homes, for a part of their own table.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

two women's homes, hostels for and conditions in these homes has also a much improved rev- have shown improvement almost enue. On the other hand the factory girls, a sailors' resort, immediately. Methodist Society shows a deand a social centre, all of which ficiency of £ 5 8 , 0 0 0, but its is testimony to the fact that -Flora E. Strout, Rio de friends believe it is only a tem- Christians realize that social Janeiro. porary deficit. evils are among the greatest hindrances to the progress of the EUROPE Calvin Anniversary Gospel in Japan. Youth's Mission to Youth The summer of 1936 will wit- In Singapore, the W. C. T. U. ness a great pilgrimage to established child welfare work, The twenty-fourth anniver- France by American Presbyand in the exhibitions temper- sary of the National Young Life terians, Scottish Calvinists and ance always has a prominent Campaign of Great Britain members of Reformed Churches place. Colombo, Ceylon, has a brought out the fact that this in all parts of the world to comcounter-attraction to the saloons movement is definitely passing memorate the 400th anniversary in a large working man's resort, from the experimental stage, and of John Calvin's "Institutes of where three hundred men gather is becoming a strong evangeliz- Religion." It was in August, each day for the classes, lectures, ing agency. During the years 1535, that Calvin, then only 26 games and delicious refresh- since the War the N. Y. L. C. has years old, dedicated to King ments. In India, Egypt, Pales- developed in various ways, such Francis I, of France, his vigtine, in every place where the as the additions to headquarters orous exposition of the Christian Gospel is preached, the W. C. staff, voluntary evangelists, the faith. From March 15 to April T. U. assists in conquering the missIonary service and training 15 the French National Library social enemies of men, women fund for helping young people will feature a Calvin exhibition and children. to enter missionary service. of manuscripts, books and other Churches are according in- documents. There will be Cal- In 1894, the W. C. T. U. was creased recognition of the value vin memorial celebrations in born in Brazil. In 1925, it was of its service. other cities than Paris, notably reorganized under the name of Noyon, his birthplace, and Ge- UnHlo Brasileira Pr6-Temper- The number of actual cam- neva, Switzerland, where he anc;a with some of the most intel- paigns in the past year num- spent most of his life. ligent women in Rio de Janeiro bered fifty-seven, beside those on the national committee. It carried out by teams from the -Missions. influences all sorts and condi- London School of Evangelism tions of men even. For the last and a Liverpool team of young Russia Rediscovers Values three years during the carnival men doing similar work in their spare time. The income for the That a new Russia is emerging season, Government has not per- year showed an increase of £500. from the Soviet chrysalis apmitted anything stronger than The most encouraging feature is pears to some observers. Signs beer to be sold to the people on the increasing zeal for evangel- are multiplying that she is trekthe street and only allowed wine ism of the members themselves. king back to the safe and sane and champagne to be served There are now more than 300 principle that the family is the with food in the clubs. This who have entered either the min- corner stone of civilized society, year gambling was added to the istry or the foreign mission field and one of these signs is the prohibitions. since the War. fact that "Romeo and Juliet" may now be played in Moscow During temperance wee k, Increased Mission Funds theaters. Says the Boston Tranthere are talks over the radio, script: "People won't play at bemoving pictures on scientific For the most part the leading ing robots forever. They've got temperance, essay and oratorical missionary organizations 0 f to have music and novels and contests. The barracks are not Great Britain show increased in- plays and fairy tales and relionly open to talks at this time, come for the past year. The gion. The rulers of the Soviet but their own doctors give the London Missionary Society re- are, little by little, retreating soldiers and police accurate in- cords an increase of £6,324 in from their earlier position; they formation in periodical lectures. contributions during the past fi- are beginning to recognize that nancial year-the first increase man cannot live by bread alone." The schools are always open to after seven years, during which temperance propaganda, and the the income has been going down. Crowded churches last Easter, pupils become temperance mes- The bulk of the increase is from without consequent molestation sengers to their homes. So in- personal donations, but contri- on the part of government, seems formation grows and the results butions from the churches have to show that hostility to religion are little short of miraculous. increased as well. Baptists re- is weakening. Children who had port a £5,000 increase. The lately been rewarded for betray- In a very poor district, where C. M. S., which keeps its total ing their parents to authorities much of the poverty is caused by cash receipts together, has an must now be taught to honor drink, the children have carried increase of £51,654. The S. P. G. their fathers and mothers. information concerning the evils of alcohol with the result that cachac;a (national whiskey) has been banished in some instances

AFRICA fore next meeting of the confer- out how the cinema can best be ence three years hence, to evan- used as an instrument of adult Moslems Copy Christians gelize effectively the whole of education and recreation adapt- the large areas in their care; so ed to the needs and mental equip- Mohammedans are seeking to that it could be reported that ment of the African. African emulate Christianity in doing for every village and hamlet, even Missions have much to gain by the blind similar work to that every isolated farm or com- the success of this project, which being done in Egypt by medical pound, in these areas had re- should furnish them with a new missionaries. A note in Al Ah- ceived the Gospel. The growth instrument to use in their work. ram reads: "Students of the of opposing forces was the im- Specialists' Department of the pelling motive. South Africa Sunday-School Higher Training College at Shu- Association bra have formed a society for The question of one African combating blindness and in- Church for Nigeria has faced the Wayside Sunday schools are structing the blind. They ap- Conference for some years, and a prominent part of the work peal for the blind to be sent to it was agreed that the most carried on by the South African them." helpful course to follow in the National Sunday-School Associa- meantime would be to develop tion. In Port Elizabeth there Visit to Algeria among the Christians the con- are now thirteen such schools sciousness of unity that already with an enrolment of 7,000 chil- Rev. W. L. McClenahan, of exists, and to that end it was de- dren each Sunday, and in Cape- Egypt, writes of a visit in Al- cided to hold spiritual life con- town there are five with an avergeria, covering about 1,200 ferences, and to publish a Chris- age attendance of 400. One waymiles with a view to assisting in tian periodical in Hausa, which side Sunday school in Port Elizathe work of evangelization, to would give accounts of work and beth has gone so far as to hold a gain further knowledge as to the blessing all over the field, thus service every Sunday afternoon needs along that line so as to promoting the sense of oneness for Indian women, another conhelp in prayer those already on in Christ Jesus. ducts a wayside Sunday school the field; also to furthering in- on Saturday afternoon which has terest on the part of those who Twenty-seven delegates from an attendance of sixty or seventy might themselves go out and give six societies were in attendance. white children. Noon day lunch a hand in the work. meetings of Sunday school teach- -The Christian. ers is another feature of the As- "One thing that attracted our sociation's work. attention," says Dr. McClena- Motion Pictures for the Bantu han, "was the simplicity of the -The Presbyterian. methods used by missionaries in The International Missionary their work. The contacts they Council's department of Social F have with the people are ob- and Industrial Research has just tained through open-air markets, embarked upon an experiment to WESTERN ASIA visits in the homes, classes for provide good cinema films for women and children, and in a Africa, with the help of a grant Sabbath Observance in few places 'homes' for children from the Carnegie Corporation Tel-Aviv and hostels for lads. In no case of New York. I believe have they entered to Tel-Aviv in Palestine is the any large extent into the field The first step will be the pro- only one hundred per cent Jewof education and medicine. Be- duction of films performed by ish city in the world. Sharp difing in a section of 'the land of native actors, the subjects of ference of opinion and practice the Vanished Church' the mis- which will relate to life and with regard to the religious obsionaries there are in a some- scenes familiar to the African. servance of the Sabbath apparwhat different position from that Some will deal with such prac- ently exists among the Jews of those in most Arabic-speaking tical subjects as improved meth- there, for recently riots took countries, where there are an- ods of poultry keeping, cattle place in the course of which, accient Christian communities, and raising, etc.; others will relate cording to the Jewish Daily Bulare thus able to work along to culture and a few will be pure letin, several persons were insimple, New Testament lines in comedy. The films will be shown jured. Orthodox Jews, it seems, the planting of churches." to selected Bantu audiences to paraded the streets on the Sab- discover the appeal made by dif- bath, and began to break the -A Thirsty Land. ferent types of pictures, and windows of all Jewish shops will be accompanied by a talkie which were open. They inter- Far-Reaching Decision commentary produced by syn- cepted taxis containing Jewish chronised gramophone records. passengers with the result that At the triennial Conference of street fights broke out requiring Missions in Northern Nigeria, The fullest possible coopera- the intervention of the British held recently at Miango, a reso- tion of the missions and govern- police authorities. In commentlution was adopted, urging that ment departments (Native Af- ing on this disturbance Jewish all the societies in the northern fairs, Education, Health, Agri- writers point out that on the Provinces should endeavor, be- culture, Veterinary) is being whole Jewish youth in Palestine sought in this enterprise to find

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

is antireligious. The orthodox established Evangelical Church of Bible Motor Caravan Jews are particularly indignant Iran. over the fact that Jewish youth The British and Foreign Bible in Palestine carryon sport ac- The Assembly rejoices to welcome Society has des i g ned and tivities openly on the Sabbath. to the fellowship of the Evangelical equipped a motor caravan which Church throughout the world, this new is to tour India, and possibly 'I'he Plight of the Assyrians church of Iran so largely the product Ceylon, selling Scriptures and of the work of the missionaries of the generally forwarding the work The Assyrians of Iraq (Meso- Board of Foreign Missions of this As- of the Society. The van carries potamia) are Christians – un- sembly . . . and assures the Church a large stock of Scriptures, seleceducated it is true, but profess- of its affection and prayers, and trusts tions of which are attractively ing to be followers of Christ in that by God's blessing the most glori- displayed behind glass panels in spite of persecution. Groups of ous days of Christianity in past cen- the side. There is s'eating ac- Assyrian Christians have fled to turies may be surpassed by the service commodation for f 0 u r passouthern France, Syria, Iraq and and faith of this new Church in Iran. sengers, in addition to the driver, elsewhere and most of them are and a sleeping berth for use living in dire poverty. The On August 19, 1934, was held when necessary. It is also European office for International the first meeting of the United equipped with a gramophone, Church Aid – in Geneva – is Evangelical Church of Iran. and a magic lantern for showing seeking to help these groups. The moderator of the Church, as slides on the Life of Christ and Some camps have been provided he took the chair, called upon the the work of the Bible Society. for Assyrian widows and or- delegates to keep clearly in mind Later it is hoped to include a phans in Iraq but in the villages that the one purpose of the meet- portable cinema outfit. Two or north and south of Mosul, 35,000 ing was the advancement of the three months will be spent in are living in misery. Few lands Church of Christ in Persia. each main language area workare willing to receive them. The ing in close cooperation with Universal Christian Council has On August 23d, the date of the local missions and churches. been trying to find a new home closing, a communion service The initial tour began in the for these people – in British was held, exactly 100 years to Madras Presidency in January Guiana-but there the climate is the day, since Rev. Justin Per- of this year, and during the two unsuitable. Western Christians kins arrived in Tabriz under the and a half months spent in the should not rest until this prob- appointment of the American Tamil country over 10,000 Scriplem is solved. Board of Commissioners for ture portions were sold. Foreign Missions. The service, PROF. ADOLPH KELLER. therefore, was a fitting close of -Dnyanodaya. the century. The sacrament To Beautify Holy Ci.ty was administered by one or- The Literacy Problem dained missionary and one or- Announcement is made of a dained national. The past and India's illiteracy problem is "five-year plan" to make Jeru- the future were thus joined. colossal, nearly 92 per cent of salem as beautiful as in the days her people being unable to read of the ancient Hebrew kings. INDIA or write. During the last ten The municipality of Jerusalem years the rate of increase in lithas obtained a half-million dol- Boycott of Hindu Gods eracy in India is one per cent. lar loan to aid in launching a Taking into consideration the program of civic improvements. At a Harijan Conference last rate of natural increase of the The funds are to be used in pro- population also, one is not sure viding a park system and for the April, a delegate, in moving a whether the net result of progimprovement of sanitary condi- ress in literacy is not in fact tions in the city. resolution to the effect that the progress backward. Even at the present rate of one per cent in- Evangelical Church of Iran Harijans of Hyderabad State crease in ten years, it would take 920 years before illiteracy can The Presbyterian General As- should strive their utmost to be removed from India. Only a sembly took the following action very small percentage of public at its meeting in Cincinnati in eradicate untouchability from revenue is available for mass May: education. Hinduism, declared that there The General Assembly has learned -Christian Century. with joy of the establishment of The was "a ID;'eaningless superstition Evangelical Church of Iran with its Poona's Colleges independent Synod and three presby- among Hindus that if an unteries, and has been happy at this ses- Poona has the reputation of sion of the Assembly to approve the touchable entered a temple, the having more colleges than any transfer of the Presbytery of Eastern other city of its size in the Persia, heretofore connected with the god in the temple would be pol- world. Its, population in 1931 Synod of New York and with the Gen- was 250,000. What has been eral Assembly of the Presbyterian luted, and he advised them to Church in the U. S. A. to the newly boycott such gods as were pol- luted by their touch."

The Conference also exhorted Harijans to eradicate drink and other evil customs. It was re- called that the Nizam's Govern- ment had already ordered the prosecution of those who offered girls as devadasis to goddesses, and that they should help the Government by reporting such cases. ' -Dnyanodaya.

described as India's premier non- some' terse statements which ters of the Han and Yangtze official educational institution, summarize the progress made, Rivers. Fergusson College, is also in with Christian missions the es- Poona. Its jubilee occurred last sential element: Northern provinces also con- April. The influence it has in tinued struggling to imprison modern India is indicated by the Has the best government which she the raging waters of the Yellow fact that during the fifty years has known since the founding of the River, "China's Sorrow," as it of its existence about 70,000 Republic in 1911. roared headlong to the sea, students have received their edu- crushing its barriers to engulf cation there. The Deccan Edu- Forty thousand miles of new roads immense districts of farmlands. cation Society is the parent of have been built in the last five years. this college; it also sponsors an- The report from Red Cross auother Arts College and four high Broad avenues have been cut thorities in Hankow combined schools in Poona. through the poverty-ridden sections of with reports from neighboring many of her cities. areas indicate uncounted thou- -Dnyanodaya. sands of Chinese who have per- "Clean-up campaigns" have im- ished in the Han and Yangtze Jubilee in Western Tibet proved the sanitation of a host of floods. towns and villages. The remoteness of western Government authorities an- Tibet from the civilized world The railroads, telegraphs and mails nounced that five northern provdid not prevent its inhabitants grow daily more efficient. inces of China have been devasfrom joining other loyal British tated, leaving about six million subjects in celebrating King Increasing education is lifting the people homeless. George's Silver Jubilee. Kye- moral tone of the people. lang, a Moravian Mission Cen- Ohinese Ohild Welfare ter, has never known an occa- The "New Life Movement" is stimsion comparable to it.. Early on ulating many reforms, such as the at- The first national Child Welthe morning of May 6 the Chris- tack on the opium trade which has fare Conference was held last tians assembled in the church taken place in many provinces. October, with 134 delegates from for a thanksgiving service, while 14 provinces in at ten dan c e. the Buddhist clergy met in their Although numbering only one Branch associations have been monasteries to read passages in a thousand of the population, organized in Peiping and Luanfrom their scriptures which they the Christian group has supplied hsien, and plans are under way thought would be appropriate. an astonishing proportion of the for one in Nanking. The secre- The c e Ie bra t ion included leadership of the co u n try. tariat handled 123 cases of child speeches from the missionary Fifty-one per cent of the college protection. In June, 1934, the and the headmaster of the Gov- graduates listed in Chi n a's Association attempted to proseernment Middle School, parades, "Who's Who" are the product of cute a professional dancer for various competitive sports, bon- Christian schools and colleges. cruelty to a six-year-old adopted fires and native costume dances. daughter. Although the court Everybody was out to enjoy him- A Year of Opportunity found the defendant guilty, it self, and did. Unlike many of was compelled to waive jurisdictheir social functions which de- Two years ago the Honan tion, as the Association lacks the generate to orgies of lust and Mission of the United Church of right to prosecute in accordance drunkenness, there was not the Canada opened a small hospital with the present criminal code. slightest trace of these vices in Taokow. During the first The Association therefore has during the two days' rejoicings. year 5,443 treatments were petitioned the Juridicial Yuan registered; the total cost being for this right to be given to child The people here, living under $3,206 Chinese currency, of welfare bodies. the administration of the British which $1,521 was received in Government, are more world- fees, the balance being taken The Shanghai Child Welfare aware than their compatriots in care of by Canadian friends. Clinic treated 12,344 patients; other parts of Western Tibet. Over 700 flood refugees were 1,818 children were given free The medical, educational and cared for the past two years. In baths; 1,611 children particimilitary activities of the Gov- addition, 52 expectant mothers pated in health club meetings; ernment, not to mention the in- from refugee camps were cared nurses made 414 calls on pafluence of the mission, have re- for, and every baby saved. tients at their homes. Since sulted in an understanding of the Schools were organized for teen- March 1, 1934, 4,654 cases were influx of Western ideas. age boys and girls from these handled in extension medical camps. From one point of view, clinic work. A child tuberculosis -Moravian Missions. the flood has been a blessing; section has been erected at the these sufferers have come under Ching Chong Sanitarium at OHINA influences they would otherwise Kiangwan. have missed. There are some Evidences of Progress 2,000 villages in the Taokow April 4th was widely observed field. -Honan Quarterly. as Children's Day, and 1935 is The American Board, under to be a Children's Year. the title, "China Changes," gives More Deaths by Flood -Chinese Recorder. In July reports from China stated that 30,000 bodies of flood victims had been assembled in the Hankow area alone. This indicates the toll, taken in Cen- tral China by the receding wa-

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Through Eye Gate in Hong port shows how, at Yungkang, to send him as a Christian the aim of creating self-support- worker. He found a native hut Kong ing churches is being realized. in a splendid location near the Seven years ago the missionaries market, where he has been wit- Mr. H. Lechmere Clift of from Yungkang went home un- nessing for Christ ever since." Hong Kong, sees a unique op- able, for health reasons, to reportunity there, both of attract- turn. The Mission agreed not In another center a Christian ing the indifferent and of help- to send resident missionaries Annamese opened a barber shop ing missionaries. In a letter to there again, but to ask the work- in the market center, and wit- The Life of Faith he says: _ ers in Kinhwa to render what nessed to every customer who help they could. For one'or two came for a haircut. He gave his For years my dream has been to years not much happened, and home for a meeting place, and have a book-shop in the very heart of there were very little signs of thus a strong evangelistic center the business section of Hong Kong. progress. By and by, church has been established. The show windows of the shop are to leaders saw that they must have large open Bibles in English, either shoulder their responsi- -The Call. French, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, bility and throw themselves into Urdu and Chinese. Passengers of all the work, or face the possibility Religious Life at Nanking nationalities here change their ships of its discontinuance. Men and University and come ashore to see the sights. women voluntarily went every- where preaching and teaching, W. Reginald Wheeler writes of On the mainland itself, in the thick with the result that the church progress in the religious life of of Kowloon's residential flats, we al- has gone forward by leaps and Nanking University. All chapel ready have such a shop: and the bounds. Eight or nine new cen- service and classroom religious books, pictures, posters and open Bi- ters have been opened, and this instruction is on an elective bles attract the attention of the year 97 adults have been bap- basis. crowds of Europeans, Americans, Por- tized. All expenses are met by tuguese and Chinese passing by. Then church members. There has been a subsidence of the there are throngs of tourists and we anti-Christian attitude of previous could reach them also. Some hun- -China's Millions. years, but there is much still to be dreds of pounds a year would be re- done and won, and the battle is not quired to run such a shop. It would The Cambodia Field an easy one, either for Christian stube not a paying business from a com- dents or faculty. Those who choose mercial point of view, but a spiritual Mr. Jeffrey, of the Christian the Christian way of life have enenterprise: not bringing in monetary and Missionary Alliance, says gaged in a real conflict "and there are gain, but saving immortal souls, and that the past year's results in many adversaries." Here is a student proving a marvelous witness in a French Cambodia have been who had decided to become a Chrisgreat city given over to money-mak- most gratifying. The previous tian and be baptized. He comes from ing and pleasure. year had seemingly been the a family of wealth and influence. darkest in that field, but work None of his family are Christians; his China Mission Losses was established in four new father learns of his contemplated step places last year ; at Prey Nop, and the boy is compelled to drop out Missionaries and missionary center of a large district; at of this Christian University and go enterprises in China lost heavily Kampot, capital of the province; to a government institution. Here is in the failure of the American- and in two villages; in each another student, with a shining face, Oriental Banking Corporation place the way was opened un- to whom I am instinctively drawn. and allied companies last May. expectedly. "We were refused After class he comes to me and says: This enterprise was promoted by permission to open a chapel in "I want to be a Christian. How do Frank J. Raven and was known Prey Nop," says Mr. Jeffrey, you be a Christian?" The boy has as a "missionary bank" since it "but one day we drove out there had a difficult path since that decision, catered to missionary patronage. in company with some of our but he has stood firm and has been The China Weekly Review, Cambodian workers. As we baptized into the new faith. Such ex- Shanghai, says: "Not only have traveled along, we felt led to periences are both a challenge and a mission organizations suffered stop the car in the shade of the reward. potential losses on invested forest for a season of prayer. funds from $3,500,000 to $5,000,- While we prayed, one of our In the faculty there has bepn real 000, but thousands of individual workers broke down in tears, religious activity, though we still have missionaries scattered over the and in prayer offered himself to far to go. During the year two "reinterior have their retirement, God as 'a living sacrifice' for the treats" have been held; one in a home-vacation and educational opening of the work in Prey picturesque Buddhist temple. Seventy funds locked up in these enter- N op. Although a Bible school of the faculty, Chinese and foreigners, prises. . . . One of the maj or man and well versed in the met in this temple. During- the sinl!'- casualties of the Raven bank- Word, he was willing to go there ing' of one of the hymns an old Budruptcy was the American Epis- as an ordinary farmer, since the dhist monk made his way to the altar copal Mission which has ap- Government would not allow us in front of an image of the Buddha proximately $700,000 tied up in and placed a single stick of burning stocks and bonds of the defunct incense there, as if afraid this new companies." religion might displace the worship of one who had lived and taught cen- Self-Support Achieved turies before Christ.

The following extract from the MISCELLANEOUS China Inland Mission annual re- A Survey of Progress Canon Stacy Waddy, Secre- tary of the S. P. G., visited the

United States on a world trip to Cases arrested without defor- (b) Golden Rule observance of visit Anglican mission fields. mity, i. e., symptom free. . .. 1,054 Mother's Day, He reports steady progress in many places, notably the estab- Cases arrested with deformity 359 (c) Religion and Welfare Recovery lishment of a new diocese in Program. West Africa known as the Gam- Of the remaining patients bia. Further progress is indi- some became worse, or station- 3. Allocation of relief and welfare cated by increase in numbers, ary, and a considerable number funds as grants-in-aid to instituconspicuously in D 0 rna k a 1, left or died; 704 of the cases ar- tions and agencies recommended where 12,000 were baptized in rested without deformity were by the Committee on Research the year and where an assistant, discharged and 126 of those ar- and Survey. Bishop Elliott, has just been pro- rested with deformity. In addivided to aid Bishop Azariah in tion upwards of 6,900 lepers 4. Administration of Trust Funds for the enormous work of that dio- were treated as out-patients. Philanthropic Purposes. cese. -Without the Camp. Each year the program be- Looking to the future, Canon comes more practical, varied, far Waddy points out two factors in GENERAL reaching and strategic. Among missionary procedure, not new the 1935 objectives are: Feeding but of great significance. One The Bible Needs No Witness the hungry, healing the sick, reis migration. Races and groups lieving the underprivileged in of people have always moved In a letter to the New York neglected areas, development of about over the face of the earth, Times, Dr. J 0 h n Hay n e s self-help, character building and acting as carriers, such as the Holmes recently offered a pro- religious and welfare recovery. Jews, the Tamils of South India, test at the representation of the and, particularly at the present discovery of porcelain archives, Dynamics vs. Mechanics time, the Chinese. There are almost 3,000 years old, as "of said to be some eleven million vast importance in corrobora- It is evident from the present Chinese outside China. Where tion of Bible stories." "Are we conditions that the primary hitherto the Church has worked never to learn," asks Dr. Holmes, problems of our day are in the in places, it now moves out to "that the Bible is itself a first- realm of dynamics, rather than work along lines of communica- class historical document, or col- in the realm of mechanics. The tion. There is also the increas- lection of documents, which no need of the hour is not more ing importance of printed mat- more needs confirmation than knowledge, but more action; not ter. To quote only one instance, Thucydides or Tacitus? . . . more campaigns, but more consenew ideas are p e Ii e t rat i n g Instead of saying that these cration; not more statistics, but throughout the Moslem world by archreological deposits in Pales- more spirituality; not more means of printed matter, and the tine confirm the Bible, why not councils, but more cooperation tremendous possibilities of this say that the Bible confirms these with the Holy Spirit. are seen especially in the fact deposits? It is the 'porcelain that printed matter can pene- archives' just unearthed that There is no dynamic power in trate among Moslems in lands need authentication, not the Christianity that has not staked that missionaries are still for- Biblical text. I count it high its very existence on belief in the bidden to enter. Other oppor- time that we drop our subcon- Holy Spirit. Without this the tunities, for active personal work scious suspicion of the Bible and Christian Church will be timid and for the use of printed mat- accept it without reserve for when it ought to be courageous, ter, are offered by the pilgrimage what it is-one of the most pre- bewildered when it ought to uncenters which are visited by cious and trustworthy records of derstand, stagnant when it ought thousands yearly, especially in human history now in possession to be alive. Belief in the Holy the Orient. of the race." Spirit means that the Christian Church is called to dare great Some Leper Statistics Golden Rule Foundation adventures and take tremendous risks. Only when the Christian Returns received from 50 dif- The Golden Rule Foundation, Church essays the impossible ferent stations in fndia, China, does it give God a chance; only Korea and Africa where the Mis- incorporated by special act of the when it achieves the impossible sion to Lepers maintains, or aids does it prove that the Holy Spirthe work, show the results of Legislature of the State of New it is not merely a theological leprosy treatment during the proposition but a living reality. year: York, March 29, 1929, seeks to It is not learning, or wealth, or organization, or equipment that Patients under treatment for serve the American public as "a will enable the Christian Church not less than three months .. 9,157 to conquer the world; it is ac- people's foundation," rendering tual belief in the Holy Spirit. If Number of above who slightly we would silence our theologic·al improved …………….. 2,800 to the average citizen a service controversies, our ecclesiastical rivalries, our counsels of expedi- Number much improved …… 2,772 which includes: – ency, our clamor for money, we might again "hear what the 1. Investigation of appeals as to rela- Spirit saith to the churches" tive need, efficient administration, more clearly than we hear Him and strategic importance. today. -John McDowell.

2. Stewardship education and stimula- tion of increased giving by pro- motion of: (a) International Go 1den Rule Week,

Missionary

Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information I===============================I~ Outline of Buddhism, C. H. S. Ward, The discussion of Nirvana will devoted uncompromising, con- sistent, loving, self-sacrificing pp. 149, % net. The Epworth Press, be found interesting and illumi- Christian parents. Here too we see (under God) hope for the umdon, 1934. nating. The author summarizes future church and the mission- ary enterprise – not in highly- This little volume is one of the very well the various views held trained specialists, but in well- Great Religions of the East se- educated youth who are "born ries, edited by Eric S. Water- of the Buddha's' concept of Nir- again" and who truly "seek first house, M.A., D.D. It has been the Kingdom of God and His said that he knows not England vana. righteousness." who only England knows. The same may be said of Christian- The book is well written and John and Betty Starn would ity. To understand Christianity have made their mark anywhere. it is necessary to understand well documented. It will be use- Betty had rare gifts as a poet other religions. The struggle of and writer and John was a Christianity with other religions ful for classes and study groups musician and trained for busiis not in the past, but it still is ness, but these and other gifts ahead of us in the future. At and should prove helpful to those were made to serve the cause of present nationalism and com- Christ. Here is a true romance, munism loom large, but the fun- who are at work in Buddhist a tragedy in human eyes but a damental attitudes of Buddhism triumph of faith and love. will have to be faced by thinking lands. The careful definitions Youth will find in this story the people. essentials to stimulate ambition, and exposition are valuable at courage and devotion. Buddhism is one of the universal religions. It must be un- present when so many ideas are Christian Realities. By Robert E. derstood by Christian mission- Speer. Pp. 258. Price, $2.50. Flemaries. This volume has for its presented in the name of Bud- ing H. Revell Company. New York. object the discussion of the type of Buddhism found in the Pali dhism. LEWIS HODOUS. In a recent sermon Dr. Fos- Pitakas and what is easily de- dick made a strong plea for realducible from them. It does not The Triumph of John and Betty ism in thought in religion: deal with Mahayana Buddhism. Starn. By Mrs. Howard Taylor. While this limits it to the Bud- 127 pp. 40 cents, paper; 75 cents, Pleasing sentimentality, wishful dhism of Ceylon, Burma and cloth. China Inland Mission. Ger- thinking, idealizations, comforting Siam, the book will prove of val- mantown. 1935. faiths; satisfying optimisms-these ue to those who are working in are the devils of the new generation. countries where Mahayana Bud- The main facts as to the mar- Nothing will do today except realism. dhism is practiced. tyrdom of John Stam and his wife, Elizabeth Scott Stam, at In the realm of theology, for ex- The aut h 0 r takes up the the hands of the Chinese com- ample, the liberals are being soundly sources of our knowledge of the munists last December, are al- trounced nQW by a group of men who Buddha and his teaching. Then ready well known. The wonder- call themselves realists.. The trouble he gives an account of the Bud- ful preservation of their three- which the realists find with the liberals dha's life. This is followed by a months-old "m ira c I e" baby, is serious. Against the background of Helen Priscilla Stam, has also the old theology, with the wrath of God discussion of Buddha's teach- become famous in the annals of and the fear Qf hell in the ascendency, ing and the order of Bud- mIssIOnary history, but this the liberals reacted to the opposite exdha's disciples. A sketch of the brief story of the early life, edu- treme. They ceased being grim and historical development of Bud- cation, missionary call, courtship became sentimental. dhism and a discussion of Bud- and two years of service in China dhism as a religion conclude the will be new to many. It is fold He goes on to say that when main part of the book. A selected by a very highly skilled and men become sentimental "they list of literature and an index of spiritually sympathetic b i 0 g- streamline their theology to renames and subjects complete the rapher. duce wind resistance."

volume. Here is a thrilling and deeply The present volume deals hon- significant story of two young estly and intelligently with reali- lives who II y consecrated to ties in the realm of Christian Christ and his service. As we read we see that consecrated parents can definitely count on h a v i n g consecrated children. The five Scott and the eight Stam children are all definitely Chris- tian and active in Christian work or preparing for it. Here we find the secret in united, sympathetic, Any of the books noted In these columns wlIl be sent by the REVIEW publishers on receipt of price.

[445 ]

thought and life. In his book a great book with a great mes- for a building for Colored men "The Finality of Jesus" Dr. sage for our own day. and boys. It is a remarkable Speer presented a strong apolo- fact that this offer should have getic for the Christian faith- S.M.Z. come from a man of another the Deity of our Lord, and the faith; but it clearly indicates the unchangeable character of the I Am a Chrj,s,tian. By Jesse R. Wilson. value which a man like Mr. Christian message. In these ad- Pamphlet. 25 cents. Student Vol- Rosenwald placed upon the work dresses, taken down as they were unteer Movement. New York. 1935. of the Y. M. C. A. His deep delivered, the emphasis is not on seated sympathy for the strugdogma, but on life. The unreal Today students and youth gen- gling Negroes of our country in the realm of fact is myth, but erally wish not only theory but however has been shown in many in the realm of conduct it is in- practical experience as a basis other practical forms of helpfulsincerity and hypocrisy. The for faith. Clear cut testimony to ness which never can be forgotfirst chapter answers the ques- such ideas and experience are ten. As a result of the offer just tion, "What is Christianity?" what the Secretary of the Stu- mentioned 25 Y. M. C. A. and two Dr. Speer says: dent Volunteer Movement gives Y. W. C. A. buildings have been us in this pamphlet, but the basis erected in cities like New York, We believe in an objective deliver- is Jesus Christ, the Son of God Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washance wrought on Christ's Cross and in and only Way of Life. Being a ington, Chicago, St. Louis, Los a living Presence, and we will not be Christian involves for Mr. Wil- Angeles, etc. Weare sorry to confused or misled, nor caused to doubt son at least four things: A note that only two (Atlanta and or deny. We believe in a Life rthat Christian experience, faith, phi- Dallas) are found in the deep was here and that we have seen at losophy of life and hope for the south, where most of the Negroes work in the world, and that we know world. These four essential eleto be here now; and that it works now ments he sets forth, explains and reside. in us, in the lives of 'men and women illustrates in f 0 u r chapters. Among other matters treated whom we know and love, and in whom They are simply and clearly and through whom we have seen God stated, practical and true and is the distinguished war service in our time in Christ. will be helpful, especially to in- rendered by Dr. Moton, Max telligent youth who are seeking Yergan and others, and Mr. Yer- In a following chapter the au- light. gan's later efforts for the stuthor presents from a personal dents of South Africa. The auangle what Jesus Christ means Life on the Negro Frontier. By thor in the closing chapters tries to him and does for him. Other George R. Arthur. 259 pages. $2. to face modern difficulties and chapters are entitled: "The Es- Association Press. New York. problems, and through a quessentials of Christian Disciple- tionnaire sent to the Rosenwald ship"; "The Perils of Being a This title gives no inkling of aided institutions to discover Christian"; "Living in the Care the fact that the purpose of the methods for their improvement. and the Will of God"; "Finding book is to portray the work of One's Self." The strongest of the Young Men's Christian As- R. M. LABAREE. the seventeen chapters, in our sociation among Negroes. The opinion, is that on "The Gains of author claims (and we think that Apolo, The Pathfinder-Who Fol- Conscious Unattainment." It is he is correct) that the large cities lows? By A. B. Lloyd. Illus. 12 heart-searching and heart-re- create for the Negro many of the mo. 68 pp. 1 s. Church Missionvealing. conditions which formerly pre- ary Society. London. 1935. vailed on the far western fron- As a matter of fact, the best man tier-the large number of new Apolo wa-s an African canon never does his best. That was the arrivals, many of them young of the Church of England-a agony of the life of St. Paul; he never men and women; the sudden s t ron g character and a true realized his ideals. He looked back break from old home ties and Christian who worked among the over his life, and always found some- conditions; the resulting demor- pygmies. His story is unusually thing that he had not succeeded in do- alization in manners and morals. impressive and shows the true ing. It is because of this similarity results of Christ's work in an that he justifies his title "Life on African heart. This converted Dr. Speer's theology does not the Negro Frontier." and educated African went as a include perfectionism. As we missionary into the trackless might expect, the last four chap- The Treatment of the subject forests of Pygmy land, worked ters deal specifically with the is largely historical and descrip- with his own hands as a pioneer missionary enterprise and tell of tive, showing the conditions un- pathfinder and prepared the way an adequate Gospel for the need der which the Negroes live, the for further advance. This is the of the whole world, of areas in origin and leadership of the Col- third book about Apolo. Read geography and in life still un- ored Y. M. C. A. work, and more the fascinating story and you claimed for Christ, of the present especially the most interestIng will agree with Bishop Willis of and stimulating support of it Uganda who says: "As truly as task that faces the Church, and given by Julius Rosenwald of Christ lived in St. Paul, so truly, of the undiscourageable convic- Chicago, when in 1910 he made if to a less conspicuous degree, tion that the missionary enter- the offer to give $25,000 to any He lived in Apolo of the Pygmy prise will not fail, but will come city in the United States which to glorious -I'ruition. Altogether would raise an additional $75,000 forest."

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

The Conquest of Cannibal Tanna. By philosophy. After completing 1. Let the approach be unequivo- A. K. Langridge. Illus. 8 vo. 199 cally religious. pp. 2 s. 6 d. Hodder & Stoughton. his theological course at Prince- London. 1935. ton, he spent sixteen years as a 2. Let every Evangelical Christian missionary in Peru where he learn to think Eurindian (a synthesis The New Hebrides Islands of founded the Anglo-Peruvian Col- of European and Indian elements). Melanesia were made famous by John G. Paton whose thrilling lege. As a side issue he became 3. Let there be a profounder apprestories of missionary adventure a professor in the University of hension of Christ crucified. have captivated thousands. Now San Marcos, Lima and lectured the secretary of the John G. for seven years under Y. M. C. A. 4. Let the new Christian communi- Paton Mission briefly reviews ties be educated and equipped for servand continues the story. It was auspices in many cities in Mexico ice. nearly 100 years ago when the and South America. Besides his first Christian missionary ven- 5. Let the new frontiers be adetured among the fierce cannibal books in Spanish, his "The Other quately manned. islanders. John Williams was Spanish Christ," has given him murdered in 1839. Sam 0 a n wid e reputation as an inter- 6. Let all contacts between the Christians volunteered for serv- preter of Latin American in- Americas be Christian. ice in 1854 and many lives were sacrificed. Godless traders and tellectual, social and religious 7. Let us face the full implications raiders made the work much conceptions. This study is more of being Christian. more difficult. popular in sty I e but equally Those who read this illuminat- John G. Paton and his young worthy of careful reading. ing study will have a new underwife landed on Tanna in 1838. Dr. Mackay shows the two standing of Latin Americans and The story of his work is well the problems and opportunities known. Before he died fifty Americas and their peoples in that confront evangelical misyears later medical work had sionaries. The good index is a been started, a Church had been striking contrast. Latin Amer- help and the carefully selected built and the work was formally icans strongly dissent from the reading list invites to further established. In 1922 over 500 study. natives partook of the commu- U. S. A. habit of monopolizing nion. The story is deeply im- the name "American." To them India Calling. The Memories of Corpressive but would be more sat- "The Other America" is of much n~lia Sorabji. Wus. 8 vo. 308 pp. isfactory if the last twenty-five 12 s. 6 d. James Nisbet & Co. Lonyears of the mission had been greater importance. The vari- don. 1935. pictured with greater complete- eties of climate and physical feaness. tures are compared with the Born in India of high class, e d u cat e d Parsee parents, That Other America. By John A. characteristics and forces that brought up in intimate contact Mackay, Ph.D. 8 vo. 214 pn. $1 00. mark the people, their upheavals, with Hindus and Moslems, later Friendship Press. New York. 1935. educated in England, a cultured, ide a I s and institutions. Dr. widely traveled Christian lawyer Latin America is the topic for Mackay is especially illuminat- -such is Dr. Cornelia Sorabji foreign mission study this year ing on Latin American traits. who gives us the very readable (1935-6). Geographically it in- The chapter on their "Dawning story of her life, with intimate cludes the immense continent of pictures of India and her prob- South America (with 10 repub- Vision of God" is illuminating. lems. She reveals not only the lics and three colonies, besides The people have been clouded in influences that molded her own Panama and British Honduras) , life, but takes us behind the Mexico and the Caribbean Is- the past-by materialism, hu- scenes in India as only a woman man philosophy, false religious could-a pioneer woman lawyer teaching, and the failures of -lifting the veil to disclose the pleasures and sorrows, the hu- many professed Christian lead- mor and the tragedies of India's ers. As a result agnosticism and women and children. atheism have captured the intel- lectuals but there is growing evi- dence of the power of Christ to transform life and this is having its effect. Many examples are given.

lands. The variety of languages, The work of evangelical mis- Miss Sorabji studied law in climate, races and the political sions is presented, especially as Oxford, became a barrister and and religious problems make it it is today. Limits of space for- a doctor of laws, and has traveled essential that someone with a bid a detailed account of the mis- widely in Europe and America, clear head, and a knowledge of sion work in the different coun- addressing large audiences. Her the whole, shall bring order out tries but examples are given to friends include some of the most of chaos and point out the main show some of the methods, diffi- notable people of three conti- factors, forces and trends. culties, trends and results. A nents. She comes of an unusu- Dr. Mackay has produced a notable piece of work is that of ally talented family. Her father, very valuable study book, based Dr. George P. Howard, a pioneer Sorabji Kharsedji Langrana, on a clear Christian philosophy, evangelist in many parts of the who became a Christian at peril full of concrete facts and en- continent. In presenting "The of death, was a notable man of riched by personal experiences Challenge to Christian Action," property and standing; her and illustrations from Spanish- Dr. Mackay makes a strong ap- mother was a remarkable and American life. The author is a peal which he develops in seven beautiful w 0 man greatly be- Scotchman and an honor man in points: loved; one sister married Dr.

Pennell, the British missionary reform was to ignore the need The Responsibility of Success. By physician. of the Afghan Fron- for reform. It was put into Dr. W. Wilson Cash, Prebendary tier; another sister, Susie So- words by one of my charming of St. Paul's and General Secretary rabji, was the founder of the St. progressive Indian friends: 'Let C. M. S. 92 pp. Price, $1 or 1 shilling. Church Missionary So- Helena School for girls in Poona. them come into the open and take ciety, London. 1934.

There is a charm, intellectual what we have or die without.' In September, 1934, at Swankeenness and sterling character The new way is legislation- wick, a vital Conference was held by officials, members and about the Sorabji family that is compulsion to renounce the ties reproduced in this book. A true that bind. It has not succeeded. friends of the Church Mission- . . . The way for which I plead ary Society-a conference on the sense of value, touches of humor, state of the work and the prokeen insight and high ideals is, shortly, an understanding gram to be laid out for its ad- heart. . . . The emancipated make the narrative stimulating vancement in view of an acand fascinating reading. The have themselves been brought to cumulated deficit of 100,000 the place where they stand, not pounds and still falling receipts. seven girls and one surviving by compulsory legislation but by boy (two died in infancy), were The C. M. S. was founded in personal conviction based on edu- 1799, and its grave problem now brought up by English tutors, on cation. Only, their progress has is to care for the success which English nursery tales and with been rendered easy by the initial has come to its work under the English discipline and Christian cleavage with ties of their re- blessing of God. Lagging or ideals, but they lived in Indian ligion, where these ties remain, style and were obliged to learn failing work can be dropped is not a different rate of progress without concern, but when an the languages, literature and cus- indicated ?" toms of the people among whom they lived. Thus they were truly Something Happened. By Mildred enterprise is on the very edge of Indian in the best sense. When Cable and Francesca French. 11- great achievement how can it Cornelia Sorabji was only eight Ius. and map. 8vo. 320 pp. Frederyears old she determined to study ick A. Stockes Co. New York. 1934. be dropped or restricted? "The Church of God can never budget law in order that she might help Evangeline French was a ven- for retreat." Dr. Cash has forceher Indian sisters out of some of turesome, independent child, oft- fully described the present situatheir many troubles. She kept en in danger, full of life and tion in this small book. that aim in view and how she hard to manage. What took her realized it in a remarkable de- into the interior of China, as a Illustrations of the Bible from Pergree is told in this narrative- missionary, ready to travel hun- sian Life. By Annie Rhea Wilson. with many fascinating incidents, dreds of miles by mule cart and Pamphlet. 44 pages. 15 cents. the training in law at Oxford-a cam e I, suffering continuous Sold by the Board of Foreign Mispioneer worn a n student who hardship and privation? "Some- sions, 156 Fifth Ave., New York. broke all precedents-presenta- thing happened" to her and to 1935. tion at court, contacts with Eng- Francesca French and Mildred lish nobility and conversations Cable. What it was is told in this The Orient, especially the with members of Parliament. very captivating story of the Near East, throws much light The incidents about noted per- childhood, youth and later years on Bible history and the cussonages are many-some of them of these three interesting wom- toms and figurative language of too much in detail or too scrap- en. Each of the trio heard the Bible times. Mrs. Wilson, durpily told, and others with charm- call to China and went out under ing her life in Persia as a mising completeness. Her two vis- the China Inland Mission. They sionary, gathered many facts its to America are passed over were the heroic stuff out of and incidents that interpret lightly, with little detail. which true missionaries are Bible passages in a charming made and were full of faith and and illuminating way. She But the most effective part of devotion. Here is the story of knows her Bible as well as she the narrative is perhaps the training for service, at home; of knows Persia – customs and story of her actual forty year's their lonely pioneer days in the costumes, names and titles, symwork for her Indian sisters-the far northwest of China. There bols, similes and metaphors, are purdah women, who could not see they spent years of adventure, all paralleled and briefly illusa man lawyer face to face, and and fruitful service in stormy trated by pertinent facts, poems who needed some one to defend Shensi, working among Tibet- and incidents. For example them and to protect their prop- ans, among Buddhist pilgrims in she throws light on swaddling erty rights. Dr. Sorabji also is Sinhiang, among bandits cross- clothes, vows, ornaments, doora pioneer in social service for In- ing the Gobi Desert, and among keepers, water-jars, breaking dia's women and by Indian wom- Europeans on the Russian bor- bread, feasts, kissing, almsgiven. In c los i n g Dr. Sorabji der. The story is full of gripping ing, prayers, fasting, "evil eye," writes: incidents and reveals spiritual salutations, leprosy. She also illustrates symbolical language "The problem is how to lessen life and power at work in and -the door, the vine, the lamp, the shepherd, the Lamb, the cup. the gulf between the orthodox through these messengers of the This pamphlet whets the appe- tite for additional facts to illus- Hindus and the few thousand progressives. The old way.of Cross. It is worth reading. trate Bible truths.

i[bt 1Sing'~ 1Jju~int~~

ASTHMA aDd SUMMER COLDS are UDDec….ry. published by Complete r.li.f only $1.00 postpaid. Nothing .Ise to buy. O••r 40.000 HOLFORD'S WONDER INHALERS BIBLE INSTITUTE OF LOS ANGELES sold 14st year alone~ Mail $1.00 today for full,euon'. relief to THE DANDEE CO., 252 HENNEPIN AVENUE, A monthly Bible Family Magazine with something in it MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., or write lor Fr•• Booklet. jor every member of tbe family circle New Books I SSUED for twenty-live years without interruption. THE KING'S BUSI- NESS has consistently represented the best thought of the funda- Around a Mexican Patio. Ethel L. mental Christian churches of the nation. In addition to its Smither. $1.00, cloth; 75 cents, paper. 120 pp. Friendship Press. interesting contributions by leading teachers, evangelists and pastors, New York. 1935. it prints every month several valuable departments, including: An Christian Youth in Action. Frank W. Herriott. 169 pp. $1.00, cloth; 60 International Lesson Commentary, Notes on Christian Endeavor, Daily cents, paper. Friendship Press. New York. 1935. Devotional Readings, Girls' Query Corner, Junior King's Business, and Chaos in Mexico. The Conflict in Helps for Preachers and Teachers. Trial subscriptions (3 months) 25c; Church and State. Chas. S. Mac- Farland. 284 pp. $2. Harpers. Annual subscriptions $1.50. The following premiums are at present New York. 1935. available free with annual subscriptions: a teacher's Bible, a copy of Eight Things That Matter. W. Graham Scoggie. 64 pp. 6d. Pick- lamison'S Bible Chdrt, or a copy of ObjectJ that Talk dud Tedch, con- ering & Inglis. London. 1935. taining 52 new and interesting object lessons. The supply of each of The Fine Art of Soul-Winning. Wil- liam Wistar Hamilton. 109 pp. 60 these premiums is limited, so order at once. cents, cloth; 40 cents, paper. Bap- tist Sunday School Board. Nash- Address: ville. 1935. rrbe 1&ing'5 18usineS5 Der Heilige in Dem Chinesischen Klassikern. Gerhard Rosenkranz. 558 South Hope Street Los Angeles, California 188 pp. M 9.80. J. T. Hein- richs'sche Buchhandlung. Leipzig. Gold Coast Methodism. The First Outline Chalk-Talks on the Spiritual 1935. Hundred Years, 1835-1935. Arthur Life. Abdul-Fady (Arthur T. Up- E. Southon. Illustrated. 158 pp. son). 38 pp. Nile Mission Press. I Am a Christian. Jesse Wilson. 25 Is. and 2s. 6d. 1934. Cairo. 1935. cents. Student Volunteer Move- ment. New York. Japan in Crisis. H. E. Wildes. 300 Die Rechtliche Stellung Christlicher pp. $2. Macmillan. New York. Missionen in China. Dietrich Huse- Into All the World. A. J. Brown and man. Carl Heymann. Berlin. 1935. John D. Freeman. 60 cents. Sun- History of Palestine. Th ~ Last Two day School Board, Southern Bap- Thousand Years. Jacob deHaas. These Sixty Years. The Story of the tist Convention. Nashville. 1935. 523 pp. $3.50. Macmillan. New Keswick Convention. Walter B. York. Sloan. 114 pp. 2s. 6d. Pickering Keeping Our Balance. Eva Taylor. & Inglis. London. 1935. 80 pp. 25 cents. Cokesbury Press. The Color Problems of South Africa. Nashville. 1935. Phelps-StokeS Lectures, 1933, deliv- Some Old Testament Parables. J. ered at the University of Cape Stuart Holden. 128 pp. Is. Pick- Forty-five Years in India. Memoir Town. Edgar H. Brookes. 237 pp. ering & Inglis. London. 1935. and Reminiscences of the Very Rev. 48. 6d. Paul Kegan. London. 1934. Principal Mackichan. Edited by The Triumph of John and Betty. David Williamson. 126 pp. 58. The Buddhism of Tibet, or Lamaism. Mrs. Howard Taylor. 127 pp. 75 Nicholson and Watson. London. L. Austine Waddell, 2d Edition. Il- cents, cloth; 40 cents, paper. China lustrated. 646 pp. 258. Heffel'. Inland Mission. Philadelphia. 1935. SA.fPUiS OF OUR SliNDA Y SCHOOL punucA.nONS, Cambridge. OR YOUNG PEOPLE'S DIBLF. STUDIES SE~l fREE O~ REQUEST Joseph Wolff. His Romantic Life A Pageant of Asia. A Study of Three and Travels. H. P. Palmer. 222 Civilizations. Kenneth J. Saunders. pp. 78. 6d. Heath Cranton, Ltd. 248 pp. $2.50. Macmillan. New London. 1935. York. Winning the Border. Una Roberts Faiths Men Live By. John C. Archer. Lawrence. 160 pp. Home Mission 497 pp. $2.75. Nelson. New York. Board, Southern Baptist Conven- tion. Atlanta. 1935. Lowell and Abigail. A Realistic Idyll. Mary Dillingham Frear. With Christ in Soviet Russia. By 325 pp. Privately printed. Vladimir Ph. Martzinkovski. Illus- trated. 12mo. 364 pp. 5 shillings. Lupita. A Story of Mexico in Revo- Nile Mission Press. Jerusalem. lution. Alberto Remhas. 180 pp. 1933. $1.00. Friendship Press. New York. 1935. Our Korean Friends. Frederick S. Miller. Illustrated. 8vo. 191 pages. Off to Panama. B. H. Pearson. 217 Fleming H. Revell Co. New York. pp. 35 cents. Harry Harper, Agent. 1935. Los Angeles, Calif. Waiting for the Coming. .John T. Over the Mexican Border. Hewitt Mawson. 12mo. 124 pages. 2 and Thomas. 138 pp. $1.00, cloth; shillings. Pickering and Inglis. 75 cents, paper. Friendship Press. Glasgow. New York. 1935.

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i; + T It What Do You Know About Those Other Americans? If TT i, ~ THE south of the United States of North America lie other "The ; tf l:}United States." There are sixteen republics, besides a number of colof t f nies, and island dependencies. More than 100,000,000 people who live there , are different in many respects from North Americans and yet they are kin. fT IT They include descendants of Anglo-Saxons, Portuguese, Spaniards, Indians, •t Negroes, Orientals and many mixtures. Most are nominally Roman Catho- It lics but millions of them are atheists or pagans. ','

Why should we send missionaries to Latin Americans?

'Ii Who are these people, and what are their customs and beliefs? How If II many Protestant societies and missionaries are working among them and what are the results in converts, churches and the transformation of society? I'

THE NEXT NUMBER OF THE REVIEW Ij . W ill deal w~thd fithlisd fashcinatin.g. sulbject-Ithedrevol.l~tions, thde.t~ansforhmations, It the unoccuple e s, t e po1lhca , mora an re 19lOUS con ItlOns; t e transi t formations that are taking place; stories of how the work is conducted. + I ! OUR LATIN AMERICA (OCTOBER) NUMBER !! Ii+ The Latin American Republics Religious Trends in Spanish America By MARY WILHELMINE WILLIAMS By JOHN A. MACKAY i t. Some Unevangelized Areas The Influence of the Printed Page i I+•I By JOHN RITCHIE +, By H. C. TUCKER Attitudes of Governments Toward t• Religious Liberty The Living Church in Latin America I, By C. S. DETWEILER By KENNETH GRUBB t. ReligiousHEducation in Latin America The Indians-Pagan and Christian I I•'. By UGH C. STUNTZ t + Emerging Latin American Youth By JOSEPH A. DAVIS Union and Cooperation in Latin i By S. FRANKLIN MACK t f+~ Next Steps in Evangelization America I•.. By RALPH E. DIFFENDORFER By WEBSTER E. BROWNING it I, The Gospel for Latin Americans Best Books on Latin America By EDWARD H. HAYMAKER By SAMUEL G. INMAN + There will also be series of sketches of outstanding evangelical Christians, stories of t I notable misisonary work, an article on "The Progress of Women in Latin America" and I,: "Spanish-American Views of Evangelical Work." : ORDER NOW It ~J Single copies, 2S cents $20 per hundred +t The Missionary Review of the World ………….. i if t; …………………._.. ._.T_.h_ir_d_a.n_d.R_ei.l_y..S.tr.e.e.t.s.,.H~_ar_ris._bu_rg_, _Pa…….~_ t

The Missionary Review of the World — September 1931

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CANADIAN OBITUARY PACIFIC •••••••• TO TIlE BISHOP WILLIAM BENJAMIN BEAU- World'. OG…..R… T.i…£…. n.,….r.. CHAMP, president of the Board of Missions and Superintendent of the Tenth Episcopal District of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, died June 28th.

Please mention THE MISSIONARY REV'IEW OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers. MISSIONARY PERSONALS REVIEW OF THE WORLD DR. TOYOHIKO KAGAWA of Japan is in America and his engagements are as fol- DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor lows: From July 27th to August 9th he was attending Y. M. C. A. conferences in CONTENTS-September, 1931 Toronto and Cleveland. August 10th-12th he was in Chicago, Ill., at the Divinity SPECIAL HOME MISSION NUMBER School, University of Chicago; Septem- ber 1st-7th he is booked for the Earl Page Lectures, Pacific School of Religion, MAP-FRONTISPIECE …….•……. Berkeley, California; September 8th- 12th he will be at Oakland, Calif., at "'VHERE THE UNCHURCHED A1IER]~ Mills College, and September 16th-20th CANS LIVE,l' in Portland, Ore., at Reed College. On September 26th-28th he goes to Oberlin, RELIGION IN AMERICA – WHITHER? Ohio, to give three lectures in the Grad- uate School of Theology and October Sth- ••……..••••• HU(}H rTnOhlAS KERR 645 10th he is to give the Shaffer Lectures at the Yale Divinity School. Then, Oc- HOW A CITY WAS EVANGELIZED …. tober 14th-16th, he returns to Toronto, •••••••••••• SAMUEf. SHOEMAKER, JR. 651 Canada, to lecture under the joint aus- pices of School of Missions and Foreigu EVANGELIZING YOUNG MEN OF DUB- Mission Boards. LIN ••••••…••.• REGINAI,D WALLIS 657 *** THE CHALLENGE OF HOME MISSIONS .•••••..•……… E. D. KOHLSTEDT 661 PROFESSOR W. C. WILLOUGHBY of the Kennedy School of Missions, Hartford, WHERE ARE THE UNCHURCHED Connecticut, has retired from work in the AMERICANS? ……………… . school and returned to England with ……•••.••. E],]ZAnETH R. HOOKER 667 Mrs. Willoughby. He has rendered a distinguished service to Africa and to UNSOLVED PROBLEMS IN HOME MIS- the missionary enterprise during his SIONS …•. , .• HERMANN N. MORSE 673 twelve years as Professor of Missions in Africa. The Trustees of the Foundation HAS THE DAY OF THE COUNTRY granted him the degree of S.T.D., and CHURCH GONE? •.• MALCOLM DANA 679 made him professor emeritus.

CAN AMERICA ENDURE WITHOUT RE- LIGION? …..•••. JOHN McDow",,!, 6R4 AMERICA AS SEEN BY AN ORIENTAL ••..•…••..••.•••…••. PAUl, AUH 687 METHODS F'OR WORKERS ………. . PROFESSOR ANDREW F. HENSEY, who …………… MRs. F. 1. JOHNSON 690 has recently returned from the Belgian Congo, has taken up the work of Prof. WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN BUL- Willoughby in the Kennedy School of LETIN . . . . . . . . • . EDITED BY HELEN Missions. He was formerly a member M. BRICKMAN AND Fr,oRENCE TYLER 692 of faculty of the College of Missions in Indianapolis and is a member of the WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK •••.••.••… 698 Royal Belgian Commission for the Pro- tection of Natives in the Congo. Recently BOOKS WORTH READING .•…..•..• 713 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Geo- graphic Society. TERMs'-$2.50 II year. ($2.00 In clubs of five.) Foreiga postage, 50 cents. Single copies, *** 25 cents. Published monthly. Copyrighted, 1931, by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COM· CARLTON M. SHERWOOD is new General PANY, INC. All rights reserved. Secretary of the International Society of Christian Endeavor, elected at the Gold- THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING en Jubilee Convention, San Francisco, 'in COMPANY, INc. which ten thousand young delegates par- ticipated. President Daniel A. Poling ROBlDllT E. SPEER., President called Mr. Sherwood "the field marshal WILLIAM I. CHAMBERLAIN, Vice-Pre8ldent of a new advance," for the enlarging program of this Christian youth move- DJ:LAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary ment. Goals in evangelism, worship, W ALTIIIQ ~IcDoUGALJ., Treasurer membership, tithing, Christian citizen- Publication Omce, 3d & Reily Sts., Harrisburg, ship, church unity, and world peace form Pa. 2Gc a copy. $2.50 a year. the basis of the new program of 80,000 societies in the churches of more than Editorial and Business Omee, 1M Fifth Avenue, 80 denominations. Mr. Sherwood is a native of Buffalo, N. Yo, and became New York City president of the Christian Endeavor Union of that city at the age of eighteen. Entered as Becond~clnsB matter a.t the Post He served actively on three fronts in the . Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Act of March World War and upon the signing of the ·S, 1879. armistice became reli~ious work director at Flag Hut, Brest, France. On returning to the United States, he was for CHARLES G. HURLBURT, of the Unevanseven years general secretary of the New gelized Africa Mission, died March 21st. York State Christian Endeavor Union. He was taken ill in French Equatorial Africa, was brought to Aba Station and *** from there to the South Congo where he died. MRS. BURL T. SCHUYLER, M.D., a medical missionary of the Presbyterian *** Church to Ambala, India, has been THE REV. JOHN HUNTER STEARNS, awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind gold medal member of the Council of the Inland in recognition of her outstanding medical South America Missionary Union, died at Torrington, Conn., in May. He was work in India, especially the leper asy- also connected with the National Bible lum in Ambala. . Institute.

*** * ** ROBERT E. LEWIS, for many years gen- THE REV. GEORGE S. MINER, D.D., reeral secretary of the Cleveland Y. M. tired missionary of the Methodist Board C. A., is sailing for China in September, who had spent 37 years in China, died where he will become personal adviser to the Chinese minister of foreign affairs, .. .. . July 3d, at Houston, Texas. Dr. C. T. Wang. Mr. Lewis served in China for years as secretary of the inter- MRS. ADAM J. MARTIN, a Presbyterian national committee of the Y. M. C. A. missionary located at Burity, Brazil, died During his secretaryship a young Chi- June 26th while on furlough to this coun- try. Mrs. Martin went to Brazil in 1918, nese returned from Yale with a Ph.D., and was engaged in educational work at the Presbyterian Mission Farm School. and entered the service of the Y. Within a few years he was general secretary for >I< .. .. China. Later, he entered government service. Today he is foreign minister. DR. RUTH PEABODY HUME, who had Thus Dr. Lewis, who retired from active served as a medical missionary in India service in the Y two years ago, goes for twenty-six years, died June 3d in New Haven. She was sixty years old, a back to China to advise the same Chinese descendant of missionaries for two genwhom he inducted into his career early erations on both sides of her family. She in the century. China will be well served was a daughter of the famous Dr. Robert by the new adviser. A. Hume and was born in Ahmednagar, India, in a house built by her grand- *** father, the Rev. Ebenezer Burgess. Dr. Hume was a graduate and representative THE REV. C. M. LACEY SITES, Meth- of Wellesley College and was director of odist missionary at Kutien, Fukien, the American Hospital for Women and Children in Ahmednagar, under the China, was captured by bandits on July American Board of Foreign Missions. 12th and released July 16th, upon representations by the U. S. Department of State.

*** DR. ARTHUR HENRY LIMOUZE, pastor COMING EVENTS of Northminster Presbyterian Church, Columbus, Ohio, has been elected to the September 9-14-NATIONAL B APT 1ST position of Secretary for Promotion of CONVENTION, Atlanta, Ga. the Presbyterian Board of National Missions, an office left vacant by the death September 16-N A T ION A L COUNCIL, of Dr. Robert S. Donaldson last Febru- PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, ary. Dr. Limouze takes up his new Denver, Colo. duties September first.

*** September 23-24-COMMITTEE OF REFER- ENCE AND COUNSEL, FOREIGN MIS- DR. ADELAIDE WOODARD, missionary of SIONS CONFERENCE OF NORTH AMERthe Presbyterian Church at Fatehgarh, ICA, New York, N. Y. India, has been given the Kaiser-i-Hind Gold Medal in recognition of her serv- September 28-30-INTERDENOMINATIONices. Dr. Woodard has long been on the AL MISSIONARY INSTITUTE, conducted missionary field and she is the physician by the Philadelphia Federation of in charge of the Memorial Hospital at Churches and the Women's Interde- Fatehgarh. nominational Union of Philadelphia and Vicinity, Philadelphia, Pa. OBITUARY NOTES October 6-11-INTERNATIONAL CONVEN- THE REV. JACOB L. HARTZELL, Presby- TION OF DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, Wichterian missionary from Prae, Siam, died ita, Kan. in the Presbyterian Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pa., on June 14th, while on fur- November 15 – AN INTERDENOMINAlough. Mr. Hartzell went to the field in 1912, and engaged in evangelistic work TIONAL MEETING OF MEN TO COMin Prae, Nan and Lampang. At Lam- MEMORATE THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANpang he was principal of the mission Boys' School NIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF THE LAYMEN'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church'

New York. ' ~ Old Level Are•• _ Grazing Regions _ Mountain Sections ~ Cut-over Districts ~ Dry-Farming Regions Us ed in uHi nterlana8 oj the Ohuf'ch/J by EUzGbcth R. Hooker.

SOME OF THE REGIONS WHERE THE "UNCHURCHED AMERICANS" LIVE

LIV, No.9 September

RELIGION IN AMERICA-WHITHER?

BY THE REV. HUGH THOMSON KERR, D.D., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Former Moderator of the Prcsbyteria,n Church in the U. S. A-.

PROBABLY the C h r i s t ian realm of science or industry. We Church is more vital, more have produced no great school of influential in America than in theology. Here we follow rather any other part of the world and than lead. Weare still looking yet nowhere does it so much reflect across the seas for light and leadage-old traditions and hark back ing. to ancient inheritance. The Roman Catholic Church looks across It is impossible, moreover, to the sea to Rome. The Protestant think of religion in terms of na- Episcopal Church has its eyes to- tionality. The tides of truth and wards Canterbury, and what is error wash the shores of all nations done at Lambeth finds a response and know no tariff or racial barin every American diocese. Prot- rier. The currents of religious inestantism has its roots in Germany terest and apathy sweep around and Geneva. Presbyterianism fol- the world and there is as much lows the star that arose over difference between situations in Switzerland and Scotland. In a different countries as there is bereal sense the trends of religion in tween sections within the same America were largely determined nation. What is true of religion in long ago and in other lands. America is also true in England and Australia, in China and Cana- Nevertheless North America has da. Four distinct trends in the restamped religion with her own ligious life of America may, howspirit. Its creeds and customs re- ever, be suggested. flect the interpretation of the Scriptures in other lands and other I ages but a new direction has been given to religious activities and A spirit of restlessness charac- America has discovered new appli- terizes our American religious life. cations of the everlasting Gospel. Here religion has the stamp of A recent writer has said that American efficiency, American or- there is in all our life today "a ganization, American publicity, secret and subtle sense of ill-ad- American initiative. Perhaps it justment." This sense of ill-adjustwould be within the truth to say ment is seen in the restlessness of that we have not made the exten- all classes of our social order and sive contribution to reI i g i 0 U s in the irritability which has come thought that we have made in the upon rich and poor. In the words of General Smuts "Humanity has struck its tents and is on the 645

march." We are not sure where any change will reach and remedy the we are going. Neither are we sure unrest among our ministry, unless we would know the goal if we there be a fresh recognition of certain reached it. basic facts. Ours is a ministry of holy things. There it! no place in it for a This restlessness characterizes the ministry of the Church today man who seeks merely temporal rein a marked degree. It is not nec- wards. He who desires fortune or essary to champion the cause of ease or fame should take some other long pastorates in order to find a path. But to the minister of Christ it is given to walk in the way they opened substitute for ministerial unrest who walked with Him in Galilee. To for it is quite possible to have a such a minister it is given to warn series of short pastorates and to sinners, to comfort saints, to preach the acceptable year of the Lord. There possess a quiet heart and a restful are some ancient words of our Consoul. It is not necessary either to fession of which we who bear the decry the low financial return and office of Christ's ministers need often economic pressure under which to be reminded: "The grace of faith, ministers labor for it has been whereby the elect are enabled to beproved beyond a doubt that rest- lieve to the saving of their souls, is the lessness in the ministry does not work of the Spirit of Christ in their spring from this source. A leading hearts, and is ordinarily wrought by and clear thinking Bishop of the the ministry of the Word: by which Episcopal Church stated recently also and by the administration of the Sacraments and prayer, it is increa·sed that in his diocese with 124 clergy and strengthened." This is our holy only eleven are stilI at work in work, this is our high privilege, this ministry of the Word by which faith their parishes after a period of is born and built up. If it must be twelve years. In a Presbytery of done with difficulty, we can remember 29 churches only one minister re- that He also found difficulty. If it be mains at his task after a period of poorly recompensed, neither did He ten years.

The cause of this unrest must be have at times where to lay His head.

sought ben eat h the surface. The King's Highway of the Holy Cross Thomas Carlyle said, "Blessed is is not a smooth road and easily travthe man who has found his work." eled, but it leads to an assured end. If this is true of the ordinary daily toiler, how inestimably true it is of And the further fact is that difthe minister of the Gospel. It is ficulties often fade as a man resolutely faces his task in prayer and reliance the work that rejoices the heart on the Spirit. Some of us can look and feeds the spirit and not the back and wonder why we wanted to locality where that work is done. This spirit of unrest can only be change just then. By staying on pa- tiently we won that victory for Christ. Perhaps if we keep these things in understood when we interpret the mind there will be less need for the motives which draw men into the machinery we today devise. And there will be longer pastorates that shape ministry and keep them there. At through continuous years the life of a the recent General Assembly of the community for Christ and the things Presbyterian Church in the U. S. of His Kingdom." A., after an exhaustive examina- tion of this perplexing subject, the The spirit of unrest which char- report cqncluded with these arrest- acterizes the clergy lays hold also ing words: upon the Church itself. There We do not believe that any plan or never was an age when the words

RELIGION IN AMERICA-WHITHER?

of Jesus were more needed, "Come ric or'the life of the people, should unto me and I will give you rest." reflect the thought and spirit of Church people today want to be in- that people. This has always been terested. They want to be thrilled. true. The creeds of Christendom They crave in the Church the same reflect the thinking of the age in excitement they seek out in the which they were fashioned.The- world. Young people miss some- ology has always been colored by thing. They look on as those who the light and shade of the day are spectators. If the service does when the outline was drawn. Re- not sparkle, they tire. They are ligion cannot be an affair of the onlookers. They do not participate. cloister. It belongs in the arena.

They do not seek the discipline of We cannot build "a lordly pleasure- silence but the delight that comes house, wherein at ease for aye to through surprise, the thrill of dwell." If a choice must be made music, the rhythm of words. What between a religion that is in touch is required is a true appreciation with the newspapers and one that all of what religion means and of gets its inspiration from dead lan- what worship is. Not long since guages, let us by means choose at a great and impressive religious that which is in touch with life.

gathering the audience of over It is not, however, a choice be- three thousand paused for a period tween extremes, and there is little of devotion. The service of wor- danger that we will go to the dead ship was beautifully arranged with languages for our thinking. There song and responses, Scripture and is, however, great danger in taking printed prayer, all set out in a fine our religious convictions from the order of ritual. But in every min- newspapers. A newspaper is a ute of it there was activity and business enterprise and is not an there was evidenced a spirit of re- authoritative, ethical guide. It re- pressed restlessness. At the close flects public opinion and sometimes a lovely voice began to sing the public opinion of a very low order.

words, "0 rest in the Lord. Wait Public opinion, far from being the patiently for Him." The audience voice of God, may be the echo of at first was indifferent, then ar- the mob. The message of God rested, then captured, then it sur- often comes through a voice crying rendered and was quiet and in a in the wilderness.

deep hush the music ended, "0 rest We have frequent illustrations in the Lord. . Wait patiently for of this hysteria of imitation. Eu- Him and He will give thee thy genic societies and reform organi- heart's desire." The Spirit of God zations begin a pUblicity campaign had done His work and restless- about "birth control" Qr "compan- ness, like a bird of prey, took ionate marriage" and immediately wings. Religion will do its best the Church throws upon those sub- work for America when it brings jects the spotlight of debate and quietness to the troubled souls. controversy. Pastors organize fo- H rums for discussion and Church bodies issue deliverances and when The religious life of America re- they cease to become a newspaper flects rather than directs the con- novelty then religion loses interest science of our social order. in them. In the same way we have It is inevitable that religion, had a tidal flood of sermons and which is woven into the very fab- essays reflecting the confusion in

which psychology finds itself until versatile, more vital in America the vocabulary of some preachers than it has ever been. Even stais so weighed with words and tistics are on the side of the phrases that smell of the labora- Church. Its membership keeps tory that even an educated man pace with the tremendous growth who is not a specialist is lost in the of our population. Its money infog. One who has recently gradu- creases from year to year. The ated in the new Psychology or in 232,000 churches of America com- Religious Education considers the pare favorably with the 256,000 theologically trained minister in- public school buildings and the ancapable of understanding what re- nual Church expenditure is 4070 ligion is all about. In a recent ar- as large as the expenditure of all ticle a journalist in passing judg- our public school system. Across ment upon this. craze for modern- the continent new houses of wority says, ship are being built, drawn from plans prepared by the best archi- Publicity has become such an integral part of a minister's training that tects money can secure.* recently, when the Congregationalists, Presbyterians and the Greater New Nevertheless it must be admitted York Federation of Churches passed that there is an increase in the resolutions in the latter part of the number of good people who play week asking for an investigation of fast and loose with their Church New Y.ork City, a dozen ministers obligations. The evening service in changed their sermon subjects over- many churches has been brought night to the problem of "Civic Cor- to an ignominious conclusion. In ruption." many city areas the evening serv- ices in separate churches have been A great philosopher has said, abandoned for union services and "Religion is what we do with our even these union services require solitude" and in a real sense it stimulation. The summer services may be said that religion is at its in many churches, especially in the best when it stands apart and cities, are attended by a minority alone. It looks out from a watch- and the difficulty of obtaining outtower, it proclaims a Gospel, it standing preachers dUring the heralds the corning of a King, it summer season grows year by does not reflect public opinion, it year. We must not forget, howmoulds the thought of men and na- ever, that all through the land extions. It does not rehearse what traordinary services are being held men say, it issues a mandate. It which are crowded with Church does not get its commission from people from all parts of the counindustry or economics or sociology, try. It would seem, however, to be its commission comes from the a fair judgment to say that there Risen Lord. is an increasing irregularity of Church attendance on the part of III Church people themselves. Some- one has said, "There are as many The religious life of America is people going to church today as halting between two opinions con- used to want to go." There may cerning the Christia.n Church. °If there is any doubt on the subject the This is the paradox that char- doubter is recommended to look into a little acterizes modern religion. The volume entitled "The United States Looks at Church is more vigorous, more Its Churches," by C. Luther Fry, for evidence.

be truth in this half humorous de- know, except with a few extreme peofense, for the day of hypocrisy is at ple-very few now-there is no differan end and those who go to Church ence between the Church and the now go because they want to go. world; they are all eating and drink- ing on Sunday, and the younger people Certain influences have been op- are growing up without the fear of erating in the cultivation of this God. We shall have to cease preaching irregularity. It is not possible to on many subjects which are intereststate definitely what the influence ing and profitable, and devote ourselves of the radio has been. It has, how- to the elementary facts and appeals of ever, had some influence. Any in- religion. The Puritans made huge fluence, however, which it has had mistakes for which we paid at the in decreasing church attendance Restoration, but too much has been has been more than counterbal- made of those mistakes. The idea that anced by the good that has come in all Puritans were Philistines and faintroducing religion to man y natics is a vulgar error. John Milton homes that have had no part in the seems to me quite as great a man of church life of the nation. There is letters as any of our tootling little more, however, to be said concern- poets and dirty story-tellers who are ing the secularization which has soaked in debt and drink, and Colonel taken place· in regard to the ob- Hutchinson was as fine a gentleman as servance of Sunday. There have the peers who sponged on Hooley. been increasing inroads made upon the Day of Rest and the week-end IV habit has broken up the age-old customs of home and family life to There is a trend in the religious the detriment of church attend- life of America which is supremely ance. hopeful.

These changes have been going It is the note of spiritual exon for more than a generation. pectancy which one finds on every The War accelerated them. Thirty hand. We move forward like the years ago Dr. John Watson (Ian tide. If the tide is at the ebb then Maclaren), who knew life better we can have a feeling of confidence than most men said, that it will soon turn to flood again. This has been the history I am deeply concerned every day of the Christian Church. Religion about the life of pleasure and want of has always been characterized by seriousness among the young people a forward and a backward moveof our richer classes. They are read- ment. The history of the Christian ing nothing except the worst fiction. Church has passed through rhyth- They are "'pending their whole spare mic periods of depression. The time in pleasure, which is growing present era is different from many more doubtful every day. Sundayeve- such periods in the past because of ning is given to dinners and suppers, the fact that our age is conscious and the moral tone is getting very of its need and is openly chamlow. Things come under my notice as pioning the supremacy of spiritual a minister which would give any man values. cause for serious thought. It appears to me that if society is to be saved, Certain things have contributed and if the Church in especial is to do towards this recall of the Church her proper work, there must be a re- to the supreme things of the spirit. turn to the great Puritan idea of sepa- First of all there is upon the ration from the world. So far as I Church a sense of weariness, grow-

ing out of the mechanical era what we wait for in America and through which the Church has in the mission field, is firsthand passed since the War. It has been evidence that the Gospel is still a period of organization of effi- the power of God unto salvation.

ciency, of publicity, and above all of The crux of the conflict in which the raising of quotas and budgets. religion finds itself today may In the second place the con- be told in a story. A generation sciousness of w hat President ago Charles Bradlaugh was mak- Hoover called "a subsidence in the ing an attack upon Christianity moral foundations of the nation" in England and challenged Hugh has recalled religious people to ele- Price Hughes, who was preach- mental realities. It is not possible ing the Gospel and at the same to build the Kingdom of God upon time serving as a member of the legislation, no matter how neces- British Parliament, to debate with sary and beneficial that legislation him the truth of the Christian may be. When we have abolished faith. The challenge was immedi- the liquor traffic, done away with ately accepted and accepted in racial hatred, and eliminated war, these words, "The courts, as a rule, there is something else that is in rendering their verdicts, do not needed for it' will still remain true rely solely upon the arguments of that "Out of the heart are the the attorneys on either side. They issues of life." carefully scrutinize the evidence In the third place we have had offered by those who have first- time to gain a balanced judgment hand kilOwledge of the facts. I concerning Religious Education. will bring with me to the debate Religious Education scientifically that night, as evidence of the truth interpreted and pedagogically ap- and power of the Christian faith, plied cannot direct the conscience one hundred men and women who or inspire the soul. It is still true have been saved from lives of sin that except a man or a child "be by the Gospel of Christ. They will born again he cannot see the King- give their evidence and you will dom of God." be allowed to cross-examine them.

Other influences have been at I will ask that you bring with you work and have contributed their one hundred men and women who share in driving home the truth have been similarly helped by the expressed by Canon Streeter that gospel of infidelity which you "Nothing but the sober determina- preach." The debate was aban- tion, the quickened insight and the doned. The agnostic had no evi- disinterested devotion, due to the dence. The Christian had evidence.

permeation of society by some Evidence is never on the defensive, great and creative spiritual force, it is always aggressive, and when can avail to meet the situation. the spiritual expectancy which Veni Creator Spiritus. In those characterizes the Church today who really believe in God the ur- passes from hope to reality then gency of the need begets a pre- it will be said of the critics as was sumption that it will be met." said at the beginning: What is needed today is evi- "Seeing the man that was healed dence. When evidence comes, apol- standing with them, they could say ogetics becomes unnecessary and nothing against him."

A CITY WAS

BY THE REV. SAMUEL M. SHOEMAKER, JR.

Reotor oj Oa!varll Oh,woh, New .York Oitll M OST of our religious speak- It would be so easy to take a sub- ing and writing is an ex- ject like the one suggested to me by cursion into the desirable. the Editor of THE REVIEW, and to We let our minds play upon what deal with it on paper. All of us might be if all were ideal. We have can see, with the eye of untested got our people in the way of con- imagination, a round-table confer- fusing the desire for the ideal, with ence of the religious eminent, con- the building of it into life. There cerned for the state of religion, and are preachers who expound the coming together to lay great plans most noble truth on Sunday morn- for a city. Most of the churches ings, but are so inured to this cli- are represented. There is prayer mate of the unreal that they can and talk. Some look skeptical; go against their own teaching with- others are enthusiastic. A "plan"

in twenty-four hours and never is proposed. "Dr. Somebody from know they h~lVe done it! Hundreds the Tabernacle of Somewhere is a of them confuse sympathy for the great spiritual force; let us get evangelical point of view with him in for two weeks of great working evangelism; t~y know union services, and all forget our little of the painful progress of differences and combine to help persuasion which must take place him." There will be much public- in the lives of their people if the ity-pamphlets describing the aim admirable sentiments of the pUlpit of the mission, newspaper articles, are to become the sober programme surveys which unearth yet more of the pews. Many preachers are appalling facts as to our general frankly afraid to tackle personal American godlessness.

human problems, and to get the ob- Most preachers past fifty have structions out of the way. It is so sat on committees like that more much easier to have people say that times than one. The plan was car- they like what you said, when you ried out. A few were reached. The were talking in the absence of dis- city as a whole was unmoved. The agreeable and resisting facts, than taste lef~ in people's mouths was it is to persuade them to root those unpleasant, not because of tub- facts out, or reinterpret them in thumping methods or emotional- the light of a profounder experi- ism, but because the whole affair ence of Christ. All the complicated, did not get to first base with the difficult period of conviction of sin, people who most needed to be of criticism and fault-finding, of reached. The past twenty years are uneasy swinging between two op- strewn with the wreckage of inef- posite ideals of life, lie right in this fectual religious movements. They area of personal persuasion to began in a committee, continued in adopt the ideal, as over against lis- a campaign, and ended in a col- tening to it and being lapped in the lapse.

soft airs of its imaginary realiza- I am going as far as possible tion. from this airy evangelism, and tell 651

the actual story of how a city was pIe whom they were not reaching evangelized by a group of people. and drew them in.

And first I must say something Six months later came an invitaof the preparation. It was not by tion to bring a large team, and cottage prayer-meetings, or whoop- quietly, guidedly honeycomb that ing-it-up for an evangelist who was expected. It began in an individ- city for Christ. There was much ual. Three years ago a young Bap- prayer. There had been guidance tist business man went to the ordi- that it was the right time. The innation of a man who had found his vitation was sent to people far enough along to take real leaderspiritual life in the work of A First Century Christian Fellowship, or ship. Ninety of them came. They ranged from wealthy society people the Oxford Group as it is called overseas. The business man was to tradesmen and students. There was a Scotch woman who had run intrigued by the kind of life he saw in this minister and his for Parliament at home and who friends. He accepted this fuller had travelled to America for this interpretation of Christ for him- series of meetings; and an Oxford self. It carried him into the min- student. There was a distinguished istry. Presbyterian minister, for many years a missionary in China. There While he was at the theological was a young married couple from seminary, he made known to a few Rhode Island whose lives and home strategic people what had hap- had been completely changed by the pened to him to take him out of message three years before. There business and into the ministry. He was a young Episcopal clergyman worked by rightly-directed per- who had a perfect genius for win- sonal witness. And when a suffi- ning the confidence of boys and ciently large number of interested helping them to understand how people had been seen, he suggested Christ could help them with their that the group of spiritual friends problems. There was a New York who had so inspired him, might woman with a European title, send representatives to tell these whose whole existence had been re- interested people what they had made through finding that an old told him. Very quietly a dozen peo- friend of her husband had been ple were brought from seven or brought to Christ through the Fel- eight other cities-not all parsons, lowship. Pentecost saw no motlier not professional evangelistS-most- crowd in its human composition, ly lay people, mostly ·young. For and they met "with one accord in ten days they stayed in different one place." Each had somewhere houses, living out in their relation- been brought to a decision for ships the 'meaning of life surren- Jesus Christ in surrender, carried dered to Christ and guided by His through the early stages of learn- Holy Spirit. There were small ing to live by guidance from God, gatherings, quite informal, meet- helped to win others for Christ, ing at houses or churches. Several and learned the price and the ne- hundred people were touched; their cessity of full sharing fellowship sympathy and interest we r e with like-minded Christians. This aroused. The churches began to get means that there were ninety peo- wind of it. It reached a few peo- ple ready to function like a phalanx

HOW A CITY WAS EVANGELIZED

under God's Holy Spirit. There ties. Anyone could have dropped was a human leader, but he could out of this affair, and it would have not possibly have carried the de- gone along just as well. Here a tails of all the hours in the day of growing number of ordinary men all the workers who were there. and women of all ages and every Yct there was not a single bit of in- walk of life, are being raised up to dividual sharpshooting; we worked do a mighty work for God in this almost like one person, because generation. Some of us have a unity was there at the beginning. deep-rooted conviction that all the Noiselessly the members of this rich colors of original Christianity group slipped into town by train can not be shown to this age and motor. A church sexton in New York took several in his car, through the prism of one person- ality, but only through the complex and witnessed with great power in of a group of people with "a diverthe meetings. Some were quartered sity of gifts but the same spirit." with families; some stayed in ho- The logic of this is that one-man tels. There were daily groups for evangelism is at an end for the special interests: one for business time, and the new emphasis must men, one for women, one for girls, be upon a welded, sharing, guided one for boys, one for younger mar- group functioning unitedly.

ried women, one for ministers; Finance and Follow-up each was led by someone belonging How is work like this financed? in the group. There was daily Bible We believe simply that where God study. In the evenings we gathered guides He provides. If we were for a united meeting. This began really guided to have this mission, with 300 and ended with 2,500. then He was sure to take charge of The theme was not preaching nor the funds. Much of the money exhorting-just simple individual came from the leaders who travwitness to what Christ had done. elled at their own charges: and we As a result family tangles were un- need much more imagination about snarled; personal problems were expecting such service as this from solved; hundreds of people found converted people. Several people a new power in Christ; the level were financed by members of the of confidence in that city, depressed Fellowship who were unable to go by the business slump, was enor- themselves. It required sacrifice mously lifted. in some quarters. Some of it came One said, "There has been noth- from the people in the city where ing like it since Moody." That was we worked, as they felt led to give.

a great tribute; yet how different But there was very little money- is this procedure from Mr. Moody's consciousness anywhere. An insur- incomparable ways. Always he ance man said, "There was no was, in spite of himself, the great underwriting before you came, no .

figure; he was the campaign, and collections while you were here, without him it could not have been. and no deficit when you left."

While he urged people not to talk Do not let anyone think that the about him, but about Christ, it was Fellowship has access to large inevitable that his name should funds: we have not. But when predominate. In the work I am people are soundly enough convert- describing there are no great ed to start off on a mission like names, no indispensable personali- this, they are also soundly enough

converted to be spiritually self- The most important thing in supporting, and not to lean on oth- follow-up is always one's own pri- ers for their expenses except where vate Quiet Time in the morning for specifically guided. We believe that Bible study, prayer, and listening here is a great lesson for this age to God for His directions. These, to learn, staggering as the churches for the convenience of remember- are under intolerable loads of finan- ing them, are usually written down cial obligation, and lacking the in a loose-leaf notebook. Probably spiritual power which will alone next in importance is a small, inti- help them to lift these loads. Sound mate fellowship where one's needs conversion is the basis of adequate and discoveries may be frankly finance. shared. It is als!) very interesting And follow-up-how shall all to see how quickly the church be- this continue? By the work of a gins to take on meaning for these revitalized church. The ministers people, who often for tlie first time of the city were back of us in this see it as a way to deepen and in- effort. They opened their pulpits to crease the life which they have just us. Some of them came a long spir- decided to live. One doctor told itual distance themselves. One me that he thought this movement clergyman toid me that he had bap- would "put the Church back on the tized hundreds of people, but he did map in this generation." Dozens, not know that in his ministry of I suppose hundreds, of people in over thirty years a single person that city, who never thought they had been brought decisively to could ever be doing such a thing, Christ: His whole life is now radi- are in living touch with God, ask- antly happy in the newly discov- ing and finding His mind upon ered power of being guided by the their problems, and drawing others Holy Spirit. The clergymen saw the after Christ. It sounds very much changes in their people, and in like the Acts, doesn't it?

those they wanted to be their peo- By the time the ordinary reader ple.. In the churches and in private has read this far, he will be saying houses numbers of small groups with some irritation, "Why doesn't are meeting weekly for the sharing he tell us how to do it ourselves?"

of experience and for united guid- My answer is frankly that I have ance. These groups may be ar- no paper-made plan by which any ranged geographically to take care minister can evangelize any old of one locality, or they may be town by following a few rules.

gathered according to interests, That kind of man-made evangeli~m like a group of insurance men who is what has ruined the very name meet every morning in one office evangelism for most people. We to begin the day with Quiet Time. must think in much more profound, There is nothing humanly organ- and in much more extensive, terms ized about them; they are made up than the conversion of anyone of people who have been changed, town by an individual: we must and want to learn the next stages. think of the recapturing of the These groups are kept vital by world for Christ through a close- honest sharing up to date between knit fellowship of converted peo- those who come steadily, and by the ple. Nothing less than this can get bringing in of new people who the attention of the many who want to find this experience. know that the church is too locally

preoccupied and too spiritually to have what he wanted the city timid to do its work in the world. to have: a thoroughly workable, Something must again set the tested, universal way of life in human imagination aflame with Christ which anybody can try exwhat can happen when Christ lays perimentally long before he may hold of a group of people. We be able to accept it authoritatively. need a world-wide movement of the Spirit in our day, and it looks as if The second is that the greatest we were beginning to see it. need of our time is for a movement which represents such contagious, Some Principles–From Experience simple, joyous religion as this, where any man can catch his spirit There are a few principles which at the flame. There was nothing distil from experience and which fortuitous in those ninety people we might notice. gathered in that dty. More than twenty b'"ears of pain and prayer, The first is that one person was of hammering and of recognition, responsible for touching the city. of loyalty and of falling away, of He was just a plain individual, and fidelity to one persistent ideal, of might as well have been led to stay hewing out individuals and seasonin business as to be in the ministry, ing them till they know the voice had that been God's plan for him. of God and the life of man, till they Profession had nothing to do with are welded into an unbreakable felit: possession everything. He rec- lowship-these are the things ognized in the Fellowship some- which lie behind that one gathering thing familiar through his own in- of ninety people thinking, living herited Christianity, yet something and working as one. The ordinary which stretched him so far that it evangelistic team is small and was like a new experience alto- fixed; often it is temporary, but if gether. Before he could begin to fixed it is inflexible, and does not touch anybody, he had to have in think to include beginners. This miniature the life he wanted his team is never quite the same in one city to have. People needed to find place as in another. Constantly in him and in his family some qual- new people are being brought in, ity of living which was different, and so trained for larger work. So which attracted them by its joy it comes about that, clear round the and simplicity and workability, and world now, you have a group of which challenged at the same time. people who know one another inti- The professional evangelist lacks mately, who begin work by being appeal for the average sinner and sure they have no "walls" amongst pagan. This man made friends with themselves, who are trained in loypeople like that. His language was alty and fellowship, who know how not stilted, he was natural, yet he to hit at just the same spot as the "had something." He was living on worker before them. This means concrete guidance. He was touch- that witnessing is going on all the ing individuals himself. He was time. At teas and luncheons, in living in constant fellowship, even churches and homes, wherever such if much of it was by mail, with a people are, there is evangelism. group which gave him opportunity Hundreds are teuched in this way for growth by comparison and con- who would never darken the door trast, by checking and sharing. of an evangelistic meeting, and The sum of all this is that he had

never even go to church. This them to come in with him. These movement has within it the power things are worth a thousand evanto reproduce itself in character- gelistic meetings for the gun-shy istic fashion, so that the colors do skeptic today who runs away from not fade out at the extreme edges. all professional religion. A town is Many will find in this movement, surprised and stirred when ninety people like this come in on a mission as did our friend who opened up of "peaceful penetration," when the city, things already familiar; I they see the fun they have, when think that all will find that the they find they live what they talk. movement represents to them spe- The interchange between city and cific challenge, if not to believe city, and indeed between country and country, is one of the marked more, at least to step out more characteristics of the movement. courageously upon what they do It has given it already an interdebelieve. nominational a'nd international character which may have implica- The third is that the most persua- tions as to church unity and inter- national understanding; already sive force for Christ in our time there have been far-reaching social is no longer the professional evan- results in the movement. But we gelist, and may not even be the believe profoundly that a Christian minister: the most persuasive force basis is needed first; and that this today is the converted layman who must come from the living impact of changed and Christ-centered knows the art of living and of win- people upon those who have yet to ning others. He has no profession- find that great eJ(perience. alisms. He gets at the people he wants to win, not only the less edu- Not one city only, but many, cated and more gullible members have been touched in this fashion. of society who frequent evangel- The movement is roIling. If you istic meetings. His business asso~ want to begin in your own town, it ciates recognize what has happened must begin first in your own life. when his business is conducted on The movement will be born through a new basis: when, for instance, the nucleus of those whom you he confesses to a dishonesty and reach directly yourself. restores to the right person, or when he calls in his fellow-workers and shares with them honestly his new experience and asks them for their help in the new life, urging HE COULD NOT GO-WHAT THEN1 A YOUNG man accepted for the African missionary field reported at New York for "passage," but found on further examination that his wife could not stand the climate. He was heartbroken, but he prayerfully returned t() his home and determined to make all the money he could, to be used in spreading the kingdom of God over the world. His father, a dentist, had started to make, on the side, an unfermented wine for the communion service. The young man took the business over and developed it until it assumed vast proportions -his name was "Welch," whose family still manufacturers "grape-juice." He has given literally hundreds of thousands of dollars to the work of missions. Every job is missionary work when we interpret it by stewardship.-Tke Presbyterian Advance.

YOUNG MEN OF

BY CAPTAIN REGINALD WALLIS Gl'11 crai ~ f vn~ t-urJJ uJ th e Oity oj Dublin Y. M. C . A .

Captain Wallis was in active service in the British army during the World War. Later he became secre- tary of the Y. M. C. A. in Dublin and has since been greatly used for the spiritual awakening and Christian training of young men. The Dublin Y. M. C. A. is conducted on evangelical and faith principles, without financial drives or emphasis on secular education, amusements, athletics and social lines. The entire budget amounts to ~nly about $10,000 a year, but the spiritual fruitage is large. The present financial de- pression has made rigid economy necessary and the support of the work must come in answer to prayer. This Associat ion gives proof that Y. M. C. A. work can be successfully conducted on Gospel lines with large results and without dependence for support on C AP T AIN llEGINALD WALLIS methods that are not fully consecrated by God. Captain Wallis is in America speaking at various conferences and may be addressed (until September 30th) at Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, III., or at 944 E ast 31st St., Brooklyn, N. Y.-EDITOR.

I N THE City of Dublin, the cap- the whole so mighty a lever to up- ital of the Irish Free State, lift the young men of the com- there is a successful evan- munity." gelical, soul-saving Young Men's Christian Association. The work The Dublin Association has ad- hered in its doctrinal basis and in is essentially Christian and aggres- its practical administration to this sively spiritual. Its one purpose ideal for eighty-two years since is to win young men for Christ and its inception in 1849. It stands as then weld them together into the a lighthouse of spiritual testimony. happy fellowship of Christian serv- From the roof to the basement you ice. Any inferior objective would will look in vain for even a smok- betray the sacred trust to which ing room, a billard table or any the Y. M. C. A. has been commit- other agency, often considered so ted. As Dr. Theodore Cuyler once necessary to attract young men, said: "When the Y. M. C. A. but which are sometimes found ceases to evangelize, it becomes a to hinder a full-orbed wholesome sublime impertinence." Dr. Arthur Christian witness.

T. Pierson also remarked: "Al- For over ten years it has been though no institution in the world my privilege to labor among the is perfect, it seems to me that the young men of Dublin – good-na~ Y. M. C. A., when its Christian tured, warm-hearted, and charac- chatader is maintained supreme, terized by that alluring South of is as nearly complete as any human Ireland temperament. Fine, manly, organization could be. I know of attractive Christians they make no other institution that has on when the Lord really captures 2 667

them and consecrates their delight- an average of fifty or more robust, ful characteristics to His own serv- keen, healthy, manly fellows. That ice. They are not in any sense meeting is a spiritual tonic. Fire, "nambys" or milk-sops. Watch life and a passion for souls charthem in the gymnasium (which is acterize their simple-hearted petionly a bare hall with very meagre tions. Open-air gatherings are held equipment). On the athletic field regularly on Monday nights in the I have seen a "Rugby" team of very heart of that Roman Catholic fifteen Christian fellows win their metropolis. Many stand around way through to victory, and wit- and listen with reverent attention ness for Christ on the way. Before to inspiring testimonies and apthe start of the game, I have known peals. Without denominational disthem to bow their heads in the pa- tinctions this happy family is a vilion and ask God's blessing on testimony to the unity of the Spirit the spor.t and seeking strength to and the one body of Christ. "play the game." The Dublin Y. M. C. A. believes in consecrated The original principles which recreation, as a means to an end, animated George Williams, the not an end in itself. Candidates revered founder of the Young for full membership in this Y. M. Men's Christian Association some C. A. are' passed individually at nine decades ago, stilI find expresthe monthly meeting of the general sion in this Irish branch. It has committee, a Board of Managers been and remains a living center composed mainly of "born-again" of Christian evangelism. The Metbusiness men. Scrupulous care is ropolitan Hall is packed every Sunexercised to maintain the spiritual day night with eager listeners to backbone of the Association. Evi- the Gospel. This evangelistic meetdence of conversion to God is a ing, with an average attendance of requisite for a full member. Asso- 1500, largely composed of young ciate members are young men of men and women, is the largest reggood moral character who desire ular gathering for any purpose in to use the "Y" but who may not the Irish Free State. The magnetmake profession of faith in Christ. ism which draws this young life These have no voting powers and together every Sunday night, sumcannot control the policies of the mer and winter, is no other than Association. Scores of associates the dynamic of the Word of Life. have been won for Christ and have The ushers are all Y. M. C. A. men become full members. with a salvation smile and a love for souls. The choir is composed Bible study is an important part of Christian voices, under the leadof this work. Every Sunday after- ership of a consecrated conductor. noon some seventy young fellows Bright Gospel hymns and choruses, meet for earnest but informal occasional solos or duets, are alstudy of the Word of God. Fellow- ways followed by a clean-cut evanship with this radiant bunch of gelistic appeal by a servant of God spiritual firebrands, hearing their with a living message. The Metrousing songs and testimonies, will ropolitan Hall has been the birthput red blood into the faith of any place of thousands of souls for downcast Christian. A weekly practically all the great evangelisprayer and fellowship meeting is tic campaigns in Dublin are held held on Wednesday evenings with under the auspices of the Y. M.

EVANGELIZING YOUNG MEN OF DUBLIN

C. A., and annual conferences are people together is like the spectacle convened here for the deepening of the Laodicean church. The of spiritual1ife. The reading room Church cannot compete with the is carefully guarded against the world, whose specialists can proentrance of any unsound period- vide a much more attractive icals or books. amusement program. Our Lord's commission is to "feed his sheep," Can the modern young men of not to "amuse the goats!" Many a today really be captured by these church and many a Y. M. C. A. has old-fashioned methods and held to- so lost its living message that "Ichgether without resorting to acces- abod" is writ large upon its porsories which are looked upon as so WHERE 1,500 GATHER EACH WEEK FOR THE Y. M. C. A. GOSPEL MEETING essential in such work today? Ex- tals. Yet it was never truer that perience proves that they can. In the Gospel, preached in the power fact there are no other means of of the Holy Spirit, still grips men so effectively capturing young life and presents an appeal to which in these days, as was true fifty they will respond in spite of the years ago. Give Christ a chance! alluring twentieth century reper- Men may change outwardly with toire of the world, the flesh and the the times, but the heart's need is devil. ever the same and there is only one d i v i n e remedy. Any religious The present buildings occupied movement descending to carnal by the Association have an intermeans to win and hold the young esting history. In 1922 we were in the throes of one of those peri-

odical disturbances for which Irish rackish, with no attractive facilipeople seem to have a peculiar rel- ties to offer young men. Dr. E. J. ish. Our Y. M. C. A. premises were Pace of the Sunday School Times, the first to be destroyed, whereas who visited Dub lin recently, the Catholic Young Men's Society writes: next door was left intact! But the Lord had provided better things When I recall those happy two for us. Shortly before this build- weeks spent in the Dublin Y. M. C. A., ing was destroyed, the Association the climax of four happy months spent came into possession of the present in the British Isles; when I bring buildings as a free gift by order back to my memory that fine bunch of of court. This was the divine pro- Irish huskies, wholesomely clean, ravision for the emergency. The diantly aggressive in their witnessing work multiplied in its effectiveness for Christ; when I see again that as a result of this apparent calam- nightly throng of 1,500 to 2,000 perity. The Sunday night meeting de- sons eager for the Gospel, I thrill veloped from a few dozen to its again to my finger tips. present proportions, taxing the full capacity of the Metropolitan I am frank to say I never saw a Hall, which lutd been erected in Y. M. C. A. like that of yours. It connection with D. L. Moody's visit stands out in contrast with Y. M. C. to Dublin some fifty years ago. A.'s on this side of the water painfully From the same platform today the to our discredit. Here it seems that same Message preached by that in the inverse ratio of splendid, costly, man of God is still sounded forth. physical equipment, the spiritual ob- jectives for which the "Y" was origi- These facts are all the more im- nally founded are sadly relegated far pressive when we remember that into the background, and in some the Protestant population of the places are almost apologized for. Irish Free State has now dwindled down to a meager seven per cent. There in Dublin in an old building, This gives rise to peculiar prob- never intended to serve as a Y. M. C. A., with equipment approaching lems. The Committee of the Asso- shabbiness, you have carried on magciation has no sympathy with fi- nificently. As I looked about me and nancial drives, but prays to the saw the utter want of equipment I Lord, as the Chancellor of His own marvelled at the mighty drawing Exchequer, to meet the need. The power of the Gospel, which alone atentire budget is only $10,000 per tracts and holds that splendid group annum, with no provision for lux- of militant Christian young men. urious administration or big-salaried officials. Evangelical money is The present building was never scarce in the Irish Free State and erected as a Y. M. C. A., and for part of the money needed is liter- nine years we have sought to carry ally prayed in every year. The on in spite of these difficulties, but Committee feels that they should feel that the time has come when make known to the people of God God would have us launch out for who love aggressive evangelism, more adequate facilities. In this the needs. The buildings, unfor- we seek the sympathetic, prayerful tunately are prison-like and bar- cooperation of God's people in order that we may do more effec- tive service for Christ in this very needy Irish Free State.

CHURCHES O~'~'ER RELIGIOU:; TRAINING ~'U){ YUUNG 1'IlJOl'LE

THE CHALLENGE OF HOME MISSIONS BY THE REV. E. D. KOHLSTEDT, D.D., Philadelphia, Pa. Oorrespond'im'f} SecretfM'lI oj the Boa.Yd of 110me Missions lMla Ohurch Extension Methodist Episcopal Ohurch· .n.; MERICAN home missions are attractiveness of Christian ideals a task, altruistic in character of life; to reveal the ethical im- and unattempted by other plications, economic and social agencies, that ought to challenge significance of Christianity; to the utmost endeavors and re- demonstrate the fruitage of a func- sources of organized Christianity: tioning faith, vitalized by an ex- to insure to rural and urban com- perimental knowledge of essential munities, which without either realities in the spiritUal realm.

temporary or permanent personal Dr. Slosson defines religion as and material cooperation from else- "the perpetual realization of God; where would not benefit by them, the spiritualization of daily life."

the enriching ministries of the Canon Streeter maintains that Church of Christ. "Science is the expression of re- In the prosecution of their re- ality in terms of quantity; religion spective religious and social activi- is the expression of reality in terms ties, these denominational agencies of quality." But Saint James exseek cooperatively to portray the horts us to face the fact that re- *The sections served by the Methodist Epis- ligious realities are conclusively copal Board of Home Missions and Church Extpllsion include : the United States. Alaska, evidenced by a convincing com- Hawn!}, Puerto Rico, and a st:ict!y interde- bination of unselfish service and nominational missionary enterprISe In the Dominican Republic, foste1'ed by the Board for unblemished character. Christian Work in Santo Domingo. Through- The composite character of home out these territories, Methodism sustains cordial, cooperative relatio.nsi;lips toward similar denominational bome mISSIOnary agencies and missions must be understood in projects. 661

order to appreciate the significance functioning faith which touches of certain determinative factors the very tap roots of our individual that justify the validity of the mis- and collective ills: sin and selfish- sionary's claim to moral and ma- ness. The Sermon on the Mount terial support. Within the areas makes inner righteousness abso- embraced by Continental United lutely basic to normal expressions States and her possessions, our of individual and social human con- territorial contacts and functional duct. Dr. Robert A. Milliken, the activities are characterized by both Scientist, cherishes a conviction home and foreign field environ- that "it was because we lost belief ments, problems and service oppor- in the reality of moral and spirit- tunities. ual values that the World War The romantic story of American came; and if we do not find a home missions thrills the hearts of way to regain and strengthen that those who trace the trails and sense belief, then science is of no value."

the spirit of our country's patriotic Bewildered in mind and morals, pioneers and heroic circuit riders, mankind desperately needs the whose joint services to the nation clarity and buoyancy of a function- wrested a Christian civilization ing, fruitful faith.

from a forbidding wilderness. The The Christian Church is the most United States is the only first-class effective agency devised to date world power that was practically through which to channel Chris- born Christian; the colonization tianity's contributions toward the of America was characterized by a enrichment of humanity's heart, dynamic conscience. Current con- home and community life. Despite ditions indicate the danger of a the Church's frankly admitted limi- reversion to paganism unless tations; whatever men may think America's Christian Church con- of the crudities of certain credal stituency can be shocked out of its interpretations of Christianity; smug complacency. however severely they may be in- To develop democracies that are clined to criticize our imperfect safe for the world is even .more portraitures of Christian ideals of imperative than to make the world life and human relationships, the safe for democracy. Unless those fact remains that Jesus Christ, entrusted with governmental and Founder of Christianity, is still social control are dominated by the mankind's supreme character and Spirit of Jesus Christ, a democracy community service exhibit.

can become as ruthless as any au- "In spite of all its faults," says tocracy that has ever crushed le- Dr. William Adams Brown, "the gitimate human aspirations and Church of Christ is the one social activities. Only that democracy is institution touching men of all safe for the world whose super- races and nations which exists to structure is undergirded by the spread faith in the good God and fundamental doctrines of Chris- to unite men in a world – wide tianity: the fatherhood of God; brotherhood. Here surely is a fac- the brotherhood of man; the in- tor with which anyone must reck- finite value of an individual life. on who asks with soberness where We dare not ignore such consider- men are to turn for help in the ations. stupendous task of world recon- There is no substitute for a struction."

THE CHALLENGE OF HOM;E MISSIONS

The international significance of Under such circumstances there is home missions is evidenced by the scant hope for motion picture profact that the prevalent publicity duction improvement and purificaand portraitures of the worst fea- tion until the united voice of the tures of American life, radioed to Christian Church can be heard distant lands in the fraction of a with far greater emphasis in the second and flashed from commer- council chambers of America's cialized, debauched silver screens, movie czars. now constitute one of the most delicate and difficult problems that test The world-wide responsibility of the faith and fortitude of heroic home missions becomes convincforeign missionaries on the other ingly apparent with the perfection side of the globe. Cooperative of humanity's communication and criticism demands the discontinu- transportation facilities, the prac- tical annihilation of time and space MISSION GIRLS LEARNING 'ro MAKE HOME ATTRACTIVE ance of salacious, sex-saturated, and the advent of a "split-second" lawless, liquor-soaked films, with world. Hitherto distantly related their contaminating influence upon peoples have been compacted into the unfolding child life of the close neighborhoods, which need an infusion of the spirit of Christian world. brotherhood. Multitudes of effec- Unfortunately, too many stars tive missionary enterprises on the other side of the globe were initiof first magnitude in the motion ated and are fostered by returned picture sky, idealized and idolized nationals who were inspired to by impressionable youth, can quali- embrace Christianity while sofy as legalized, progressive polyg- journers in this country. amists, to whom the sanctities of the marriage vow, the sacredness So intimately do our home and of the American home and the laws foreign missionary activities, inof the land mean little or nothing.

terests and responsibilities inter- speaks with the "voice of author- lock; so intricate are the relation- ity" and of finality.

ships of organized Christianity's Second – Christianity's Bible is missionary personnel, home and a missionary manual, permeated foreign, that no thoughtful in- with the missionary spirit. The terpreter of local, national and in- New Testament context is liberally ternational movements, programs interspersed with stories of spirit- and policies for human betterment ual adventure, so characteristic of would presume to attempt their the spread of Christianity through- complete segregation. Not only in out the world. Personified by the America, confronted with the deli- advent of the Christ Child in Beth- cate and difficult twofold task of lehem, matchless revelation of di- Americanization and Christianiza- vine solicitude for erring mortals; tion, but in many otlier countries buttressed by the Cross of Calvary, is the fruitage of home missionary emblematic of love strong as death, service winning recognition. nay stronger; undergirded by the Incentives to the personal and Great Commission, embodiment of material support of missions ought the Master's valedictory to His to arrest the attention, stir the chosen disciples; exemplified by the heart and challenge the enthusiasm epochal message of the Apostle to of an alert Christian constituency; the Gentiles in the Athenian marto arouse in both clery and laity ket place, it is the impact of a the spirit that accounts for the missionary spirit that accounts for development of genuine Christian the respective contributions of hiscrusaders. Space limits preclude toric religious movements toward the mention of more than three: the sum total of good in the worTd. Third – The inescapable chal- First – Jesus Christ and His lenge of an unfinished task summessage to mankind, adequately mons us to service. Vast areas of taught and exemplified, constitute unevangelized rural territory and humanity's most vital mind and scores of sadly neglected, polyglot heart needs. His flawless character city centers throughout this counstands out in bold relief before try demand the attention of an the tribunals of twenty centuries American Christian statesmanship which subjected the validity of the with faith, fortitude and ability Nazarene's spiritual supremacy enough to spell problem with the claims to the acid test. His por- letters of opportunity. The range traiture of human possibilities in sections of the west, mountain recharacter building is unexcelled. gions of the south and backward Nations, governments, social and communities of New England, economic orders, even organized Ohio, Michigan and other states religion in some of its current reveal a wide-spread neglect of our rural missionary fields. Only forty forms of expression are manifestly per cent of New England's popu- lation is claimed by any church; imperfect and subject to labora- tory experimentation, but Jesus Christ is supreme. In the social thirty-three per cent of its populaand spiritual life of the world, His tion under nineteen years of age position is exclusive and impreg- is unidentified with any church nable; as can be said of no other school. Utah has seven counties personality in human history, He without a functioning evangelical

THE CHALLENGE OF HOME MISSIONS

Protestant mission in anyone of school buildings, has no church struc- them. ture or regular religious ministry to The following exhibits are il- a population of nearly two hundred. lustrative of the missionary chal- A score of county parishes in the Ken- tucky and Tennessee mountains await lenge: the inauguration of an adequate social Dr. John McDowell, Secretary of the and spiritual service to hearts that Presbyterian Board of National Mis- hunger for a richer life.

sions, maintains that 10,000 American rural communities have no type of America's u r ban situation is ·church; that 30,000 American rural equally, if not even more disturb- communities have no pastor in resi- ing. Hundreds of congested city dence; that 13,400,000 American chil- centers, cosmopolitan communities dren under twelve years of age receive with their racial interlockings and no sort of religious instruction. State Librarian H. E. Dunnack, antagonisms, economic and social problems, clamor for considera- Maine: "100,000 of Maine's population tion. There is a studied purpose are without religious opportunities; on the part of corrupt politicians 95,652 families are unidentified with to defeat constructive legislation any church; 109,017 boys and girls of concerning moral issues. Organschool age are enrolled in no sort of church school." He estimates Maine's ized unrighteousness has become church attendance to be one in seven entrenched in the city. The grow- and mentions a community of 2,100 ing cities of America hold the people with 24 church members. balance of political power. If a Dr. Arthur Wentworth Hewitt, of democracy is to endUre, the work- ing majority of its voting units Plainfield, Vermont, author of "Stee- must be kept intelligent and moral. ples Among the Hills": "That some of The future of our country is at our villages are overchurched, I do not stake; the perpetuity of the sacred doubt, but am perfectly convinced that institutions, bought by the blood the greater part of our state is wholly unevangelized ground. The great majority of its people attend no church of a liberty loving people, is di- and are visited by no pastor." rectly involved.

Director of Publicity J. S. Swwell, Authoritative statisticians an- Methodist Episcopal Board of Home Missions and Church Extension, sub- nounce that in the 1932 national mits data on Clare County, Michigan: election, the United States will eleven townships, with forty-six public have approximately 4,000,000 new schools and an enrollment of 1,000 chil- voters to reckon with. Unless our dren, an English-speaking American prospective as well as our funcsection with a total population of 4,640, tioning citizenry can be vitally inbut no church at all in action. terested in and persuaded to do Dr. L. H. Sweetland, Methodist min- . serious, constructive thinking rela- ister, Hays, Kansas: "Paganism pre- tive to current, vital issues; to ap- vails in parts of Kansas. Within preciate the proportionate value of fourteen miles of Hays, in an American community of prosperous farmers determinative factors in our social, where I recently held services, there political and economic life; to grip were children sixteen years old who the real meaning of national and had not heard of Jesus Christ. Kan- international movements for husas has hundreds of boys and girls man betterment, how can we hope who are utterly ignorant of religion." to sense the significance of our exacting twentieth century citizen- Russell Springs, an inland Kansas (:ounty seat with substantial cQurt and ship or to insure to our ~n~:rntion

a proportionately substantial con- in terms of constructive commutribution toward the sum total of nity service and the enrichment of good in the world? social relationships, is a matter of immediate moment to the Chris- With a minimum monthly rack- tian leadership of our nation. We eteers' extortion toll of one billion would profit by the development of dollars to pay, according to the a more vivid consciousness of re- New York Crime Commission's re- ligious realities; a more clear cut cent report; confronted by a cur- realization of the actuality of rent crime culture of perfectly ap- God's presence and guidance; a· palling proportions; challenged by general recognition of the primacy the strange spectacle of millions of of prayer in our religious life; men unable to support their fam- the cultivation of an overwhelmilies on account of an unprece- ing passion for unselfish Christian dented commercial collapse; and service; the proclamation of a our social and spiritual ideals positive, dynamic Gospel message; threatened by the propagation of an evident dominance of the spiritpagan philosophies of life, the se- ual incentive in all of our missionriousness of the situation ought ary activities. to shock a nominally Christian America out Of her false sense of Isn't it strange that princes and kings; security. A silent church constit- That men and money and minor things; uency is impotent and unfruitful. That common folks, like you and me, For her own sake and for the sake Are builders for eternity? of the world, America's mind and heart must be Christianized. To each is given a bag of tools; A shapeless mass and a book of rules; A revitalized church member- And each must fashion, ere life has ship, the restoration of a functioning faith, buttressed by daily flown, demonstrations of religious reality A stumbling block, or a stepping stone.

COMING ARTICLES ON HOME MISSIONS O NE of the richest and most Home and Foreign Mission Life important subjects for study Compared, by Lillian Oyler. is the field of Home Mission in America. The variety and in- Do Jews Become Christians? by terest are almost unlimited. This John Stewart Conning. number of the REVIEW is devoted to the Home Missions study topics Religion for the Migrant Workof the year, which are in line with ers, by Adela J., Ballard. those discussed at the National Congress in Washington last De- The Church and the Working cember. Man, by E. M. Wahlberg.

Several of the most interesting Spanish-Americans – Asset or a papers in hand could not be in- Liability? by E. T. Cornelius. cluded in this issue and will appear in a subsequent number. Do not What Substitute for Christianmiss them. Among these are: ity? by James 1. Vance.

Why Give the Gospel to the Mor- Missions to American Indians, mons, by William E. LaRue. by Henry Roe Cloud.

ARE THE

AMERICANS?

BY ELIZABETH R. HOOKER, New York Institute oj SooiaZ a,net Religious Research T HE number of church mem- even with the use of recently per- bers (of all denominations) fected methods. So much land is reported by the Census of Re- required to supply a family living ligious Bodies in 1926 was 47.7 per that even if all the land were taken.

cent of the population of the United up, the farm families would live States in that year.1 Where are the far apart; and at the present stage others, the more than fifty-two per of development the dry lands have cent of the people who are outside an average of one family to the the churches? Are they evenly dis- square mile. There are thus .great tributed over the country or are stretches' of hinterland where the there relatively more of them in nearest neighbor is several miles certain kinds of territory? away. Many of the roads are still To answer these questions and to unimproved. Both homes and study types of areas that might be farms, and public facilities and in- found to have comparatively large stitutions, are being developed in proportions of the people outside the face of great natural obstacles the churches, the Institute of Social and frequent crop failures.

and Religious Research2 in 1928 Dry-farming territory of wide began an investigation which extent is found in the Columbia brought to light the fact that six Basin of Washington, Oregon and different kinds of territory of wide Idaho; also in two regions of the extent contain exceptionally large Great Plains, which lie between a numbers who are not merely out- more humid belt on the east and an side the membership but who are arid belt close to the Rocky Moun- practically untouched by the influ- tains, and which are separated by ence of churches. stretches of rougher and less fertile Only four of these six kinds of land. These three regions cover an territory will be considered here. area larger than that of New Eng- All are of recent development and land and the Middle Atlantic States are found largely in the Far West. combined; and they contain 807,- 000 people living outside of centers Dry-Fanning Areas of 2,500 or more inhabitants.

The youngest of these types is In one of the three dry-farming the dry-farming country. This was regions, three-fourths of the people not settled permanently till after are outside the churches; in the the better watered lands had been largely occupied because it is so second, three-fifths; in the third, arid that harvests are precarious four-fifths. Churches of a sort are not lacking; but they are un- 1 Estimated as balfway between tbe Census evenly distributed, the villages and figures for 1920 and 1930. some hamlets having several or- 'The findings of this study are presented in ganizations of different denomina- ~~tn!~~a~~ii~~u~hR~~~~~::" Nle~ti~~~t °i9~~~ tions, and other small centers and ~~~StBb';;;~d~ol~aih~ ~r~s~~de;rt'lcf~r the state- wide reaches of hinterland being 667

without any churches whatever. stituting one-sixth of the land area With a few striking exceptions the of the continental United States. churches are small and poor, have Notwithstanding its low density, very limited ministerial service, in 1920 this area had 619,000 inconduct no activities except occa- habitants living in the rural dissional preaching services and Sun- tricts. day schools, and have failed to win the cooperation of large propor- In the grazing region consisting tions of the people. In a repre- largely of Utah, where most of the sentative dry-farming county sur- people are Mormons, 55 per cent veyed, five-eighths of the country belonged to churches in 1926; in families had no regular contact western Texas, where three-fifths with church or Sunday school. of the inhabitants are Spanish- American Roman Catholics, the Yet nine-tenths of the dryland- proportion of the people belonging ers are Protestant by tradition; to churches was 52.5 per cent. In and will be reached, if at all, by the two Protestant grazing regions Protestant religioUS agencies. the situation was quite otherwise. In one only one-fourth of the peo- Grazing Country ple, and in the other less than one- sixth, were enrolled in the church Many unchurched Americans are membership. Of the twenty-eight also found in the arid grazing Protestant counties investigated, lands. Here the people are even only six had as high a proportion more widely scattered than in the as one-fifth of the people in the dry-farming country; for there is churches; nine had less than a an average of only one ranch in tenth; and three had less than a seven square miles. The climate is twentieth. And in more than half too dry for crops to mature without the total area of the entire fifty-five irrigation and the irrigable acre- sample counties of four grazing age is extremely small. The herbage regions, including both Protesis so sparse in some sections that tant and Catholic sections, less a cow must walk twenty miles in than one-fifth of the people were a day to get enough to eat. Off the ch urch members. main highways travel is over rough roads or rougher trails. Centers In a Protestant grazing county are few, and are strung along the surveyed by the Institute, threewidely separated streams and rail- fourths of the families had no regroads, leaving expanses of uninter- ular contacts with churches; and rupted hinterland hundreds of at the hour of service eleven permiles across. sons were outside church doors to one inside. Grazing country forms far the largest part of the territory be- The churches are few-an avertween the Rocky Mountains and the age of only three per 1,000 square Cascade and Sierra ranges, and is miles. Almost all such churches as also found in the drier and rougher exist are clustered in the larger parts of the Great Plains. In these towns. Not a few counties of over regions arid grazing land extends 3,000 square miles each have but over practically the whole of 110 one or two churches outside the huge counties, occupying three county-seat. times as large an area as the dryfarming country, and in fact con- These town churches try to dupli- cate the buildings and the program

WHERE ARE THE UNCHURCHED AMERICANS?

of the churches of older regions. people outside the church doors at Their rank and file, and even most the hour of service was sevenof their ministers, know almost eighths in the Michigan county, nothing of the thinly populated nine-tenths in the county in Minnehinterlands stretching far away in sota, and eleven-twelfths in that in every direction. Now and then Washington. From three-fifths to churches are started in smaller three-fourths of the children were centers; but most of these are not enrolled in any Sunday school. very short-lived. Though the cut-over sections Cut-Over Sections have many churches-thirty-one per 1,000 square miles-most of A third kind of territory having them are small. The denominamany unchurched Americans con- tional competition is intensified sists of sections recently denuded here by the presence of churches of primeval forests. With their serving groups of various foreign trees they have lost much of their races. Being small and in a land taxable property, and most of the of poor people, the churches cannot industries that formerly supported afford good buildings, well-paid a great part of the population. ministers, or many-sided programs. Many people have moved away. What these little churches offer In some cut-over districts stumps does not appeal to the general pubare being uprooted with great labor lic of their communities. and expense, and agriculture is being developed. But the farmers The Washington county conoften have to contend with poor tained two large districts entirely soil, stubborn natural growths, destitute of churches. This unforest fires and inaccessibility of churched area had four villages of markets. They live in isolation from 300 to 500 inhabitants, and amidst stump lands, marshes and nine hamlets of over 100 inhabisecond-growth woods, and to a tants. The whole population of great extent upon unimproved this neglected territory was some roads. Schools and other institu- 6,800. A few Sunday schools and tions are still imperfectly devel- monthly preaching services held in oped. Many of the people are im- schoolhouses or private homes, atmigrants of varied racial origins, tracted very small groups of peoattracted by the cheapness of the ple. Nearly 99 per cent of the popuncleared land. ulation never or hardly ever at- tended a service of worship. Two cut-over regions were investigated by the Institute, one lying Seven-eighths of the people of about the Great Lakes and the the cut-over sections, however, other in the Pacific Northwest. have Protestant traditions. The These two regions have a combined responsibility for affording them area of 12,000 square miles, and a effective religious ministry rests rural population of one and one- therefore on the Protestant Church. sixth millions. Mountain Distriots In three cut-over counties surveyed in Michigan, Minnesota and Many unchurched Americans Wasilington, seven-eighths of the are also found in districts among people were outside the church high mountains. Here communimembership. The proportion of the ties and scattered families live in isolation from the outside world

VERMONT: Lamoille County Orange County _ Open country ~ Villages with fewer than 500 inhabitants ~ Villages with 500 to 2500 inhabitants fZ#jIJJ Hamlets ~ Villages without marked contrast in population ~ Towns or small cities Used in IfHinterlands of the Ohurch/' Institute of Socia' and ReUgious RescQiTch, New York.

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PROPORTION OF POPULATION IN CHURCH MEMBERSHIP (1926), FOR COMMUNITIES OF DIFFERENT SIZES, IN COUNTIES SURVEYED, REPRESENTING SIX DIFFEREJiT KINDS OF TERRITORY.

and even largely apart from neigh- weekly services even in summer. boring mountain districts. The iso- The only church in the county-seat lation is intensified by steep and had regular preaching services only circuitous approaches, by the scar- during the three summer months, city of railroads and the poor con- and even that not every year. dition of many highways, and by There were half as many closed the deep snows of winter. Mining churches as active churches. and lumber activities, which have usually formed the incentive to set- Many of the original settlers of tlement, have in many cases slack- the mountain counties, who were ened or died out. Farming encoun- very largely miners, had never had ters peculiar obstacles and poverty church affiliations; and the little is nearly universal. The develop- churches have not acquired a posiment of the institutions of civiliza- tion of influence. The general pubtion has been arrested in many of lic are indifferent to them, and the older mountain counties, and in many even of the church workers the younger ones is still at an early show a lukewarm and shame-faced stage. adherence.

Seventy-nine mountainous coun- In spite of this widespread indifties are fOl,lnd partly among the ference to the churches, a large two great masses of the Rocky majority of the people consider Mountains situated within the themselves Protestants, at least to United States and partly among the the extent of desiring the services Sierra Mountains of California. of Protestant ministers at funerals. They have a total area of over 173,- 000 square miles, and a rural pop- These four kinds of new terriulation in 1920 of about 424,000. tory having many unchurched Americans, taken all together, oc- In the forty-four of seventy-nine cupy three-eighths of the area of mountain counties taken as samples the United States, and their rural in the Institute study, more than popUlation in 1920 was about three three-fourths of the people were and one-third millions. All this outside the churches. In half these territory, except two regions of counties the proportion was more grazing country, is Protestant by than four-fifths; and in eight coun- predilection, if not in actuality; ties, more than nine-tenths. More- and therefore constitutes a Protover, of the population of a county estant responsibility. surveyed, persons 0 u t sid e the churches formed thirteen – four- Common Obstacles to Church Work teenths of the population, and in the c 0 u n try districts, twenty- A plausible explanation of the twenty-firsts of the population. At presence of so many unchurched the hour of worship, only twelve Americans in these four kinds of per thousand inhabitants were new territory lies in the fact that present at any religious service, these areas all exhibit charactere it her Protestant or Catholic. istics that render effective religious Three-fourths of the families had ministry extremely difficult. Only no regular contact with any church. small numbers of people live within Six of the ten Protestant churches a convenient distance from comhad fewer than twenty-five mem- mon meeting points. Assembling bers each. Only one church had for services and group activities is restricted not merely by distance, but by bad roads, lack of bridges,

and topographical barriers. Most few lay workers and contributors, of the people are so poor that they low expenditures, restricted minis- have little margin from which to terial service, and a very limited contribute to the support of church- program. The little churches found es. Because of the youth of these in these areas have been unable to lands, common acquaintance and influence and to enlist the people of the habit of cooperation, which fa- their vicinities; and in many cases cilitate the development of such they have lost their hold upon chil- social organizations as churches, dren of their original members.

have barely begun to develop; and Having come from long-estab- in some districts there is not even lished and densely settled sections any place to hold services except of the country, the church people the little country schoolhouses. of these lands have tended to work These conditions constitute effec- toward the forms of church admin- tive handicaps to the work of the istration familiar to them in their churches. But that the difficulties former homes, that is, toward full- are not insurmountable is shown time resident ministers, circuits or by the fact that grazing regions yoked churches, and increasing de- where Mormons or Roman Cath- nominational competition. None of olics predominate have compara- these methods is adapted to the tively few unchurched persons, al- conditions of the newer lands.

though the common obstacles to As a natural consequence, the church work exist there in an ex- number of unchurched Americans treme degree. Moreover, under in these four kinds of new terri- similar conditions a very few Prot- tory is not decreasing. Indeed, estant churches alone in their among eight Protestant regions of fields, through strong and sus- the four types, the Protestant graz- tained work, have succeeded in en- ing regions and the mountain re- listing large proportions of their gions, which are the oldest, and in natural constituents. which churches have therefore been Ineffective Churches at work longest, have more un- churched people than the more re- The presence of many un- cently settled cut-over and dry- churched Americans, therefore, is farming regions; and among the not an inevitable result of adverse three dry-farming regions, the conditions; it is to be attributed in older have more unchurched people part to characteristics of the than the younger. In general, the churches themselves. Each church new lands are witnessing, not the came into existence independently, churching of the unchurched, but as the church of some group of set- the dechurching of the churched.

tlers with a common preference for Scattered indications are not a particular denomination. Because lacking in these areas, however, the settlers of most neighborhoods of new experiments in interdenom- represented many diverse origins inational cooperation, and of the both geographical, social and racial, introduction of methods of church churches of various denominations work that are better adapted to tended to arise in close proximity. the peculiar environmental condi- In regions where people are so scat- tions. Upon the fate of such recent tered and so poor, neighboring developments depends the success churches are inevitably small, with of the churches of the new lands.

PROBLEMS IN HOME MISSIONS *

BY THE QRf NEaVtiO."1H/,uE' RMiM88iAonN8~NPNre.sbMyteOriRanSEJh'UDr~hD.:' N Yk A. or B oard u. e; T HE topic is broad enough to new angles of old problems. That cover most of the concerns of process of expansion, change, and home missions. Few, if any, exploration is the history of Home problems of church work are ever Missions. It is also its present completely solved. This is not so and doubtless will be its future. much a confession of weakness as it is a recognition that America The Problem of Extension has experienced a constant process of growth and change. There are The Home Missions Congress no static problems in home mis- formulated a definition· of Home sions to be solved by exact formula Missions which emphasized five asbut there are a succession of prob~ pects. The most elemental of these lems undergoing continuous alter- is "to make the Church available to those sections of America which ation. Home Mission work began as a lack its ministry." We may call problem of preaching the Gospel this the problem of physical extenand planting the church in new sion, the provision of at least a communities. Enlarging territory minimum of religious privilege for and expanding population kept our every community in home mission fathers keenly aware that no sooner territory. The planting of new was this problem advanced toward churches virtually ceased three solution in one section than it was decades ago save in growing cities recreated for them elsewhere. The and suburbs. In most sections the frontier line receded before them. larger denominations are substan- They never quite caught up with it. tially reducing the number of their Then, in due time they became churches. It is recognized that aware that communities differed in many areas have more churches many vital ways and that these than they need. On the other hand differences constituted other prob- thousands of small communities are l~ms for the church. The composi- still completely unchurched. Chiefly tIon of the population changed. this concerns the more sparsely Contrastp, in race, language, color, settled portions of our country. culture, ~conomic status and social Where populations are dense a opportunity, religious background community without a church is a and outlook, accessibility, and gen- rarity, although every expanding eral standard of living-such fac- city or industrial area furnishes its tors so completely characterized the quota of new communities for course of American development as which churches must be provided. to keep the missionary enterprise Usually both resources and interest constantly exploring new ways to are available for the meeting of meet new situations, or to deal with such needs. But there is a mar- ginal problem not so dramatically t" '1 I hls brief paper has no ambition to list! evident and not so easily command- ing either interest or support. Scatbi e one o:l!er a solution for all the unsolved tered throughout the country are Pptlreor mlet m8s: of home missions. Its limits only c<?mment on certain ones of unquesoned slgmficance.-H. N. M.

3 673

many thousand small neighbor- largement of the service of exist- hoods, mostly isolated, with their ing churches. The Congress defini- populations aggregating in the mil- tion of Home Missions includes as lions which together constitute the its first element the following: most striking instance of religious "To win men and women to dis- neglect. Every state in the Union cipleship of Jesus Christ, to unite in which there are mountains, or them with other disciples in the cut-over timber lands, or dry-farm- fellowship of the Christian Church, ing areas, or small industrial cen- and to educate them for worship ters attracting foreign labor, as and service at home and abroad by coal mines or oil developments, has helping them to discover and to its share of these unchurched accept for themselves and for soneighborhoods. * ciety at large the full consequence The fact that this neglected pop- of Christian discipleship." The ulation is widely scattered and is Congress repeatedly called atten- usually found in very small aggre- tion to the fact that within com- gates, makes religious ministry for munities amply provided with them a matter of serious difficulty. churches are very many people who Frequently Sunday-school missions are almost completely overlooked or some similar form of itinerant by them. In almost every commu- service offers the only practicable nity, large or small, are people out- solution. Elsewhere churches could side the churches who are never be maintained, but would need a definitely sought out with the chal- large measure of missionary sup- lenge of Christian discipleship or port which has not hitherto been the ministry of Christian service.

available. Generally speaking, no Sometimes it is a particular racial satisfactory program could be de- or social group that is overlooked.

veloped along strictly denomina- Sometimes it is an isolated rural tional lines but must be sought neighborhood near the borders of through the medium of interde- the community. More frequently it nominational cooperation. Such is just a case of scattered folk who distinctively missionary responsi- are not noticed by the churches.

bilities as the Mormon area, the In the beginnings of Home Mis- Indian reservations and Cuba, sion work there was constant em- show considerable populations for phasis upon the responsibility of whom no evangelical work has ever each church to extend its own min- been attempted. Here the impulse, istry not only throughout its own and at the outset the financial sup- community but into neighboring port, must come almost entirely communities. That emphasis is as from the outside. m u c h needed today as ever.

Churches frequently are lacking in The Overlooked Groups that missionary zeal directed to- There is another aspect of ward their own immediate areas. church extension which is con- They have generally no conception cerned not with the planting of new of a larger parish for which they churches or the development of new are responsible. They tend to think forms of ministry, but with the eii- of their own constituencies rather than of the total populations to be *' Cf. Hinterlands of the Ohurch. Elizaheth reached. The churches in the aver- R. Hooker, Institute of Social and Religions Research, 1931. age village draw enough members

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS IN HOME MISSIONS

from the surrounding country to nance of any reasonable program. weaken and discourage such open In many parts of the country a country churches as may still be startlingly large proportion of the there, but do not make a consistent rural churches have less than effort to strengthen such country twenty-five members each and opchurches or to provide that thor- erate on budgets of less than $500 ough ministry for rural people a year. In the towns and cities, which would make the country while there are, of course, many churches unnecessary. The result churches of outstanding strength, is that the country areas adjacent the typical church operates perilto village or town or city are be- ously near the line of bare subsistcoming the most poorly served sec- ence. tions in the nation. As regards the problem of the city, it was empha- This situation is, obviously, in sized in the Congress that the city part due to the existence of more must be viewed as a whole and that churches than our present church any consideration which does not strength could reasonably be exemphasize the responsibility of pected to support. In part it is due each church in a city-wide strategy to our failure to select out and is fatally inadequate. energetically develop that large number of churches which are in a For the country as a whole it is position to render valuable service significant that the proportion of but which have never been suffiour population which is outside of ciently promoted. Among the spethe membership of all churches has cific problems involved here are remained the same for at least many of the hardy perennials of twenty-five years. Prior to that Home Mission history-such as the time the church consistently grew development of competent leadermore rapidly than the population ship; the provision of a just and as a whole. It almost seems as if reasonable minimum of salary; the the Church were content to peg its development of local financial rework at the point which it has now sources for the support of the reached with half of the population church; the encouragement of local in and half of it out of the church initiative and local m.anagement. membership. There are considerations here of The Problem of Development. ecclesiastical policy which run well beyond the range of home mission- This consideration leads us at ary responsibility or resources. once to a third one which might be There are three striking facts, called the problem of church devel- however, that apply with almost opment. The Congress definition equal force to all of the larger emphasizes the need "to supply Protestant denominations. The first adequate church leadership where is that each of them has a very the work of the present church is large number of churches which unsuccessful or inadequate." It are either chronically vacant or are seems not to be generally appreci-· quite inadequately served. Many ated that a large proportion of all such churches are served by men Protestant churches in both city who are compelled to make much of and country are below the point of their living outside of their minisnumerical and financial strength try. Others are so combined in which is adequate to the mainte- circuits as to put an unreasonable

burden upon their ministers and elementary parish school conducted provide the churches only with as the precursor of the public long-range and part-time care. The school which the people are not yet second fact is that our existing interested or able to maintain and system of church support provides having as its objective the provimany of our ministers with some- sion of the standard elements of an thing less than simple justice. elementary training. Many such Burdens are piled upon them which schools formerly conducted have a man can hardly carry and the long since been given up. They support is inadequate and often precarious. Looked at broadly, it have achieved their purpose of eduwould seem that we have not yet cating the community to a sense of learned how to make the most effective use of our ministerial per- the value of public education and sonnel or to enable them to make the state has relieved the church of the most effective use of their tal- what in our Protestant system we ents. The third fact demonstrated regard as a state responsibility. daily from end to end of our coun- Ultimately it is to be hoped Home try is that the community which Missions will not need anywhere to is over-churched is usually under- conduct schools of this type since ministered and the thing that hurts our aim as the Congress put it is is not so much the surfeit of "to supplement rather than to subchurches as the lack of construc- stitute for the responsibilities of tive personal ministry. the state in education."

The Problem of the Underprivileged Other more advanced or more specialized types of mission schools The fourth element of the Con- were developed in due course. gress definition concerns our service to those in need: "In the case These schools do more than the of handicapped or retarded areas state might do if it were willing or underprivileged groups, to as- and able. They discharge a spesist in providing those institutions cific and particular missionary purand services which are the neces- pose in relation to our total prosary elements·of a Christian stand- gram. The provision of a trained ard of living to the end that the and consecrated Christian leader- Christian community life may be ship will be a major objective for developed." This aspect of Home a long time to come in all of our Missions raises a problem which is twofold, to know when to provide distinctively missionary areas. such service and to know when to Other forms of service ministry cease to provide it. which were developed rather later The earliest missionaries to the than the mission school have at- American Indians found it desir- tained places of grealfinfluence in able to teach them to read and write and to instruct them in the the present program. Medical servrudiments of agriculture and hand- ice is perhaps the most fundamenicraft. The mission school naturally resulted. As developed through tal of these. The more impoverished the years it has taken a number of sections of the country are still characteristic forms. There is the woefully lacking in hospital facili- ties and competent medical and public health service. We have not in this country generally estab- lished either in theory or in prac- tice the responsibility of the state in this field. Our Indian population

is about the only considerable ex- are poor; or alien, or imperfectly ception and even here the provision adjusted to their environments, or made by the Federal Government groups in process of transition, is quite inadequate. While the mis- there is definitely room for this as- sion boards have done yeoman serv- pect of our ministry.

ice in many parts of the home Christ and the Social and Civic mission territory in equipping hos- Questions pitals, maintaining doctors and nurses and conducting a general The fifth and final aspect of the health program, this, in relation to Congress definition takes us into the existing need, is probably the the realm of applied Christianity.

most undeveloped aspect of our This emphasizes our responsibility program. To cite a single instance, "to bring the Christian impulse to the Dominican Republic has one bear upon the broad social and physician to every 8,700 people as civic questions of our day." We are compared to one physician for here concerned with a problem of every 700 people in the United interpretation and education rather States. There are just seven than with the conduct of specific trained Dominican nurses in the institutions or activities. No con- whole Repubtic, all of them gradu- sideration of the duty and oppor- ates of the mission hospital, or one tunity of the church can ignore the trained nurse to 128,000 people, question of the bearing of Chris- whereas in New York there is one tian principles upon those problems trained nurse to every 305 people. of our modern world which chal- An unstandardized, but very lenge the consistency of our Gospel.

valuable feature of the service pro- The Congress noted, for example, gram of Home Missions, is the that "the exceptional difficulties community or neighborhood house. under which many of our fields are In some sections the neighborhood laboring in this year of business house is. the forerunner of the depression accentuate the respon- church, doing the pioneer work in sibility in the field of economic an area where personal ministry is well-being. We believe our Home the only possible avenue of Chris- Mission Boards should take the tian approach. In other sections, leadership in summoning Christian notably in the service of the alien people to shape the economic struc- populations of our great cities, it is ture of American life in accordance a more or less permanent adjunct with Christian ideals. It is not to the church, providing those enough to deal with economic crises forms of adapted service to per- as they occur. So far as in us lies, sonal need which require a special- we must take measures to prevent ized equipment and training be- their occurrence and to guarantee yond the resources of the average to all our people an opportunity to conventional church. There are no achieve a Christian standard of practical limits to the degree to living."

which this type of service could Various aspects of this problem be profitably expanded whether come up at almost every stage of through a separate service station our work. If our concern is with or through special workers at- the Negroes, or with any of our tached to organized churches. As foreign-speaking groups, notably long as there are families which the Orientals on the coast and the

Mexicans in the southwest, we can- our ecclesiastical assemblies. A not be oblivious to questions of race rather impressive volume of resodiscrimination. If our concern is lutions have been passed. The difwith our great industrial popula- ficulty here does not seem to be in tions we cannot avoid an inquiry as determining what ought to be done. to what Christianity has to say The "unsolved problem" is how to about relations in industry. Unem- get it done. The Congress emphaployment and poverty cannot be sized that we ought now to pass viewed as exclusively economic from the "resolution" stage to the phenomena. International goodwill "action" stage by an aggressive is more than a political problem. movement of concerted effort with One might almost indefinitely elab- the dual purpose of eliminating orate the catalogue of questions competition and of cooperatively that point the moral that the extending our service to all un- Church today must concern itself served areas. To this end our first with all these problems of life ad- need is a question of attitude and justment in our modern world. spirit. We have the technique and the organization. What we need is Comity and Cooperation a wider diffusion of a cooperative spirit. At the same time it is nec- To this list of unsolved problems essary and desirable that we consuggested by the Congress defini- tinue to extend and develop the tion of Home Missions must be various cooperative organizations added two others. One is the prob- which in cities, states and nationlem of interdenominational comity ally provide the channels through and cooperation. The sincerest which our evangelical bodies may friend of the church must concede work together in their common that there is here an unsolved prob- tasks and study together their comlem of great urgency even while mon problems. contending what is undoubtedly the case, that rather remarkable prog- If we could find the way· to ress has been made in recent years deepen the spiritual life of the along this line. This was expressed Church we would doubtless in so in the Congress findings in the fol- doing increase its missionary zeal. lowing significant sentence: "It is If the church as a whole had an inthe plain truth that awareness of escapable conviction that it must go the significance of this problem is a forward, doubtless the means with modern development, that much of which to go forward would be the urgency of it is created by mod- found. In all our work primacy ern conditions, that we are trying must be given to the fundamental in a decade to undo the mistakes of religious motive. A stronger detera century and that, however uneven our success, we have made mination to prosecute the work of real progress and are developing the desire and the will to go for- the church will grow out of nothing ward to success." but a deeper religious experience. For some years now the question of interdenominational cooperation "What we need and what we believe has had the serious consideration the church at large needs is a renewed not only of mission boards but of and more vital consciousness of God; a sense that Jesus is Saviour and that there is none other either for the indi- vidual or for society, that without Him we can do nothing, that through Him we can do anything that needs to be done."

THE DAY OF THE COUNTRY

GONE?

BY THE REV. MALCOLM DANA, D.D., New Haven, Conn.

Director Oountry Life Depa,rtrneut" Cangrega.Uona,l Church Extcnsh.m BoardtS T HE distinctly open country "Urban? Why, bless your heart, type of church is probably we are nothing but an overgrown destined to share the fate of country town. This city is made up the crossroads store and the village of farmers who brought along with blacksmith shop. A town and coun- them their own habits and ways of try church is on the way with a looking at and doing things."

parish planned to include both cen- The visitor told this incident to ters and adjacent countrysides. an audience a while later, and re- Rural religion and the country marked: church are therefore entering upon "These people were describing a new and most important era, al- the same thing, but from opposite though their work may be more poles of experience. What is going qualitative than quantitative. Those on is interpenetration. City influ- interested are challenged to devise ences are backing up into the coun- new plans and programs suited to try, and rural folks are building a changed and changing country- themselves and their customs into side. The task is not an easy one. the life of urban centers."

It calls for a modern appraisement This movement calls for serious of the country church, and for a and thoughtful attention! Such thorough understanding of signifi- silent and subtle interchange chal- cant trends and movements in the lenges rural and city churches alike rural religious and secular fields. to see to it that neither institution Rural·Urban Interpenetrations suffers from this important give' and take.

Both the rural and urban reli- :Back·tier Populations gious forces are challenged to deal with a movement described by a In contrast to the merging of in- well-known sociologist. He was terests is the development of a new visiting in a small Iowa town and type of rural isolation. The fact referred to it as "rural." The clas- of diminishing popUlations is gen- sification was resented in some such erally recognized. But the effects words as these: of the exodus to the cities, and the "We are not rural, or different moving of country people out to from city folks. We dress and act paved highways are not so well as they do. We have city conveni- known. Nevertheless, back-tier ences in our homes, and go to urban populations are developing in many centers for our pleasures and en- quarters of the land. Superior folk joyments." still live in depleted areas and will A few days later he was talking continue to do so. But these migra- to one of the leading bankers of a tions are partly responsible' for large city not far distant from this "rural vice equalling anything to same village. He happened to use be found in Chicago, New York or the word "urban," which evoked Boston; spiritual illiteracy match- this comment: ing any book illiteracy to be found 679

in the 80uthern mountains; and a peals to mere sentiment and emo- need for medical missions almost tion.

as keen as in India and Africa." Attitudes Toward Mission Aid Nor are these conditions charac- teristic of regions where the great A fourth challenge asks for a distances and sparsely settled areas newly conceived, better designated might be expected to produce isola- and differently administered "mis- tion and loneliness. They exist in sion aid."

older and more populous states, and Rural churches were never more are often to be found only a few needed to help solve the problems miles back .from old and historic of the American countryside, and churches quite given to celebrating to assist in mitigating serious con- their one hundredth and one hun- ditions existing there. But dimin- dred and fiftieth anniversaries. In- ished memberships and constitu- deed, "overlooking" is fast being encies make it impossible for them recognized as a more frequent and to do the work alone and unaided.

reprehensible sin than that of the Nevertheless, there is a growing more talked about "overchurch- disinclination on the part of rural ing." Churches of the countryside ministers and churches, and even are therefore challenged to go out more on the part of young men who from even small centers to experi- are thinking of entering the min- ence the joys of "detours," and to istry, to be termed "missionary."

discover the blessedness of a new Some think the time has come to mission and field of work in the drop that word from the vocabu- region of back-country roads. lary of religious work. What was Passing of Pioneer Home Missions once a help has become a hindrance and an embarrassment. Churches Another challenge has to do with which are most needed, and which the passing of home missionary have the best right to help, are days. These days are gone, along generally the very ones that will with the disappearance of the fron- not ask for or accept so-called "mis- tiers, and rural work is becoming sion aid." This prejudice is ex- pretty much alike everywhere. Dis- plicable! Words change their pop- sertations on such themes as "The ular significance and meaning.

Modern Efficiency of the Country "Charity," for example, used to be Church" sound rather prosaic when a strong and self-respecting word compared to the more thrilling with little or no suggestion of con- tales of pioneer days. descension, almsgiving or dole.

These changes undoubtedly ex- Nowadays the worthiest poor re- plain, to some extent at least, the sent "charity" and abhor even the falling off in benevolent interest slightest idea of becoming "clients"

and giving, experienced by all of of some social service agency. It is the major denominations. Never- much the same with the word "mis- theless, the rural religious enter- sionary!" The term once stood for prise is challenged to vindicate pioneering, the heroic opening up sound theory which claims that ef- of hitherto unsettled lands, and the forts to increase the efficiency of building of new civilizations. But the average country minister and now the word has become too much his church will, in the long run, get of a label to indicate churches re- more permanent results than ap- ceiving financial aid. And churches

HAS THE DAY OF THE COUNTRY CHURCH GONE1

which have always been independ- sistance will be given or withheld ent, but are now fallen on hard according to the will and wish of times, are not likely to sue for certain individuals. So, with in- "mission aid." Thus, work which creasing frequency, some of the should be pushed more vigorously most needed and worthwhile than ever, and along new and ad- churches, prefer to die rather than venturesome lines, often' languishes ask for or receive "mission aid" or dies. administered in such a manner.

State ideas and procedures may State ideas and practice are adeindicate the way of escape from a quate to meet the situation. Devery real dilemma. The state frank- nominational funds might be raised ly realizes a tendency for popula- and administered in the same imtions and money to concentrate at personal manner, as supplementaurban centers, thus leaving behind tion or equalization funds. When depopulated and impoverished churches have raised a fair proporareas. It therefore creates and tion of the money necessary to semaintains special funds to help in cure privileges commensurate with matters of schools, roads and their needs and opportunities, they health. When these places have also would automatically become raised a certain percentage of the beneficiaries of funds created to funds necessary to meet local needs, stimulate that very achievement. they become automatically benefi- In lieu of all that country churches ciaries of state moneys set apart have given up from time immemofor the express purpose of supple- rial that city churches might live, menting their own. Such procedure such assistance could never be conis self-operative, self-adjusting, sidered "charity" or even benevoand works everywhere the same. lence. It would be sheer justice! Money is not given or received as The arrangement would be accharity. On the contrary, the meth- cepted as a just and equitable od is considered a just and states- method whereby churches everymanlike one. It enables peoples where might be helped to a leaderand communities everywhere to get ship, equipment and means, suffiand maintain institutions and priv- cient to guarantee to remote and ileges which guarantee the same impoverished churches and areas high levels of citizenship through- the same high levels of religious out the entire state. privilege now possible only to more accessible and well-to-do churches Like conditions in the field of and regions. rural religion argue for similar ideas and a like strategy. Church Comparisons with Modern Agriculture populations have always drifted cityward resulting in depleted and The fifth challenge to rural reliimpoverished country churches. gion and the country church is for Nevertheless, the latter are expect- a technic and attainment which can ed to cope with the most exacting stand comparison with those of the period of their history. The task great avocation of the countryside is an impossible one! Therefore -agricultUre. these churches must ask help, if they are to receive any, from some The rural church simply must state official or board. The trans- continue to exist and get results in action is highly personal, and as- the face of heavy odds. Its task is

rendered doubly hard because it is he will have little or nothing to do forced into daily comparison with with either. They will not be able the technic and achievements of to command his respect, following scientific agriculture and machine and support. farming. And few churches can bide the test! Nevertheless, they This challenge to efficiency does are challenged to do so. Two phases not belittle a primary need for conof this requirement are worth con- secration, spiritual mindedness, or sidering. religious fervor and devotion on the part of the rural minister. It In the first place, the rural does maintain, however, that coloschurch is bound to cooperate in sal piety can never do its perfect producing successful farmers. A work until it operates by means of noted economist cites the fact that a technic and program comparable according to a natural law there is to those of scientific agriculture. a tendency for the best lands to Nor is such efficiency alone matter pass into the hands of the most of ministerial efforts. The rural efficient farmer. Therefore, if rural minister has other needs than those America is ever to be evangelized of financial assistance. State offithe Christian farmer must be the cials are challenged to become best farmer." These statements sug- something more than mere placegest two queries. If the inefficient ment men and money getters. They farmer is even now being pushed themselves must become efficiency off the soil, will not a similar fate experts and field specialists interovertake the inefficient country ested and informed in a now well minister in a coming day of fewer established rural church technic. and better churches? Again, if evangelization of the countryside is New Conceptions a matter of making the Christian farmer the best farmer, must not The eighth challenge bids the the rural church be vitally inter- rural minister and the country ested in a successful agriculture as church acquire and practice right well as in the more distinctly spir- conceptions of both community and itual achievements? parish.

In the second place, the rural Accusation is made that the Protminister must be the peer of the estant Church has always possessedfarmer. Twenty-three per cent of two great weaknesses. It has not the people are now food producers. had a theory of parish based upon But the claim is made that ten per a study of the area to which it cent of the population of the United ought to minister, and it thinks in States will ultimately feed the nine- terms of constituencies rather than ty per cent. What does that sig- of populations. Parish, it is afnify? This. That ten per cent firmed, has never been a geographfarmer is destined to be the most ical concept at all, but has been the intelligent, highly trained, indus- sum of the church's supporters and trious, and efficient farmer that the adherents. Churches are primarily world has ever seen. There is chaJ- concerned abo u t "birth-right" lenge to the rural minister and his members, or about peoples of parchurch! Both must watch that ten ticular social levels or intellectual per cent farmer in method, equip- types. Families can live within ment, industry and results, or else easy distance of a number of churches and yet be no part of the

HAS THE DAY OF THE COUNTRY CHURCH GONE?

attentive concern of anyone of the same. According to the latest them. definition, a Larger Parish is "a Such faults are largely due to definite area, preferably one form- early policies of Home Missionary ing a natural community, where days when it was the custom for the religious groups join in a com- denominations to rush in pell mell, mon ministry, with a representa- all together, to occupy so-called tive council and a diversified serv- "strategic centers." Such irreli- ice."

gious competitions in turn begat This is a sound application of the two unpardonable sins of Prot- sociological discoveries. It is also estantism, viz., over-churching and following the lead of such move- over-looking. And, strangely, the ments as farmer cooperatives and second has always been resultant the consolidated school, and for from the first! Surveys show an similar ends. The Larger Parish almost universal fact! Whenever secures for the rural religious en- and wherever there is congestion terprise unity of action and a of religious privilege at village and larger area of patronage and sup- town centers there is always a cor- port. It makes possible better responding neglect of nearby and leadership and more ample equip- adjacent countrysides. ments. The cooperating peoples get Happily, the challenge to better together what no single group things is being accepted. A fact- of them might get alone. The pro- finding age, with its "survey meth- gram is a seven-day-a-week one, od," is fixing responsibilities for and considers the whole man and a newly discovered "actual commu- the entire life process. It is "com- nity" or "trade area." These com- munity minded," and seeks to dis- munities include both villages and prove the general accusation made their respective "town's land against rural churches, that very foundations." Catching step with few of them "are community sociology, enterprising ministers churches in the sense of actually and churches are perceiving that serving, or attempting to serve, all the "parish" must be identical with elements in the community and all these easily discoverable natural aspects of community life." It is communities. And services ren- also "activity centered," and at- dered by the rural minister and the tempts to do away with another country church must be to every weakness of the Protestant Church.

last soul living upon such an "in- "The most amazing thing about the habited area of land." country church is on how meager a program it can keep alive and satis- Ministry to Areas and Populations fied. Such a program costs very A final challenge to the rural little, and secures benefits for the minister and the country church is community that are proportional." to think and serve in terms of areas "Over-looking" is also to be banand popUlations. ished along with over-churching! The newer ideas of community Every individual and family living and parish are finding their best within the Larger Parish is not application in an increasing use of only to be discovered, but also made the Larger Parish. The latter is "a part of the attentive concern" perhaps more of a movement than of one of the cooperating churches, it is a technic and plan everywhere and of the Larger Parish itself.

AMERICA ENDURE

RELIGION?

BY THE REV. JOHN McDOWELL, D.D., New York Author of "The Fell_shi" vf Toil!'; Secretary 0/ the ROMd of National Mi8sions oJ the Presbytenan Church in the U. S. A.

N o ONE who knows history vantages which stable government will question the affirmation offers to the citizens, as a whole, that the religious need of and which orderly self-restraint the nation is its primary need. offers to each one, replace super- Until this is supplied the nation is natural sanctions and hold in check not secure and it cannot be free. the violence of masses and the self- A nation may exist without reli- indulgent impulses of the individ- gion but it cannot live without it. ual? History, if she cannot give a Experience has shown that reIi- complete answer to this question, gion is the most efficient of all fac- tells us that hitherto civilized so- tors in human history because it ciety has rested on religion, and furnishes at once essential ideas, that free government has pros- inspires great motives, controls so- pered best among religious peo- cial conditions and creates great pIes."

men. "Religion," said Daniel Web- Religion has a power that noth- ster, "is a necessity, an indispensa- ing else has to make bad men good, ble element in the life of a nation; to turn the profane to the holy, the there is no living without it." man unreal into the man most true.

Religion is the only basis upon Science has not that power, nor which a commonwealth that will has art. They are witnesses to the endure can be built. No amount of elevation of man, but they do not wealth or extent of culture has cause it. A noble religion causes ever given a nation strength when the elevation of man, creates his the religious element has been in science and his art. The forward decay. "Sometimes, standing in the movements of the world have been midst of a great American city," led by good men and women, per- says Mr. James Bryce in the Amer- sons made good by their religious ican Commonwealth, "one is star- ideals. History and experience tIed by the thought of what might prove that religion is the motive befaII this huge, yet delicate, fab- that turns the wheels of daily life, ric of laws and commerce and the inspiration that prompts self- social institutions were the founda- sacrifice, the force of will that re- tion it has rested on to crumble sists temptation and prompts obe- away. Suppose that all these men dience to truth, the aspiration that ceased to believe that there was develops character and guides con- any power above them, any future science. '-·'fII; before them, anything in heaven In America we are face to face or earth but what their senses told today with what may be called the them; . . . would man say, 'Let supreme moment in our history as us eat and drink, for tomorrow we a nation. It is the people who rule die'? or would custom, and sym- now, and unless God lives in and pathy, and a perception of the ad- rules through the people, the end 684 of all our struggles, the goal of all Democratization without Chris- our hopes and the boast of all our tianization is not sufficient to save progress wj]} be chaos, and chaos America. History shows that de- means death. No nation ever need- mocracy apart from religion is ed more than America needs the mechanical, powerless and lifeless high inspiration and guidance of -a form without a spirit. The an enabling and compelling reli- mere transfer of governmental and gious faith. social control from the self-seeking Socialization without Christian- few to the self-seeking many would ization is not sufficient to save not of itself be of any great benefit America. History abounds with to the nation or assure its endur- proof of the inadequacy of social- ance. Experience records the fact ization without moral impulse and that democracy apart from the spiritual power either to bring "fear of God" has always resulted about any permanent reform or to in failure, in disorder and in ter- account for it. The modern world ror. Lacking the spirit of Christ is beginning to see that no new leg- the Republics of Florence and Ven- islation win suffice. No new indus- ice yielded to dictators. For the trial system and changed economic same reason the first Republic of order in th~mselves will create the France passed through anarchy new social order which will insure and blood and then under the des- the endurance of the nation. There potism of the first Napoleon, and is no difficulty that cannot be over- the second Republic was easily come if one sets out with the right transformed into the empire of kind of citizens, but it must not be Napoleon Third.

forgotten that the chief sources of Democratization without Chris- our national and international tianity is not the way of salvation troubles are old-fashioned selfish- for a nation. Such a democracy is ness and ignorance. All efforts of a dead machine. Both history and socialization that ignore or evade experience demonstrate that de- the effects of selfishness and sin is mocracy cannot be worked without a socialization dealing with the a constant and practical recogni- symptoms of our social ills and not tion of the fundamental teachings its disease. What America needs of Christ, namely, the Fatherhood today is to be saved from the dis- of God, the brotherhood of man ease that is tarnishing its record and the infinite value of every hu- and impeding its progress; then in man soul in the eyes of God. When time the symptoms will take care democracy is based on these doc- of themselves. In laying the whole trines it is primarily a faith and stress on external conditions, in secondarily a form. Democracy is making these the main factors, the both a peril and a promise. With- chief element of the earthly para- out Christianity, it is a peril: with'

dise, socialization without Chris- Christianity, it is a promise.

tianization, is ethically imperfect Education without Christianity and inadequate to the purpose it is not sufficient to save America.

contemplates, n a mel y, that of Our fathers were wise in separat- bringing in a saved America ing the Church from education but wherein dwelleth righteousness, it does not follow that they intend- the only basis on which America ed to separate the Christian reli- can endure. gion from education. The effort to

do this has resulted in great in- be broken as soon as other ar- jury to both. If America is to en- rangements seem more profitable.

dure it must have the inspiration The Kingdom of God cannot be of religion and the restraint of claimed for America on any such education. "What God hath joined terms. The world waits for a de- together let no man put asunder," mocracy wise enough to rule and and experience is teaching us to- good enough to be trusted. It day that He has joined religion should be our prayer as Americans and education. To say that Chris- that such a democracy may be real- tianity has nothing to do with ized in America.

education is like saying that at- On the brow of the hill overmosphere has nothing to do with looking the bay where the Mayarchitecture. flower was moored they h a v e Character, rather than learning, erected a colossal statue of national is the primary need of a democracy significance. On the four corners that is to endure. Only as America of the pedestal repose four figures, is Christian can it endure. Social- representing Law, Morality, Freeization and education wit h 0 u t dom and Education. But above Christianity will inform America; these there stands erect the gigandemocratization without Christian- tic figure of Faith. Thirty and six ization will reform America, but feet she rises from the foot, which only as America is Christian can it rests upon a slate from Plymouth be transformed in a way that will Rock. With one hand she grasps insure its permanency. We shall an open Bible, and with the other never have a democracy in Amer- in graceful gesture she points the ica worth having on any other Nation to God. The only book she terms than those of Jesus Christ. opens to· the eyes of the world is He must be put into the thought the Bible-the book that has made of America, the conscience of the American Republic strong, and America, the relationships of the only book that can perpetuate America, the activities of America, it. The Bible has given us the only the spirit of America, if America true religion by which we have is to endure. Christ insisted that been led in our advances of liberty a nation's life, like man's life, con- and learning in the past, and the sists not in the things which it Bible offers us the only true relipossesses. Out of all the conflicts gion by which we can make progof abhorent forces it becomes clearer every day that the new ress in the cause of liberty and life order can only come to a nation in the future.

that has conquered animalism and God of our fathers, known .of old, has risen to the ranks of a brother- Lord of our far-flung battle line; hood founded on love and justice. Beneath whose awful hand we hold Mere social, political, economical Dominion over palm and pine; or educational conventions are like Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, the treaties of nations-made to Lest we forget: lest we forget.

AS SEEN BY AN

BY PAUL AUH, Ph.D., New York Korean Dit:i8i(Jn~ Cornmittfc on PrifndtJj Rnlntions A mo'»g .Fo'rciyn Stttd(:nt8 T wo newly-arrived students in Men and the Elephant." Whatever America were engaged in an picture the present writer may argument about the price of paint of America can be only fragadmission to a moving-p i c t u r e mentary and not representative. theater. America is a paradox, a dilem- "How can that be possible," said rna. It seems to flourish outside one decidedly, "I paid fifty cents of logic, defying reason and disreonly yesterday to go into that the- garding consistency. The American ater, and yet you say you paid sev- scene is full of extremes, and conenty-five cents for the same thing!" fiicting and antagonistic tendencies.

The other retorted in a no less What is remarkable is that the firm tone, "The price sign called American people somehow seem to for that amount, and I complied find peace and calm in a life of with it." dualism. The typical American be- A third student came up and ing a realist, a pragmatist, seems asked what the argument was to gather enough harmony and about. When informed, he said: complacency in these inconsisten- "You are both wrong. The real cies. price is thirty-five cents. You fel- The visitor from the Orient finds lows being strangers here must in America opposing factors that have been cheated." baffle him. There are here two dynamically opposed philosophies The truth was that the three had of life, that taught by Western gone to the theater at three dif- civilization and that based on the ferent times when the admission teachings of Jesus. The contrast price was different: Weekday mat- inee, 35 cents; weekday evenings, becomes bolder because of the exag- 50 cents; Saturdays and Sundays, gerated emphasis upon material- 75 cents. All three students were istic philosophy. right, but only in part. This Western philosophy of life This incident roughly illustrates has taught the people of the West the difficulty of attempting to write to be acquisitive, aggressive, opon "An Oriental View of Christian pressive, individualistic, selfish, America" and describe any people dominating, and exploitative. It or culture. It is a difficult task but has nurtured the people on the it is doubly hazardous to attempt "Get-as-much-as-you-can" principle to characterize a country as vast of life; it has elevated hedonism and as complex as America. At to the throne of God; it has glori- present America is more like a fied force as the supreme virtue of "stew pot" than a "melting pot," man; it has exalted conquest as the and this complicates the situation highest achievement of mankind. still further. The foreign visitor is, Side by side with these rules of thus, unduly exposed to the danger conduct is a code of ethics set up of being like one of the blind men by Christ and directly opposed to in the story of "The Seven Blind the principles of materialistic civil- 687

ization. Christ taught a religion of sal peace and Christian brotherlove, self-sacrifice, humility, and hood, and yet their government renonresistance. It's system of ethics fuses to join the most useful agent is built upon the spirit of "Love of international conciliation and your enemy," and "Turn your other world peace. It is difficult for the cheek." It condemns brute force as Oriental mind to understand how base, hatred as inhumane. any people that recites day after day the petition, "Forgive us our These two systems have been trespasses as we forgive those who compelled to live side by side for trespass against us" can be a party the last twenty centuries. There is to lynching. no reconciliation between the two. They are incompatible. As a re- What is most baffling to the Orisult the West has attempted to live ental visitor is that the masses of a dual life, abandoning neither the American people are not conphilosophy and not fully accepting scious of such a dual living. Their either. complacency is a wonder.

Evidences of this dual standard The Oriental Christian is hurt of life abound everywhere. The for two reasons. First place, behistory of America especially cause he is an Oriental. His life abounds in examples. Here a for- and his religion are one, merged eigner finds the most kindly sort into his everyday conduct. He is of people, hospitable, thoughtful, taught to respect elders not as a sympathetic. But, on the other mere abstract theory, but as a hand, America is unanimously con- moral rule. He is instructed to redemned by the visitors from the gard wisdom as the highest way of East as· the most race-prejudiced, life, not as an idle principle. When un-Christlike country in the world. he is introduced to Christianity as Here one finds millions of dollars the religion of love, he takes it at spent for charity, both at home and its face value. The missionaries abroad, for public service, for mis- from the West show him the virtue sion work in foreign lands, and for of the Sermon on the Mount, and if many other types of work, and yet, he accepts its principles it becomes in contrast the foreign~r discovers his moral standard of conduct, and the most inhumane methods of not merely a set of beautiful ideals money-making, dollar-extracting, to be admired. and a mad lust for gold. The Oriental is deeply impressed with such Second, an Oriental is hurt in expressions of Christian devotion America because he is a follower as that stamped on coins-"In God of Christ. He keenly resents any We Trust." He witnesses the rep- abuse of Christian teaching. When resentatives of the people assem- he hears such expressions as bled in the Congress bowing their "lynch him ;"1 when he is called heads in prayer before making their deliberations, and then is as- :'Chinaman," in an offensive way;' tonished at the ease with which IS separated from other worshipers force is adopted as an instrument and is given an entire pew to himof national policy in its dealings with weaker nations. Teachers and 1 Refers to the meldent whiCh occurred in the preachers, leaders and other thinkers expound the benefits of univer- Cathedral of St. John the Divine In connection with a controversy between Judge Ben B Lin- say and Bishop Manning. .

'Refers to an incident in a New York City church.

AMERICA AS SEEN BY AN ORIENTAL

self3 in the temple of the God of In the meantime, the rest of the Love, it saddens and hurts him. world runs rampant.

Has the American Church ener- There are signs that the Amergetically combated the influence of ican Church of today is waking up. materialistic civilization? Unfor- It begins to see that religion must tunately it seems clear that the exert influence on the whole of life. Christian Church in America has Christians are accepting the chalfailed to bring a harmony between lenge of life issues and are comthe two divergent theories of life. bating evil influences instead of It has not succeeded in stemming retreating. A new dawn seems to the mighty torrent of materialism; be coming, and there are new reainstead, it has largely been swept sons to hope that the Christian reaside by the currents of material- ligion will ultimately build the istic teachings. Before the impos- Kingdom of God on earth. But the ing, glittering Towers of Babel, enemies are powerful. Will the the little temples of worship seem American people, who have been colorless and insignificant. Before nurtured with the milk of material the stampede of the powerful army comfort, be able to enjoy the life of mechanical civilization, the that Jesus lived? Christian Church seems to maintain its existence only by retreat- America may build the finest ing, conceding, and conforming. temples of worship, spend millions To the Oriental the American of dollars in Christian work, de- Christian Church seems to be an liver the finest sermons from its institution deprived of its soul and pulpits, produce the highest kind vital power. The living spirit of of literature on Christian dogmas, Jesus Christ seems to have been persuade everyone to attend church lost. The people are drunk with the services, and yet the real spirit and sweetness of material comfort. The soul of Jesus and His teachings Church has inherited a set of reli- may ultimately be found not in the gious dogmas and rites which mean West but in the East. less and less. The Christian religion has largely become class and The writer is not unappreciative race religion with purposeless and of the many American men and intermittent church-going. Reli- women who are the finest types of gion and life have grown apart. Christians. He has met here many kind, understanding, devoted, ear- 3 Refers to an incident in an Iowa church. nest Christians; but America as a whole is not Christian.

WHERE YOUTH ARE WANTED Dr. John R. Mott indicates seven lines of need for youth in active missionary service: (1) to fill important gaps in the missionary ranks; (2) to succeed competent missionaries who must soon retire because of old age; (3) "to supersede relatively incompetent workers;" (4) to reinforce the present staff in many fields in order to prevent the physical breakdown of over-worked missionaries; (6) to adequately man existing institutions in order to make their service more effective; (6) to give expert help in lines of specialization; (7) to enter totally unoccupied fields.

Western students raise the question: "Granted that we may be needed on the mission field, are we wanted there by the natives of the country?" This inquiry has been put to leading nationals in the Church in every mission field. Dr. Mott states the conclusion thus: "In all fields, occupied by three-quarters of the inhabitants of the non-Christian world, native Christian leaders without exception state that they both need and want more missionaries from the West, but they Bpecified that theBe must be the be8t that EurrYpe and America can provide."

4

BY MRS. F. 1. JOHNSON, 150 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW

CHRIST AND THE VILLAGES IN And Jesus with his disciples with- drew to the sea: and a great multitude SCRIPTURE AND SONG from Galilee followed: and from Ju- dea … hearing what great things he For use with study book: "Christ did (Mark 3: 7-8). Comes to the Village." Song: "Glorious Things of Thee And Jesus went about all the vil- Are Spoken." lages teaching, and preaching and healing (Mat. 9: 35). And it came to pass, that he was going on the Sabbath day through the Song: "The Great Physician." grainfields; (Mark 2: 23).

And passing along by the sea of Song: "Far and Near the Fields Galilee, he saw Simon and Andrew the Are Teeming." brother of Simon casting a net in the sea: for they were fishers. And Jesus And in the morning, a great while said unto them, "Come ye after me, before day, he rose up and went out, and I will make you to become fishers and departed into a desert place, and of men" (Mark 1: 16-17). there prayed (Mark 1: 35).

Song: "Where He Leads Me I Will Song: "The Beautiful Garden of Follow." Prayer."

And seeing the multitudes, he went And it came to pass soon afterwards, up into the mountain: and when he that he went about through cities and had sat down, his disciples came unto villages, preaching and bringing the him: and he opened his mouth and good tidings of the Kingdom of God taught them, saying, (Luke 8: 1).

Blessed are the poor in spirit: for Song: "Hold the Fort." theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Now as they went on their way, he Blessed are they that mourn: for they entered into a certain village: and a shall be comforted. certain woman named Martha received him into her house (Luke 10: 38). Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth. Song: "Let the Saviour In.''

Blessed are they that hunger and thirst And he went forth again by the sea after righteousness: for they shall side; and all the multitude resorted be filled. unto him, and he taught them (Mark 2: 13). Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy. Song: "Peace Be Still."

Blessed are the pure in heart: for And Jesus went forth, and his dis- they shall see God. ciples, unto the villages of Cresarea Phillipi (Mark 8: 27). Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called sons of God. Song: "The Old Rugged Cross."

Blessed are they that have been per- They (His disciples) therefore, secuted for righteousness' sake: for when they had testified and spoken the theirs is the kingdom of heaven. word of the Lord, returned to Jeru- salem and preached the Gospel to many Blessed are ye when men shall re- villages (Acts 8: 25). proach you, and persecute you, and say all manner of evil against you Song: "Lord, Speak to Me." falsely, for my sake.

Rejoice and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets who were before you (Mat. 5: 3-12).

690

METHODS FOR WORKERS

And again he began to teach by the Jesus withdrew from thence in a sea side. And there is gathered unto boat, to a desert place apart: and when him a very great multitude, so that the multitudes heard thereof, they folhe entered into a boat, and sat in the lowed him (Mat. 14: 13). sea (Mark 4: 1). Song: "In the Secret of His Pres- Song: "The Life Line." ence."

And it came to pass that he went Woe to him that buildeth a town out into the mountain to pray; and he with blood (Habakkuk 2: 12). continued all night in prayer to God (Luke 6: 12). Song: "Lest We Forget."

Song: "In the Garden." And wheresoever he entered, into villages, or into the country, they laid And as he entered into a certain the sick in the marketplaces, and bevillage, there met him ten men who sought him that they might touch if it were lepers (Luke 17: 12). were but the border of hi,s garment: and as many as touched him were made Song: "Where Are the Nine?" whole (Mark 6: 56).

There arose a great persecution and Song: "Song of Galilee." * they (all of His disciples) were scattered all abroad throughout the re- Each gentle dove and sighing bough gions of Judea and Samaria … and That makes the eve so blessed to me went about preaching the word (Acts 8: 1-4). Has something far diviner now, It bears me back to Galilee. Song: "Faith of Our Fathel's." Chorus And he went on his way through cities and villages teaching (Luke o Galilee! sweet Galilee! 13: 22). oWhGearelileJee!sussweloevtedGasloileme!uch to be: Song: "We've a Christ for the Vil- Come sing thy song again to me! lages." (Tune: "We've a Story to Tell to the Nations.") Each fiow'ry glen and mossy dell, Where happy birds in song agree, We've a Christ to take to the village, And tell them of God's great love; Through sunny morn the praises tell A Christ who died to save them, Of sights and sounds in Galilee. A Christ who reigns above, A Christ who reigns above. And when I read the thrilling lore And the darkness shall turn to dawning, Of Him who walked upon the sea, And the dawning to noon day bright, When we take Christ to the village, I long, oh, how I long once more With His message of love and light. To follow Him in Galilee!

• Words by R. MorriS, LL.D.; Music by H. R. Palmer.

WORSHIP THOUGHTS OF A FURLOUGHED MISSIONARY A missionary sits alone in the crowd, thrilled by a harmonious beauty of the Christian Cathedral that dwarfs the shabby wonders of the East. A letter is in his pocket: •….. "We deeply regret finances do not permit your return to the field."

What would that stooped old Indian village Christian think of this delicate symmetry of the chancel carving? ….. What richness of organ and choir voices …… The cost of that organ would endow the school forever. What a processional of consecrated young lives that would mean!

Foolish dreams! …… Poor B-, out there alone……. Just a boy trying to do a pastor's work in a village full of ignorance……. So many problems …… Why didn't I wait until next year to take my furlough?

What a gem of a window! I hadn't seen that before. How unique, and how it fits the niche among the arching pillars, ….. Could anyone help worshiping here?

After all, the mud village is so minute, so unimportant. This is the very Presence of God!

What's this dull ache in my heart …… ?-George B. Garden, En Route to India, June, 1!J31, The Chri8tian Advocate.

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN

EDITED BY HELEN M. BRICKMAN, 105 East 22d Street, New York Council of Women for Home Missions- FLORENCE G. TYLER, 419 Fourth Avenue, New York Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions of North America AN UNTOUCHED MIGRANT FIELD shoes, and food. What a Mexican should be paid is just enough to live on, with BY EDITH E. LOWRY maybe a dollar or two to spend. That's all he deserves. If he is paid any more In a study of Mexican labor in the he won't work so much or when we need United States made recently by Paul him; he's able to wait around until we S. Taylor, of the University of Cali- have to raise the price above what's fornia, we discover ·something of the legitimate.'

extent of a migrant field, to date un- "The pressing need for Mexicans in touched. In Dimmit County, Texas certain seasons is indeed some protecthere has been developed a cycle of tion to them. As was said by one crops including corn, casaba melons, grower who regretted that their cotton, egg plant, peppers, squash, wages are not higher, beans, spinach, lettuce, beets, broccoli, onions, citrus .fruit, strawberries and " 'The Mexicans' only protection is that cantaloupes. The laborers used in the they are the only labor available, and cultivation and harvest are for the you can't treat them too badly and hold most part Mexican and many are mi- them. The relations between Mexican grants. laborers and American employers are fine, and are regulated under economic, The peak seasons when the migrant not personal pressure.'

is in demand are from late October to "The attitude of Americans toward January and during April and part of education of Mexicans within their May. Here, as in other sections, the midst exhibits a wide range. The Mexican is making an inestimable con- dominant view is the one expressed by tribution to our national life and yet an onion grower: -what does he receive in return! "'The little education they get in the The following excerpts from this schools here spoils them, and makes them study reveal some of the difficulties trifling. They become peddlers and bootthe Mexican is facing. leggers, or seek some easy way of mak- ing a living. They don't want to do this "The view that 'the lesoS you pay (onion-clipping) or other work. Some them the more work you get done' is of them are bright, and get a good educommon among south Texas farmers. cation at San Marcos (colleges) or some The grower next quoted outlined the other institution, and are fine people. position in detail. Not knowing my They should be taught something, yes. identity, but suspecting my northern But the more ignorant they are, the origin, he voiced doubt that I would better laborers they are. The law which understand the point of view: keeps them out if they can't read (liter- acy test) keeps out the best laborers and " 'I saw an article by a northern woman; lets in the worst. If these get educated, she gave it to the farmers here pretty we'll have to get more from Mexico.' hard. Perhaps I'm talking to the wrong man; if you are from the North you "Another observed, won't understand. The Mexican is getting paid about four bits too much; he "'The white children are in school and gets from $1.50 to $2 a day. He should the Mexicans in the fields. The whole get about 3il. When he has a dollar in community wants to make a living and his pocket he won't work. You get more get rich out of Mexican labor.'

onions transplanted at 5 cents a row "A merchant who, like the grower tnhaatnureyoouf dthoe aMt e1x0iccaenn. ts.HeInt'esedjsusatbtohuet I~t quoted was unsympathetic W.Ith $8 a week, if he has a family, for clothes, thiS point of view, said: 692 "'They seem to be afraid that if they "'Because a – – – greaser is not fit learn, they can't handle them as well as to sit beside a white girl. Anybody who they do now. They seem to be afraid wants to get into trouble around here they will unionize and ask higher wages. can just try to put them in the same Some farmers are afraid that if the school. A man would rather his daugh- Mexicans are educated they will want ter was dead than that she should marry to buy land. Well, why not? They are a Mexican. The Mexicans are too dirty entitled to it. and filthy. If they separate in school the children learn the difference and they "Religion was cited both for and won't mix with the Mexicans. Of course, against the education of Mexicans if they contend for it, we will either have . . . It was a descendant of the earli- to take them into the school or else est settlers of the county who invoked build them another.' religion in favor of their education. "Separation is maintained even "'These people should have recogni- when admittedly uneconomic. As a tion, I say. They should be educated, -school official in one town stated, but it will have to come from some one that feels truly the need of the Bible "'We are going to build a new high quotation, "Do justly, love mercy, and school, and would have room to take the walk humbly before thy God.'" Mexicans in a (separate) room (in the American school), but the board is "Another south Texan with a strong afraid of public sentiment and will not religious strain, who had lived in the do it. They say they will build a sepacounty since cattle days also invoked rate school (for the Mexicans). It isn't the moral and religious appeal: economic.'

"'The Americans do wrong to the "An old woman opposed separation: Mexicans. As a Christian people we 'When we die we are all the same.''' should see that they are educated.' YENCHING CHAPEL "School authorities and teachers, like the general American population The Rural Evangelist Speaks of the county, were divided in their views. Some who did not favor edu- A recent Sunday morning service cating Mexicans have already been of worship at Yenching University quoted. Generally the teachers of was especially impressive. Dr. T. C. Mexicans thought the Mexicans should Choa, University Chaplain, was in be educated, and chafed under inade- charge of the service. The speaker, quate facilities, although one said in Mr. Tsai Yung Ch'un, was a young a bewildered sort 'of way, man with a fine spiritual face. Mr. Tsai was formerly a student at Yen- " 'I have wondered why they don't en- ching, having been graduated last force the attendance law. I see numbers June. For some months he has been who.have never been to school. We now working as a country evangelist for have more than we can do justice to. the American Board Mission in the We don't have time to do as good work villages around Paotingfu and Tinghas in the American school. If they went sien. As he told of the needs of these to school, it would raise their standard rural people and tne insistent call of of living, but of course onion work is service for them, his face revealed the what we have for them to do.' deep sympathy which he had for them, the Christian love which filled his "From a tenant farmer in a district heart, and the desire to give all, that with one school admitting only Amer- he might bring t[) them the uplifting icans came the most vigorous and emo- power of J eBUS Christ. tional utterance which I heard. In response to an inquiry as to why Mex- He told of how when he was about icans were not admitted to their to leave a certain village, word went school, put as mildly as I knew how, around among the church members, he flared back a reply charged with and that evening a number of them race, sex, and class antagonism: gathered at the house where he was staying. They were unable to express

the feeling that filled their hearts. voice saying, 'Be Jesus to them. Move They asked him to lead them in sing- among them in the way the Heavenly ing, "God Be With You Till We Meet Father would-that is your message.' " Again." Then for a long time they talked together. Finally one of them We were told that over eighty per suggested that they pray together. cent of the Chinese population belong Mr. Tsai said: "I prayed. I felt it to the peasant class. About ninety hard to leave them, for I don't know per cent of the whole population are when or who will come again to this rural people. "What is China but this village to be their helper. I could rural mass? If you want to save only put them in the care of our Fa- China you must save the masses. They ther. After my prayer, every one of are the real China." them prayed. So although the village homes are unheated, village life is In closing Mr. Tsai said, "I would warm. Oh, how I love that warmth!" like to present to you a word from Jesus: 'Unless a grain of wheat falls With great earnestness Mr. Tsai on the ground and dies, it remains told of the needs of these village pec just one grain. But if it lives, it yields pIe. He said: "The villagers are suf- a great harvest.' " fering from ignorance, poverty, disease and sellshness, the four great I came away with mingled feelings enemies of China." of great sorrow because of the suf- ferings of China's millions, and great As a concrete illustration, he told of joy in my heart because of Christian a twelve-year-old girl who was so Chinese young men and women, such bright that after studying three as the one we had just listened to, months in a class she was able to read whose consecration, Christ-like love the New Testament. When Mr. Tsai and faith in God, and self-sacrificing came to the viJIage he said, "This girl service give promise of a better, must have a chance for further edu- brighter day for China-a day of cation." But when he visited her more equal opportunities, of brotherhome, her parents said to him: ly love, and Christian fellowship made "Teacher, you see this girl. When- possibl.e through the mighty working ever a teacher comes to stay in the of Jesus Christ our Saviour. village she drops everything and goes to attend the class. But we are poor THE AMERIOAN INDIAN farmers. We cannot afford to let her go. At home she ean help to spin and Study for 1932-1933 earn a few coppers a day." Those who have felt the need for Other instances of privation, lack an up-to-date presentation of the of opportunity, and suffering touched American Indian situation and have the hearts of his hearers, and as the hoped for a year of study on this subdepth of his sympathy and love for ject, wiJI rejoice to know that .The these people sometimes choked the American Indian will be the theme for words, I saw more than one of the the interdenominational home mission listeners wipe the tears away. books in 1932-1933.

After giving other illustrations, Mr. Because of changes in per.sonnel Tsai said, "These all are suffering and management, the Indian Service from problems which are rooted in has been in the public eye constantly ignorance, poverty, disease or selfish- for the pa.st few years, and so it is ness." particularly fortunate that the Mis- sionary Education Movement and "During my first days in Tingh- Council of Women for Home Missions sien," the speaker continued, "I was were able to secure the consent of Dr. tackling the question 'What message Lewis Meriam, one who is thoroughly have I for the villagers 7' After these conversant with all aspects of the situfew months of work, and in the face ation, to prepare the book for adults. Dr. Meriam, who was the Technical of I'llch Slffl)rings, I feel within me a

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN BULLETIN

Director of the Survey of Indian Af- A course book for Juniors, containfairs conducted under the Institute ing source materials and suggested for Government Research at Washing- procedures will be prepared by Miss ron, is a member of the Society of Katherine Gladfelter, author of "Un- Friends (Quaker) and has a deep der the North Star." There will also personal interest in the Indian mis- be a reading book for this age group sionary work of the Church. written by Miss Dorothy Cate of the staff of the Indian Department, Na- His book will not deal with the past tional Board of the Y. W. C. A. but with the future of missionary work among the American Indians. For primary children there will be According to the tentative plan which a course book, containing source mahas been outlined, such subjects as terials and suggested procedure, prethese will be treated: Social and eco- pared by Mrs. Florence Crannell nomic condition of the Indians, or- Means, author of "Rafael and Conganized effort for Indian advancement, suelo" and Mrs. James F. Riggll. understanding the Indian point of view, attitudes of white people toward The Home Missions Council and the Indians, what is to become of the Council of Women for Home Missions, American Indian in the United States, which through the Joint Committee on winning Indian cooperation, coopera- Indian Work place directors of relition with the Government, evangelical gious education in the large non-reserwork, missionary service to Indian vation Government Boarding Schools families and communities, relation of and cooperate with the Government in missionaries to education of Indian helping to bring about better condiboys and girls, personnel for the mis- tions of living for the Indians, will be sionary enterprise. In brief, the book able to supply helpful supplementary will fall into two sections, the first material for use in connection with part dealing with the Indian situation this study. as it is today and the second with the outstanding opportunities for Chris- HOW TO OBSERVE LABOR tian service. SUNDAY Mi,ss Winifred Hulbert, the author of "West Indian Treasures" has been BY JAMES MYERS spending the past months visiting the Indian schools and mission centers Mr. Myers ts Industrial Secretary, Social throughout the country with the pur- Service Commission, Federal Council of the pose of writing a book for young peo- Churches of Christ In America, ple which will attempt to reflect the thought and aspiration of Indian The Sunday immediately preceding young people about conditions among Labor Day has been set aside by the their people and their own future. churches as a special occasion for drawing attention to the spiritual and Arrangements have been made to human values involved in labor and publish an adventure story for Inter- industrial relations. The Social Servmediates entitled "Three Arrows" by ice Commission of the Federal Coun- Rev. E. Ryerson Young, of Canada, a cil has issued as usual a Labor Sunday missionary of long experience among Message which is requested to be read the Indians of western Canada. The from the pulpit on Labor Sunday, story is founded on fact, especially on September 6th. Many churches also the life work of Robert Rundle, and post a copy of the Message on the shows how the labors of the early church bulletin board or give out missionaries have helped to prepare c'Opies at the close of the service. The the Indians for the new day. A "unit" Message this year deals with economic course with suggestions for group security for the worker,s as a demand ,sessions and with background material of human brotherhood and stresses will be issued for leaders. the necessity of all forces in society now planning permanent preventives of unemployment, as well as meeting the problems of immediate relief. It

is a clear challenge to the churches to during the coming winter. Detailed take the leadership in promoting a suggestions may be had from the So- Christian 80cial order which will abol- cial Service Commission, but especial attention is called to the need of study ish unemployment.* in women's missionary societies, young people's groups and adult Bible classes Realizing that ,something more than of present social conditions, of the mere pronouncements are needed in principles upon which a Christian soorder to show the way toward this de- cial order should rest, and of suggestsired goal, the Social Service Commis- ed waya toward its accomplishment. sion, together with the Social Action Because of the comparative dearth of Department of the National Catholic available discussion material in this Welfare Conference, and the Social field, the carefully prepared "Discus- Justice Commission of the Central sion Outline on Unemployment,"t Conference of American Rabbis, held published by Association Press, will in Washington last winter a confer- be especially wei com e d by the ence on Permanent Preventives of Un- churches. This course includes sugemployment. The sixteen notable ad- gestions for practical projects in redresses delivered at the Conference by lief work by church groups as well as leading employers, economists, govern- supplying a discussion outline of the ment officials, labor leaders and church great economic problems involved in representatives are now available in building a Christian social order. It printed f'orm and supply a rich source includes also significant reference quoof information; Copies may be secured tations, source material and bibliogfrom the Social Service Commission raphies. Perhaps no one thing would at 50 cents apiece. do more toward promoting conscien- tious concern and intelligent, conatruc- The Social Service Commission re- tive action toward a Christian social quests also that special prayel'S be order than to have thousands of offered in the churches on Labor Sun- groups in our churches following this day for relief of economic distress and l!ourse of study and action during the for divine light and leading toward coming winter. It would constitute the building of a brotherly economic a most effective follow-up for Labor order in which there shall be such Sunday. economic security for the masses of men as shall promote the good life for REQUESTS all. Miss Helen M. Brickman, Director In many cities union services of the of Indian Work, Home Missions Counchurches are held–sometimes out- cil and Council of Women for Home doors in the public park-with special Missiona, returned from her recent speakers, an employer, a labor union trip to the Indian field with these releader, a minister, and perhaps a city quests. Perhaps you or your friends official. In any case, all ministers are may be able to help. requested to preach on the religious significance of labor and industrial The Friendship Club, composed of problems. Suggestions for sermon Indians living and working in Albumaterial and a bibliography have been querque, New Mexico, needs games prepared and may be had from the and music for an orchestra. They Social Service Commission. meet every other week, bringing their supper and spending the evening to- It Is particularly important that gether. There are usually about sixty Labor Sunday shall usher in a con- in attendance. tinuing program in the churches in social service and industrial relations *Additional copies of the Labor Sunday Mes- t'·UneIp.ployment. a Discussion Outline" presfige ean be obtained from the Commission on pared by Prof. Harrison Elliott. Prof. Erdman Harris, of Union Seminary, New York, Miss the Church and Social Service, Federal Coun- Nellie M. Day of Chicago, and James Myers cil of the Churches of Christ in America, 105 may be obtained from the Association Press, East 22nd Street, New York; price $1.00 per 347 Madison Avenue, New York. hundred, 4 cents per single copy.

At the government hospital at La- plies were carried by horses, mules, guna, New Mexico, both the doctor and oxen, which obtained their suband nurses pled for hymn books and sistence from the grass that grew not sacred records for a portable victrola. too plentifully along the route. Hav- ing passed beyond the limits of civili- Any of the above should be sent to zation, and having left churches and Mr. J. C. Ross, 324 Columbia Avenue, religious institutions behind, the re- Albuquerque, New Mexico. straints of the Sabbath were soon for- gotten by most, and all days were alike The children and young people at employed in a diligent march onward. one of the government hospitals near The company of which I was a mem- Riverside, California, asked for sto- ber, however, had halted for one or two ries and story papers. These may be Sabbaths. Stopping one Sunday near sent to Saboba Hospital, San Jacinto, where several routes converged, one of California. our company counted 197 teams that passed during the day. The idea of NOTICE losing our advanced position-for we had started early in the season-and The Department of Study of the Na- week by week getting farther and fartional Board of the Young Women's ther behind, was not relished. The Christian Associations is offering a best of the grass, if not all of it, would course on "The Social Awakening of be used up by those ahead of us. The the Churches, 1850-1930," under the absence of any religious services and leadership of Dr. Vida D. Scudder for other reasons were adduced against many years professor of English Lit- stopping, and those who were in favor erature at Wellesley College. of resting were in the minority. But after the day's rest, on resuming our This course is to be given once a journey next morning we were not a week for twelve weeks, beginning the little surprised at the rapid gait of our week of September 28th at the national teams as compared with those of other headquarters, 600 Lexington Avenue, companies. In two days we had over- New York, N. Y. The day will prob- taken and passed more teams than had ably be Tuesday or Wednesday and the passed us on Sunday; and all the week time suggested is either late afternoon through we added to the number. or a morning hour. There will be a When the next Sunday came around tuition fee of ten dollars. every voice was for resting all day, and so we continued to observe the Sab- Since it will probably be necessary bath all the way through. I afterward to limit registrations for the course, compared notes with other similar the Department of Study for Associa- trains that traveled every day, and tion Leadership will be glad to have found that not only were they weeks at an early date the names of those longer in performing the journey, but likely to attend with a ,statement as to that they had lost many of their cattle preference for a late afternoon or and horses in crossing the last desert, morning session. while the remainder were unsaleable when they arrived at the journey's end TEMPORAL VALUE OF SABBATH because in so poor a condition. Ours, on the other hand, all arrived in good OBSERVANCE condition and readily sold for a good price."-Bulletin, Woman's National Col. W. H. Paine, one of the engi- Sabbath Alliance. neers of the Brooklyn Bridge, gives this account: "Some years since, before a railroad was built or a stage line established across the plains, there was a large emigration to California over land. The necessary sup-

ORW-WIDf

JAPAN. CHOSEN opportunity to be taken? What it will mean to the whole Christian campaign, The P?ess and Religion in Japan especially in the country parts, to have the daily press carrying regular and ONE of the most significant features good Christian articles cannot be over- of the present religious situation estimated. in Japan is the growin~ publidty given by the press to religious news and ideas. The newspaper editor knows Peasant Gospel Schools in Ja.pan public opinion and would not provide such articles if he did not feel that WITHIN the last three years, peashis readers desired them. The Osaka ant Gaspel schools have become a Mainichi, the biggest paper in the definite part of the program of the country, has now a religious column Christian forces in Japan. They occuappearing two or three times a week. pyan important place in the 1931 plans It started this feature some years ago, of the Kingdom of God Movement. dropped it and re-started it in answer These schools are deemed so important to popular demand. The Y omiuri, an- that last April, the Kingdom of God other big daily, has a full-time reli- Movement conducted a conference for gious editor and two or three columns the enlisting and training of leaders of religious matter every day. Other for these schools. Those connected big papers frequently carry religious with such schools shared their ex- periences with others who contemplate articles. entering upon similar lines of rural In the provinces the situation is even evangelism.

more hopeful. One paper is paying The first peasant Gospel school in for material supplied, and is the pio- Japan was opened in Osaka as recently neer of what will be the usual proce- as 1926 by Dr. Kagawa and Rev. M. Sugiyama. It was inspired on the one dure in future, if the religious forces hand by the Danish folk high schools, and on the other by the dire needs of are prepared to take the opportunity rural Japan. It was conducted for thus offered. Christian writers get a one month, and the membership was generous share of space and have no limited to fifteen young farmers, who cause for complaint. came from as many different prefec- tures. The curriculum was divided The Japan Christian News Agency, into three general subjects: the hisa cooperative and interdenominational tory of civilization, rural sociology, body, is issuing two articles a week, and Bible. Its purpose was to train which are syndicated to about forty young men who would return to their papers. It is only limited financial home villages as leaders. This school resources which prevent an almost un- has been continued yearly under the limited expansion. With adequate leadership of Mr. Sugiyama and since backing there is no reason why it then several rural schools have sprung should not be possible to have a Chris- up.-A. R. Stone. tian news agency of equal status with other news agencies in the country, The Kingdom of God Campaign providing good up-to-date material to the secular press. Once such a goal is reached, the agency will be in a posi- tion to support itself and so make a THE emphasis in the movement this permanent contribution to the evan- year is put on the mobilization and gelization of Japan. Is this present training of the laity for active and ef- 698

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

fective service. Laymen's Training ADlerican FilDl8 a Menace Conferences are conducted for different parts of the empire. One has been MANY modern films are a menace held in Tokyo for Eastern and North- to the moral life of Japan and the ern Japan and one at Nara for Central National Christian Council of Japan and Western Japan. A total of 1,500 has been asked to take steps to secure laymen and laywomen attended these a stricter censorship on the part of the two gatherings. A high spiritual note police department in Tokyo. The chief was struck in each session. Japanese censor on his own initiative stated that their greatest problem is In order to project the campaign with the films from America. He said. into the unreached rural area with its that many of these films are highly 30,000,000 farming folk and its 12,000 detrimental to the morals of the Japunoccupied villages, short term peas- anese people and he hoped that the ant Gospel schools will be held in every National Christian Council would take possible rural district. The purpose steps to secure the stoppage of the of these schools is to train picked coming of these undesirable American young men and women from the vil- films. lages for Christian leadership in their own respective areas. The Executive Committee of the Council voted to call the attention of A "Training Institute for Peasant the Federal Council of the Churches of School Leaders" was held in Tokyo, Christ in America to this situation and April 9th and 10th and about 100 Jap- ask them to take every step possible anese Christian workers, laymen and to prevent the continued influx of unmissionaries especially interested in desirable American films into Japan. rural work attended this institute and acquainted themselves with the pur- This action was not inspired pripose, program and technique of this marily by missionary influence. The means of bringing the impact of the committee which called on the police Gospel to bear upon Japan's rural life. censor was composed entirely of Jap- anese. This protest against the type Abolition in Japan of American film coming to Japan is a protest from both Christian and non- EIGHT more prefectures have passed Christian Japanese. bills abolishing licensed prostitution – Fukui, Fukushima, Saitama, Effects of Newspaper EvangelisDl Akita, Niigata, Nagano, Kanagawa and Okinawa. THE newspaper evangelism method, in operation for a number of years, To date abolition has not been put seems to bring incalculable results in into effect, with the exception of Sai- reaching the people. In Tokyo, where tama where the last licensed houses a C. M. S. missionary is cooperating were actually closed on the 27th of with Japanese workers in this plan of December last. Saitama thus becoytles campaign, over 10,000 inquiries about the second prefecture in the empire to Christianity were received during free itself from complicity in this busi- 1930. One of the most important Japness, the other being Gumma where anese newspapers has welcomed arabolition was effected 36 years ago. ticles, and as a result applications for further news have come from all parts For the first time in Japanese legal of the Japanese Empire. Requests behistory a verdict was given in the ing received come mainly from young Osaka District Court declaring it no men of average education. crime to repudiate the debts owing to the keeper of a house of prostitution. Medical EvangelisDl in Chosen If this decision is sustained it will be epoch-making and will spell doom for T HE evangelists in Pyengyang Unthe system by which girls are bought ion Christian Hospital, Korea, under the specious pretence of making preached last year to thousands of in- ~ J9an.-E. C. Hennigar.

dividuals. About 110 showed signs of 60,000; probably one half have heard true repentance and a desire to become the Gospel. Christians. A Lay Evangelist A man who lost his eye in a fight some two years ago, became a Chris- To THE little village of Sol-Chang-i tian during treatment at the hospital (Wonsan District), there came one and went home where he led his wife day a young man who had been a and mother to Christ. He forgave his teacher in Mukden, Manchuria, but enemy instead of going to law for who had been compelled to return to damages, and this made a sensation in Korea in search of health. He was an his town. He is now an active and earnest Christian so he began to hold respected Christian. church services and one by one the families in the village were led to at- Another man, who is now a strong tend them. Today there is only one minister in the Presbyterian Church, family left in the village which is not was suffering with a boil on the neck Christian. His attention was also which gave him considerable pain. He drawn to the children who were growgave vent to his feelings with no un- ing up without an education. He orcertain sound, whereupon the doctor ganized a little school and began to said: teach them. At first he received no remuneration for this work, but later "Would to God you had as much the parents of his pupils offered to pain over y~lUr sins!" give him his food in exchange for his labor on behalf of their children. An That remark led to the transforma- interesting story is told of this man, tion of his life and a fruitful Christian that among other things he taught his ministry. pupils a temperance song and that their custom was to parade through Among Chinese in Korea the village every evening, singing it. As a result of this practice the saloons FOR many years the Federal Council in the village received less and less of Protestant Evangelical Missions patronage, until finally they were all in Korea has aided in evangelistic compelled either to close or to move work among the thousands of Chinese elsewhere. living in this peninsula. The Chinese themselves have given a total of yen ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC 3,639.94 to this work. There are six established centers, all occupying their Ne…. Philippine Field own buildings. These are in Seoul, Chemulpo, Wonsan, Pyengyang, Fusan APART of the Philippine field which and Hokuchin. New work is being the Presbyterian Board has handopened in Chunju, with a Chinese- ed Over to the Baptists consists of the speaking Korean giving half his time, Palawan Islands, declared to be the with still another beginning in Taiku. mQst needy and difficult field of the Philippines.. Dr. Thomas, of the Bap- In three of the stations there are tist Mission staff, after two months' day schools, where 83 boys and girls careful survey, reports at least 100,000 are taught the Bible, and a few have pagans who have never heard the Gosbeen baptized. The pupils all come pel. They have no written language, from heathen homes, and many are are pitifully poor, without any medical bringing their parents with them to care, but eager to receive friends who the services, will guide and help them. Dr. 'Thomas recommends that Filipino preachers A preaching tour extending to the be sent there at once, later an Amer- Manchurian border disclosed 14 pro- ican to supervise. He urges a farm fessing Christians, representing Pres- school rather than bringing the peobyterians, Baptists, Anglicans, Salva- ple from their mountain sections into tion Army, Marshal Feng's army, and one each from Wonsan and Fusan churches. The Chinese are scattered throughout Korea, and number about

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

a town that is expensive and takes Celebes. Chinese are learning the them from their own environment. Malay language, and make excellent missionaries. The work has been greatly strengthened by the coming of a young Scotch- The Gospel for W orrora man, Alexander Sutherland, who has worked under the Baptist Mission of WHO are the Worrora? A tribe of Scotland in the Orkney and Hebrides aborigines inhabiting a corner of Islands. In addition to theological and Northwest Australia, numbering about Bible study, Mr. Sutherland has had 300 persons. All adult Australian training in tropical medicine, den- aboriginals speak several languages, tistry and house building, all of which their own and those of their neighbors will make him very useful in this new on either hand. Counting the neighfield. boring tribesmen who understand Worrora, there are perhaps one thou- Philippine Churches Unite sand aboriginals at present who speak this language. Worrora is a primitive, T HE Presbyterian, Congregational synthetic language, one where whole and United Brethren Churches in groups of thought are built up in long the Philippine Islands have united compound words, the despair of the under the name of the United Evan- translator. Rev. J. R. B. Love has gelical Church. The new church has translated the Gospel of Mark into a general assembly and conferences, this tongue. When it was completed, each with a moderator who acts as a and the story of the Crucifixion read traveling superintendent. There are in church, the eager interest of the elders and deacons in the local church- hearers was. a reward for the months es, with both offices open to women. of assiduous labor.

New Field in Dutch Indies NORTH AMERICA T HE little island of Bali has ac- Student Religion quired fame among scientists, because, with Asia ending at Bali and AQUESTIONNAIRE sent to 1,500 Australasia beginning at Lombok, an- ·students at Syracuse university other island only 15 miles beyond, the by two professors of psychology redifferences between these two islands veals the following facts: Eightare so amazing. Birds and quadrupeds twelfths of the 1,321 students replying found in these two islands, so close to hold unorthodox beliefs concerning the each other, are much more unlike than deity; three-twelfths are inclined to those of Britain and Japan. In this be liberal or agnostic; one-twelfth strangely fascinating island of Bali, tend toward atheism; only 24 students about the ·size of Corsica, there are are thoroughgoing atheists. In these about one miIHon people, mostly of the finding·s, the psychologists say, there Malay race, of whom about 150,000 is no evidence "that the effect of conare followers of a certain form of tinued study in college is to destroy Hinduism, and the remainder profess religious beliefs by supplanting them the faith of Islam. There are, how- with materialistic or mechanistic ever, some hundreds of thousands of views. The effect seems to be merely Chinese. Among these peoples no mis- one of liberalizing the individual sionary work whatsoever has been while he remains upon the side of done until recently, when the Dutch positive belief." It is interesting to Colonial Government consented to mis- note that nearly a fourth of 1,502 stusion work for the Chinese. So great dents rejected the miracles, one-half has been the achievement that the taking no definite stand, and one- Chinese converts now wish to have a fourth giving unqualified acceptance. foreign field of their own. Chinese Fifty-four per cent reply that some workers have accordingly been sent religious belief is necessary in order out to various centers on the island of

to lead a good life, while 28 per cent basic issues, and find something apsay only a code of ethics is needed. proaching unity of conviction, sub- sidiary questions of program and Congregationalists and Christians finance would take care of them-selves. -The Christian Century. Unite Forward Steps at the Christian En- THREE thousand leaders of the Congregational and Christian deavor's Golden Jubilee churches met at Seattle, Wash., June 25th-July 3d for a joint convention to T HE Golden Jubilee International ratify the union of the two denomina- Christian Endeavor Convention tions with a total of 1,050,000 commu- met in San Francisco, California, July nicants. After the ratification of the 11th-16th, with ten thousand young union and adoption of a new constitu- people present, broadly representative tion, officers we re elected to serve as a of the Christian youth and the three grand council for the purposes of man- million Christian Endeavorers of agement, this arrangement to continue North America. The new movements until 1935, when one directing head in Asia bulked large in the convention will be chosen. emphases. Toyohiko Kagawa of Japan was prevented from attending by ill- A Hopeful Methodist Conference ness. C. Y. Cheng, LL.D., moderator of the United Church of Christ in THE ten-day conference which the China, spoke on "The Changing Ori- Methodists have held at Delaware, ent," and said that China has "turned Ohio, is one of the hopeful recent de- the corner" in religion, and that the velopments in American Protestant- Church will again receive large enism. Confronted by the same problems listments. Edmund D. Lucas, D.D., of lessening interest and falling financ- Ph.D., president of Forman Christian es which confront most of the mis- College, Lahore, brought a stirring sion boards, the Methodist Foreign message of Christian progress in In- Missionary Society, instead of calling dia. World peace and interracial in the committee on ways and means, good will were stressed in addresses called in the committee on the state of by Colonel Raymond R'obins, Chicago; Christian thought. Instead of launch- Harry N. Holmes, field secretary of ing a campaign it set aside a period the World Alliance for International for -study. To take nearly three hun- Friendship Through the Churches; dred and fifty ministers, educators, Rev. Walter W. Van Kirk, New York, editors, laymen and women to a se- of the Federal Council of Churches of cluded spot for ten days of intensive Christ in America; Rev. A. E. Cory, discussion of underlying ideas and D.D., of the Disciples of Christ; and principles, without ten minutes being Rev. Wallace J. Anderson, secretary given to budgets, quotas or appeal of the Korean Christian Endeavor slogans, is a decisive break with the Union. promotional tradition which has ruled in the American denominations for A youth disarmament petition was years past. But it is a break long addressed to President Hoover, urging overdue, and of importance to all the him to use the new international law churches, now that it has been made. principle of the Peace Pact of Paris The Methodists brushed aside every- to cause our government "to take thing on the surface of their church leadership with a definite program for life to deal with underlying and ulti- the reduction of armaments." mate issues. They sought a ba-sis of faith rather than an outline of pro- The convention gave its heart to gram. Here, again, the conference the acceptance of Jesus Christ as perhad an importance more than denomi- sonal Saviour, to an enlarged program national, for if the forces of Protes- of evangelism and personal devotions, tantism would spend more time on to tithing and the -stewardship of abil- ity, and to the call upon some for full- time Christian service. The enlist-

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

ment of more than sixty for Christian Cruz on Sunday, June 20th. The new life work was received. enactment allows one priest to every 100,000 inhabitants, a total of eleven Leaven in Chicago priests to 1,100,000 population. A violation of the law carries a fine of THE largest Protestant church in $500. The Papal delegate to Mexico Chicago is said to be the North made protest to the President, but he Austin Lutheran Congregation, which made no response. In the meantime, a has 3,112 confirmed members and priest was killed from ambush in the 2,000 in its Sunday schools. It began town of Huatusco. At the funeral of eleven years ago with fifty-one mem- the priest a riot occurred in which bers. Rev. F. W. Otterbein, the pas- three officers of the law and two civiltor, explains this remarkable growth: ians were killed and many injured. The Governor of Vera 'Cruz states that There is no doubt that the personal he has received sympathetic letters work of the people out in the world is from governors of other provinces, responsible for the continued large who are considering the enactment of growth in membership. Our people and similar laws. workers are instructed not to ask others to "unite with the church," but to "come St. Luke'. Hospital, Pllerto Rico and worship," or, as Andrew used to put it, "come and see." When they attend '!'HE EpisC'opal Board reports that services tpe Holy Spirit begins to work. St. Luke's Hospital at Ponce, Puer- The yearly canvass provides the names to Rico, which was aU but destroyed in of all unchurched families in the district. the hurricane of 1928, has been re- These are placed on a mailing list and built and was opened on May 12, 1931. they receive church literature. For the The new building is of Spanish archipast five years the majority of the acces- tecture, and has a capacity of seventy sions have been "out of the world." beds. It was built and almost com- pletely equipped at a cost of about Boys' Prayer Meeting $145,000. A chapel is part of a sepa- rate building. St. Luke's is staffed FOR more than forty years a suc- by Puerto Rico doctors. The advisory cessful boys' prayer-meeting has board includes six professional and been held in Westminster Presbyterian business men of Ponce. The nurses' Church, Elizabeth, N. J. It was or- training school provides opportunity ganized in the '80's by Frederick K. for Puerto Rican girls from church Day, upon suggestion of the pastor, schools to enter a profession of great the Rev. John Gillespie, D.D., who de- usefulness to their own people. sired training and participation on the part of a large group of boys just Koreans in Cuba taken into church membership. This prayer-meeting has formed an impor- AGREAT community project at EI tant part in the Christian training of Fuerte, Cuba, has grown from a hundreds of boys, efficiently supple- little Sunday school started in a primenting the preaching of the pastor vate home by a graduate of La Proand the teaching of the Sunday schooL gresiva School at Cardenas. A day Seven members of the class have en- school was started, and a new building tered the ministry and scores have has recently been built. The day school become church officers. It has aligned will be used as a demonstration school growing boys to definite Christian for the normal department of Carstandards and aided greatly in solidi- denas. The church is joining with the fying their Christian characters, be- school in making this a center of comsides affording a training in the lead- munity service. This project was the ership of meeting·s, in the practice of means of discovering a family of public prayer and intensive study of Korean Christians who have been livthe Scriptures. ing in that section of Cuba for years. They have Bibles and hymn books in LATIN AMERICA Church Law in Mexico Causes Trouble 'fHE new law, governing the num- ber of priests which shall officiate in Mexico was put to the test in Vera

their own language, and have kept up be sent back to Chile. I had an uncomthe family altar. The parents speak fortable half hour trying to persuade the very poor ·Spanish, but they are now officials from putting into effect such a bringing their children to school and drastic and uncalled-for action. I asked Sunday school. them if they had ever read or seen the Bible, to which they replied, "No!" I The Indigenous Church offered them a copy and asked them to r.ead it, and see what kind of propaganda I was engaged in. They accepted the MANY problems arise in the forma- Bible and let me go. On my return I met tion of an indigenous church in the same officials. They approached me Peru. With them all is the consistent this time with quite a different attitude, aim to make the evangelical congrega- and remarked that they had been reading tion a constituent element of the com- the Bible with "mucho placer y promunity, and not a group apart. One vecho!'-much pleasure and profit.

-Alliance Weekly.

instance relates to burial in public Schools Close in Colombia cemeteries. Priests assumed the Catholic Church had sole rights; the evan- I N. SPI,!E of the financial depresgelicals refused the easier way of a SIon m Bogota, Colombia, the separate burial ground, thus marking American School for Boys has an enthem as a people apart; after a time rolment of 308 pupils. Rev. Walter S. Protestants were allowed burial in Lee, missionary of the Presbyterian public cemeteries and a precedent was Church at Bogota, writes that many established. schools have had to close because of insufficient funds to continue to oper- The school problem was another. ate, including government public Despite the fact that mission subsi- schools. dized schools would be superior educa- tionally and ethically to many schools EUROPE provided by the government, it was agreed that persecution and disabili- The Y. M. C. A. in Italy ties inflicted by fanatical Romanists upon children of Protestant parents THE general measure taken by the was preferable if, eventually, the chil- Italian police authorities with redren might be recognized as having gard to "all youth associations not ditheir equal right to education in the rectly dependent on the Fascist party" schools of the nation, without suffer- also affected at first some of the Y. M. ing religious coercion. The battle is C. A.'s, whose activities were suspendnot yet won, but it is being fought, ed. As soon, however, as the aims and not for motives of intolerance, but to character of our Movement were expreserve the principle which is at plained to the Ministry of the Interior stake, namely, the right ()f the con- and the local Prefects, this regulation verts to be Protestant Christians, was immediately revoked so far as without detriment to their rights as these Associations were concerned. Nationals. This is an additional proof of the es- teem and respect in which the Y. M. C. A.'s are held in Italy. In all coun- Bibles Called "Red" tries (except Russia) to which the Movement has spread it is considered THE Secretary of the British and as a constructive Christian force work- Foreign Bible Society for Chile ing for the moral and spiritual welfare and Bolivia had the f()Ilowing experi- of youth. ence: When the customs official was going Spezia Minion through my suit case, he threw on the floor English magazines, Bible Society MR. E. J. MADDOCK, deputation reports, and Bibles I had with me, and secretary in Great Britain for maintained that they were "Red" propa- the Spezia Mission for Italy, gives the ganda. I was told to prepare to get off testimony of an Italian pastor, unconat the next station…;..a frontier town-to nected with tbe Mission:

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK '705

"Tell the people of Britain that the ganizing congregations, editing their cause of Christ in Italy cannot do religious monthly, The Christian without the Spezia Mission for Italy. Union, distributing Bibles, Testaments While other people are doing good and tracts, attending to matters that work, there radiates powerfully from come up with the government, etc.

the Spezia Mission a singular sweet- The Union is practically the only ness and a fragrance of the Lord Protestant reading matter the leaders Jesus Christ which permeates the and members of the churches have.

spiritual life of the whole land." Unless funds are soon forthcoming The main work of the Spezia Mis- they will be forced to publish it only sion for Italy, whether it be in the once every two or three months. The meetings and services, the Bible Day movement has grown until there are Schools, the orphanage, or in a little over twenty organized churches, with meeting tucked away in some remote a combined membership of several corner ·of the Gulf or on the moun- thousand.

tains, is to lead boys and girls, and men and women to a saving knowledge Inconveniences in Bulgaria A of Christ. Attacks upon the Mission CRUDELY woven blanket weigh- ing forty pounds for a covering, have stirred many to see for them- selves, and real revival has followed. and a board laid on wooden horses for a bed, are considered minor details in A Visit to Poland Bulgarian villages where soggy black I N 1921, Rev. Jaroszewicz, a Pole bread, beans, and a few other vege- converted and educated in the tables form the diet of people. They United States, returned to his country spin their own clothing by hand and and began telling about Christ. His light their little oil lamps by holding a first convert was a fine, intelligent coal from the fire against the wicks woman who gave her home and its and blowing it into a flame to save sun;ounding land to the Union of matches. But these inconveniences Churches of Christ for an orphanage. mean nothing to the visiting mission- Mr. Jaroszewicz recently came to ary when he is able to preach in a America, seeking to enlist the aid of crowded room to attentive groups and Protestant churches, and following his number at timHS among his new fol- visit in Pittsburgh, Dr. R. N. Mont- lowers of the Way some of those who..

gomery of the Pittsburgh United Pres- prior to their reformation, were the, byterian Seminary, was appointed by village's worst citizens. "Now their- a group in that city to visit Poland, faces shine with faith and hope in and learn the facts of the movement. Christ," writes W. C. Oooper from He was most favorably impressed, and Philipoppolis, Bulgaria. Almost every'

found the leaders to be men of sterling family in one village has a Bible and character, zealous, but not fanatical, religion is the general topic of conver- making every sacrifice that the work sation in the coffee shops and reading might progress. The records and room. "It is a joy to work among routine were in sound condition. Pas- thHse people," Mr. Cooper adds, "one tors must earn their living, preaching forgets inconveniences when one sees on the side as they find time. people hungry for the message of The work now has its headquarters Christ."-Missionary Herald.

in Kobryn; eventually a building is to be erected in Brest-Litowsk, which World Conditions Reviewed I gives opportunity of reaching every N REVIEWING in detail the work of its missions in many lands the part of the country by the six railroads and six automobile roads which Presbyterian Board has this to say come into this city. In Kobryn, Dr. concerning the future: Montgomery found the leaders preach- The situation in Russia and the effect ing, visiting the different churches, or- of the ruthless anti-religious program of 5

the Soviet government again form the schools, medical schooJ.s, and colleges, outstanding feature of world news in the publishing and selling millions of field of religion. "Will Christianity defi- books and leaflets, establishing libranitely recede before atheism in the ries both permanent and itinerant, largest country on the European conti- putting on educational films in the nent? Will one-sixth of the civilized in- movies, and broadcasting instructional habitants of the globe go permanently talks from the giant radio statiun at pagan? Will the anti-religious impetus, Moscow. Last year ten million adults going East as well as West, engulf the were taught to read and write, most of first fruits of the harvest of Christianity them by volunteer leaders, urged on in China, Korea and Japan?" These are by Communist enthusiasts. Sixty per some of the questions which religious cent of the recruits for the Red Army leaders abroad are beginning to ask entered the barracks illiterate. Two themselves. or three years later they were ninety- five per cent literate. They are organ- The European churches are thoroughly izing study groups or "Red Corners" roused to the danger of the propaganda in every industrial establishment and that is sweeping over the Continent from classes and lectures in the "Workers Rusia, carried by radio, poster, pam- Clubs" and "Peasant Homes."-The phlet and motion picture to the most Churchman. remote village, and finding a ready hearing among the millions of unemployed AFRICA (Germany alone has 4,500,000 out of work now), many of whom have been Conference for African Children idle for a year or more, and are embittered against society and Church, as well THE International Conference for as against the state for their inability to African Children was held in Gecope with the world-wide depression. neva from June 22-25, 1931, with three hundred attending-including doctors, Russian Intolerance philanthropists, missi'Onaries, and rep- resentatives of various governments. ALL books and magazines are rigid- The International "Save the Children" ly censored, and the only news- Union organized this conference under papers are government controlled. missionary impetus. Three main ques- tions were dealt with: infantile mor- Most of the churches carryon services tality in Africa; education as it but the Soviet rulers seek to bring prepares children for life; and the about the eventual dissolution of the general conditions of child and youth church by turning the minds of the labor and the protection of child labor children away from God and the in Africa. church, and putting various handicaps upon the prosecution of active church Child labor in Africa presents an life. They have disestablished and acute problem in industrialized disdisendowed the church. They have tricts. The problem of infantile morclosed the seminaries. Religiuus in- tality is more serious and all reports struction of groups of three or more contain appalling figures; the percentchildren under eighteen years of age age is rarely less than twenty, while is prohibited. The priests cannot vote the most frequently recorded average and they receive no ration book to buy is between sixty and seventy. Such a food and clothing at the government situation can be met only by the joint stores. effort of all the colonial, native, educa- tional, and missi'Onary forces. Among No weekly activities, such as clubs innumerable causes-syphilis, tubercu- losis, children's epidemics, economical and classes, are permitted-nothing exploitation, native superstitions and customs were those most frequently but the carrying on of services of wor- discussed. This shows the necessity of ship.

The Communist government, des- potic though it be, is determined that everybody shall be educated (in every- thing except religion). They are build- ing schools, raising the salaries of teachers, giving free board and tuition to about half the students at technical

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

w'Ork in the field 'Of schaal and health th'Ority, either 'Of the missi'Onaries 'Or educati'On. even 'Of the G'Ospel."

The c'Onference decided t'O establish An A:frican Communion Service a center, under the directi'On 'Of the Internati'Onal "Save the Children" Un- OUR last c'Ommunion service (Sunian, in 'Order t'O carry 'On the inquiries day, May 24th) was the largest in and t'O c'Ollect d'Ocumentati'On 'On the the history 'Of the F()ulassi stati'On, ab'Ove and related questi'Ons. The In- West Africa. The Sunday before I ternati'Onal "Save the Children" Uni'On preached 'On Christ sending out the will be glad t'O send the res'Oluti'Ons seventy and I t'Old the pe'Ople that I v'Oted by this c'Onference t'O any'One ap- wanted seventy v'Olunteers t'O give a plying far them. wh'Ole week to pers'Onal w'Ork in the villages and t'O calling the unc'Onverted Revolt Against Authority in Africa f'Olk t'O come t'O the service. Over 'One hundred volunteered. I think that I N HIS rep'Ort 'On the missi'On fields they must have seen every man, w'Om- presented t'O the Paris S'Ociety 'Of an and child within a radius of 15 Evangelical Missi'Ons, M. E. Allegret miles of Foulassi. When such a gr.oup stated that the rev'Olt against auth'Or- .of c.onsecrated men and women went ity is 'One 'Of the seri'Ous problems 'Of f'Orth s.omething had t'O happen. I orthe day in Africa, as in other parts 'Of ganized 'Other groups, who were n'Ot the w'Orld. In 'Order t'O c'Ounteract it able to g'O, to hold little prayer-meetan attempt is being made t'O revive the ings each day t'O ask God's blessing on ancient religi'Ons 'Of the East. "Far the work that the 109 were d'Oing. the same reason," he said, "we are witnessing in Africa a revival 'Of the Last Sunday morning so many came 'Old paganism and same 'Of the really to church that there was no place to civilized people 'On the c'Oasts are re- put them and we had five 'Overflow turning t'O id'Olatr'Ous practices, t'O meetings. My wife had a meeting f'Or which they attempt t'O give s'Ome spir- 600 children in the girls' sch'Ool, Mrs. ituality by c'Ombining them with frag- Krug had a meeting at the dispenments 'Of Christianity. The rev'Olt sary, Mr. Krug held a large meeting against auth'Ority, the wave 'Of ma- at the boys' schaal f'Or the people wh'O terialism which is sweeping yaung and lived near Foulassi, for the people 'Old, men and w'Omen, 'On t'O the c'On- wanted to give the guests the good quest 'Of wealth and pleasure, the in- seats in the church. Our Foulassi crease 'Of alc'Oh'Olism and imm'Orality, evangelist held another meeting far the B'Olshevist pr'Opaganda for which F'Oulassi pe'Ople in the n'Ormal school the s'Oil is only to'O well prepared, the building and I held the service in the general unrest and unc'Onsci'Ous sad- church. There were 3,254 pe'Ople presness arising from the feeling that life ent, alm'Ost 1,000 mare than our larghas n'Ow no firm faun dation, the irra- est c'Ongregati'On in the past. When I ti'Onal and gr'Owing distrust 'Of the had finished preaching on the text white man, wh'O has last his 'Old pres- "Return unt'O me and I will return tige; all these fact'Ors …… are mak- unto Y'Ou," I called far all who wanted ing the missionaries' task far mare t'O return unt'O God to come f'Orward. difficult. The Christians themselves, One hundred and fifty pe'Ople came and especially those of the sec'Ond and third accepted Christ as their Savi'Our-41 generati'Ons, wh'O have not had to men, 51 w'Omen and 58 children. It struggle like their fathers to win and was a great day. Never bef'Ore have maintain their faith, s'Ometimes waver. I seen the Spirit 'Of G'Od w'Ork with Our missi'Onaries write that 'Our such power. Tw'O 'Of our new c'Onfeschurches are reaching the difficult age s'Ors are young men wh'O hold high where pe'Ople want to live their 'Own p'Ositi'Ons with the French administralives and d'O not easily accept any au- ti'On. The five strangest chiefs in this

section were present. That was un- but one said, uNo, Romans 8; for in usual as they neve}! come near the that chapter is recorded what God has church. None of them confessed but done for us in Christ, and we are aswe are praying that they will come sured that those monsters which have into His fold some day. slain their thousands cannot separate us from the love of God which is in The chief and government head-man Christ Jesus." who confessed at Nkumajap some time ago is an enthusiastic convert. He has Medical Work in Morocco released his women and is now showing others the Way.-Rev. Irvin W. SPECTACULAR success or impres- Underhill, Presbyterian Mission, West sive statistic,s rarely accrue to Africa. those who preach Christ in the North African territories once known as the Religions Training in Egypt Barbary States. Nevertheless, Dr. James Liley, son of the late A. V. THE general theme for a s:ries of Liley of the North Africa Mission, fourteen religious leadership con- feels that the soil is assuredly being ferences in Egypt this year was "Re- prepared for a plentiful harvest. Fez, ligious Education from a Theoretical ancient capital of Morocco, has a popand Practical Standpoint." Daily va- ulation of 120,000, more than twice cation Bible schools were also consid- that of Ta~gier, and possesses an anered. This movement is only two years cient Moslem university, where fully old in Egypt, but 59 schools were con- 1,000 young men are being educated ducted, a gain of 80% over the former in the tenets of Islam. In this strateyear. At least 2,360 students partici- gic center Dr. Liley, his wife and three pated, of whom 500 were Moslems. lady workers, find abundant scope for Every Sunday in Cairo more than 1,- medical missionary activities. That 500 boys and girls assemble in street the ministry of healing is breaking Sunday schools held in 26 localities. down prejudice, and opening doors for In Assiut, there are 1,800 in such Gospel testimony, is evident in many street Sunday schools and the total at- directions. Patients are now more tendance, including other cities, is ready to join in hymns at the services over 4,000. Bible lesson picture cards and to give heed to the Word. Dr. are a feature in each school. Many of Liley is often asked by the men to the children join the day schools. Of- attend the womenfolk in their houseten a street Sunday school is turned holds-a remarkable change of attiinto a day school and here the children tude as compared with former days receive a Christian education. Sheikh and French authorities allow full lib- Metry Dewairy is the field worker. erty for Scripture distribution and other forms of evangelistic work, ex- An Afriean'. Choice cept in certain military zones.

ANUMBER of evangelists were For "Starving America" gathered together studying the Scriptures. The missionary conduct- ,t N AFRICAN church has sent moning the class said: "SUpposing a robber came and threatened to take away ft ey to "starving America" ! Three all your goods, but gave you the option of choosing one article to keep. What dollars and seventy-seven cents has would you ask to have left?" All with- come to the Presbyterian Foreign out hestitation held up the New Tes- Board, from Batanga, Africa. It tament, saying, "This Book." The comes from a few native Chdstians missionary said, "But if the robber and is forwarded by Rev. Albert I: would not permit you to keep the whole Good, D.D., Presbyterian missionary of it, which portion would you pre- with the following letter: fer?" Most of them replied, "John 3": 4 m~nth or so ago there was a little art!cle In the Bulu n~ws s.heet, the Me/oe, tellIng of the hard tImes In America, and

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK'

indicating that there were actually peo- sionaries in China: 'The American ple in America who did not have enough priests are busy poisoning a nation to eat. This particular item caugh~ the which is in the process of regeneraattention of Pastor Eduma Musambl and tion. If America is sincere in her inhis son Musambi, who is an elder in the tention to help China, she must first church at Batanga, and they decided to recall her missionaries.' The same give something for the starving people in educationist also came to Turkey some America. They quietly told the church years ago …… and studied our edupeople about it, and entirely of their own cational system. When he returned to volition, a sum of money was gather.ed, America he passed the following judgwhich I enclose to you. I had nothIng ment on the activities of the missionwhatever to do with this matter except ariES in Turkey: 'The missionary to receive the money and transmit it. schools in Turkey are suspected of re- ligious propaganda; for this re:1scn A contribution of 16 cents was from they have lost their authority in all a widow who sold food to give it. the East and forgotten their educa- tional duty.' In no civilized country This is bread cast upon the water, are there religious schools. No civilreturning after many days. ized nation is willing to give its chil- dren to priests for education. But WESTERN ASIA imperialistic powers use these schools as tools for propaganda and conquest Turkey Getting in Step …… The most important duty of the new Turkey which is anxious for her 1'HE Turkish Government's interest independence is to stop the missionary in character training i,g seen in the activities which are the organs of imcourses introduced in the regular perialism. A secular government school curriculum on "Religion for the which has separated religion from Children of the RepUblic." These state cannot permit missionary and courses provide direct teaching religious schools. In Turkey no chance against cherished beliefs and customs, for existence must be given to misas, for example, magical or faith cure, sionaries." This is an evidence of the fortune telling, visiting graves to effect of godless education in America. make a wish, magic, lighting candles for the dead, the use of Arabic (which In Changing Peraia is not understood by the masses) in church services, and believing foolish GIRLS in the tenth-year sociology traditions. These "Religious Lessons" class at Iran Bethel School, conare really lessons in conduct, and are ducted by Presbyterian missionaries against things usually associated with in Teheran, have had a good many inreligion in that country. They advo- teresting experiences this year. They cate the use {If modern machinery, visited twelve government institutions, European science, cleanliness,' sanita- such as the government printing office, tion, scientific medicine, exercise; the the city insane asylum, an orphanage, acceptance of modern clothes, manner and finally, to crown the experiences, of eating, and civilization; the use of the head of the government airplane the vernacular and the separation of service invited the class to take a hop church and state. in his plane. These Persian girls a few years ago would hardly have been Turkey Anti-Missionary allowed outside the four walls of their homes. THE reactions against Christianity are still strong in Turkey. An INDIA, BURMA, SIAM article published under the title, "We Must Stop the Activities of the Mis- The Present Situa.tion in India. sionaries," in Son Posta, contains the following: "John Dewey, the educa- MR. RALLIA RAM, the late Mr. K. tional expert of America, studied for s'ome time the educational organiza- l T. Paul's successor on the Nation of China. When he returned to tional Committee of Y. M. C. A.'s of America …… he passed the following judgment on the activities of the mis-

India, Burma, and Ceylon, on his way large mission boards find their fito the Y. M. C. A. World Conferences nances reduced to such an extent that in the United States, made the follow- retrenchment on a large scale has been ing comments on the situation in In- forced upon them. dia: Making the Most of Life One of the most important tendencies in India is its rapprochement with SOME years ago Dr. Sam Higginother great nations of the East, more bottom received the following especially in matters of intellectual letter from Prof. N. A. Nitale: and cultural value. In February, there met at Lahore the first Pan-Asiatic "I am an assistant professor of bi- Congress vf Women, and an Asiatic ology in Wilson College, Bombay. The Teachers' Congress has just met for doctor has just told me that I am a the first time in India. This shows leper and must give up my work here that Orientals are becoming less in- at once. Will you receive me into terested in the West and more inter- your institution and let me do some ested in Asia itself. work for my suffering fellow men while I have yet strength 1"

The Nationalist wave passing over He was admitted and immediately India is not the first ()f its kind. set up a laboratory where he has Every ten years, it has been noticed, worked out several valuable tests. He there is a great renaissance of the has discovered that most lepers have spirit of liberty. What is new is that hcokworm, malaria or some form of for the first time this movement has intestinal trouble, all 'Of which must no religious coloring. The great ma- be eliminated before there is any hope jority vf Nationalist youth is hostile for cure. Not content with this great to religion. This is no reason why service he has organized a training Christians should not take an active school composed of young men and interest in the Nationalist movement. women who have been cured of A Christian Nationalist Party has leprosy. These young people are be- recently been formed. Its principles ing trained in laboratory work so that are as follows: "Indian Chri8tians they can go out and help in other in- must give their help to the national stitutions where they are sorely movement; they must take their full needed. In order that the training, share in the sufferings of the people; which requires about three years, may they must participate in the political be as thorough as possible, Professor life of their country; they must re- Nitale requires the study of English, nounce demands for special and legal mathematics, physiology, sanitation privileges for their community." and the elements of chemistry and bi- India's Latest Census ology, all of which he himself teaches.

FIRST information is now available At Miss Sorabji'. Grave regarding this year's census of India. The total population of this great "BESIDE her grave many lost all land is now 351,000,000, an increase fear of death as divider and of 32,000,000, or ten per cent in ten years. Judging by the preceding cen- conqueror," writes Miss Susie Sorabsus, the Christian population, includ- ji's sister from Poona. "Canon Butching Protestants and Catholics, proba- er of Bombay conducted the services which were attended mostly by non- christians. A wonderful thing hap- bly will show a thirty per cent in- pened. Naja, a lovely Parsee girl came crease, bringing its present total to forward and asked Canon Butcher to over six millions. Rejoicing is tem- announce that she wanted to be bappered by the fact that there are 30,- tized. It was a marvelous piece of 000,000 more to be evangelized now courage for her own Zoroastrian comthan there were ten years ago. Add to munity was there in greater numbers this the fact that nearly all of the than 'One wculd find them anywhere

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

else. The persecution has begun al- Siamese, form a Christian Literature ready. Her relatives and the high Committee, whose attention is devoted priest threaten her and alternately largely to translation. A prominent bribe her. The worst to face must be Siamese lady has revealed herself as that which I heard a relative shouting a poet of sufficient ability to compose at her: 'If you are baptized you will correct Siamese verse, and has pre- do a great wrong to one whom you pared some suitable adaptations of the profess to love. You say you love Miss Psalms for use in praise service.

Susie! You know how she loved her work, and St. Helena School. If you CHINA become a Christian, we'll wreck St. Mass Education Experiment Helena. We'll empty it. If you stay a Zoroastrian we will pack it so that REPORTS -of the ten year rural exit will have to be enlarged still more, periment, inaugurated by Y. C. a wonderful memorial to Miss Susie Jame-s Yen as a mass education movewhom we all love.' Again they urge ment show that the first year's enrol- 'at least be a Christian in secret, not ment in elementary schools is 14,210, openly, not baptized.' She needs our exceeding the quota set by the moveprayers."-A letter by Miss Cornelia ment by more than 4,000. Next year Sorabji. the goal is "no less than 30,000 young men and women." Economic education Si8.D1 Sends Musionar), has been progressing steadily and health education has begun. T HE Siamese are sending out their first missionary. Kru Seng Saa, An agricultural fair, similar to the his wife and children are going north- well-known county fair in the United east into Korat. Many of the people States, was held with a definite social there are primitive, frontier animists. and educational purpose. The morn- Very few are Buddhists. Kru Seng ings were devoted to demonstrations Saa is a Christian college graduate. and lectures, the afternoons to dra- He taught a short time in Pitsanu- matics. In cooperation with the Deloke, then took up city evangelistic partment of Agriculture, three farmwork in which he was engaged when ers' institutes were held at three this call came. He is a devoted worker centrally located villages, with sessions and a man of ente"prise. Since he of about two weeks. The total enrolbegan his work before there was a ment of the three institutes was over theological seminary, he received his 600. More than 500 stuck to their training by doing, with some study training until the end, and 451 reunder the missionary with whom he ceived certificates qualifying them to worked. His wife was for eight years be demonstration farmers. A travela nurse in the Chulalongkorn Hospital. ing clinic goes into selected villages They will be supported entirely by which have elementary schools and Siam churches. which are convenient centers for at least five or six villages. Vaccination and physical examinations are given.

Christia.n Council in Sia.nt Two health institutes have been held, AN INTERESTING development in with encouraging rEsults. Siam is the formation of a National Christian Council. American Equal Rights for Women A Presbyterian missionaries outnumber NEW law which gives to women rights equal to those enjoyed by tholle of other denominations, but Rev. C. R. Simmons of the Church of Eng- men has just been promUlgated in land Mission is chairman of the Coun- China, and works an amazing revolu- cil; and Rev. Clarence Norwood, head tion in Chinese family relations. The of St. Peter's School for Boys in Chinese woman is given absolute Bangkok, with one American and one equality before the law, not only in

marriage. but in all other' matters. The President of China is planning an Daughters are entitled to inherit their anti-lawless campaign in the provinces parents' estates equally with sons. of Hupeh and Kiangsi, has reorganized Under old law, Chinese women could the Central Military Academy, and not eVEn own property after they were himself ·spends four hours daily lecmarried. The new law of family re- turing and acquainting the students lations, now effective, makes no men- with the "brutal crimes" of Commution of the concubinage system, which nism and warning against its influhas been prevalent in China for cen- ence. These students, when trained, turies, and is still common in some will be sent to Communist areas to parts of the country. While the sys- spread "the gospel of Three People's tem is not specifically outlawed under Principles" in order to counteract the the new code, it is made unpopular; Red menace. for no provision is made for children of concubinEs to inherit. Christianity Gains in Quality Dr. Wang Chung-Hui, Chinese THE China Inland Mission baptized judge at the Court of International six hundred more converts last Justice at the Hague, worked out this year than the previous year. Chinese law in the new civil code, upon which leaders are measuring the serious rehe has spent more than a year. Legal sponsibilities of a:utonomy as a result Experts declare it a masterpiece, in- of the enforced absence of missioncorporating . the best principles of aries. Indigenous leadership in counmodern law and the best of ancient try mission hospitals is a striking Chinese customs, with little harm to success, and of one hundred and tweneither. ty graduates of Peking Medical Col- lege one half are in missionary service. Dr. Koo on China'. Chief Need Chiang Kai-shih, China's president, has built a church in his native town, DR. T. Z. KOO, of the National since' his baptism, and encourages Committee of the Y. M. C. A. in Christianity in every way. China, says that the chief need of China today, in order that its people Frightful persecution is another may again become creative, is not sci- side of the picture. Not long ago the entific or material development, but Reds took a town in the vicinity of contact with God. "When a people Hupeh. The Christians fled to the loses its contact with the vital person- church, hoping it might prove a refality of God, a God greater than any- uge. Before long, however, the Reds thing the human mind can conceive," entered and asked for the pastor. The Doctor Koo declares, "that people soon Chinese pastor at once stepped forbegins to lose its vision; and when a ward and said, "If you seek the pastor, people loses its vision its creative ca- I am he." They took him prisoner and pacitysteadily dies out." He says that he went to his death a few days later there was a time when the Chinese as triumphantly as any martyr in the were discoverers and pioneers in art, early church. In spite of unfavorable literature, philosophy, government and government regulations, the fury of science, but for the past thousand the Reds, threatening bandits, factionyears they have lived merely on their al wars, famine fever, and student past. propaganda, the church goes forward. A few years ago, Dr. Grenfell when Training Youth to Fight CommuniSl11 visiting China said: "You are to be congratulated. It is much more hope- BECAUSE of the activities of the ful where the church is persecuted Reds and bandits, the mission- than where, as in America, it is simaries of the American Methodist ply neglected." Board have been compelled to evacuate the northern part of Fukien Pr·ovince.

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

MISCELLANEOUS waste of resources-with duplication and overlapping and such a misdirection of A Friend of Missionaries forces that valuable life and work have not counted to the. fun extent of their THE General Assembly of the Pres- possibilities, and huge areas are still byterian Church sent a message to untouched. Captain Robert Dollar; the famous shipping man, and a ruling elder, who 7. The Movement stands for New Tesis now eighty-seven and ill. He has tament principles of expansion, for widebeen remarkable in his businESS spread evangelism in order that groups achievements, and even more in his of believers may be gathered into churchreligious life. He was reported the es which, from the first, must be selfother day as still rising in the morn- governing, self-supporting, and selfing and conducting worship as he has propagating. done for over half a century, then returning to bed. He said recently: 8. The Movement stands for the truth that these Churches are under the care of the Holy Ghost and that they should be taught to depend upon Him for all their needs, spiritual and material.

"When I come to die, I hope I will have ClergYDlen Polled on War Question a hard day at the office, come home, read my Bible, then go to sleep and T HE sentiment of 53,000 clergymen wake up in the next world." May it on matters pertaining to war was sought by the World Tomorrow in a. be so i There are few of his kind left. questionnaire. Out of the 19,327 who responded, 12,076 believed that Amer- Here is another of his characteristic ica should go on record as refusing to sanction or support any future war. utterances, w:hich has worldly value: "Don't wait for your ships to come in. The questions and summarized an- swers follow: Just keep sending them out. They'll keep coming in all right as long as you Do you favor military training in send them out."

The World Dominion Movement our public high schools and civilian colleges or universities? Yes, 2,574.

HERE are eight of the twenty-one No, 16,018. principles set forth in a circular of Do you favor ,substantial reductions the WorId Dominion Movement. The in armaments even if the United head of the organization is Thomas States is compelled to take the initia- Cochrane, of England. tive and make a proportionately great- 1. The Movement stands for the evan- er reduction than other naUons are gelization of the world in this generation. willing to do7 Yes,15,449. No, 2,702.

2; The Movement stands for the final Do you believe that the policy of authority of t4e Scriptures and the Deity armed intervention in other lands by and atoning death of the Lord Jesus our government to protect the lives Christ, the world's only Saviour. and property of American citizens 3. The Movement stands for the obli- should be abandoned and protective gation which rests upon every Christian efforts con5ned to pacific means? Yes, to be a soul-winner and for impressing 12,017. No, 3,899. upon every soul won to Christ this paramount duty of winning others. Are you personally prepared to state 4. The Movement stands for the truth that it is your present purpose not to that its great objective can only be at- sanction any future war or participate tained if those associated with it are men as an armed combatant? Yes, 10,427. and women of power through prayer and No, 5,801. the indwelling of the Holy Ghost. Could you conscientiously serve as 5. The Movement stands for the com- an army chaplain on active duty in plete coordination of all that is being wartime? Yes, 8,700. No, 6,628. done at home and abroad to make Christ and His salvation known to every man, Do you rega.rd the 'distinction bewoman and child of this generation. tween "defensive" and "aggressive" war as sufficiently valid to justify 6. The Movement surveys the world, your sanctioning or participating in a country by country, so that it may find future war of defense? Yes, 8,316. out and direct attention to the regions No, 7,130.-The Churchman. of greatest need. It has thus created an Intelligence Department for lack of which there has in the past been a great

books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us

receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

The Hinterlands of the Church. A study dents of America's religious problems. Noble character is the basis of usefulof areas with a low proposition of ness; knowledge of God and a right church members. Index by Elizabeth relation to Him is the basis of char- IRn.stHitouotekeorf 8vo. 314 pp. $1.75 net. acter; religious teaching and expres- Social and Religious Sur· sion are essentials to the knowledge of vey, New York. 1931. God. If America is to be strong and if Americans are to be Christians then There are religiously handicapped every man, woman and child should people and handicapped districts. Few have an opportunity to learn of God realize that only about one half of the and to worship Him. If this is to be population of the United States belong done the "Hinterlands" must be occuto any religious organization, Protes- pied for Christ. Miss Hooker shows tant or Catholic, Jewish, Hindu or the present need and suggests ways Confucian, Theosophist, C h r i s t ian for meeting that need. Science or Mormon. Many thousands live in communities where they have ThCeonRnUerlall. B1il7li1on.pagBeys. ChCalroleths, M$. 1.M00e;- no regular church privileges. Paper, 60 cents. Friendship Press, New York. 1931. Three years ago the Institute of Social and Religious Research began to A comprehensive and illuminating presentation of the economic and reliinvestigate six kinds of territory in gious background of more than onethe United States where rural churches half of the world's population who live in towns, villages, and open country. are absent, closed or ineffective. In The necessity for the application of some counties less than 200/0 of the the Gospel message in terms of compopulation are church members; in munity service, economic advanceothers the percentage is over fifty. ment, more adequate educational and medical advantages under leadership Miss Hooker, who has a useful ar- which is trained specifically for this ticle in this issue of the REVIEW, and broader program of evangelism among who writes this report of the survey, rural folk is convincingly presented. has done a careful piece of work, ac- The author has drawn upon his own rich experience in the field of rural companying her interpretation with evangelism and upon the experience of twelve tables and twenty-eight charts missionaries in home and foreign lands and maps. Her studies include the six whose labors bear witness to the poskinds of territory investigated, with sibilities of Christianizing rural soseparate chapters on the old hilly ciety through patient, persistent, selfareas, level areas, grazing regions, denying devotion and faith such as mountain sections, cut-over districts were nobly exemplified in the life of and dry-farming regions. She then John Frederick Oberlin and of others reviews the church situation in these of the present generation. Numerous territories and describes the attempted illustrations of the transformations remedies; six appendices relate to wrought by their efforts are offered tests for measuring church effectiveness, s tat i s tic a I findings, rural churches of Vermont, and the "Indices of Changing Social Pattern."

Here is a valuable study-especially for pastors in the regions mentioned, for Home Mis-sion officials and for stu- 714

BOOKS WORTH READING

in proof 'Of the enduring value ·of their It is to be regretted that this survey does not appear in the printed volume, work. nor does the report contain a list of delegates present. The importance of In a forceful advocacy of the right the conference is evident at a time when within the Christian church itof the rural billion of the world to self there are those who question the right and the wisdom of any effort on enjoy the privileges and 'Opportunities the part of Christians to include Jews in a missionary program. accorded to those wh'O dwell in the The report consists of two parts: cities, the auth'Or has carefully avoided the first containing the address; tbe second the findings of the conference. the implicathm 'Of many treatises on The former include an opening ad- dress by Dr. John R. Mott, and a the subject of rural sociology, that strong statement on the "Validity of the Christian Approach to the Jews" rural folk are different and that rural by Rev. James M. Black of Edinburgh. Two of the longest addresses are by life is "a thing apart" from the rest experienced workers among Jews- Dr. John Stuart Conning of New York, of the world. He reminds us again and Rev. C. H. Gill of England. They deal with major problems and issues that the m'Odern world is a neighbor- and the present-day emphasis in the work of Evangelism. Two chapters hood "within speaking distance across are by the newly appointed General Secretary of the International Comthe fence" in which the good of one mittee on the Christian Approach to the Jews, Dr. Conrad Hoffman. He is the concern of all, and that "no deals with the "Methods of Christian Approach" and the "Possibilities of accident of birth, no given occupation, Closer Cooperation." Other speakers included Basil Mathews, Dr. Julius no circumstance of race or nation Richter, and Dr. Samuel M. Zwemer. Dr. Dougla·s Mackenzie of Hartford should bar any individual fr'Om enj'Oy- answered the question "What Is It in Our Christian Faith that We Desire ing the common wealth of the world to Share with Our Jewish Brethren?"

and sharing its opportunities for Within the Four Seas–A Shantung Idyl. By Paul Richard Abbott. 12mo. The abundant life." We must bec'Ome bet- Commercial Press, Limited, Shanghai, China. 1930. ter acquainted with our rural neigh- This is another novel by a China bors, with their problems and their missionary, who, though not born in that land, has evidently kept his eyes possibilities, not in a patr'Onizing spirit wide open during his score of years of service there. It is full of Chinese but for the sake of the contribution atmosphere and introduces the reader to many curious manners and customs which they may make in partner·ship of the 85% of China's population who live in her villages and seldom go with all who l'Ove Christ and follow beyond the market towns.

His teachings, t'O the building of His The author has perhaps overdrawn the transformation of his hero thr'Ough Kingdom. It provides valuable and in- teresting collateral material for lead- ers and members of study class groups, besides furnishing helpful information t'O many who are eager to know the facts concerning the missionary need and program. J. M. S.

Christians and Jews. A Report of the Conference on the Christian Approach to the Jews, Atlantic City, New Jer- sey-May 12-15, 1931, by the Interna- tional Committee on the Christian Ap- proach to the Jews, International Missionary Council. Rumford Press, Concord, New Hampshire. 155 pp.

The Atlantic City C'Onference on the Christian Approach to the Jews dealt primarily with America and was the counterpart of the Budapest-Warsaw Conferences held in 1927 which con- sidered the Jewish question in Eur'Ope.

In preparation for the conference an extensive survey of the Jews in America and Christian work among them was made by Charles H. Fahs, of the Missionary Research Library.

participation in the great war as a reveal the same great need that exists coolie in France, and his development in America today. Every pastor, and into the courtly "Sir Galahad" of a others interested in Christian work, charming little French girl, who as will read this life story with deep in- his happy wife works wonders in his terest and profit.

crude ancestral home; but he has written a very interesting story teem- Twice Born Chinese. By Charles E. Scott. ing with adventure, altogether whole- 12mo. 159 pp. $1.50. Revell. 1931.

some, and definitely missionary. Those Chinese who have been transformed who would become familiar with the by surrender to Christ are the best Chinese background for the study of evidences that the Christian Gospel is China's life, her culture and her need, adapted to the needs of China and the will find it in this story in more at- world. Dr. Scott, a missionary of the tractive and more readily assimilable Presbyterian Church for over twenty form than in the ordinary study book. years and the author of "China From C. H. F. Within," tells here some stories of men and women who were so trans- If I Be Lifted Up. By Samuel Shoemaker, formed by the power of Christ. A Jr. 12mo. Revell and Company, New medicine faker became a personal York. worker for Christ, and ten other Chi- nese struggled through trials to tri- This is a timely, clear, helpful, scrip- umphs. These are stirring pages from tural, spiritual interpretation of the the history of Christianity in China application of the dynamic without -graphically told in terms of indiwhich Christianity has no saving pow- vidual experiences. er and no distinct message. This book meets a real need in modern life, for its appeal is vital and its method effec- The Religion of Jesus. By Toyohiko Ka- gawa. 8mo. 127 pp. $1.25. John C. tive. J. Men. Winston Co., Philadelphia. 1931.

Uncle John Vassar. By Thomas E. Vas- Our readers are already familiar sar, Revised by H. N. Miller and E. with the remarkable character, history N. Hardy. 12mo. 190 pp. $1. Amer- and work of this famous Christian ican Tract Society, New York. 1931.

A life like that of John Vassar is leader in Japan. Dr. Robert E. Speer an inspiration to higher living and supplies an excellent biographical more devoted service. He was a man sketch of Mr. Kagawa, the apostle to of strong personality, unusual power the poor, who in spite of many great and high purpose. Born in 1813 in physical handicaps, has become a noted Poughkeepsie, New York, of the same author, lecturer, evangelist and social family that founded Vassar College, worker. At present Dr. Kagawa is in he enjoyed few educational advantages America, lecturing in a number of uniand worked in his uncle's brewery for versities and colleges.

some years. In his early life John was The major part of the book is a very profane, though his parents were translation (by Miss Helen Topping), godly people, but he. was converted of Dr. Kagawa's interpretation of the during revival meetings when he was "Religion of Jesus." He bases his 29 YEars of age. Later he left the knowledge on the New Testament and, brewery business as inconsistent with while at times he seems to differenti- his Christian profession and he became ate too much between God and Jesus, a colporteur of the American Tract he accepts Jesus as the divine revealer Society with a salary of one hundred of God and the Redeemer and Saviour and sixty dollars a year and traveling of Man. He accepts the religion of expenses. John Vassar was a remark- Jesus as a religion of love, of right- able personal worker with a passion eousness, of sacrifice, of service. Dr.

for souls. His experiences in city and Kagawa closes with the words: "In country, in the army and on the road, modern life on this earth, love is all

BOOKS WORTH READING

dried up like a dry desert. But we World Revolution and Religion. By Paul want to restore once more a world of Hutchinson. 200 pp. $2. Abingdon light, freedom and love, satinaled with Press, New York. 1931. the power of the grace and love of J esus, which is like the soft rain of This book reminds us of the definispring." tion given of a pessimist-the man who blows out his candle to see how "The Way of Jesus Is the Way of dark it is. No one can dispute the God, of the Cross, and of the Holy seri,ous and disturbing conditions that Spirit." face humanity today-the disturbing factors of political, social, racial, and India: Land of the Black Pagoda. By religious changes in every land. These Lowell Thomas. 350 pp. $4.00. Cen- are ably sketched and emphasized as indicative of the dissolution of the old tury, New York.

Lowell Thomas,· an experienced order. But according to the author traveller, an expert narrator, and the it is because of these upheavals that author of a dozen popular volumes, the outlook for organized religi'On is knows what to look for and how to dark. When he speaks of the racial describe what he sees. He went to revolution the Mission Boards and the India expecting to stay two months, missionaries come in for severe criti- and he fell so completely under the cism. He says: "Missions as a recipspell of the East that he remained two rocal activity in which the white years. He roamed "back and forth for humbly acknowledges that he has as a total distance of over 60,000 miles." much to receive as to give, seems to He does not go far beneath the sur- them 'obvious nonsense, and they will face nor attempt a discussion of prob- have none ·of it. All of which forces lems, but writes as a reporter of the the observation that it is very doubtimpressionist type. He has given us ful whether Christian missions can .one of the most readable books of survive the coming and inevitable end travel in recent years, word pictures of white world domination." of a land that impresses every visitor, In the chapter on religious revolu- as it did Mark Twain, "a land of tion the impression is given that even dreams and romance, of fabulous as Darwin dealt the death blow t'O the wealth and fabulous poverty, of splen- old argument for the existence of God dor and rags, of palaces and hovels, based on "design," so Einstein's "relaof famine and pestilence; mother of tivity" touches the realm of morals. history, grandmother of legend, and "In a relative world, what becomes of great-grandmother of tradition." In right and wrong? And what is good? this era of close relationships, no in- That, in its simplest form, is the stagtelligent man can be indifferent to a gering question which, from this day people who constitute one fifth of the forward, confronts religion." human race and whose problems and aspirations are affecting the whole There is scarcely any reference to world. This book gives the reader a the Bible, and distaste is expressed for clearer conception of India, but we the Apostles' Creed. The author fails regret that it does not give greater to see that thrones and empires have prominence to the constructive forces passed away, but the Church of Christ that are operating. Mr. Thomas makes stands. The Sixtieth Chapter of Isafew references to missionaries, but iah and the closing chapters of Revelawhat he does say is sympathetic, par- tion are more optimistic. ticularly regarding medical missionaries, whom he highly praises. The We cannot call this a helpful book. lack of an index is a defect that We do not agree that our present should be corrected in any further Christless civilization can be saved from extinction by a new humanism. "Nor the church that now is will not at all survive" (p. 197). The conclud- printing. A. J. B. ing paragraph holds out some hope

for a new kind of a church (not built Korea: The Old and the New. By Ellaon the old foundations nor with the old name: "It will not be a church sue Wagner. 160 pp. $1.50. Revell, of one continent, or one race, or one creed. It may not be called by any New York. 1931. . of the titles that we know; not even by that title which seems very sacred Kaleidoscopic changes are taking to us, Christian. But it will be composed of those seeking and courageous place in Korea as throughout the Far souls in all lands who, in response to mankind's deepest and immortal urge, East. The cla-sh of the new civilizago out to do battle with all that is false and inimical to human develop- tion with the old produces staggering ment and who likewise go out passionately to find God." results. In 1880 there were still sign- We need not go out to find God, nor posts along the highways with the go far. He finds us, in Jesus Christ, who is with His church all the days words; "If you meet a foreigner kill until the end of the age. S. M. Z. him' he who has friendly relations with a foreigner is a traitor to his country." Today the young men with their Western learning and civiliza- tion think in terms as remote and dif- ferent as is possible. There is an un- quenchable thirst for Western educa- tion. "Schools spring up over night; books pour out of the press. The last decade has witnessed a revolution India's Religion of Grace and Christianity greater than, and more far reaching Compared .and Contrasted. By Rudolf than, the French Revolution. Old Otto. Translated by Frank Hugh F?s- shackles have been broken. This is a ter, D.D. 143 pp. 68. Student ChrIS- tian Movement Press, London. new Korea today." The effect of all this is seen in the everyday life of Dr. Otto is known to most readers the people-in their dre,ss and espeof theological books as the author of cially in the greater freedom of wom- "The Idea of the Holy." His excep- anhood and a special interest in the tional knowledge of Sanskrit literature preservation of child life. Superstiand his acquaintance with contempo- tions are disappearing and the last rary religious life in India make this chapters speak of the influence of recent volume of especial value to stu- Christianity in producing, directing, dents in this field. We say that the and controlling these stupendous religion of Christ should not be judged changes. This is a fascinating picby the faulty practice of its present- ture of present-day Korea with the day adherents, but by the Gospel of background of the heritage of the past its Founder. Likewise in passing by one who is in charge of a social judgment upon Hinduism we should evangelistic center in the old capital. know the teaching of its earliest books. What Dr. Otto has to say of s. M. Z.

the sources from which he quotes does Tukaram: A Translation from Mahipati's not detract from the supremacy he accords our faith and withal gives us Bhaktalilamrita. (The Poet-Saints of a broader view of the striving of the Maharashtra Series.) Translated from the Marathi by Rev. Justin E. Abbott, D.D. xx-346 pp. $1.25. Obtainable Holy Spirit with the children of men from the Author, 120 Hobart Ave., and a happier belief in the innate Summit, N. J. 1930. reaching out of the human heart towards God and salvation by grace. If This fictitious story of an adventhe author finds much in common be- turer with his Hindu god, who through tween the two faiths he also finds more the path of Bkakti is supposed to have of contrast, and this contrast should reached highest bliss, gives some inbe recognized and emphasized in India. sight into the inner life of non-Chris- A full glossary of the Sanskrit terms tian mystics. Missionaries may find used adds to the value of the book. here an introduction to the beliefs of a powerful and influential religious J. c. cult in India, and all will see in this

BOOKS WORTH READING

story an example of devotion to God. dresses is good, but the second on com- Fact and fiction form an indivisible ing to terms with the moral universe, blend but the teachings here presented i. e., human society, is outstanding. Its are surprisingly near those of the picture of Christ, is magnificent, meet- Christian Gospel. "Thou art unique in ing with full approval the modern stu- Thy possession 'of a pitying heart" dents' demand for inner instead of (p. 215). "There is no end to hap- outer authority, for an expressive and piness, where there is mutual sy~pa­ not a repressive moral code, and for thy and love" (p. 230). "Wrong thlllk- simplicity and unity of moral obligaing is the root of sin, and it has led many into trouble" (p. 322). tion. It is a vision .of great beauty and power, a real contribution to pres- M. A. Q. D. ent-day ChrIstian thought. P. w. H.

By the Waters of Babylon. By Louis Wal- Life of Cardinal Newman. By Gaius Glenn lis. 8vo. 222 pp. $2. Macmillan. 1931. Atkins, D.D. 338 pp. $2.50. Harpers, New York. There are rich dramatic, as well as religious, values in the Old Testament Nearly a century ha,s passed since history, biography and prophecy. Human nature and human needs have Newman, then a young Oxford Don, not greatly changed except as men and women have come into closer fel- startled the religious world with the lowship with, God-the eternal, the righteous, the loving heavenly Father. first of the epoch making "Tracts for Many of these eternal values are clearly brought out in this novel of the Times." The ideas that he set in the times of Zedekiah, king of Judah. It was a time of moral laxity, and the motion have profoundly influenced worship of Baal; of the oppression of the poor by the rich and of fear of Christian thinking ever since. Protforeign invasion. Jeremiah was prophesying in Judah and Ezekiel in Baby- estants cannot accept Newman's ultra lon. Running through the storywhich is slow of movement but well High Church opinions, which took him told-is the rationalistic view that Jehovah of the Hebrews was a tribal into the Roman Catholic Church; but god unlike Merduk the god of Babylon,' and Amon-Ra of Egypt, chiefly in they reverence his purity of character, being represented as a lord of mercy and justice to the poor and needy. his high aspirations, his unwavering The collection of the Old Testament canon is here described as a work of devotion to Christ, the beauty and scribes who gathered the best of Hebrew literature-but without any con- power of hi,s writings, and the spiritscious leading of the Spirit of God. uality that enriched Christian liter- Coming to Terms with the Universe. Rev. McNeil Poteat. 12mo. 85 pp. The ature with the "Apologia" and the im- Association Press, New York. 1981. mortal hymn-"Lead, Kindly Light." This little book, made up of three addresses delivered to Southern stu- This extraordinary man could not have dents, glows with a great desire to guide them into a real faith in Christ. had a more discriminating biographer The sincerity of the presentation, and the clarity of the argument leave little than Dr. Atkins, professor of homito be desired. Each of the three ad- letics in Auburn Theological Seminary.

He has a genius for analyzing charac- ter and motives and rare skill in de- picting them. We concur in the opin- ion that this book is characterized by "spiritual insight, a sympathetic in- terpretive mind, and masterly literary style, and that it is safe to say that it will find a place beside the two or three great books inspired by the life of Newman since he died forty-one years ago." A. J. B.

The Daughter of Abd Salalll–The Story of a Peasant Woman of Palestine. By Florence Mary Fitch. 75 pp. Richard G. Badger, Boston.

Seven months spent in Palestine gave the writer opportunity to study the home life of the people. This story

of a woman of Bethlehem throws a and heroism runs through the narra- flood of light on village life among tive, the hero finally triumphing over Moslems, from birth to death. The countless dangers and difficulties.

story grips the reader and between the lines folklore and ,superstitions not Report of the World's Committee of the generally familiar are accurately re- Y. M. C. A/s. 300 pages. 4s. Geneva. 1931. vealed and the facts themselves are a The comprehensive report of the plea for missions. A woman speaks; World's Committee of Y. M. C. A.'s published for the 20th World's Con- "Yet we were only half-glad. The baby ference of Y. M. C. A.'s contains a vivid statement of the seventy-:five was a girl! But she was a beautiful years history of the oldest internation- al youth organization. There is also a baby, and she was mine! We called description of the modern tendencies (political, economic, educational, and her Rasmeya, which means 'first class.' religious) which affect youth, and an explanation of some of the "signs of She grew ·strong and Mohammed loved the times" which are particularly prominent among young people today. her and I forgot my disappointment. The third chapter give·s a survey of Before she was a year old, she was be- the activity of the World's Committee during the last five years-its reortrothed to A'hmud, son of Mousa, Mo- ganization, extension, and deepening, hammed's cousin. He was three years etc. The last part relates to the prob- lems with which a youth movement is old. Mousa gave her a present and confronted in attempting to formulate a message adequate for the present promised to give her something at time and regarding the attitude to be adopted towards moral, international, every festival to keep her for his son; the formal betrothal was to come when they grew older. But one cold winter morning little Rasmeya sickened and by afternoon she was dead. I washed her little body. We sewed a fresh gar- ment about her. Others dug the grave and we carried her out and buried her.

The women said, 'She was only a girl.' " s. M. Z.

Gods of Wealth and War. By James L. interracial, economic, and sport ques- Stewart. 8vo. 288 pp. $2. Revell, New York. 1931. tions. These issues are approached in a spirit of frankness and determina- Like Dr. Stewart's earlier novels tion. A statistical chart of informathis tale of adventure in modern China tion regarding the Y. M. C. A.

is melodramatic and full of hair- throughout the world closes this vol- breadth escapades. It describes vivid- ume.

ly the scourges that beset China Miracle Lives in China. By Rosalind and phy,sical, human and demoniacal. The Jonathan Goforth. 12mo. 157 pp.

most realistic are the scourges of $1.50. Harper and Brothers. 1931.

locusts and of bandits with the very Dr. and Mrs. Goforth have had un- vivid picture of the trial of innocent usually rich experience as missionaries men before a Chinese court presided in China for the past forty years.

over by a Chinese chief. Dr. Stewart They have passed through many trials describes dark and baneful supersti- and sufferings for Christ and have tions in contrast with the enlightened witnessed many evidences of His wonand helpful influence of Christ. The derful power to change Chinese lives. elements of probability do not seem to The stories of over twenty of these hamper the author but the story moves "Trophies of Grace" are heart stirring along rapidly with sustained interest narratives. The record of facts and to the end. Dr. Stewart knows China the Chinese atmosphere reveals the and the Chinese and his tale reveals difficulties that face Christians in the present-day conflict with commu- China and the power of God to overnism and banditry. A story of love come all 'Obstacles.

The Missionary Review of the World — May 1929

1929

WELCOME THE CRITIC!

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Reveal Christ to

Christ and His lVIessage are interpreted to Moslems through Christian literature published in Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Urdu, Panjabi, Chinese and other languages spoken by Moslems. By your prayers and gifts you can help to supply this muchneeded Christian literature for Ellypt Syria Jrak China Morocco Palestine Persia Java Algiers Turkey India Sumatra Tunis Arabia Malaysia South Africa Will you help the Christian missionaries in these countries by sending your gifts through The American Christian Literature Society for Moslems cooperating with the Nile ~lission Pres~ and Interdenominational Committees on the field?

BOARD OF DIRECTORS ""iJliam I. Chamberlain, Ph.D., President Dr. Robert E. Speer, Delayan L. Pierson, of New York, rice PresidenJs Rev. S. M. Zwemer, D.D., Cairo, Honorary Field Secretary Dr. William B. Anderson Miss Anna A. Milligan Dr. John H. Raven Mrs. William Borden Mrs. James M. Montgomery, Sec. Rev. Erne,t "". Riggs Dr. James Cantine Dr. Frank Mason North Mrs. Finley J. Shepard Mrs. William Bancroft Hill Mrs. E. E. Olcott, Treas. Mr. Fennel! P. Turner Send your contributions to The Treasurer, 322 Yest 75th St., New York City.

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Please mention THE :MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers. EVERY CHRISTIAN WORKER Whether pastor, missionary leader, church school teacher or department superintendent, student or parent, SHOULD BE USING THE International Journal of Religious Education PRACTICAL Practical Method. in Teaching Trends in Religiou. Education What Other School. have Done Religiou. Education in Foreign Countries Sea.onal Dramatic Production Department Worship Programs STIMULATING SPECIAL COMBINATION OFFER The International Journal 0/ Religious Education, $2.00 and The Missionary Review 0/ the World, $2.50 BOTH FOR ONLY $3.50 Send in your order today to either: The Missionary Review The International Journal of the World of Religious Education 1S6 Fifth Avenue 1S13 Mailers Building New York City Chicago OBITUARY years a mIssIOnary in the Philippines; was chief chaplain of the American REV. FREDERICK B. MEYER, of London, forces in France during the War; was for many years a prominent pastor in a leader in the fight against the opium England and equally famous in America traffic; he promoted the World Conferas an author and Bible teacher, died in ence on Faith and Order and other move- London on March 27th at the age of ments for church unity. He was the eighty-three. He had held a number of author of a large number of books and important pastorates and, at the time of Duff Lecturer in Scotland in 1921. He his death, was pastor emeritus of Christ was highly honored and greatly beloved. Church, Westminster Bridge Road, London. He was active up to the last and PERSONAL had planned to visit America this spring. He was greatly beloved and his ministry BISHOP F. J. MCCONNELL, of New was exceptionally frui "ful. York, has been selected as President of the North American Home Missions Con- *** gress and MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD and DR. CHARLES L. WHITE, of New York, as BISHOP CHARLES H. BRENT, of the Vice-presidents. The sessions are to be- Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Western gin Monday, December 1, 1930, and close New York, died suddenly in Lausanne, December 5, 1930. Switzerland, {In March 27th, at the age of sixty-six. Bishop Brent was for some Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers.

LIVING ANSWERS TO CRITICS OF FOREIGN

SOllie Itruits of ~llH Hloll n ry York–Chrlstinn Blhle RNtders nnd 'Vitnesses to Christ nt Lolodorf, 1~est Africa

LII, No.5 May

WELCOME THE CRITIC!

BY WILLiAM T. ELLIS, LL.D., Swarthmore, Pa.

A!4thor of "-,'fen and .Missiotls" (md "Bible Ltl1lds 'l'OdflH"

N OBODY has ever read a crit- cruits at the bottom, there is often icism of the Republic of An- legitimate ground for adverse dorra; but criticisms of OpInIOn. I have not a spark of America, Great Britain, France, sympathy with the unwholesome Italy and Germany are as common tendency in the uninformed home- as newspapers. Doubtless Andorra land to make saccharine saints and would rather be criticized than ig- haloed martyrs out of every for- nored. All great institutions must eign missionary. I have occasion- undergo public appraisal. One sign ally met missionaries who have that the enterprise of Christian accepted as accurate this propa- missions is a world force is the ganda portraiture of themselves, continual stream of criticism to with most unfortunate results.

which it is subject. Such a one loses his sense of humor So mighty are missions that they and his sense of relative values, merit criticism. There is a dis- both of which are indispensable to ciplinary and educational quality a successful missionary.

in all criticism. "My enemy shows As a newspaper man, my crit- me what I should be; my friend icism of many critics of missions shows me what I may be." Every is that they do not know what they true friend of missions welcomes are talking about. They commit the searchlight of public opinion, the cardinal journalistic sin-ig- even when it blinds and burns. As norance of the facts. Their inac- a real factor in international life, curacy is often so glaring as to missions are properly subject to leave the reader who is reasonably review by both friends and foes. conversant with missions aghast.

Strength and wisdom come there- Reputable magazines have often by. Only the weakling desires cod- printed these articles which are dling. inexcusably uninformed. Attacks And missions have earned all of this sort should be resented by kinds of criticism, the unfavorable readers; and editors should be made as well as the favorable. All down aware of their fault in publishing the line, from boards and secre- unverified charges against a repu- taries at the top to the newest re- table and representative group of 325

men and women. Let missionary consecration, their sanity, their ef- supporters face all the facts, the ficiency are obvious to everyone ugly facts, as well as the beautiful; who really knows them. In all the but, equally, let them actively re- world-wide range of my acquaint- pudiate criticisms which are not ances there are no finer men and based upon evidence. women than some missionaries If the reader can stand the bru- whom I could name. This applies tal shock of the statement, let me to the younger missionaries, as well declare bluntly that I could cite in- as to the veterans. The post-war dividual cases to warrant practi- crop, as I have observed them in cally every criticism of missionaries action, have all the qualities that that ever I have heard-and I think make great missionaries.

I have heard them all. I gave a Hundreds of times opportunity year, in 1906-07, as a newspaper has been given to me–in print, correspondent, to visiting the ma- on the platform, aboard ships and jor mission fields of the world, to trains, in embassies, legations and study this very subj ect of mission- consulates, in clubs and social gath- ary criticism. I estimate that I erings, in newspaper offices and have shaken hands with at least elsewhere–to answer the common two thousand missionaries on their criticisms of missions. And these fields; and it has been my profes- may be answered by anyone with sional duty to scrutinize their per- a knowledge of the facts, with a sonalities and their work. So I tolerant temperament and an open am no ignorant fanatic upon the mind.

subject, even though I am a con- Surely it is the simple manhood vinced proponent of missions. duty of Christian men to repudiate Deserved criticisms should be unmerited attacks upon their own heeded. Some missionaries are representatives, who are too far misfits and should be called home. afield to speak for themselves. Of Missionary methods, and especial- late, there has been a recrudescence ly missionary buildings, are not of missionary criticism, which was always deserving of praise. Mis- for a time generally silenced by the sionary propaganda is often un- Laymen's Missionary Moy-ement.

real, unsymmetrical and not fully This new condition calls for new in accord with all of the ascertain- loyalty on the part of the churches able facts. Amusing, and some- and Christians at home.

times rather tragic, tales could be told of the effect of some mission- THE MISSIONARY ary literature that has been read o matchless honor all unsought, on the fields where it originated. High privilege surpassing thought, Missionary administration at the That Thou shouldst call me, Lord, home base likewise falls short of to be perfection, as almost every mis- Linked in work-fellowship with sionary will testify. Thee; Having said all of this, it re- To carry out Thy wondrous plan, mains to be added, as the heart To bear Thy messages to man; of my message, that as a class, the In trust with Christ's own word of missionaries rank equal with or grace above the average ministry and all To every soul of the human race.

other professions at home. Their -Selected.

ARE THE CRITICS?

BY CORNELIUS H. PATTON, D.D., Boston, Massachusetts lIome Secretary oj the Americuu Baf1rd of Commissi,oners for Foreign Missions_; Author of II ]f'oreign Missions Under Fire/' Etc.

W HEN you hear a sharp crit- To their credit be it noted that icism of the foreign mission- missionaries, and especially mis- ary enterprise the first thing sion board directors, are given to to do is to ask, "Who is this man; self-criticism beyond many other what is his background of informa- social groups. If they are disintion; what his motive; what as- clined to follow the method of Des- surance does he offer as to the cartes and build their philosophy soundness of his views?" on the determination to doubt everything, they yet strive to be There are critics and critics. Some open minded as to method and they should be welcomed; some should receive the contempt of silence; criticize results far beyond the insome should be given respectful at- clination of the public at home. tention; and (in case of a misapprehension of the facts, or in case One of the standing complaints they have influenced public opinion of missionaries is that the Ameri- can church public is too optimistic adversely) should be dealt with by in its judgments of missionary suc- way of rejoinder. cess, too unwilling to face the dis- All honest criticism should be, couragements of the field and the and usually is, welcomed by mis- immensity of the task. If mission- sionaries, by board officials and stu- aries have not achieved the thordents of the cause. We are to ough-going critical attitude of the remember that we are dealing with scientist, they at least spend a con- the most delicate social problem in siderable amount of time (some say the world. Prof. William G. Sum- far too much) in conference and ner, the famous sociologist of Yale, discussion over better ways and used to remind his pupils at fre- means of solving the problems that quent intervals that the most com- beset them on every side. Educaplex and difficult subject which we tional missionaries, while on furnow have to study is the constitu- lough, resort to advanced schools of tion of human society, the forces pedagogy in order to acquire the which operate within it and the best that American educational scilaws by which they act. He had ence can afford. Were our misno patience with the half-baked sionaries so inclined, they could opinions which drifted into his furnish the public with a body of classroom from the platform and constructive criticism far beyond press. If this is true of sociology anything we have seen in recent how much more is it true of mis- magazines and books. sions which, in addition to the considerations Professor Sumner had While the missionaries are so en- gaged, the boards are pursuing in mind, have to do with the subtil- processes of research, and recently, ties and immensities of religion and through the action of the Foreign all the contacts, philosophical, the- Missions Conference, following the ological and human between the suggestion of the Jerusalem Counhistoric faiths of mankind! cil, have gone on record as favor- 327

ing a development of the research ment pressure as a missionary "de- idea beyond anything attempted bacle."

hitherto. It is their conviction that, Most American press corre- next to the spiritual incentive, the spondents are entitled to less praise.

call just now is for the scientific In one case it is known that a high- approach to our fundamental prob- ly injurious report, to the effect lems. that "a prominent missionary lead- Let no one think that friendly, er" in Shanghai admitted the total painstaking criticism is other than failure of missions in China, was welcome in mission board circles. a pure fabrication. Yet this report The more of this sort of observa- was given wide currency in the tion the better. American press. There are not- able exceptions, of course, but Some Recent Attacks American correspondents general- Of late, however, there has been ly were over given to sensational an avalanche of criticism of quite stories and far too frequently a different sort. Not since the days sought information in the anti-mis- sionary circle of those afflicted by of the Boxer uprising in 1900 has "the Shanghai mind." the cause of .foreign missions been subjected to such fierce attack as N ext I would name the "smart during the past two years. It is writers"-the men and the women significant that again the occasion who earn their living by preparing is found in political conditions in "snappy" articles for the secular China which, in certain respects, magazines and the daily press. have affected adversely the Chris- These, in my opinion, should be tian enterprise in that land. dealt with for the most part with good-natured tolerance. One must Leaving to others the meeting be very "smart" indeed to make a of these attacks in detail, I am living in that way. The surest content here to classify and briefly road to a hearing is to attack somecharacterize certain of the objec- thing traditional and sacred. Fortions by way of putting unsuspect- eign missions have been the happy ing readers on their guard. hunting ground of these writers Some newspaper correspondents since the days of Dickens and Bor- have misinterpreted or falsified the rio-boola-Gha. Let them not how- happenings in China. The British ever quote the immortal Dickens correspondents, while occasionally as an example, since the "telescopic making an unfortunate slip, as in philanthropy" of Mrs. J ellyby de- the case of the utter misinterpre- served well the caricature it re- tation of an evangelistic poster is- ceived. Before Dickens was Her- sued in Shanghai, for the most part man Melville, the author of Moby- were fair minded and as accurate Dick, just now in process of being as the complex situation allowed. "revived," with his bitter attack It is noteworthy that the London on the missionaries in the Marque- Times and other British papers sas and Hawaiian Islands, charg- stood by the missionary enterprise ing them with misrepresentation in an intelligent way. It would and insincerity, and, in one of his not have occurred to a British edi- works, indulging in stories so sala- tor to characterize the evacuation cious in character that the Ameri- of mission stations under govern- can publisher insisted upon their

WHO ARE THE CRITICS?

elimination. The most recent bio- person will admit as a witness grapher of this prince of clever against missions a man who acwriters frankly and boastfully ad- cuses Stanley of murdering one of mits that Melville was living in his companions and Livingstone of open immorality during his stay in "keeping native wives." It is to the South Seas. It is well to re- the credit of the English publishmember that we have on hand a ers of the book that they refused considerable class of writers who to print so outrageous and unmust find something slashingly founded a statement. Again allowcritical to write about or starve, ing for noble exceptions, the and that publishers as a rule have generally hostile attitude of coman insatiable appetite for the liter- mercial circles in the foreign ports ature of attack. Why begrudge is to be accounted for on the ground them a chance to make a living? of "the eternal warfare between It is well also to remember the nar- those who go to a backward people rowness of the thought-life of to lift them up and those who go many educated people who habitu- to exploit them." ally display their prejudices against foreign missions. I hesitate to mention the attitude of foreign visitors and foreign stu- Next come the "globe-trotters" dents in America, as injustice may -an army of them in these days. easily be done through a brief or Every few weeks some devoted pas- generalized remark. One must tor or layman writes for letters sympathize deeply with our guests of recommendation to our mission- from mission lands, in the intensity aries in view of a contemplated of their patriotism and their chamtrip round the world. Thank God pionship of the best in the culture for tourists of this type! Their of the lands from which they come. testimony, when they return home, Their criticism of missionaries is is of great value. These are not sometimes acute, but they are even the typical "joy-riders" round the more out-spoken in regard to the world, but students of human in- defects they find in American sostitutions and affairs. For the oth- cial and political life. We admit ers, read Seldon's characterization the sad indictment, and while we in his "Are. Foreign Missions a plead that in all fairness a distinc- Failure"* and judge if their opin- tion should be made between Chrision is of any worth. tian America and America con- sidered as a political unit, cer- Some traders and commercial tainly between missionary-minded agents of late have had much to America and America as a whole, say in derogation of missions and we should keep in mind that our mISSIOnaries. This, it is well to self-criticism, which is constant recall, has always been the case and unsparing, is likely to be our and it always will be until busine~s salvation. We may urge that until becomes regardful of something be- a similar spirit of thorough-gosides selfish gain. There is no ing self-examination characterizes particular objection to the popu- these foreign representatives when larity of Trader Horn, so long as they return home, we can hardly people take the old gentleman for expect them to understand the mowhat he is-the Baron Munchausen tive which sustains the missionof our day. Surely no sane minded aries in their midst.

* }'leming II. Reyell Company, New York.

When Mr. Chang Po-Ling, the he fails to apprehend the universal distinguished founder and head of significance of His message and the Nankai University in Tientsin, life, why should we be surprised was taking post-graduate studies at if he rejects the missionary pro- Harvard, he was attacked by cer- gram of the church? The wonder tain of his fellow Chinese students would be if such a correspondent, on the ground that by taking a writer, tourist, trader or student stand as a Christian he was re- should take any other than a negavealing an utter lack of patriotic tive attitude in respect to a movefeeling. "How dare you," they de- ment which seeks to make Christ manded, "come over here to gain regnant in human affairs. help for our nation and then turn your back on our nation's most The conclusions I draw from this sacred principles and institutions ?" barrage of hostile comment are Chang Po-Ling silenced them by that we are living in an age which saying, "How dare you come over is not only critical but superficial, when people, even church people, to a country like America and to an are prone to take up with almost any opinion which appears to bear institution like Harvard, founded the stamp of neutrality, breadth by Christian people and for the and a desire to overthrow existing purposes of the Christian religion, ideals and Institutions; that there and not make the slightest ac- is need of pulpit discussion of the knowledgment of your indebted- uniqueness of the Christian mesness to Christianity for what you sage and person of Christ; and, have received?" finally, that a great opportunity is afforded the advocates of missions Of course these, and other atti- to set forth the facts as to the tudes, are to be explained prima- steadily advancing Kingdom of rily on the ground of a lack of belief Christ. At a time like this one in the Christian religion. If a man recalls the words of our Lord, "It does not accept Christ as the di- shall turn to you for a testimony." vinely given Saviour and Lord of the world, or if, accepting Christ, T HE missionary enterprise is not a matter of interchange of civilizations or of comparing spiritual cultures. It is a matter of making Christ known to all the world. The Christian Church has something to give to the rest of the world and foreign missions are the effort to give it. The effort is at least as legitimate as the introduction of science and of modern medicine and surgery. No one objects to that as evidence of an unwarranted "Western superiority complex." It is not Western science and medicine and surgery. It is the truth about these things, and that truth is universal, not Western. Why should it be right for selected individuals from India and China to come to America or Europe to find truth, and wrong for us to take it to the great multitudes of their countrymen? The Christian faith is a truth and a treasure greater than any other that we possess. It is our duty to share it and to appeal to all men everywhere to take it as their own. It is theirs by the same title that makes it ours and there are depths in it which will only be found as we explore them together apprehending with all saints, as alone we can, the full dimensions of the love of God, and all attaining, as the only way in which any of us can attain, the unity of the faith and the stature of the fullness of Christ.-Robert E. Speer, in "Are Foreign Missions Done For?"

MISSIONARIES EFFECTIVE PIONEERS?

BY DR. THOMAS JESSE JONES, New York Educational Director 01 the Phelps-Stokes Fund ARE missionaries pioneers of sent their missionaries to the f i civilization? south and organized schools and In these days of question churches for the general improve- and doubt as to all forms of human ment of those who had been reinstitutions and services, this ap- cently emancipated. Through the pears to be a legitimate inquiry. decades that have intervened, these The approach of the present writ- churches have expended large sums er has been that of independent of money and sent devoted men research in the field of economic, and women to serve the Negro social and educational service in people. For many years, the eduthe United States, Africa and the cational facilities suppJied by the Near East. His purpose was to mission schools offered almost the ascertain the extent and quality only opportunities for their educaof the influences exerted by govern- tion. While public school facilities ments, commerce and industry, have steadily increased, schools philanthropy and missions. The and colleges maintained by mission social conditions observed have in- boards are still a most vital part of cluded health, industry, agricul- the educational system. This has ture, neighborly relations, family been especially true of the high welfare and the moral and spir- schools and colleges and continues itual needs of the people. Facts as to the present time. It may be truly to the influences and the agencies said that Negro leadership, espehave included the testimony of all cially the teachers, the ministers parties concerned. The survey and the physicians, are largely the commissions whose findings sub- result of missionary effort. While stantiate the observations herein such schools as Hampton and Tuspresented were composed of the kegee Institutes are not directly representatives of specialists in the under church boards, they have revarious fields of research, as well ceived a considerable proportion of as representatives of Nationalists, their financial help from religious government, business and mis- people. With full appreciation of sions. the increasing public school facili- As the ideals and many of the ties of all grades it may be confi- methods of home and foreign mis- dently asserted that mISSIOn sions have much in common, it schools and colleges are still necesseems desirable to present evidence sary to the effective education of of activities and results achieved the Negro people. in both spheres. This similarity It is, of course, true that the is especially true of the home mis- educational and religious methods sion work for American Negroes had the limitations of the time in the southern states and many when they were originated. North- of the foreign mission activities. ern people, with little or no under- Beginning immediately after the standing of Negro life in the south, Civil War, the Northern churches transferred their methods with but 331

little adaptation to the special more effectively, to re-organize needs of the people whom they their home life, and to provide rec- served. Subjects were introduced reation for the rebuilding of their into the school curricula because bodies and their souls. Above all, they had been used in new Eng- they have freed the people from land. To the eternal credit of these superstitious fears and have im- missionaries, however, it must be parted to them a new confidence recognized that they gave the best in life. In place of the gods and that they knew. Their sincere pur- the spirits whom they feared, the pose was to develop the Negroes missionaries have helped them to into a full Christian manhood and know the God of love.

womanhood. The errors of their To be sure, the type of men and methods were no greater than women in the mission field includes those of government and of other a great variety of personalities agencies engaged in the same task. Some have been highly emotional Best of ali, the results which they and narrowly religious. Others achieved in intellectual develop- have been very limited in knowl- ment and sound character more edge and rather restricted in use- than justified their methods. As fulness. Like the home mission- a former Georgia Superintendent aries, there has been at times too of Education once said, "History great a tendency to impose their will increasingly recognize the own ideas of life and religion to debt which America, and especially the disregard of the native condi- the southern states, owes to the de- tions and customs. Educational voted missionaries whose sacrifices methods have often been formal and services helped the Negro to and unrelated to the daily needs.

a better way of life." With full recognition of these The services of foreign missions errors, missionaries as a group have, in many respects, been more have endeavored to serve the peo- picturesque and dramatic than ple in all sincerity. Their successes those of home missions. They have have far outnumbered their fail- involved a different type of sacri- ures. In comparison with the rep- fice and the possibilities of error resentatives of business and gov- have been greater. The basic im- ernment, the mistakes of mission- pulse has been the desire to preach aries have been no more numerous.

the Christian Gospel. They have As a rule, their devotion to the peo- literally gone to the ends of the ple has surpassed that of all other earth to carry the message of faith groups. They have been the first and hope. Careful study of their to know the native languages and work in Africa and in the Near customs, to urge the elevation of East has revealed a surprising va- the position of women, to combat riety of substantial services to the the ravages of diseases and to con- peoples and the countries in which demn tribal cruelties, commercial they' work. To most of them, the exploitation or government oppres- preaching of the Gospel has meant sion. For all these services, civili- much more than the verbal pre- zation and Christianity should ev- sentation of the Christian doctrine. er be grateful to missions and mis- Through neighborly relations, they sionaries.

have helped the people to learn the In view of the increasing inter- laws of health, to cultivate the soil est in international relationships,

ARE MISSIONARIES EFFECTIVE PIONEERS?

the services of foreign missionaries in the past is bound to be that they should receive larger and more in- are the pioneers of civilization telligent appreciation. The true wherever they have worked. The pioneers of foreign service have readers of the REVIEW are proba- been the missionaries of the Chris- bly sufficiently familiar with mis- tian Church. In most instances, sionary activities without adding they have preceded even the com- other illustrations observed by the mercial and imperialistic agencies. writer and by the educational com- Certainly, they were the first to go miSSIOns which he represents.

abroad with a genuine humanitari- Those who desire authoritative ex- an purpose. To those who realize amples of sUbstantial services are their motives, as well as the quali- referred to the reports of the two ties of their service, it is indeed Phelp-Stokes Commissions, EDU- surprising that criticism and doubt CATION IN AFRICA and EDUCATION should now become current. IN EAST AFRICA. These volumes Careful' consideration of these present first-hand evidence of the criticisms often shows their origin achievements of missionaries in to be misunderstanding or ignor- practically every colony of Africa.

ance on the part of superficial ob- Hitherto, missionaries to Africa servers. In 'some instances, they have been the main support of edu- are due to the sensitiveness of na- cation along all lines. They have tionalists who resent any form of made a notable contribution to the what they call Western intrusion. improvement of health. They are It is, of course, also true that mis- the leaders in movements for the sionaries, like all Western visitors, better use of the natural resources.

have made mistakes in their ap- They have been the first to reduce proaches to countries and peoples the native languages to writing of other lands. On the long view, and to supply the people with read- it seems certain that these misun- ing material necessary to their derstandings are of a temporary education along all lines. They have character. They represent a pass- been, and are still, the most reli- ing stage in international relations able witnesses as to injustices and mission service. The world wherever oppression prevails.

seems to be going through a period They have been most effective in of chaotic changes and reorganiza- the elimination of degrading sen- tions. During these transitional sual habit's and amusements and periods, every organization, and in the substitution therefor of rec- even every individual, seems in- reations that up-build body, mind evitably to be involved in some and spirit. Above all, they have form of quarrel and criticism. helped to free the primitive mind With the return of peaceful rela- from fetishtic fears and to implant tions and of more deliberate atti- faith in the God of love.

tudes, the motives and services of The experience of our commismissionaries will surely win the sions with missionary societies has confidence and gratitude of those given the definite impression of who are concerned in human wel- their willingness to recognize erfare. rors and to accept suggestions for the improvement of their work. Their Educational Work The emphatic conclusion of any During the last ten years of rather genuine study of missionary effort intimate association with mission-

ary committees, we have been world. With the late Dr. J. E. K.

gratified by the eagerness of board Aggrey, a native African, who secretaries, and especially the mis- knew full well the debt of Africa sionaries themselves, to give genu- to Christianity, the supporters of ine consideration to recommenda- Christian missionaries should rec- tions for changes in methods. ognize their debt of gratitude to During these days of interna- the faith which has been the in- tional chaos and nationalist upris- spiration of genuine service to hu- ings, the missionaries have been manity. Willingness to withdraw almost pathetically eager to under- the terms "mission" and "Chris- stand the new conditions under tian" seems clearly to be a form of which they must work. To be sure, surrender, and possibly even of there are exceptions to this atti- disloyalty and ingratitude, to the tude. A few may be charged with ideals and the faith that has sent blindness and even obstinacy in forth into the world the Christian the face of real demands for pioneers of civilization. Adapta- change. Some have seemed too tion to the special needs of natives willing to cast aside the traditions and nationalists and full sympathy of the past and even the funda- for their attainments do not re- mental principles of their methods quire a denial of well-established and ideals. This is strikingly il- convictions nor a disregard of gen- lustrated in the acceptance of an uine accomplishments. There is un- almost hostile attitude of many to- doubtedly a happy medium between ward the term "missions" and a sense of Western superiority and "missionary," as well as in a ques- complete resignation to manners tioning attitude of some even to- and customs of nationalists or na- ward "Christian." While such tive peoples. The impulse to al- attitudes may be praise-worthy as truistic interest in others is as indications of an open mind, it is sound as the demand for self-de- urged that the missionary achieve- termination. True service repre- ments of the past do not warrant sents the blending of both atti- the acceptance of an inferiority tudes. More and more, we are complex as to these vital designa- learning that it is better to work tions in the Christian system. The with the people than merely to elimination of such a term as work for them. Certainly none "Christian" seems unthinkable to have surpassed the missionaries in those who have any knowledge of the rapidity with which they have Chrjst~an service throughout the been accepting this ideal of service.

C OMPARE the cost of missionary educational work with the cost of schools in one New Jersey town. The number of children in school in this town was 3,314 and the annual cost, $395,1417, or $119 per pupil for the year. In Presbyterian mission schools there were 110,653 pupils at a cost of $546,972, plus the salaries of foreign missionaries engaged in educational work which might be estimated at $500,000. This makes an average cost per pupil of $9. In the American town the schools run only through high school, while the foreign mission schools include colleges, universities and graduate schools.

The Mission Board might have spent its whole outlay of $4,903,847 last year on its schools alone and the expense per pupil would have been only $44 or about one-third of the cost per pupil in the typical town used for illustration. -Robert E. Speer, in "Are Foreign Missions Done For?"

MISSIONARY SACRIFICE JUSTIFIED?

BY REV. HUGH THOMSON KERR, D.D., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Author, Lecturer ana PaBtor of ShadYBide PreBbyterian Ohurah T HE English painter Haydon Today the tables are turned and once entertained a company lo! these same critics rise up and of distinguished artists and complain that the missionary is so men of letters, among whom were ubiquitous, so surpassingly influthe poets Wordsworth and Keats. ential in the lands beyond the seas, During the dinner, in a spirit of that an end should be made to the good humor, Keats proposed a whole business. To such a facetoast to the memory of Newton, about attitude one is tempted to the scientist. Wordsworth refused reply, as did Isaac to his interestto participate because Newton, by ing but deceptive off-spring, "How his scientific analysis, had taken didst thou get there so quickly, my the poetry out of the rainbow. son?"

Wordsworth loved the rainbow and If we analyze the criticism levwe remember it was he who said elled at missionaries and the mis- "My heart leaps up when I behold sionary enterprise we will discover a rainbow in the sky." He was that most of it comes from an at- alarmed lest the rainbow, by be- titude of mind which today loves ing broken up into prismatic col- to look out upon all religion, and ors, would lose its romance. But especially upon Protestant Chris- Wordsworth was mistaken. The tianity, through smoked glasses. rainbow can never lose its romance. The reflection set forth concerning The more it is analyzed the better America in such a book as Seigit will be admired by both the man fried's "America Comes of Age," of science and the poet. a book widely circulated and en- There is an impression abroad thusiastically received, is sympto- in the land that when foreign mis- matic of the way in which Amerisions are subjected to scientific cans today are willing to stand analysis at close scrutiny the ro- back and look at the inheritance mance fades out of the enterprise they have received from their fa- and we are left exploiting a dying thers and make merry over it. Viscause. We are needlessly alarmed. count Grey tells us that the night It may be that it is well for the before war was declared between cause if the romance that hangs Britain and Germany he stood over it lifts and we face the facts looking out from the windows of in the light of the everyday drudg- the foreign office and saw the lampery, the encircling difficulties, the lighter going about the city streets.

downward drag that belongs to Turning to the friend at his side every great and good cause that he said, "The lights are going out has come through generations all over Europe tonight and they fighting for its life, and still carry- will not be lighted in our generaing on in triumph. tion." If one thoughtfully reads much that is written in newspa- There was a time when folks op- pers, magazines and books and set posed foreign missions and pre- forth by commercialized lecturers, sumed to ignore their influence.

335

he gets the impression that the The other day a great Christian lights are going out everywhere, apologist spoke before a student not only in the foreign mission assembly in one of our state unifield, but in the church at home. versities. He presented the Chris- tian way of life without denomi- Christianity Under Attack national or theological bias. Next day the college paper, in comment- This critical, and at times cyni- ing on the service said: "The cal attitude, grows out of the fact speaker himself was accepted favthat the Christian religion itself orably; but the type of talk preis everywhere under attack. This sented was ill-suited at such an is the day when psychology and assembly." The Chairman of the physics have the field. Even phi- Chapel Committee said "More conlosophy is obscured and there are sideration of the varied represenphysicists who say philosophy is tation of sects and creeds should done for. The result is a weaken- have been given by the speaker." ing of the spiritual interpretations that must belong to life that has This is a prevalent attitude of any background of eternal reality. mind today towards the non-Chris- The uniqueness and supremacy of tian faiths. It is an attitude of the Christian faith is thereby ques- sympathy and good will, but based tioned, or loosely held. There can upon an inadequate gathering of be no Christian enterprise either the facts. There is good, much in America or in Africa unless good in the non-Christian faiths Christianity is held to be supreme that have been followed by miland to be supernatural. In speak- lions in past centuries and perhaps ing in criticism of foreign missions the missionary has not used this lately a cultured young lady said, cultural and sympathetic approach "You know, I never have believed in the wisest way. Perhaps some in foreign missions. I was a Uni- have lacked the intellectual traintarian." She was quite unconscious ing to do so. That day, however, of the far-reaching significance of is gone. The best appreciation of her comment. In the last analysis the non-Christian religions is comthe thing that really counts for ing to us today out of either misthe Christian Church in the foreign sionary experience or the missionmissionary program is the mandate ary passion. Nevertheless the of the Master that issues in the unequivocal and unanimous testicommand "GO." mony of all nationals represented at the Jerusalem Missionary Con- Other Religions Good Enough r ference was to the effect that Chris- tianity has no rival and that they The weakening of Christian con- had failed to find in the religions viction is paralleled by a growing of the Orient what they had found appreciation of the non-Christian in Christ. A syncretistic religion religions. A group of students who is no religion. A non-redemptive were asked the question "Is one religion is no true religion. A rereligion as good as another?" replied "Yes, for the man whose re- ligion that is a mosaic constructed ligion it is." If one were to ask by an eclectic process is no reli- "Is one system of medicine as good gion. Those who know the nonas another?" a different response Christian religions best are those would be given. Why? who are most missionary-minded;

IS·MISSIONARY SACRIFICE JUSTIFIED?

and the critics of Christianity, row patriotism to other nations.

from the point of view of world If America is for the Americans, religions, cancel one another. then why not China for the Chi- No Religion to Export nese and Africa for the African? Thus we would build a wall around Criticism arises from another nations, compelling them to live source. Weare told America has for themselves and for themselves no religion to export. "We need alone. This is impossible. What all we have. America is not a have we that is born entirely out Christian country herself. It is of our own national life? Is our hypocrisy on her part, in the light literature, our music. our art, our of her race prejudice, her internal law of our own making ? We are lawlessness, her banditry, her po- debtors, and joyful debtors, to the litical corruption, to commend her Italian, the German, the. Russian, religion to other people." Such the French, the English. Our mu- criticism has in it a sting. We, sic halls are filled with the melody however, are not commending of foreign music, and our art gal- American civilization or our or- leries speak of the contribution ganized Christianity; we are com- which other nlltions have made to mending Christ and the Gospel of the beautiful. We can erect no His love. The criticism itself, how- tariff walls against truth and good- ever, is masked hypocrisy. We ness and beauty. The tides of could as truly say "We need all truth and error beat on every the culture and education we pos- shore. Ideas do not ask permission sess; we need all the hygiene, the to enter from any customs officer medical science we possess; we on earth. There is no wall high need all the wealth we have for enough or strong enough to keep there is poverty and need at our out the truth, whether that truth doors." belongs in the realm of science or In the realm of the soul, giving art or, religion.

does not impoverish but withhold- And people do not want walls ing drags men and nations down to keep out truth. They are reach- to death. Behind this attitude lies ing out eagerly after more truth.

a subtle nationalism that has de- Those who say that China and In- veloped in America since the war dia and Mrica do not want the and which, in political life, shows truth are not speaking the truth itself in an Americanism that has themselves. Christianity is truth, an imperial flavor but is neverthe- and what the Church means to do less provincial. The Christian and will not be disuaded from do- Church, in leading out into paths ing is to lay that truth down be- of world service, voices a protest side the truth of every department against a narrow and selfish patri- of life, of every age and of every otism and lifts the eyes of all our land, and let men choose to take people to the gates of opportunity or choose to leave. When it is said that are everywhere open. that China has driven out tl).e mis- Non-Interference Palicy sionaries, and therefore does not wish what they have to contribute, This same narrow nationalism there is a misunderstanding of the finds justification in ascribing the situation and a misrepresentation same rights and privileges and nar- of the facts. I can only speak of 2

what I know. In all contacts with the missionary endeavors of the Japanese, Koreans and Chinese past centuries can show results during months of intense study of criticism will be silenced. Has the the missionary work at first-hand, foreign missionary enterprise been after repeated personal interviews, successful? Have foreign missions one impression remains that there failed in China? Because tourists, is a sense of gratitude on the part circling the globe, stop at port of the peoples of the Orient for cities and see no cathedral spires, the work done through the mission- and listen without adequate underary enterprise. standing of the situation to the cynicism of those who go out to Of course mistakes have been exploit the "heathen," they return made. Methods have often been saying "Missions have failed." Beill-judged. Rivalries have existed, cause long years go by without theologies have been in conflict; showing quick returns men turn natives have been kept too long and look at their neighbors and under tutelage; missionaries have say "Is it worth while?" Business too often been masters and not men take their pencil and figure servants; but after all the record overhead, and shake their heads. is added up we "see welcoming When men and women in the enhands and -loving hearts waiting thusiasm of their first love go for those who come offering the forth to the malarial districts of Gospel of grace and truth. Any- Africa, and before their first furone who thinks that the Orient lough comes round their lives are does not need the healing of the Gospel, let him read Hu Shih's ar- ended-what shall we say? No ticle "Civilization of the East and one raises his voice because Cap- West" in Whither Mankind. In tain Scott went off into the Antthat essay the oft-repeated state- arctic in the interests of scientific ment that the East is spiritual and exploration and laid down his life the West materialistic is analyzed in loneliness and silence in that and overthrown. Hu Shih does far-off, uninhabited region. There not commend Christianity but is no voice of criticism, but only clears the way for it. Speaking a glad acclaim, for the courage and of the Chinese religions he says: heroism of Commander Byrd who "Do we earnestly think it moral sets out to sketch the outline of or spiritual to inculcate in that ice barriers and inland seas and beggar-woman a false belief which mountain ranges that have no reshall so hypnotize her to make her lation to human happiness or sowillingly live and die in such dire conditions where she ought not to cial welfare; but when men and have been had she been born in a women go forth to lay down their different civilization? No! a thou- lives in a foreign land in order sand times no! All those hypnotic that there may come an increase religions belong to an age when of peace and joy and human hapman had reached senility and felt piness and eternal hope to their himself impotent in coping with fellow men, the voice of criticism the forces of nature." is heard proclaiming the offering up of unnecessary sacrifice. Have Missions Failed! Whose lives have been laid America is a nation of pragma- down? Whose money has been extists. We test truth by results. If

IS MISSIONARY SACRIFICE JUSTIFIED?

pended? Who have made the sac- gard and give it every possible fa- rifice? Does criticism come from cility for its propagation." Who the Church that has provided the said that? Admiral Saito, the Jap- life and the money to fulfill the anese governor-general of Korea.

last great commission of our Lord? "The foreign mission era in Ja- Have the heroes and heroines who pan is not yet drawing to a close have laid the foundations of a bet- and any misconception in that re- ter world complained? Did Horace gard should be dissipated and the Pitkin, who gave his life in mar-· sympathy, the prayers, and the ac- tyrdom to China, after two years tive participation of American of service, complain? Do the men Christians encouraged to the full- and women who share the sacrifice est extent possible." Who said by their contributions and consist- that? A conference of Japanese, ent support complain? Who are held at Karuizawa in 1928.

the critics who write and speak The Presbyterian Board of For- against the missionary enterprise? eign Missions spends every year What sacrifices have they made? now in foreign missionary work What investments have they in the a little over six million dollars; proposition? Does heroism belong two-thirds coming from the home only to the adventurer and the sol- church and one-third given by the dier and the aviator and not to the people in foreign lands and of this social worker, the minister, the money two-thirds is spent in the missionary who gives his life with- support of American missionaries out complaint and without any and one-third on the support of thought of heroism or reward, that native work. For every dollar we may have a Christ-like world? spent on a school or college or hos- David Livingstone, who laid down pital anywhere in the foreign mis- his life in Africa, said "I never sionary field the native people made a sacrifice." James Chal- themselves give two dollars. How mers, whom Robert Louis Steven- absurd, then, to say that it takes son called "The greatest man in a dollar to send a dollar.

the Pacific," said "Let us stop talk- It has been pointed out that for ing about the twaddle of sacrifice." all the hospital work and dispen- Failure is written over all that saries carried on by the Presby- man touches, and yet among all terian Church in foreign lands, and the enterprises which have been there are eighty-nine hospitals and handled by human hands and in- one hundred twenty-two dispen- spired by human hearts there is saries, the church at home provides none that has had such magnificent less than sixty thousand dollars.

success, such abiding and continu- If you compare that outlay in mon- ous reward as the work of the for- ey with the returns in service, with eign missionary enterprise. the cost of supporting the hospital A Few Concrete Facts in your own village, or your own city, you will be amazed. The same Suppose we dogmatically and is true in the realm of education without verification put down a and of church support.

few missionary facts. "There is One of the greatest of our Chris- scarcely a place in which the in- tian philosophers said "Every fluence of Christianity is not felt. truth that enters the world enters We hold Christianity in high re- through an individual, a conscious,

reasonable, moral man." If this nation rose up in response to the is so, the truth must be mediated call that came out of Flanders through personality and the mis- Field. They could not bear the sionary is the personality who thought of breaking faith with mediates the truth of Christianity those who died in Freedom;s cause. to the people of non-Christian lands. The lives of these mission- The call that comes out of the misaries of far-off days and of yester- sion fields, where sleeps the sacred day and today belong in the hall dust of men and women and little of fame and their heroism belongs children who, for Christ's sake, to the finest assets of history. The forgot home and friends and na- British government has completed tive land, cannot be drowned out a circle of soldier-patriot graves by the voice of noisy critics who around the world. So has the have never made a sacrifice and Christian Church. Men of every who are satisfied to live for them- selves.

CHRISTIAN MISSIONS THE BEST INVESTMENT FOR LIFE .i S A MAN grows old and the end of the road begins to come into view he I'1 asks 'himself some serious questions: "Have I invested life in the best way? Have I given it to the highest and the richest causes? Have I laid out whatever God gave me in the way which would best please Jesus Christ. Men and women who have given their lives to the foreign missionary enterprise, do not question as to whether they did right in thus devoting their lives. They have no desire to do otherwise than they have done. Dr. John L. Nevius was one of the most cautious and prudent of all the missionaries of the Church. I heard him say that he never had come home from China on a furlough without meeting ministers at home who regretted that they had not gone as missionaries, but that he never, in his long life, had met a foreign missionary who regretted having gone.

Some years ago I visited a little village in southwestern Scotland, the name of which is unknown to the world save for one thing. There in the midst of the village at the end of the village green was the monument to Robert Moffatt who had gone out from that village to Africa. He lifted the little unknown Scotch town into the deathless records of service rendered for mankind. Who would know Blantyre, the hamlet of weavers' homes, not far from Glasgow, were it not for the fact that out of one humble weaver's house in that village went David Livingstone to rend the night of Africa asunder and let in the light? Who, of the thousands of visitors to the city of Calcutta, ever asks to be shown the house in which Thackeray was born, or the house in which Macaulay lived, or the palace where Warren Hastings reigned? But many a discerning foreigner asks to be taken out to the little Dutch burying ground of Serampore to see the resting place of William Carey, the English cobbler who rediscovered and retaught the world the glory of this missionary ideal.

Even when lives are not lifted clear up and written visibly on the record as these lives have been, still when men and women have given themselves to this enterprise and have been forgotten, they are well content, because they know that they have built all they have had into the best and most enduring work that could be done in the world. Dr. Joseph P. Cochran of Urumia, Persia, was a prince in the land where he lived. His name was all the passport that any traveler required. He went through the most turbulent regions of Western Asia, healing thousands of sick folks, the counsellor and judge among the helpless himself a bulwark of justice and confidence in the disturbed sections of western Persia and eastern Turkey. He did all this in his quiet and unadvertised way, and was well content that he had put his life in the richest and purest enterprise in the world. Thousands of others with joy also have hidden their lives, unknown to men, in the unseen but enduring service of the stranger peoples.-Robert E. Speer, in "Are Foreign Missions Done For?"

MISSIONARIES CAUSE TROUBLE?

BY PROF. KENNETH SCOTT LATOURETTE. New Haven, Conn. Pro,. 0' Mia,ion, ana Oriental History, Yale Unlver,itll ARE missionaries well-inten- hastened the disintegration of tioned bunglers? Do they put primitive peoples-in the Pacific unintelligent hands upon old Islands, for example. By insisting customs and beliefs. thereby up- that the natives be clothed in Eusetting the balance of nicely ad- ropean fashion it is charged that justed cultures and working harm1 missionaries at times have accen- Such charges are frequent and in tuated the spread of disease. By various forms have been made al- attacking the initiation rites by most since the beginning of the which youths at puberty are made Protestant missionary enterprise. full members of the tribe, mission- The English East India Company aries, so it is said, have hastened long forbade missionaries in its the break-up of the tribe and of territories and would not carry old forms of social control. Some them on its ships because it be- of the forms of education introlieved that by attacking established duced by mission schools, it is religious beliefs they would arouse claimed, have unfitted their pupils antagonism and jeopardize trade. for their environment. Among Many a merchant in China today some backward peoples, whose life declares that the missionary is re- must be chiefly simple agriculture sponsible for the present chaos and and industry, there has been too that but for him the Chinese would much of the literary in the curristilI be undisturbed and docile. culum, and graduates have been These criticisms, when from fitted to fill clerkships but not to merchants, can be quickly dis- take a helpful part in the life of counted, for they usually arise their native villages. We have, it from self-interest. Somewhat more is declared, introduced types of serious are those of travelers who education evolved in the Occident declare that to the missionary is without adjusting them to local due the passing of the features situations. These critics continue which made the life of non-Euro- by declaring that the missionary pean peoples distinctive and which has interpreted the great commiswere an expression of native gen- sion as commanding him to teach ius. The substitution of pale limi- the English language, Western tations of European and American democracy, and feminism to every culture and a dull, world-wide uni- creature. formity would not only make the It must be freely admitted that human race less picturesque but more than once the missionary has would threaten that progress which made mistakes. At times he has comes from the interaction of dif- confused the Gospel with Western ferent civilizations. Still more se- institutions and has thought that rious are the more thoughtful by introducing the latter, uncriticisms of well-informed and changed, he was aiding in the propwell-trained observers. Some of agation of the former. He has these claim that missionaries have attacked some customs too hastily, 841

without seeking so to modify them better calculated to contribute to that the good might be preserved human welfare. The facts show and the evil eliminated. He has that practically every culture bad- not always been wise in adapting ly needs improvement. There is educational methods to local situ- no small amount of fallacy in the ations. Often, too, without the theory that each people, left to it- mIssIonary wishing it, native self, works out the civilization best Christians have scorned their own fitted to its own genius and needs.

heritage and have copied the for- Have we of the Occident done so?

eigner's dress and manners. I viv- Only the blind among us deny that idly recall hearing a graduation the West has something to learn oration, in English, in a mission from other peoples. Certainly no middle school in China, in which one of us would claim that our most of the illustrations were civilization is faultless.

drawn from America and the few What is true of our own is true from China were inserted only up- of other cultures. The romanticism on the missionary's insistence. which pictures the South Sea Is- Some destructive movements, landers as living an ideal life be- moreover, like the T'ai P'ing Re- fore the coming of the white man bellion, have arisen from the mis- simply ignores the facts. No one sionary without his planning or who really knows would declare approving them. that Indian, Chinese, or Japanese The Gospel Is Revolutionary civilizations before the advent of the European were perfect. Every It must also be admitted, and cultUre, even the most primitive, this time gladly, that the Gospel has features to commend it. There is revolutionary. The early dis- is no one, however, which does not ciples were accused of turning the need altering, often radically. If world upside down-and this has the Gospel, through the mission- always been the result where the ary, can effect the necessary Gospel has been consistently changes, it should be welcomed.

preached and lived. Every civili- Critics, moreover, are often blind zation, including our own, has in- to another fact: other forces than stitutions and customs which are missions are bringing about the damaging to the highest life and destruction of non-European cul- which should be modified or en- tures. One of the outstanding fea- tirely eliminated. Who of us would tures of human history during the deny that war, many of our race past four hundred, and especially prejudices, our drinking customs the past hundred years, has been -all of them seemingly integral the expansion of Europe. Euro- parts of our life-could not profit- peans have gone to every corner ably be abolished? So, too, polyg- of the globe. They have settled amy, slavery, infanticide, and a the Americas, they have conquered host of other customs-all of them and partitioned Africa and the is- sanctioned by long practice, most lands of the Pacific, and all of Asia of them arising out of attempts is either politically subject to them to deal with real problems, and in or has saved itself from that fate defence of which cogent arguments only by adopting much of Euro- can be adduced-ought to be sup- pean culture. This expansion of planted by institutions and ideals Europe, as we all know, has been

DO MISSIONARIES CAUSE TROUBLE?

attended by the disappearance or some rather than unwholesome, extensive modification of non-Eu- constructive rather than exclusive- ropean cultures. The people does ly destructive. While the trader not exist which has not been pro- and even the colonial official and foundly affected. Missions have diplomat have all too often brought taken a part in this expansion of non-white peoples in contact chiefly Europe, but they have not been the with the unlovely, materialistic, only and usually they have not been disintegrating features of Occi- the most influential part of it. The dental civilization, the missionary primary causes of the expansion has made it his chief purpose- of Europe are economic. It is pri- although he has not always so marily for markets and for raw stated it-to bring to these peoples materials that the white man has the constructive, helpful elements penetrated Asia, Africa, and the of EUropean life. The revolution South Seas. It was chiefly to im- would have come without him, but prove their lot in material things he has made and is making it in- that Europeans poured into North finitely more helpful than it could and South America and into Aus- otherwise have been. Here, indeed, tralia and New Zealand. is one of the great reasons for the From this it follows that great support of missions. We of the revolutionary changes would have West who have destroyed so much occurred in non-European cultures that is good in the life of other had no missionary ever left his peoples owe it to them to contrib- native land. No one can study ute as well whatever of spiritual fairly and carefully the mode.rn and moral values we possess.

history of China or of Africa-to Modifying the Revolution take two very different examples -without becoming convinced that The evidences of this wholesome, both of these great lands would constructive effect of missions are have had their cultures destroyed many. Missionary history and cur- or profoundly altered had no mis- rent happenings abound in them.

sionaries set foot on their soil. It In Africa it is the missionary was because British merchants- who is carrying the brunt of the wished greater trading privileges burden of educating the negro and that England forced open the doors the Bantu. More and more he is of China. It is the employment of seeking to adapt his methods to thousands of blacks in the mines meet the needs peculiar to the situ- in Johannesburg and in the Bel- ation-to train his students to help gian Congo and upon plantations improve the agriculture and the and government works all over industries of their people. Old Negro Africa that is breaking tribal controls and moral stand- down the tribal system and the old ards are collapsing, and unless a forms of social control throughout substitute can be found, the last that great continent. state of the Africans will be worse What the missionary has done than the first. The missionary, by and is doing is to modify, often holding up and inculcating high very profoundly and beneficially, moral standards and by bringing the revolution brought by the Eu- in a fresh moral and spiritual dy- ropean. . He has helped to make namic, is the one hope. Colonial the impact of the Occident whole- authorities can pass laws and ill-

troduce secular education, but they tianity and to drop those features cannot implant that inner impulse which are most repugnant to the without which salvation and prog- Christian ethic. Influential reli- ress are impossible. The mission- gious movements such as the Brah- ary, moreover, has stood up for the rna Samaj and the Arya Samaj blacks against those whites who either had their inception in im- would exploit them. He has fought pulses brought by the missionary and is fighting slavery. He was or have been profoundly modified usually the pioneer in introducing by them. Rabindranath Tagore modern medicine and he continues owes a great debt to Christianity, to reenforce what European coloni- partly through the Brahma Samaj al governments are now doing to with which some of his family have combat the diseases that are threat- been associated. Gandhi himself, ening the population. He has re- by his own confession, has been duced scores of languages to fundamentally influenced by the writing and has prepared in them New Testament-although not nec- most of what literature is avail- essarily through the agency of the able. He has stood against infan- missionary.

ticide and has brought self-respect In Burma whole tribes, such as to womanhood. the Karens, have been wholesome- In the Near East-where the ly made over by the representatives greed and intrigues of European of American Baptists and are, ac- powers have brought wars and cordingly, better and not worse for have helped to make the very name the coming of the OccidentaI. The Christian anathema-the mission- same is true among the Battaks of ary has helped to introduce new Sumatra, thanks to German mis- life into ancient churches. He has sions.

built and maintained hospitals, and In China the missionary was the in his schools many of the leaders pioneer of that Western education have been trained who are leading which the Chinese now wish to their peoples in the inevitable and adopt and adapt. Without his necessary readjustment to new schools the Chinese would not now conditions. as quickly be making their adjust- In India the education and dig- ment to the Western world. It nity of women have been empha- was Yung Wing, trained by S. R.

sized. In mission schools a re- Brown, who brought about the ligious content has been given to sending of the first contingent of the secular education which the government students to go abroad.

British government has introduced. A large proportion of the presi- New hope has been brought to the dents and teachers of government depressed classes-a door opened schools in China are graduates of for escape from the age-long servi- Christian institutions. Sun Yat- tude which has been their unhappy sen, the most influential of modern lot. The spirit created by the mis- Chinese and, whatever his faults, sionary helped in the abolition of chiefly responsible for injecting the burning of widows. The great something of idealism into the self- non-Christian faiths of India, es- ish welter of Chinese politics, had pecially Hinduism, are tending to much of his training at the hands emphasize those features which of Protestant Christians in Hawaii they have in common with Chris- and China and was himself a pro-

fessed Christian. Of the ten heads universities are Christians and of cabinet bureaus in the Nanking others have Christian wives. The Government today, six are Prot- existence of a Kagawa, with his estant Christians and two of the passion for improving the lot of six are sons of Protestant minis- the masses caught in the rapidly ters. The most powerful military growing industrial machine, would figure in China, Feng Yii-hsiang, alone have justified the missionary movement in that country, and is well known as a professing Christians, like Yoshino, less well- Christian, and while even his known in the Occident, increase friends find much in him to de- Japan's debt to the missionary. plore, he and his influence are undoubtedly more wholesome because These examples might be multiof his long contacts with mission- plied many fold but should be sufaries. Modern medicine in China ficient to make clear the truth of owes its introduction to the mis- the assertion that the missionary sionary, and most of the best medi- movement has been far more concal education is still under Chris- structive than destructive. It is, tian auspices, with results for the indeed, in our rapidly changing ethical and scientific standards of world, one of the most hopefulthe future' medical profession of some of us think the most hopeful the country which may be very -of present day enterprises. far-reaching. The contribution of When all around us cultures are the missionary toward famine re- collapsing and being revolutionlief, the fight against opium, the ized, and the secularism of the Oc- cident is destroying much of the improvement of agriculture, and moral and spiritual values of their a dozen other movements for moral past, the missionary is attempting and social reform are almost too -and often successfully-to bring well-known to require comment. in a moral and spiritual dynamic which will reenforce all that is best In Japan the Christian group, of the old and to lead to still greatas in China, is influential all out of proportion to its size. Several er achievement. of the presidents of the imperial I ONCE heard the representatives of all the missionary agencies at work in Turkey tell President Roosevelt that they wanted no military protection or naval enforcement of their missionary rights. And as to China the vast majority of our missionaries have lived far beyond the reach of gunboats or marines, and their work has rested on no such support. Foreign missionaries want no special privileges or protection. All that they want is the recogniiton of the fundamental rights of religious freedom and liberty of conscience which every nation ought to recognize for all people, citizens and foreigners, and such honest government and maintenance of order and administration of justice as every nation ought to provide equally for all who reside within its borders. The essential question, which is not a missionary question at all, is whether any nation can expect to enjoy equal rights in the comity of nations without fulfilling equal duties? If in any respect this principle condemns America, then America is condemned. And likewise Persia and likewise China. But it is not true that in any land American missionaries have relied on gunboats or soldiers for the propagation of Chris- tianity. It is true that they have expected of China the fulfilment of her honest duties and the recognition of broad human rights. But they have expected nothing of China that China ought not to have expected of herself. -Robert E. Speer, in "Are Foreign Missions Done For?"

A QUEST OR A CONQUEST?

BY ROBERT E. SPEER, New York W EARE often told in these days that the foreign mission enterprise needs to be entirely reconceived. Formerly, it is said, Christianity regarded itself as the absolute and final religion and the work of foreign missions was conceived as a donation or displacement. Mis- sionaries went out to give to other peoples a religion and religious values which these other people did not possess. They even went with the idea of setting Christ in the place of supremacy over all others, to "Crown Him Lord of all." Now, however, it is held, Christianity must give up its exclusivism and recognize that each religion has its distinctive possession of truth and that Christianity has no right to go forth with the conquest or displacement idea. Foreign missions, accordingly, must now be regarded not as a conquest but as a quest, an effort to learn, not to teach, or to learn as much as to teach, with a view to one world-wide, inter-racial cooperative effort to as- semble out of all religions the distinctive contribution of each to the ultimate synthetic and universal religion of mankind.

This conception is both futile and false. It is futile because such a con- ception would never have produced the foreign missions movement and can- not maintain it. Men and women might go out on this idea to make a world cruise or for brief and comfortable visits but not to spend their lives, often in hard and lonely places, at the sacrifice of home values and especially the education of their children. Nor will the missionary enterprise spring from religious doubt. The people who have not found what satisfies them in Christianity, and who propose that the Church should send out the missionaries to find something better than Christianity or to supplement and improve Christianity, are not the people who supply the missionaries who go or who furnish the funds to send them. The foreign mission enterprise springs from and rests upon adequate convictions. Doubt as to the sufficiency and universality of Christianity is not a substitute for such convictions.

This new conception of foreign missions is also false. Christ needs nothing from anyone. No other religious teacher has any contribution to make to Him. In Him dwells all the fulness of the Godhead. He is the final and sufficient revelation of God and the only Saviour and Redeemer of man. This is the New Testament representation. It is the solid and unalterable foundation of foreign missions. Foreign missions are not a search for a new and better religion. They are not an attempt to find something that is not already in Christ. They are the effort of those who have heard of Christ to take what they have heard to the whole world in order that all men together may learn more of Him.

We who know Christ do not claim that we know all that there is to know of Him. We say just the opposite. But it is all there and we need all men to help in its discovery and its experience. One reason for bringing the knowledge of the Gospel to the whole world and bringing the whole world into the search for the infinite richness of God in Christ is that only so can we attain the fuller knowledge of Christ which is God's will for us. We do not go out to find something in the non-Christian religions that is not in Christianity. We go to enlist all men in the search for what is in Christ alone and in Him in divine sufficiency and completeness. Foreign Missions are indeed a great quest of the Church. But they are not a quest for something to be added to Christianity. They are a quest for an ever enlarging and enriching understanding of the fulness of Christ.-Fr01n "Are F'oreign Missions Done For?"

CHRIST THE ONLY WAY OF LIFE?

THE UNIQUENESS AND SUPREMACY OF CHRISTIANITY "WBY REV. WILLIAM BANCROFT HILL, D.D., Poughkeepsie, New York HY send missionaries to Moslems I hope you will be es- the heathen? They are pecially careful not to disturb their good old heathen; let them religious faith which has so much alone." So said Henry W. Shaw that is excellent in it."

(better known as Josh Billings, Here is a modern opinion, inthe humorist) to me in a serious creasingly popular and jyst the reconversation more than fifty years verse of the old one. The up to ago. His opinion was that all who date opponent of missions says dwell outside of Christian lands that the non-Christian religions are hopelessly degraded, and their are so highly spiritual or so effecreligions are a mass of supersti- tive morally that missionaries are tions: like people, like priest: why needless, and that we might with waste effort upon them? profit sit as learners at the feet That opinion, born of ignorance, of the Eastern sages. Even cerhas by no means disappeared. The tain of our mission workers would opponent of missions has nour- retain the old religion of the land ished it as furnishing a good rea- as best suited to the people, and son for his attitude. And often would undertake only to fill it with the missionary unintentionally has a Christian spirit. They would ofprovided material for it by pre- fer Christianity, not as a substisenting only the evils and defects tute, but as a supplement or crown he encountered. His strong appeal to what is already possessed. This has been, "Can we unmoved be- complete volte-face has been hold such wretchedness and utter brought about partly by access to ignorance of things divine?" There the sacred books of the ethnic rewas no intention to deceive: he ligions, partly by increasing inwas telling what filled his vision timacy with the higher classes who to the exclusion of all else, and once shunned or despised forthat wrung his heart as he wished eigners, partly by a natural reacit to wring ours: but it was decep- tion from the unfairness of the tion, nevertheless. However, it is old opinion, and in no small only fair to add that the mission- measure by a failure to realize or ary, as he penetrated into the life to emphasize that which is unique and religions of non-Christian in Christianity.

lands, became our main source of We might have known, even be- information about their best fea- fore studying them, that each of tures as well as their worst. the great religions must contain Not long ago a Harvard profes- truth and light; otherwise it never sor, before whom I was placing the could have gained its millions of plans for a Christian University adherents. The soul may stay hunin Egypt, gave hearty approval to ger with husks when bread is not the educational scheme, but added, at hand; but it can get no nour- "In your dealings with these young ishment from stones and scorpions, 347

and turns away when they are of- feet manhood in unbroken harmony fered, no matter in what disguise. with God. Concerning what other Assuredly, we do not follow our religious leader could this be truly Master or exalt Christianity by re- said? Our age has little reverence, fusing to see good anywhere ex- and takes a malicious pleasure in cept in it. Nor can we be of real pointing out stains and blemishes helpfulness to the follower of an- in figures that formerly were held other religion unless we have a up for admiration; and yet there clear knowledge of what he is seek- never was a time when Jesus was ing from his religion and what he so highly esteemed as today by so has already gained. The mission- many students of His life. The ary must be able to say, "I see the sneers at His claims and the foul height towards which you are jeers about His acts that were cur- pressing, and I rejoice in the rent a few generations ago, would progress you have made toward today be denounced as intolerable.

it"; otherwise his offer of leader- Are men developing a keener spir- ship will not be understood or will itual perception? Even those who be rejected. But if he is true to hate Christianity give open praise Christianity, he must next say, to its Founder. They may not be "this path which you follow ends willing to shape their lives accord- at a cliff or a chasm, and by it ing to His teachings, but they con- you cannot reach the goal; let me fess that it would be better for show you another and more excel- all men if they did, and that He lent way." In other words, he will is the ideal for everyone every- maintain that no non-Christian re- where.

ligion, however excellent, can be This universal appeal of Jesus classed with Christianity or be is another unique feature. Con- made equal to it by certain emen- fucius is typical Chinese; Gautama dations and improvements; be- is thoroughly Oriental; Mahomet cause, while Christianity has all is a son of the desert and of the the truths that make other reli- seventh century; but Jesus is not gions helpful, it has gained them felt to be an ancient Palestinian in a strikingly different way and Jew; He belongs to all lands and one inseparably connected with all ages, the Elder Brother of all further and greater truths which men. Truly, even though no claim it alone possesses. . of deity were made for Him, He remains the Incomparable One. Wherein Is Christianity Unique 1 And when we place Him beside the What has Christianity to offer founders and saints of other re- that other religions have not, and ligions, He towers so high above that justifies the proffer of it ih them that resemblances seem in- their place? The answer is indi- significant.

cated in its very name: Christi- The uniqueness is still more evi- anity is the Christ religion; He dent in the divine Saviour, the Re- is its Alpha and Omega, the Way, deemer of the world. Other reli- the Truth and the Life; and there gions give us touching examples is none other like Him anywhere. of men struggling up from the pit He is unique as the Great Gali- of sin and lending a hand to some lean, teaching divine truth with weaker brother; but only in Christ authority, and living a life of per- is God seen reaching down with

IS CHRIST THE ONLY WAY OF LIFE?

pity and with sore pain to draw even more than the Cross; for it them forth from the lowest depths is the most effective fact in Chrisand place their feet upon the rock. tian experience. The power of His The Cross stands forth as a proc- resurrection enables them to enter lamation of man's degradation and into the fellowship of His suffer- God's immeasurable love. It makes ings and to accomplish His work. intense our sense of sin. In non- Christian lands sin rarely means In other religions one may look more than the breaking of some back to the founders and leaders, man-made law, or the neglect of may study their lives as examples some prescribed rite, or the indul- and treasure their teachings for gence of disturbing desires, or the guidance, and then strive as best effect of ignorance and illusion; he can to reproduce what thus is and with such shallow meaning it placed before him; but the Chriscannot create deep concern. But tian, while not neglecting the past, the Cross reveals to us the heart looks to a present, living Lord for of the Father and our own attitude the inspiration, the wisdom, the towards Him; and sin as the ex- cheer and the strength he needs. pression of our defiance of His lov- "I live; yet not I; Christ liveth ing will beComes terribly impor- in me," is his explanation of what tant. The Cross is also the he is and does. If it be true that assurance of forgiveness, bringing the church today is less strong, a peace that is not the Buddhist alert and faithful than in some calm of indifference to the world, former periods, may not one cause not the Islam submission to the of such decline be that the modern inscrutable will of Allah, but is emphasis of the historic Jesus has the restfulness of a child who re- made it less mindful of the everposes on a father whom he loves present Christ? To look back and trusts, a peace that rises to across the centuries for our Great joy unutterable. The Cross is "the Leader, forgetting that He is with power of God unto salvation"; and us now and always, is to ignore all other schemes of atonement seem childish and worthless in the most vital truth in the Chriscomparison. tian religion, and to claim for our- selves no greater privilege than A Living Power other religions offer.

Most unmistakable of all is the From Christ are gained the othuniqueness of the Risen Christ who er great truths that distinguish abides with His disciples every- Christianity. The most important where and evermore. There is of them all, because the foundation none like Him in any other reli- of all, is the truth concerning God. gion. "He is risen" is the witness Confucianism is agnostic; Budthat His followers bear unto the dhism and Hinduism are pantheuttermost part of the earth. With istic, though constantly tending to Christ, in Christ, through Christ, sink into polytheism; Mohammeby Christ-thus they try to express His presence and His control of danism is the only great religion their lives. In their preaching, if that shares with Christianity a they follow the pattern set by Paul, conception of a personal God, both they emphasize the resurrection deriving it from JUdaism. But the personal God of Islam is a deified Arab sheikh, imperious, arbitrary, emphasizing power. He is to be

obeyed without explanation, wor- state of mind incomprehensible shiped without communion, and en- and closely resembling utter fool- treated as the merciful, not the ishness.

loving. The Christian God is the Sympathy, which stirs up phi- holy and loving Father of Him who lanthropy, is a feeble sister of the is our Elder Brother as well as our mighty passion of love which im- Lord. We know Him through pels evangelism. Christianity is Christ and in Christ. "He that the only religion that can justly hath seen Me hath seen the Fa- claim to be truly missionary. Is- ther." The Moslem stands before lam may match it in burning zeal Allah as a slave; the Christian be- to make converts; but what it fore God as a son; the difference seeks is not so much the welfare is worldwide. of the convert as the increase of The brotherhood of man is a its domain and power. Buddhism truth that finds some recognition has a mild inclination to proclaim everywhere; men are not so selfish to the ignorant world its secret of as utterly to miss it. But it cannot surcease from sorrow, provided have full meaning and power un- the effort is not too disturbing.

less it is based on the loving father- Christianity alone is so vitally mis- hood of God and the worth of each sionary that when the mission im- human soul as revealed by Christ. pulse ceases the religion itself dies.

Islam bases it upon religious fel- For a Christian lives by loving and lowship, thus limiting it to the fol- giving; and when he begins to lowers of the prophet. Hinduism shut himself away from those with bases it upon spiritual condition, whom he might share his most pre- as indicated in the scale of castes. cious possession, the Gospel of the Buddhism proclaims that all are Cross and the Resurrection a hard- bound on the same wheel of life ening of the spiritual arteries is and have brotherhood in suffering, setting in, and death is not far but it discourages sympathy, lest distant.

the way to nirvana be made longer Shall the church give up its for- by it. Confucius taught that all eign missions? is an idle question.

within the four seas are brothers, It may wisely give up certain fields, but he gave no strong basis or turning them over to the national bond for this brotherhood, and pre- workers; but it will simply trans- scribed a very negative benevo- fer its work to other fields still lence. Philanthropy, which is an needing the evangel. So long as expression of brotherliness, has anywhere the Cross has not been feeble roots unless it grows in planted and the Christ proclaimed, Christian soil. Concerning any suf- mission work among non-Chris- ferer, the Moslem asks, "Is he of tians can not cease unless the my faith?"; the Hindu, "Is he of church itself ceases.

my caste?"; the Confucian, "Is he The Future Life of my neighborhood?"; while the Buddhist sighs and says, "All life From Christ has come a con- is misery." And to all of these ception of the future life such as the readiness of the Christian to no other religion has. Confucius pour forth treasures of money and refused to speak of the future life, loving service in answer to the cry gIVIng as an excuse that we do of hunger or pain anywhere, is a not understand even the present

1(29) IS CHRIST THE ONLY WAY OF LIFE?

life. Gautama taught the dissolu- numbing grip of fatalism; since tion of anything like personal ex- the will of Allah cannot be known istence in the great ocean of or resisted why strive and strug- inpersonal being. The Hindu sages gle to be better or to make things looked forward to a succession of better?

deaths and rebirths so countless It is with good reason that lands in number that an ultimate heaven dominated by such teachings have is lost in the long perspective. stood still through the centuries or Mahomet pictured a paradise filled have gone slowly backwards.

with purely sensuous, if not actu- Christianity ever urges men to ally sensual, delights, whose fitting press forward, to make life broad- motto would be "Take thine ease; er and higher, to claim all things eat, drink and be merry." The for Christ, and to enter more fully heaven that Christ bids us look into His riches. His statement, forward to is well described by the "I came that they may have life, apostle Paul when he says he would and may have it abundantly" gives fain be absent from the body and the keynote and assurance for all "at home with the Lord." Heaven true progress. The rapidity with is companionship with Christ and which the Orientals are putting the Christlike; its joys are purely away the inhibitions of their re- spiritual; its occupations are those ligions and rousing themselves to inspired by love; and its possibil- action is one of the most important ities of spiritual and intellectual facts in the present world situa- development are endless. So Chris- tion. But their advance is not tianity teaches; and in this, as in true progress. Materialism, secu- all else, finds its assurance in the larism, greed for riches and the revelation of Christ. will to power have invaded the Ori- Christianity and Progress ent, even as they have Christian lands; and while rousing action, Christianity is the only religion are destroying religion and cor- that encourages progress, both in- rupting morals. Christianity fights dividual and national. Confucian- against these influences at home ism is ever looking back to the and abroad; and though the wise golden age of Yao and Shun, more leaders of the old faiths can hard- than four thousand years ago, and ly rejoice that it is in their midst, would mold all life into a stereo- they do welcome its aid in the bat- typed form prescribed by Kong, tle against such strong and deadly the master. Buddhism represses foes.

all ambition as an awaking of Christianity is unique in many the misery of insatiable desire, and other respects and differs so great- would have its followers sit with ly from other religions as to pro- folded hands meditating on the duce the effect of uniqueness. No transitoriness of all things. Hin- meption has been made of ethics, duism forbids, under direct penal- marriage, the position of women ties, any attempt to break the and children, morals, prayer, the barriers of caste and reach a high- sacred books, the form and spirit er position; each man must re- of worship, the ideals for life, the main in the station into which his attitude toward death or the !nO- deeds in a previous existence have tive power of the religion. These placed him. Islam feels ever the and still others should be also con-

sidered when we are considering has ever been waiting those who whether other religions are the need and seek it. But to treat equal of Christianity, and there- Christianity as a religion suited fore whether Christian missions only for certain races and certain are unnecessary. stages of culture, or to hold that what it contains differs but slight- Other religions give men's ly from the other great religions, thought about God, Christianity gives God's thought about men; or to regard its Founder as like they spring from experience, it other founders (if, indeed, we procedes from a revelation. We believe and rejoice that God has should speak of Jesus as founding not left Himself without a witness a religion, when what He really did in every age and land; though the Cross was raised on Calvary only was to offer Himself as its founnineteen hundred years ago, the dation), is greatly to misinterpret Lamb was slain from the founda- our Christian faith, and practically to deny Him whom we worship as tion of the world so that atonement the Only Begotten Son of the Fa- ther.

M EDICAL missionary work is the complete refutation of some current ideas which evaporate the missionary obligation. It is said by some that the East has as much to give as the West, and missions must be transformed into an interchange of treasures. This view breaks to pieces in the field of modern medicine and surgery. There are indeed homely remedies and some reasonable ideas of treatment of disease which have been developed in Asia and Africa, but these are negligible in comparison with what Western medicine and surgery can give to the rest of the world. All truth is universal.

Why is not the right and duty of spreading the truth of the universal Gospel of the One Saviour of the world just as valid and as manifest as the right and duty of offering the relief of modern medicine to the sick and suffering throughout the world?

Compare the cost of foreign missionary medical service with medical service in the United States. Take one American hospital and compare it with the expense and work of the 89 hospitals and 122 dispensaries maintained by the Presbyterian Board. Pre8byterian Forelun One Amerioan Mission HOBPitals H o8pital ana D'8pen8urie8 In patients ………………………… 4,402 59,093 Out patients ……………………….. 29,810 441,139 Treatments ………………………… 113,113 1,155,657 Earnings ……. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $490,160 $540,605 Other income .•……………………… $621,238 $58,640 Operating expense …………………… $1,015,134 $599,245 Cost per patient ……………………. $34 $1.36 Cost per treatment …………………… $8.91 $0.52 If we consider only the money given, and not the earnings, the difference becomes even more amazing. The money received by this one American hospital from endowment and as ponations was $621,238. The total given for the 89 mission hospitals was only $58,640. It took $21 of benevolent gifts to care for one patient at home. Abroad each dollar given by the Church in the United States provided for 75 patients. On the scale of cost of this one home hospital, what it would have required a million dollars to do, the Mission Board did with less than sixty thousand. And yet foreign missions are called extravagant or inefficient!-Robert E. Speer, in "Are Foreign Mi8sion8 Done For?"

THE MESSAGE OUT OF DATE?

BY REV. W. B. ANDERSON, D.D., Philadelphia, Pa.

Secretary of the Board of Foreign Mis8ion8 of the United Pre8byterian Ohurch F OREIGN missions began in men at all. They were just living the days of the apostles, the witnesses of the Lord whom they result of the effort of the knew personally, and they were church to obey the command of J e- testifying to what He had done for sus to preach His Gospel to all the them. They were not directed by world. The teaching and the com- any boards or societies. They did mand of-Christ seem to have had not have a church organization in view only this one object, to worth the name. They did not have establish the missionary enter- any written New Testament. Yet prise. Certainly in the minds and the Gospel that they carried in the purpose of the simple-hearted their hearts and spoke with their followers of Christ in the first cen- tongues, contained all these things tury there was no other thought in embryo and was so vitally dyor intention than the giving to men namic that within a century it the "good news of God." Never worked such social miracles as the since those early days of the world has not witnessed since in Church has it had such vital power like proportions. The secret of the to compel the attention of men and success of missions in that day was to win them to a faith in Christ a simple Gospel, preached with the and a knowledge of God, resulting profound conviction of positive bein change of life. Today we might lief, and accompanied by the preswith profit attempt to discover the ence and blessing of the Spirit of secret of the power of that Gospel God. which they preached. There are critics of modern mis- To them the Gospel was a simple sions who maintain that missions message. It was "the good news today are declining in power beof Jesus Christ," the Son of God cause of the primitive Gospel that who lived a life of marvelous pur- they preach. These critics contend that the the;ology of a past generaity in the service of men, was cru- tion is repUlsive to the minds of cified and buried, rose from the civilized non-Christian people. dead, mingled again with His dis- They would bring the theological ciples, and ascended into heaven statements of missionaries more after promising that He would into harmony with their concepcome again. He had told them to tion of the "scholarly thinking" of wait in Jerusalem for the coming the day. They declare the dogmatof the Holy Spirit. They waited ic theology of the West to be unand the Holy Spirit came; then suited to the Eastern mind. It is they went out to tell men that God their conviction that the missionwas everywhere calling men to re- ary should be trained in a new pentance and to this new life that school of thought and sent out with was offered to them. a new culture and a new Christian doctrine. These disciples were not theologians, nor philosophers, nor so- Perhaps this experiment should ciologists. They were not learned 3 353

be tried, but if tried it should be ary enterprise as was shown in the remembered that it is an experi- lives of such men as Carey and his ment. It should be tried, too, in associates in India. Foreign mis- a field that is segregated from the sions are in fact but a section of fields where the Gospel is already the church of their day. This cause operating so that the results of the has always been represented by experiment may not be vitiated by those who have deep conviction and the presence and operations of the vital faith. Generally too, in the old method. There is much of the very nature of the case, it has been world that is untouched by the Gos- represented by persons of inde- pel and abundance of opportunity pendence of thought, the gift of to occupy a new field for a demon- initiative, and the spirit of adven- stration of an effort according to ture. As a rule it is not from the convictions of those who criti- among such men that narrow big- cize the content of present mission- ots are made. Probably a study ary teaching. It would be wise, of pioneers in religious thinking however, for missionary agencies would show that among foreign now proceeding according to the missionaries there have been as method that has been productive many pioneers, in proportion, as of so much good, not to lay aside in the church at home.

their present methods and substi- As a matter of fact, missionaries tute those of theorists, until the in general have had little time for theories have been tried and proved dogmatics. It has been said that, successful. "It is difficult to teach close com- What They Teach munion to a man who is worship- ing a cow." The fine points of To find fault with present mis- theology that have split the church sionary effort because the dogma at home into denominations have of the missionaries of the past gen- generally faded quickly from the eration is not acceptable to Chris- mind of the missionary as he faced tians of this generation is scarcely entirely new situations which fair. The missionaries of the past raised new questions for consid- generation carried with them the eration. His contacts with a non- dogma of the church in which they Christian people always drive him were reared. What was taught in back to the elements of the truth China and India by EUropean and of man's relation to God and to American missionaries fifty years his fellow man. When he comes ago was what was believed and to discuss religious truth with Ori- taught in the theological semina- ental minds that may be keener, ries in Europe and America at more cultured and more agile than that time. No doubt a careful in- his own, and with a wholly differ- vestigation would show that for- ent background of thinking, the eign missionaries of fifty years dogma of the theological schools ago were quite as open-minded in at home often stands him in little their approach to truth and quite stead and is then gradually dis- as liberal in their attitude to those carded for a more simple Gospel.

of other faiths as were their con- Particularly where doctrine af- temporaries at home. This was fects the administration of the af- certainly true in the days of the fairs of the organized church there beginning of the modern mission- must be accommodation to circum-

IS THE MESSAGE OUT OF DATE?

stances. Several years ago there planted the Gospel and permitted was being waged in one of the de- the church to grow. But this is nominations at home a vigorous true only to a certain extent, and conflict over a matter concerning in varying degrees in different practice in worship. A much in- missions. Today missionaries are terested elder was talking with one making earnest efforts to rectify of the women missionaries from this mistake. There is now a ne- India at home on furlough. In cessity for guarding against the his conversation he said, "On which danger of swinging to the opposite of the distinctive principles of the extreme and denouncing all that church do you lay most stress in has been taken to the mission fields your work in India?" Her reply simply because it has been taken was, "On this one, 'Thou shalt not from the West. eat carrion.''' This missionary had been working among the first Not all that has been taken there Christians reclaimed from the out- can be denounced and abandoned, caste people in the Punjab, and she for it was to take something that mentioned one of the social usages the missionary went and what he of the people that was causing con- went to take was the Gospel of siderable difficulty in the new Jesus Christ. This Gospel has inchurch. The missionary has had herent in it certain doctrines which his hands too full of practical ques- are essential. You may call these tions regarding the application of doctrines dogma if you will, but the Gospel to the social life of a still they remain an essential part new Christian community, and his of the Gospel carried by the mismind too full of the personal diffi- sionary. These were inherent in culties of some of the keenest that Gospel preached in the days thinkers he has ever met, to give of its might in the first century, much time to the propagation of and wherever the Gospel has disthe particular dogmas of his home played power since that time these church. doctrines have been at its heart. Any attempt to discount them by Correcting Mistakes dubbing them dogma and deleting them has resulted in an emascu- One would not for a moment at- lated Gospel-one that is simply tempt to defend the mistakes that a spiritual corpse. If a missionary have been made by missionaries of should carry such a Gospel, he the past generations. They lived would necessarily carry with it an in a time when convictions were organization and a system of teachstrong, when dogma had taken a ing, for such a dead Gospel would place out of due proportion to liv- have no power to germinate and ing, and when denominationalism produce a living church. was accepted as so natural a thing as not to call for defense. The These essential doctrines are the missionaries of those days did very ones that some modern critics transplant into the East a church would reject, and which they mainof Western development, with its tain are repulsive to the minds of modes of thought, its ritual of serv- non-Christian people to whom the ice, its architecture, its social cus- Gospel is carried. The vital essence toms, and its system of education. of the Gospel is its message of a They sometimes transplanted a personal God, Jesus who is the inchurch where they should have carnation of God, His atonement

for sin, His death and resurrection, of Jesus Christ, until some substiman's communion with God tute has been found to take its through faith in Him, His ascen- place. That substitute must not sion and coming again to the earth, be merely the child of the brain and man's hope of unending life of some theorist, but it must be in Him. This message is not mere- a practical working force that has ly a system to be taught to a peo- demonstrated its power to produce ple, but a life to be shown to them results better than those that have and lived among them. Truths that been produced by the Gospel. are of the very essence of this life will appear with the development That the Gospel preached by the of the life, and will be systematized foreign missionary has produced and taught by those living it. This results does not await demonstrais inevitable and desirable. tion. Millions of witnesses to its power to transform life are pres- Many of the dogmas of the ent in the world today, and are church may be matters of inter- gIvmg their testimony. The pretation of certain Scriptures or changes wrought in society are visstatements of certain deductions. ible on every side. Often the From among these some may be church at home and abroad, distrue and some may be false; some tracted from its one mission of may be in harmony with truth preaching this Gospel, has been while some may be out of propor- embarrassed by its lack of power tion to truth as a whole. In such and success, but whenever that dogmas are found the things with church has turned again to the which theologians all through the Gospel in its simplicity, it has excenturies have amused themselves. perienced a return of power and a They are, as it were, the religious resulting success in its divinely apgolf links of the religiously leisured pointed task. class. They afford diversion for such minds as those at which the What the cause of foreign mis- Persian poet, Omar Khayyam, sions needs today is not any subsmiled so cynically in his verses. stitute for the Gospel in its prime No doubt men in the Church will simplicity. What this enterprise continue to contend over these does need is that the church at things and they may even continue home and abroad should turn in to split the Church into fragments simple faith to the living Christ because of self-conceit that is cer- and in the power that He gave at tain that it has discovered the ul- Pentecost go out with the antimate in truth. But these things nouncement of the power of God are not of the essence of the Gospel. to turn men from sin and bring them to a knowledge of Himself. A question that should seem le- The whole confused world seems gitimate to our utilitarian age is to wait for some such demonstrathis, "Are foreign missionaries tion of the power of God through succeeding in revealing God to men the church. Such a demonstration and in bringing the lives of men has always come when men have into harmony with the law of preached this Gospel in its sim- God?" If in the laboratory of life plicity and never yet has come these results are being secured, through the use of any substitute then we must proceed with the for- for that Gospel, however acceptaeign missions of the simple Gospel ble it might seem to men.

THIS A CAPITALISTIC ENTERPRISE?

BY REV. FRANCIS J. McCONNELL, D.D., New York Bishop of the M"thodist Episcopal Churoh T HE question is becoming in- istically as we can. Then we ac- creasingly insistent as to the cept the missionary official's state- relation of missionary effort ment of the innocence of the to the capitalistic enterprises motives of mIssIonaries and which are searching out the re- churches while conceding a con- mote nooks and corners of the siderable measure of force to the earth for returns to investment. radical Nationalist's claim that Of course, the extremists on both back of the missionary effort, or sides see the problem as quite sim- along with it, or close to it, stands pIe. western capitalism. The mistake A certain type of ecclesiastical of the radical is in supposing that official declares that the church is the missionary is actuated by cap- not concerned in materialistic en- italistic aims, and that of the mis- terprises at all, beyond taking ad- sionary advocate is in failing to vantage of them to find openings take account of forces which may for the preaching of the Gospel. work through missions without his If his religious thinking took shape. thinking of them. The mission- before he had begun to hear much ary's motives are for the most part about the application of Christian- today recognized as genuinely re- ity to social problems, he is likely ligious.

to be especially urgent in avowing About a dozen years ago I met that the church is in non-Christian in Mexico a violent Nationalist lands to "save the souls of indi- who avowed her conviction that viduals" and that it is not inter- the missionary effort of the United ested in anything else. If mo- States had back of it the aggressive mentous changes are taking place determination of United States im- in those non-Christian lands perialism to annex Mexico econom- through the impact of Christian ically and politically. This Na- lands, he may declare that those tionalist was a woman of large changes are outside of his respon- intelligence, trained in American sibility and possibly outside of his and European universities, and field of view. had herself taught in a mission The radical nationalist of what- school in Mexico. She felt that ever non-Christian nation, on the even the "watchful waiting" policy other hand, will have it that Chris- of Woodrow Wilson was at bottom tian missions are an entering aimed at catching Mexico in a mo- wedge for western capitalism, or ment of extreme weakness and at at least are a smoke screen behind a crisis when pretexts for armed which capitalism wins its most de- intervention would appear most cisive victories. plausible. I shall never forget her Neither type of extremist is uncontrollable wrath at the men- worthy of much consideration. We tion of Wilson. Nevertheless this have to get as close to facts as furious Nationalist in all her out- we can and to look at them as real- breaks against the land from which 357

I came made it clear that she did Do Missions Aid Capitalism ~ not attack the good faith of missionaries. But she believed that Now, granting the sincerity of the sincerity of the missionaries and the success of their work in the missionary himself and even its more humanitarian phases made them all the more effective agen- of the bodies of supporters who cies through which imperialism could work. send him forth, what force is there I have in mind also a former in the criticism that mission work newspaper correspondent in China, is an aid to capitalism-and what himself utterly devoid of religious interests in any ordinary sense, can we do about it? First of all (if a man who calls himself an atheist can be said to be devoid we must recognize any basis of of religious interest) who declared that if he were to pick out the facts there may be in the criticism. one hundred foreigners in China We cannot close the case with the most influential with the Chinese, proof of our own good faith. That most of them would be mission- good faith is pretty generally conaries-the influence being due to ceded-but as the beginning and not the end of the critic's case. the manifest unselfishness of the There is an inescapable core of work of the missionaries. I fancy fact in the claim that Christian that this observer also would have missions are used-or at least can thought the missionaries uncon- be used-in aid of Western imscious propagandists of Western perialism. To say nothing of the capitalism. plans of the leaders of.imperialism, we must not lose sight of the fact I think that I am representing that the missionary comes of a fairly the viewpoint of the intelli- capitalistic civilization and that gent critics of missionary activity everything he is and does in the today. In well-informed circles the non-Christian land preaches for present-day charge is not that rep- the order out of which he comes. resentatives of the Christian It is the duty of every Christian-' Church in foreign fields are hypo- missionary or otherwise–in a noncritical or selfish or in any degree Christian land to stand for Chrislacking in moral genuineness. We tian values, and he tries to· stand do not even often hear, as we once for such values. All unconsciously did, that missionaries live in lux- to himself he may stand for some ury amid peoples sunk in poverty. other values which he regards as That criticism came from the type Christian but which may not be of tourist who used to learn less inherently and essentially Christhe more he traveled. Those today tian at all. who stand close to mission stations do not repeat those old-time accu- The essential Christian values sations. There is a quite general must have to do with good-will. I realization today that when a critic once knew a Christian traveling of missionary work begins to talk in China to insist that the mission- aries should lay more emphasis on thus he reveals at the outset that industriousness. This traveler was he does not know what he is talk- distressed because the Chinese ing about. seemed to take so long at their work-the work seemed inefficient judged by Western standards. What the traveler did not see was that there were more laborers in

1U29] IS THIS A CAPITALISTIC ENTERPRISE'!

China than material upon which sight, to see how wide a door is to work-and that slowness in opened the moment we think of a working was due to the extent to possibility like this. which the work had been divided up among the over-abundance of Missions and Imperialism laborers. For anyone man, or set of men, to have succeeded in car- Now look for an instant at the rying out the Christian traveler's advice would have meant anything problem of political imperialism. but the application of the Golden Rule. It would have meant that The missionary is at work in a many workers must lose their jobs. post in a non-Christian land in Of course, my illustration raises which there is rioting or civil disthe question as to whether Western turbance. The native police cannot industrialism would not give the insure the safety of the mission- .chinese more material on which ary's family in the event of an to work, but the illustration is per- easily incited anti-foreign uproar. tinent enough to suggest that under If only the missionary himself many circumstances we could not were involved, or even the missionpronounce industrial ideals which ary and his wife, we might readily Westerners take as self-evident to say, sitting in ministerial studies be Christian for a society like that or editorial offices thousands of of China.· In scores of ways the miles from danger, with no direct values of the Westerner tend to responsibility in the matter except upset the social values of a non- that of getting a sermon or an Christian land, The fact that the editorial prepared on time, that the Westerner lives as he does may missionary ought to accept death beget demands in the lives of the rather than shelter under the flag people among whom he works and of his country. When, however, those demands may bring the non- there are children of the mission- Christian peoples into economic de- ary we have a consideration of a pendence upon the land from which different order. The ethical rethe missionary comes. It will be quirements governing martyrdom remembered that Mr. Henry M, may be met by a missionary's go- Stanley, speaking no doubt with- ing freely to his death, but the out any thought of the exploitation glory of allowing his children to of Africa's peoples, used to declare die for his convictions is a bit that missionary teaching would dubious. In any case, however, we raise the standard of living of the may as well admit the acceptance Africans; that they would de- of foreign protection in a nonmand, among other goods, more Christian land compromises the cotton cloth and that this demand missionary's professed devotion to would make new markets for the the ideals of the Gospel. It is a mills of Birmingham and Man- long time since the death of two missionaries furnished a pretext chester. All this shows how tan- for the German occupation of the gled the problem is. The native Shantung peninsula, but the mem- Africans could use cotton cloth to ory of the incident has not grown advantage and the English mills dim in China. Though no one excould make it at a profit. It takes pects a repetition of such bareonly eyesight, to say nothing of in- faced imperialistic robbery, still the incident is pointed to as show- ing the tendency of imperialism

to use religious activity for its own able to insist that the Christian purposes. groups shall not proclaim their Admitting the validity of the Gospel to the whole world till they charge that the connection between have made the utmost use of that the various forms of imperialism Gospel themselves as it would be and missionary endeavors is dan- for a thirsty traveler in a desert gerously close, what can we do to refrain from calling out to his about it? There are those who lagging comrades that he had tell us that the best course is for found refreshing springs, because churches in imperialistic countries the water had not yet benefited to cease foreign missionary ef- him as much as was possible.

fort altogether, that at the best the What Shall We Do 1 contradiction between the Gospel which the missionary preaches and Some positive duties lie clearly the institutional activities of the before us. To begin with, the mis- country from which the missionary sionary can highly resolve to keep.

comes-activities through such alive the very contradiction which agents as tourists, commercial and is indeed such a scandal. That is industrial leaders, diplomats and to say, over against the militant militarists….:-.constitutes a scandal selfishness of economic and other to Christianity. Before Christian- imperialisms he can put a service ity attempts to Christianize the so- which seeks no selfish return what- called non-Christianized peoples, ever. One of the practical mys- we are told, the Christian nations teries in the work of the true should themselves be Christianized. missionary is the inability of many This is a counsel not so much of in the non-Christian field to see perfection as of folly. Or rather why he should do what he does it is altogether opposed to the spir- for nothing. One reason why anti- it of the Gospel. If an individual, Christian feeling in non-Christian or a people, waits for complete re- lands gets a start is that the anti- demption before starting out to the Christian agitator seems so sensi- redemption of other persons or ble and plausible when he asks : peoples, there will be no starting "Do you think the missionary is out. For it is a peculiarity of the doing all this for nothing?" Then redemptive process that it no soon- it is easy to conclude that the mis- er begets the consciousness of vic- sionary is the agent of greedy mon- tory in one quarter than it reveals ey-forces. By the way, speaking new realms of individual and so- of contradictions, the very plan it- ciallife still to be redeemed. There self according to which the mis- are causes to which we give our- sionary works is a denial of about selves in all good conscience which everything characteristic of pres- our descendants of a hundred years ent-day capitalism. The mission- from now will look back upon with aries do not get remuneration horror wondering if we of this day which can be called salaries in the and generation were not insincere usual meaning of the term. At the in our claims to be Christians at most theiI" material rewards are all. Moreover, the checking of the small allowances for living ex- expansive impulse leads to the dry- penses, in which all who are in ing up of the redemptive processes substantially similar circumstances themselves. It is just as reason- are treated alike.

IS THIS A CAPITALISTIC ENTERPRISE?

In the next place the missionary said. This missionary's diagnosis can and does accomplish some- of his own plight was wrong. He thing, in some fields a great deal, had failed to make himself one of to soften the harshness of the im- the people to whom he had been pact of Western civilization, so- sent. We cannot ask foreign work- called, upon undeveloped commu- ers in non-Christian lands to dress nities and societies. A large part and eat in forgetfulness of the of the discussion at the Jerusalem lands from which they come, but Conference was devoted to such we can ask them so to lose them- evils as forced labor in Africa. It selves in the thought and feeling is maintained by impartial inves- of their people as to become spir- tigators of African conditions that itually one with them. If they the missionary is the best friend cannot do this, they ought to leave of the African-and that he is do- missionary work, for that calls for ing much to awaken in the African mental and spiritual identification that self-respect which will not for- with those with whom they work.

ever endure the outrage of a forced It is better, I would almost say, labor which is virtual slavery. Re- for a missionary to be mistaken ports at the conference indicated with the people with whom he la- that exploiters of native labor in bors than right with the country Africa fear the plain, unvarnished from which he comes.

tales of missionaries more than Above all, the reaL task has to anything else. . be faced at home. If for no other Once more, the missionary usu- reason than the expansion of ally becomes very much a partisan Christianity, the duty is upon of the people among whom he Christian churches to stand for the works-very much "pro"-Chinese, replacement of that fiercely com- or "pro"-Indian or "pro"-African, petitive spirit which is the parent as the case may be. The people of industrial, national and racial then expect the missionary to make strife by a cooperative purpose the best statement of their cause which can be brought into line with before the public opinion of the Christian principles. We do not world. If a worker among non- have to wait until all our social Christian people cannot thus be- life is permeated with the coop- come "pro" the people, he would erative temper before we can free better go back to his home. ourselves from the contradiction Years ago there labored in Mex- between the message of the mis- ico a missionary who sincerely be- sionary and the practices of the lieved that the only hope for countries from which the mission- Mexico was in intervention by the aries come. If it can be truly said United States. Being an honest, that the churches of Christendom open-hearted soul he kept telling are striving to fill all human con- the Mexicans what he thought was tacts – industrial, international, good for them. When he was re- and racial-with the spirit of J e- called to the United States he felt sus, we have done-not everything that he had been sacrificed because indeed-but a great deal to remove of his complete devotion to a prin- a world-wide obstacle to the ciple, that he had been made to preaching of the Christian doctrine suffer for what he thought and of God and of man.

ANOTHER UNANSWERABLFJ ARGU MENT FOR CHRIS'l'IAN lIIISSIONS Fifteen thousand Korean Christians-a generation removed from sllperstitioll-at a SlIlI(ln,r·Sclwol Hally in Seoul, Korea

A MISSIONARY LOOKS AT THE CRITICS'"

BY REV. E. STANLEY JONES, D.D., Sitapur, India Author oj ((Ghrist oj the Indian ROfld/' etc, FRANKNESS should character- something extraordinary-.-.:some- ize our facing of the modern thing that we cannot do without criticisms of missions. We divine power. The people should have too often been afraid to not think that they must get all acknowledge weaknesses. Our their criticisms of missions from movement is strong enough to secular pUblication. Let us talk acknowledge them. None of the more frankly about our weaknesses criticisms at home are anything as well as our strength.

like as severe as those made on the Look at some of these present mission' field. We missionaries day objections to missions. First, have gone far deeper to examine is the Christian message needed by our motives and outlook, our spirit the followers of non-Christian reand tempe.r of life. We criticize ligions? This is a very serious ourselves and our work because we question and is very prevalent, believe in the movement. We dare though not expressed so much as confess frankly and openly many implied. A book recently recomshortcomings. Mission Boards at mended by the "Religious Book borne ought not constantly to try Club," entitled, "The Pilgrimage to make out a case for complete of Buddhism" says something like success. We ought to take the this: Church into the heartbreaks of many failures. We are up against There is no question about the a task that is terrific, that is superiority of Christianity over Budsearching us to the depths, and dhism or vice versa. They both have oftentimes we fail. Our friends at their contributions to make, and they must join together to fight material- home ought to see the dark spots ism, so that this rivalry between re- as well as the bright spots, so that ligions should cease and cooperation the challenge can come to them as take place, in order to fight materialwell as to us. The Church at home istic attitudes in the world.

ought not to require us on the field That sounds so beautiful, and always to report success. Weare broad, and brotherly that I almost supposed to report angelic virtues wish that my conscience would alin everybody in our constituency. Some of our converts will probably low me to take that attitude. But turn out bad. All do not turn out after twenty-one years in India, I good at home! We missionaries cannot. If I must be narrow, I will are exactly like the people in the try to be as narrow as truth. We churches from which we have have tried to look sympathetically come. We are not super-men and into the soul of the non-Christian, super-women; we are just ordi- and to see good as well as bad. We nary men and women trying to do' are not building Christian mis- sions upon the badness in the non- • Extracts from an address .t the Foreign Christian faiths. In our round MbyistshioensAuCthoonrf.erence, Detroit. Not corrected table conferences in India we were 363

impressed with the fact that the Extravagance!

non-Christian faiths are bankrupt. Some people also criticise mis- They have assets of beauty and sions for "Extravagant expenditruth but these are not sufficient to ture." I cannot answer that as it payoff their obligations. There is relates to the Home Base, but on not enough dynamic and spiritual the mission fields I do not know power within these faiths to re- where we can spend too much in generate and change human so- the face of so much need. You ciety and lift men to God. The finest and greatest word of the could shut your eyes and throw non-Christian faiths does not tell money there, and it would hit some us that "the Word became flesh place of need. So it is almost fooland dwelt among us." All the proof. The reason we have not beauties of these faiths gathered made more mistakes in spending together, pale before the beauty of money over there is because we this Christian faith in which we can spend almost any amount anysee God. It sounds very brotherly where and touch somebody's need. to say, "Every religion is the It is not hard to save oneself from same," but a deep search will show personal extravagance, if one's us that there is something in Jesus salary is below $2,000,· which is a Christ that is lacking in the others large missionary salary. Some say that missionary institutions and that is final and unique. Professor Otto, author of that have over-built in China, but I do remarkable book, "The Idea of the not know where we have over-built Holy," went out to India with the in India. We might have built concept that Christianity is only some of the missionary bungalows the elongation of other faiths. At a bit smaller, but in the hot sum- Jerusalem, when we were discuss~ mer months we wish those rooms ing Hinduism, he said: "As I were big enough to include the went to India, I had the idea that North Pole. Most of the mission- Christianity was only more ad- aries ride third-class in railway vanced than other religions. I trains and if you ask why, they have come back with the convic- say, "Because there is no fourthtion that there is such a difference class." An Indian said to me one in degree that it amounts to a day, "You can ride third-class be- cause you are a religious man; it difference in kind." The conviction has written itself doesn't degrade you, and if you upon my own heart that there is ride first-class, it doesn't exalt you; something in the Gospel that makes you are above those things." I reit unique. The non-Christian faiths joice in my freedom.

are not a sufficient basis for the Another criticism from some regeneration of the men across the quarters at home is: "Too much seas. While Mahatma Gandhi has overlapping." There may be places a good deal to contribute to Chris- where there is overlapping, though tians, Christ has infinitely more to I have not seen them as I travel contribute to Gandhi, namely, the throughout India. In the district best thing in life-an intimate, where my home is there are over personal knowledge of God, which two million people and only one Gandhi confesses that he has not missionary is stationed there.

found. Some people at home seem to think

A MISSIONARY LOOKS AT THE CRITICS

that we are scrambling for terri- and holding us and lifting us while tory in the East, when the fact of we present Him to other people.

the matter is that the territory has This is the great corrective at the been divided so that there is very heart of our Gospel.

little overlapping in the mission We have been told so often that fields. There are various missions we must not be "superior"; that in the large cities, but that does we are to remain inferior. We not mean overlapping for no one ought to stand up in the midst of mission could undertake the whole these situations courageously and job. in Christ's name challenge them.

As a rule the same may be said We have a Christ who towers over of the so-called "Denominational the wrecks of time, and we should rivalry." The fear in the minds of make no apology for Him. The many people is that on the mission man who has fully surrendered field the denominational lines will himself to Christ and His service fade out altogether. In the East can say, "I dare rise and preach the denominational distinctions the Gospel, for I do not want anyare being lost sight of in the bigger thing, therefore, I am afraid of no meaning of being Christian. I one and nothing." We need the work in cooperation with all the divine audacity of one of our mismISSlOns. One board pays my sionaries, to whom a man at home salary and traveling expenses and said: "I am going to give you $50 allows me to work with all the mis- for your work." She had seen the sions. I do not recognize any riv- $100,000 house in which he lived alry between missions as I travel and she replied, "I cannot take it about in India. ·Each mission has from you. I saw your house just a bigger task than it can do, and now and I want $1,000 at least." we do not try to go into another's She got it. We have to stand with territory. Where there is a chance a non-Christian world beating on for overlapping among Christians our faith night and day, so we need in certain villages, they go before to have a divine audacity or break. the Comity Committee and settle It is a divine gift that we can take from God. Most missionaries are the matter. less in danger of suffering from a Unwarranted Claims superiority complex than from an Do the missionaries make "Un- inferiority complex.

warr(J;nted claims of superiority"? Is it true that "The missionaries I do believe that our Christian are ineffective"? Some of us are.

faith is superior-that is why I One said to me some time ago, went to India. But as I make the "Some of us ought to be shipped center of that faith Jesus Christ, home labeled, 'Empty Mission- instead of that belief creating in aries.' " I asked, "Why shipped me a superiority complex, it is a home? Why not go to the Fountain constant humbling process. As I to be filled?"

get into the fellowship with Jesus Many of us may be ineffective, Christ, I find it possible to hold but we come out of your churches this superior faith with a humbled and represent your life. In Heav- heart. The center of the whole en's name, I say: "Send us more enterprise ought to be the Person effective missionaries by becoming of Jesus Christ, who is judging us more effective yourselves." Peter's

spiritual son, John Mark, had the to be satisfied with chains. We same weakness that his spiritual want people to stand up and have father had. Peter turned and de- life. If our Christian Gospel is serted, and Mark, his spiritual son, creating a demand for larger life, did the same thing. If we mission- it is exactly what we expect it to aries are ineffective let us acknowl- do. If it made men satisfied to live edge that the failure is at both in chains it would not be the "Good ends, and try to be more effective News." The Gospel has come to at home as well as abroad. break chains. We want to say to But after confessing our weak- peoples all over the earth: "We ness, I wish I had time to show will not be satisfied until nations how these mIssIonaries have are recreated and free–economicstarted a movement that is the ally, socially, politically, morally, greatest transforming movement and spiritually." That means upthat ever swept across the world. set in some lands. Weare not After one hundred years we are ashamed of that, but we do hope much further along in the Chris- to guide the revolution into sane channels according to the mind of tianization of India than were the Jesus Christ. first Christians in the Christianization of 'Greece. It took three Is there "Too much overlordship centuries to Christianize Greece, exercised by missionaries over the and some would expect us to Chris- native Christians?" No doubt tianize India in eighty years. An there has been in many cases and Indian once said, "You Christians we must guard against it. The can gain conquests in China and reason why there is overlordship is the Islands of the Sea, because they because we are 'sent out to be are the kindergarten of religion. leaders. In India you are bucking against Jesus, in Moffat's translation, said, "Be ye not called teachers." the college of religion." Every- The attitude of the teacher is, I thing in India is being challenged know; you don't. by the Christian Gospel and everything is brought to the bar of that Second, "Be ye not called fa- judgment. Many a non-Christian thers." The fathers are the expein India is living upon a Christian rienced; I know, what do you ideal and thinks it is Hinduism. youngsters know?

Third, "Be ye not called lead- "Spoiling the Natives" ers." The attitude of the leader Again are "Missionaries dis- is; I lead, you follow.

turbers of the peace by their inter- But Jesus said: "Be ye called ference in non-Christian lands?" servants. That is the only attitude We plead guilty. We are spoiling I can trust you with." It is the the natives for some things. We only Christian attitude.

want to. We want to spoil them In the homeland. it might be for chains. We want them to re- well to cease training leaders and fuse to live in slavery, mentally or train some servants, who through spiritually or physically. Lord service will find leadership. If you Inchcape said that the Christian send out leaders. you will have a missionaries are at the bottom of lot of people who are trying to the uprising in China. I shouldn't lead. If you will train servants, wonder. We do not want people the servant of all will become

leader of all by sheer fact of that tionals as soon as men are ready service. That is the kind of leader- to take over, clear up to the bishop- ship that is worthwhile. Tell can- ric. When we suggested an In- didates that you are sending them dian bishop the greatest opposition out there to lose themselves in came from the Indians themselves.

service, and then they will find We have been slow but we are on themselves. the right track.

On the mission field we are At the Jerusalem Conference the searching to find out our weakness- National Christian delegates from es as never before and in some of all the mission fields said that they the strategic places we are putting are not yet able to carryon the nationals where missionaries used work without missionary help.

to be. We are making an effort And these Nationals were men and to develop the right kind of serv- women who are not afraid to take ants as leaders in the native responsibility and to voice criti- Church. cisms. Men like David Yui, one Another objection is made of the outstanding men of China against continuing foreign mis- said: "We need you; we are not sionary support today. It is that yet ready to take over the work of "Nationals 'are able to carryon evangelizing our people."

alone." We wish they were. If The Need at Home we are trying to do anything, it is to work ourselves out of the job. Again, is there "so much work Weare there not merely to do a at the Home Base" that we cannot work, but to train men on the field afford to send men and money who will do it. It is a delicate abroad? I do not doubt at all that question as to how fast we can there is plenty of work to be done turn over the control to the native at home. But the Church at home churches. In North India we have needs Christian missions to save it turned over our largest college, the from decay. I know a great church Lucknow Christian College, to an that has withdrawn itself from the Indian president who now has rest of the world, and has said, American professors working un- "We are going to build a great der him. Our largest theological body." They built a million dollar seminary has also been turned over body at the expense of giving up to a National, under whom are work for others. After they got American professors. Half of our the million dollar body they found finance committee in the North they had a two-cent soul. I have India Conference are Nationals not seen anywhere in the United who can outvote missionaries five States a more disgruntled and un- to one. They can, if they wish, happy congregation. Big buildings send only Indian delegates to our are all right if you have souls big General Conference. Half of the enough to inhabit them and use district superintendents are Na- them. Christian missions help to tionals. We would like to turn put soul into the work of the over more control to them as soon Church. By losing ourselves for as we have the kind of men to others we receive more than we whom it can be entrusted wisely. give.

There is a delicate line there. The In 1923 there was one minister missionaries can be trusted to give to every 524 people in the United over the responsibilities to the Na- States. One minister ought to be

able to look after that number. with a passion that lies at the But when we think of vast millions heart of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. in the world who have no mission- When we have this the Church will ary or only one to a million souls arise and respond. there seems to be room for missionaries in other lands. Four years ago I found an en- tirely different situation here. At What about the other objection that time we in the United States that "American Christianity is not seemed to be suffering from "the a living power at home and so paralysis of analysis." Men were should not be sent abroad." We seeking to place the blame for cannot assent to that. Christian- failures in mission work. Now we ity in America is not as living a are beginning a constructive phase power as it might be, but Christ of Christian missions. We realize is a living power here. We believe that Christ is necessary to men. that the heart of the home church We know that we have the reis sound and if the Christian min- sources, and if those in charge of istry will lead the church, the the missionary movement have the ~hristians at home are ready for passion and single-minded devoa great advance. This is my con- tion, and if they are willing to pay viction. . the price, then I believe that the doors are open to the greatest con- But most Christian people in structive era in the history of America are not raising objections Christian missions. In the transito the conduct of Christian mis- tion to this new day there is still sions abroad; they are asking: one thing that holds steady- "What can we do to help?" They Christ is as necessary for the huare waiting for leadership in a man heart as light is necessary to constructive advance. We need a the human eye. leadership based upon service and O NE beautiful day we climbed to the crest of a hill above the city of Hwai Yen, in Central China, to look out over the great mission field surrounding the city. I tried to count the vil1ages and towns over those fertile inland Chinese plains and counted up to three or four hundred; then the distant haze hid the other towns from view. The great' fields were ready for the harvest. We turned from the vision of the field waiting and reapers so few, and sat down inside the little temple. On the wall was an inscription which James Cochran, translated for us. It ran: "Where there is an earnest beseeching, there will be a sure reply."

"Wanted-bread for a hungry world." "Wanted-light for a groping world." Will there be a sure reply? Will we put what we have of life and life's possessions into assuring that reply? Are we American Christians going to follow the voice of Christ that bids us go across the world and share what has been given to us with all mankind, or are we not? Will we give the Gospel or try to keep it-and lose it?-"Are Foreign Missions Done For?"

UNCHANGING ESSENTIALS·

BY ROBERT E. SPEER, D.D., New York Interest and Investment in the corporate activities of the O NE of the aspects of the great body. deliverance of the Mission- Third, there is the motive of spe- ary Council at Jerusalem on cial interest in persons or in ac- "The Christian Message," relates tivities. We know some individual, to the bearing of the Message upon or we are interested in a particular the problem of missionary interest enterprise, and we give because of and giving in the church at home. our specific interest. All of our What are the actual motives of boards make as much as they can missionary giving operating in our out of this motive, and in many churches today? cases it is a genuinely spiritual First, there is the motive of lo- motive. In other cases, it is little cal congregational respectability. more than a sense of friendly per- Such money is given with very lit- sonal interest.

tie thought as to the object for Beyond these three motives lie which it is given. Men and women deeper ones. There is the motive feel that they must decently dis- of philanthropic sympathy. Many charge their ordinary responsibil- men will give money for child wel- ities and they give to objects set fare or the relief of child suffering, before them with little more motive who will give it for nothing else.

than that of the sense of congrega- A prominent banker in one of our tional respectability. I imagine that churches, when I was laying a cer- there is more of this now than tain enterprise before him, said: there used to be, in response to the "I will not give a dollar for any- pressure of the every member can- thing except for little children. but vass which brings to bear on the I will give you any amount of mon- whole congregation a sense of duty, ey you need, and that I can, for of sharing in the responsibility of that particular interest." Some- the congregation as a whole. often thing of the same sort lies behind without any very clear realization some of the support of the medical of the objects for which there missionary enterprise. Human suf- should be any giving at all. fering appeals to the hearts of men, Second, there is the motive of and they are moved to give to its denominational loyalty. This is a relief.

little fuller than the motive of con- Beyond this motive there lies gregational respectability. The another, that some would call deep- giving under the budget and the er still-The sense of social obli- ratio plan rests, in the case of many gation. This is based on the feel- givers, largely on this motive of de- ing of our collective relationship; nominational loyalty. The church and the readiness of men to help member feels himself to be part of to bear the burdens of the whole the denomination and he is pressed of the world. Men will give to with the duty of taking some part great educational institutions now and then, because these are min- • Extracts from an Address at the Foreign .t l. n Mlssiolls Conference, Detroit, January, 1929. e r g to deep national needs. IS 4 369

They will even give to missionary terprise needs today is that we enterprises that promote human should rest it more securely and peace and brotherhood and better absolutely than ever on this founinternational understanding, be- dation. cause such work contains the ideals of a more rational collective human Missionary Going life. That motive is a real one, and a great deal of missionary money We might also analyze the accomes from men who are not feel- tual motives behind missionary ing the deeper motive bordering going. We cannot group all these on this. motives under anyone classifica- tion. They are not quite as diverse Behind all these, lie the more and they do not run out quite as purely religious motives. Religion thin as some of the motives of runs far deeper than these other giving. Often a motive will suffice interests and behind these motives to lead a man to give money that I have mentioned, the missionary would never lead him to give his enterprise must rest on a deeper life. religious motive of propagating the Christian religion, of sharing J e- But there are many of these mosus Christ. as Saviour with all the tives that spring from the sense rest of the world. of human compassion and brother- hood. There is the desire to put Even this is capable of a double life to the best use, the willingness interpretation. There are many to give whatever one has that is who believe in sharing Christ with good to the rest of mankind, while the world, because they think other motives are less adequate Christ will be helpful to others; than these. They are worthy mothat the other religions are not tives for human service but not quite as good as the Christian re- absolutely evangelical. ligion; and that there is something in Christ that should be given to The motive that constrained men all other peoples. and women to go out as mission- aries at the beginning, that I be- Christ Indispensable lieve alone will be sufficient to continue the missionary enterprise, But deeper than that is the in- is the desire to share our Saviour terpretation in which I believe- and the only Saviour with a world that Jesus Christ is the only full that absolutely needs that Saviour. religion, and that therefore we are This motive ought to lay hold of bound to carry Christ to all the us in the old way and in a new way. world. He is the religion that every man must accept if he is to I have a letter from a business have the religion that every man man written in reply to a commuabsolutely needs. The true motive nication with regard to the misis the sharing of Christ with the sionary situation. He says in world, because Christ is indispen- substance: sable and absolutely essential to the whole of human life. I am only a business man, but I am speaking, I know, in behalf of thousands My conviction is that if we elimi- of other laymen, whom I am meeting nate this last motive all the mis- allover our Christian churches. Your sionary giving will sooner or later missionary enterprise is suffering, first dry up. What our missionary en- of all because you have too much false and unworthy theology in it. In the second place, it is suffering because you have lost the old central, simple ways

THE UNCHANGING ESSENTIALS

of doing your work and you are relying unprecedented, unequalled, unsucon all kinds of secondary and unspiritual ceeded, historic fact, the fact of the agencies. Your preachers are sensation- incarnation of God in Jesus Christ, alists. They are not content any longer and the delivering deed that Jesus with the reasoned statement of Christian Christ did once for all by His life conviction. They are playing all kinds and His death and His resurrecof games in trying to hold together their tion. We need this very sorely in Christian congregations and galvanizing our modern world-the clear unwith unreal dynamic the activity of the equivocal recovery of this New Christian faith in the modern world. Testament declaration, that was expressed at the Jerusalem Coun- This business man might have a fuller and more comprehensive cil. view, but he has put his finger on The Council, in its Message, also some truth. We might as well recognize it. I thank God that at recognized in the most generous the International Council at J eru- terms the spiritual values of the non-Christian religions, but it desalem, this statement in regard to clared that all those values were the Christian Message, fearlessly fulfilled and transcended in Jesus went right to the heart of this mat- Christ. Those who speak of "the ter. That message shows the foun- new attitude toward non-Christian dations on which alone we can religions" ought to realize that we maintain the missionary enter- dare not call a thing "new," unless prise. it never was before. What is there in our new attitude toward the non- Our Missionary Message Christian religions that is true that is new at all. First of all, the message asserted unequivocally and uncompromis- One of the dearest friends I ever ingly the uniqueness, the finality had, was the late Dr. F. F. Ellenand the absoluteness of J esU8 wood, for more than a generation Christ, and the revelation of God secretary of the Presbyterian in Christ. Without losing our- Board of Foreign Missions, and selves in any cloud we believe that one of the ablest men we have ever Jesus Christ is sufficient and that had in the Christian church or in Jesus Christ is indispensable. Of the missionary forces of our land course there is much in Him, that or of the world. Read Dr. Ellenwe have never yet uncovered. He wood's books, and then tell me wouldn't be God if that were not what you have that is new in comtrue. But we don't believe there parison with his attitude of mind. is anything outside of Christ that needs to be imparted to Him. Go back further to Archbishop Trench, and in his lectures on More and more we have to see "Christ, the Desire of the Naour Gospel whole. We have to tions," read an anticipation of the realize that it is an act that God deliverance of the Jerusalem Coundid, that He did in history, that cil by seventy-five years. Those He did once for all, and it is not lectures are the generous descripdependent upon our belief or our tion of the spiritual values of the unbelief for its reality. It is there non-Christian religions, and show in history, and our Christian Gos- in a most glorious way how all pel is not merely a comparison of those values are realized and perpresent spiritual values between fected and transcended in Jesus the different religions of the world; it is the message of a great, unique,

Christ. These values, which in sive for it holds that all essential their real merit are spiritual religious truth is in Jesus Christ.

values incorporated in personal The Jerusalem Message also sets character, we are constantly con- Christ in His first and central fusing with the great systems from place, so that everything else falls which we think they come out into naturally into its own right place.

the lives of men. When men talk When this position is accepted oth- today about the possibility of our er problems are not troublesome- regenerating these great non- indUstry, the social problem, the Christian systems they forget the race problem, the problem of war, history of human thought. political problems – all resolve In a striking article on the sub- themselves when we put Christ" in ject of our attitude toward the non- his first and central and complete Christian religions, printed in The and commanding place. We will Indian Standard, Dr. H. D. Gris- not have so much discussion and wold, as competent a Sanscrit stu- disagreement over these issues if dent as we have, deals with our at- we all stand on common ground as titude toward the great non-Chris- to the uniqueness, the sufficiency tian religions as systems. The first and finality of Christ.

part of this' paper is a noble and Again the Jerusalem Council re- generous expression with regard to vealed to many of us how close we these spiritual, personal values. have come to universal Christian Then he says: conceptions in the great historic A study of the missionary history of Christian church. Many times we the Christian centuries fails to show a are told that the Christianity of single example of the transfiguration of the west is Occidental, and that we any non-Christian system of thought or must change this if we would comreligion. The early church met Greek, mend Christianity to the world. Roman, and Teutonic paganism. Not As a matter of fact Western theoone of the non-Christian systems assumed logical forms were largely moulded a Christian form, although doubtless they had numbers of adherents whose thoughts and lives had been more or by Eastern minds, for the Greek less influenced by Christianity. As old fathers represented predominantly systems they died a natural death. the Oriental attitude, while the Latin fathers represented the The new wine of the kingdom re- Western attitude. The true, hisquired new wine skins. The new gar- toric, Christian tradition is a comment of Christianity cannot be fastened position that answers to the unias patches upon the old garment of any versal mind and the universal non-Christian system. No man or woman of fine Christian experience and conviction can find a permanent home in any non-Christian system. The only proper home for such is in the Christian heart. Weare coming, in science church. and philosophy, to see that there I believe that the day is coming is no real distinction between Occi- when we will have thought our- dental and Oriental science and selves through a great deal of the philosophy. There is only the vague mist that surrounds us now, truth. The same is true in regard in the field of comparative religion, to the great Christian tradition, and will draw back closer to the as we saw when we tested our full, clear, unequivocal and inclu- Eastern friends at Jerusalem.

sive attitude of the New Testament Set apart for that purpose and toward non-Christian systems. not in the whole commission but The New Testament view is inclu- in a smaller group, two of the men

from Asia raised the question ascended into Heaven-the same whether we other men from the Jesus whom men had seen and who West were not falling altogether will come back as men saw Him too much into Western modes of go–we felt there in that environ- thought and Western forms of ex- ment and in that fellowship, a real pression. Our reply was, "We be- experience such as we never had lieve that we are all essentially had before. And in that experience, agreed in the things that underlie. we saw with a new unclouded as- Won't you two men go off by your- surance what the foundations of selves and put it in words for us?" this Christian enterprise are. The So they went off to put it into missionary enterprise stands more words, and then when they came securely on these conceptions of back we asked them for the result Christianity than any other enter- and they would not give it to us. prise we have. It must be sup- And when we asked them why, they ported, not as a philanthropy, not said, "We find that what we have as an educational undertaking, not written is more Western than what as a great benevolence; but under you have written." Two of the all as a Christological movement in cleverest minds from Asia in the its deepest sense. It must be sup- Conference,' when they attempted ported by men who believe in to express Christian truth in East- Christ as the essential and indis- ern phraseology could not do it pensable Saviour, and in the Chris- and realized that the great his- tian Gospel as complete and final, toric statements of the Christian and to be shared with all the rest Church are not racial; they are of the world. This is the essential not sectional; they are universal. nature of our undertaking. The We are a great deal nearer in missionary enterprise can not be the historic tradition of Christian- transformed into an ecclesiastical ity to a universal accent than we Red Cross, or an international will come by surrendering to the education board, or a society for catch words of our decade, and the improvement of urban and thinking that we can revise what rural conditions. All these are a the whole of humanity, working part of the fruitage that flows through nineteen hundred years, out of the undertaking. But the has not been able to produce. No- real root of this enterprise, the body says that we have exhausted great tap root runs down into the Christ, least of all those of us uniqueness of the Person and the who believe that in Christ dwelleth Gospel of Christ and the indispen- "all the fullness of the Godhead sableness of that Person and that bodily." But we do say that the Gospel to the whole world and to researches must be made in Christ every man and every woman in and on the foundations that have the world.

been laid. Much will change inevitably in Once again, the Jerusalem Coun- the missionary enterprise but this cil brought to all of us a very great one thing can not change. If we experience. There was a fellow- want a watchword for our move- ship there that was a fellowship ment that word is found in the of the highest and there in the land Epistle to the Hebrews: "Jesus where Christ lived, where He died, Christ the same; yesterday and and on the hill from which He today, and forever."

e-oPICS Of THE

WHO IS BROAD MINDED? What is our interest in the Jew at Some men pride themselves on their our doors? Is there anything more breadth of mind and their wide in- than spasmodic attention given to the terests. They contrast themselves to changes going on in the Moslem lands narrow-minded preachers and mission- and in India? Honestly, how broad ary enthusiasts. They claim to be and deep are our interests in our fel- broad because of their "liberal" views lowmen and in their relationship to on strong drink, amusements, sex the program of God? problems and their indifference to the- Even a cursory glance through the ological controversy. Are they really broad or only shallow? Not long ago periodicals and books that come each we met a geJ;ltleman high in the busi- month to an editor's table give some ne~s world, a man of wealth, who idea of the broadening influence of an intelligent interest in missions.

claImed to be too broad to be inter- This subject is vitally related to every ested in church affairs. In point of man, woman and child in this planet. fact, he was too narrow-minded to The purpose of Christian missions is think beyond the present life and too to relate every human being to God limited in vision to see beyond his and to fellow human beings in a way own home and business interests. t~at will. promote wisdom, peace, hap- pmess, nghteousness, love and unself- There is nothing so deepening and elevating as a vital relationship to ish service. J esu~ Christ, the Son of God, and In our own narrow spheres we are nothmg so broadening as a vital interest in the Kingdom of God and impressed with the suffering we see, its progress. Men and women read- with family discords, with business rivalry, with bootlegging and lawless- ing the daily paper reveal their most ness and frivolity. We are either v~tal interests by the attention they tempted to discouragement or indif- glve to sports, fashion, society news, ference and turn our attention to stock market reports, literature, poli- pleasure and other absorbing intertics, religion, and domestic or foreign ests, or we may seek in our own feeble news. Does our reading make us way to overcome evil with good.

more narrow and provincial or does When we read the story of the de- it broaden our horizon and interests? velopment of God's program in the Many are not at all concerned with world life takes on a new interest, the welfare of Mexico aside from the a new meaning. There is no danger influence a revolution may have on of ennui, for time and strength are their personal business. Do we care too limited to keep abreast of all the enough for the famine sufferers of topics and enterprises that are of im- China or Armenia, as well as those portance and of thrilling interest.

in America, to understand their need Here are a few items taken at random and to help to supply it? Are we from the press reports of a single truly interested in the betterment of week-and thoughts they stir.

the Negro in our country and also in . (1) .A picture of a fine group of boys Africa? Do we take time to inform marchmg to morning prayers at Calaourselves as to the Oriental students bar .College, Jamaica. Who can predict and workers in America and in A .? tihnethmeflcuoernnciengthyaetartsh?ese boys may exert Sla.

374 (2) The report of a generous thank- all of God's program; broad enough offering in self-denial week among the in vision to look into all the corners black Christians of the Congo–not one of the earth to see how God is work- generation removed from gross heathen- ing; warm enough in heart not to ism. fear lest they will be moved by such interest and vision to give up some (3) The story of a Sunday with Chris- self indulgence to supply a brother's tian Khond's of India, showing their or sister's need, and loving enough new vision of God and of life. and Christ-minded enough to take in the whole world and to use all talents (4) The romance of the Karen mis- in true partnership with God. sion, Burma, where remarkable trans- formations are taking place. MISSIONARY STOCKHOLDERS ( 5) The answer to the question, Why I T WOULD mean a new day of Iceland gave up prohibition of intoxi- Christian missions if everyone cant&-and what Spain had to do with it. who puts money into the enter- prise would study the reports as close- (6) An estimate of imperialism as a ly and watch the returns as eagerly . menace to Christian progres&-showing as those who invest money in the stock market. the relation of international politics to the Kingdom of God. One great obstacle to missionary progress is the indifference of those (7) The picture of a new day dawn- who should be its supporters. How ing for Baxter, Tennessee–and what many hear an appealing statement of New York Christians had to do with it. the need and opportunity, invest a small sum in the enterprise and (8) The story of some startling de- promptly forget.about it. They never velopments in China and the relationship make inquiries as to the returns, never of the new government to the old religion. send up a prayer to God to guide and bless the workers and consequently (9) A report of the activities of the never know whether the investment Mexican War-God, and the possible re- has really been worth while. sults. One of the officers of the Presby- (10) A description of the Anglo-Sax- terian Board of Foreign Missions has on in the southern mountains of the issued a "statement to stockholders" United States, and the results of ar- that may well represent the returns rested progress. on the investment in the work con- ducted for Christ in many fields by So we might go on picking up clues many boards. This statement by Dr. at random from hundreds of papers. Robert E. Speer is in part as follows: Every broadminded man must be in- terested in his fellowmen, of what- The foreign missionary business is not ever race or color or nation. Every the business of the Board only; it is the true Christian must be interested in business of the Church. The Board is God's program for mankind, and in simply chosen by the company to direct the way in which the purpose of Christ affairs, honestly, economically and effi- and His mission to the world is being ciently. fulfilled. There are certain problems which must The REVIEW exists especially to make be reported to the stockholders for their known the facts of vital importance information and decision at this time. related to the advancement of the Kingdom of God on earth-without First, certain adverse conditions, which prejudice or partiality. Here you will were very unfavorable to the enterprise, learn of the needs of obscure corners are beginning to settle down satisfac- of the earth as well as those that torily. For the time being, at least, appear on the front page of the daily civil war in China has practically ceased press. Here we describe work of all and a group of men is trying to develop branches of the Christian church in a stable national government. The new all parts of the world. The followers situation provides more stability and a of Christ should pull together in car- rying out His program and in order to do this we must each of us "look not only on his own things but also on the things of others." There is great need today to increase the num- ber of Christians who are broad enough minded to take an interest in

better hope that the old nominal consti- and opens the way for our Christian tutional promises of religious liberty may business. And the other of these two be observed. Missionaries have returned new elements in the life of India is the to their stations. Most missionary insti- ever enlarging admiration for Christ and tutions have resumed their work, and the the ever wider conception of him as the Chinese Christians have had thrown upon authoritative moral ideal. Will the them and are not unworthily bearing a Company seize this opportunity to acmuch heavier burden of responsibility. complish the task for which it was or- China is the biggest field in the world for ganized and which each stockholder has the diffusion of Christianity. The need declared is the chief con~ern of his life, is more distinct than ever and the op- namely, to make the Saviour known and portunity is opening to meet that need. to fulfil his prayer, "Thy kingdom come Will not the shareholders order their on earth"? directors to act with courage and daring? Our personnel and plants throughout Another anxious situation has been re- the world are very satisfactory. There lieved in Persia. For a few months it have been some heavy losses.. …. But seemed possible that mission schools there are fifteen hundred men and womwould have to close or would be closed. en of the best on earth representing us. It was proposed to exclude from them And their schools and hospitals and all Christian teaching and to require the in- the institutions of their work are so clusion of Moslem teaching. But now many efficient and productive powerthe schools may go on with larger privi- houses of life and love and service. leges and immunities than ever, including exemption of students from military Your directors want to say a plain and service, and no limitation whatever on conclusive word about the misrepresenta- Christian teaching and influence except tion in circulation to the effect that your that the Bible may not be taught as a business is mismanaged, that "it takes a required subject in the regular cur- dollar to send a dollar," or worse yet riculum to Moslem students. A Church that "most of each dollar is taken up by of Christians from all races is growing administration and promotion and never up in Persia at the center of the Mo- reaches the field." This is false. And hammedan world. Is this not another the gifts on the foreign field received by call for wise and friendly development of the missionaries for the work offset three times the total cost of promotion and the enterprise? administration. And all around the 'world the field is Each dollar spent in this business acopen and inviting. In Chosen the gov- complishes ten times as much as a dollar ernment is giving the mission schools spent at home. Take the case of one the recognition which they have long suburban town near New York. Each sought, and now the question is as to dollar given for the hospital in that town the ability of the missions to improve provides 1/17 of the expense of one pathe opportunity for which they have tient. In our foreign missions hospitals worked and prayed. What is the use of each dollar given by the home Church toiling with sweat and blood for oppor- provides the support of ten patients. In tunities which, through want of support the schools in this same town there are from home, cannot be used when they 3,314 pupils and the cost of the schools per annum is $395,000, or $119 per pupil. are won? And the grade of these schools does not In India two new elements fill each go above the high school. On the for- eign field the total cost of our mission year an increasing place. One is the schools to the home Church, including growing recognition, in theory at least, the salaries of all the missionary of the principle of religious freedom. teachers, is approximately $1,500,000. The Religious Unity Conference held in There are 110,653 pupils – an average Delhi in 1924, composed of leading rep- cost per annum of $13 per pupil as comresentatives of all the religions in India, pared with $119, and our foreign misadopted strong resolutions in favor of sion schools include colleges, universifull religious freedom and the new con- ties and graduate schools. The business stitution proposed from India by the All is efficiently and economically done. It Parties Conference of 1928 provides, challenges anyone's closest scrutiny. among the acknowledged "Fundamental Rights," that "there shall be no state re- But the support of the enterprise by ligion for the Commonwealth of India the stockholders of the Company is inor for any province in the Common- adequate. We have our work laid out wealth," and tbat "no person shall by on a scale of operations beyond the presreason of his religion, caste or creed be ent support of the organization. One of prejudiced in any way in regard to pub- two things will have to be done. Either lic employment, office of power or honor the level of our activities will have to and the exercise of any trade or calling." be lowered and their scope contracted or This indeed is as yet only theoretical but it is becoming increasingly IIctual

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

the level of the Church's support will in the home and in the vocational direchave to be raised. The stockholders will tion of life. have to decide…… Read again Matthew 28: 19 and Mark 16: 15 and Acts (5). The right ideals and principles of 1: 8 and Luke 9: 62. separate, cooperative or united work in the relationships of men and women. If, in spite of the charter and the will of the Head, the Company means to con- A special committee of the General tract and withdraw, where shall the reduction be made? What sick folk are to Council consisting of Dr. Robert E. be turned out or what boys and girls are to be dismissed from school or where Speer, Mrs. F. S. Bennett, Miss Maris the Gospel to be withheld? garet E. Hodge and Dr. Lewis S. If the Company is unwilling to scuttle any of its Lord's work then there is only Mudge, was appointed to study the one alternative. Lift the level of giving. Lift it now ….. . subject further and report at the We can give all that the Head of our meeting of the Council, March 6th. Company is asking of us in order that That some adjustments should be His last command may be obeyed and that His gospel may be given to all to made is obvious, when the General whom it belongs. Council has found the way of wisdom STATUS OF WOMEN and the true path of progress. Many women in the Church are not satisfied with present administrative OBITUARY NOTES conditions. Some fear the loss of the women's organizations through which JAMES R. BAILEY, M.D., of Impur, they have worked and some regard as Assam, died on December 8, 1928. From unjust the lack of adequate represen- the time of his arrival at Impur in 1910 tation of women in the Church. as an American Baptist missionary, he had been traveling constantly among the The General Council of the Presby- natives, ministering to their needs, terian Church recently appointed a preaching the gospel and by his own special committee consisting of Mrs. example teaching them to know Christ. Fred S. Bennett of the Board of Na- During the World War Dr. Bailey spent tional Missions and Miss Margaret his furlough in France ministering to Hodge, of the Board of Foreign Mis- the Assam Labor Battalions. He is a sions, to consider the matter. They graduate of Bucknell University and the presented a careful report to the Coun- Medico-Chirurgical Medical College, cil in November, 1927, and later fifteen Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His work representative women were invited to in the Naga Hills annually meant the meet with the General Council for a care of 5,000 out-patients, 1,000 free full study of all the issues involved. treatments to Impur school boys, hun- These topics included: dreds of calls throughout the district, and many operations. "To do this work," (1). The status of women in the Dr. Bailey said, "many hundreds of miles ecclesiastical organizations of the had to be traveled on pony, and when Church-the diaconate, the eldership and paths were too steep, on foot. Many the ministry, the presbytery, the synod, times I have sat down to rest thinking and the General Assembly. I had used my last ounce of strength, only to be renewed and start the climb (2). Women's organized work in the in a few minutes, up and on till the last Church, the Missionary Societies, young village was reached, and there hold meetpeople's organizations, and women's aid in"'Q sell medicine, visit sick, and then societies-their present and future scope to bed about midnight, tired and weary, and responsibility. yet conscious of being spent in the Mas- ter's service." (3). The relations of the women of the Church to women's organizations ** outside of the Church. REY. GEORGE H. HUBBARD, a missionary (4). Women's unorganized work in in Foochow, China, since 1884, until his the Church, including personal evangel- last furlough, died recently at West ism, Sunday-school teaching, influence Haven, Conn., at the age of seventy- three. As a missionary of the American Board, he and his wife specialized in evangelistic work, and were always in- terested in the common people. He edited a colloquial paper printed in the Romanized Chinese, and aided in the preparation of other literature, but his chief contribution was the foundinl!' of the Chinese Christian Endeavor Move- ment in 1885.

WHO'S WHO AMONG OUR tian Missions in China" and other vol- AUTHORS umes.

WILLIAM T. ELLIS, LL.D., is a well- DR. WILLIAM BANCROFT HILL pracknown and popular lecturer, traveler tised Law at Baltimore from 1882 to and author who lives at Swarthmore, 1883 and after occupying the chair of Pennsylvania (when at home). He philosophy at Park College, Missouri, bestumped the country with the Laymen's came professor of Biblical Literature at Vassar College, which chair he occupied Movement for the first big conventions. for twenty years. He made an extensive His articles on Sunday-school lessons are visit to mission fields in Japan, China printed in more than a hundred daily and India a few years ago and to Egypt newspapers with a weekly circulation of and the Near East last year. He is president of the Board of Trustees of several million. He has been a Chautauqua speaker and is author of several the American University in Cairo. volumes including "Bible Lands Today" and "Men and Missions." Among his books are "The Life of CORNELIUS H. PATTON, D.D., is Home Christ," "Graves Lectures on Missions," and "The Apostolic Age."

Secretary of the American Board of REV. W. B. ANDERSON, D.D., went as a Commissioners for Foreign Missions and missionary to India in 1897 and was is a writer and speaker of note. He is a president of Gordon College, Ramal graduate of Amherst College and Yale Pindi, from 1899 to 1903. He has been Divinity School, and has traveled ex- corresponding secretary of the Board of tensively through Africa and the Orient. Foreign Missions of the United Presbytf,- His books include "The Rosary," "The rian Church since 1916 and is the author Business of. Missions" which has been of "Far North in India," "A Watered widely influential. His latest volume is Garden," and other volumes.

"Foreign Missions Under Fire." DR. FRANCIS J. MCCONNELL, is Bishop DR. THOMAS JESSE JONES is a well- of the Methodist Episcopal Church (New known sociologist. He was acting head York District). He was president of worker in the University Settlement, DePauw University from 1909 to 1912 New York City (1901-02) and director when he was elected bishop of the Methof the Research Department of Hampton odist Episcopal Church. He was presi- Institute (1902-09). He was specialist dent of the Religious Educational Assoin Education in the U. S. Bureau of ciation in 1916 and is now president of Education (1912-19) and has been Edu- the Federal Council of Churches of cational Director of the Phelps Stokes Christ in America. Among his books Fund since 1913. He led an Educational are "Religious Certainty," and "The Commission to West, South and Equa- Christlike God."

torial Africa in 1920-21 and again to REV. E. STANLEY JONES, D.O., went to India in 1907 and in 1926 was ap- East Africa in 1924. His latest volume pointed evangelist to Educated India and is "Essentials of Civilization" (1929).

REV. HUGH T. KERR, D.O., is now the to the high caste Indians. He was a pastor of the Shadyside Presbyterian delegate to the General Conference of Church. He was lecturer at McCormick the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1924, Theological Seminary (1910-11) and a and has twice refused the bishopric. He few years ago made a tour of the Far is a widely-known evangelist and the East studying the missionary situations. author of the popular volumes "Christ Among his books are "Children's Story of the Indian Road," and "Christ At the Sermons," "Children's Missionary Story- Round Table." He has just returned to Sermons," "The Highway of Life" and India after a strenuous speaking tour "The Gospel in Modern Poetry." He is in South America and in the United president of the Board of Christian Edu- States.

cation of the Presbyterian Church. ROBERT E. SPEER, a graduate of Prince- PROF. KENNETH SCOTT LATOURETTE ton University, has been corresponding was for some years in China under the secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Yale Mission and is at present professor Foreign Missions since 1892. He has of Missions and Oriental History at Yale several times traveled around the world University. He is a member of the Inter- and to South America and other lands. national Missionary Council and was for He was moderator of the General As- some time chairman of the Executive sembly of the Presbyterian Church from Committee of the Student Volunteer 1926 to 1927 and president of the Fed- Movement. He is author of "The De- eral Council of Churches from 1924 to velopment of China," "The Development 1926. He is the author of many volumes of Japan," "The Christian Basis of the latest of which is entitled "Are World Democracy," "History of Chris- Foreign Missions Done For?"

ETIlODS fOR

By MRS. F. I. JOHNSON, New York President of the Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions HANDLING OBJECTORS ice has steadily decreased from ap- A chronic objector, sooner or later proximately 2,700 in 1920 to less than to his own hurt, becomes a despised 300 in 1928. During these same years obstructionist. the number of new missionaries has also dropped though not in the same A good thing to remember proportion. Our American Boards And a better thing to do, have always had more volunteering Is to work with the construction gang than sailing in any given year until And not with the wrecking crew. 1924. Since then the opposite has CRITICS AND CANDIDATES been true, and so persistently and in- MILTON T. STAUFFER, creasingly true as to justify genuine concern. The contrast between 252 Secretary of the Foreign Missions Conference people who volunteered for mission- 0/ North America ary service in 1928 and 600 in the same year who received appointment We are deeply concerned over the (having volunteered from two to six future supply of well-qualified mis- years previously) must make every sionaries. Many of us repeatedly missionary leader pause and wonder raise questions like these: Are our where our future supply of missionyoung people volunteering in suffi- aries is to come from. The visible cient numbers? Are we sympathet- number of candidates now in line for ically aware of their difficulties and application and appointment in 1933 needs whenever we challenge them to and on, offers a strange contrast to consider foreign missions as a life former years. While a few Boards calling and are we helpful to them in may still be embarrassed by their reaching right decisions? So many riches in available candidates-the infactors enter into present-day situa- evitable consequence of the outpourtions that answers to these questions ing of life immediately following the are not simple, yet we feel we must war-this embarrassment is sure to be face them if the cause of foreign mis- short-lived, unless indeed our Amer- Jions is not to be embarrassed or even ican churches fail utterly in their miscrippled in the years immediately sionary giving. ahead. Now is the day for intelligent action. Tomorrow may be too late, so During the current year, the various far as our needs for missionary can- foreign missionary agencies of the didates next year and the following United States and Canada have listed year are concerned. Merely recording calls for 1,186 new missionaries. Of certain observations in outline, let us these, 432 are marked provisional, see if we can help one another toward which means that while the Boards a more fruitful exercise of our mis- would like to send out 1,186 workers, Rionary witness.

The Situation Calls for Concern tinancial provision has thus far been made for only 754. Of these calls 700/0 The number of young people vol un- come from ten major boards. For the teering during college and post-college first time since the war, mission years for the foreign Christian serv- boards are experiencing difficulty in 379

securing enough candidates. Either The Decline in ClUldidates they must be content with second-best material or let their calls go unfilled. Speaking negatively, it cannot be at- Eleventh-hour hand picking in the open market will not solve this diffi- tributed to any lack of social idealism culty which for some boards is certain to grow. on the part of Christian youth. They At the present time, mission boards are concerned with the abolition of are making their selections from candidates who volunteered five or six war, the Christianization of racial and years ago. Weare still running, therefore, on the momentum of pre- industrial relations, and other similar vious years so far as recruiting and selection are concerned. We are not social issues. The fact, however, that securing sufficient recruits to meet the needs of the boards four and five this idealism is not leading them into years ahead. foreign missionary service needs in- Inquiry over a long period of years has revealed the fact that new mis- terpretation. Among many factors sionaries are reaching their decision for missionary service earlier in life that account for this declining rate of than was true formerly. For example: in 1920 we find that 31 % of those candidates the following may be sugvolunteering decided on a missionary career before entering college. In gestive to us who seek ways and 1927 practically 500/0 reached this important decision during high school means of bettering present situations. years. The pre-college influences seem, therefore, to be on the increase. 1. Adult Christians lack interest in evangeli3m. The term itself has come In 1920 there were 280/0 of the vol- to mean something less or other than unteers who reported strong college the real thing. The church is not sufinfluence resulting in missionary de- ficiently impelled by the thought of its cIsIon. In 1927 only 100/0 attributed debt to Jesus Christ or by the vision of their decision to college influence. In the "life abundant," which He and He other words, we are probably safe in alone gives, to promote missions at sacriconcluding that college influences have ficial cost around the world. We are failed more than pre-college influences anemic. The heat of our enthusiasm is in this direction. In view of the in- below the burning point. As someone creasing number of life work deci- has said-"our churches are now carrysions which are made before college ing all the missionary load their spiritdays, would it not seem wise to give ual strength will bear." Special appeals, greater attention to missionary educa- threats of deficits may be applied as tion among preparatory and high stimulants to a spiritually underschool students? nourished church and these may result in extra contributions over and above Happily, at present, interest in vol- the church quota, but stimulants to a unteering among college students church that has no great increasing seems to be slightly on the increase. purpose to share Christ will never lead The number of students volunteering to missionary life decisions. It takes during January, 1929, is double the spiritually robust churches to give birth number of last January. The in- to missionaries who are qualified to meet crease in inquiries from students re- the exacting spiritual demands of misgarding missionary openings leads one sionary service today and who will bring to believe that this interest in volun- back sheaves. teering will continue. 2. The mtsswnary appeal of our churches i3 frequently mechanical and despiritualized. Material needs and deeds in the mission field are played up but not personality – undeveloped and en- slaved because lived apart from Christ and the freedom and power He offers. As long as youth is asked to give to the general benevolence budget of the church, or toward some school in Asia instead of for human beings, who unlike themselves are in need of intellectual and physical privileges, and most in need of a Christlike understanding of God and of Christ's message of salvation and hope, the heart of the whole matter is missing. Make missions impersonal, despiritualize its objective and you rob it of its warm appeal. It ceases to cap- ture the imagination of youth. It in- spires few life ~commitments.

METHODS FOR WORKERS

3. There is a wide-spread uncertainty nationals. Some students from other among students as to the future of the countries have represented their people foreign missionary enterprise. Some as being hostile to the missionary forces; in fact, a considerable number have em- have been led to believe that the day of phasized the value in their national the missionary enterprise, as it has been cultures to such an extent that they carried on in the past, is over. They have raised doubts in American students' are also questioning whether the Boards minds as to whether or not Christianity will be able financially to send them out has any vital contribution to make to if they do volunteer and prepare for others. Repeatedly they have heard our such service. The last five years have civilization and professed Christian furnished good reasons for this query. social order condemned until, to some The presence at home of so many fur- well intentioned students, it appears as loughed missionaries, and especially the if Western life were still 90% pagan. recent exodus from China, together with the unfavorable attitudes of some for- 7. Then too one will always find those eign students now studying in America, who are suspicious of organized Chrishave increased this uncertainty. In view tianity and do not see that the Christian of these facts, many young people doubt message is being applied in a consistent the desirability of definite and advanced practical way to the whole of life. They decisions in terms of a life purpose. hesitate to subscribe to the credal and doctrinal statements which they think 4. Going deeper one senses particu- they will be required to subscribe to when they apply for missionary service, larly among our college young people an. and which they think are outgrown or upon which they think too much emphauncertainty as to their Christian mes- sis has been placed. One needs sympathy sage. While this lack of religious con- in dealing with these young people for viction is not peculiar to student groups whom the non-Christian aspects of the effect of it in motivation for life serv- American life, even inside our churches, ice is unquestioned. There is in many constitute real obstacles to volunteering cases a vagueness of conception as to for missionary service. the uniqueness of the Christian message. This may be due in part to the rather S. Young people want to look forward superficial study of comparative religion, to a life in which they will find ever wider opportunities for service as the leading students to an over-emphasis on years go on. They have seen missionthe values of non-Christian religious aries return after short periods on the systems, in part also, to the growing field and have come to wonder if missecularization of all life and to inade- sions are any longer a life job. quate or wrong religious education. Certainly there is not evident, on a large 9. During the four years of their scale, that dynamic and passion that ac- college course, which are so important company deep conviction. in making life decisions, students look for religious leadership to student pas- 5. Many students, and this has always tors, faculty members, Y. M. C. A. and been true, are seriously questioning Y. W. C. A. secretaries. At the present whether they can really make th.eir time there is a confusion in the minds of many of these men and women as to the greatest Christian contribution to their place of the missionary enterprise in our generation through foreign missionary day. Many of them are not informed service. There are many new channels as to the facts and have not been given for Christian service, national and inter- satisfactory information and answers to national, opening up today. There are their questions by missionary leaders. broader conceptions of what is involved in Christian service. Moreover, there 10. Students do not know the needs of is a growing tendency in education to- the world. We have been neither realwards specialization. The seeming in- istic nor individualistic in our descripability of the Boards to let the volunteer tion of need. Our missionary literature know the possible general type of service has not dealt adequately with the unand field sufficiently in advance for them finished task either geographically or to prepare adequately for it, has a tend- functionally. ency to deter Volunteering. We are convinced that this demand for some means Ohanging the Situation of certainty is not consistent with a life purpose decision nor with the essential The above analysis of some of the attitude of mind which would make the missionary willing to meet emergencies causes which seem to operate against and hardships once he has accepted missionary appointment. an adequate commitment of life to for- 6. Students today more than formerly eign mission service may leave one in want to know whether th€ younger church groups are inviting missionaries a despairing mood unless he reminds or whether they are being sent in spite himself of these two facts; first, that of the best judgment and desire of the

there are many young people in our waits to be 'motivated by the horror that men should live without Him. This churches and colleges of whom none of means that our apologetic for missions these things can be said and, second, must increasingly be phrased in terms that the bringing in of righteousness of "the abundant life" which Christ and around the world is God's task first Christ alone, can bring. We must visu- alize that abundant life to student audiand last, and ours chiefly and merely ences, we must experience it and because we are God's happy helpers. manifest it in our own lives and over The kingdorn of love, when it cornes, against our picture of the abundant life rnust be His free gift, not something in Christ we must give a true and com- pelling picture of the millions everywe have achieved in and by ourselves. where who are without life abundant here This thought should bring us relief and now, who do not know of Him who from any feeling of strain; a sense of says, "I am the bread that gives life."

power for the missionary movement This is the most difficult and most im- perative and most highly rewarding is nothing less than our partnership obligation we face as Christians today. with God who "will not fail nor be dis- We are challenged to prove the validity couraged until He hath set up right- of our missionary efforts and to match eousness on the earth." As mission- our claims for our faith by the quality and fullness of life we experience. This aries we need this good news to set us is not easy, but it is possible. When free from anxiety. We are not related our young people are arrested by the to a losing cause. Present indications picture of "full" redeemed life-"lacking to the contrary, we know that God's nothing, enjoying all" and have it proved to them that Christ alone for various task in India and Africa will not lag reasons and in various ways makes posfor want of workers. To believe any- sible that life, there is nothing that they thing less would be to admit loss of will not do or dare to share that gift of faith in the essential soundness of life with the last most distant man, woman or child on earth. The trouble youth today, and, worse than this, loss is not with our Christian propositions of faith in God Himself and His ulti- but with our demonstrations. Christ- rnate triumph. like life now, in the flesh before our eyes, To the extent that the present sit- is the Q. E. D. we need for Christian motivation and conviction that will drive uation can be improved by human ef- and drive. fort (and one is convinced that Christian leaders can influence it consider- 3. It will help if we vigorously repudi- ate false and subtle charges against misably if they will) that improvement sions such as the following:-"Missions appears most likely along the follow- are the right arm of Western imperial- ism" – "Missions are nothing less than ing lines: intolerant propaganda." Let us encour- 1. A missionary informed and mi8- age the view that the missionary entersionary motivated ministry in order that prise, like the Christian enterprise, is a the young people of our churches may movement of life, that it is a constantly be prepared for the appeal for life com- changing and growing thing, that it is mitment. The fire of the evangelistic not without its weaknesses and mistakes, must burn again in the home minister's that it truly is progressive, that in all heart and there must be a new and pos- fairness we ought to relate ourselves to itive Christian apologetic. The fellow- it because of its genuine worth and we ship of Christians of all races and creeds ought to judge it in terms of its "whither in a common program of world redemp- bound" no less than in terms of its past tion must become a joyous contagion accomplishments.

until everything the minister does in 4. Because the missionary enterprise America suggests its relation and makes has become a partnership· of younger its contribution in his mind to the total Christian effort around the world. Our and older churches working together, our young people welcome the inter-related- young people before making any final decision for a missionary career should ness of efforts at Christianizing life here be assured that the calls of the mission at home with those of evangelizing and boards are no les8 the calls of Christian of Christianizing life elsewhere. national8 broadcasted from the mission 2. Young people desire nothing quite fields. They have a right to know that so much as "fullness of life here and they go out at the call of the native now." The horror that men should die churches to associate themselves with without Christ has motivated former -native Christian leaders, preferably generations–the present generation under the direction of these leaders, to

METHODS FOR WORKERS

assist in a program of evangelism which 9. The desire of young people for the these native churches have set up for interpretation by Christian nationals of conditions and needs in their own lands themselves. 5. The close bond of sympathy and suggests the application by Boards of a understanding between youth around policy recently adopted by the Student the world suggests another very effective Volunteer Movement. In college after approach, namely, to begin one's address college a little Korean woman in love with a description of those causes or with Christ and the women of her race movements abroad in which the Chris- has been witnessing this past year to the tian youth of other lands are specially worth of missions and appealing for interested and for which they welcome more and better missionaries. Students help with open minds. Our students do not easily forget her word or her call. eagerly respond to the call of fellow She fulfills their demand for first-hand students dedicated to some high cause assurrance that they are still wanted as and by making articulate in our Ameri- missionaries and that there is a real can colleges the aspirations and strug- task awaiting them in foreign lands. gles of youth in foreign lands, the re- 10. Of recent years the suggestion that our recruiting should be made on· sponse is often most encouraging. 6. Not infrequently among students the basis of commitment of life to full who are weary of discussing the prob- time Christian service without reference lems of the world one finds the best ap- to place, reserving that decision until proach to foreign missions through mis- later, has gained wide acceptance. The sionary biography. Unfortunately, much declaration of the Student Volunteer of our modern missionary literature in Movement now reads:-"It is my pur- North America lacks up-to-date human pose, if God permit, to become a foreign interest material. We have produced missionary." There are ardent missionfew biographies since the war, which is ary workers among students today, who surprising when we think of young believe that certain inhibiting reactions American volunteers, who only yesterday to this declaration can be overcome fared forth to share "life," but who are without perceptible loss to students and now gone-William Borden, Max Chap- with possible gain to the missionary lin and Warner Lentz, to mention three. cause, if some such declaration as this One's mind goes out to a great company were to be substituted, namely, "it is my of men and women, "pioneers of life" purpose, if God permit, to give my life in unprivileged places today, the record to full time Christian service, at home– of whose unselfish sharing would shame abroad-," leaving the volunteer free to and thrill every sincere lover of human- indicate, either at the time of signing ity. this declaration, or later after further 7. A recovery of the individual em- study and prayer just where he or she phasis in missionary service is needed purposes that this life service shall be to offset in some degree the institutional given. Obviously there are very large emphasis which is often less personal values in the present wording with its and challenging. Similarly less emphasis strong purposive note and its specializa- on the administrative problems of mis- tion on foreign missions. And no Chris- sions and more emphasis on the needs of tian leader or sincere student, for that men for creative Christian personality matter, would care to see any substituwould greatly strengthen our appeal for tion which would eliminate this purmissionary candidates. Too frequently posive note or weaken the appeal to the audience receives an intellectual dis- definite foreign service by broadening it course on the changing aspects of mis- until it covers both home and foreign sionary effort but is not given a vision fields. of the man in need at one extreme and 11. Until recent years the primary Christ who can meet that need at the and abiding motives of foreign missions other. The latter is needed to win com- have been set forth most vigorously and mitment of life to the missionary cause. insistently by the followers of the con- 8. We have today almost 10,000 for- servative theological school. Their apeign students in our American colleges. peals have been the most earnest and The great majority of these are non- imperative. Their message has been a Christians. A definite program of evan- simple call to repentence from sin and gelism among these foreign students by to belief and salvation in Christ. Beour American churches would witness to cause of failure t() carry this message our sincerity to share what Christ can to all the world countless souls for whom give to all and would greatly enrich the Christ died cannot but be eternally lost. religious life of the countries from which During recent years, particularly these students come and would, I believe, since the war, we have a large and inexert a profound influence on our own creasing number of college students young people who now are arrested by throughout North America who think the foreign missionary challenge, but that they cannot be intellectually honest who are not convinced. with themselves and interpret the pri-

~ary aims and motives of foreign mis- corne life to us. We would share that sIOns exactly in these terms or solely life." within these limits. These students are deeply and sincerely religious. They "Since Christ is the motive, the end have a passion for humanity and for of Christian missions fits in with that unselfish service. Spiritual values are motive. Its end is nothing Jess than real and vibrant for them. They are the production of Christlike character deeply challenged by Jesus and are try- in individuals and societies and naing to live as His true disciples. But tions through faith in and fellowship they do not hold with like firmness some with Christ the living Saviour, and of the dogmatic pre-suppositions which through corporate sharing of life in lie back of foreign missions as inter- a divine society." preted ten or twenty years ago. Important Not. We seem for the present, therefore, to have two schools of thought so far The edttor of thts department covets your as the presentation of foreign missions reaction on Mr. Stauffer's analysis of and sugis concerned. Among certain student gested methods for dealing with the serious groups the older interpretations still problem of life enlistment. hold; among other groups, perhaps equally influential and certainly rapidly Is the scarcity of volunteers for the ministry increasing in numbers, quite different and for Home Missionary work due to these interpretations are alone understandable same snggested causes? and acceptable. The question naturally arises-is the motivation of missions at What methods would you like to see used? its center to be different today than in Your letter should reach me not later than William Carey's time? If it is to be June 1st. different, we may learn from this stu- Address Mrs. F. 1. JDhnson, Room 1018, 156 dent generation what this new motiva- Fifth Avenue. New York. tion is and whether or not it squares with truth and promise of having the A FREE-FOR-ALL DISCUSSION same appeal and power as the old had in its day. "By their fruits ye shall There is scarcely a church in Amerknow them." If it is not to be differ- ica which would not profit by having ent-if the chief difficulty in presenting this heart-searching demonstration the foreign missionary motive today is put on by a group of its finest men. largely one of phraseology and not of content, then to the younger generation (Mr. Pastor, why not try it?) there comes the challenge to recIothe the old primary motives of foreign missions Personnel with twentieth century language and power. W. B. JONES . . . . . . . . "Billy" … Bale Ties RUSSELL J. BALYEAT. "Russ" '" Coal The Jerusalem statement on the GUY CARPER ..•.••••• "Guy" …. Lumber Christian Message may prove of great ARTHUR BROOKS . . . . . "Arthur" . Educator help in this connection. Every Chris- E. G. THATCHER ••••• "Thatch" . Y. M. C. A. tian young man or woman I have met since Jerusalem-regardless of theolog- Secretary ical stand-has subscribed uncondi- HORACE BONNEWITZ .. "Horace" . Batteries tionally to paragraphs like these: WILLIAM MCGIRR•••• "Cap" …. Insurance "Our true and compelling motive lies CHAS. N. POLING •••• "Charley" • Banker in the very nature of the God to whom G. A. BERGER ••••••• "Gus" . . . . Insurance we have given our hearts. Since He C. A. L. PURMORT … ' 'Clyde" .. Insurance is love, His very nature is to share. Christ is the expression in time of Scene the eternal self-giving of the Father. Coming into fellowship with Christ The parlors of the Y. M. C. A. prior we find in ourselves an over-mastering to Monday Rotary Noonday Luncheon. impulse to share Him with others. We Members are arriving by twos and are constrained by the love of Christ threes. Members are standing, seated and by obedience to His last command. or lounging and engaged in informal talk He Himself said, 'I am corne that they on topics of business, sports, politics, might have life, and that they might telling stories, a babel of talk on every have it more abundantly,' and our ex- subject, laughter, argument, all done in perience corroborates it. He has be- a natural way, as men would talk at such times. The crowd increases as other members drop in, there are greet- ings, back slapping, kidding, more or less confusion, at the height of which Mr. Carper remarks and repeats for em- phasis in order to get the subject across to the audience.

Mr. Carper : Well, I see that Dick Carson has graduated at Princeton with high honors and has decided to throwaway his life as a missionary in

1929J METHODS FOR WORKERS

China, Timbuctoo or some unheard of of foreign nations and our country is place, trying to Christianize the na- always in trouble by threats of war tives. on their account.

(The members seat themselves Mr. Thatcher: All right, we have around the table.) just heard from one of our domestic heathen and "a peace at any price" Mr. Balyeat: The poor fish, he cer- exhorter. Now then, if there be other tainly cannot have much regard for uninformed knockers against foreign his parents who have slaved and sac- missions within the sound of my voice, rificed and almost broken their backs let 'em speak now or forever after to put him through school. hold their peace. Come on in boys, the water is fine. Right here you Mr. Carper: Well, the odd thing fellows will learn a lot. Fire and fall about it is, his folk approve. back. Shoot!

Mr. Bonnewitz: How do people get Mr. McGirr: The converts are not that way anyhow. I don't understand genuine. it, all the Chinks, Japs and African Niggers in the world ain't worth the Mr. Thatcher: Not altogether true. little finger of a fine American chap In the Boxer uprising in China it is like Dick. of record that 6,200 Chinese Chris- tians remained true to their faith and Mr. Purmort: Oh, I don't know 1,500 converts were killed. boys, I guess you birds had better get wise to this missionary stuff before Mr. Balyeat: I repeat that missionyou knock it too hard. Dick has not aries are trouble makers for the govyet been boiled in a big soup kettle. ernment. The cannibals haven't eaten him yet. Mr. Thatcher: Listen to the facts. Mr. Berger: Speaking of soup ket- Ex-President Taft denounced this tles, when do we eat. criticism as unfounded. Hon. John Barret, Minister to Siam, said that Mr. Balyeat: I'll say he runs a 150 missionaries gave him less trouble mighty good chance of becoming an in five years than 15 merchants did Irish stew, or Hungarian goulash and in five months. he will not be the first fool missionary to meet that fate. Mr. Berger: Suffering Mike! Ain't we ever goin' to eat? Mr. Purmort: You said a mouthful then, old scout, and Dick would be Mr. McGirr: Christianity does its only one of thousands who have of- converts more harm than good. fered their lives for Christ, and of others who have sacrificed their ca- Mr. Purmort: Nothing to that. reers, banished themselves for life in Consult the records. Christianity heathen countries, undergone hard- makes him a better man. He has a ships and privation, suffered and died superior faith, a better morality, to the end that Christ, their Master thrift and integrity. In the Jap-Russ might be exalted and His cross lifted War the Japanese Government emup that aU the people of all the world ployed none but native Christian inmight see and receive its blessing. terpreters, because they were honest. A governor of a province in Siam Mr. Jones: Say mister that lingo testified, whenever a Christian misof yours sounds fine but it is ail sionary settles, he brings good to the bunk; it don't get us a thing. We people. In China recently the cusare wasting our efforts and throwing todian of a large bridge building fund was intrusted to Christians only, beaway our money on foreign missions. cause the subscribers said, "the Chris- Mr. Brooks: Atta boy! I agree, I tians could be trusted not to steal it."

am for Home Missions. We ought to Mr. Poling: But I still think, "Charkeep our money at home for our do- ity begins at home." mestic heathen. Mr. Thatcher: Let us consult the Mr. Balyeat: Exactly right, old top, old dope sheet on that point. Listen! and besides these foreign missionaries are a set of meddlers in the affairs 5

In New York City alone there are American business man should sup- 3,800 religious and philanthropic port the foreign missionary.

agencies. In the United States there A forgotten missionary carried the are 207,734 Protestant churches or Gospel to Peru, and brought the use one for every 427 of the non-Catholic of quinine for the sick. A humble population. How about it abroad? missionary, Schneider, learned of the Africa has one missionary for each naval orange that in a single year 24,000 population; Japan one for netted our commerce $36,000,000. Our each 52,000; India one for each 62,- giant rubber industry is the by-prod- 000; China one for each 65,000. There uct of the work of a missionary with are over 160,000,000 people untouched the South American Indians. Where- by missionary influences. Figures ever the message of the Gospel goes, don't lie, but liars continue to figure. there is a rich reward. The Premier I am quoting facts and an important of Finance in Great Britain says that fact is that the people who do not as a matter of investment, the gov- contribute to foreign missions seldom ernment could take over the financing give anything to home missions. of the whole missionary enterprise Mr. Jones: I insist missions don't with profit.

get us anything. Where do we come Mr. Berger: Good night, I'm starv- in? It is all "payout" and nothing ing; haven't eaten since breakfast.

coming in. Quit chewing the rag and let us all Mr. Thatcher: That is a good money eat.

grabber's question. One of the kind Mr. Thatcher: Say Berger, you are who never sees good in anything un- one of the kind who thinks of noth- less there is a dollar in it. Mission- ing but eating and sleeping and busi- aries raise the standard of life for ness.

the natives and the result is that they Mr. Carper: We had better make buy goods from America and Europe. every American a Christian before we Thirty years ago a bag of American waste any money on foreign people.

flour could not be bought in all China. Mr. Purmort: Does a commercial Recently there was in Peking a pile house wait to sell every person in one of American flour 30 feet high, 100 town before they send their salesmen feet deep and a quarter of a mile to the next?

long. Thirty years ago in China, to Mr. Giffin: I think you are only get a can of coal oil it must be ordered pampering the people by pouring mon- from San Francisco or Chicago. Now ey into churches and schools and hos- Standard Oil is the "light of Asia." pitals. Why don't the people do Missionaries took sewing machines to something for themselves.

China and it is now one of the largest Mr. Thatcher: Wrong again. Every markets in the world for the Singer. time we give $2.00 to missions the Mr. Purmort: Recently one Ameri- native Christians give more than one.

can steamship delivered 27 Baldwin So $2.00 becomes more than three.

locomotives to China. Every mission- That's God's kind of arithmetic.

ary is, in effect though not in inten- Mr. Jones: They have their own tion, an unsalaried drummer that helps religions. They had them before the to open up the larger markets of the New Testament was written, before world for the output of American mills Christ was born. Why go and try and factories. The industries of to convert them to our faith? Their America could well afford to pay twice own has served them for thousands the cost of all missionary enterprises of years. Let them alone.

in foreign lands. This trade which Mr. Carper: Did you know the follows the flag which follows our Standard Oil Company has millions of missionaries is only a by-product of dollars invested in the business of sell- missions and not the real thing. But ing China kerosene for lamps, and for business reasons alone, every thousands of men converting the Chi-

METHODS FOR WORKERS

nese to the use of kerosene lamps? and preach the Gospel to every crea- Why? Well, it is not because they ture." Shall we answer Him: "No have no lamps. They have lamps it is not convenient? How much monmade of an earthen bowl and bean ey will I have left if I obey Him 1" oil with a wick of pith. Makes your "I have bought a piece of ground, five eyes ache to look at 'em. They had yoke of oxen, married a wife, it isn't 'em long before, thousands of years convenient to have Him call me to before John D. was born. But kero- this other thing." sene is much better. So John D. has sent his missionaries to convert them. Mr. Bonnewitz: Well boys, I guess If you believe in Christ as hard as we didn't have all the ammunition John D. does in Standard Oil, you when we began the shouting. would be in the light business for Jesus Christ. He said, "I am the Mr. Purmort: I wonder whether light of the world." you fellows know how far behind the women we men are on the interna- Mr. Berger: For the love of Mike, tional stuff. Why, my wife knows let's eat! more geography and history and world politics in a minute than I do all day. Mr. Brooks (Leans back, and says You see they have mission study sympathetically): Well, I once felt classes and meetings every month and as you did, at least I thought it wasn't they read THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF up to me. I had so many demands THE WORLD and other magazines. on my money. Then I heard a man We'd better wake up or we can't keep from China talk, and one story stuck up the "superior sex" bluff much to me. Said that over there he saw longer. a man fall into the river near a fisher's barge. The fishermen saw him Mr. Thatcher: Yes, and I'll put but no one did anything. They had down a dollar on it that not one of a fine net, strong hooks-just the thing you howlers against missions ever to drag the man to safety. He shouted read a book about the work in your to them, "Save that drowning man." lives (Here enthuse over one). And They called, "It's not convenient, can't if we ever caught you to hear a misyou see we're fishing." He shouted sionary speaker, we had to bait the again, "I'll pay you for your time. hook with a dinner before we could Throw the net." They answered, haul you in. How many of you birds "What'll you give 1" "Five dollars." know that our church has an official "Too little." "I'll give you all I've magazine 1 Did you ever read it 1 got. Throw that net at once." "How No! if you had, you wouldn't have much have you got." "I don't know gone off halfcocked the way you did exactly. About $14.00." Then at today. Might try readin' your Bible last, even then slowly, they paddled too. Something about missions there. over and let down the net. In less than a minute they brought up the Mr. Berger: For the last time, beman. Then they were clamoring and fore I die, When do we eat? angry while the missionary tried to resuscitate the man before paying Mr. Jones: Say fellows, tnese are them. Say, I was mad to think of knockdown arguments Clyde and those fishermen. It was just as if Thatch are putting across. It is getthey had murdered that man when ting uncomfortably warm here, don't they could have saved him and didn't. you think it is time to go in to lunch? They aren't worth sending mission- When I make up my mind, I like to aries to, I was thinking, and then stick to it, right or wrong. I hate I heard what the speaker was saying, like blue blazes to do it, but in this "Is it worse, fellow Christians, to neg- case I feel that the only manly thing lect to save the body, or to neglect to do is to follow the course of Brooks to save the soul?" Jesus says, "Go and Poling and own up that I must be dead wrong about foreign missions, that I did not know what I was talk- ing about. I wonder if nine-tenths

of the opposition to foreign missions the first convert to give in, is a famous is not due to the same cause as mine, Boy Scout specialist and expert. that is, downright, dense, unmitigated, uncalled for ignorance. I am sorry to admit it, but the cost connected with foreign missions has And come to think of it, the Legion made it hard for me to give in. Why, leader of the heroes who faced the Mr. Frantz is liable to preach one of horrors of France and Flanders, his two-edged sermons one of these Charlie Poling, is not very consistent days that will make you feel like turnwhen he ridicules Dick Carson for lay- ing your pocketbook inside out. When ing down his life for a principle. you need some money for foreign mis- sions, count me in. Some things I heard before today, and that I tried to forget, keep crowd- (A dinner bell is rung off stage.) ing into my mind. One is that "the Mr. Balyeat: There goes the lunch light that shines farthest, shines bell! Let's go. brightest nearer home." Our confab (All join in singing) : here today confirms the statement. Clyde and Thatch are the champions "Old Bill Jones ain't what he uster be of the foreign mission cause, and if Ain't what he uster be you want any home enterprise or drive Ain't what he uster be to be sure to win, the town will insist that they take the lead. And Brooks, Old Bill Jones, he ain't what he uster be Many long years ago."

CURTAIN PERSONALS FRANCIS P. MILLER has been called to DR. WARREN K. STRATHMAN-THOMAS, succeed Dr. John R. Mott as chairman twenty-eight-year-old research pharmaof the Executive Committee of the cologist at the University of Wisconsin, World's Student Christian Federation. and DR. CLEMENT C. CHESTERMAN, one Mr. Miller is at present Administrative of the secretaries of the London Royal Secretary of the Geneva office of the Society of Tropical Medicine, have gone Federation and is expected to accept to the Belgian Congo to find a cure for this appointment. Previous to the war sleeping sickness. Dr. A. B. Loevenhart, he served for three years as secretary professor of pharmacy at Wisconsin, for Y. M. C. A. work in preparatory characterizes the work of the men as schools and immediately following the war he became one of the Secretaries of . .. .. "equivalent to discovery of a continent." the Student Movement in the United States, and later as one of the secre- REV. L. K. WILLIAMS, pastor of Olivet taries of the English Student Movement. Baptist Church (Colored), Chicago, was awarded a prize by the Harmon Foun- * * '" dation of New York. The awards, ad- ministered by the Commission on Race DEAN WILLIAM HUNG, of Yen Ching Relations of the Federal Council, recog- University, Peking, is lecturing at Har- nize "achievement which is of national vard University, having been selected as significance and which measures favorthe ablest Chinese to explain Chinese ably with the best that has been done in culture ~ American students. Mr. Hung the particular field by any race or nais the son of a Chinese scholar of Shan- tionality." tung. He was educated at the Anglo- Chinese College, Foochow, and Ohio *** Wesleyan, Union Seminary, and Columbia. DR. HOWARD GUINNESS, a graduate in medicine of London and Cambridge, a *** son of Dr. Harry Guinness, and a grand- son of Dr. H. Grattan Guinness, founders DR. GEORGE U. WENNER, who came to of the Regions Beyond Missionary Union, New York from Yale in 1865, is still and the Congo Balolo Mission, is comserving as a Lutheran pastor in "The ing to Canada as a representative of the ~as House District," Nineteenth Street Cambridge Christian Union. He will be and First Avenue. He has officiated at available for some months to address 7,949 baptisms, 4,576 weddings, and groups of students, large or small, 3,291 funerals. He has confirmed 2,140 throughout the Dominion. Address: catechumens. He is the refutation and Care Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Chrisrebuke to all the charges recklessly fiung tian Union, 366 Bay Street, Toronto. at the Protestant ministry.

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 East 22d Street, New York MRS. G. W. COLEMAN Mas. F. S. BENNETT Mns. JOHN FERGOSON MRS. ORRIN R. JODD President, 1.908-1915 P resident, 1916-1923 Honorary President, President, 1924-1928 'I'reasurer, 1920-1928 President, 1929· 1929- COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS om"ers Mrs. May Leonard Woodruff, Method- Honorary Pres·ident–Mrs. George W. ist Episcopal. Coleman. Mrs. J. W. Downs, Methodist Episco- President–Mrs. Orrin R. Judd, Northern pal, South. Baptist. Mrs. C. S. Kidd, Methodist Protestant. Vice-Pre8ident-at-Large – Mrs. F. W. Wilcox, Congregational. Mrs. W. C. Winsborough, Presbyterian in the U. S. V ice-President.- Miss Nannie H. Burroughs, National Miss Ann Elizabeth Taylor, Presby- Baptist. terian in the U. S. A. Mrs. Athelia M. Howsare, Christian. Miss Mary Campbell, Disciples of Mrs. Taber Knox, Reformed in Ameri- Christ. ca. Miss Grace Lindley, Episcopal. Mrs. J. S. Stamm, Evangelical. Miss Alice E. Bell, United Brethren. Mrs. George C. Rewwer, Evangelical Synod. Miss Lillian Robertson, United Pres- Mrs. C. E. Vickers, Friends. byterian. Mrs. Christine S. Smith, African Meth- odist Episcopal. Miss Jean MacGregor, Presbyterian, Mrs. Carrie T. Burritt, Free Method- Eastern Division, Canada. ist. Miss Bessie MacMurchy, Presbyterian, Western Division, Canada. Mrs. James Harrison, United, Canada. Recording Secretary-Mrs. Edwin W.

Lentz, Reformed in the U. S. Treasurer-Mrs. Raymond B. Fenner, Lutheran.

MRS. F. W. "VILCOX MISS H. M. BRICKMAN MISS F. E. QUINLAN Mas. R . B. FENNER Vice-Pl'esident-at-Large Director, Indian Work Executive Secretary Treasurer 389

On Execntive Committee GRADUATE STUDY FOR THE Members-at-Large RURAL PASTOR Mrs. Fred S. Bennett. That the farmer and his family are Miss Amelia D. Kemp. facing most serious problems at this Mrs. Millard L. Robinson. time need no longer be argued. We Miss Ruth B. Rule. need higher motives, broader contacts, Miss Daisy June Trout. larger vision, more efficient plans and institutions in country life in order to Committees and Chairmen make life more satisfying to the largest industrial group in America. STANDING To bring this about we must have a leadership trained to lead rural folk Administrative-Mrs. Orrin R. Judd. in the solution of their problems. The Chautauqua-Mrs. John Ferguson. rural pastor stands out in the com- International Relations – Mrs. D. E. munity as the most respected and often the most influential citizen. He Waid. has an opportunity for unselfish Legislative Matters-Mrs. Samuel Sem- leadership enjoyed by few men, which position offers the key to the solution ple. of the great country life problem. In Migrant Work-Mrs. Kenneth D. Miller. order to render this effective leader- Student Work-Miss Muriel Day. ship the rural pastor must not only know his people, but he must know the JOINT STANDING COMMITTEES problems with which they must struggle daily on the farm and in With Home Missions Couneil their homes. He must be familiar with modern farmer movements and Joint Administrative-Dr. Carroll M. the agencies which can help the Davis. farmer.

Indian Work~Dr. Frank A. Smith. Educational institutions in several City and New Americans-Dr. Charles states were prevailed upon to establish interdenominational summer schools H. Sears. for rural pastors, with a curriculum which will offer our country ministers With Missionary Education Movement the preparation necessary for their great opportunity. Joint Committee on Home Mission Lit- erature-Miss E. Jessie Ogg. The committee promoting these schools is made up of the country life With Federation of Woman's Boards of specialists of the various denomina- Foreign Missions tional boards constituent to the Home Missions CounciL Last year the Coun- Conferences and Schools of Missions- cil sponsored eleven summer schools, Miss Carrie M. Kerschner. which were attended by about 1,000 men and women. World Day of Prayer-Mrs. S. S. Hough. The universities and state agricul- SPECIAL tural colleges are giving splendid co- operation. They are placing fine By-Laws-Mrs. Fred S. Bennett. buildings and equipment at our serv- Finance-Mrs. F. W. Wilcox. ice. They are furnishing their pro- Literature-Mrs. F. W. Wilcox. fessors for lectures on important Nominating-Miss Amelia D. Kemp. rural life subjects, vitally connected Leadership Training-Miss Ann Eliza- with the country church, and in other ways are rendering within their con- beth Taylor. stitutional limits, a very unusual and With Home Missions Council Cornity and Five Year Program of Sur- vey and Adjustment-Dr. Hermann N. Morse.

North American Home Missions Con- gress-Dr. Charles L. White.

Executives Executive Secretary-Miss Florence E. Quinlan.

Director, Religious Work for Indian Schools-Miss Helen M. Brickman.

Secreta1'y for Migrant Work–Miss Laura H. Parker (until May 15). Miss Edith E. Lowry (after May 15).

TVestern Supervisor, Mig1'ant W ork- Miss Adela J. Ballard.

Assistant Treasurer-Miss G. Evelyn Morse.

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN

valuable service. There ought to be rural church problems, are given free 2,000 men and women in these schools play in the operation of the course. during the summer of 1929. The benefits derived from this co- operative experience are invaluable. Every rural pastor needs them. Not because he is not the equal of his All the approved schools, as listed city brother-in many cases he is the page 392, will be in session for no less than two weeks or ten working days. superior – but because these schools A few will be conducted for three are specialized conferences on one of weeks. Specialists will conduct the the most difficult and important phases courses, thus offering always the best of modern church work. Here men experience in the particular subject engaged in the same kind of work, offered. All the approved schools have with common problems and similar agreed to accept the suggested fourneeds, meet for two weeks to think to- year course of study as outlined below gether about the best ways and means as the basis upon which to arrange of accomplishing their common task. their curriculum, thus making the They are in a certain sense trade schools more uniform in character and schools where the best methods and service. Three or four sessions of the programs are studied under the school are necessary to cover the enleadership of the greatest specialists tire suggested course, but the arrangeour Protestant churches can find. ment is not rigid. Students can at- Every man slirving in a rural church tend a single session without any emshould, if possible, attend one of these barrassment. schools. The expenses are nominal, consist- Every rural church ought to co- ing only of board and room while at operate in promoting these schools by the school. Rooms are usually promaking it possible for the pastor to vided at three dollars per week and attend. In many cases the pastor of meals can be secured at very low rates. the rural church cannot afford to go The schools are financed by the colat his own expense. His salary is leges themselves. Study the list of small and there are heavy demands schools, make your selection and lay made upon his meager resources. your plans to attend one of the schools this year. What better investment can a congregation make than to pay the way of Suggested 4-Y ear Course of Study its pastor to a summer school of this kind and take care of the supply of 1. Rural Sociology: General Rural Sohis pulpit during his absence. ciology. Social Psychology. Sur- veys and Community Organization These schools, organized especially -Program and Methods. for the convenience of country pastors, have arranged their curriculum 2. Rural Economic8 and Education: and instruction so as to meet the most Rural Economics. Farmer Moveintimate problems of any and all who ments and Cooperative Marketing. shall attend. Pastors are given an op- Agencies with which to cooperate. portunity to state their local difficul- General Education-Home and Comties and the group, under the guidance munity. of the instructor and with the help of his advice, attempts to analyze and 3. The Rural Church: Conditions and prescribe for the problem at issue. Problems. Organization, Program The lecture method is frequently used and Methods. Pastoral Visitation but is frequently interspersed with -the project method. Interchurch questions, reports of assigned read- relations. ings and general discussion. The members of each group represent 4. Message, Preparation and Church many denominations and varied types Program: Message Content. Reof experience. These factors, 80 im- ligious Education. Worship-Evan~ portant in the adequate solution of gelism. Training, Preparation and Delivery of Sermons; Teacher Training; Leadership Training; Preparing for Rural Ministry.

5. Recreation-jor Home and Commu- nity: Play and Games. Drama,

Pageantry, Music. Boys' and Girls' BoulderJ Colorado-June 19·27. Work. A well-balanced community )"1rs. Henry F. Hoffman. 741 Adams St., recreation program. Denver, Colo.

6. Services of Agricultural Extension: 3 Chnutauqu",. Nf'w Ym'k-August 11·16. By lectures, tours of buildings, Mrs. John Ferguson, Room 1007, 1123 campus, farms, experimental plots, Broadway, New York, N. Y. demonstrations, literature, etc. 2 a7wutnurr.ua, New York-August 1~-23. For further information address directors of Mrs. 'Ym. A. Mont,g-omery, 144 Dartmouth the respective schools. (See list below) St., Rochester, N. Y.

DallaB, Trma.8-September 30·0ctohpr 4. Mrs. G{'orge A. Brewer, 4301 Edmondson, Dallas, Texas.

Schools for Rural Pastors 'Dalla8, Tema8 (Nellro)-September SO·October 4. Recommended by Home Missions Council Mrs. C. R. Buswell. 1719 Allen St.• Dallas, 1. Vanderbilt Rural Church School-April 1 Texas. to 12. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., Prof. C. C. Haun, Director. De l.Jand~ FZorida-Fehruary 3-.R, 1929. Mrs. Dora Smith, 135 East New York Ave., 2. California Ministers' Summer Institute— De Land, Florida. May. Paclftc School of Religion, Berk· ley. Calif.. Dr. E. W. Blakeman, DI· Houston, Texas-(Date not Yf't decided.) rector. Mrs. M. G. Stell, 2716 Rosrdale Ave., Hous- ton, Texas. 3. New Englaud Summer School for Town and Country Pastors-June 10 to 21. 1 Kerrvillp-. Team~-At1gust 21·2R. ~Irs. H. W. Hamilton, Cotulla, Texas. ~:cl~~~ ~~:~.~O~~l. ~mbn.arliac~;~~~ llH88ouri-lHinoiR (G-rf'cnviUe.. TIl.)-(No School Sterling, Mass., Director. ' of Missions in 1921:),) 4. School of Community Leadership-June 10 Mrs. J. D. Bragg, 638 Oakwood Ave., Web· to 20. Kansas Agricultural College, ster Groves, Mo. Ni~~~t~t;.ap, Kan., Prof. WaIter Burr, Lake Geneva.. Wisconsin-July l-R. 5. School for Rural Pastors-June 17 to 28. Mrs. J. A. LeaB, 8781 Clifton Ave., Chicago, State College of Washington. Pullman, Ill. Wash., Dr. A. A. Cleveland, Director. Minne.ota (.'lfinneapoliR-St. Paul)-June 2-7. 6. Wisconsin Rural Leadership Summer ~Irs. A. W. Goldsmlth, 944 Ashland Ave., School-July 1 to 12. University of St. Paul, Minn. Wisconsin, MadIson, Wis., Dr. J. B. Kolb, Director. ACt. Hermon. OaU!arnia–.July 6-18. Mrs. C. W. Brinstad, 2929 Lincoln Way, 7. Auburn Summer School at Theology-July San Francisco, Calif.

1 to 18. Auburn Theological Seminary, Mountain Lflke Park, Maryland-July 31· Auburn, N. Y. Dr. H. L. Reed, Dirf'rtor. August 6. 8. Indiana Rural Pastors' School-July 15 to Mrs. F. I. Johnson, 150 Fifth Ave., New 27. Purdue University. Lafayette, In- York, N. Y. diana, Dr. O. F. Hall, Direetor. New Orleans.. IJDuis1ana-NovembrT 4-R 9. Summer School for Rural Pastors-.Tuly Mrs. J. R. Kendall, 1224 Octavia St.• New 15 to 27. Michigan Agricultural Col· Orleans, La. lege, East Lansing, Mich., ·Dr. Eben Mumford, Director. 'Northfield, Massachusetts (Eaat NorthfieZd)- 10. Estes Park Pastors' Fellowship SchoCl'l- .Tuly 5-12. July 15 to 31. Estes Park Association ~Irs. Frf'lon Eugene Bolster, Portchester, of the Y. M. C. A., Estes Park, Colo. New York. Dr. Warren H. Wilson. 156 Fifth Ave., New York City, Director. • Northfield, Ma8aachu8cfts-July 12-20. Mrs. Seabury ~rastick, Pleasantville. N. y, 11. Summer School for Town and Country Ministers-July 22 to August 8. Cor· Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.–Septembel' (Date nell University. Ithaca, N. Y., Prof. R. not yet deci<led.) A. Felton, Director. Mrs. C. O. Cole, 208 West 22d St., Okla- 12. Summer Rcbool for Rurnl Pastors-Rept. homa City, Okla, 2 to 13. B~ngor Thf'olo~ical Rpminary, Bangor, MaIlle, Dr. W. J. Moulton, Di· St. Peter8Durg. Florida-February 2-7. 1no. rector. Miss B. Loulse Woodford, 980 23d AYe., St. Petersburg, Fla. 13. Summ('r School for 'Ministers and Church Workers (Coiorcdl-June 17 to 2~. ,ro::onthrf"n California ([,OB Angclc.~)-'!.Iay 20- Fisk University. Nashville, Tenn. Ad· dress "The Executive Secretary." 24. Mrs. C. E. Rif'lHlrds, 1211 :Magnolia Av('" Los Angeles, Calif.

lll'nrrcn. Ohio—Ortoher 15·16. Mrs. George Konold, 227 Scott St., Wnrrpn, Ohio.

CONFERENCES AND SCHOOLS OF W'Uson College, Chambersburg, Pcn.1l811li,anir, MISSIONS -June 27-July 4. AfflltRtf'd with Ff'npration of Woman's BoarilR MIss Murtha Hartman. 233 South 44th St., ~)f For{'i~n lfi~sinns and Couut'il of Wompll for Home Missions. Dates and Chairmen. West Philadelphia, Pa.

1 BaUinWI'f, 1IIal'yland-O('tobf'r 30-31. llTijlDtHz, J,(lke, eIn. d iana-.T IlI IIPn'.2!,2-2~0.. 1~~mwHn1 Mrs. Peter Ainslee, Ten tIills, Baltimnrf', Hnntel Md. J..trs. I~liu Bethesda, Ohio-.July 15-19. A ve., Oak Park, Il1. Miss 3tIary I. Scott, 310 r.romlinSOIl Ave., Moundsville. W. Va. 1 Affiliat~d with the }l"'('u('ration. 2 Foreign only. Affiliated ,vitlI FI:-'dpl'ation. 3 Home only. Conducted by the Council, "Affiliated with the Council. I> Home only. Affiliated with the Council.

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION

EDITED BY ELLA D. MACLAURIN, 419 Fourth Avenue, New York YOUTH AND FOREIGN MISSIONS* Christian world. Thanks to the rise of a social gospel, the truth has dawned By STANLEY HIGH, New York of the paganisms in our own civiliza- tion. The argument that results from Editor of the Christian Herald these two facts runs about like this: For the first time in its history The non-Christian world is not much foreign missions has ceased to be a worse off than we are. The non-Chrisyouth movement. The significance tian's facilities for making his world of this fact involves the vitality of better are almost as good as ours. Therethe entire missionary undertaking. fore, we will best serve others by leav- ing them alone to mend their ways, When I was in college, a short de- while we get busy to mend ours. cade ago, it was customary to measure the depth of a student's faith in terms Thus, here at home foreign missions of his willingness to go to the foreign has ceased to be a youth movement. mission field. That was a conventional standard of consecration appraisal. But this fact is not only apparent And almost every Christian student, at home. It is equally apparent abroad. at some time or other, faced that call. The youthful missionary is put in his It was inescapable. Christian youth proper place. That place, very often, thought in foreign missions terms. is one where, in matters of funda- mental importance, he is asked not to Such a situation does not prevail cooperate but to keep quiet. Young today. Foreign missions is no longer men who, like William Carey, rise up the great adventure on the horizons with an inspired idea are told, as of Christian young people. That is William Carey was told, "sit down not, I believe, because youth are less young man." ….. . adventurous or less Christian. For world peace and better race relation- A good many young folks, for exships they stand ready-in significant ample, observed what happened last numbers-to speak out and to act sac- year in China. The amazing thing rificially. But foreign missions, as to them was not that the missionaries youth sees the enterprise, has lost its were withdrawn, but that, when the hold upon their aspirations. time for return came, the oldest mis- sionaries were hurried back to salvage According to the report of a Y. M. the status quo and the younger mis- C. A. Secretary in one of the most sionaries-many of them-were adpopulous states in the Union, the un- vised to settle here. dergraduates of this state in 1921 gave nearly $300,000 to foreign mis- Doubtless, these young missionaries sion enterprises. During the academic who were left high and dry recognized year 1927-1928 they gave $30,000. the arguments of experience and sen- The reports of the Student Volunteer iority back of such a policy. But Movement indicate that there is a they knew also that the new order of marked decline in the number of stu- things in China was a youth-led order. dents who volunteer for foreign serv- They knew that every significant naice. Not only are numbers lacking, tionalist movement from Capetown to quality also if; lacking. Shanghai was a youth-led movement. They realized that the greatest prob- The conviction has grown up that lem confronting Christianity was and there's not much wrong with the is that of adjusting its organization world anyway – especially the non- to the new day that these young peo- pie have ushered in. They were curi- "'li:s1~n:dg~~~~r~~~~~rt~2'l!~ the Detroit Foreign 393

ous to inquire, therefore, whether that Youth doesn't know much. Thank adjustment could not more surely have God. It's a fine thing that there are been guaranteed had youth had a some who can set a goal for themselves larger leadership in the missionary and have no better sense-no more enterprise. Because youth is at the facts and experience-than to believe business of remaking the nations to- they can reach it. There is, for exday the missionary enterprise dare ample, the question of a united Protnot cease to be a youth movement. estantism on the mission field. The The God that will be served in to- facts and experience are against it. morrow's world will be of youth's Youth, unencumbered with either, bechoosing. To Christian youth there lieves that it can be accomplished. must be entrusted a larger share of There is the question of inter-racial the responsibility to present the claims relationships-in the homes of the of the God that Christ revealed. missionaries let us say. Facts and experience are against too many ges- Now, it needs to be pointed out that tures of equality. Youth spared the foreign missions, from the outset, has knowledge of all that has happened found its most vital expression before, believes that equality can be through the leadership of youth. That, attempted. There is the question of to me, is one of the most striking the gunboats. Facts and experience facts about the whole enterprise. The are against any drastic dissociation story of William Carey is duplicated from these expressions of western imat every stage of missionary progress. perialism. Youth, knowing no better, At Williamstown five young men be- believe that they can be dispensed gan our foreign missionary enterprise with, to the glory of God and the in North America. They had no facts progress of Christ's Gospel. The misand no experience. They were sionary enterprise needs youth because equipped only with the enthusiasm of youth can dare to refuse to be bound, youth and with the fiaming message unchangeably, to the past and can beof Jesus burning in their hearts. And lieve unreservedly in the future. all the doubts and hesitancies of vested ecclesiasticism couldn't stop them. If the missionary enterprise needs youth, how can youth be re-enlisted? Now, youth is still required for the I have no panacea-only several sugrevitalizing of foreign missions. This gestions. is true, in part, because of the kind of a world to which the missionary In the first place they might be goes out to work. It is a world of gathered in greater numbers in conflux. Men and women, particularly ferences. You have been depressed young men and young women, are about the reactions of young people groping. They are not sure how they toward the enterprise. Well, it seems wish to make the future. They are logical that youth might have someonly sure that it must be vastly dif- thing to say on the subject. Why ferent from the past. Old economic not try them. standards, old social systems, old religious beliefs are being thrown into If youth is to be reenlisted we need the crucible. Those who speak for to demonstrate, all over again, that Christianity in such a laboratory must foreign missions is a prophetic movebe prepared to submit their faith to ment. I mean by that, prophetic in the same process; must be willing to terms of today's problems as in the see old forms and old structures torn past it was prophetic for the past's apart; must be ready to stand by the problems. The striking fact about vital elements of Christianity without foreign missions in the past is that too much concern for the forms that it was courageous and outspoken, are found to express it. And for that prophetic if you please, in terms of service youth has peculiar qualifica- the current world. Youth likes to be tions. ahead of the times and associated with movements that are. Just now there

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN

is a wide-spread question as to wheth- tate. We need to reexamine the roots er missions are ahead of the times. of our faith; and the fruits of our own experience and to stand forth, There are three fields in which it as other generations stood forth, nevoccurs to me the missionary movement er doubting that there is no other might raise the voice of prophecy. name given under heaven whereby men are being saved. Once we are 1. In regard to church unity. Youth sure ourselves our certainty will comhas scant reverence for the contem- municate itself to these young people. porary significance of denominationalism. This is particularly the case Finally, youth may be rewon when in regard to the foreign field. And we see to it that this indispensable it is not an adequate answer to read Gospel has a more adequate chance the long and cumbersome roll of the here at home. The world today lives various cooperating agencies. Youth in embarrassingly close quarters. wouldn't understand them. Who does? Everyone knows a lot about everybody We will begin again to win the heart else. The result is often disconcerting. of youth when we make it plain that It is no longer possible for white church unity is a major purpose of Christians to profess things on the our program of world evangelism; highways of the world that they do that denominationally we are prepared not practice back home. Folks know to decrease in order that Christianity the gulf that very often yawns bemay increase. tween the things we publicly profess and those that we privately practice. 2. Prophecy is needed in the realm of social relationships. The question A Christian community, outspoken young people raise relative to missions on the war issue, is doing a missionis not how many have been baptized, ary job. The proper Christian influbut how many baptized individuals ence in our industrial situations at have been made to live and to act home is as good missionary work as like Christians. a year of intensive evangelism on the field. Young people must be convinced 3. Prophecy is needed in the realm that we are not advocating for the of international contacts. I believe world a Gospel that we are afraid to that the missionary enterprise repre- attempt in the United States. Youth sents the one uniformly unselfish con- will be reenlisted when they are certact between white and non-white peo- tain that our fight is against heathples. Take away the missionary and enism-wherever it shows itself; that you remove the only real evidence we are out to destroy unrighteousness available to the non-white world to in- and that we recognize no national or dicate that Christianity has not sold racial lines for our consecration to out to Mammonism. But this fact that task. needs translation into policies that cut all connections with imperialism. I believe that foreign missions must rewin youth and that youth can be In these three particulars there is rewon. The enterprise, if its vitality ample room for forerunning; there is to be restored, must be restored is ample field for prophetic-if em- with the spirit of youth; there must barrassing – pronouncements; there be injected into our purposes the fire is an opportunity to reenlist young of prophecy; into our hearts a new people. experience of the certainty of our faith; and into our program a com- In the second place, to rewin youth prehensiveness that knows only the we need to offer new proof that the distinctions between righteousness foreign missions Gospel is still indis- and unrighteousness and between men pensable to the world's salvation. and societies that are pagan and men and societies in which the spirit of As Christians we are too easily Christ has found supremacy. stampeded from the bulwarks of our faith. The young people of today hesitate about accepting our claims for our faith because they see us hesi-

AMERICA tunity to attend religious

The Methodist and Presbyterian Foreign-Language Seriptures churches formed a federation under the name of the Eldorado County Fed- T HE American Bible Society is co- erated Church. Although the work is operating with the Bureau of Ref- organized as one parish with one proerence for Migrating People of the gram of activities there are two pas- Home Missions Council and Council of tors, one a Methodist and the other a Women for Home Missions in provid- Presbyterian. A recent report indiing for the distribution of diglot for- cates that six places outside of Placereign language scriptures to foreign- ville are now regularly served with speaking newcomers. This will serve occasional services in other communithe minister, or church worker who ties. The people have responded to has received the name of an immi- this type of program with increased grant foreign-speaking family from financial support.. the Bureau of Reference for Migrating People, as a spiritual introduction. Pioneer Hardships Today Diglot scriptures are in two languages, English and a foreign language, both "ADISTRICT Superintendent in appearing on one page. For instance, Central Tennessee does not drift diglot "Fatti Degli Apostoli" is the "Acts of the Apostles" in Italian and toward heaven on palatial airships," English, the right-hand column of the writes the Rev. E. M. Nunally, Dispage giving the English, and the left- trict Superintendent of the Baxter hand column the Italian, verse for District, Central Tennessee Conferverse. ence. Last Thanksgiving he started out through the mud and drove thir- The gift of a diglot copy of the teen miles until he could go no further scriptures which can be read in the on account of a muddy hill. He and newcomers' own language may serve the local pastor left the car and to reawaken interest in the Book of walked to the bank of Cainey Fork books, help them to connect with a River. He says: "We found no boat church in the new home, exert an in- or canoe. We had no road. Had' to fluence for good, and acquaint them walk through muddy cornfields, climb with the English language. back on the hill and descend over a rocky cliff and wade through mud The Bible Society has supplied the caused by a recent tide until we came Bureau with special request blanks at last to the river bank where we for the use of ministers to whom the were carried across in a canoe. Then name of a foreign-speaking family is we had to walk nearly two miles to the sent. This enables the minister to for- church through mud. The business ward a request for a particular diglot, session of the first Quarterly Conferdirect to the branch agency of the ence fixed the pastor's salary at $350. American Bible Society nearest him. They had paid the pastor this quarter The Result of a Survey DOR seventy-four years Methodists $13. However, we visited two old widows, enjoyed a good dinner (no .£' and Presbyterians worked side by turkey), visited a home where a baby was sick, but where a four-year-old side in Placerville, California. A sur- girl ran to us and threw her arms vey of the county showed that about half of the people in it had no oppor- 396

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

around our necks. We also visited an- our old missionaries say (a man who other family whose little girl had lacked only one of having enough headed off in the muddy road to invite scalps to make him a chief when the us to her home. We held a prayer Spirit of the Lord laid hold upon service in one home. After all we him) : felt that we had enjoyed a good Thanksgiving." You know when we used to fight our enemies, we neither ate, slept nor rested Education for the Negro till we conquered them. Can't we do as much now for our Lord?" COLLEGES for Negroes in the U. S. have more than doubled in The Gospeb In Navajo number, and enrollment has increased six times in the past ten years. In T HE Rev. Fred G. Mitchell, of the spite of this gain, there is urgent need Presbyterian Mission in Ganado, of more and better education. For ex- Arizona, preached the first fourteen ample, there is but one Negro physi- years of his ministry to the Navajos cian to each 3,343 of Negro popula- without a single convert. He now betion in America. Negro theological lieves that within five years the whole seminaries are turning out annually tribe can be reached with the Gospel, less than ten graduates to fill 19,000 and the apparently quickening intervacant pulpits. It is encouraging that est of these Indian shepherds wherethe Negroes themselves are striving ever the native evangelists and to better this situation, having estab- community workers go support Mr. lished sixteen colleges and univer- Mitchell's belief. His twenty or more sities, which they own, manage and in years on the reservation and a coma large measure finance. plete knowledge of the language pe- culiarly fit him for the task for which Nez Perces Missionaries he has asked a year's leave of absence to devote himself more exclusively to THE United Presbyterian Church, the building up of evangelistic outsta- in its mission in Idaho, has for tions and to the translating of Gospels forty years been training Indians of and gospel hymns. Mr. Mitchell is the Nez Perces tribe for Christian a pioneer in this latter work, and one service. Miss M. M. Crawford writes of the committee of four which has of their work: "The Nez Perces are already reduced the Navajo language greatly concerned for the salvation of to a writing and translated in whole their red brethren. They have gone or in part twelve books of the Bible.- from tribe to tribe in parties, paying Presbyterian Magazine. their own expenses and sometimes traveling as much as 800 miles each The MOrDlons Today way, to reach others with the Gospel of Jesus Christ. For ten years they T HE United States Bureau of the have been reaching an average of six Census in its recent report of "The tribes each year. Our Nez Perces Latter Day Saints" in America states gladly help missionaries of any evan- that this sect, founded by Joseph gelical faith, and missionaries among Smith in 1830 at Fayette, Seneca many tribes are calling for them. The County, New York, has now 1,867 Indian can reach his own people as no churches with 606,561 members. Of one else can. He knows the Indian this number 592 churches and 64,367 background, the temptations of the are members of the "Reorganized Indian heart. He knows, too, how to Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day condemn the old sins; and you may Saints." One-fifth of the members be very sure the Nez Perces are not are under thirteen years of age. The afraid to strike at any sin of their old expenditures of both branches of the heathenism …. I once heard one of church in 1926 amounted to $3,095,- 895 and the pupils in Sunday-schools numbered 209,593.

The growth of these churches from gation have stopped in to speak to 1906 to 1916 showed an 80% increase him whenever there was the chance but from 1916 to 1926 it was .only and in this way he has felt as one of 20%. The annual expenditures, how- us.

ever, between 1916 and 1926 increased "Jim had been in the community for from $949,104 to $3,095,895 or over a number of years and none of the two hundred per cent I Of the income Christian bodies had ever thought of reported $463,749, or about one-fifth, him in spite of the fact that they were was for missions and benevolences. all doing work in China. It quite The Mormons of the larger Utah startled them when he was confirmed 1"

branch report churches in forty-five states, the largest number of. organi- LATIN AMERICA zations being: Utah (544), Idaho Two Black Republics (270), Arizona (58), California (48) and Wyoming (45). Foreign mission- THE island of Haiti, where Chrisary work is conducted by them in topher Columbus landed on one of Great Britain and Ireland, all the his voyages to America, contains two countries of Northern Europe, Tur- distinct republics: the Republic of key, South Africa, Mexico,. South Haiti, known as the "Black Republic," America, Australia, New Zealand and and the Dominican Republic, occupythe Island,! of the Pacific. They re- ing the eastern end of the island. Beport 1,045 missionaries with 6,735 na- cause of a difference in complexion tive helpers, 469 mission churches and there is considerable race feeling be- 53,089 communicants. tween the two countries on the island and, owing to the fact that communi- Foreign Missions at Home cation between them has not been JIM LUM is "just the ordinary good, there has not been a large inter- Chinaman who has a laundry in so change of population. Now roads are many places," an Episcopal rector being built, and the demand for labor writes. "He did my laundry and I in the Dominican Republic is bringing was struck by the thought that we large numbers of Negro Haitians to spend so much money in trying to that country. Among these Haitians help the Chinese in his own country there is a widespread Protestant moveand do not bother about him at all ment and hundreds of these Protestant when he is at our very doors, often- or potentially Protestant people are times very lonely and isolated. now in the Dominican Republic, and they are beginning to call upon mis- "Jim could speak little English, but sionaries there for help. The strong could understand it better than he race prejudice between the two peocould talk it, so I would stop and talk ples makes it impossible to take the to him. He had a good moral reputa- Haitians into the Dominican halls, and tion and was easily interested in com- so missionaries face the dilemma of ing to the services which he learned refusing to minister to these Haitians to enjoy and appreciate. I approached now living in Dominican territory, or him on the subject of his uniting him- of attempting a task altogether too self with the church and tried to make large for their present resources.- clear to him what it would all mean. World Neighbors.

"He was the first Chinese who had been presented for confirmation. This was about two years ago and Jim has Bibles in Mexico B been one of our most faithful com- IBLE Institutes are becoming an integral part of Mexican church municants ever since. He has con- tributed regularly each year more activity, and are of real value to col- than he promised, to both sides of the porteurs who gather annually for duplex envelope, and is always anxious study and prayer. The American Bi- to give. The members of the congre- ble Society in Mexico, established fifty

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

years ago, has had a memorable year, Sunday-schools, in literary output, in having distributed 47,507 copies, and evangelistic work among the aborig- 1,652,850 volumes in its fifty years' inal Indians, in theological education, history. The appointment of a Mexi- in movements of social reform and in can as agency secretary is a forecast other ways the Committee on Cooperaof the day when all this work will be tion has been able to promote construcin the hands of Mexicans themselves. tive work. There is also cooperative work with the Church in other lands. A New Indian Mission Today, school children of Brazil cor- respond with school children in Portu- T HE Indian Mission Committee of guese Africa and Japan. A letter America was formed in 1921 for from the Transvaal missions anthe purpose of taking the Gospel to nounces the liberation of an exiled bethe neglected Indians of Latin Ameri- liever in India, a case in which our ca speaking only their own language intervention had been asked. It was or dialect. Dr. Thomas C. Moffett was this committee that made it possible Chairman and Mr. Dinwiddie, General to intervene with the authorities in Secretary. Last Spring Dr. Moffett Japan in favor of liberty of conscience resigned from the Indian work, of of their emigrants to Brazil. which he had had charge for about twenty-one years, under the Presby- The Earthquake and the Gospel terian Board of National Missions and as a result the Executive Committee T HE earthquake did not touch us, was called together and the Indian Mis- but it did touch the conscience of sion of America was organized with some who were badly scared-es- Mr. W. B. Coleman as Chairman, Dr. pecially one old sinner in Concepcion, Moffett, Secretary, Mr. Legters, Field who has been attending our Gospel Secretary, and Mr. Harvey Borton as hall. He immediately married the Treasurer. Dr. Moffett is now on an poor dear soul with whom he has been extended trip to Central America in Jiving for years-a thing I have not order to have first-hand information been able to persuade him to do herethat he may be better able to present tofore. But the earthquake did! We the needs in the United States. The have small shocks here every two Lord has already raised up a Maya weeks or so!. ….. Indian, fully equipped with college and seminary training, who is ready to go In all her history I do not think the among his own people. His support officia~ doors in Chile have ever been has been supplied, and Mr. Legters so open to the Gospel as now. For is leaving on the 24th to make the instance, the other day the governfinal arrangements for starting this ment granted me written permission new work among the Mayas, of whom to preach the Gospel in every jail and there are 227,000.-Report of the penitentiary in the country. One of Pioneer Mission Agency. the secretaries of the Department of Justice, and later the chief of the Revival in Brazil Prison Department, in granting the permiso, said that we are doing just AREVIVAL of interest in religion what they want to have done! To has been noted in Brazil in recent have tbem express such sentiments in years and both Roman Catholic and an official position in a Roman Cath- Protestant churches are attended by olic country is a bit surprising. increasing numbers. The Protestant churches realize that the time calls We have just finished in Concepcion for cooperation among the various de- a fine Bible campaign in the big exnominations if advantage is to be posicion in Concepcion. Last year, we taken of the opportunity for construc- saw the opportunity at a similar fair tive work. and promised the Lord, if He would give us the chance, we would put a In religious education through the stall of His Word in the next big

exposition. Therefore, when the no- sionary interest by an effort to expand tices began to appear about the ex- the interest of other Christians in posicion rtacional, I wrote to a good mISSIOns. A group of students, se- friend in Santiago, and he telegraphed lected for the campaign, made careful that he would come and help. I im- preparation under competent leader- mediately took a stall contract and ship and then went forth in small then the fun began! Help came to us groups to preach in the churches, and from all parts-Valparaiso, Santiago, to deliver addresses in schools and to and Argentine. Tracts, Gospels, Bi- other gatherings.-The Indian Wit- bles and various exhibits began to ness.

pour and we sold or gave out over 50,000 tracts and Scripture portions. The United C,hurch in Scotland Among the sales were Hebrew, Arabic, ,tFTER long negotiation the Church Yiddish, German, English and Arau- f t of Scotland, (Presbyterian) and cano (the main Indian tribe here) the United Free Church, are coming besides those in the principle language, together. The negotiations for union Castellano. Many of the highest have been carried forward with paclasses were reached with the Gospel tience and careful consideration of messages at the open-air meetings in those who hesitated over the proposal to give up their historic identity. The front of the stall every night. One afternoon the admiral and the promise is that this union will be comandante of Chile's big battleship effected without any serious loss, but stepped up and held a few moments' a practically unanimous action in both conversation with us. Before they Churches. Legislation was secured left, they invited us to speak again through the British Parliament which at the fleets' winter quarters in Co- removed the old objections of the Free quimbo.-Wm. M. Strong, Concepcion. Church, and made it impossible for the State to interfere with the inter- EUROPE nal affairs of the Church.

Mlasionary Interest in Universities One small group in the United Free BRITISH Universities, notably Ox- Church voted against accepting the ford and Cambridge, appear to basis of union, and at the meeting of be experiencing a distinct revival in the General Assembly last May threat- the missionary interests of their stu- ened to carryon as a "Continuing dents. The postwar pessimistic reac- United Free Church." Later reports, tion against idealistic activities has however, show that the large majority seemingly subsided and is about to be of this small minority will be satisfied succeeded by a reassertion of faith in, to have their protest recorded and will and devotion to, organized movements not become parties to another ecclesi- for the glory of God and the service astical "split."

of mankind. The meetings of the two General Groups of students meet to pray Assemblies this year will be events for the advancement of the Church of tremendous interest. It will be the throughout the world and particularly last time these two bodies will sit as in regions where special difficulties separate and more or less rival or- are being encountered. ganizations on opposite sides of High A group of Oxford students spent Street, Edinburgh. Already American their long vacation in missionary work Churches are designating special dele- in South Africa. We read of a mis- gates to these meetings when the af- sionary campaign in five Deaneries in fairs of the Church of Scotland and England in which students from Ox- the United Free Church, as separate ford, Cambridge, King's College, Lon- ecclesiastical bodies, will be closed up.

don and the C. M. S. Woman's In October or November a special Training College, participated. These meeting will consummate the union.

students sought to exercise their mis- There will remain a few small bodies

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

of the Presbyterian order which will Union is representative of five be independent of this national Pres- Churches and includes both home and byterian Church, such as the "Wee foreign missions (in the East and Frees." This union should give Scot- West Indies), medical missions and land a great Church, which will be missions to Jews. The total member- able to multiply its activities. ship of the affiliated groups is over four hundred and fifty. A scheme for Polish Reformation a Home Preparation Union has been T HE ProteBtantiBche RundBchau de- adopted and applications have already scribes a new reformation among been received from candidates for the Poles. The National Church in Bible study. The organizing secre- Poland has now fifteen parishes and tary is Miss A. E. Adriani, formerly a hundred thousand adherents. a missionary in Java. Miss Adriani recognized the need for organizing the The first synod of the church was many isolated groups and circles of held in Warsaw last June, there being women in Holland who were interested two hundred and fifty present, among in and working for missions and this them two bishops and three laymen unified group will u n d 0 u b ted I y from America. Plans were made for strengthen the women's side of misthe establishment of a theological sionary work in the Netherlands by seminary and the statement was issued making known the need for women that the National Church of Poland to fill posts on the field, by encouragwished to live on good terms with all ing offers of service and directing Christians who based their teaching courses of preparation. In America on the Gospel. All members of the and in Great Britain similar organizachurch are equal, the women having tions of women have been a prelude church franchise. to the full cooperation of men and women in missionary organizations. If the two Polish Reformed Catholic churches unite it will mean an im- portant secession from Rome, for the Communism in Norwa.y Mariavites number 100,000 with 4 I N THE labor parade last year in bishops, 30 priests, 500 sisters, and Stockholm a twelve-year-old boy 200 lay-brothers. They possess 68 carried a banner on which was inparishes, 7 convents, 80 parish schools, scribed, with a picture of a Bible 12 orphanages, and 60 workshops for burning, the words, "Away with Christ children, an old people's home in every from the schools." The Vice-Chairparish, and a great number of agri- man of the labor party in Norway, cultural and industrial enterprises Professor Edward Bull, has recently which support the clergy, the sisters, said: "We of the workers' party will the charities, and schools. The clergy fight dogmatic beliefs both in church have no fixed salaries. The institu- and state; also the Christian teaching tional- developments of this reformed of non-resistance and humility and its Catholic church are evidence of its bondage to the letter. We will secularvitality. In renouncing Rome they ize the schools, the hospitals and care also have renounced spirits and tobac- of the sick, burials, marriages, and the co. They are evangelical, but with registration of births. Weare the ircertain erratic interpretations.-Sun- reconcilable enemies of the dominant day School Times. Lutheranism as of all the other stupe- fying sects. Our church policy is one Holland Women Unite of attack."

ON JANUARY 18TH, delegates At the last general congress of the from thirty different Protestant Lutheran Church held in Hamburg, missionary circles united to form the Dr. Schabert of Riga spoke of the Vrouwen – Zendingsbund (Women's ecclesia crucis ("called-out ones of the Missionary Union) of Holland. The cross"). He has been twice impris- 6

oned by the Bolshevists, once banished manpower out of the villages. Old to Siberia, once sentenced to death, tribal relations are breaking down. escaping as by miracle before execu- Thirty thousand Negroes now live in tion. The Baltic Christians were the native quarter of Leopoldville. crowded into cells in which one could They come from all parts of the Connot stand upright. The coarse and go and are subject to the fierce temptyrannical conduct of the guards, tations and powerful influences of the weighed like one of the Alps on Chris- city. tian prisoners. Those who were sent to execution had to dig their own French, as a common language, is graves on cold win t e r nights. being pushed by the government. A Churches were defiled. Yet in spite course of study for the schools, inof all, the spirit of love exhibited it- cluding French, is proposed and beself. People shared with each other fore many years may be required of and with the prisoners. Among the mission schools. A restlessness, a thousands executed were thirty-six yearning to see other places, a shift- Lutheran pastors. – ERNEST GORDON, ing of population, a desire for instrucin The S. S. Times. tion, is manifested everywhere.

AFRICA A great colonial empire has come into being in the Congo. The same Contra.ts in Africa challenge is found also in other states -Cameroons, Liberia. DR. AR'FHUR C. BALDWIN gives this picture of the Africa of to- The Protestant missionary forces day: must get together and comprehend the challenge. Rome sees it. Three thou- The changing order in Central Af- sand white-robed priests, Jesuits, Rerica presents a challenge to Protes- demptors, etc., are working without tant Christianity. scruple to overcome Protestant influ- ences and possess the land.-Missions. The old Africa, land of mystery and isolation, has passed. Civilized imple- God Is Able, We Are Able ments have opened the interior. Commerce is threading its rivers and THE Sudan Interior Mission, with forests. Where Stanley took 999 days which is united the Abyssinian to come down the river Congo, travel- Frontiers Mission, has as its letterers today can go from the east to west head motto: coast in two weeks. Huge steamers carrying 1,000 passengers are on the God is Able river. Its vast tributaries are mapped 2 Cor. 9: 8 and visited by regular lines. We Are Well Able Num. 13: 30 The narrow-gauge railroad from Matadi to Leopoldville is being rebuilt Not to mention the associated mison a better roadbed with a broader sion which has been noted in previous gauge. The traffic of all Congo pours issues, we emphasize here the work down through this neck of the bottle. of the older mission, now in its twen- Automobiles are seen by the hundreds ty-seventh year, which has received up the river. A highway for auto most of its support and force from trucks now connects Thysville and Canada. Its December circular letter Elisabethville, 2,000 miles away, to gives good reason for thankfulness. the great copper mines. For three years in succession it has made nearly a twenty-five per cent in- Infant industries, cotton mills, etc., crease annually in the missionary are springing up. In Leopoldville a force. Three new stations have been cotton mill is now being erected, and established in the French Sudan and it is reported that 500 Belgian girls in Nigeria. And the union with the will be brought down to work in it. Abyssinian Frontiers Mission is an- The demand for labor is drawing the other cause of encouragement and thanksgiving. But when one reads of

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

their own task, the need of enabling Keeping her in the dark, he first tried is manifest. The Moslem provinces to scare her into obedience to her facing them in Northern Nigeria have mother by his gruesome conjuring, in- five million people unreached except cantations and magic, calculated to very slightly. The great areas west- raise the hair of a warrior. Not sucward from its two stations in the ceeding, he scourged her and then French Sudan, with large pagan tied her up by her feet to a branch tribes, are unentered still. These that the new religion might percolate needs above the normal one for ex- downward and flow out of her mouth. pansion in their older stations and the This also failing, he gave her an obreplacement of losses all call for an noxious medicine that almost killed able and energizing God. If the spirit her. of its present staff is continued in the nearly forty acceptable candidates who Then, giving the child up as incorhave offered themselves, and more rigible, her mother determined on a than half of whom are supposedly on last resort, kill-or-cure remedy. Drivtheir way, a bit of darkest Africa will ing her away from the school into the see the sunrise of a new life. forest she bound her little daughter to a tree with bark ropes stripped from New Center in the Congo a sapling, and left her there as food for lions. The dreaded black night ANEW station has been opened in enveloped the child in the dreary Af- the Congo, under the Southern rican forest. Darkness came on and Presbyterian Board. It is called Lu- the fearsome noises of the forest; but bondai, is 180 miles southeast of Luebo the angel of the Lord encamped about and 20 miles from a station of the her, for when a Christian found her Ba-Congo Katanga Railway, recently the next morning, he saw lion tracks completed. A splendid motor highway within six feet of her. She had seen connects the mission with the railroad. their glaring eyes as moving balls of It is also on the air mail route from fire, but remembered what she had Luebo to Elisabethville. The mission learned in school, that God had made boasts a large number of adobe build- the lions and her too, and so fear left ings, dispensary, chapel, classrooms her; she felt so sure God would not and residences, but as yet only one let them eat her up. permanent structure, the Pattie M. Sleeper Memorial Church. Ice in Africa Within the short history of the sta- I T IS said that Africa is a continent tion forty young men have decided to of contrasts. Nowhere is this enter the Gospel ministry, twelve of manifested better than in the making whom have sufficient training to enter of ice practically on the Equator. The the Morrison Bible School of Mutoto. ice machine at Central Hospital at Elat, West Africa, has been a source "X.ions and the Lion-Hearted" of amazement to the natives, to whom this is the queerest of all the white FROM the Luanza Mission, Belgian man's medicines. To the sick it has Congo, comes this tale of a believ- been a source of comfort and healing. ing African girl, about nine or ten From the wife of a government official years of age. This daughter of a heath- to several of our own missionaries, ice en mother, had become acquainted with has brought relief when other the missionaries and longed to attend agencies failed. Buried in saw-dust, their girls' school; but her mother it was even taken to another station, forbade her doing so, lest the native fifty miles away, for use in a case of teacher's religion should exert its un- severe illness. When not needed for canny power to change lives. So the therapeutic purposes, ice has given mother turned her over to the witch missionaries an unexpected taste of doctor, "to put fear upon her," which home. On Saturday afternoons the he proceeded to do in this fashion.

missionary children at their school change makes it much easier for new home scramble for the privilege of missionaries to learn the language. "lickin' the dasher." It is fun to see It is also far easier for Turkish chilthe look of bewildered astonishment dren to learn. There is some grumon the black cook's face as he is first bling about the compulsory change, initiated into the mysterious rite of mainly on religious grounds, since, by making ice-cream. "Just like a white forbidding the teaching of the Arabic man," he thinks, "to waste good salt characters, the coming generation will by letting it melt away"-and hastens be prevented from reading the Koran. to catch the icy salt water, which he The Government, while frankly nonboils down patiently until he is re- religious, does not seem to be planning warded by the salt crystalized in the its measures against the Koran, but bottom of the pan. The soiled color this measure is one of the many to of it bothers him not at all as he takes bring Turkey up with Europe. The it to his smiling wife who carefully Government does not care what may preserves it to use in her cooking. be the effect on the religious life of "There is then," thinks she, "some- the people." thing gained from the mad whims of the white people."-The Drum CatL Mount of Olives Bible School WESTERN ASIA T HANKS to a devoted Christian woman of wealth, a site for a Bible In Saint John's Isle study center for the use of Bible students and church workers of all T HE Isle of Patmos, off the coast denominations and nationalities, has of Asia Minor, supports 250 been secured on the Mount of Olives churches. A visitor, whether he be facing Jerusalem. The land has been Jew or Greek, Catholic, Protestant or given to the Travel Institute of Bible agnostic, is received with cordiality Research and is the first plot to be at the monastery. For three days he owned there by a Protestant Organizamay remain and pay nothing for food tion. It is near the traditional site of nor the use of the library, the most Christ's weeping over Jerusalem, interesting feature of the place. A above the Garden of Gethsemane and rich collection of parchment manu- only a few minutes walk eastward scripts includes a fragment compris- from the Brook Kidron. The building the major part of St. Mark's Gos- ings will be erected and study bepel, and a seventh century Book of gun as soon as the funds are raised Job, written on vellum. for the purpose. As the land and the Book and the Man are so intimately Opportunities in Turkey related, it ought to be the most help- ful Bible School in the world, if its AMISSIONARY conference in regulations are dominated by the spir- Adana in January brought to- it of the late Conference upon the gether delegates from all mission sta- Mount of Olives.-Sunday School tions in Turkey. Rev. Charles T. Riggs Times. writes: "Opportunities for service seem to be increasing almost every- Pioneer Evangelism in Iraq where in spite of restrictions as to religious instruction to children under OF THE work of Rev. and Mrs. eighteen. There is a great eagerness Albert G. Edwards in Hillah, the to read, and a wide-open door for good new station of the United Mission in literature. The Bible societies are Mesopotamia, another member of that finding an increased demand for their mission says: "By courage, friendliproducts. But the greatest interest ness and steadfastness they have made now is in learning the newly-adopted their place in the community." Mr. alphabet, and thousands who never Edwards himself writes: "We have tried to learn Arabic are making good made almost daily visits in the bazaar, progress with the Latin letters. The

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in the coffee houses, in the various by a neck incision and the patient offices, or in the homes of the various was at last relieved.

ecclesiastics. In these visits about the city, a good many thousand tracts Oentral Asia'. Ohallenge T have been distributed, all of which HIS part of the world contains Afghanistan, Russian Turkestan, present, more or less fully, the gospel message. Sitting in the coffee houses, Chinese Turkestan, Tibet and Mon- we have often had the opportunity of golia. Centuries ago the Gospel was reading the Bible to quite attentive proclaimed in some of these fields, groups, and the literature we have mainly by Nestorians, but it did not given out is often read to other groups take permanent root. Dr. Kilgour of scattered about. In the last few weeks the British and Foreign Bible Society we have received a few more calls at rightly attributes this lack of per- our house than earlier in the year, manency to the fact that the mission- but we find that on the whole to reach aries did not take to these races the the Arabs in Hillah we have to go Scriptures in their own tongue. They out to where they congregate ….. . had a fine translation of the New Tes- There is a general interest and a wear- tament in Syriac and to the Tibetans ing down of fanaticism, but there has and even the Japanese they taught been aroused opposition in some quar- Syriac, but nothing was done for the ters, especially in Najaf, opposition native tongues. A secondary reason which has been expressed by the print- mentioned by him and by other schol- ing of very blasphemous books against arly resident missionaries is the fact us, our books, and our Saviour." that the Nestorians compromised and mingled Christian truths with Central Persian Aeroplane and Missions Asian mythologies or half truths, as DR. BLAIR of Teheran tells this one sees in the oldest of their monu- story, which is here abbreviated. ments still standing in Rsi-an Fu, A prominent citizen of Tabriz hap- Shensi. Yet of many of these mid- pened to swallow his false teeth while Asians what Mrs. Burroughs said is taking his soup. The partial plate true, that, as in Little Tibet which she followed the soup only to a point be- represents, there is far more concern low and behind the larynx and there about religion in Central Asia than remained fast. For two days he·was in Europe where the lives of the peo- able to swallow fluids but then the ple are dominated by the ever present inflammation prevented all eating and fear of demons and evil spirits. With drinking. All the Tabriz doctors tried the few beacon lights in a territory to relieve him, but lacking special in- about 3,000 miles in breadth there is struments were unable to afford re- abundant reason for the Central Asia lief. A brother in Teheran, who is Prayer Fellowship with its London a member of Parliament, consulted a headquarters.

prominent Persian specialist, and he urged that he be brought to Teheran INDIA AND SIAM at once. The brother chartered an A Oritical Year T aeroplane and sent for the sufferer,RIS is evidently going to be a crit- ical year in India. The movement the distance between the two cities over mountain ranges being 350 miles, for political independence is receiving which by ordinary conveyances would the support of the younger men. The have required fifteen days. The plane recent National Congress, however, de- left Tabriz about noon and was at cided by a majority of votes for Do- Teheran by sunset. The leading Per- millIOn Status in the meantime.

sian surgeon, and the English surgeon Mahatma Gandhi threw the weight of refused to risk operating. So he was his influence in the scale against the taken to the American missionary hos- impatient idealists. Dominion Status pital, where the plate was removed thus represents the largest measure

of agreement among the various be open all the week, and have morn- parties. But the demand for it is ing and evening prayer.

coupled with the provision that if in- 3. Islam is a religion of hospitality.

dependence is not granted before the Is Christianity? It is common to hear end of the year civil disobedience will the complaint, "When we were Mos- be resorted to. lems we could go to anybody's house The National Congress was notable for a cup of coffee, but now we are for other reasons. Pandit Motilal Christians we cannot."

Nehru, the President, made the ob- 4. Too great a lack of teaching aft- servation that "religion as practiced er baptism.

today is the greatest separatist force. 5. Christians ignore the Moslem It puts artificial barriers between man virtues, and emphasize their vices.

and man and prevents the development 6. Social difficulty of marriage.

of healthy and cooperative national 7. Temporal needs of the converts life." It is the Pandit's belief that often blind the missionary to their the purdah and other disabilities of spiritual needs, and favoritism in sup- women are a curse and should be plying temporal needs creates jeal- wiped out without delay. The Chair- ousy.

man of the Reception Committee said, Mortality and Morality in Bomba.y in his address: The man pow.er of India must be fully T HE popUlation of Bombay in 1928 developed and equipped with up-to-date was estimated to be over 1,300,000 ideals. The women must be free. The of whom 850,000 were Hindus, 200,000 thousand and one airtight compartments Moslems, 68,000 Christians, 52,000 of the social fabric should be knocked Parsees, 24,000 Jains and 8,000 Jews. down without mercy. What can we ex- Three-fourths of the population are pect from a people with a polygamous illiterate and sixty-six per cent of the habit? A people so pleasure-seeking, so people live in one room (as compared devoid of self-control, cannot show that with 6% in London); out of every self-abnegation which is so very neces- 1,000 births 828 children die in the sary in a soldier of liberty. There should first year! The low moral conditions therefore be a social revolution which are shown by the fact that there are must go hand in hand with political rev- over 1,000 brothels known to carryon olution. We do not believe in the pro- their- trade in the city, employing 20,- gressive realization of freedom. 000 prostitutes. From these brothels -The Record of the United Free Church of Scotland.

Why Converts Slip Back 134 children were rescued and over 500 boys and girls were found to be DR. s. M. ZWEMER, speaking at living lives of vice. A Rescue Home the 8th Annual Conference of the is conducted under the auspices of the Egypt Intermission Council, quoted Vigilance Association.-DnyanQdaya. some interesting statements from a meeting of converts from Islam, held Women's Moral Reforms at Lahore, India, during his recent T HE Eighteenth Biennial Convenvisit there. Reasons were given why tion of the Indian W. C. T. U. met converts were not more numerous and in Delhi last November under the why some slip back. Presidency of Miss M. J. Campbell, wearer of the rarely bestowed Kaisir- Briefly these reasons were as fol- i-Hind medal. Among the resolutions lows: passed by that body are the following: 1. Because the Church of India is Resolved that the National W. C. T. unsympathetic towards the Moslem U. of India, representing nine provinces convert who has lost his old friends and 7,000 members now in session in and is hungry for new friends. Delhi, express their hearty appreciation of the appeal for better laws restricting 2. Converts miss prayers and Zikrs the traffic in strong drink, and pledge in the church. Prayer is not prom- their full cooperation and support. inent enough. The churches should

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Realizing the terrible effects resulting Thus the Word of God was proclaimed from the use of opium (especially by mightily.

giving it to infants) and other narcotic Refo1'll111 for "Untouchables"

drugs, we urge our members to agitate T HE "depressed classes" of Bengal, numbering eleven millions, sent a against the use of the same; and we deputation to the Simon Commission. pledge ourselves as an organization to The deputation drew an appalling pic- ture of the conditions under which cooperate with any effort toward the 25 per cent of the popUlation in Ben- gal live. The "depressed classes" are suppression of the opium traffic. prohibited from taking water from the wells controlled by the District Regretting the evils resulting in low- Boards; they are compelled to sit shoeless at separate benches in the ered moral tone from the use of im- village schools, and are not even al- lowed to enter the public temples for proper pictures, we desire to cooperate worship. As their spokesmen pathet- . ically declared: "Even our gods are with those interested in their purifica- a depressed class, and untouchable."

tion. We urge a strict national censor- Sir John Simon pointed out that ship of all cinema films. the real task was not to reform the social conditions of the Hindus, but Resolved that we, as an organization, to consider the reconstruction of In- dia's Constitution. The retort came, pledge our cooperation with, and our sup- polite but emphatic: "Until we get port of, every action against prostitu- real direct representation on the Coun- cils our conditions cannot be imtion; and that we urge our members proved." to initiate programs and to carryon Pressed to submit definite proposals, personal and cooperative work to elimi- the deputation pleaded for a separate electorate, adult suffrage, and reprenate this evil, and also to procure moral sentation by their own people, who instruction in the schooI.-Indian Stand- are unwilling any longer to depend on ard, Delhi. . nomination by the Government, and are tired of the lip sympathy of other Sundar Singh, and Other Sadhu8 parties and classes, which evaporates whenever the time for practical action A DECADE ago Christians were comes. deeply moved by a truly holy man, Sadhu Sundar Singh, known in North- Head-hunters on the Burmese Frontern India as "the Apostle of the Bleeding Feet." A Hindu by birth, he tier believes that Christ called him to a life of self-sacrificing service. Today T HIS custom of savages is not conhe spends most of his time in the fined to Borneo, eastern Formosa lofty Himalaya mountains, bringing and other remote regions. The Octoto others the message of his Lord and ber issue of China's MiUions contains Master. Hindu Sadhus live in desert an article about work among Chrisplaces, eat simple food, and with long tians in southern Yiin-nan ,on the matted hair, they resemble somewhat Burman frontillr where head-hunters the Nazarites of Christ's day, as did abound. Gruesome as the details are, John the Baptist. The saintly life of the periodical prints them "to stimu- Sundar Singh has made a deep im- late prayer." The reason of the cuspression upon Hindus and Christians tom here is the needs of agriculture. alike. I''fhe heads when secured are hung up For these reasons some Christians have adopted a similar mode of life, some true followers of Sadhu Jesus and some as imperfect Christians, have adopted healing as did the Master. A village boy who had studied in the mission high school of the Lutherans in Guntur, believed that he was called of God to be such a sadhu, and crowds by the thousand came to hear him and to receive healing. Such huge meetings afforded e"ce)lent opportimities to preach the Gospel, and unable to IIleet sO great a demand he as~ed Lutheran teachers flnd pa!3t gr tJ to pr«;)/!!!h at sllCn met)ting~,

in a high bamboo frame, while direct- tion against the marriage of a girl of ly below in a space carefully protected fifteen to a widower of fifty-five. from intruding animals, a large pile of loose earth is placed. After the The whole town was thrown into in- blood and decaying matter has all tense excitement as young men of the dripped down, it is mixed carefully Jain Association picketed the bride- with the loose earth and each family groom's house to guard against viola- in the village or group of villages is tion of the court's order. given a handful to ensure good crops. The families under each headman The Youths' Association produced have to procure a head each spring at 150 affidavits to show the match was planting time, and the families have improper and stated that the girl was to take turns in supplying the heads. being forced into the marriage by her If he (the headman) cannot procure father against her consent and asked a head, the law is that one of his own that she be separated from her parents children has to be killed and sacrificed to prevent undue influence. Orthodox in the same way." The article says Hindus favored the marriage but the that they have never heard of one of youth of India react against it. . those who have become Christians los- ing his life in this way. Ps. xlvii 20 CHINA AND TIBET is quoted, ·"The dark places of the earth are full of the habitations of FaDline Vondit:lons in Vhina cruelty," as being illustrated by this custom. If the British authorities T HE Rev. F. J. Griffith, who is do- concerned would take over this "no ing relief work from Tatungfu, man's land," the district would fall has sent the following account of within the field allotted to our Amer- famine conditions in the province of ican Baptists. Shansi, North China, to The Mis- sion Field, giving a pitiful picture of Moslem,s and Hindus the suffering of the people of that province: MOSLEMS and Hindus in India seem incapable of living in har- In Saratsi yesterday six persons were mony. The Moslems are intense found dead on the street starved and monotheists; the Hindus are fanatical frozen to death. polytheists. At Bombay labor difficulties have arisen. Moslems were at- The poor people are now forced to eat tacked and retaliated. Fighting with food that is not usually given even to rifles, knives and stone-throwing has pigs. Weeds from the fields have been spread to the Moslem and Hindu used for several months, but with the quarters of the city. The police were frost this supply has stopped. unable to cope with the frenzied mob. Many were killed and wounded. Com- The outer husks of millet which had panies of English regiments quelled no use before are being eaten, also bean the rioting. The trouble indicates cake and bark of trees. what will happen to India if the British leave that country entirely to The villages have been largely evacu- itself.-W atchman-E xaminer. ated. Many women and girls have been sold into slavery.

It is estimated that more than 17,000 women and girls have passed through Yen Men Kuan, the main pass into cen- tral Shansi, since the autumn harvest.

In the train yesterday, I heard the re- mark that the only trade in this district at the present time is this "white slave traffic."

One dutiful son carried his mother 200 Ii on his back and was moving away farther south.

Youth and Child Marriage New Mission to the Hak-ka's ADISPATCH from Bombay, March A NEW mission to China has re- 14th, reports that the Association cently been organized, with headof Youth of the Jain Community at quarters at 75 West Street, New York Ahmadabad obtained from District City. It is a mission to evangelize Judge Davis, a European, an injuuc- the neglected Hak-ka people of south-

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east China. They are called "stran- said, "Now, girls, line up two by two, gers," having mig rat e d from and march out of this building singsouthwest China to the Provinces of ing 'Onward, Christian soldiers.''' Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Fukien, Kiang- They did it while the men stood dumbsi and Honan. They still remain founded. She said to the leader quietunique in character, customs and lan- ly "Confucius could never have helped guage, and are hardy, intellectual, us do that."-In Dnyanodaya. brave, highly civilized and receptive toward the Gospel. It is estimated Progress in China that there are over 15,000,000 of them almost wholly untouched by Christian TARIFF autonomy, so long and armissions. The Hak-ka Mission is be- dently Bought, came into oping promoted by an Executive Committee of which Dr. A. C. Gaebelein eration on January 1. How much this is chairman and Colonel G. N. Sanc- will mean practically only the future tuary is treasurer. The Chinese cen- can disclose, but its coming will mean ter of the w 0 r k is Shiuchow, to that extent, "equality and justice" Kwangtung. in international relationships.

The New Chinese Calendar January 1st was also the date set for the completion of the registration ONE of the reformations of the new of schools. There are signs that the government in China is the adop- Government is tending towards a more tion of the solar calendar instead of liberal attitude to religions as such the lunar calendar which has been but neither the government or. the used in China for thousands of years. educational authorities show any The government seems determined to tendency to give up the requirement force the acceptance of its will in this that attendance on religious services matter, and has refused to allow the and instruction in registered schools lunar calendar to be printed. If it is be voluntary. successful in this undertaking it will be an influence in undermining a great Opium addicts are, after March 1st, number of superstitious practices to be classified as criminals and treated based on the reckoning of the lunar accordingly. Facilities are to be procalendar. vided whereby they may break their bonds but after six months the "iron The Power of Christ hand of law will know no mercy" to opium addicts. The Nationalist Opium DR. J. H. RITSON, secretary of the Suppression Committee is made up of British and Foreign Bible Soci- one hundred representatives of variety repeats a remarkable story that ous organizations, and includes in its he heard from Chinese delegates at membership two leading Christian the Jerusalem Council meeting. The members of the National Anti-Opium incident was related by a Chinese Association, Mr. T. H. Li and Rev. lady, head of a girls' school. In the K. T. Chung. Through it the Nationfighting two or three hundred Bol- alist Government aims to throttle shevik troops, mad with lust, broke China's domestic narcotic menace. into the school-poured in like a river. The yearly consumption of opium in They came up to that lady, little, Peking alone is reported as valued at slight, absolutely helpless apparently, $44,000,000, or 30,000 Chinese ounces and they put a bayonet against her per day. breast, and threatened to pierce her. She said, "Wait a bit"; and she gath- Fortune tellers, who have been patered all the girls together, and with ronized by emperors and coolies alike these men standing around dumb- for centuries in China, must now find founded, she raised her hand and said some other occupation according to "Let us pray." She prayed; then she an order issued by the Nanking Gov- ernment. The order is extended to the entire country, but it is not clear whether the order applies also to as-

trologists, who are called upon to de- body is destined to play an important cide lucky days for all important cere- role in Chinese national life. monies, such as weddings and funerals. There are more than 2,200 Chinese young men and women studying in Christian Officiab in China eighty American colleges in fi'fteen states. More than one-fourth are ABOUT half the heads of depart- Christians. Seven hundred and twenftments in the new government of ty-one Chinese Christians are banded China, and one-fourth of the other together in the Chinese Student's officials of the Central administration Christian Association which after are Christians. These Christians hold nineteen years of steady growth, has regular meetings together for prayer now over thirty-five local units. In for the success of their great task of these associations the Christians meet reconstruction. They are subjecting for social fellowships, intellectual ex- Christian schools to no strictor regu- ercise and the cultivation of the spirlations than the schools of other itual life. The association carries on religions, and are showing general many lines of activities designed to friendliness to Christian missionaries, aid Chinese students in their often restoring to them, one by one, the difficult adjustments to American soproperties commandeered for military cial and college life. In addition it and government purposes during the aims to assist worthy but needy stumonths of struggle. Of course they dents who desire to devote their lives have "done things which they ought to Christian work in China.-Chinese not to have done," but they have Recorder. shown so many evidences of real unselfish patriotism and a desire for Rifles and Chaos in Tibet happy international relations, that we certainly should be able to forgive MODERN rifles, smuggled in from certain extreme expressions of that China, India and Russia, are patriotism-and some acerbities of at- helping to create chaos and confusion titude toward those who have seemed in Tibet. Not only does every little disposed to deny them the equality principality now have its army, but which they claim. every large monastery has one, too, and clashes are constantly occurring. The same thing is true, in many For example, the monastery of Kanze ways, of the attitude of the people with 3,000 Lamas, equipped with modgenerally. They are ashamed of the ern rifles, is being besieged by an excesses of recent years, and, thor- army from the principality of Drangu. oughly weary of military dictatorships, are earnestly desirous of peace The Panchen Lama, who, as temamong themselves and with other na- poral ruler of Tibet, ought to be maintions.-Courtney H. Fenn in Women taining order, is a fugitive in and Missions. Manchuria, while the spiritual author- ity of the Dalai Lama is being con- Welfare of Chinese Abroad stantly menaced by the appearance of rival incarnations of Buddha. T HE Welfare Association for Chi- nese Abroad was inaugurated in Why do Tibetans want Western Shanghai on November 11th to pro- rifles, but not the religion of Westmote and protect the interests of Chi- erners? Is it any more inconsistent nese abroad. Among its directors are with his religion for a Lama to use well-known Chinese who represent a rifle, than for a Christian? Contheir constituents in the United States, sidering the terrible burden which Canada, South America, India, Siam, western militarism has been to China, Singapore, Java, Australia and the how do you account for the fact that Philippines. Such a representative one of the earliest products of Prot- estant missions in China, Yung Wing, in his autobiography, boasts of thll

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fact that he introduced gatling guns except Holland, Belgium, and England, into China, and started the first mod- and these nations have overseas pos- ern arsenal? Is the Church doing sessions which afford some relief, anything adequate to undo the harm whereas Japan's overseas possessions, which Western munitions of war are Korea and Formosa, are already well doing in non-Christian lands ?-Mis- occupied, and her immigrants are re- sions. fused a welcome in lands ruled by the white races.

JAPAN AND KOREA To help solve this problem the north- A Japanese View of the Need ern island of Hokkaido is being de- T HE Executive Committee of the veloped. At present the population Board of Directors of the Kumiai of the island is not more than 2,300,- (Japan) Church states that foreign 000, but it may eventually reach 10,- missionaries are still needed in Japan. 000,000. The rapidity of development in some districts is amazing. (1) Because of the great task ahead. The task of the evangelization The C. M. S. started a mission in of Japan is one far beyond our power Hokkaido fifty-four years ago, to evanof accomplishment at present, in view gelize the aboriginal Ainu. Today it of the shortage of our forces. This is confronted with a far bigger task, shortage is emphasized by the duty that of establishing a church that will that devolves upon us of taking the bring the Christian message to new Gospel to great numbers of Koreans, towns and cities. Round each mis- Formosans and Manchurians who are sion station is a potential town or without our borders. village, some of which will become considerable centers of population in (2) For the sake of world prog- the future. The present aim should ress that will come through the open- be to plant the Christian Church in ing of the civilization of the Orient. each new settlement before the Budd- The urgent duty of the present lies hist temple or Shinto shrine is built in the direction of a thoroughgoing there. Christianization of Japanese culture, which is central to the culture of the Work with a Purpose Orient. T OYOHIKO KAGAWA began work (3) Because of the need of a me- eighteen years ago against the dium for continuing friendly relations slums of Japan. Tuberculosis, leprosy, between Japan and America. We be- trachoma and syphilis are the four lieve that the work of bringing about worst diseases under attack, and the peace on earth, no less than that of method has been by public addresses saving individuals, is one of the great and writing fiction about them. Some tasks imposed upon Christianity, and pamphlets containing extracts from that the missionary's opportunity in his novels were distributed in the this present instance is very great. House of Peers two years ago and Over-Population of Japan this led to the Government's appro- priating 20,000,000 yen for a ten year T HE Church Missionary Outlook program to destroy all slums in J a- says that there are few problems pan's large cities.

more urgent to the Japanese states- With the money derived from sales man than those of an evergrowing of his novels Mr. Kagawa gave 5,000 population and an already over-popu- yen to establish a night school for lated country. In 1926 the people of laborers; others have been organized Japan were a million more than the for peasants. He feels it of utmost previous year; in average years the importance that these schools be main- net increase has been from 700,000 to tained on Christian principles. Chris- 800,000. Japan has already more peo- tian Japanese and Americans of Cali- ple to the square mile than any nation fornia contribute $300 a month, and

in the East a group, called Kagawa meet in fifteen separate groups every Cooperators in America, is raising Sunday, except the first Sunday in the $5,000 to enable Kagawa to give half month when they unite in a meeting his time to the nation-wide evangel- for testimony and prayer. istic campaign, instead of raising money for his social and religious In the Union Christian College in centers by incessant writing of books Pyengyang the influence of the revival and articles. Mr. Galen M. Fisher of was felt. The evening meetings for the Institute of Social and Religious students from the various schools Research, is chairman of the Eastern were attended by about 1,000, many group of these cooperators and Mr. of whom became Christians. Others Harry E. Edmonds of International decided on life work for Christ. In House, New York, is treasurer. the midst of the strong impact of non- Christians, of infidelity and material- Ohristian Literature :for Korea ism, where multitudes are not inter- ested in any religion; in the face of T HE Christian Literature Society constantly increasing skepticism, of Korea is seeking to provide caused by reading the papers, magafor the publication and distribution zines and books published throughout of Christian literature in Korea, where the Far East, the students are standing there are now more than 300,000 Prot- firm with strong faith in a sovereign estant Christians, the great majority God and an all-sufficient Saviour and being resident in villages. This union Lord. publishing institution meets the needs of practically all the missions work- Mr. Lee of Shantung, China, one of ing in that land and provides Chris- the missionaries sent by the Korean tian material for Sunday-school General Assembly's Board of Foreign lessons, Bible institute studies, theo- Missions, tells how the Pyengyang relogical seminary textbooks, multitudes vival meetings stirred Chinese Chrisof tracts for the wayside distributor, tians to plan a revival campaign in and a weekly newspaper, The Chris- Shantung. "Chinese evangelists with tian Messenger. Korean authors and enthusiasm got Chinese Christians to translators are contributing to the give time to preaching in organized output of this society. bands. What wonderful grace of God! We preached in fifty-three vil- A Revival in Pyengyang, Korea lages, giving true witness about Jesus, the Saviour. We preached to 15,683 I AST October witnessed a real re- individuals personally, distributed 14,- L vival in North Korea. As a result 000 tracts and sold 4,400 gospels . . . . . We must bring China to Christ. The about 2,000 men and women decided revival has begun. Keep on praying." to accept Christ during the three weeks meetings. The Sunday-school Korean Ohri.tian Student Revival" enrollment increased and the churches made special efforts in caring for the SEVERAL students of Union Chrisnew converts. The Christians were tian College, Pyengyang, Korea stirred with a new zeal in saving (Chosen), during the Christmas vacasouls. tion answered calls to conduct revivals in a number of churches. After pray- On the last day of the revival meet- ing together, they discussed with ings, many young people not only reg- church officers how to make the most istered decisions for life service but successful attack in several large unsome two hundred, mostly students, evangelized communities. They debound themselves together in a league cided to divide into bands of two each. for daily Bible reading, prayer and It was zero weather, snow covered the leading others to Christ. They have ground but the warmth of Christ's grown in numbers until there are love in the hearts of these young colabout four hundred young people who

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

lege boys made them willing to go to enter these fields, the influence of Mothe limit of sacrifice in touching the hammedanism, which is spreading cold hearts of Christians and giving rapidly, will soon be such as to form life to the unevangelized in a difficult a most effective barrier to its progsection. ress. Mohammedanism is rapidly dis- placing paganism. This fact surely In three weeks of intensive efforts makes the evangelization of these over 3,000 were personally approached. fields all the more urgent. As Paul Meetings were held every evening at heard the pitiful cry of the man of which more than 400 decided for Macedonia, 'Come over and help us,' Christ. The Christians, having been so may we today hear the cry of the stirred, went out to preach to rela- perishing in Borneo and these islands." tives, neighbors and friends, and to -Report of the Pioneer Mission lead them to the meetings, thus being Agency. themselves greatly revived in leading others to Christ. Evangelist Kim, New Mission in the Philippines full of enthusiasm over what had been accomplished, writes: uNothing short DR. RAPHAEL C. THOMAS, for of a miracle. . . . .. These young men twenty-four years a medical miswere filled with the Holy Spirit ….. . sionary of the American Baptist For- These students brought new life, new eign Mission Society in the Philipstrength to fight the evils, a new vis- pines, has left that Board and, since ion of the Christ, a fresh hope for the March. 1928. has been evangelizing future." the 20,000 students in Manila. He has organized the first Baptist church in ISLANDS OF THE SEA that city, backed by a small group of Baptists who wish to try the simple Unevangelized Millions apostolic method of evangelism. Mrs. Henry W. Peabody of Beverly, Mass., REV. R. A. JAFFRAY, of the Chris- is the chairman of the committee in tian and Missionary Alliance, re- America. and Miss Traver, a graduate cently made a trip of exploration in of the Biblical Seminary, New York, the unreached parts of the South Sea is secretary. Dr. Thomas will con- Islands. We quote from his report: tinue to supervise the work of the new Doane Hall in Iloilo, a great student "Wherever I went, I asked in Eng- center. Patricio Confessor, a gradlish and Chinese, 'Is there anyone uate of Gordon College, is assisting here who knows Jesus? Do you know the new missionary, Mr. Castrodale, anyone who believes on the Lord J e- who has just arrived. Both Mr. and sus Christ?' Often they did not know Mrs. Castrodale are graduates of what I meant; they did not know that Moody Bible Institute. The new misthere was a Lord Jesus Christ." Mr. sion asks for buildings, equipment, a J affray learned that there is no work small hospital and general support.- being done in any of the following Sunday Schoot Times. fields: Religion in Sumatra The east and west coasts of Borneo. The Boeginese people on the coast DR. WARNECK in the Berichte of of the Celebes, and the wild races of the Rhenish Society presents the interior. some interesting facts concerning re- The southwestern coast of Sumatra. ligious conditions on this great island. Smaller islands in the East Indies He reports that the struggle with real and Malay Archipelago. heathenism is due to two great ob- Large parts of the great island of stacles: The first is the tendency to New Guinea. an increasing compromise on the part It is estimated that the unevangel- of weak Christians. This he defines ized population of these islands is between six and seven millions. In closing his report Mr. J affray says: "If the Gospel of Christ does not soon

as a mixture of pagan elements with chairman, and one on Doctrine, Bishop the Christian faith which they pro- W. F. McDowell chairman, to consider fess. The second lies in the fact that these aspects of the subject and re- so far the Christians number barely port to a later session.

one fourth of the whole population. Whatever recommendations the com- There are in all about one million missioners may eventually make, it is Bataks and one fourth of these are evident that this is to be no merely Mohammedans. The rest live in a perfunctory discharge of duty. The very crass heathenism. So there is question of blending these commis- still much to be done, in spite of mass sions is being discussed in earnest by movements and glorious successes, be- strong men, who have the larger re- fore the whole island will be turned ligious interests of the country at to Christ. One splendid feature about heart.-The Christian Advocate.

the real Christians on the island is that they themselves are carrying on COMING EVENTS Christian missions. They have an or- RURAL LIFE SUNDAY .•……… May 5 ganization known as the "Zending UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST CON- Batak," which has its contributors in VENTION, Lancaster, Pa…• May 14-24 . all of the congregations. Last year PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE U. S. their contributions amounted to 28,000 ASSEMBLY, Montreat, N. C. May 16-23 gulden (about $11,200). GENERAL ASSEMBLY, PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, U. S. A., St. Paul, Minn., ……….•…………… May 23-29 MISCELLANEOUS REFORMED CHURCH IN THE U. S. GEN- 'Ehe Oriental Dispersion ERAL SYNOD, Indianapolis, Ind. . ..• •……….•……•…•.. May 22-29 T HERE are about 8,000 students from India, ,Japan, China and Af- NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES, Detroit, Mich. • •.•….• rica in western educational institu- •..•..•••••..•…•••. May 28-June 4 tions. In addition there is a vast tide UNITED PRESBYTERIAN, GENERAL Asof immigrants, estimated at 3,000,000 SEMBLY, Pittsburgh, Pa. May 29-June 4 from India, 9,000,000 from China and 1,000,000 from Japan. These figures REFORMED CHURCH IN AMERICA, GENpresage an outward amalgamation ERAL SYNOD, Holland, Mich•. June 6-12 from a material standpoint. While much has been done by the Student NORTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION, Den- Christian Movement and other agen- ver, Colo••..••..••.•….. June 14-19 cies, most of the students return not so much allies as enemies of the Chris- ALLIANCE OF REFORMED CHURCHES tian cause. They know that Christianity teaches equality of races in the THROUGHOUT THE WORLD HOLDING sight of God, but they find in the west an evident contempt toward their col- THE PRESBYTERIAN SYSTEM, Boston, Mass…….•……•….. June 19-27 CONGRESS ON CHRISTIAN WORK IN THE CARIBBEAN, Havana, Cuba .June 20-30 WOMEN'S UNION, EVANGELICAL SYNOD OF N. A., Detroit, Mich…. June 25-28 LUTHERAN WORLD CONVENTION, Copen- hagen, Denmark ….•. June 26-July 4 or. The western world had failed to NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, show them the real glory of the Chris- Atlanta, Ga……….. June 28-July 4 tian life.-From an address by the DISCIPLES OF CHRIST CONVENTION, Bishop of Litchfield, at York, England. Seattle, Wash.•…..•••• August 8-14 SEVENTH DAY BAPTIST CHURCHES CON- Presbyterian-Methodist Union VENTION, Milton, Wis••. August 20-25 T HE initial meeting of the Meth- CONTINUATION COMMITTEE, WORLD odist and Presbyterian commis- CONFERENCE ON FAITH AND ORDER, Engadine, Switzerland •..• August 27 sions at Pittsburgh agreed upon a EXECUTIVE AND CONTINUATION COMstatement that complete organic union was desirable and they named two MITTEES, UNIVERSAL CHRISTIAN sub-committees, one on Property with CONFERENCE ON LIFE AND WORK, Dr. H. C. Swearingen, of St. Paul, as Eisenbach, Germany •. September 2-9 PRIMITIVE METHODIST CONFERENCE, Pittsburgh, Pa•….• September 11-17

K.S WORTH

Any books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

Are Foreign Missions Done For ~ By fields-in geographical areas and in Robert E. Speer. 16 mo. 152 pp. unreached classes-occupy one chapter Printed for free distribution. Presby- and show how much remains to be terian Board of Foreign Missions. done. Finally he presents the need New York. 1928. and opportunities for a "life invest- ment" that make their appeal to men. Already 25,000 copies of this little The book is not a collection of dry book have been printed and distrib- statistics. It is full of human touches. uted, chiefly among business men. It is one of the ablest presentations for the cause of Foreign Missions that we Copies of this book, while they last, have seen. Its strength consists will be sent free on request. Address chiefly in foul! things: (1) In the concrete facts relating to the enterprise; the Editor of the MISSIONARY REVIEW (2) The number, variety and standing OF THE WORLD. D. L. P.

of authorities quoted; (3) The un- Foreign Missions Under Fire. By Cor- swerving loyalty to Christ and His nelius H. Patton. 12 mo. 180 pp. standards; (4) The presentation of Paper,60c; Cloth, $1. Boston. 1928.

the case with fairness, fearless logic, It is always easy to find fault, es- force and sustained interest. pecially with work or workers with Every honest open-minded critic whom we are out of sympathy. Many should read this little book to learn even found fault with Jesus Christ the facts, which no one knows better and His program. Many find fault than the author. He lets these facts, with God Himself. Such critics un- and the remarkable array of witness- consciously criticise themselves and es, speak for themselves, and they reveal their ignorance and lack of vi- speak with no uncertain voice in ref- sion.

erence to the missionaries and the Dr. Patton, who has been for many disturbances in China; the influence years in vital touch with Christian of missionaries in India; the achieve- missions and their critics, takes up ments of Christian workers in Africa some concrete modern objections to and the benefits received in Japan. Christian missions and then he pro- The indirect influence is more remark- ceeds to criticise the critics. The book able than the direct. is a popular presentation in the form Dr. Speer takes up specifically the of a dialo~ue or demonstration and contention of some that Christians are is thus well adopted to presentation in not justified in pressing their religion a church. Various men-lawyers, on those of other faiths and shows business men, pastors, student and Christ's need of humanity and human- editor-make their objections and ity's need for Christ and His Gospel. these are answered by well-informed He devotes one chapter to the effi- secretaries and others. One element ciency of Christian missions and its of strength of the book is the number conduct. Then he explains the policy of actual quotations from recent books and program of the foreign mission and magazines, bearing on the sub- enterprise and shows its completeness ject. This little volume will be of and adequacy. The unoccupied especial interest and value to practical 415

business men whose minds are open other pages. It has maps, a bibliogto the influence of facts. raphy and a good index. It is another Dr. Patton, in his discussions, takes up such objections as that missions i1lustration of the splendid work of are futile; that they interfere; that the cost of administration is too high; this Chinese press in Shanghai which that native converts are insincere; that is one of the largest presses in the we have no Christianity to export; that denominational rivalry is killing world. the work; that missionary methods are antiquated, and other criticisms. This is an authoritative volume The answers come not only from the secretary but from such men as E. that will not be superseded for a long Alexander Jowell (traveler and author); Dr. Charles W. Elliot (Ex- time. The tone of the book, on the president of Harvard); Prof. Paul Monro (Columbia University); How- whole, is judicious and fair. The ard W. Taft (Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court) ; events of recent years, as well as those Charles A. Selden (Curtis Publishing Co.); The Governor of Bengal, India; connected with the beginnings of Far Prof. J. F: McFadyen (Queen's College, Toronto); Dr. Thomas Jesse Eastern relations with the western Jones (Director of the Phelps Stokes Foundation) ; Theodore Roosevelt hemisphere, are recorded without bias (former President of the U. S. A.); and, in passing, many voices from non- and with sufficient detail to give the Christian lands. One striking fact is the contrast between the limited reader a clear idea of this history. knowledge and standing of the critics and the intelligence and high positions American thought has too long been of the defenders of missionary work. centered about itself and Europe. Far Eastern International Relations. By Hosea Ballou Morse, LL.D., and Only a small minority of our American Harley Farnsworth MacNair, Ph.D. Pp. XX, 1128. The Commercial Press, people have known or cared about de- Ltd. Shanghai. 1928. velopments in the Far East. The The three volumes of Dr. Morse, on "The International Relations of the study~ of this book will dispel that Chinese Empire," have long been standard reference books but are now ignorance and lay the foundations for out of date. Dr. MacNair has now condensed Dr. Morse's books and has the more detailed study of various asadded a number of chapters, not only bringing the history down to June, pects of the important changes taking 1928, but also enlarging the scope of the work to include the Far East as a place in the relations of the Far East whole. China occupies the. larger part of the book, but the international re- to the rest of the world and of the lations of Japan, Korea, Siam, and Soviet Russia in the Far East are political, social, industrial and cultural briefly recorded. developments in the Far East itself. The book is fully documented. Footnotes are plentiful and valuable, in- Especially interesting are the chapcluding many cross-references to ters on the World War; its effect upon the Far East, Soviet Russia and the Far East, 1917-1925; the Washington Conference and the Far East in 1927.

They present in concise form the out- standing events and give a calm in- terpretation of developments of the past decade that have been reported with partisan glamor or feverish ex- citement. This book is indispensable for the better understanding of the Far East. The missionary who goes to the Far East will need to know the contents in order to understand the questions about which the people in the Far East are very much concerned.

The missionary on furlough who is so constantly asked to explain the daily newspaper reports of Far Eastern events and to give his opinion of the significance and probable outcome of them will be enabled to speak with much more intelligence and authority if he will study carefully this really great book. A. L. WARNSHUIS.

BOOKS

EDUCATION We Believe in Immortality. Sydney Strong. 193 pp. Coward-McCann. IS A New York. 1929. PROFESSION Youth and the World Outlook. For Young People's Classes and Societies. John HARTFORD'S School of Religious Edu- Leslie Lobingier. 12 mo. 64 pp. 35 cation (interdenominational) offers cents. Pilgrim Press. Boston. 1929. thorough training to men and women. 230 graduate and undergraduate American Missionary Association-Annual courses available in three schools. At Report. 79 pp. American Missionary least two years college or normal work Association. New York. 1928. for entrance. Degrees B. R. E., M. A., M.R.E., Ph.D. Graduates hold sala-· The Chinese Revolntion, 1926-27: A rec- ried positions. ord of the period of the Communist control as seen from the Nationalist Address Dean Karl R. Stolz, Ph.D., Capital, Hankow. H. Owen Chapman. D.D., Hartford, Connecticut. Map. 328 pp. 128. Constable. Lon- don. 1928. HARTFORD· Some Bigger Issues in China's Problems. Seminary Foundation Julean Arnold. $2.50. Stechert. New York. 1928. W. Douglas Mackenzie, D.D., President China's Millions. Anna L. Strong. 413 pp. $4. Coward-McCann. New York. 1928.

India: The New Phase. Sir Stanley Reed and P. R. Cadell. 175 pp. 38. 6d. Allan. London. 1928.

The Untouchables: A Story of Indian Girls. Lt.-Col. M'atilda Hatcher. 141 pp. 28. 6d. Salvationist Pub. and Supplies. London. 1928.

Arabia of the Wahhabis. H. St. John B. Philby. Illus. Map. Plan. 438 pp. 318. 6d. Constable. London. 1928.

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Guest Secretary . . . . . ] ~o delight in your book, 'Power from on I National Bible Institute I-liv:h.' Is it possible to get it circulated in this – Dr. F. B. ~le}'er, London, England. country:"

l 340 Vest 55th Street Add,,,,,. the Author New York City REV. JOHN GREENFIELD I Warsaw, Indiana t Please mention TIlF. lfrSSIO.NARY REYIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers.

You Believe It? Do You Know Why?

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By DELAVAN L. PIERSON, M.A.

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It is rich in facts, readable, stimulating. convincing: a study of faith and conduct, in the light of the Bible, reason, science and experience.

Includes chapters on BELIEF PRACTICE Tests for Truth The Christian Life The Riddle of the Universe Why Vork' Can We Know God? The Value of Money The Credentials of Christ Shall We Play? . The Reality of the Spirit Marriage and Divorce Concerning the Trinity Effective Prayer What Is the Bible? Life anel Its Meaning Creeds and Their Consequences Death and Its Sequel JIuJtitudes of practical questions are aske(1 and answered.

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These chapters are concise, lucid. convincing. sane. . . . Eyer), conclusion is based on the clear teaching of Scripture and is supported by the testimony oi science and philo,ophy THE REI'. CHARLES R. ERD~[AX, D.D.: L.L.D,. and Christian experience.

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DEPT. No. 20 ………. NEW YORK The BibUca. Seminary in New York DR. WILBERT W. WHITE, President The Department 01 Missions For the preparation and training of missionary candidates and for special requirements of missionaries on furlough.

Regular course has two years of required work in the Bible. Also required courses in History and Methods of Missions, Ethnic Religions, Phil- osophy of the Christian Religion, Phonetics, Home Nursing, and Fundamentals in Medil'ine and Hygiene.

Dr. Thomas E. Cummings offers courses in Phonetics, Urdu, and Language Metlwd.< Missionaries on furlough can be aided in mastering those things which have puzzled them in their vernaculars. An opportunity is offered for drill in the difficult sounds of all Asiatic and African tongues.

Send for Catalogue describing fully this Department and Department of Theology, Department of Postgraduate Study, Department of Religious Education, Depart- ment of Social Service.

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The Goddess of Mercy . , A Tale of Love and Turmoil in Modern China. A rattling tale, "Lthe kind that knows no clock. There hasn't been a prettier idyl of first love since "Paul de Virginia." What a light the story throws on the present situation in China. $2.00 MISSIONS REAL AND FASCINATING Conway T. Wharton Ferdinand Duchene The Leopard Hunts Alone CHARLES A. SELDEN TranJ/p.II!d from the Frmrh bJ bab/lle MrJ.! and EmiiJ M. Nnvtan The Life and Ways of Are Missions a Failure? the Congo People and Thamilla "The Turtle Dove" How They Welcomed Christianity. A Correspondent's Survey of A Story of the Moun- A book of travel, descrip- Foreign Missions. $2.50 tains of Algeria ticm and missions, a vivid narrative description of What sort of people are foreign Every reader of "Misthe lives, characteristics missionaries? Is their work quite sions" will appreciate the and customs of unrelieved savagery among the Bak- hopeless? To answer such questions announcement 0 f t his uba people of the Belgian as these The Ladies' Home Journal Congo. Illustrated, $l.25 sent Mr. Selden. .a Journalist of wide amazing revelation of acquaintance, on a seven months' tour what it really is to be a of the mission stations in Asia. wife in Algeria. In the French original the story received wide acclaim; to CLELAND R. McAFEE. D.D. lovers of tr.avel and mis- sions it is a vivid and B.ll. M. Brain (Compiler) Changing Foreign Missions intimate picture of the lands, peoples and cus- From Every Tribe and A Revaluation of the Church's toms of Northern Af- Nation rica, in the Shadow of Greatest Enterprise. $2.00 the Koran. $1.75 Fifty New Missionary Dr. McAfee, long an authority on r.abel Brown Rose Stories foreign missions, writes from a year's Author of "Red Blossoms" Inspiring lives of Chris- first-hand study of missionary prin- ciples, methods and prospects as en- The Measure of Margaret tian converts on the for- countered on the foreign field itself.

eign field. Workers in A Tale of India.

missionary meetings and Romance. adventure, hu- mor and vivid charactermission study classes will ization combine to make this latest story of Mrs. find them very usable and KATHERINE SCHERER CRONK Rose quite up to the high standard set hy her earlier effective. $1.50 Missionary Methods for works. Illustrated, $1.75 Church and Home Maude Whitmore Madden Amy Carmichael Principles and Programs Tested Yonng Hearts in Old Japan in Practical Experience. Intro- Author af «(Things as They duction by Delavan L. Pierson. Are," Etc. Author of "In the Land of the Cherry Blossoms" $1.50 Raj, Brigand Chief Japanese-American After a lifetime of devoted mission- A Robin Hood of Interpretations ary work, during which she became Southern India. known far and wide as an expert on The color. the fragrance, missionary methods, Mrs. Cronk left Almost incredible in spite· the delicacy and the inde- the manuscript of this book, now ed- of its truth, the book is finable charm of Japan- ited by her husband, Dr. E. C. Cronk. thrilling in every incident all these are in this new, and in every sense 0 f the vivid and alluring volume word. Illustrated, $2.50 by Mrs. Madden.

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Address Date…………………………………….."……..Sent by……. Please mention THt M1SSIONARY Rtvn:w OF THF; WORLD in writing to advertisers. Buy IncoDle! PERSONALS When one makes an "investment", what is DR. GOOB.GE S. McCuNE formerly of ?yeng. he actually doing? Just buying i'lcome- Yong, Korea, recently President of Huron that's all. The average "investor" buys only College, South Dakota, has resigned that temporary income. The investor in position to become President of the Union Christian College of Korea. He is now M. B. I. Life Annuities spending a few months at hinceton, N. J., preparing a book for publication and co· is buying operating with the New York Board of Trustees of the college. A Liberal Income for Life COMMANDER RwH.ARD E. BYRD carried with on his investment. The older you are. the him in his flight on the America a copy of more liberal the income. And you have no the Bible which weighed one ounce. On trouble in collecting it. Of course, you have his return the American Bible Society preprime securtiy; twenty years-and through sented to him and his crew a handsomelythe War-without a loss. "M. B. I. Life bound copy of the Bible, in honor of their Annuities" represent the higher thrift. having been "the fust to carry the Bible to Europe by air." This is worth considering. Write to * THE MOODY BIBLE INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO REV. F. W. BOREHAM. minister of a Bap- The Moody 1I1bIe Institute. tist Church in Melbourne, Australia, and Bureau of Annuities Y121 author of many books, is planning for a 163 Institute PIa…. world tour early in 1928. in the course of Chicago. Illinois. which he plans to spend more than three months in the United States and Canada. Without obligation to me, please send full information 'Concerning HM. B. I. Life Annuities," and * quote rate on one life at age indicated. REV. ROBERT E. CHANDLER, recently ap- Name~._ ••••••…••. ~ ••••••••..••..••••.•••.••.. _ pointed a secretary in the foreign depart· ment of the American Board, is described as Street or R. F. D…..•..••….•…•…..•..••••. "the product of 117 years of continuous mis- sionary sevrice, ' , his grandfather having City •…•…•.••••••••••••• , ••• State ••.•••••••••• been the first to go out.

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Contracts may be issued to cover more than one life. REV. JAMES W. HAWKES. of Hamadan, Persia. who has been for forty-seven years Protect Yourself a Presbyterian missionary. is spending this Help Others year in Beirut. Syria, putting his translation of the Bible Dictionary through the Ameri- By securing Annuity Agreements from Methodist Mission Boards can Mission Press.

YOU are protected by a guar- * anteed income which will not DR. MARrON TALBOT, former Dean of Women at the University of Chicago, will serve as acting President of the Constan· tinop}e Woman's College during the absence of its President, Kathryn N. Adams, who will spend the coming year in the United States.

** REV. WILLIAM MCCANCE, formerly of Satara. India, has been appointed by the American Board candidate secretary for men. to succeed Rev. J. Kingsley Birge, who has returned to Turkey.

depreciate. Investigation of the MISS GLADYS WOOD is the new field secre· security is invited. tary for young women's work for the J«l. OTHERS wiD hear the Chri!tian formed Church in America, succeeding Miss me!Sllge because of your generosity. . Evelyn Zwemer, who has resigned.

For F urtber information write: DR. ALBERT SCHWEITZER, for thirteen years medical missionary of the Paris Evan· Morris W. Ebnes, Treasurer. Boud of Forei~n gelical Missionary Society in French Equa. Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 150 torial Africa, and author of "On the Edge Fifth Avenue. New York, N. Y., or of the Primeval Forest," has returned to France on furlough.

W. J. Elliott, T …..urer. Board of Home Missions ** aud Church Extension 01 the Methodist Episcopal REV. LEONARD DANIELS. of Wilcannia, Church, 1701 Arch Street, Philaddpbia. Pa. N. S. W. has the first airplane constructed for missionary purposes. with which to visit his parish which is as large as England, Please rnllntloll 'fm: MISSION"IY REVl1'W 0.- ~H" Wom:'1> III wrltln~ to .dv"l'llsen. From a.n old OOpy of The Presbyterian HDme MiBtHonary.

WELCOMING THE IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA FIFTY YEARS AGO

Ml~'SIONARY

EVIEW'

VOL. JUBILEE NUMBER-DECEMBER, 1927 NUMBER L TWELVE AFTER FIFTY YEARS G REAT changes have taken place in the world in the past half- century. Many notable leaders have come and gone; influen- tial movements have been inaugurated; governments have arisen and fallen; there have been tragedies and triumphs.

With this issue the REVIEW completes fifty years of life as an independent and progressive missionary periodical. In these years many other magazines have come and gone but, while the REVIEW has passed through many changes in outward appearance, it continues to serve the cause of Christ by disseminating missionary information, stimulating interest and upholding spiritual ideals and methods in Christian service. The main purpose and the standards have been maintained.

In this and in subsequent numbers, a series of articles will rehearse the great events and signs of progress in the world of missions during the past fifty years. The survey is one of exceptional interest. It would be more so if we could see the half-century from God's viewpoint to discover what has been truly worth while' and is abiding.

Other notable jubilee anniversaries are coincident with that of the REVIEW. Approximately fifty years mark the life of the Livingstonia Mission on Lake Nyasa, founded by Robert Laws of the Free Church of Scotland. It was fifty years ago (in 1878) that Alexander -;fackay arrived in Uganda. It was fifty years ago that the American Presbyterian Board of Home Missions established work in what was looked upon as the ice box of Alaska. In the same year (1877) the women of the Presbyterian Church in America organized for Home Mission work on a national basis. The American Baptist women united for Home Mission work in the same year. In 1877 the Student Christian Movement was inaugurated in the colleges of America after a letter had been sent out by the Student Association of Prince- 887

ton calling for a conference in connection with the international convention of the Y. M. C. A. at Louisville, Kentucky.

The year 1877 was marked in China by the Shanghai Interdenominational Missionary Conference and the year 1878 in England by the International Protestant Foreign Missionary Conference in Mildmay Park, London. These events of historic significance will be referred to more fully later.

In our January issue-also a special Jubilee number-we plan to show the world situation in 1877 as it stands in contrast with conditions in various lands in 1927. The missionary progress in the past fifty years will be shown by comparing the number of missionaries, the stations, the converts from non-christian religions and the pupils lmder Christian instructions in non-christian lands, then and now. In those days there were reported at the London conference only sixteen Protestant Foreign Mission Boards in America, twenty-one in Great Britain and seventeen on the European Continent. Today there are 153 such societies in America, (not counting auxiliaries, educational boards and cooperating missionary agencies). British societies today number eighty and there are ninety-six Protestant missionary agencies on the Continent. There are also numerous missionary societies in Africa, Asia, Australasia and Latin America, where Protestant churches were weak or did not exist fifty years ago.

Home missionary work in America has increased and has changed even more radically than foreign missions. Frontiers have been pushed westward and northward and new problems have been presented by the influx of Orientals, Mexi(lfLns and other foreign elements. Former Home Mission churches have become towers of strength, while parishes in the eastern states, that were formerly Christian centers, have themselves become subjects for missionaryeffort.

The world and the Church have been moving generally forward, but at times they have gone backward. The reports and contrasts presented in our special articles are illuminating.

THE WORLD'S RELIGIOUS PROGRESS OUR cover plate this month represents the comparative number of the adherents of the principal religions of the world nine- teen centuries after the coming of Christ and His commission to His disciples to evangelize the world. The chart is drawn in correct proportions.

It will be a surprise to many that professed Christians in the world out-number the adherents of any other religion-Hindu, Buddhist or Moslem. All classes-Roman, Eastern sects and Protestant-number about 640 million, an increase of 60% in the past fifty years. Protestants are estimated to number 180 million, an increase of 80% in the last half-century. The Roman Catholics are estimated

1927J EDITORIAL COMMENTS

at 300 million (50% increase) and Greek and other Eastern sects 130 million (30% increase).

Of the non-Christian religions the Confucianists and Taoists are most numerous (if the former may be called a religion). They number together only about 300 million-a decrease of 25%. Hindu sects include 240 million-a 20% increase; Moslems number 240 million-a 20% increase (mostly in Africa); Buddhists and Shinto worshippers number about 160 million, an increase of 25%; and animists or spirit worshippers and various atheistic groups number 240 million, an increase of 20%. The strictly pagan or animists have, however, decreased thirty percent in the last fifty years so that the increase has come from the growth of atheism in such lands as Russia or the falling away from faith in other countries. The Jews are difficult to tabulate as they are scattered and many do not avow faith in the religion of their fathers. Those of the Jewish race are estimated at about 15 million-an increase of 15Q1% in fifty years, through their large birth rate.

The total population of the world has increased, in the last half century, from about 1,400 million to over 1,800 million or approximately a thirty percent increase. The Christian converts from other religions have grown from about one million to over four million-or a four hundred percent growth, not including those who have died. The Protestant converts in the mission field were estimated in 1877 to be about 300,000 but today the communicant Protestant church members in those fields number 3,600,OOO–over a thousand percent increase. The total adherents to Christian churches in mission fields are estimated at over eight million.

While these figures are not exact they serve as a basis for comparison and a long look backward is encouraging as an evidence of the activity of the Church of Christ and the work of the Spirit of God in the world. Yet there remains a vast amount undone of which we may well be ashamed. While nominal Christians have increased over 240 million in number, the non-Christians of the world have increased at least 130 million. Clearly the Christian Church cannot yet rest complacently from her labors. The world of men whom Christ came to save has not yet learned to know and follow Him even in name, much less in daily life and service.

OUR MODERN MISSIONARY OBJECTIVE I F OUR present-day missionary motives should be examined to see if they are Christian and adequate, it is equally important to examine our modern missionary objectives. Motives and objectives are vitally related but they are not the same. A desire for business advancement or for novel experiences may send a man to a foreign field to sell merchandise but his objective may be to sell goods so as to increase the company's business or to benefit the peo-

pIe. A ~oldier may be moved to enter military service from love of country, from a spirit of adventure or he may be drafted. His objective may be to win the war so as to gain military honors for himself, to enlarge national territory or to right a wrong. The missionary objective, as well as the motive, will largely determine the type of men and women who volunteer, the methods they adopt and the whole plan of campaign.

The response to a second questionnaire recently sent out to missionary leaders in America reveals as great a difference in missionary objectives as in missionary motives. Fifty years ago the prevailing motives were loyalty to the command of Christ and a desire to save heathen souls from eternal death. The objectives were to evangelize the non-Christian world, to win men from heathen beliefs and practices to Christ and His way of life, and to build up a strong, true Christian Church in non-Christian lands. These objectives naturally determined the methods adopted.

Have these objectives changed? If so, are the new objectives better than the old? In response to the questionnaire to pastors, missionary secretaries, teachers and other Christian workers, the objective that received the most votes was" The training of a native Christian leadership," second came "The promotion of universal brotherhood," and then" Sharing with others our personal knowledge of Christ," and the" Christianization of all aspects of national life." '1'he fewest votes were given to the objectives: extending dellominational beliefs, the evangeli'zation of the world in this generation, the salvation of souls from eternal death through faith in Christ and" the overthrow of false religions which cannot save and which blind men to the truth."

These answers are illuminating if they represent any considerable proportion of missionary workers and church members. Many other objectives were marked as more or less desirable but were not accepted with any unanimity even among these missionary workers. Among these suggested objectives were-character building through the Christian message, deliverance of individuals from the power of sin, building up Christian communities as a leavening force, extending the benefits of Christian civilization, helping other peoples to make their own interpretation of Christ and "fellowship with people of good will who respond to the Christian message."

Evidently there is a lack of any general consensus of opinion and of any clear understanding of the objective that Christ, the divine founder of the missionary enterprise, set for His followers. If a commercial representative is to look to his employers to understand the objective of his mission; if a loyal soldier is to take as his objective the carrying out of the program of his government or his commander-in-chief, must not the true Christian look only to Christ and His Word to discover and understand the objective that shall mark his or her missionary service ~

EDITORIAL COMMENTS

What is the objective set before us by Christ Jesus, our Lord 1 The New Testament clearly states that He came "to call sinners to repentance," to save men from sin, to reveal God the Father, to give the abundant Life. He commissioned His disciples to make Him known so that His objectives would be accomplished. With this in view His disciples are: 1. To lead men to repent of their sins and to carry to all man- kind (while they live on earth) the Gospel of life which Christ came to proclaim and whicp He made effective by His life, death and resur- rection (Matt. 24: 14, Mark 16: 15 and Acts 1: 8, 13: 32).

2. To teach the people of all lands and nations, races and condi- tions to know God as revealed in Christ and to understand and ob- serve the commands of Christ as He taught the ",Vay of Life and service. (Matt. 28: 19,20, Mark 1: 16, Acts 5: 42, Romans 1: 5.) 3. To extend the Kingdom of God-His sovereign rule-through- out the earth by pe"rsuading men to become loyal followers and serv- ants of Jesus Christ and by obedience to the laws of God, as inter- preted by Christ, in personal, social, industrial and civic life. (Luke g: 2, 11, 60, Acts 28: 31.) • 4. To teach and train the followers of Christ-to" feed the sheep and tend the lambs" of His fold-so as to build up a strong, intelli- gent Church, with a fulness of life so that young and old, by precept and example will be true, strong disciples and effective, loving min- isters to others. (.John 10: 10; 20: 21; 21: 15-17.) What other objectives characterized the ministry of Peter and the apostles on the day "of Pentecost and subsequently in Jerusalem and .Judea? What objective sent Philip to Samaria and to the Ethiopean on the way to Gaza ~ Were not these objectives before the apostle Paul in all his labors in Asia Minor and Macedonia, in Greece and at Rome ~ Examine carefully the objectives toward which other successful missionaries have m~ved forward in all ages under the guidance and power of the Holy Spirit (Acts 1: 8). The blessing of God was on the labors of Raymund Lull, William Carey, Robert Morrison, Titus Coan, Henry Martyn, Bishop Valpy French, Robert Laws, Guido F. Verbeck, Adoniram Judson, John E. Clough, John G. Paton, Marcus Whitman, Sheldon Jackson and unnumbered others in home and foreign lands. Were not these their objectives in interpreting the message and program of Jesus Christ1 Has high secular educa- tion, or the increase of creature comforts, or the cultivation of na- tionalism, or even the effort to promote human brotherliness, proved as effective as the objective of leading men to know, love, trust and obev God as He is revealed in His Son, Jesus Christ ~ Such an objectiv~ is not selfish and does not appeal to selfishness. It deals with the individual first in order that he may be enabled to live a Christ-like life and may be more ready and better able to serve his fellow-men.

The missionary who truly takes Christ to the non-Christian may also take his books and his school, his surgical instruments and medicines, his gymnasium and his shop, his industrial betterment and his peace program, but he will not depend on these. They are important byproducts, not the main objective. "These signs shall follow them that believe."

With the missionary motive pure and the missionary objective clear, methods may change, but all factors will work together to save men by bringing them, individually and collectively, into harmony with God in the Way revealed and made possible by .Jesus Ohrist.

UNION AND DISUNION IN OHINA W HILE Ohina is being torn into fragments by domestic politi- cal str~fe, a dis~at~h reports that a conference of lea.d~rs in the Chmese ChrIstian Church has annoUliced the abolItIOn of denominationalism and the formation of a United Church of Christ in China.' There has been a movement in this direction for some years and the new organization does not reveal any radical or widespread change in the' situation. The conference in Shanghai, referred to in the dispatch, was made up of ninety-four delegates representing sixteen denominations-chiefly Presbyterian, Reformed and Congregational. The merger does not yet include Methodists, Baptists and others but involves over 1,000 churches in sixteen provinces, representing about one third of the Chinese Protestants who total over 400,000 communicant church members.

There has been formed a General Assembly for all Ohina, uniting the Congregational and Presbyterian Unions of Canton, South Fukien, Manch1,lria and churches of these denominations in other parts of the country. The first Ohinese Moderator of the new United Church is Rev. Cheng Ching-yi, a well known Christian leader. The organization carries a step further the movement for a united Christian Church for which missionaries and Chinese Christians have been working. Only a few strong denominationalists among the missionaries have desired to perpetuate 'Western ecclesiastical divisions and few Ohinese have been able to grasp the reasons for Christian sectarianism. With the withdrawal of many foreign missionaries it is natural that the Chinese should take matters more into their own hands. Let Western Ohristians pray that they may be guided and blessed in this undertaking to unite all true followers of Jesus Christ. If the Church of Christ in China is dominated by the Spirit of Christ and is true to His life, work and teachings as recorded in the New Testament, the Church will grow in strength and will be a blessing to China. The present turmoil and the withdrawal of missionaries may yet result in increasing the strength and purity of the Chinese Church, if the people realize that Christianity is not a for-

1927J EDITORIAL COMMENTS

eign institution and if they will accept responsibility for its support and promotion, and look to God rather than to man for guidance and power.

In the midst of the present disturbed condition, when over onethird of the foreign missionaries have been obliged to leave their stations, the Ohinese Ohristians have been faithfully carrying on the church work. One mission alone (the Ohina Inland Mission) reports 904 baptisms in the first five months of the year. A cablegram from Shanghai also reports that the "British Oonsul has given consent for the return of men to their stations at their own risk when permission is granted by local officials." Already some missionaries have left Shanghai for Hankow and other points in the interior. Encouragement is also gathered from the fact that the British have withdrawn over two thirds of their military forces from Ohina-a sign that much of the danger to foreigners seems to have passed. The outlook for peace between contending forces is, however, as remote as ever. The war lords cannot or will not come to an agreement. In the meantime the people sufter. They discount Nationalist promises since they find that the promises of the communistic army are not fulfilled. There is no hope for peace and prosperity in Ohina until selfishness is rooted out of national life and the laws of God, as interpreted by Jesus Ohrist, are recognized and obeyed.

THE NEW UPRISING IN MEXICO T HE present revolt against the Oalles Government and the exe- cutions of rebel leaders in Mexico have grown out of a bitter presidential campaign. 'fhe administration candidate was Obregon, and since he would continue the reform policies of Oalles, with probably a little more tendency to compromise with foreign and ecclesiastical opponents, many were ready to accept his imposition in order to continue order and progress. Others believed that they must "fight for their principles" and so the revolt was launched. Such armed protests always come in Mexico before the elections.

"General Oalles is facing a difficult situation. He had to choose between two courses. The one was to gain the friendship of the lower classes by carrying out a program of reform, distributing land to the peons, organizing large numbers of new schools, developing irrigation projects to help the farmers, and cutting down the national budget with the elimination of a large number of government and army officials. In this way payment of interest on the national debt and the salaries of public officials may be met continuously. His other course might have been to leave the army alone, to permit the budget to continue unbalanced, to court the favor of large foreign investors, promoting good business and forgetting the promotion of public education, land distribution, laws limiting foreigners, the development of public health and other social reforms that tend to stir

the opposition of certain vested interests. The President has chosen the first course.

"Undoubtedly many officials in the National army and the Ro- man Catholic Church, along with many foreigners and Mexicans in- terested in large property holdings, as well as a considerable number of Mexican liberals who resent the seeming approval of Obregon's candidacy by the present government, make President Calles' posi- tion a difficult one."

Dr. S. Guy Inman, who recently returned from Mexico,says: "Calles is a strong executive. He is putti~g himself enthusiastically into the educational and land reforms and has given a great deal of attention recently to balancing the nation's budget, to reducing the excessive number of employees both in the army and the civil departments of the government. No doubt he has used' strongarm' methods. Many believe that Mexico is not yet prepared for a democracy and the maintenance of peace is necessary while the educational processes are speeded up as rapidly as possible." The church question in Mexico remains about the same as since the beginning of the policy of the Roman Catholics to refuse to allow priests to serve in the churches if they must register with the Government. The Evangelical leaders, foreign and national, continue to obey the laws of the State in religious questions in spite of the difficult situations in which they are often placed.

FREDERICK L. COLVER-AT HOME O N ARMISTICE DAY, November 11th, Frederick L. Colver, who has been for nearly seven years a beloved and honored member of our Board of Directors, died at his home in Tenafly, New Jersey in the sixty-fifth year of his age. Like David, he "served his generation by the will of God."

Mr. Colver was a native of Milwaukee and moved to Brooklyn, New York, as a boy. In 1884 he and Edward W. Bok organized the New York Syndicate Bureau, chiefly to publish in newspapers articles by Henry Ward Beecher. From 1889 to 1906 he was successively advertising manager of the Frank Leslie magazines, then Treasurer and business manager, and finally President. In 1902, he established the first Periodical Publishers Association, composed of publishers of most of the larger magazines and weekly publications of national circulation. He was its Secretary for five years and succeeded Cyrus H. K. Curtis as President. In 1907-8 he was Secretary, advertising director and part owner of the Success Magazine and in 1913 he went to Philadelphia as advertising and business manager of Lippincott's Magazine, but returned to New York in 1914 to become business director of the National Boy Scouts of America. Mr. Colver is survived by his wife and son. He was, for some years, the efficient superintendent of the Sunday School of the Presbyterian Church of Tenafly, in which he was also an elder.

Early Days of the" Review"

Bemin,iscences of the Founde1', Royal G. Wilder BY HIS SON, REV. ROBERT P. WIT,DER, D.D., CAIRO, EGYPT l"l.A FTER thirty years of missionary service in Iudia, the Rev. Royal Gould Wilder r etired and went to live in Princeton, N. J., in order to make a home for hil'; two I';ons while they aUellded college.

For several years he had been colleeting material for a hook which he expected to write after his retirement from active service, and planned to publish under some such title as: "Kolhapur-the Kingdom and the Mission." The material for this book, as well as most of his library and other pos- sessions, were shipped in a ship sailing around the Cape of Good Hope to America.

'1'he s ail i n g vessel was wrecked off the African coast and everything on board was lost.

This was a great loss to the aged missionary, especially the precious material for the book-much of which had been secured from Brit- ish and Indian government offi- cials and could not be replaced.

In this book, he had planned to present not only the work of the mission which he had founded, but also to give some of his mature ROYAL GOUl,D WILDER convictions concerning the best way of carrying on the missionary enterprise, and the principles underlying effective service.

The publication of the book was necessarily abandoned, but after much prayer Mr. Wilder decided to start an interdenominational missionary magazine in which could be presented the work of missions in all lands as carried on by all branches of the Evangelical Church at home and abroad. N,! such periodical was then in existence. 'l'his magazine would give him a better opportunity than the book could have furnished to state the basic principles of missionary service and to voice his deepest convictions as to the policy which missionary societies should adopt.

One day in 1877 he surprised his wife by showing her the proof for the cover of a new magazine called THE MISSIONARY REVIEW on 895

which were the words Nil Desperand1tm Christo sub Dnce ("Nothing to be despaired of under Christ as Leader.") This motto represented the spirit in which the REVIEW was started and carried on for ten years until my father's death. It was no easy undertaking for a mission- ary, who had labored 30 years in a foreign land where his work was in a foreign language, to establish in America an English periodical without any editorial assistance. All the work of culling material from a hundred exchanges, all the editorials and proof reading were done by him. He even wrapped the REVIEWS and carried them to the post office. In those years I never knew him to take a holiday.

His table talk at home during . THE meals was most inspiring. At luncheon he might speak about the MIS SION ARY REV lEW. latest news from Central Africa.

At supper recent facts from China Nil DespmJ.ntlum, Ohnet. sub Duao. would be given. At breakfast In- dia's problems would be discussed.

No wonder that two of his children PUBLISHED AT PRINCETON, N. J. purposed to become missionaries as soon as their education could b I t d f th f t h f TERJiS…..$I.,so aJI"!"i11l1fitJtJnu, in U. S. and CanadtJ/ ~ s1UlI/ngr In e comp e e , o r e ac s e ur- E…'?_ro'lIi'li.8'…. s"'l"'.''',INlI•• Cl!,.•• Ajri"••NI nished thrilled, deepened loyalty SooJAA"'!ri'" Uocha'K,j"lmag'.

to Christ and fired enthusiasm for NEW Yoa", F. A. D. RANDOLPH & Co, evangelizing the world. His per- CHICAGO, ILL., sonal appeals to Princeton stu- W. G. Houllrs. dents and his editorials in the MIS- BOSTON, MASS., NoYES, SNOW & Co. SIONARY REVIEW were important T1Lthnmt & Co., Ludgate Hill. LoNOOJf: '.

factors in the f.ormation and VOLUME I. growth of the first group of Stu- dent Volunteers which was formed ijtUfUAkY, 18]8, to DECEMBER, 1878, INCLUSIVE.) in Princeton in the autumn of 1883.

TRE:NTON. N.l.: In the first number of the MIs- SIONARY REVIEW the editor pub- THE FIRST ISSUE OF THE REVlEW lished an article entitled" To Our Readers. " In this are given his reasons for starting the REVIEW. The following brief extracts from this article will be of interest: "First of all we ai~ to help develop an interest in foreign missions which shall speedily double the present amount of giving, praying, going and work- ing in this cause.". . . . . "We would supplant'no existing missionary periodical. Every society and board conducting foreign missions has its own organ, or keeps its patrons posted in church papers. There will be the same reason for these organs notwithstanding this Review." . . . . "We do not believe the church can hasten the millenium by abrogation of all de- nomi,national distinctions, and enforcing a rigid uniformity in the non- essentials of faith and practice. . . . Let every regiment fight its own battles, ready to help its neighbor as emergencies shall rise. Let each division

IP27] THE EARLiY DAYS OF THE "REVIEW"

move forward its own lines, in advance of all others, if possible, all provoking each other to love and good works, vieing with each other in self-sacrifice and love for souls, and in supreme love and loyalty to Christ, the great Captain of our salvation." "Very few of the most devout Christians of the church do at all grasp the magnitude of this work, and the immense resources in men and money which must be poured out at the feet of Jesus in obeying his divine command, 'Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature.' And yet this command is binding. It has never been abrogated. Its obligation is imperative. It rests upon every redeemed soul with a solemn weight of responsibility which can be exceeded, if at all, only by the exceeding preciousness of the privilege of obeying it."

"Should we continue to climb till we reach a mountain' top high enough to command the vision of a world evangelized, we shall see the Presbyterian Church of America sending to this work not less than $25,000,000 every year, for a generation, and keeping in it not less than six thousand ordained mis- sionaries, and all other denominations enlarging their effort!) in like measure.

And to this we must come ere Christ shall see of the travail of His soul and be satisfied. And then this, we fear, is not placing this work before the mind in its full magnitude." . . . .

"But how are Christians to be brought to understand and feel their. obligation and privilege in this matter ~ " .

"Let pastors look well to the spiritual life of their flocks, feeding them with the true bread and water of life, till devotion to Christ in their hearts be- comes a reality, love for souls a ruling passion, and this spiritual life flows out in currents full and strong enough ARTHUR TAPPAN PIERSON to embrace the world.. Where this true life exists, all that is needed to give its currents proper direction is infor- mation-facts as to the state of the heathen without the Gospel and facts as to the new life imparted to them by the Gospel, when it becomes the power of God to their salvation." . ' ,We shall aim, by diligent reading, research, and correspondence, to gather these facts from every heathen nation and tribe, and from every mission field on the globe, presenting them in suc- cessive numbers, and occasionally so generalizing facts and results, as to enable busy pastors and intelligent laymen most readily to grasp and understand them, and receive from them the convictions and inspirations inseparable from such knowledge. Of the value of discriminating notices of missionary bi- ographies, and of the many books latterly issuing on Oriental races and religions, heathen philosophy and mythology, and the various treatises bearing more or less directly on the work of missions, we need make here only the briefest mention."

Another reason for starting the REVIEW is given by him in these words: "To review the principles, measures, agencies and administrations of the different missionary boards and societies." Of this he wrote: "Some may fear lest criticism of the measures of good men may weaken confidence in them and do harm. Does not such a fear itself argue a lack of confidence in said men or measures? If they are perfect, the most searching scrutiny and criticism can but reveal and confirm their perfection, and secure to them more 2

absolute confidence. If they are imperfect, kindly criticisms and suggestions will improve them and make them worthy of more confidence then they now enjoy. " . . "There has been a strange omission, for the most part, of all public discussion of the ways and means employed for evangelizing the world. When have our religious papers and periodicals engaged in any search- ing investigation of the details of management by the different foreign boards 1 Or in a faithful 'comparison of the views and experiences' and results of our different American foreign boards, in comparison with those of the great foreign missionary societies of Great Britain and Europe?"

For ten years the MISSIONARY REVIEW was carried on in this spirit, during the last two years in spite of much suffering, since the editor was afflicted with a fatal and most painful illness.

It was on a Saturdav in late October, 1887, that the last number of Volume X was completed- all but a single page. That very day editorship of the MISSIONARY RE- VIEW had been made over to Rev.

Arthur '['. Pierson, D.D., and Dr.

James M. Sherwood. The old mis- sionary's quill was laid aside un- til Monday morning when he ex- pected to prepare the last page for the printer. On the following day, Sunday, he asked my sister and me to sing two of his favorite hymns: "I'm the child of a King" and "We've sighted the Golden Gateo "

JAMES M. SHERWOOD On Monday morning he entered the Golden Gate to see the King in His beauty and the Land of great distances. The unfinished page of Volume X of the REVIEW was used for a short obituary notice.

The aged editor passed away two days before the date originally set by him for his return to India where he hoped to spend his last days. 'When my brother said to him "You cannot live long enough to reach India," he replied, "Then they can bury me at sea-the waters of the ocean wash the shores of every land." His love and prayers went out to all lands and the REVIEW was founded and carried on to hasten the evangelization of all lands. He believed strongly in the watchword of the Student Volunteer Movement-" The Evan- gelization of the 'World in This Generation "-which he convlllcingly advocated in the pages of the REVIEW.

OF THE AMERICAN BOARD, BOSTON, IN l877

Mission Boards Fifty Years Ago A Half Century of Changes in M'ission~ry Adm,inistration and Or- ganizalionin the Home Boards BY ALLEN R. BARTHOLOMEW, PHILADELPHIA Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in the U. s.

rt was a rare display of wisdom on the part of the Editor of the REVIEW tOo ask a man, j:'.mall of stat ure. to prepare an article in brief form on this very comp-Iex topi C. Without real1zing the task involved, 1 promised to prepare it. Lacking the necessary material, kind associates of other Boards came to Illy help, and to them the readers owe much of this information. A questionnaire was scnt to twelve secretaries , typical of all th e Boar ds of Foreign Missions tn the UnJted State'S. and their replies would fill a l2'ood!-sized volumc. How to perform thc feat of con.denf'.ation, into the given space, was the problem.-A. R. B.

F IFTY years ago practically every Mission Board had very inadequate secretarial staff and meagre office equipment. ·With the exception of the Moravians, all the denominatiOlls have ehanged the location of their headquarters. Some relocated in the same city, and a number report removals to other cities, all due, doubtless,. to the expanding work. Most of the larger Boards now have their headquarters in New York, but the old American Board still clings to Boston. The South and Middle ;West also claim a goodly share of administrative headquarters.

So far as one can gather the greatest changes are manifest along 899

material lines. Commodious buildings now shelter the larger Boards.

This indicates the permanency of the work, .and the liberal invest- ment of millions of dollars. A few of these buildings are revenue- producing. Fifty years ago most of the Boards occupied a single room with a desk and a few chairs; now many Boards occupy entire floors in large buildings.

Very meagre were the office outfits in 1877. No office had a typewriter, dictaphone, telephone or addressograph in those days.

The letter-press took the place of the carbon paper and the gelatine- pad was used in place of the mim- eograph. Perhaps quills and lead pencils were also used instead of the fountain-pen and eversharp pencil. In some offices, no doubt, sand instead of the blotting-paper was used to dry the ink. 'rhose were days of small things. Fortu- nately the men then did not feel the need of the many modern de- vices, so indispensable now, in the conduct of their work. It was not the age of mechanics. There were no taxi-cabs, no subways, no elec- tric cars and no sixty-mile-an-hour trains ! But the work at that time was in charge of men who were as capable, conscientious and cou- rageous as the men and women now. I add, "women now," for there were very few, if any ad- PRESENT HEADQUARTERS OF THE ministrative women secretaries in AMERICAN BOARD 1877. Strange to say, fifty years ago women were" the silent part- ners" in most of the church work. Experience has since taught the Boards that it was not good for man to be alone in the administrative work of Foreign Missions. The women today form a very vital factor in the conduct of the world-wide missionary enterprise, and we may well sing, "Blest be the tie that binds."

SECRETARIAL STAFF AND INCOMES The administrative staff then was small. One B oard that had only one secretary then has the same number now, but with" ten times as much work." Another secretary was also a pastor and editor. "In 1877," writes the secretary of one large Board, "the little work

1927J MISSIuN BOARDS FIFTY YEARS AGO

FRANCIS b'lELD ELLINWOOD ELDER RUDOLPH F , KELKER Secretary of the Presbyterian Board ()! Treasurer of Board of· Foreign Missions Foreign Missions, 1871 to 1908 ot the Reformed Church in U. S. 1877 that was required for the conduct of Foreign Missions was done by the officers of the committee elected by the general body." Lest the present Boards might be accused of a surplus of office force, a sage secretary says, "Considering the growth of the Board there is little difference in the staff now from what it was fifty years ago." To give a bird's-eye view of the progress made during the past fifty years, without partiality, the writer chose the Boards of the following churches to present a comparative statement as to secre- tarial staff (including women) and income: Secretarial Staff Income Denomination 1877 1.927 1877 1.927 Baptist (Northern) ………… Congregational .. "………… 2 9 $225,733 $1,436,124 Methodist Episcopal (North) …. Methodist Episcopal (South) ." 4 18 433,9179 2,137,371 Moravian ………………… Presbyterian Church (North) … 2 14 560,055 3,766,538 Presbyterian Church (South) ' " 2 11 114,000 2,500 Protestant Episcopal , … ,…… 1 1 13,054 68,017 Reformed Church in America. . . . Reformed Church in the U. S.. ,. 3 30 511,180 4,6'09,712 United Brethren …•… . …. . .. United Lutheran …..•……… 2 5 ' 59,947 1,220,635 United Presbyte:rian …….. . . , 6 11 114,976 1,292,553 1 3 58,152 510,977 1 5 200 463,355 2 7 9,027 212,889 3 25,000 985,000 1 3 77,028 1,062,199 Some of the secretaries and treasurers received no salary in 1877; a few received $2,500 and upwards; the salaries in 1927 range from $3,000 to',$8,OOO. "

REPRESENTATIVE LEADERS It would greatly enrich the missionary lore of the churches in America if the story were written of the lives and labors of all the leaders in Foreign Missions fifty years ago. Here is a rich mine of very choice material, and it is of too much value to the cause of Ch rist to let it remain hidden in the archives of the Boards. We can mention here only a few of the noble men to whom we owe so much for the deep and broad foundations laid i'ly them and upon which we have been building all these years. These saints will live on in the currents of the history of missions.

HEADQUARTERS OF .THE PRESBYTERIAl'< BOARD OF FOREIGN MlSSIONS IN 1877, 23 CENTER ST., NEW YORK Dr. John M. Ferris (Reformed Church in America) was a man of noble ability and peculiar effec- tiveness in bringing about the opening of Japan to Christian influence, particularly in promot- ing the coming to America of pronllsmg Japanese young men and their education at Rutgers College.

Dr. John B. Dales (United Presbyterian Church) gave the work of Foreign Missions a large place in the heart of the Church by his own vital interest in the cause and by his intelligent and interest- ing method of presenting the sub- ject through the pages of the Chr'istian Instructor and to church courts and congregations. FIRST BUILDING OF THE REFORMED Dr. J. Leighton Wilson (Pres- CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES, ARCH ST.. PHILADELPHIA byterian Church in the U. S.) greatly benefited the cause of Foreign Missions through his writings, having translated a number of the Gospels into African dialects, being editor of The Home and Foreign Record and The Missionary,

1927J MISSION BOARDS FIFTY YEARS AGO

and preparing many articles for the theological and literary reviews.

Dr. D. K. Flickinger (United Brethren Ohurch) was a keen and constant missionary promoter. He gave many years of faithful and efficient service to the cause of missions.

Rev. A. T. Twing (Protestant E pis cop a I Ohurch) was at first a traveling missionary agent, but from the very begin- ning he became a living and organizing power. His commanding presence was a fit expansion of his large heart and generous sym- pathies. He took special interest in the children, or- ganized the work among women, interested the sym- pathy of individual laymen in particular fields, and bound all the Ohurch to its missionary work by the strong and quiet influence of his catholic spirit and warm heart.

Dr. Robert L. Dashiell (Methodist E pis co p a I Ohurch) was one of the most eloquent advocates of missions. He traveled ex- tensively and labored ar- duously for the work. Dr.

John L. Reid of the same church was a very able ad- ministrator and 'left deep impressions on the mission- PRESENT HEADQUARTERS OF 'l'RE PRESBYTERIAN ary work of the denomina- HOME AND FOREIGN MISS'lON BOARDS.

•• . 156 FIFTH AVE.• NEW YORK h~ Drs. J. B. McFerrin and D. O. Kelly (Methodist Episcopal Church, South) were for many'years brilliant, unique, and very able leaders in the work of the denomination. There is nothing especially characteristic about their methods of work except the brilliancy and forcefulness of their addresses before the Oonferences and congre- gations.

CHURCH MISSION HOUSE, PROTESTANT PRESENT HEADQUARTERS OF THE RE- EPISCOPAL CHURCH, FOURTH AVE." FORMED CHURCH IN 'rHE UNITED . AND 22ND ST., NEW YORK S'fA'fES, AT PHILADELPHIA Few secretaries have been of greater constructive help than Dr. N. G. Clark of the American Board and Dr. Mark Hopkins, President, who is too well known among all classes of the present time to require any comment.

It was a great blessing to the cause of Foreign Missions that for so many years i t had identified with it men like the Hon. Walter . Lowrie, Dr. John C. Lowrie, Dr. Frank Ellinwood and Mr. William Rankin of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. Of Dr. Lowrie, it is' said that he wrote letters to the missions with his own hand, scorning the modern innovation of the typewriter. He was a man Of great frugality, deeply consecrated to the missionary cause, and with absolute loyalty to Hie New Testament ideals. Dr. Ellinwood was a man of rare intellectual power-a true scholar in theology, philosophy and comparative religions, a courageous and honest administrator. Mr. RankIn, Treasurer, was a most picturesque and intelligent personality. He lived to be 103 years of age. When he was over 90 he used to slip away from his home in the suburbs and: come into New :york alone to visit the headquarters of the Board.

Elder Rudolph F. Kelker (Reformed Church in the U. S.) was treasurer of the Board for many years.. He did more than any other man to keep alive the missionary spirit in our church, and bring us into contact with, the representatives of other Boards. He was a gentleman of the old school in faith and morals and left a deep im- pression on many hearts. '

MISSION BOARDS FIFTY YEARS AGO

PROMOTIONAL WORK In 1877 the literature of missions was scant. Very few magazines were published, and but few books, pamphlets, leaflets and tracts. The stereopticon was as great a novelty then as is the airplane now. Imagine the surprise of an audience of fifty years ago to see the face of a dignified secretary thrown upon the screen by a motion picture projector, which in our day causes no comment.

'There were no interdenominational missionary agencies then, such as the Student Volunteer Movement, the Laymen's Missionary Movement, and the Missionary Education Movement. The Annual Foreign Missions Conference, the Ecumenical Missionary Confer- BISHOP BENJAMIN BOSWORTH DR. N. G. CLARK, Protestant Episcopal Church. 1877 Secretary of the Am erican Board of Commis- sioners for Foreign Missions in 1877 ence of 1900, the WorId Missionary Conference of 1910 and the Foreign Missions Convention of 1925, the summer missionary conferences, missionary institutes, and schools of missions, all of these are products of later years.

The promotional work as now carried on through the educational and field departments was on a much less extensive scale. One secretary writes, "There was in those days less machinery and more direct contacts." Most Boards lay special emphasis on. the need of keeping constantly before the membership the scope and service of Christian missions.

A great deal might be said in commendation of the Boardmem bers and the Board officers Who are devoting their best thoughts and energies to the greatest of all' causes in (jurday~l:)1;J;twhyspeak about the living when their works do praise them 7 and Now LUCY W. PEABODY, BEVERLY, MASS.

SIXTY Years ago there was very little suggestion of any modifi- cation of the principle "woman's place is in the home." Her contribution to missionary work at that time was necessarily through the General Boards or the interdenominational organization known as the Woman's Union Missionary Society.

Fifty years ago woman's place and contribution were fairly well determined since most of the larger denominations had followed the example of this woman's union of '61 led by Mrs. Doremus. The Con- ~regational women were first to organize and were followed by those of the Methodist Episcopal, Baptist, Presbyterian and other churches. Women were learning that woman's place is also in the missionary society. With one exception, the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the ladies' societies were becomingly auxiliary to their General Boards, with varying degrees uf independence of action. Neither men nor women considered it quite safe for women to assume the entire responsibility of organization though the men were very willing that they should do the work of their societies. Some of the brethren felt that they would fail in the administration of funds and so kept a careful check on finances. The place of woman in missionary organizations -ras closely and safely allied to her place in the Church, which still continues to be her place. This morning's paper (August 16, 1927), referring to the Conference on Church Unity in Lausanne brings this question of woman's status vividly before us as a present-day question. Four of the seven women appointed to represent the churches of the world, with 400 men delegates, raise the inquiry as to why, with women in the majority as members and supporters of the churches, only a negligible number should serve as delegates and none be permitted to speak. At a great world council an English bishop stated as the ground for their position that there were no women among the apostles and none at the Last Supper. Yet our Lord was cradled in a woman's arms and women were, we recall, at the Cross, and "very early while it was yet dark" at the tomb. It was to Mary that the Risen Lord revealed Himself. So women were not left out of the divine plan and they have generally been found faithful in the dar;kest hours.

It has not troubled women very much that they are not officially recognized. It was not for that reason that they organized as women, but because there was special work for women and children which 906 men could not and did not do, which appealed to women and to many thinking men as important and indeed necessary. So they began 60 years ago and in ten years had made a good start in building organizations, publishing literature, collecting large sums in small gifts, and learning to "speak in meeting" which was, if not out of order in general assemblies, not possible for lack of time. They were usually allowed to meet at the noon hour alone while the brethren were finiHhing luncheon which was an important woman's contribution.

The early '70s, now derided as the sentimental decade by certain modern writers, seem to those of us who were close to that period new days of practical idealism for women. They stood then in relation to a devastating war where we stand today. Their reaction was spiritual, international, progressive and took concrete and practical form. They cleared away the ruins which war always leaves, healed the enmities and built new world foundations, and they builded well.

The Women's Mission Boards began in the early '90's to seek association with each other through an annual and later a triennial conference which grew in 1911, after the Jubilee, into a Federation of Women's Foreign Mission Boards. On the material side they have saved, earned and invested in 50 to 60 years approximately one hundred and fifty million dollars in the work in foreign fields. This has been accomplished with very small cost for home expenses since women were free to give voluntary service when few men were able so to give their time. Boards, like the Women's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, with a present yearly income of two and one-half millions with an income of like amount for home missions, are the highest examples of efficient and economical business management. They could do this because they were free for the first time to work out their own ideas. Men had always had freedom to work out theirs and they chose to have their own organizations composed of men and managed by men for good and natural reasons. If women were to develop initiative and responsibility and train executives they could do it only in their own societies for women. They were needed also to select and send women teachers, doctors and evangelists to the Orient and South America. The great value of their organization at home was that it led to a remarkable education in prayer and in the study of fields with their various needs and types of work. This education began in the Cradle Roll and led up, with good grading, through Mission Bands and Junior Societies, Young Women's Societies and older groups.

Twenty-seven years ago the Women's Boards grew into a higher united plan of study through the group organized in 1900 at the Ecumenical Foreign Missions Conference. In these years they have published nearly 4,000,000 study books prepared by the best authors. Twenty-five years ago they inaugurated the Summer School of Mis- .sions at Northfield, Mass., which has been the model for some thirty

others throughout the country. The Federations of Women's For- eign and Home Mission Boards have general oversight of these schools, though each works under its own committee. During the year many institutes and study conferences are held, generally inter- denominational. Leaders are trained not only for teaching the text books, but missionary methods, and through the now popular Forum, allied questions of international relations and law observance have generally found their place in these conferences. Bible study classes for girls in camps and for women leaders, with opportunity to visit the literature exchanges, make the Summer Schools of great value to all Boards.

Seventeen year8 ago, in 1910 coincident with the jubilee of the first foreign missionary society for women, the Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Missions published a book entitled, "Western Women in Eastern Lands." The author, Helen Barrett Montgomery, gave here a remarkable picture of the work of women in foreign missions. Nearly 150,000 of these stUdy books were issued and studied by groups of women of all denominations. The book seemed to have come by a special act of Providence since it was written before anyone had realized its historical significance. It was the book of the Jubilee campaign and many eloquent addresses at national meetings and in the local "Jubilettes" which followed, were based on the material found in this volume.

On the foreign field growing demands of women, liberated from zenana and the limitations of illiteracy and the need for trained teach- ers and nurses, have made necessary a higher grade of work. Seven Union Colleges in Japan, China, and India entered into a successful united campaign for funds which resulted in the purchase of land and buildings which are the loving gift of American women to the women of the Orient, a proof of international friendship. In addition to the seven which shared in the three million dollar fund is the Shanghai Medical College of A grade which is going steadily on with its work in spite of war. There are other beginnings of colleges and a long list of normal schools, high schools, Bible training, kindergarten, and industrial classes and best of all the social settlement which is the fine flower of every mission station demonstrating year after year the Christian home. This training abroad is reflected here at home in guilds and leagues and other national organizations of girls who learn their first lessons of international goodwill through their study and work for their missionary society.

Just at present we are witnessing a transition. Several of the women's societies have been merged with the General Boards and most of the others have been affected by the trend toward such mergers and the pooling of missionary interests in the denomina- -tions. It is not possible.at present to determine just what-the effect -will be. – The experiment-i'S too new. The women –who -have g.one

WOMAN'S PLACE IN MISSIONS FIFTY YEARS AGO AND NOW l09

into the General Boards are women who received their training in the woman's missionary organizations and are their highest product. It remains to be seen whether the united' boards will train women who will measure up to these who have developed through responsibility and the power to initiate. It is hardly possible to think of the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A., for instance, being able to work as effectively in a joint way as they have worked in their own separate organizations. Weare not sure that the men, if they really gave women equal power as well as place, would not lose in their efficiency. On the whole women work rather better with women. While they can hold their own fairly well with individual man on most questions, collective man on a Board. is another and a modern problem, and the training of women has not yet fitted them to meet on an equality even if men were ready for full equal status.

We of the '70's were brought up on J. G. Holland's "Mistress of the Manse" and Tennyson's "Princess" which helped to form our feminine complex, inferior or superior as we choose to consider it.

Our place and contribution seem to be at this moment in question. Indeed the whole missionary situation is changing. It is difficult for instance to say what will happen in China. Many Chinese women, educated in our mission schools, are loyal and outspoken in their Christian devotion. They have caught the heroic spirit of their teachers and are realrzing, in this day of trial, all that their Faith means and must mean. Christianity is revolutionary in the highest sense and is the only hope for the women of any land. But revolution without the motive and the method of Christ is dangerous. The women of America have worked wisely under divine leadership for the women of the East. Out of their colleges and training schools are coming the leaders of the new world for men and women. What women have done seems to be fully justified. Already, with these strong groups of Christian leaders, we feel a fellowship with no hint of patronage. We are workers together with God.

The World Day of Prayer has become an i:qstitution and we pray with greater power here because we feel the presence of the Christian women of Asia and Africa with us. Our prayers are the same, our needs the same. And now we unite for the first time in our Study Around the World. Our study book for 1927-28 in Japanese, Ohinese, Urdu and Tamil, Spanish and Burmese, will gather groups of Christian women into one great world study class and we Itll thrill to the thought that after fifty years we Christian women of the wor.Id have achieved our real unity. In Mrs. Platt's book, "A Straight Way Toward Tomorrow," we shall study Child Welfare, The Christian Home, Religious Education, Christian Literature, World Peace and Social Service, great problems for all Christian women.

It is interesting to see that leaders in internationalism now turn to the women of the missionary societies for expert aid. The Vice-president of the League of Women Voters stated in a recent article that women are prepared for citi'zenship and political organization by their work in their women's missionary societies in the country churches where they learned to work together for a cause. Directly and indirectly women's missionary societies have made a great contribution to the world and have strengthened the Church by this contribution. If we separate from the Church the distinctive work of women in the missionary societies the Church wiH feel a great loss. The work of the women is less than sixty years old. There is still much to be done and in these days of consolidation and merger, it is well to remember that we need also to emphasize special· ization. No great plan of men which weakens or lessens this work of women or removes from them responsibility and initiative really marks a gain. To a certain extent some of the mergers have done their best to perpetuate the work of women and may prove to be a g-reat forward movement. On the other hand the Church must not forget that the very success of the organization of women's societies has led to many other organizations of women who offer to church women fields for womanly service which may appeal to them and lessen their service in the Church. Unless the Church has large tasks to assign to its women with the same freedom and representation given men they would better leave the women to their own methods, which are not exactly like those of men. This is especially true of the missionary task. It is a beautiful divine plan of selection that puts women in charge of children and builds up a sisterhood with other women. Some of us who have lived in this work for fifty years are especially thankful for that privilege and are hoping that all the best may go on. The glory of the work catches the imagination of the girl of today as it did that of the girl of fifty years ago. Bobbed hair and short skirts are externals. The girls of the world need the girls of America and the girlhood of our churches needs this appeal for world fellowship and comradeship and sharing of God's best gifts.

It does not matter so much about the older women who love the work enough to do it under almost any form of organization. Their place and contribution are less important than that of our new generation who must assume some share in the world task if it is to be completed and if they are to be complete as Christians. Will they measure up to the standards of fifty years ago? As we left the summer school at Northfield, last month, with the song of 600 camp girls ringing in our hearts, "Follow. follow the Gleam," we felt that we could "Trust all nor be afraid."

WOMAN'S PLACE IN MISSIONS FIFTY yEARS AGO AND NOW

Missionary History Test for December PREPARED BY BELLE M. BRAIN, SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK WHAT IS YOUR SCORE?

T HE following twenty questions may be used to test your knowledge of missionary history during the past fifty years. Grade yourself and your friends by the percentage of correct replies. Twenty cor- rect answers. score 100 per cent, ten correct answers fifty per cent, and RO on. The answers will be found on page 944, but do not consult '(hem until you have graded yourself on your answers. You will be interested to discover vour score.

1. Who'won great favor for missions in China by curing Lady Li, wife of the great viceroy, Li Hung Chang?

2. Whom did Henry M. Stanley pronounce" the greatest missionary since Livingstone"?

3. Who made the first tour of colleges in the United States and Canada in behalf of foreign missions in October, 1886?

4. Who introduced Siberian reindeer into Alaska ~ 5. Who was founder of the China Inland Mission and director of it for forty years?

6. What great mission was founded in Africa as a memorial to David Livingstone?

7. What agent of the American Bible Society gave fifty years to evangelistic work in Latin America, and was twice imprisoned?

8. What great mission was begun in Africa in the same year as THE MIS~.roNARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD was founded '!

9. What mission is farthest north of any in the Western Hem- isphere?

10. What young Moslem convert of Syria died in Arabia under suspicious circumstances that pointed to poisoning, after a brief period of successful work for Christ under Messrs. Cantine and Zwemer?

11. What notable Christian Indian woman founded the Sharada Sadan and Mukti, refuges for Indian widow~?

12. What English woman missionary made a heroic journey into Tibet and came within three days of Lhasa before she was turned back?

]3. Who were the founders of a Protestant mission to the people of Paris which now operates in many parts of France?

14. Who was George Grenfell and what was the name of his mis- sionary boat?

15. Who is Wilfred T. Grenfell and what is the name of his hos- pital ship1 16. Who founded, at Canton, the first asylum for the insane in all China?

17. What South Seas missionary earned more than $25,000 for mis- sions by writing the thrilling story of his life?

18. What native Japanese was educated by a Christian business man of Boston and became a college president?

19. What famous English world traveler became a convert to mis- sions and a large giver to the work as a result of what she saw mis- sionaries doing in non-Christian lands Y • 20. What event occurred in Korea soon after the arrival of Dr.

Horace N. Allen, the first missionary, that gave Christianity its first foothold in that long-closed land?

A MISSIONARY MAP OF CHINA MAD& FIFTY YEARS AGO-FORTY STATIONS

Fifty Years of Protestant Missions In China* A Bird's-Eye View BY REV. ARTHUR H. SMITH, D.D.

T HE seventh decade of the last century was a very unquiet segment of a very unquiet century. The war between France and Germany had set all Europe in commotion, with far-reaching world effects. The five years of civil war in the United States had recently come to an end. There had been discovered great undeveloped capacities for Christian work, more especially among women. In many of the leading American missionary societies, women's boards had been organized., Important changes had recently taken place in China, notably the suppression of the great Tai-ping rebellion, which lasted for fifteen years, devastating four- • In a sketch like this it is essential to take note of a long series of events covering practically the wbole perioo under review which constantly hampered and often stopped missionary work. Lack Of space forbids explanatory comment but a mere mention will convey to the, instructed reader something of the significance of th ese fncldents.- .d.. H. s. 912

<'I1<' TY YEARS OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN CHINA

• RAILWAYS IN CHINA IN OPERATION • UNDER CONSTRUCTION • CONTRACTED FOR MIS SIO N ARY MA P OF CHI N A TODAY teen out of the eighteen provinces, incidentally destroying some of the finest cities in China and p erhaps twenty million lives.

In 1860 there were perhaps an hundred missionaries pent up in Shanghai awaiting permission to open mission work elsewhere. Some went up the great Yang-tze valley to Hankow, other s to the northern ports of Chefoo, Tientsin, (and Peking), as well as to Newchuang in Manchuria. One of the earliest anti-Christian outbreaks was the Tientsin massacre (June, 1870), when ten Roman Catholic sisters of mercy, two priests, the French consul,three other Frenchinen and three Russians were killed. This was due to malicious and libelous reports of the murder of infants.in an orphan asylum. The French consul unwisely refused to aHow an J

official Chinese inspection. The outcome was the wrecking by a mob not only of the Roman Catholic cathedral, but of eight Protestant chapels. For more than a year foreigners were not allowed to enter the city of Tientsin. This occurrence and other smaller ones of a like kind in other provinces, kept the Chinese mind in a condition of perpetual ferment. The audience question, involving the nature of the ceremonies by which the young emperor received the foreign ministers, was regarded by the Chinese as a matter of :first impor- tance, and until this was settled (June 1873) and for some time after, the air was thick with rumors of impending disaster. A visit to Peking by American scientists to observe the transit of Venus ended , in their precipitate retreat to avoid an "incident."

A CHINESE CITY IN 1877- CANTON In the summer of 1874 the whole empire was excited by the prospect of a war with Japan in consequence of the massacre of :fifty sailors in the Liuchiu (Riukiu) Islands, but this was adjusted by the good officers of the British minister, Sir Thomas Wade. In January, 1875, the death of the enfeebled young emperor from smallpox, and the irregular and arbitrary action of the Empress Dowager T:;ju Rsi placing her little nephew (who was of the wrong generation) upon the throne, caused general popular perturbation. In the same year the premeditated official murder (on the borders of Burma) of a young British consular officer named Margary, again brought Ohina to the verge of war with Great Britain, but the matter was at last settled, after some dramatic episodes, by a heavy indemnity (silver taels 200,000) and the compulsory opening of several new ports,. to the intense dissatisfaction of the Chinese intelligentsia.

In the autumn of 1877 the baleful shadow of famine was thrown

927] FIFTY YEARS OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN CHINA

over several of the provinces of Northern China. Many missionaries and some other foreigners threw themselves into the work of giving local relief, but on a scale necessarily limited. The Chinese Government did practically nothing, some officials definitely forbidding foreign intervention, no matter how many died of starvation in consequence! The province of Shansi was the greatest sufferer. Millions of Chinese died of "famine fever" (often a combination of typhoid and typhus) till the population was visibly diminished. The fever was fatal to almost every foreigner who contracted it. Yet this great calamity though deeply disguised was a blessing to A CHINESE CITY TODAY-HANYANG NEAR HANKOW China, proclaiming in portentous tones the absolute necessity of introducing railways, but it was not until twenty years later that the first line was opened.

Floods of the great rivers in China have for ages been a destructive heritage from the past. One of the most calamitous overflows of the Yellow River (popularly known as "China's Sorrow") occurred in 1888, when the turbid torrent broke its banks rushing off to the south, as in ancient times. This event again brought foreign relief to the front on a large scale. The only radical remedy would be in scientific engineering of which China had then no experience and for which it had no resources, and no ambition. (The analogy between the problems of the Yang-tze and the Yellow River and the Mississippi and Missouri is at present very striking.) In the middle "eighties" there was a quarrel between FraI).c,e

and China, accompanied by much slaughter of unresisting Chinese although no war had been declared! This difficult matter was at last mediated (in 1885) by the aid of Sir Robert Hart. In the next decade there was the war with Japan, in which China was decisively beaten at Pingyang (Korea) and lost her navy, paying a heavy indemnity in addition. A little later came the spasm of reform in the young emperor Kuanghsii, his twenty-seven spectacular decrees followed by imprisonment for the rest of his life by his imperious aunt. Then followed in rapid succession the German sei'zure of Chiao chou, the ., Boxer" uprising in retaliation, the fifty-six days of siege of all the legations in Peking, the deliverance (Aug. 14th, 1900) by allied troops, the flight of the Empress Dowager, the slow settlement by A MISSIONARY BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS, SHANGHAI, Il-' 1877 peace commissioners fining China four hundred and fifty million taels ($333,900,000) spread over nine and thirty years, with a view to preventing her fnrther effective antagonism for at least one generation. This was followed by the return of the Empress Dowager with the court, her belated adoption of the very reforms that she had suppressed, a national parliament, provincial councils, and somewhat later the doubtless prearranged death of the emperor, followed at once by the death of the Empress Dowager herself, removing the most prominent figure in contemporary Asiatic history. Then three more years of misrule, the premature and preposterous "Chinese Republic," the disappearance of China's one "Strong Man" Yuan Shih K'ai, the succession of military satraps, followed by the slow evolution under the lead of Sun Yat-sen of the so-called National Party determined to put an end to this ruinous tyranny at whatever cost. This is one of the main issues now turning China

FIF'l'Y YEARS OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN CHINA

into an armed camp. The other and not less important one is escape from overt and covert foreign domination.

In a mere charcoal sketch of missions in China, only the most general outlines are admissible. Numerical summaries are particu· larly irrelevant and misleading, for in the crisis through which China is passing it is impossible to forecast the conditions of the next five years, or even two years.

F'ifty years ago the interdenominational and intemational China Inland Mission had but recently entered on its unique enterprise. At the close of the half century its workers, together with those of various affiliated missions, numbered more than a thousand, widely A .!ISSIONARY BOARDING SCHOOL FOR GIRLS IN 1927 spread over China. Almost every society of importance has ex· panded its work and increased its agents.

In 1876 there were in China twenty-nine missionary societies with four hundred and seventy-three workers. In the latest Christian Year Book (1926) there were 8,158 workers, who are connected with more than two hundred organizations of the most varied types. Some of the small societies are sponsored by single individuals, others by solitary churches. In such cases the death of a patron, a change of pastorates, 0" anyone of many other causes might easily result in the suspension of the work, or its submergence in some more stable body. In the Christian Year Book, it is shown tha t since 1918 eleven units have disappeared (seven having united wit.h others) but on the other hand twenty-one new ones have been listed!

The development of a new national consciousness in China has extended to the Christian Church, which is now effectively taking into

its own hands its complete administration. There are many indications that this means radical readjustments in Christian missions in that land. In The Chinese Recorder for May-June, 1927, there was published a Preliminary Statement of the Committee of the Hangchow Christian Union, composed of members of five different churches, that of the Church Missionary Society (low church Anglican), the China Inland Mission, the American Presbyterian North & South, and the American Baptist, North. (At the Edinburgh Confer- Gnce of 1910 one of the most outstanding Christians in China, Dr. Ch'eng Chingyi, gave as one of the "seven points" of his brief address: "Denominational distinctions do not interest us Chinese"). In view of their future importance it is necessary to quote these findings of this pioneer committee.

1. SEPARATE FROM THE WESTERN CHURCH. (Basis of freedom and independ- ence.) . 1. A Church with sovereign rights. ?. Independence in government. 3. Iniiependence in finances.

II. ELIMINATE DENOMINATIONS. (Discontinue those religious practices and customs that have been brought from the West which becloud the Christ that we know.) 1. Follow Christ. 2. Unify the creeds. 3. Unify forms and ceremonies.

III. ESTABLISH THE CHINESE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. (Take over church author- ity.) 1. The Chinese Christian Church should have a unified system of organ· ization. 2. It should meet the needs of the Chinese people.

IV. THE ATTITUDE TOWARD THE FRIENDLY CHURCHES OF THE WEST. (Ask them to assume the place of a guest.) 1. Foster the original friendship. 2. Do not interfere with their preaching the gospel, but they should not establish churches, give baptism, or compromise our sovereignty. 3. As to the control of schools and hospitals, we will leave those matters to the government to decide. 4. If the Western churches wish to help in the matter of supplying workers and money, the appointment and distribution of the saine must be left to us.

V. THE METHOD OF INAUGURATION. 1. This plan will first be tried in Hangchow. 2. The five churches in Hangchow will each announce their separation from their original relationships. 3. All five churches will unite and organize the Hangchow Christian Church. 4. The matters of creed, ceremonies, and the details of organization must be presented and discussed a month in advance, after which they may be passed by the whole body and put into operation.

It has been said that politically the Chinese have "hurdled a century." In view of plans like this (of which there are several) it

FIF'£Y YEARS OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN CHINA

might be added that they are also planning to short-circuit Chinese history. If anything like this program is carried out instead of twohundred different Protestant bodies working in China there may be very few. Those which the Chinese can not or will not assimilate will be obliged to retire.

It is a perfectly rational question. What has the introduction of Christianity done for China '! What has Christianity done for any country~ What did it do for the Armenians, the first people to accept it~ vVhat for Greece, for the Roman Empire, for medieval Europe, for modern Europe7 Inquiries like these can not be answered offhand, nor without prolonged study, and a well balanced judgment.

The benefits of Christianity are not the less real because in every Prom an old copy of The PreSbyterian Foreign Missionary. MISSIONARY TRAVELING IN NORTH CHINA IN 1877 age they are ridiculed, undervalued, denied and despised, as perhaps they will be to the end of time. Christianity produces beautiful lives unmatched by anything found elsewhere. This it has done in China as in other lands, alike in the ancient Greek Catholic, the Roman Catholic, and the Protestant churches. It has taught a reasonable as well as a scriptural idea of God, quite new to China. It has given an explanation of sin of which China's religions took little or no account. It brings the news of Salvation, and of the indwelling and outworking Spirit of God in the soul of man.

Christianity has given a new conception of holy motherhood, of the beauty of childhood, and the worth of the individual as taught by the Master, never hitherto within the scope of Oriental thought. The Christian Church with its firm but gentle authority over the inner as well as the outer lives of men and of women, a weekly day of physical rest, mental recreation, and spiritual uplift, its regular

oral religious instruction for old and for young on life's duties and opportunities, opening to all men the spiritual inheritance of thousands of years of Christian and pre-Christian experience in sermon, story and song-all these are God's best gifts to a wearied and dis couraged age. Christianity has taught mothers how to care for their infants, and parents how to train their children, supplementing and vastly expanding and uplifting China's ancient system of education. It has taught China to care for her sick and disabled by the aid of modern appliances. It has introduced new therapeutic principles and practice on an unexampled scale. It has taught the importance and the necessity of universal education. Chinese educational ideals have always been lofty but limited. '1'here was practically no provision for teaching girls, the coming mothers of scholars and statesmen, although in a few exceptional instances women in China have attained scholarship and influence. The humble day-school for boys and girls, and also the Sunday-school have been the theory and the practice o,f each mission station in China, which has in reality been a dynamo radiating in every direction light, heat and electricity, and doing it all the time. The ,western-educated women in China, who have come in ever-increasing numbers, have been an object lesson, whether as wives, as educators, as physicians, or as trained nurses, wise and winning, strong and sweet, God's best gift to the twentieth century. Chinese girls, at first too shy to leave their humble homes, have now for decades been educated in Christian schools, have gone to foreign lands, and although relatively few in number have exerted immense influence upon their return to China.

The work of any earnest missionary" who seed immortal bears," is never easy. He has this treasure in earthen vessels. It is a truism that his real troubles begin with his first convert. He knows all too well what it is to have coming upon him daily the care of all the churches. He has longed for the time when that burden should be lifted by the evolution of an "indigenous church," now already well on the way to realization, but in widely differing degrees. The many bitter attacks upon the Church in China, and upon Christianity, are not so much due to dissatisfaction with its teachings, although that exists often upon a great scale, as to the behavior of those who have advocated it, but whose actions have not always squared with its precepts. It was once supposed that nations possessing and professing such a lofty moral teaching as Christianity seems to be, must be ideal. That superstition is extinct-extinguished by bitter experience!

The Christian Church in China will endure and come forth from its fiery ordeal purified and strengthened. But it is possible that large successes in Christian work in China will await the time when America, at least, has set her own house in order and has become in a more real sense a Christian nation. and Now BY REV. STEPHEN J. COREY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Vice President of the United Christian Missionary Society I N ADDITION to the spiritual appeal to prayer for the mission- ary enterprise there has always been the two-fold appeal for life to be dedicated to the service and for gifts to support the cause.

vVhat were the fundamental factors on which the appeal for missions was based fifty years ago~ What is the basis of the appeal at the present time~ Some of the elements of the appeal were more clear cut a half century ago, than at present moment when the whol~ enterprise is passing through a period of change and readjustment.

1. PERMANENT ELEMENTS IN THE ApPEAL There are factors in the missionary appeal which are fundamental and unchanging. They lie at the basis of all sending of the Gospel. The emphasis may have shifted, but they endure in the very foundations of Christianity. These are: The compulsion of divine love, the need of all men for God, the inadequacy of the non-Christian religions, the power of Jesus Christ to save, the imperative call of the Great Commission, the inherent missionary principle of Christianity itself and the results of the missionary enterprise in individual redemption, in social uplift, in education and in the overthrow of human injustice. These permanent factors in the missionary challenge form a broad and enduring appeal. They cannot rightly be discarded because of any change which may take place in human conditions. When the Church came to a consciousness of its missionary responsibility, more than a hundred years ago, all of these elements of appeal were expressed except the last. When measurable results began to be recorded, this appeal for human justice and higher education began to emerge. In the new missionary era of the present day, it behooves us to hold fast the unchanging realities of our missionary faith and appeal. Important as are some of the new elements, here are factors which fit into all periods and all conditions. To abandon them would mean a loss of faith and would bring disaster to the cause.

There are, however, changing factors in foreign missions work, brought about by rapidly shifting world conditions, which not only alter the emphasis in the missionary appeal, but may even bring into it different elements.

Fifty years ago the missionary cause knew nothing of the following realities: the awakened self-consciousness and virile nationalism 921 of Oriental races; the world awareness of once isolated peoples; the rising indigenous church in mission areas; the emergence of native leadership to take many responsibilities once carried by the foreign missionary; the discrediting of Western leadership through the example of so-called" Ohristian" nations; the change from expansive to intensive plans on the fields j the active and virulent non-Ohristian movements in the Far East. No church constituency, no foreign board and no missionary, or missionary leader, can afford to ignore the problems and adjustments necessary because of these changes which are certain to influence the missionary appeal. Changing conditions do not alter the unchanging factors in Foreign Missions, but they supplement and expand the appeal, and affect its impact upon both lif.e and financial support.

II. THE ApPEAL OF FIFTY YEARS AGO The missionary challenge of half a century ago was more subjective and simple than the challenge of today. It reflected the theology and outlook of religious thinking and preaching in those days, just as the present challenge is colored by those concepts of today. Someone has wisely said, "Men did not analyze motives and were not as psychological fifty years ago as now." The preaching then laid more emphasis on the life to come, while today the preaching is largely concerned with the life that now is. The missionary appeal then, dwelt largely on the lost condition of non-Ohristian people, while today their present intellectual and social needs are emphasrzed. One of the oldest missionary leaders writes, "So far as J can recall, the prevailing appeal of the missionary meeting and Sunday school fifty years ago was: Far, far away, in heathen darkness dwelling, Millions of souls forever may be lost.

Behind it was the awful significance of the words lost and forever, and all that in the physical sense." He goes on to say that there was also present the higher appeal of our "marching orders." Some no doubt rose into such an intimate fellowship with the eternal Father, who is Love, that they were caught in that great stream of love for a lost world.

Another one of the older men, a retired secretary of one of the oldest Boards who was a missionary fifty years ago, says, "My own impression is that the great change, certainly in our own denomination, is from the emphasis on the future life, to emphasis on life today." He adds, " A secretary of the Board gave an address at one of our annual meetings, in which he pictured the non-Ohristian populations of the world passing in review for days and weeks, and dropping over a precipice into eternal damnation. It was a vivid picture and I imagine it made a strong appeal at that time." A general, interdenominational conference on Foreign Missions, held at Mildmay, London, in October 1878, with delegates from thirtyfive Boards and Societies, gave one whole session to the "Claims of Foreign Missions on the Home Churches."

The appeal as it was presented in that meeting revealed a number of outstanding elements. The most oft-repeated note was the Great Commission of Our Lord and its imperative obligation upon Christian people.

Next in emphasis was the millions of the lost, without hope, hurrying on to judgment, with the compulsion of the fact that out of every three persons in the world two had never seen the Bible or heard of heaven or hell.

Close to the above in emphasis was the assuring success which had already rewarded missionary effort. Then followed the spiritual need of the church at home for the unselfishness and Christ-like spirit which the missionary passion develops. Some other appeals em" phasized were: the duty of taking to others the blessings bestowed upon us;' the social and educational uplift provided by missionary effort; the unifying influence of the missionary task among Protestant Christians; the new means of communication and a more accessible world; our compassion for suffering humanity; our debt to the nations for past neglect. The duty was also emphasized of carrying the Christian elements of our civilization to the uncivilized and unChristian lands.

The literature of forty years ago had a strong element of the crusading spirit in it. 'rhe thought was that Christ's policy for His Church was not one of concentration, but diffusion and that the n regions beyond" should be our cry in a holy and enthusiastic crusade upon the kingdoms of darkness in all the earth. This was followed a little later with the electrifying call of the Student Volunteer Movement, "The Evangelization of the World in this Gener- ation. " III. THE ApPEAL OF TODAY The change of emphasis in the appeal from fifty years ago, as far as theological convictions are concerned, can be accounted for by the different emphasis in modern teaching and preaching, and by the changed views of child psychology. Most religious work today, both at home and abroad, emphasizes the proper training of the child, rather than the snatching of adults from the burning. But other factors in the relation of the missionary cause to a shifting world cannot be so explained.

Fifty years ago, and even in more recent times, the missionary task seemed relatively simple. It had to do with the conversion of, non-Christian people to Jesus Christ and its chief objective was emphasized as the winning of converts and adding them to His Church. 'rypes of missionary work not directly evangelistic, such as healing and education, were considered mainly as keys to unlock the hearts of people for evangelism. Today the work of Foreign Missions is decidedly complex. The closer contact of the East with the West, the presence of many foreign students in America, the nationalistic movements in nearly all mission fields, the handicap to the Christian appeal because of the unChristian political and industrial relation- ships of so-called Western Christian nations with the East, have all added to the problems of the work.

The missionary enterprise cannot longer be looked upon only as a crusade to bring the whole world in line with Christianity as interpreted in the West. It is now recognized as including the task of penetrating the Oriental world with the spirit and teaching of Christ, for both individual and social life. Its base line is the conversion of the individual to Christ, but its imperative circle includes the transformation of the entire area of Oriental thinking and living, through the cleansing power of the Christ life. This is a vastly greater undertaking than missionary work as conceived of by most people a half century ago. It demands a more comprehensive appeal that must challenge a consecration both in life and substance, commensurate with the larger undertaking.

Our Lord said to His disciples, "Pray ye the Lord of the harvest that he thrust forth laborers into his harvest." That call to prayer is as insistent today as in the first century, but we must pray wisely. Until recently most of our praying has been as though the laborers were all to go out from the home base. It is now evident that such is not the case. "While missionaries must still go to foreign lands, th,ey must be fewer and better equipped, and proportionately greater numbers of native leaders must take up the work. Perhaps the greatest challenge to our faith in missionary effort tod!lY, is for a new realization that our support must be invested more largely in the service performed by brothers whom we have not seen. Our giving for the spread of the Gospel must find its objective increasingly in the wise undergirding of native Christian work on the field. The major part of the enterprise can no longer center in the support of the foreign missionary. We should frankly face the issues involved. This is due the work itself, the home constituency, and the young American life which stands ready to go and serve in distant lands.

The major factors affecting the number of new missionaries needed at the present time for service abroad may be catalogued as follows: 1st. While the expense of carrying on missionary work has greatly increased since the "Vorld War, due to changed economic conditions throughout the world, missionary giving has remained very much at a level for the last six years. Missionary budgets have therefore either remained stationary, or have been cut-some of them drastically. As a result fewer new missionaries have been sent out. This decrease has also affected the native work on the fields. This cannot be longer endured if the work is to be preserved. Boards are, therefore, receiving the message from their fields, "Send us no new missionaries, except to fill emergencies, until our budgets can be largely increased for the regular work."

2nd. We formerly thought of missionary expansion hugely in terms of new missionaries, new fields occupied, and new stations opened. Most Boards and missions are now thinking of enlargement in terms of strengthening what has already been established. In other words, for the time being at least, the Foreign Missions program must be intensive instead of expansive. It is quite generally recognized that to put large additional sums of money into an enlarged staff of missionaries just now, would jeopardize instead of help the work.

3d. The prayers of the past are being answered. An indigenous church, self-supporting and self-directing, is arising. It is a slow prOCt~SS and foreign missionaries will be needed for many years, but the change is taking place. It is doubtful whether a largely increased staff of missionaries would help in this readjustment, even though the money was available to send them.

4th. Then we have Ohina and the great crisis in Ohristian missions there. Even at the very best, with missionaries invited back within a comparatively short period, it is evident that Ohina will nepd no increase in the present number of missionaries for years to come.

Thus the appeal for enlargement and more adequate support for Foreign Missions, cannot at present go hand in hand with a call for ~. largely increased missionary staff. This perhaps is the most vital change in the missionary challenge. What ever may be the reason, the call to "evangelize the world in this generation," which was the stirring appeal of thirty years ago, no longer successfully challenges the Ohurch to give, or its young life to go. Any such plan of wholesale evangelization seems now to be both impracticable and superficial. Evangelization does not go by generations even at home and the kingdom builds infinitely more slowly in non-Ohristian lands.

THE OHALLENGE OF THE HOUR What then must be the distinctive challenge of this hour1 From every side comes the answer, "It must be Jesus Ohrist Himself." This' is of course not a new appeal, but a re-emphasis in singleness of devotion and inclusiveness of purpose, of the fundamental call which is at the heart of all appeals. Our line of attack must be shortened and the diffused factors in our appeal must be brought to a focus. While retaining and proclaiming the majority of the elements in the challen,l('e of former years, we must make them all center in Christ. To live His life in America is the one great vindication for carrying His message abroad; to make Him known to those who know Him not is the one challenge and inspiration of the Christian missionary. Handicapped as we are by, the pagan elements in our Western civilization and revealed to the East more surely in our sins than in our grace, what have we to take that will endure the fierce fire of present day refining, other than Jesus Christ, the Son of God and the life of men~ The appeal to young life to go out to this task of revealing Christ must not be to a militant crusade, but to a supreme devotion to the living Christ who is indispensable to the West as well as tothe East. The appeal to the Church at home must be the same-the call to take Jesus Christ, the only adequate answer to fundamental human need and the only dynamic and apologetic for the missionary task.

We must emphasize this appeal. Here is where a crusade is in order. The mechanism of our budget systems is leaving a multitude of the Christian, people of this decade without light. In many churches no worthy appeal for missions is made whatever, and the fact that the Cause has tJeen written into the budget, is taken for proof that the problem of giving for missions is settled. No appeal is effective unless it is presented. Even the command of Ohrist to go into all the world finds its imperative obligation only in knowledge. In many a church a sermon on the Great Oommission and its adaptation to the modern missionary situation, would be a startling novelty. The budget system for missions is not an appeal, but a helpful mechanical device. It makes education even more necessary than before, because the sharp point of specific and definite appeal is largely gone. If the missionary banners ever needed lifting, the present hour demands it. A new crusade is imperatively needed at home to set forth Ohrist as the one Hope of all the world, and the universal penetration of His life and teaching as inherent in Ohristianity, basic in the teaching of the New Testament, and imperative in our Lord's command.

CHRIST CALLS FOR BOYS AND MEN Christ's plea as it was heard by J. M. Coon at St. Petersburg, Fla.

For My world task, greatest of all Men, true men like Paul, are sorely the tasks needed now Of earth, I need great men and gifts In this earth's crucial hour. Awake, to match. o Church and hear! Render unto God the men who are God's Send Me your men, your princely, venturous men; E'en though it mean a taking of the cross. Send men; for they give aU who first give self. I am ready, My great apostle said, 1 must have men-the Lindbergh Going the way of sacrifice and death; type of men; Nor counted he his life a thing tQ Only so can I win this lost world. spare. Now so in need of glorious achieve- ment.

Send men of prayer, obedience and towering faith.

Frr;rn The Presbyterian Home lJ-I1I.ssionarll

HOW MISSIONARIES TRAVELED ACROSS THE WESTERN PRAIR.lES FIFl'Y YEARS AGO Half Century of Progress in Home Missions BY REV.•JOHN A. MARQUIS, D.D., NEW YORK General Secretary of the Board of National Missions of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.

I T IS difficult to distinguish between progress in Home Missions and progress in the Church at large. Home Missions is simply the vanguard of the Church. Its business is to introduce the Church and to so establish it that it will become self-functioning and self-sustaining within definite areas. This accomplished, Home Missions within these areas ceases. The height of progress in Home Missions, therefore, is to work itself out of a job, and this it has been been doing in one area after another from the beginning, and especially during the past fifty years. Its mandate is to furnish the privileges of the Christian religion to the religiously underprivileged communities and peoples of the home land. These privileges include t.he whole gamut of the service that the Gospel of Christ is intended to render to mankind, of faith and worship and welfare, and institutions competent to promote them. These are the mission of the Church to the world :-to call men to faith, to maintain worship and to advance the well-being of man in all the relationships of his life. ·When a community, or a people, have been brought to the place where they are able and willing to do these things for themselves, they are 927

no longer religiously underprivilege~ and pass beyond the boundary of Home Mission responsibility.

A study of the efforts of the Church within these fields, that is, in Home Missions, reveals lines of undoubted progress, among which we mention the following: 1. Placing the Chtlrch. During the fifty years just past the American nation has gone through one of the most remarkable developments of. history. Its population has more than doubled, for one thing, and for another, its people have penetrated to every nook and corner of its vast territorial extent. Still more, it has gone through an equally remarkable transition in type, and instead of be- HOW MISSIONAR~ES TRAVE!L ACROSS THE PRAIHIES 1'ODAY ing prevailingly agricultural and rural, as it was fifty years ago, it has become prevailingly industrial and urban. It has been the task of Home Missions to keep up with these developments and changes. New communities were created by the hundred almost over night, some of them of the old type of rural community, and in recent years there have been many of a new type of industrial community, peopled largely by immigrants of a class entirely unknown to America before. It has been the task of Home Missions to furnish these communities with churches and to maintain them until they were able to maintain themselves. In view of the magnitude and difficulty of the task it has been creditably done, not fully by any means, but it has been done as well as could reasonably be expected. Morerthan 90% of the new Protestant churches created to meet the growth and spread of the population during this period were organized})y

1927J HALF CENTURY OF PROGRESS IN HOME MISSIONS

Protestant Home Mission agencies and supported by them until they were able to go alone; not a few of them are now among the strong- est and most influential churches in America.

Unfortunately in many places the matter was overdone. Oom- munities that needed but one church were supplied with severalto the weakening of religion and giving occasion for ridicule by the ungodly. We may as well confess that much of this overchurching was due to sheer denominational rivalry-or if rivalry be an offen- sive term, call it denominational zeal. Each denomination was afraid to be left out. Expansion was a mania. Every little town on the prairie or in the mountains was sure that it was going to be another Ohicago or Denver. The land agents said so, the first settlers believed it, therefore it must be true. Few Home Mission superintendents were willing to take the risk of leaving their denomination out of the first grand rush. So they generally all entered on the ground floor- to discover later that it was a very small floor with slim prospects of its ever becoming roomier.

While- much of this needless multiplication of churches was due to miscalculation of the future, some of it, perhaps a good deal of it fifty years ago, had conscience of a sort behind it. There were then, and there are still, denominational representatives who feel it their religious duty to place a church of their persuasion in any com- munity, no matter how well churched it may be already, where a handful of its adherents call for it. They seem to be possessed of the notion that God is a member of their denomination, and will not enter a community unless it is represented. Happily such leaders are a diminishing element today, and ere long will doubtless dis- appear altogether j so we thank God and take courage. One of the big problems that Home Mission leaders are struggling with today is to rectify these mistakes, and they are doing it. Fifty years ago the statesmanship of a superintendent, and of a denomination, for that matter, was gauged by the number of new churches organized.

Our guess is that it will not be long until the test will be the number of needless churches closed and the amount of energy and money put into them that is transferred to places where there is both need and room.

Despite all this, the Home Mission forces during the past fifty years did a great piece of work in following the American people in their migrations with the Ohurch, including all that the presence of a church in a community means of religious instruction, public worship and evangelistic appeal. What the civilization of the new states in the West owes to this fact is beyond appraisal. It is worth noting also that it is from these states that our American civilization gets its. strongest Christian emphasis; We are thjnkingat this point, to be sure, only of what has been done during the past half century for what we may call people of our American stock, those who speak 4 .

/ the English language and generally cherish Protestant traditions. In the main, Home Missions has cared for them well as they have spread over the continent. When they have trekked to the fastnesses of the Rocky Mountains, or to the gold fields of Alaska, the home mis- sionary has gone with them and done his best to care for their souls.

2. M'inistering to the Diaspora. America has had many such during our fifty-year period, and has them yet, people so scattered on the prairie or the mountains that a church among them is impossible. In many cases they are so far apart that they cannot be said to have a community. Then there are those who live in temporary communities, such as lumber cutters, seasonal workers such as migrant harvesters and toilers in canneries, and the foreign-speaking immigrant, who because of his language disability is more isolated than any of them. Among these throughout the whole of the fifty years the itinerant missionary has been going, establishing Sunday schools, distributing religious literature and visiting them as he could. The achievements of these years could not have been won without the Oircuit Rider. He is still riding in widening circuits, and to remote corners, the mightiest kingdom builder the American Church has yet produced.

3. Collateral Service. From the beginning the Ohurch has carried educational and humanitarian institutions as a necessary part of her program. In the field of American Home Missions the establishment and maintenance of schools, hospitals, dispensaries, houses of neighborly service, etc. is almost wholly a development of the last fifty years. At the beginning of the period they were practically non-existent as Home Mission enterprises. Today they bulk large in all our programs. They are confined to communities and peoples who could by no sort of consideration support such institutions themselves. They are among the American Indians, in Alaska, in the mountains of the South and Southwest, in isolated immigrant communities and particularly among the vast Negro population of the South. They are rendering an immense humanitarian as well as religious ministry to the neglected and underprivileged peoples of the country. The evangelistic programs of the churches in the regions they serve are vastly stronger because of them. Hundreds of workers are employed in this form of Home Missions today, and millions of dollars raised and expended in its support, and practically all of it the contribution of the last fifty years. . Ooincident with this, and largely because of it, has been the emergence of organized Home Mission work on the part of the women of the churches. Perhaps the most outstanding and challenging mark of progress in the period under discussion is the educational and medical work carried on by the women's missionary societies. It has grown and prospered and served under their management in a way that has a right to be called providential.

HALF CENTURY OF PROGRESS IN HOME MISSIONS

From an olel OOIlJl of The Presbyterian Home Mia8kmary. MORMON FAMILY LIFE IN UTAH FIFTY YEARS AGO 4. Specialization. Another product of the fifty years in question is the development of specialized forms of Home Mission service, the discovery, to speak after the manner of scientists, of a new technique for attacking new problems. As already intimated the population of the country during the period has been in a state of flux. The American finds it hard to stay put so far as his place of habitation is concerned. The opening up of the rich agricultural lands of the West caught the imagination of the old type of farmer in New England and the Middle Atlantic States, and he took the advice of Horace Greeley and trekked westward by the thousand. Into his place, if his place was taken at all, there moved, in many localities, a man from Eastern or Southern Europe who knew nothing about, and rarely could be interested in, the church he found there. Along with this came the rise of industrialism. Factories and mining companies took possession of the corn fields and meadows and were manned nearly altogether by foreign labor.

This shift of population and occupation created two problems for the Home Mission forces: One to follow the old American to his Western home, and the other to take care of the new Americans who

swarmed in from Europe to take his place, or to work in the" infant industries." The former could generally be solved by the old methods, but the latter was impervious to them. It was, and is, a bewildering business, and it would be going afield to say as yet that any Home Mission leader clearly sees his way out. But experiments have been made and new met,hods of attack invented which have made some dent on the problem. Such ventures as the specialized rural parish plans and the community center projects in immigrant settlements have shown an encouraging degree of success where they have been seriously tried. At any rate there is now in process of development a technique for getting the old Gospel into these new situations which promises enough success to warrant a more vigorous trial than it has yet received. The Apostle Paul approached people with the Gospel on the basis of their psychological and sociological conditions, and the Mission Boards are simply trying to do the same thing in pursuing the new methods of which they are often suspected and for which severely criticised. Paul preached the same Gospel in Athens he did iIi Jerusalem but with a different approach. Our conviction is very deep that all this development, which is the product of the last few years, means progress for Home Missions and the Ohurch among the most difficult people they have to deal with.

Another progressive step of recent years deserves prominent mention, viz., the vastly more effective organization for Home Missions now obtaining in the cities of the country. In many of the major cities definite and well-manned church-extension movements have been set up which are attempting to deal with their problems in a scientific and thorough-going way. The modern city in America is a heart-breaking affair for Home Missions. It is a new phenomenon in both our church and national life. In most of the larger ones the foreigner and his children constitute from 50% to 80% of the population. They herd together in ghettos and districts which give them a solidarity of resistance exceedingly hard to break or even to crack. But here, again, the church extension agencies have made themselves real boards of strategy and are trying out every- thing they can think of to get the Gospel of Ohrist in all its fullness. before the polyglot minds of these dense populations.

5. Interdenominational Cooperation. This is the most hearten- ing and hopeful sign of progress above the horizon today in Home Missions. It is a conviction that year by year has been ripening into> a policy. Less than two decades ago there were formed the "Home Missions Oouncil II and the" Council of W Ollien for Home Missions, I ~ whose specific purpose it was, and is, to promote cooperation among the agencies at work. Today these councils comprise more than nine . tenths of the Boards and Agencies of Protestantism. They are weH organized and officered and well supported by the agencies which belong to them. Fifty years ago such an arrangement would not have

been possible, had anybody thought of it, which nobody did. In the short period of their existence these Councils have done some notable things. They have brought their constituent Boards, for one thing, to a knowledge and appreciation of what each is doing. If a stranger twenty years ago had read the report of anyone of the Boards to its denomination he would never have suspected that anything was being done by anybody else. Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, and so on to the end of the list, each reported their own work without any hint that others were in the vineyard. This is all changed today. The reports without exception, so far as I have been able to examine them, contain sections devoted to cooperative work and agreements, together with statements of the amount of money appropriated to these ends.

To be sure competition has not been remedied, it has not been entirely prevented in new fields, but it has been abated. More than that, a new attitude of mind has been created toward it. Weare ashamed of it today, and when it occurs we hunt round for an excuse or somebody else to blame it on. The Home Mission agency that pushes into a field already occupied by other denominations is on the defensive, which is a new thing under the sun in interdenominational relations.

The movement toward mutual understanding and cooperation has gone much further in the large cities than elsewhere. In many of them there is what amounts to a contract that new enterprises shall be located by mutual consent. Inter-church federations have been formed to foster comity and united effort, and they are becoming increasingly influential and dominant.

A notable instance of effective cooperation is what is now going on in the Republic of Santo Domingo, probably the most neglected spot in the two Americas. About six years ago a proposal was made to go into the Island jointly. It was immediately accepted by five Boards: Two Methodist (men's and women's), two Presbyterian (now one) and the United Brethren. An independent Board, called "The Board of Christian Work in Santo Domingo" was chartered, the members of which are elected by the participating Boards. The participating Boards also furnish the necessary funds, but they do not administer the work; that is done entirely by the new Board. The enterprise is prospering under this arrangement, and no one concerned with it would think of going back to the old denominational way.

As a matter of sober fact denominational over-lapping is disappearing from the field of Home Missions. There is today far more of it among self-supporting churches than among those receiving aid from Home Mission funds. The remedy is public opinion within the churches. Due to the precedents set by the Home Mission forces such public opinion is rising and is already making itself felt.

These are some of the lines of progress that characterize the Home Mission work of the evangelical churches in America during the past half century. Others deserve mention and treatment did space permit; the contribution to evangelism, for example, and to the growth in church membership during the fifty years. While the population of the country has doubled the membership of the evangelical churches has quadrupled. ')'he Home Mission churches have led the procession in this gain, their percentage rate of increase on profession of faith being from two to three times that of the churches at large. Mention should also be made of the development of a body of forceful and well-trained Home Missions local executives, who are more and more being looked to for leadership within their From an vtd OOPJI of The Presbyterian. Home M0£8sWnary. MINNEAPOLIS A HALF-CENTURY AGO areas in all that pertains to the general welfare of the churches, such as evangelism and benevolence.

In a large sense these years in America, like the whole of the nineteenth century, bear a significant resemblance to the first year of our Lord's earthly ministry. They have been a time of preparation, a period granted us by the Captain of our Salvation to gird and equip ourselves for a vaster, nobler service to all mankind in the years to come. The whole history of America thus far means this if it means anything in the providence of God: getting ready for a planet-wide, human-deep campaign of redemption such as has been carried forward by the Christian forces of no other nation before us. Will the next fifty years see this campaign fully launched 1

®. ~hWU""B'UEWST

EFFICIENCY POINTS FOR A NEW YEAR'S WORK The Peace of Goodwill move" than in present-day activities The distinguishing note of Christ- of church missionary organizations.

mas is comprehended in the message "The faithful few"-all honor to that marked the advent of Him who their genus-are fast becoming ex- was born in Bethlehem-" Peace and tinct as we line up the whole church Good Will." Peace can come only lor missions and the recruiting goes from go~d will. III will produces dis- cheerily on, from the wee cradle cord, bItterness and strife. The rollers to their grandparents. Goose- world's yearning today is for peace. flesh sentimentality is being replaced Every experiment has been tried, by a sensible estimate of the mission- every nostrum suggested to effect it ~ry as a person of normal psychology, but it seems still an evanescent dream: In a gOIng concern, subject to the Perhaps that is because we have same l~ws a~ ~hose that r-overn any lacked the good will that alone can other hIgh spIrItual endeavor. "Fling produce it. Said the late President out the Banner" and "The Morning Harding to me on one occasion: Light is Breaking" have drowned "The Gospel of Understanding alone out certain oft-used old-time hymns will insure a tranquil world." The that used to die a doleful death alter Gosp~l of Understanding, yes, under- five or six stanzas of quavering pathos.

standIng that is based upon good will. " The usual monthly missionary meet-.

That is the Gospel of Christmas. ing" of twenty-five years ago was With an increasing desire fobrecpoemaicne~ often to be taken, like castor oil, not with world interests fast for the taste but for the effect. Now- more common and its relations more ada:ys missionary meetings are be- intimate, shall we not believe that comIng normal· and correspondingly through men and women of good will attractive. Speed the day when we ~ better and happier understanding shall have to hang outside the door IS presently to be reached? Better the sign, "Standing Room Only." On ~han all the gifts we give or receive J~n.uary first, resolve to bring your IS that sense of happiness and security mlsIonary department a step nearer that proceeds from the consciousness that ideal during 1928. The follow- that men all the world over are com- ing pointers are culled out of reports ing to a better understanding. Shall from some of our most successful mis-.

we not hope, as we enter into the sionary organizations: .

spirit of' a new Christmas day, that Gearing for Efficiency there shall come that reign Ol universal peace and good will of which Progress in any organized endeavor the heralding angels sang?-BrsHoP is marked by ever-increasing correIa, JAMES E. FREEMAN. tion of homogeneous parts, to con- serve power and eliminate lost m()tion. Proclaiming the Messa~~e through the 0 nIy t he most I.ncorrigible champions Local Church of "yesterday forever" still insist on Nowhere do we find more indis- making women '8 work in the local putable !widence that "the world do church an exception. Our ideal should 935

be the creation of a local Board of material to take back to their fields, Missions, with an elective or appoint- for use not only in their own families ive membership, this board to be the but among the native mothers. This general planning and promotional opens a realm of wonderful, world- body for all missionary endeavor in wide possibilities.

the congregation. By no other means "A third group, chiefly with a so- can we secure correlation of effort cial objective, was formed from among and unified, comprehensive planning, business and professional women thus ending the haphazard presenta- obliged to meet in the evenings. Still tion which has been called "the kan- a fourth group, which we like to think garoo method. " But our approach to of as auxiliary to the Women's So- this must be synthetic, building up ciety, consists of the King's Daughters bH by hit. The writer. has yet to of high school age–the chief timbers learn of one instance in which the from which we must build our future amalgamation of the Women's Home organizations.

and Foreign Missionary organizations "There was inevitably some over- and the Ladies' Aid Society failed to lapping, both of membership and in- accentuate the efficiency of all three– terest, with the same broad Kingdom after a reasonable period for convales· objective. 'l'actfully and carefully cense from "growing pains." The these groups were brought closer to- usual gearing provides for one presi- gether until finally they responded dent, with vice-presidents heading with a cordial affirmative to the ques- each subdivision of the work. Some tion, 'Would you like to be affiliated progressive churches have effected as a department of the Women's So- even a higher gear-and, mark you, ciety and make a report at its annual their number will increase. meeting l' Then it became almost a Mrs. Lathan A. Crandall, of the task for an efficiency expert to ar- Hyde Park Baptist Church, serving range the several group meetings to the University of Chicago, writes: avoid conflict of hours and to effect "Some years ago the young pastor's a mingling of the women from all wife became the leading spirit in or- the groups in programs, study and ganizing The Young Married Wom- business: but the growing spirit of en's Group, which afforded interest cooperation proved wonderful, and and work for the element not at- the work, though incomplete, is pro- tracted to the regular Women's So- gressing.

ciety. So successful was the venture "At present, the Women's Society that advancing years brought the has two meetings a month, at the first membership no inclination for pro- of which the women-mostly the motion. So, capitalizing her own ex- senior element-come together for a perience, the organizer in a master program at 2: 30, followed by after- stroke of diplomacy proposed that all noon tea. At the second, the Parent- who had been married ten years Education Group, meets at ten a. m., should voluntarily go into the senior and simultaneously another group society, not making age or motherhood (with time-honored 'Ladies' Aid'

or any of the usual talismans the functions) assembles for White Cross touchstone. or other benevolent sewing. At the "Later, certain mothers of adoles- ensuing luncheon these two groups cent children engaged a psychological are joined by the Young Married expert in child study to conduct a Women's Group, the president of the class, out of which grew a flourishing Women's Society conducting the Parent-Education Group that at- business before leaving the table, as tracted community women from all the relation of the entire gathering churches and no church at all. Re- to the financial budget entitles all cently-a new and thrilling feature– to a voice in the voting. After the wives of missionaries home on fur- luncheon, the Women's Society has lough have asked the expert for its mission study, and the Young Mar-

BEST METHODS

ried Women's Group its individual alone. This card contained the name program meeting. Improvements are of some woman not yet interested in in the air and we hope to be able to the work of the organization, who was report an even more efficient gearing to be wooed (but secretly) by every later. " possible legitimate means, through all Winning the Workers the remaining months. The wooer "Every able-bodied woman in the mailed unique and attractive invita- 'Church an active worker in the Wom- tions to all the meetings, sent Christ- en's Society" is the modern slogan, mas, Easter and, if possible, b~rthday and we may almost glimpse the day cards, signing one and all wlth the when it will be activated. A mission- curiosity-tickling non de plum.e, ary meeting, for instance, is not a 'Your Butterfly Friend.' Imagine thing set apart, a candidate for a the stress of keeping such a secret; modern miracle. It is subject to the and what a craning of necks and Sher- same laws of repulsion, attraction and lock-Holmesing there must have been neutrality as any other aggregation at the meetings. A Butterfly Lunch- of people. W ecannot rely to any eon at which all butterflies came out "'reat extent on "duty" to drive but of 'their cocoons, was the brilliant ;ather on "attraction" to pull. One roundup. It proved one of the most of the strongest lures is that of a successful rally functions ever held.

" job." The problem of attendance In charming invitations the Butterfly might be solved if we could command Friends lured their protegees to the the services of a vocational expert, to church parlors under promise of reye- assign each woman the task for ~hich lation of identity, and later sat beslde her tastes fitted her. To approxlmate them with said protegees as guests of this it is daeustiurmabnle(aatsuthpeer-fairtstt~amc~eievte- honor. The tables were beautifully ing 'of the decorated with flowers over which meeting heralded by personal mVIta- hovered butterflies of every descrip- tions) to pass out enlistment cards tion. Paper napkins bearing gay whereon each guest may check her butterflies were used. The toasts were preferences on a list of all possible all in terms of butterfly development activities, from passing the singing adenldighltiffe~l.anTdo tbe general effect was connect missionarf inbooks, arranging the room attractive- terest with attendance, the commIttee ly, preparing the light refreshme;nts plans presently to give each. wom;:n and serving as hostess, up to holdmg the name of a home or foreIgn mISan office serving on committees and sionary whose birthday falls on the taking a' part on a program. Active same date as her own, and to ask the brains sufficiently cudgeled can set the recipient to cultivate her missionary scenes for a much greater variety in every way possible. Thus what was than is usually afforded; and then at first a mere butterfly interest may with cards marked, the committee of develop into something perm.anen~ amateur experts may make their selec- and enduring 'Butterfly Fl'lends tions and adjustments, and follow up will become 'Birthday Friends.' " the enlistment vigorously b" assigning (Naturally this topic overlaps that of sucthe tasks and seeing to it that they cessful program building, wherein may presare attemped, Two mission circles ently be found more concrete plans for used very successfully "The Butter- solving the problem of church unemploy- fly Enlistment, " for recruiting. Here ment.) it is as described by Mrs. Lucy S. Sugar Coa.ting Mission Study Kyle, Redla'nds, California: '" At the first meeting of the mis- Meaty as our mission study books sion circle year-called 'The Migra- are, only high-class catering can make tion of the Butterflies'-each person them appetizinr>' to every member of was given a little card in a sealed en- the church family. But inasmuch as velope not to be opened until she was the best detached program is to the

study class as a "snack" to a square off in a missionary demonstration. One meal, the catering is well worth while. leader asked five successive questions, How is this for the triumph of a mis- the answer to one and all being' Bensionary chef, as described by Mrs. gal-Orissa,' all shouting the answer Stella M. Ogden of the First Baptist in unison until it took on the char- Church, Galesburg, Illinois T acter and enthusiasm of a college yell. At another table a young lady sang, " Our school of missions was a great 'In the Secret of His Presence'-a success, lasting six weeks with no hymn composed by a Hindu woman. diminution of interest. We began each evening session (which took the "After this the guests visited place of our mid-week prayer meet- elaborate booths which we had preings.) with a fifteen-cent supper, at pared in the Sunday-school class roms, each booth representing a misa quarter past six, and it would sur- sion field in India and their inspecprise you what wonderful meals can tion constituting a tour in miniature. be served at that price. Under a com- We had collected a great variety of petent permanent chairman, various pictures, curios and interesting bits group organizations or Sunday-school of visualized information, made colorclasses served suppers which proved ful posters, etc. ·Well-informed guides a marvel to everybody. There followed or demonstrators presided in the a fifteen-minute recreation period at booths. Thus a vast amount of otherwhich a ~imple group game, like wise 'dry' information was made in- 'buzz,' was played, and then the mis- spiring. I do not recall another sion study classes were held using series of missionary studies of as gen- 'The Christ of the Indian Road.' eral interest as the foregoing." Separate groups were formed for men, older and younger women and Successful PrograDl Building for young people in general, with a story-telling group for the younger Inspiration and information, mobilchildren. A different leader presented ized always by interest, must be the lesson chapter each week, and dis- balanced on effective programs. A cussion was free and animated. prayerful, consecrated spirit must be maintained throughout: but let no "Following this we were called to- one think the North Star will skid gether in the assembly room for a ten- from its course if the normal, wholeminute' pep period.' One meeting had some elements of humor, impersona- 'Peppy Pointers from Burma; an- tion and dramatization are in- troduced. Above all things, do not other, 'Some Pertinent Facts from the think a deeply spiritual leader must Missionary Quiz Book'; another was look like an undertaker or the chief a map lesson on the mission fields of mourner at her own funeral. No India, and at another, a returned mis- suspension of natural law is to be sionary and wife gave a Chinese fairy counted on inside a misionary meetstory, the missionary relating it in ing. People will be attracted only the native tongue and his wife trans- along the line of their natural interlating sentence by sentence. ests, and you may as well study and prepare to cater to these first :;s last. "We aimed to make our last night You are safe, however, in presupposa climax. The beautifully decorated ing a mixed appetite, even to the tables were designated for our several craving for a sprinkle of paprika or fields in India. The menu was, so far a dash of Lea and Perrins Sauce; but as possible, an Indian one-including first make sure that the food supplied rice, of course. Each guest upon ar- is worth the seasoning. Inasmuch as derival was furnished with pencil and sire for freshness and variety is nornaper and bidden to make a collection mal, keep the old-time traditionalists of forty facts from among those typed off the program committee. Make the and strewn over tables and church meetings short. Ordinarily a program parlors. Then the several supper tables were presided over by 'stunt leaders.' each responsible for leading

should be limited to an hour, exclusive "The letters may be collected at the of business (even that should be close and used again at subsequent "snappy"), and the participants meetings, possibly throughout the should be held to time though the year, guests drawing different letters heavens fall. "Talked to Death" is each time and thus getting the basal the unseen inscription on many a idea of universal service fixed."

mission circle monument. "The field A Unique Investment: "At any is the world"; but it is a mistake to convenient landmark of time-as the try to get it all into one capsule. Giv- first autumn meeting or the first one ing everybody something to do is a of the calendar year-give out num- sure appeal to natural interests. Here bered envelopes inscribed with the is an excellent suggesti()n from one following rules;- of our best known workers, Mrs. Helen Put me in a conspicuous plaee where you Barrett Montgomery; will SBe me every day.

"An Alphabetical Roll Call affords Get acquainted with me and what I am a pleasant variety in a missionary program. A scrambled alphabet is doing for the Kingdom. After knowing me for-months, come to the Woman 'B Missionary Meeting to be held passed around from which each per- on the lawn of Mrs. J– B- September oon draws a letter to be used as the 2d, and tell what you know abont me.

initial of some important qualification "Inside the envelope a daintily of a Chri&tian worker. If the size of decorated card bears the name and the audience justifies it, more than station of a missionary in present-day one alphahet may be given out and service, and the verse, called for as 'capital A and small a', etc. The leader should preface the roll When you Bee me day by day, call with forceful remarks on the im- Though my work lies far away, Learn about it all you may, portance of each member activating While for it and me you pray.

some quality of a successful worker, "The round-up meeting should be the variety rounding out the ideal attractively planned, with plenty of service that a church or a mission music interspersed among the timecircle should render. The letters are limited talks. Well-known hymns of then called for in rotation, their hold- which unannounced stanzas are ers rising and responding in some· started by a leader, serve excellently." thing like the following: -MAUDE A. BROOK, Fanny Doane A-Accept limitations. Home for Missionaries' Children, B-Be a Bible Christian. Granville, Ohio. C-Circle the globe by your prayers. The following program briefs sug- D-Don't pull down: build up. E-Eliminate non·essentials. gest plans for special occasions:- F-Follow Christ: fear nothing. Christmas: Carols, instrumental G-Give your best: get other folks' best. selections, stories and talks on the H-Have a well-made plan. observance of the season on home and I-Inhale power and exhale blessings. foreign fields; sketches of women and J-Joy and give thanks always. children in other lands not in the at- K-Kindly respond to letters, courtesies, requests. . mosphere of the blessed day; Christ- mas Hope-stories of schools and L-Let your love be genuine. hospitals built with offerings from M -Manage little: pray much. givers who have the Christmas spirit; N-Never give up. O-Obedience is the eye of the soul.

P-Pray your plans through. articles and stories from Christmas Q-Quality meallS more than quantity. numbers of missionary magazines; R-Respollsibility shared means development. plenty of holiday decorations, even S-Sincerity is the seal of power. to a tiny tree. If gifts have been as- T-Think things through before acting.

U-Uneeda vision. sembled for use among the needy, have V-Verify rumors before repeating. groups of w()men bring them forward W-Weights may be your wings_ -some in decorated baskets, some in Y"-X-cept your disabilities. huge tarlatan stockings carried, like Z-Zenith seers look upward.

the grapes ef Eschel, en a pole borne "ReDloving the Masculine Inferiority by two. wemen-each group display- CODlpIe","

ing its gift-effering with a merry, "Finally, brethren," let us return home-made jingle er song set to. to eur eriginal keynote, viz., lining a familiar air, as, up the whole church for missions. If "Christmas stockings, Christmas stockings, you can go no. farther at first, have an Filled with toys we bring"- open meeting with plenty of men en set to. the tune of the chorus ef the program, at least ence a quarter.

"Jingle Bells." But where possible, why net join Thanksgiving: After a hymn ef hands with churches whese Women's praise, ask each person to. give a Missienary Society is dropping its Bible verse of praise and thanksgiv- gender and becoming "common" ? ing or lead in a shert prayer ef grati- One such tells how the thank-offering tude (prime some beferehand fer meeting was ebserved as a Sunday definite themes). Then on blackbeard, merning service with address by the display causes for lecal, denemina- pastor and ensuing efferings; men tienal cr national gratitude, having cenducted the regular meetings frem members previously appeinted speak time .te time, ence having a free-forcne minute each, without anneunce- all discussion of Foreign Missiens by ment, en the themes. Close with men from a local club, these of indramatic sketeh 0.1." well-told stery. different interest having arguments assigned in favor of missiens and be- Summer Meetings: Fer a musical coming so enthusiastic that one porch meeting or picnic, have as The beught the l)ooks used fer reference. Air, a song; the Netes, secretary's re- another subscribed for THE MISSIONpert; the Staff', Scripture; the Key, ARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD frem praYN'; the Treble Clef, brief steries which he had culled his points (note ef eut;,tanding missionary wemen; the the strategy) etc.; debates were in- Bass Clef, steries ef missionary men; dulged in on such questions as, "Rethe Scere, a missienary contest or game; the Signature, names of very well-knewn missionaries pinned en selved, that industrialism has ren- backs to. be guessed by wearers from dered Africa a mere impertant mission answers to questicns they propound; field than those in Asia," and general the Rest, refreshments or dinner. subject matter was handled which A fagot meeting er missionary bon- commanded the interest of men and fire: Have either one leng story sub- women. It is simply a question as to.

divided, or a series ef snappy short whether wemen are willing to. sacri- ones, the narrators being previded fice something in erder to. extend to.

with fagots, each threwing her stick the whele church the good things to en the fire and continuing her nar- which they have long deveted them- ratien while it is burning. selves. Is it not werth while?

KATHARINE SCHERER CRONK. Sketches from her life by her sister, Laura Scherer Copenhaver. A charming story of our friend Mrs. Cronk, especially beautiful as a Christmas gift. 48 pp. Illuminated vellum cever. Price 25c. Published by M. H. Lewis, Box 4, North Cambridge, Mass.

Woman's Foreign Mission

EDITED BY MISS ELLA D. McLAURIN, 419 FOURTH AVE., NEW YORK THE TREASURE CHEST dren for stories, it seems almost un- The possibilities of this intensely forgivable that the children of India should so long have been deprived of interesting age in which we live are their birthright in this regard. It must always be remembered that if so startling as to be fairly breath- good people do not produce good lit- erature for children, bad people will taking. Through all the countries of produce bad literature. Fortunately, the forces for good have been the first the East today the fresh wind of free- in the field in India. For the past five years the Committee on Christian Litdom is stirring, and the hearts of men erature has supported the magazine, The Treasure Chest, now published in and women are opening to strange English and three vernaculars. The Methodist Board has sent· out three new influences. All of this awaken- women missionaries as editors of the English edition and provided an ing life in Asia makes a compelling editor of one of the vernacular edi- tions, while the Congregational Board demand upon us. For underneath all has furnished editors for two other editions. the unrest among the peoples of the The first edition was in English. East is a yearning for a spiritual There were two reasons for this, be- cause there were two classes of chilforce more powerful than any they dren to be reached. First of all the Christian children. The standa;d of know, a {orce that will transform hu- literacy in the Christian community is the highest of all. 'For Moslems the man character and give it "power to proportion is 8% among men and half become." of 1% among women; for Hindus it To make Jesus and His transform- is 1570 among men and 1%% among women; but for Christians it is 32% ing power the possession of all the among men and 1870 among women. And the standard is rising among peoples of the world is the passion of Christians more rapidly than in any other class. It is necessary, then, to all of us who have experienced that cultivate in Christian children a love of reading, as well as to provide them power in our own lives. Many differ- with good reading. If there are few Christian books the children will read ~nt agencies must be used for carry- whatever they can find, bad as well as good. mg our message, and among them one of the greatest is the power of the printed page. Literature opens up a neglected line of approach to the Hindu and Moslem heart, and voices a new challenge to us. We are only beginning to glimpse the enormous possibilities for good that it holds.

In India the way for a great work has been prepared by the system of education. There are 21,000,000 liter- ates, (half of whom are children and young people), a ntdhiasbonuutm3b0e0~00e0vearrye being added to year. But against this apparent prog- ress we must set the fact that 39% of the children of India who learn to ;e~dand write eventually lapse into IllIteracy for lack of reading matter after their school years. Non-Christian Children Perhaps it is indicative of the in- difference to children's interests in The other class of children for I~dia that in the bookshops of the na- whom The Treasure Chest is intended hon the only books for children are are non-Christian children, and to readers' and school textbooks. When them the English eliition generally we remember the hUl1ger of all chil- makes ,a greater appeal than one in 941

their own language. For educated its young readers in such a way as to non-Christians throughout India Eng- produce character."

lish is the language of approach. Dr. Rabindranath Tagore, whose name MacNicol, of the National Christian from the beginning has been on our Council, says" It is especially in Eng- subsc.ription list, supplied to the pa- lish that the battle of ideas is being per an original poem called "Time."

and will be fought out in Indian re- The majority of schools in India, of ligion, " and he quotes the fact that every faith-Hindu, Moslem, Brahmore editions of the "Bhagavad- min, Samaj, Arya Samaj, Jain and Gita,'" the favorite religious book of Parsee-subscribe to the magazine, Hindus, are appearing in English and many of the members of the Im- perial Legislative Council at Delhi as than in the vernaculars. well as those of the Provincial Coun- Believing that everything good in cils take it for their families. India's heritage should be conserved and ennobled, and that Christian lit- A very interesting class of suberature should deepen the love that scribers is made up of the rulers of Indians feel for their own land, the Native States, a number of whose magazine has put its emphasis upon names appear on our SUbscription list. national literature and biography, One of the Maharanis of South India, and has shown its sympathy with the now acting as regent for the co-wife's son during his minority, who has been best of India's aspirations. It has en- making a very courageous fight deavored to present ideals of social against "untouchability" and against service saturated with the spirit of oppression of the low-caste people, is Christ, and to interpret the social, na- reported to be a most interested tional and international problems now reader of the magazine. The Queen confronting India from the Christian of Bhopal,' the only Moslem woman point of view. ruler in India, the first in India to abolish the drink evil in her State, The present struggle of old and and very progressive in educational new, the struggle of heart and brain matters, takes the magazine for her that the new ideas are producing, the three granddaughters, who are three restlessness and ferment of young In- as charming little princesses as can dia, call imperatively for Christian anywhere be found. The Maharajah literature of the right sort. Many in of another State was (lUe of the earliest subscribers to the magazine, whose spirits is deep disquietude and and the English tutor of his son wrote questioning are likely to be reached by the editor that the young Prince was the quiet message of the printed page. a constant reader of the magazine, and especially enjoyed the articles on The weakness of India's national life social service. When it is remembered openly deplored by so many of her that this boy will some day be the leaders makes it necessary to show that character is the basis of aU national greatness, and that in J eSUB Christ can be found, as in no one ruler of several million peopie, the else, the power to transform char- extent of the influence of this silent acter. messenger can be the more greatly The cordial reception given The appreciated.

Trea<Jure Chest by a number of non- The Boards of Examiners of three Christian magazines and newspapers, of the universities of South India, and their frequent use of articles most of whom are non-Christians, from its pages are evidence that it chose this year as one of the textbooks makes a wide appeal. One of the for the Matriculation Examination papers not long ago gave a very fa- "The Golden Company." This book, vorable review of the magazine, end- consisting of biographical sketches ing with the word, .. The Treasure from The Treasure Chest, has been Chest is bound to mould the minds of published by the Indian Branch of

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN

the Oxford University Press, and to- a stamp on the outside requesting the day about 25,000 boys and girls in Post Office to deliver them to the several hundred high schools are Christian Church. Again quoting studying it. Mrs. MacGillivray, "We believe this will be done." In many places, grad- Christian literature in India is on uates of our mission schools are in the eve of a great opportunity, the charge of the post offices. greatness of which we have realized only in part. Wider ranges of view In December Mrs. MacGillivray are demanded in making the program wrote us that $5.00 would place the of the future, than were needed a Chinese Children's Bible-just off the decade ago. More thought and greater press-in twelve homes. An appeal liberality must be exercised towards to the Foreign Missions Conference literature. We cannot be sufficiently brought $50.00 for the purpose. On thankful that literature for children the day this money reached Shanghai, and young people in India is in Chris- in the midst of distress and confusion, tian hands. Only by a great output Mrs. MacGillivray addressed the 120 of energy can we keep this initial ad- Bibles and placed in each a little slip vantage, and also put Christian litera- saying that the Bible was a gift from ture far ahead of all possible compe- American friends to assure these tition from debasing sources. It is Chinese Christians of sympathy and for us to spend ourselves lavishly in friendliness in their time of trial. a program' of daring adventure. Later an order came from an in- RUTH E. RoBINSON, Editor. terior mission station for 100 or more India. copies of this book.

URGENT AND IMMEDIATE The Chinese Christians of the fu- ture may have to do without the per- These words represent the need in sonal help and inspiration of the mis- China. sionary and the spoken word, but a strong influence through the printed Many are thinking of China as page is still available, opening up a closed to our missionary approach, new path of development through and feel that we must wait for a fit- which we can be of service to the ting time to give her again the Chinese. greatest thing we know for her national and personal up-building, Are there a hundred women who namely, the Christian truths. will be glad to give five dollars each and put the Bible in twelve homes Y Today the printed page is carrying the message into many areas, from The LORD is good unto . …. . which missionaries have been with- the soul that seeketh him. Lam. drawn, and where the Chinese Church 3:25. is in need of a generous supply of the right kind of books and magazines. He who rushes into the pres- ence of God and hurriedly whis- The appeal comes from Mrs. Mac- pers a few petitions and rushes Gillivray, the editor of Happy Child- out again never, perhaps, sees hood, a magazine read in almost every God there at all. He can no province of China, by young and old, more get a vision than a disrich and poor, for us not to let this quieted lake can mirror the avenue of approach be given up. stars. We must stay long enough to become calm, for it is In this time of special need the only the peaceful soul in which magazine is being sent out, though in eternal things are reflected as in many cases no money may be received a placid water.-Arthur T. for' it. In the words of Mrs. Mac- Pi(Jll'son. Gillivray, "It is going, money or no money. We must venture and adventure in these days. Will you back us up T" The magazines are sent with

Answers to Missionary History Test (Questions on page 911.) 1. John Kenneth Mackenzie, the" Beloved Physician of Tientsin."

2. Alexander M. Mackay of Uganda. 3. Two Princeton students: Robert P. Wilder, son of Royal Gould Wilder, missionary to India and founder of THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD; and John Newton Forman, son of Charles N. Forman and grandson of John Newton, both distinguished pioneer missionaries to India. 4. Sheldon Jackson, Presbyterian missionary to Alaska. 5. J. Hudson Taylor, a medical and evangelistic missionary. 6. The Livingstonia Mission of Central Africa developed by Dr. Robert Laws and now under the United Free Church of Scotland. 7. Francis G. Penzotti, a native of Northern Italy. 8. The mission of the Church Missionary Society to Uganda. The first missionaries arrived on June 30, 1877. 9. The station of the Presbyterian Board of National Missions at Point Barrow, Alaska. 10. Kamil Abdul Messiah, who was led to Christ by Dr. H. H. Jessup, Beirut, Syria. 11. Pandita Ramabai, founder of the Christian home for child widows, at Bombay, India, and later removed to Kedgaon (about 100 miles from Bombay). 12. Miss Annie Royle Taylor, author of "Pioneering in Tibet." 13. Dr. and Mrs. Robert Whittaker McAll. 14. A famous English Baptist missionary and explorer in the Congo country in Africa. The Peace. 15. A famous British missionary doctor who ministers to the fisher folk of Newfoundland and the Labrador. The Strathcona. 16. Doctor John G. Kerr, an American Presbyterian missionary. 17. Doctor John G. Paton, Scotch Presbyterian missionary to the New Hebrides. 18. Joseph Hardy Neesima who was educated by the Hon. Alpheus Hardy and became President of Dozhisha University. 19. Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, author of books of travel on Persia, China, Japan and Korea. 20. An insur,rection in which a nephew of the king was badly wounded. He was so skillfully treated by Dr. Horace N. Allen that the superiority of western medical science was at once apparent.

Missionary Thoughts for the New Year A bold resolve to grapple with the whole of its task would signify a rebirth of the Church.

In recognizing and courageously accepting the whole of its task the church will discover anew the true meaning and riches of its own faith.

It cannot be expected that the faith of missionaries should soar far beyond the general level of the Church of which they are the representatives.

Only a church that has a passionate belief in its own principles and is thoroughly in earnest about their application, can hope to, evangelize the world.

: .. :"

Woman's Home Mission

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 EAST 22ND ST., NEW YORK ORIENTALS AND HAWAIIANS may be less adventitious and oppor- tunist and represent a scientifically By GEORGE W. HINMAN based and efficiently coordinated pro- One of the most important forward gram to cover the country. At pres- steps taken in years in the Christian ent there are areas of competitive program in Hawaii has been accom- work, areas of complete neglect and plished in uniting the Filipino work areas of unsupervised and misdirected of the Hawaiian Board of Missions effort. There are indications that and that of the Methodist Mission. volunteer workers who are carrying This if! not a mere federation of ac- on the large amount of mission work tivities but an actual uniting to carry for Chinese east of the Rockies would out a definite piece of work. Advance welcome suggestions about methods and development are reported even in and needs such as might come out .of work for Hawaiians, which many in- a true community study of segregated cline to regard as a closed chapter in Oriental groups in many Eastern missionary history. There bas been cities. Such a great volume of con- an encouraging start in church work seerated effort as is being put into in a new home colony of Hawaiians Chinese mission schools in the East on the sparsely-settled island of Molo- deserves the wisest guidanee and di- kai. For the first time last year a reetion by our boards even if they systematic effort was made to secure do not put a cent of appropriation in- contributions for missions fro m to such enterprises.

churches of Hawaiians and Orientals The work among Chinese in Can- in the Islands through the Every ada has been greatly strengthened by Member Canvass plan. the work of a general superintendent, The Hawaiian Board made a eom- born of missionary parents in Canton munity survey of typical interracial and speaking the language of the communities in its territory. One of special group of Chinese who have their secretaries says: "We are' be- come to America. The United Church coming aware of the increasing race- of Canada has transferred its Chinese consciousness of various people with missions in the home land from the whom we work and it will doubtless be Foreign Board to its Home Mission of great importance for us all to study Board, and has placed Rev. Wm. H.

the situation and analyze it without Noyes, of Toronto, in charge. Mr.

prejudice and with the highest type Noyes and Rev. Charles H. Shepherd, of scientific method of which we are of San Francisco, have done much to capable." Professor Romanzo Adams change the whole character of Chinese of the University of Hawaii has pub- mission work in the United States and lisbed very valuable studies of races Canada because they are able to give in Hawaii, which will help to supply time to development .of many scat- the basis for a better-planned Chris- tered and more or less independent tian program of service with Orientals Chinese misSions, and are also able to and Hawaiians. talk to the Chinese in their own Serious consideration should be dialect. .

given to the need for scientific surveys Nothing would mean more for of Oriental communities in mainland Chinese missioIiworkin the United United States as the Hawaiian Board States than the securing of a IlQ,U~ is attempting in the territory of sciousness of unity among Chinese Hawaii, so that Oriental mission work mission workers and Chinese Chris- 5 946

tians all over the United States. The limitations of economic oppor- Chinese tongs and other societies have tunity force Chinese in America into their national organizations and parasitic occupations, like running realize their strength. But there is disreputable hotels, mostly used as very little group consciousness among places to meet prostitutes, or chop Chinese Christians in America, even suey houses, which very often serve denominationally, with the result that the same purpose. It has been dis- the large number of units of Chinese covered that our religious work among mission work are pitifully conscious Chinese has had so little social power of their separate weakness. that a church deacon could run one of It is worth noting that city church the most notorious hotels and chop federations in places where there is suey restaurants in a large Chinese a considerable Chinese population are community. Why is it true that beginning to consider the problem of Chinese students are coming to their Chinese group as a whole, not America Christian and returning merely as denominational units (when without any faith ~ Partly because denominational missions have been es- many of them have to find employ- tablished), and are asking for counsel ment in places frequented by prosti- in meeting the whole situation. Sac- tutes who solicit them and take their ramento Church Federation, Chicago earnings. Ninety per cent of the Chi- Church Federation and Washington nese who come to one Chinese pastor Church Federation have given serious for medical help are diseased as a re- attention to Chinese work, either in sult of such' relations. It is hard to uniting existing missions or in supply realize that we have gone on for fifty of unmet needs, and have asked for years conducting missions for Chinese suggestion and advice. in America, without remedying the There has been very little study of intolerable social conditions of Chicommunity conditions among Orien- nese communities.

tals in the United States, though this Reports have come from Oakland ought to be a preliminary to any un- and San Francisco that determined derstanding of relations. efforts have been made to keep Chi- There are many reasons why special nese students out of higher public attention should be given now to schools, which, we are glad to say, Chinese in the United States: they principals and boards of education are all Cantonese and the Cantonese have steadily and strongly resisted. A are the dominant factor just at this contractor and builder in· the same moment in the struggle for a national section, to blackmail people from government in China; there is a re- whom he wanted financial help, put crudescence of prejudice against the up big sign boards advertising that Chinese; there is an increasing rec- fine residences in an exclusive district ognition of the social unsoundness of were being sold to Chinese.

Chinese community life in the United ll!foney made by Cbinese is being States, which our religious programs spent in their own communities in- have not considered or affected. Re- stead of being sent to China. Fine cently American·born Chinese made a new buildings are erected with Chi- strong appeal for relief from condi- nese funds. There are many more tions of the immigration law which social organizations.. One list gives make it impossible for them to seek one hundred and sixty-five community wives in China. If Chinese communi- organizations in San Francisco China- ties in America were normally con- town having their own headquarters, stituted, half male and half female, besides churches, llOspitals, public this would not be necessary. But in schools, theatres and newspaper of- New York and Chicago there is only fices, Large sums are paid to Chinese one Chinese woman of marriageable a('tors in theatres of the San Fran- age to fifteen or eighteen men. cisco Chinese community. The Ohi-

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN

nese in the United States are not poor press than do those who remain in and unable to support their own com- Japan. munity institutions. They have not been asked to do so in any effective It is evident that the migratory way by mission boards. seasonal Japanese laborer, living in rude shacks, is still largely unreached Mexicali is a remarkable example of by missionary agencies.. The effect of Interdenominational cooperation. The anti·Japanese legislation is to increa.<;e work was begun by Congregation- this class or else force Japanese into alists, developed by Presbyterians. and cities where often they must go into es.tablished by Methodists, with a parasitic occupations. in order to s.upthor{)ughly cordial spirit in all trans- port themseles. The employment fers of responsibility. The question problem is becoming serious since of union work in the San Francisco they have been shut out of farming Chinese community has been brought except as day laborers. to the attention of readers of the RE- VIEW. During the past year there has An exceedingly important work of been steady progress in development mission boards for Orientals is the of a union spirit among young people provision of homes for Chinese and in spite of some hindrances. The Japanese women and girls and for United Christian Missionary Society Chinese ooys, the latter a new depardecided to confine its Oriental mission ture by the Baptist board. The Methwork to Japanese and to sell its build- odists have important institutions in ing in San Francisco, which for more Honolulu, Seattle, San Francisco and than a year had been generously Los Angeles; the Presbyterians in granted to the use of the Chinese San Francisco and Oakland; the Bapy{)ung people's group for their lan- tists in Berkeley. In some cases the guage school and boys' and girls' club service of these institutions is changwork. It was. necessary to move the ing. work to new rented rooms, but the union work has gone on increasing in The Filipino work in Honolulu has interest and effectiveness, and now been mentioned. There is also an infour ooards are cooperating and have teresting work among three thousand appointed a specially trained Chinese Filipinos in New York City, as well principal of the school work. The en- as among those in California. If we thusiasm of the group for this coop- are to win and serve these large numerative enterprise is its biggest asset. bers of Filipinos in the United States, Among older Chinese there is still a it is pr{)per for administrators of misdivisive spirit. They are influenced sion boards to give sympathetic confurther by the fear that any union sideration to their aspirations for movement means cutting down appr{)- independence and to their passionate priation from boards. devotion to the memory of Rizal.

A prominent Japanese pastor, Rev. The second edition of the Oriental S. Abe, of Seattle, has given his im- Missions Directory" is an attempt pressions of some chief difficulties in to bring together names and adthe way of work for Japanese in dresses, without further statistical America. He mentions first, denomi- data, of all Christian institutions for national separation; second, the sup- Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, F'ilipinos posed identification of Christianity and Hindus in United States, Canada, with Americanism; third, the his- Cuba and Mexico. It has been pub- lished by the Councils and distributed toric prejudice against Christianity through mission ooards. brought from Japan; and fourth, the 'Obtain from Council of Women for Home fact that Japanese in America have less enlightenment and stimulus to Missions. 105 E. 22nd St., New Y<>rk City; 10 modern ideas through the public ~:~~~·t b~nD~~IH~~l:~~ o:n~o~':,".1~ ~~~~~ln~:sJ:~~ ary Information will be sent free for postage to anyone in the United States or Canada upon request.

World Day of Prayer, P'ebruary 24. 1928

fROM MANY

AFRIOA plored, much less civilized. Thousands Not Easy in the Nile Valley of square miles of territory have not been mapped and concerning the in- THE fourteenth annual report of habitants almost nothing is known. the Nile Valley Colportage Com- Needless to say the Gospel has never mittee quoted in Blessed Be Egypt, been preched in this great area. Many says of the qualifications of colpor- of the people are nominally Mohamteurs: "This work is, not easy. There medans. It is believed tliat this is one is not only a vast amount of illiteracy, of the largest if not the largest area so that very few of the hundreds can of like population in the world today read, and consequently have no use that is without a. single gospel witfor literature of any kind. There is ness. " also religious opposition on the part of most of the minorities that can Scriptures in Nigeria read. Of these, there is frequently as much opposition from the Coptic REV. J'OHN 'HALL, of the Sudan Christians as there is from the Mohammedans. A colporteur has, there- . Interior Mission, writes of the fore, to be not only a keen trader arrival at Kaltungo, Nigeria, of the among other traders, but he has also Gospel of Matthew printed in Tanto have much grace and spiritual in- gale: "This is the fifth book of Scripsight, as well as great patience, tact ture to be put into print in the speech and perseverance, to get his books of the tribe, which had to be caught looked at, at all. He has to have the from their lips, reduced to writing pleasant word that turns away wrath and made the vehicle of the message. and fanaticism, and to know very in- How does a reader, of the average timately the man n e r s and the type known here, act when a new book thoughts of the people, their sore like this comes his way 1 For one points and their weak ones, and how thing, he would sell nearly all he has best to induce them to buy." to have the wherewithall to buy it. He does buy it, not exactly at cost- covering price, yet with something AbYl8inian Frontiers more than a whole day's wage. His hands are out for it more quickly DR. TOM LAMBIE, formerly a mis- than you can take it out of its pack- sionary of the United Presbyte- age. Then all smiles, he fondles it rian' Church, and physician to the as a miser his gold. Presently, too, Regent of Abyssinia, and now field to protect and preserve the precious director for the new Abyssinian Fron- little volume, he begs from you a piece tiers Mission, writes of his new field: of stiff paper and, perhaps, a bit of ot"On the southern and eastern borders thread, with which he makes a per- Abyssinia and in Somaliland manent cover, Then, eagerly and (:French, British and Italian) and in faithfully, he seeks every possible op- northern Kenya, the southeastern Su- portunity to sit before you in a pew dan, there is one great continuous area or at desk and learn the golden teach- of country that has hardly been ex- ings of this book of God."

948 Stalwart Liberian Ohri.tians in the villages, and only by slow p1'oe- eRses of education can the necessary REV. WALTER B. WILLIAMS, of change of mind be brought about. Al- the Methodist Episcopal Church ready much is being done in this di- Mission in the Kru Coast District of rection by patients discharged cured Liberia, says that in the town of Sobo- from the leper colonies and settlebo there is "a splendid band of mature ments. They return to their own Christians, many of whom have suf- people with a wonderful message of fered great persecution in the past for hope, and the tendency to hide the their loyalty to Jesus Christ. They disease is being gradually overcome. have built up a fine Christian settlement where there is no drinking, no Whole Families at School smoking, no dancing nor Sabbath breaking. They will not allow anyone THE Congo Evangelical Training to pass through this town carrying a Institute at Kimpese was founded .load on his head on the Lord's Day. in 1908, when English and American These men at times have become liter- Baptist missionaries united for the ally saviours for their heathen breth- purpose of training teachers and evanren. When the flames of violence. are gelists from the areas covered by their at their height in a neighboring town, Congo-speaking work. From the comsome heathen woman is sure to run to mencement emphasis has been laid on the mission. town and beg these 'God the fact that the Institute received for men' to come quick and save the town training such as are actually engaged from slashing knives and flaming in and pledged to the work of educatorches. Our Christian men are big, tional evangelism, and this practical burly fellows, and quite without fear. aim has guided the entire work of the They grip hold of the contestants and institution. Wives as well as husrun them back to their houses; snatch bands are enrolled as students; that torches, knives, cutlasses from 'their in its turn brings many children to hands. The heathen chiefs curse and the mission station, and thus the struggle and fight, but to no avail. whole family becomes the unit in These Christian Krus of Sobobo save planning the training to be given. the heathen town again and again For the current year there are thirtyfrom bloodshed and destruction. five families in training at Kimpese, They force peace and quietness upon who live a natural community life the people, but without injuring any- Hharing a common weal and seeking a common good. The whole station asone. " sembles for public worship every morning. Leprosy Widesl>read in Africa. Rev. W. D. Reynolds writes: THE Secretary of the British Em- pire Leprosy Relief Association, All men students are required to under- Mr. Frank Oldrieve, has recently com- take manual work which comprises the fellpleted a tour of over 15,000 miles. in ing of trees and sawing the same into and around Africa, visiting leper set- planks, building in brick and stone, simple tlements. He reports that leprosy carpentry for house building and all houseexists practically all over the conti- hold purposes, and, to keep thell) in touch nent, and estimates that in British with common work, every student takes his East and Central African territories turu at digging, dearing, road work and there are at the present time some all the general upkeep of the station. 60,000 lepers. Mr. Oldrieve reports that the old idea of hopelessness still Missions in South African Ohurch dominates the native mind in innumerable instances, with the conse- FOR the first hundred and fifty quence that many victims of the years of its existence the Dutch disease fail to come up for treatment Reformed Church did very little misuntil too late. This is particularly so sionarv work. Like the Church in India "it was under the control of a company that had its first duty to the

white men in its employment. For Bible. Nor is the Bible lesson conthe last hundred years the church has fined to the schools, but the missionbeen missionary, and the sum of £80,- aries and Bible women visit in the 000 a year is raised locally in South homes, not in Tyre only, but in the Africa for the work of evangelizing neighboring villages as well. As a the inhabitants of South Africa. It rule, these visits are eagerly welcomed even extends its operation into the and sometimes the children have pre- Western Sudan. It has a definite pared the way. "I spent an hour in a policy, trains men and women mis- sailor '8 home at Tyre," writes the sionaries and educates native workers senior missionary. "It was evening, as pastors, teachers and evangelists. and the lamp was brought in. The The native churches cannot do much little daughter of seven, who has to contribute in their present condi- learned to read with us, read aloud tion of poverty to self-support. The clearly and accurately the tenth chaprecord of the Church during recent ter of St. John, and when I asked her years in dealing with the racial prob- who the Good Shepherd was, she lem proves that Dutch Christians are promptly answered: 'Christ.' ,And anxious that justice should be done to the natives. who are the sheep?' ' We,' she replied, pointing to herself. It is a Moslem THE NEAR. EAST home, but Christ is becoming known and loved there. The hymn book was Urges Work for MosleDlfl brought out, and we sang together. The little daughter was the first mes- T HIS statement by a pastor in Syria senger to that home." shows that some Christians in the Near East are obeying the command A Reading Rooln in Constantinople of Christ, "Love your enemies." He says: "The Gospel and the loving AMONG the newer types of service tidings of Jesus Christ must be being initiated by American mispreached to all nations. This is just sionaries in Turkey is that of providthe time to begin gospel preaching ing interesting and worth-while readamong the Moslems. The activity of ing matter through the mission press, missionaries is indispensable. Steel is the bookstore, and a reading room in warmed in the fire and is ready to be Constantinople. The Turkish manbe made into tools.. We should go ager of this last is, according to the near to them with a pure, Christlike Missiona;ry Herald, an interesting l:fe. The general attitude of the man, nominally a Moslem, who has a Christian churches in the Near East spirit of service and cooperation, and should be the attitude of Christ, that who prepares the ground for friendly of forgiveness, sympathy, love, prayer intercourse on the part of Americans and brotherhood. Every Christian with the people who frequent the readchurch that is conscious of her calling ing room. He writes: cannot stand aloof from this task but will be ready to cooperate and work This year we have succeeded in getting with prayer. I would like to have many new friends, who come daily to read some Turkish Bibles and pamphlets the various books and papers we are putting for distribution among Moslems." at their disposal. So the worth of the place is felt by the people on all sides. Not only A Mosleln Child'. Influence schoolboys but men of the IIrst rank in the city-judges, professors, doctors, engineers, THE British Syrian Mission has etc., come and read the books and papers, been at work since 1869 among the talk with us, and in terms of respect tell us Moslems and Greek Catholics in the how they regard this service with delight ancient city of Tyre. In the school, and pleasure. Our friends who come most which is largely in the hands of Chris- frequently are the students in the boys' tian Syrians trained in Beirut, first school. The reading room now is provided place is given to the teaching of the with eight Turkish daily newspapers, to· gether with some French dailies published in Oonstantinople, twenty-live Turkish weekly and monthly periodicals, and a·few English publications.

NEWS FROM MANY, LANDS

A Bethesda Scelle In Arabia quickly they notice the mighty dif- PAUL HARRISON, M.D., of the ference between the power of the liv- Arabian Mission of the Reformed ing God in Christianity and Islam!" Church in America, described in the November REVIEW one of his recent INDIA AND SIAM trips. How his work impresses a fel- Women Student. Win HonoN I low medical missionary is thus told by SABELLA THOBURN COLLEGE, Dr. Sarah L. Hosmon: in Lucknow, India, is not only one We were privileged to have Dr. Harrison of the Union Women's Christian Colspend a month at Muscat, though most of leges in the Orient, but is also the his time was really given to Mattra, where women's department of Lucknow he had a large house, empty as to furnishings except one little room in which he University. A member of the faculty operated, and that contained only a table writes: "We have won several aca- and a chair or two. On the shelves were demic honors this year, of which we a few drugs and some supplies. In a hall are quite proud. For the second time adjoining he had a "primus" stove, an oven we won the university gold medal for for sterilizing, some basins and instruments. the best essay presented in the final These were all, but I never saw such a sight in my life I The whole building was filled English examination, about one hunwith men and women everywhere lying on dred men and our ten or fifteen floors and verandahs, some were even outside at the front of the house. It reminded me women competing. One of last year's of the porches of Bethesda in Christ's time, class is studying for the M.A. in only there was no pool near by. The dif- English and she received the scholarference in the two crowds was that at Bethesda IIlI were anxious fearing there ship offered in the English depart- ment of the university to the student would be no one to put them in the pool, but the crowd at Mattra had received relief making the best marks in the first and showed contentment in spite of the faet term examination. We had never they had nO beds nor any of the comforts done anything in the way of public that are really necessary. Drs. Harrison and Dame are wonders in the way they can competition with men's colleges, but accomplish so much with nothing. this year we accepted an invitation to send two representatives to an inter- Life in a Kurdistan Hospital university debate organized by the I N SOUJBULAK, Kurdistan, where Moslem University in Aligarh. The the Evangelical J~utheran Orient question is not decided by judges here Mission Society has a hospital, Dr. as at home, but the judges indicate Herman Schalk is having some un- who makes the best speech-first, usual opportunities to compare Chris- second and third places. The univertianity and Islam. He writes of the sity had offered gold medals to the (',allousness of Mohammedan men to winners of first and second places and one silver trophy which goes annually the sufferings of their women folk, to the college gaining the highest agand their unwillingness to pay even a gregate marks. One of our girls won nominal fee charged for a necessary the first place, the other won second operation, and comments: "Of what and their aggregate marks won the value is a wife T If she dies, which trophy." seems right to the man, then he can obtain a young healthy wife ror 15 tomans. Oh, the sad lot or Moham- Shut Out from Hindu Temples O medan wives!" The hospital has NE of the movements which, in the opinion of Dnyanodaya,· is treated suceessruUy a number of opium addicts, and or them Dr. threatening the Hinduism of Western Schalk writes: "The happy men tell India, is the widespread angry pro- far and wide that they have been test of the Mahars and other so-called healed. This attracts others. How outcast classes against the preten- the poor invalids open up and tell me sions of a Hindu nationalism that can of their bondage! And when our exclude fifty-five millions of India's testimony' presents the Gospel, how 'untouchables' from the temples of

religion. Even Vithoba '8 temples are among the people. It was a joy to coming in for their share of this grow- find many women who could read. ing wrath of the common people. For The Punjabi women, especially, were although Vithoba is one of the most very friendly and many were the democratic of Hindu idols in that opportunities for conversation. I he receives all castes, high caste and was very happy to find many, many low caste alike, one has yet to learn men and women who knew the name of the first outcaste being admitted of Christ. There was some oppointo even Vithoba's temples. In a sition, mostly from the Aryas (a reletter addressed by Gandhi to Mr. S. formed sect of Hindus) but even D. Nakarni at Karwar, where an here there was room for encourageagitation has been going on for the ment. They feared the effect of past three months in favor of securing people reading the Bible. Sometimes admission for the depressed classes they would say to the women, 'Do you into Vithoba's temple at Karwar, he want to become Christians? If you says: "God will reenter our tem- don't, you should not read that book.' ples only when we have opened not Daily there was preaching at our merely our temples but our hearts to headquarters, which were splendidly these fellow-countrymen and fellow- located to get the people. The religionists. " preaching was all done by Indians, and good messages were given." General Bo';th's Leper Colony A Christian Temple in Slam A CABLEGRAM from London to SI.AMESE Christians have great re- n- the New York Times stated that a spect for their place of worship. So reports Rev. J. L. Hartzell, of Salvation Army leper settlement, Prae, Siam, who writes.: "The words nanced with American gifts to Gen- 'This Temple was built in 1927,' eral Booth, will be established on the are written on a board and nailed on a banks of the Ganges near Benares. small wooden building in a country The suggestion that the army should village in Prae Province, North Siam. establish leper colonies in India was Since returning from furlough in made to General Booth by King May, I have been hearing about the George. Writing from India the Gen- Christian community in this district. eral says: "The King, whom I saw The chapel is a rough wooden buildbefore I set out on my tour of India in ing without walls that would hold 1922, said: 'Can't you do something about thirty people. It is what would for the lepers of India such as you be called a shack in the United States, have been doing in the Dutch East but these Christian people have dig- Indies T' I am now beginning on thl' nified it with the name of Temple. banks of the Ganges. The expense of And it is so to them because they the initiation of the settlement will meet there to worship the Lord Jesus come from a portion of my seventieth and they have built it themselves birthday fund raised by my friends in without any outside aid whatever. To the United States. The greater part the missionary this humble building of the land necessary has been given looks better than many of the fine by the Maharajah of Benares. " churches built in Siam out of Ameri- can money." Arya. Fear Elrect of Bible Bible Read in Ceylon A RELIGIOUS festivale or meZa, at Hardwar in the Punjab which oc- O WING to the widespread knowlcurs only once in twelve years gave edge of English in Ceylon Miss Clara Lloyd, Presbyterian mis- workers of the Ceylon and India sionary at Saharanpur and her Indian General Mission have been able to dishelpers unusual opportunities for tribute thousands of English tracts, evangelistic work. She says: "We sold books and did personal work

1927J NE'W:S FROM MANY LANDS

Scripture text-cards and gospels, and first consideration centered on the minimum supply their native workers with wage and the principles for determining much helpful Christian literature wages, on hours of work and rest, child which is not availabie in the vernac- labor and women '8 labor. The rights of the ular. They also conduct an English worker were streaaed as it was clear that the day school and a night schooL The conference stood for these. But it realized latter is regularly attended by seven- that a sudden jump to ideal {londitions, teen Buddhist young men, who are such as an eight·hour day, would dislocate now reading the Gospel by St. John. industry and make more evils than it cured. In addition to this, various services The findings therefore claim the rights of are regularly held in English. Of one the worker while advising a gradual progress part of their work Mr. Ker writes: towards their full expression in industrial "One colporteur came to a village law and custom. where the headman angrily forbade him to sell. The colporteur, however, Chinese Home Mia,oionary Work was tactful enough to engage the headman in conversation about the GospeL DR. C. Y. CHENG, General Secre- So interested did the latter become tary of the National Christian that he finally bought several gos,pels Council of China, writes as follows of for himself and promised to read the loyalty and steadfastness of purthem. On it later day when the col- pose of the Chines.e Christians: " You porteur went that way again, the will be happy to know that, at a time headman himself went with him and when missionaries have evacuated helped him to sell the gospels." from their posts and much of the work of the Church has come to a CHINA AND TIBET standstill, the Chinese Home Mission- ary Society is planning to send out a A Christian EC(Jnomic Oonference new band of missionaries to Yunnan province. The seeretary of the So- FIFTY men and women, almost all ciety, Rev. C. K. Li, is going to ac- of them Chinese, and all actively company four or five new missionconnected with varied aspects of Chi- aries in starting for Yunnan this fall nese indnstrial problems, spent ten of after visiting such centers as Foochow:, the last days of August in conference Amoy, Swatow, Canton and Hongin Shanghai considering the general kong, visiting the churches and meettopic of how to Christianize economic ing church leaders in these centers in relations in their country. The the hope of rousing a greater measure conference was. preceded by investiga- of zeal for this missionarv outreach. tions of industrial and rural condi- We hope to have two medical workers, tions and their relationship to two teachers and one evangelistic principles recognized as Christian. worker among those who go to the Coming as it did at a time when China field. It is very gratifying to know is seething with economic ideas both that these people have decided to serve good and bad, and when international Christ and their fellow-men in that experiments in adjustment of econom- distant place, well-knowing that p<llitic conditions are being tried out, the ical upheaval and open banditry are conference had more than ordinary awaiting their coming. It is very insignificance. One of the most helpful spiring to read the letters these people visitors at the conference was Ka- wrote to us offering their services for gawa, the noted Christian leader of the evangelization of the Southwest." social and economic reforms in Japan. In rep<lrting some of the considera- Ohlnese Debt to Mission Schools tions and results of the conference Dr. Henry T. Hodgkin, secretary of the REV. E. N. FORSTER, of the Prot- National Christian Council writes: estant Episcopal Mission in Yang- chow, Kiangsu Province, writes of Three main divisions were followed, in· the government regulations regarddustry, agriculture, social thinking. Iu the ing religious instruction and services as "a deliberate thrust at the Chris-

tian schools." He continues: "They preached for three nights in Osaka to have no applicability to schools con- audiences which averaged three thou- ducted by Buddhists, Mohammedans, sand. Most of the Imperial household or Taoists, which do not exist so far is now Christian. There are 180 as I know. A great many of the Chi- Christians in the social service depart- nese who have studied abroad have ment of the Tokyo imperial govern- directly or indirectly benefited by mis- ment. The newspapers have become sion school education, so that they are as friendly to Christianity as to Bud- not pure products of their own civil- dhism. I am optimistic over the fu- ization, culture, and training, as many ture of true Christianity in Japan."

people in Europe and America who are fascinated by their brilliant intel- Won by Newspaper Evangelism lects and suave manners are fond of REV. HARVEY W. BROKAW, believing. Many of these young men D.D. and his wife have been misand women, though they claim that sionaries in Japan since 1896. Mrs. Christianity has no power in the West, Brokaw writes of two callers at their nevertheless know in their hearts that home in Kyoto one recent Sunday the thing which has given Christian afternoon-" a young man and womschools in China their preeminence is an, both school teachers but from diftheir Christian character: the integ- ferent places, both thirty to forty rity of those who have administered them, and the integrity of character miles out in the mountainous country districts of this prefecture. There is which they tend to develop in the stu- no church near either one of them. dents. There is a large group of sub- They had become Christians through stantial Chinese, merchants, gentry, newspaper and correspondence evanetc., who have no hesitation about ad- gelism. This is what Dr. Brokaw calls mitting this, and are anxious to send his specialty. But I think his real their sons and daughters to Christian specialty is getting land and church schools in preference to government buildings and manses, and pushing schools because the latter in many churches up to self-support. He says cases produce slipshod education, that is the most fundamental thing a morals, and character in the students missionary can do. Through this who attend them." newspaper evangelism, with its course JAPAN-KOREA of study leading up to baptism, these two fine young people had become Kagawa on Christianity in Japan Christ.ians and wished to be bap- AN INTERVIEW with Rev. Toyo- tized. " hiko Kagawa, Japan's foremost social reformer, has been reported in Building· a Japanese C.hurch T the Christian Century. When asked HE efforts that Japanese Chris- tians are making to build churches the Question, "What progress is Christianity making in Japan?" he made in their communities. are praised by the following reply: "Not a great Rev. Charles W. Iglehart, Metho- number of people are entering thc dist missionary in Hirosaki, who churches, but never before has the says: "There is a little town called spirit of Jesus been so widespread and Tanabu with .iust a handful of mem- powerful as it is now. The successive bers, who decided a year ago to have a misfortunes which have befallen church, and who came to me with the Japan have made her introspective request that I find a yen for every and humble. Weare dissatisfied with one they could raise. I never thought the philosophy of materialism and are they would get enough to build a turning to more spiritual bases of liv- church, but when they got through, ing. The writings of Emerson, Tho- more than two hundred non-Chris- reau, Tolstoi, Whitman and Dumas tians wert) signed up for the new are being widely read. I recently Methodist church! I dedicated the

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

trim, pretty little building, when they Our leper congregation is a really good going Christian concern. Two read the financial report I learned Sabbaths ago I had the happy privithat they had actually raised double lege of admitting by baptism fortytheir quota-two yen for everyone four lepers to the membership after they had asked me for-and said about a year's probation as catechunothing about it to me. At that serv- mens. and a searching examination ice men from most of the best homes in essential points of Christian docin town were there to show their trine. Some of our discharged lepers, moral support of the Christian move- finding it impossible to get any other ment. I looked into their faces, won- place to live in, set up a village of dering which might prove to be an- their own about half a mile from the other Nicodemus, or Joseph of home, and one of the first things they Arimathea. "

did was to set about building a 'New Power for Korean Leaders church."

REV. W. SCOTT of the United ISLANDS OF THE SEA Church of Canada writes; "Un- Pioneering in Papua. til a few years ago all mission funds were administered by the missionary THOUGH the achievements in in charge without any reference to twenty-five years of Australian the autonomous Korean presbyteries. Methodist missionaries among the Then followed a period when the mis- people of the New Britain archipelago sionary sought the advice of the pres" were referred to in the October REbytery and its committees. Last year VIEW, Rev. J. H. Margetts of the same we took the further step of transfer- mission writes of "half-wild nomads ring all evangelistic funds direct to coming in from their mountain fastthe presbytery, to be administered by nesses. " A layman who is in charge that body, the missionary sitting in of the work on another island writes: the presbytery-as he does-.:.-on the " A number of new teachers from Mal- same basis as his fellow Korean pres- akuna and Raluana Circuits enabled byters. This year we have decided to 11S to open up the Kaiamo section with invite the presbyteries to cooperate three teachers, two of whom we with us in a general board which shall placed inland. As this section was deal with all matters relating to evan- practically unknown by the white man gelistic and educational work carried or any outside natives, we had to exon directly with mission funds. The plore 'for these inland villages. having duties of this general board will finally only vague details to go on. We have be decided in conference with the been pleased to discover twenty-five presbytery representatives, but we villages, one of over 300 population feel that it should prepare estimates and several of about 100 each….. for presentation to the home board. Many heathenish customs have been and "decide upon the distribution of discovered among these people, some all funds granted by the latter for of the worst known on the Gazelle general work purposes. The board Peninsula fifty years ago still existing will be composed of an equal number in the inland villages of Nakanai toof Koreans and missionaries." day."

Christian Zeal of Lepera Filipinos Great Bible Readers T HOUGH the leper home in Fusan, BEFORE ·the American flag flew Korea, has cared for five hundred over the Pilippine Islands, the lepers during the past year, the super- only way to get a Bible in, as one intendent, J. N. Mackenzie, an Aus- writer points out, was to smuggle it. tralian, reports; " We have never had The latest figures, however, compiled to turn away so many pitiful and by the PhiliPllines Branch of the helpless cases in any previous year … American Bible Society show that

there are more than 2,000,000 Bibles as one of the greatest steps made in in use throughout the archipelago. recent years toward unity between The Bible holds a 'unique place in the the two groups. The conference life of the Filipino people. Millions was part of the bi-centennial celebraof Filipinos seldom read any other tion of the founding of Log College, book and many of them believe the the original Presbyterian educational Bible is the only real book in the institution in the United States. Its universe. The annual distribution purpose was not the discussion of of the Bible in the Islands is greater church unity, but the singleness of than the' combined circulation of all purpose and cordiality of feeling newspapers, exceeding 125,000 copies which prevailed led the churchmen to annually. No other hook has attained remark that an excellent basis had a circulation in excess of 1,000 a year. been provided upon which to press More than one third ()f these Bibles for complete union. The meeting was are in English, the others being in the first of its kind held since the various native dialects. Most of them separation at the time of the Civil have been printed in Manila since the War. earthquake in Japan destroyed the plates, and the work constitutes the Missionary Furlough Cottages first publishing done in the Islands. SOME years ago a Pennsylvania NORTH AMERICA medical missionary society es- tablished some cottages at Ventnor, Aim. of Men's Church League N. J., near Atlantic City, for the US;) of missionaries, on furlough. The A CAMPAIGN to pledge 1,000,000 work was first undertaken thirty- laymen who are members of Prot- seven. years ago as an aid to medical estant churches of all faiths in the missionary students. In 1909 a cot- United States and Canada, each of tage was, bought for the use of mediwhom will promise to try to win to cal misRionaries returned on furlough the Christian life at least one other with no home in view. Other cottages layman every year "until the whole have since been added until now there world is evangelized," was launched are five. The missionaries are allowed in New York City September 15th by to use these for a month at a time in the Men's Church League at a session the summer free of rent or during the called to reorganize that body. The school period each winter. The chairoriginal organization was formed in man of the cottage work is Mrs. John 1924. A budget of $20,000 was W. Patten, 26 Pine Street, Philaadopted, of which $5,000 to $6,000 had delphia, Pa. The charge for upkeep already been pledged. Frank H. llilb- is twelve dollars a month per cottage. son, a New York business man, whose Their expenses are paid from volunhome is in Elizabeth, N. J., was elected tary contributions. Each of these cot- President. He is an elder in the West- tages is fully equipped and they are minster Presbyterian Church, Eliza- greatly enj()yed by the occupants. beth, where he has for a long time been practicing the "win-one-a-year" doc- Y. M. C. A. Foreign Work trine. Dr. J. Campbell White, Vice President of the Biblical Seminary, T HE wide interests of the Young was elected General Secretary. If he Men '8 Christian Associations of accepts he will resign the latter office. the United States were presented to the members of the National Council, Step Toward Presbyterian Unity at the fourth annual meeting held in Chicago October 24th to 28th. The A CONFERENCE, between educa- Foreign Division reported briefly: Continuance of work in China has . tional leaders of the Northern been difficult because of radical and and Southern branches of the Pres- anti-Christian attacks, while the Asbyterian Church held in Philadelphia on October 5th, was hailed by officials

sociation exists nationally as a prin- that though the authorized strength cipal stabilizing force; the.rapanese of the corps is 149, only eighty-four Association is heroically meeting earth- chaplains are at present in the service. quake rehabilitation and economic Only a few of the men come to church crisis problems; the Philippine Asso- on board ship because they desire to ciation has expanded beyond Manila to worship. Others come out of personal the provinces; a national Association loyalty to the chaplain or to hear a movement is coming in Egypt; in good sermon. 'L'he chaplain therefore, India the Association is increasingly limited as he is by the resources of commanding young men'8 confidence shipboard, must be an exceptionally religiously; the leaders of the move- good preacher or an exceptionally ment in South America are over- good friend, or both, in order to win whelmed with demands for extension the initial interest of men to the into new countries, while in Europe Gospel. Last year, statistics show, the Y. M; C. A. is spreading good 5610 divine services, were held by will. chaplains in the Navy, and 35,660 men at some time received communion; Radio Missionary in Alaska there were 22,000 attendants at Sun- day school, and 24,000 at Bible classes; THE farthest north broadcasting yet the total number of men from the station in America is at Anchor- Navy joining any church during the age, Alaska, and the generosity of a year was only 189. It is suggested group of people in the community has that in this year, when evangelism and made possible the broadcasting every evangelistic campaigns are being Sunday of the evening service at the urged by several denominations, Presbyterian Church. The pastor American Christians may well pray writes: "We consider our broadcast- for the Navy chaplains and the men ing program our main missionary to whom they minister. movement, the most effective thing within our power in this our great Negro Young People Teaching new day of development in 'the last frontier'-Alaska. Word has come BETWEEN four and five thousand from many places in Alaska, and far pupils of Negro Presbyterian beyond, that all of the programs schools in the South served voluntabroadcast by the station are heard rily last summer in teaching and orperfectly and are very much enjoyed. ganizing Sunday schools. Growth both I have met a number of people from in number and in quality of Sundaydifferent places in the territory who schools has been one of the most enhave remarked, 'We listen to your couraging developments in the colored church service every Sunday night, work of the Presbyterian Church durand we usually have our house full ing the past few years. "In North of friends listening with us.' They re- Carolina, " writes Rev. Frank C. port from many distant places, in- Shirley, Sunday-school missionary, cluding Hl1dsons Bay Company sta- "the next few years will show an untions along the Arctic coast ani! em- precedented growth of our schools in ployees in government and territorial Sunday-school e:ffi:ciency. The ~chool educational centers where no regular of methods conducted each summer religious services are provided." has given the people of the local churches a vision of the possibilities Ihriritual Need in the Navy of the local church parish. Calls are coming even now for the setting up of SPECIAL prayer has been asked by the' Presbyterian program for young a Home Mission Board secretary people,' and advice is being sought by for the men of the U. S. Navy and for those planning to build on how best the chaplains in the service. Recent to house the Sunday-school. Other communications from the captain of churches are asking for children's the chaplain corps of the Navy show

divisioM that will have the,ir own support of the church are actually worship services and a special place to themselves in need. This situation meet. This year has broken all pre- arises from the fact that Cuba is a vious records in daily vacation Bible country of one crop, sugar, and today schools. 'Five years ago we had to go the price is below the cost of produc- into the schools and virtually beg a tion. In Cuba at present it takes chance to do this or that; today they three pounds of sugar to buy one are begging us to come." pound of potatoes. Notwithstanding this discouraging economic situation, To Evangelize Navajo Indians the churches in Cuba are more and THE new program of evangelization more showing a truly evangelistic of the Navajoes which "finds its center in the Presbyterian Mission, spirit and are striving, so far as they Ganado, Arizona, contemplates the establishment of five new outstations. are able, to keep their work develop- In the district surrounding these ing. Fkequent services of prayer stations are one hundred trading among his people during the past stores to which the Indians go for summer have, Mr. Fuentes reports, supplies. It is the plan to bring the resulted in excellent church attendgospel message to the constituency of ance, despite the frequent rains which each of these stores once a year and usually detract from summer attendthus it is hoped in five years to evan- ance; and the Sunday-school which gelize the whole tribe of 30,000 Nava- during the best season of the year is rarely two hundred, reached that record for several successive Sundays.

joes. " Scores of Indian young people," says Rev. F. G. Mitchell, who Colombia's So-Called Prophet M directs this work, "come back from ISS MARGARET DOOLITTL,E, Presbyterian missionary at Carthe different non-reservation schools with eighth grade and high school tagena, Colombia, tells of a recent training to be re-submerged in heath- visit to a little village which had enism. The atmosphere into which sprung up only the year before, bethey return should be modified by the cause of an unknown man who mysestablishment of these community cen- teriously appeared and who was ters where they may keep in touch called "The Prophet." He bathed with the civilizing influences out of in a little stream in this remote rewhich they have come. They need a gion, and the people styled the water place to bathe and launder their miraculous, and believed that all who clothes have their hair cut and see a came to bathe in its waters would be magazine occasionally, use the sewing cured of their infirmities. Because of machine and other facilities which the superstiti{)ns of the people, its cannot be given them in their homes. " fame increased until, from a radius For this Navajo work the Presbyte- of many miles, came men and women rian Board of National Missions is suffering from all the ills of mankind. planning to devote $50,000 of the fund Houses were built rapidly, and the to be raised this year by the Presby- little village thus formed was called terian Church in honor of the 125th Santa Ines. A roof of grass covers anniversary of National Missions. the Roman Catholic altar, and there is a charge of twenty cents for every LATIN AMERICA candle lit and for" Our Father" said Faithful Oaban Christlans before the altar. " We parked our T HE -economic situation of the car near the stream, and in view of people of Cuba is, very pressing the altar, and there we had our right now, says the Rev. J. A. Fuentes, service, " writes Miss Doolittle.

pastor of the Presbyterian Church at "Many of these people are hungering Cabaiguan, Cuba. People who were for the bread of life; and oh, how formerly good contributors to the they enjoyed the simple preaching!

NEWiS FR.OM MANY LANDS

As one man listened, the tears ran off his debt. The administrator was greatly down his face, but his eyes shone as he surprised at such an unheard-of thing, and heard the good news." of course was delighted. Then Roman told him the thing which had made him return, Cuban Peddlers Gives Gospels of how .JeSUB Christ had come into his heart and had made him want to do the right P ELLON, formerly a soldier, but til ing. Upon being asked for permission to now a peddler of tinware in the hold services on the plantation, the adminis· city of Santa Clara, Cuba, is witness- b'ator readily granted it. ing for Christ in a unique way. It is the custom in Cuba for the mer- Peruvian Bible Students chant to give some trivial article to each customer who makes a purchase. ABIBLE Convention, held for four This is called the contra. Pelion has days in Lima, Peru, is thus deconsecrated this old custom to a mis- scribed by John R,itchie: "Several sionary purpose. When the woman native and foreign preachers and laywho has just bought a pan demands men took part in the varied program. her contra he gravely hands her a The 7 A. M. prayer meeting was held small gospel. If she protests that daily. The morning session was deshe has no use for that, he will voted to a series of Bible studies. earnestly say: "But you do not know Senor Aldama gave a course on 'Bible the value of it! This is the most Teaching Perverted by Romanism,' precious thing in the world." Down the writer, a course on 'The Gift of upon her doorstep he will sit, to show God: Eternal Life.' The afternoon her the exceeding great value of his sessions were given to methods of contra. So is the Gospel preached Christian work and problems of from house to house as PelIon sells Christian life, such as 'The Christian his wares to the housewives of Santa Conception of Woman and her place Clara. When Pelion was asked to in the Home, the Church, and Sopose for a picture with his little cart ciety' (a matter on which both sexes and donkey, he would not be content need education in our native con~re· unless he might have his hands filled gations), and 'Our Relations with with his tracts and gospels, for, said and Attitude towards the Anticlerical he, "This is my real business." Forces in the Country.' The evening meetings were mainly evangelistic. A GuateDlalan Onesimus On the next to the last evening eleven persons were baptized on confession ROMAN MACU, a new Guatemalan of faith in Christ. The closing Res- worker, is called "a modern sion was a call to personal effective Onesimus" by W. C. Townsend of consecration. " Panajachel, who thus tells his story: One of Venezuela's ProbleDls When he was converted he was a runaway , 'peon. ' , He owed money on two planta- A MISSIONARY in Venezuela reo tions and had run away from each. When ports the following conversation Christ came into his heart he couldn't with his Spanish teacher, who is also stand the thought of being a fugitive from a pastor: "He asked me, 'How do justice for fraud. He returned to the last you address a woman in your Sundayplantation from which he had escaped, and school classes in the States who is an gave himself up. When the debt had been unmarried mother ~ Is she milled paid he told his boss he was going to quit. "Miss" or "Mrs."?' When I told The man told him he was too valuable a him that we probably never have to workman to be spared. He even offered face such a problem, he could scarcely him a better job, but Roman refused it, understand it. At the Session meetsaying he would have to go and pay ing the· other evening three of the off another debt. Leaving his wife, he candidates for membership were journeyed to the other plantation. When young mothers of this type who, behe presented himself the administrator did cause of hearing the Gospel, have left not remember him, it had been so long the men with whom they were living. since he had run away. Roman told him that he was sorry for what he had done and said that he had come back to work

For a woman to set out by herself to give practical assistance to students in earn ,a living for her children is not need in any part of the world, irrean easy task in this country. But it spective of race, color, creed or nationcan be done if the Holy Spirit is pres- ality. Through its initiative a great ent in the heart. " many self-help activities have been promoted, such as clubs, hotels, refec- GENERAL tories and employment bureaus. Its annual conference held this year in World'. Week of Prayer Switzerland, brought together 150 students representing thirty-three na- T HE first seven days of 1928 will tionalities. be observed in more than fifty countries as a week of prayer. Since COMING EVENTS 1846 the World's Evangelical Alliance has sent out each year from its ON DECEMBER 2ND, in New York City, headquarters in London a call to the Trustees of the Near East Colleges wil'l united prayer by followers of Christ give a dinner at which President Augell, in every land. This year the Federal Dean Gildersleeve of Barnard, and Rev. Council of the Churches of Christ in Harry EmerB<ln Fosdick, D.D., will be among America has joined in the call, stat- the speakers. ing, "The supreme need of the hour is for a personal experience in the ON DECI!1MBER 4TH, Universal Bible Sunthings of, God. ' , The daily topics day will be observed as the 118th anniversuggested are: Monday, Thanksgiv- sary of the founding of the New York Bible ing and Humiliation; Tuesday, The Sunday. Universal Church; Wednesday, Nations and Governments; Thursday, ON DEcEMBER. 4TH Golden Rule Sunday Missions; Friday, Families, Schools will be observed by "frngal dinners" and and Universities; Saturday, Home contributions in the interest of the Near Missions and the Jews. For sermons and addresses on the opening Sunday, East Relief. .January ] st, the following texts are DEOEMBER 11TH-12TH the Lord's Day Alliproposed: ance of the United States will celebrate its "Incline your ear, and come uuto me: thirty-ninth anniversary. hear, and your soul shall Jive" (Isaiah 55. 3). "Let not your heart be troubled: ye DECEMBER 14~'H-18TH the Interdenomibelieve in God, believe also in Me" (John national Council on Spanish-Speaking Work 14: 1). "Ye are My friends, if ye do whatsoever I command you" (John 15: will meet in San Antonio Texas. 14). ".Ve preach not ourselves, but Christ ON DEOEMBER 27TH-28TH there will be Jesus the Lord" (2 Cor. 4: 5). held in Detroit, Michigan, a National Con· International Student Service ference of Theological Stndents. The theme will be "Fellowship Among the Churches." THOSE who remember the early It is promoted by the National Council of days of the World's Student Chris- the Y. M. C. A. tian Federation which was founded in 1895 with the motto, "Ut Omnes DECEMBER 28TH-JANUARY 2ND the Student Unum Sint," may not realize that the Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions executive committee of the Federation will hold its tenth quadrennial convention in now has an American president; Irish and Indian vice-presidents; a Dutch Detroit. treasurer; Swiss, French, New Zea~ JANUARY 1 TO 7, 1928 will be observed a. land and American Secretaries; and Chinese,. South African, French, New the Universal Week of Prayer. Programs Zealand and American committee may be secured from the Federal Council of members. An important instrument of Chnrches, 281 Fourth Ave" New York. the Federation is the International Student Service, which is a sort of JANUARY 6-10, 1928 the Federation of "work-fellowship," a body ready to Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions will meet in Atlantic City, N. J.

JANUARY 10-13, 1928 the Foreign Missions Conference will hold its annual meeting in Atlantic City, N. J_ JANUARY 15-19, ]928 the Third Conference on the Cause and enre of War will be held in Washington, D. C.

JANUARY 20-22, 1928 a conference on "Comity and Cooperation" wit! be held in Cleveland, Ohio, under the auspices of the Home Missions Council, the Council of Women for Home Missions and the Federal Council of Churches"

JANUARY 28-30, 1928 will be observed ..

"Child Labor Day" for the twenty.first time. Posters and leaflets may be secnred from the National Child Labor Committee, 215 Fourth Ave., New York.

MISSIONARY

Any books mentioned in these Ilolumns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price- THE REVIEW. • Fifty Golden Years. The First Half Cen- viewpoint, and recognize the necessity tury of the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society. 1877-1927. Bertha for corresponding changes in methods Grimmell Judd. lUus. 281 pp. 60 cents, paper; $1.00, cloth. New York. 1927. of work, yet fail to react to the same . ~his. record (Jf a half century is a situation from a missionary stand- VIVId pIcture of the labors and achieve- point. Some clear, up-to-date informents of hundreds of women. The story is. told topically and by fields- mation concerning these changing evangelism among Negroes, Indians immigrants, and in Cuba, Porto Rico: conditions with indicated changes or BanadptCiset ntMrailssAiomnaerryicaT; raeidnuicnagtioSn~h(tJhoel in Chicago in which many of the work- adaptions of policies, seems badly ers were prepared; Christian centers needed. This is provided in Miss neighborhood and community houses; Burton's missionary study book for 192.1-1928. The author is well able to present the new opportunities, ,new problems, new duties that must be met in the loving sympathetic spirit of the Master. M. A. L.

Christian Americanization; and the Nigeria, the Land, the People and Chris- tian Progress. J. Lowry Maxwell. 156 organization and history of each of the pp. 38 6& London.

organizations which have shared in This in the World Dominion Survey Series is a survey of an the financial support. important section of Africa. It's attractive type, and with proper The author has attempted to men- headings for all sections, help to make it a satisfactory handbook on Nigeria tion hundreds of missionaries and -The Land, the People, the Customs, the History, the Commerce and the scores of institutions of various gkoinudns~ Religion. Part II presents five short so that no faithful work shall chapters on the origin and problems of Protestant missions; the societies recorded. The effect is almost that of at work; a summary of the Christian forces; the occupation of British a catalogue, but so well has the con- Cameroons; and the facts about Bible translation and circulation. densation been done and so many are There are three folding maps, a the concrete illustrations and inci- dozen pages of statistical tables, and dents" that not only do the general a Calendar of Important Missionary Events. To carry the Gospel throughachievements of the Society stand out out the vast territory of Northern and Southern Nigeria, there are 525 misbut the reader is led to see how many sionaries, with nearly 5000 native workers, and there are 102,000 comdevoted, courageous lives have con- tributed to the whole and how the best results have been in thousands of transformed lives rather than in piles of brick and mortar or in bare statis- tics. K. S. L.

New l'aths for Old Purposes. Margaret E. Burton. 204 pp. $1.00. New York. ]927.

. "Protestant missions are experiencmg the most pronounced transition they have yet undergone." It seems municants. Protestant mission work strange that so many minds appreciate was begun in 1842 and there are now the marked and rapid changes among fourteen missionary agencies there.

the people of other lands from a com- We give thanks as we read: "The mercial, political or international rapid and striking progress in this 6 961

field constitutes one of the great tion, austerities and enlightenment; triumphs in the progress of Christ's the first preaching, spread of the doc- Kingdom. The fact that this great trine and legends of his twenty years'

work has arrested the advance of wandering; the rival .schools of Deva- Mohammedanism among the pagan datta and Ajatasattu; the last days; tribes is of great encouragement." and the establishment of the Order.

(Page 77) "The events of the past The chapters that follow are even twenty five years point to the con- more important as an account of origclusion that the hunger after God is inal Buddhism: Buddhism as a religincreasing. Its paganism is utterly ion, and as a philosophy.; Buddha and satisfying and its Mohammedanism myth; Buddha and history; Budis equally so. Although the primitive dhism and Christianity. In the ap- Moslem community in less advanced pendices, Dr. Thomas has done an districts, is more open to Christian unusually good piece of work in his propaganda than the pagan. God is annotations to the Buddhist Scripin our day calling the lands of West tures of the 'rheravad (Pali) canon, Africa to come and find in Christ the -235 in number-and in the refer- Bread of Life. It would be surpris- ence to works of other schools. But ing indeed if the experience of the even more helpful for non-Pali next few years does not surpass all students is the Bibliography of dis~ our hopes. and justify our wildest cussions and translations in several ventures of faith." European languages.

Two large provinces, and four While the main facts of Buddhist small ones, in Northern Nigeria, with history and doctrine are widely a total population of 2,750,800, are known, many of the items found in still unoccupied by Christian mis- Dr. Thomas's chapters upon "Budsionaries.-F. L. dha and Myth," "Budda and His- The Life of Buddha as Legend and History. tory," and" Buddhism and Christian- By Edward J. Thomas, M.A., D.Litt. ity" are out of the usual order and mus., map, XXIV, 297 pp. New York: deserve a careful reading, particularly Alfred A. Knopft'. 1927. the last chapter. In that he takes up While brief volumes on Buddhism, sixteen of the leading parallels be- written in a popular style by scholars, tween Buddhist legends and the fill a very important place, it is re- Gospel stories, and makes a fairly freshing to see such a work as this clear case against those who argue for which is one of "The History of the incorporation of these legends in Civilization" series. The tendency in the Gospels. This is partly due to recent years has been to depend upon the fact that Seydel's fifty "cogent Pali sources, neglecting Sanskrit, parallels" are reduced by van den Tibetan and Chinese translations. Dr. Bergh to nine, while Dr. Hopkins dis- Thomas pursues. the better plan of cusses only five of these, and Garbe combining with those canons the San- assumes direct borrowing only in the skrit works and to a less extent the case of Simeon, the Temptation, Peter translations of Tibet and China, thus walking on the sea, and the miracle proving that he i~ worthy of Mrs. of the loaves and the fishes, and Rhys David's dictum-" at last fit to Charpentier reduces the entire list to pull down the super-structure and Simeon as the only unobjectionable seek for the man." He has certainly example. Yet the reader, after com- found the man, in large part at least, paring the parallel with the Gospel and here we see his portrait in the story of Simeon in the temple, will original colors. probably agree with our author that The scope of the volume is hinted there are two considerations that at in such chapters as these: Buddha's might lead to a firmer ground, "first- ancestrY, home and family; birth, in- ly, whether there is enough reason to fancy and youth; the Great Renuncia- think that Buddhist legends can have

THB MISSIONARY-LIBRARY

reached Palestine in the first century Holy Spirit as her leader." P. 49.

A. D……,. (and second) the Gos- The book is interesting even to the pels all belong to the first century reader who does not agree with all .A. D. . ….. Even in this case the the author's views. H. A. A.

question whether Indian legends The Credentials of the Cross. N orthcote Deck. 133 pp. 3s. Glasgow. 1927. contributed to the resulting structure is a question of literary history that has never been convincingly decided, These deeply devotional messages and in many cases never seriously from the director of the South Sea considered. " He makes it clear that Evangelical Mission in Solomon we are not justified in holding to any Islands, show the place pf the Cross borrowing by Jesus. The volume in God's plan of the ages. They magnifies Buddhist character, benef- quicken one's faith and inspire one's icent deeds and helpful teachings. servic,e, and give a clearer vision of the meaning of the Cross of Christ H. P. B. and Calvary as revealed in the Bible.

Seven Sunday Night Talks. J. C. Massee. c. B. N. 124 pp. 25 cents, paper; 75 cents, cloth.

Chicago. 1926. The Christ We Know. Arno Clemens Op.e cannot get away from the three Gaebelein. 126 pp. Paper, 25 cents; major appeals of these seven sermons, cloth, 75 cents. Chicago. 1927.

namely, (1) the necessity of Christ as This is an effective answer to "The Man Nobody Knows." The twentythe only Saviour from sin; (2) the nine short articles originally appeared in Our Hope and are as spiritually danger of postponing open and public refreshing as a cool breeze wafted over desert places. The author of the decision for Christ; (3) the inade- volume "The Man Nobody Knows" may find much profit through a study ouacy of any philosophy or religion of ., The Christ We Know." People that discounts or ignores God as the cannot come to know Him by reading only Mr. Bruce Barton's popular source of soul life and soul satisfac- tion. This threefold appeal is stated in forceful language and is supportf~d by scriptural statements and striking experiences. J. MCD.

Pearls, Points and Parables. F. E. Marsh. book. c. B. N.

8 vo. 297 pp. 68. Glasgow. 19'26. The Magic Formula, and other Stories. L. P. Jacks. 367 pp. $2.50. New York. Over two thousand Scripture texts are illustrated or expounded in these 1927.

notes for preachers and Bible teach- Dr. Jacks, editor of The Hibbert ers. They cover some two hundred Journal and head of Manchester Coland fifty subjects and the viewpoint lege at Oxford, is one of the foreis thoroughly evangelical. Excellent most thinkers of today. This volume suggestions are given for Bible read- of twelve stories, selected for .Ameriings, comparing Scripture with Scrip- can readers, are those that he thought ture, and illustrating truths with "most likely, or least unlikely, to poems and anecdotes. have a human interest irrespective of The Letters to the Seven Churches. Jno. time and place." Gibson Inkster. 83 pp. 75 cents. New The opening story which gives title York. 1926. to the book, and which relates a The author's viewpoint is premil- charming discovery of the boy "Wil- lenarian, yet he is fair-minded. He liam X. Plosive," will perhaps appeal sees the Church today impotent be- to as large an audience as any of cause she has lost her first love. This them, and is as tender and elusive as greatest tragedy constitutes the theme Barrie or Hawthorne. The darker side of the book. One finds such striking of Hawthorne is suggested by some of statements as ' ,The Protestant the others. In none of them is the Church . . . never enthroned the love element developed unless in the whimsical Professors Mare and the VIew. For pastors and leaders in equally whimsical" Bracketed First. " schools of missions, this work should prove of especial value.' The general The English rustic, the canny Scot, reader will find in it a new panorama the mystic dreamer of Damascus, and of the world. While the book does others, all come in for their respective not attempt to startle, it does stimshares of the author's sympathy ulate. The task is put in fresh terms, and insight. Theology, metaphysics, and holds the attention by the strong primitive piety, the irony of fate and presentation of the issues and the circumstance, alike pay tribute to his real grasp on facts. discriminating pen.-w. G. H. The chapters are An Adventure in Missionary M.arionette Plays. Martha Rice. Fellowship; The Basis of the Ad- 8vo. 65 pp. Ill. $1.00. Boston. 1927. venture; The Enlarging Horizons of the Adventure; The Adventure in These four playlets, to be given by America; A World Adventure; An Adventurous Task for Our Generachildren, although intended for mar- tion. A carefully selected reading list is appended.-J. F. R. ionette production, could be adapted What Christ Means to Me. Wilfred T. so that parts may' be taken by the Grenfell. 82 pp. $1.25. Boston. 1927.

children themselves. The marionette Dr. Grenfell of Labrador is worthy of the honor conferred upon him as method, however, because of its nov- Companion of St. Michael and St. elty, would probably appeal to the George, for he is a slayer of dragons that menace human lives. Humanichildren .and would make a consider- tarian considerations alone would never be sufficient as a motive for able amount of memorization unneces- such labors. Dr. Grenfell shows that it is the love of Christ that constrains sary. Careful directions are given him. This little book awakens new hope, new faith, new courage, new for the making of scenery, costumes, purpose to live in daily practical fellowship with the Divine Son of puppets, and the necessary mechanism Man who went about accomplishing good.-w. G. IT. as well as illustrations of the stage with characters and scenery. Points Beyond Price-f,or Sunday-school Teachers, Busy Christian Workers, Bible The scenes are laid in India, China, Students, etc. John Gray. 194 pp. 28. Glasgow. 1927. the Philippines, and in Japan, and all are about children. A prayerful, thoull'ht-out compila- tion of illustrative helps and sugges- A friendly interest in the people of tions for Christian workers, whatever their sphere of service, made up of other lands, with a genuine desire to "brief records of servants of God, Bible class and home study subjects, be of service, is what leaders and eye-gate lessons for young people, original ideas for preachers, subjects teachers desire to see in the children for Sunday poetry and tales worth telling. " This attractive, handy-size with whom they work. M. A. L. volume is full of suggestive material for anv Christian worker. The bio- A Guide to the Study of the English Bible. graphi~ sketches of present-day serv- Spence and Cannon. 187 pp. $1.25. ants of God are especially worthy of Nashville, Tenn. 1927. note.

It is hard to become enthused over C. D. N. a syllabus. It is like getting excited about some bare bones. These outlines are an attempt to cover the entire Bible, and are as well done as could be expected in such an endeavor. The value of .such a book depends upon the personality of those who use it, or teach it. The maps are a real help.

– J . F. R.

The Adventure of the Church. Samuel McCrea Cavert. 25'6 pp. 60 cents, paper; $1.00, cloth. New York. 1927.

It would be easy to grow enthusiastie about this pungent little volume -an exeellent epitome of the general program of the Church, from an interesting and up-to-date point of

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Are Missions a Failure. Charles A. Seldon. DRUMSiathe 270 pp. $2.50. Fleming H. Revell Co. New York. 1927.

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,, 1,;;;;======, Address ……•.••••••• _••••••• Pleaf!e mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to adverUsers. THE MISSIONARY Review of the World DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Edt/or CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1926 Pa,ge FRONTISPIECE …………… MOSLEM PILGRIMS BEFORE THE KAABA AT MECC"- EDITORIALS ……………………………………………………… 741 OUR MOHAMMEDAN NUMBER WHO WAS MOHAMMEDt WHAT MOSLEMS BELIEVE WHAT MOSLEMS PRACT'lOE IN RELIGION THE ISLAMIC WORLD AND M[8SIONS TODAy ……… SAMUEL M. ZWEMER 745 A pioture of present conditions in the 'Mohammedaro world as seen by the fore· most Christian authority on Islam.

THE DISTIUBUTION OF MOSLEMS-A STA'l'ISTICAL TABLE …………. 7521 MISSIONARY SOCIETIES DOING SPECIAL WORK FOR MOHcAMMEDANS . .Insert THE RISE AND ]<'ALL OF ISLAM ……………………… JULIUS RICHTER 753 The .•tory of the ,growth and decadence of Mohammedan power in the Near East, J)y the weir-known German scholar and author. IMPORTANT HISTORICAL DATES~MOSLEM AND CHRISTIAN …… "… 759 'l'HE STRENGTl! AND WEAKNESS OF ISLAM ……… , …….. ,……. .. 760 MOSLEMS BREAKING AWAY FROM TRADITION . . . . . . . . . . JAMES L. BARTON 761 An interesting account of the chan,ges that are taking place in Moslem thought and practioo on aooount of the contacts with modern cimilieation.

MOHAMMEDAN BOYS AND GIRLS …………………… J. KINGSLEY BnwE 769 A former missionary in Smyrna tells of the training of Moslem boys and girls and the opportunities for Christian influence upon them.

vn:,ws MOSLEMS UNDER CHRISTIAN AND NON-CHRISTIAN RULERS………… 774 SOME MOSLEM! OF CHRISTIANITY ………………. If. E. PHlIilPS 775 The frank exprelfsions of Mohammeflans as to the shortcomings of Christianity ana why they do not becM"e Christians. A VISIT TO EL AZHAR UNIVERSITY ………….. ,., … _… J. E. SHEPHERD 780 HINDRANCES TO CHRISTIAN WORK FOR MOSLEMS ………. C. G. NAISH 781 A thoughtful study of some of tile reMons why 'Work for Mohammedans is so do.1fic·ult and produces such meager results.

THE CHRISTIAN APPROACH TO MOSLEMS ……………….. W. W. CASH 786 A practiool consideration of the most fruitful methods of presenting Christ to Mohammedans.

ISLAM'S GREATEST FAILURE ……………. STEPHEN VAN R. TROWBRIDGE 791 A presentation of the need of the children of M ohammedat! l"nd.. due to ihe failure of Islam to provide moral and spiritual training.

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YUSUF ATIYEH …………………………… _…….. W. G. GREENSLADR 798 The stm'Y of one of tile outstanding p'/,oitut,ts. of ,",ig..ions to Moslemlf in Syria. ….. .

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PILGRIMS AT MECCA, WORSHIPPING AT THEl

One hundred and ftrty thousand Mos]ems in the Haram Court gathered from every nation in the world of Islam

OCTOBER, 1926

XLIX TEN OUR MOHAMMEDAN NUMBER No APOLOGY is needed for devoting one whole issue of the REVIEW to a study of the world of Islam. The religion is over . 1,300 years old; it numbers among its adherents at least one seventh of the population of the earth; it is the prevailing religion in Turkey, Arabia, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan, Egypt, Tripoli, Tunis, A1geria and Morocco and has millions of adherents in Russia, Central Africa, Palestine, Turkestan, India, China, Malaysia and the Philippine Islands. Mohammedanism is an aggressive, missionary religion that is pressing on for the conquest of Africa and has its emissaries ill European countries, in North and South America and in the Islands of the Sea. Moslems are so devoted to their beliefs and practices that they resist all attempts to change their way of thinking and living and resent the work of Christian missions. They present one of the greatest tasks before the Church of Christ today.

For over five hundred years, Christian workers have been going into Moslem strongholds, seeking to win the followers of Mohammed to Christ. There have been many hardships and not a few martyrs among these missionaries, while the results have been meager.

In this number of the REVIEW will be found many facts and articles of great interest and value to every student of the subject. But many fine articles have been crowded out and will appear later: Islam and Western Ciyilization, by Basil lIathewR. From Mohammed to Christ, by Habib Yusufji. Christian Literature for Moslems, by M. T. Titus. A New Enterprise in Mesopotamia, by James Cantine.

Among the most valuable features of this issue are the suggestions given by Mrs. Oronk as to the Best Methods for teaching the textbooks and conducting mission study classes on the subject. In our September number will be found pictures of several costumes used bv )Iohammedans of various classes in different lands and a description of how to make them for pageants, plays and tableaux.

741

WHO WAS MOHAMMED?

I N ABOUT the year 570 A. D., Abdullah, the son of Abd ul Mut- talib, a merchant of Mecca, Arabia, went on a trading trip to Medina and died there. A few months later, his wife, Amina, gave birth to a boy whom she named Mohammed.

Arabia had been the resort of all kinds of religious fugitives–:- Star Worshipers, Zoroastrians, Jews and some Christians. Mecca had been a pagan center for centuries and the "Kaaba" was an Arabian pantheon with idols for every day in the year. Tribesmen came on annual pilgrimages to kiss the" Black Stone," to run around the Beit Allah (House of God) and to hang portions of their garments on sacred trees. Legends of all sorts clustered around the rocks, trees and springs of the desert.

In Arabia, Jews settled with their sacred scriptures, their Talwud, and rites; Christians brought their belief in Jesus, and one Arab queen and a king are mentioned as converts to Christianity. Mohammed thus came into contact with both Jews and Christians and at one time he had as a wife, Miriam, a Coptic Christian, who was the mother of his son Ibrahim.

In Mohammed's youth, a Christian army from Yemen attacked )[ecca and was defeated. While many of the Arabians rejected the old idolatry, they were not ready to accept Judaism or Christianity. 'fhe time seemed ripe for a new religious leadership. Mohammed's aristocratic standing, as a member of the ruling class of Mecca and as the son of an influential merchant, gave him prestige. He was taught by a chief man of the Koreish tribe to exercise power. He had natural ability amounting to genius, an attractive personality and an earnest view of life.

When Mohammed was six years of age, his mother died while on 11 journey to Medina and the boy was taken first by his grandfather and then by his uncle. 'When twelve years old, he went on a mercantile journey to Syria and met a Christian monk, Buhaira. Later he returned to Arabia and, like other lads, herded sheep and goats.

At twenty-five, he entered the service of a rich widow of Mecca, Khadija, whom he married. This gave him additional influence. About ten years later, he announced to his wife that he had been called to be a "prophet" and had received a vision in the Cave of Hira. Periods of mental disturbance followed, with other "visions." Then Mohammed began to preach but when he spoke against the idols of the Kaaba, hostility was aroused and persecution began. Nevertheless he gathered some followers. When persecution continued in Mecca, he fled in 622 A. D. to Medina where he had won some converts. 'rhis is the year one, Anno Hegirre, of the Mohammedan era.

Mohammed became not only the preacher and prophet, but a warrior and legislator. He built mosques and houses and raised an army. When Khadija died he contracted polygamous marriages in-

EDITORIAL COMMENTS

eluding one with the wife of his freed slave, an adopted son. He began to write letters to foreign kings inviting them to embrace Islam, collected an army of ten thousand men, attacked various strongholds and finally captured Mecca and destroyed its idols. Certain pagan ceremonies were, however, incorporated in Islam. In the year 631 A. D. he made final pilgrimage to Mecca in great state and I:oon after died. On his deathbed he prayed to God for pardon of his sins.

Mohammed is described as a man above average height, slender but of commanding presence, with a large head, piercing eyes, black hair and long bushy beard. He always walked rapidly and decision marked every movement. There is much diversity of opinion as to his character. Sir William Muir thinks that he was at first sincere and upright, believing in the so-called revelations, but that later he was intoxicated by success, used his power for selfish ends and deceived his followers as to the" revelations." The influence of his first wife, Khadija, was wholesome, but after her death he gave way to his passions. Only the later traditions claim for him sinlessness and superiority to Jesus. While only ninety-nine attributes of perfection are accredited to God, Mohammed is given by his followers two hundred and one titles to proclaim his glory. No Moslem prays to Mohammed but he is said to dwell in the highest heaven, several degrees above Jesus.

WHAT MOSLEMS BELIEVE I SLAM is described under two divisions-Imoo and Din-or "ar- ticles of faith" and" religious practices. " The six main articles of faith are: God, His angels, His books, His Prophet, His Day f)f Judgment and Predestination or Fate.

God. Allah is one, omnipotent and merci:l'ul. His character is impersonal. The Christian conception of a God of love is not understood but their idea of God's absolute authority involves despotism. Moslems believe in God over man but not with man or in man.

Angels. There are three species of spiritual beings-good angels, jinn and demons. Angels are created out of light and are endowed with life, speech and reason. Jinn or genii may be good or evil. They are created from fire and are greatly feared. (See the" Arabian Nights. ") Satan or IbUs is head of the evil jinn.

Books of God. Orthodox Moslems believe that God sent down one hundred and four sacred books. Adam received ten, Seth fifty, Enoch thirty, Abraham ten-all lost. The four books that remain are the Law (Torah), which came to Moses; the Psalms received by David; the Gospel (Injil) of Jesus; and the Koran, eternal and uncreated and revealed to Mohammed. Th,is last supersedes the other books.

The Koran (or Q'uran) is a little smaller than the New Testament, has vne hundred and fourteen chapters (or suras). It is not in chronological order and is a mixture of adoration,. prayers and imprecations, laws and legen~, facts and fancy. Much of it is unintelligible without a commentary.

It contains many historical and scientific errors, superstitions and unbelievable fables. It teaches perpetual slavery, polygamy, divorce, intolerance, degrada- tion of women and cruel bloodshed. It contains no doctrine of an atonement for sin. Prophets and Apostles. Mohammed referred to 124,000 prophets and 305 apostles. Six of the latter are major prophets-Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Mohammed-who supersedes and supplants them all: Moslems believe in Jesus as a prophet. The Koran says that he was miraculously conceived and born, spoke while a babe, performed miracles as a child, foretold Mohammed, was miraculously saved from crucifixion and is now in an inferior stage of celestial bliss.

Judgment. Awful terrors are portrayed for the judgment day when there will be a physical resurrection of aU the dead. The condemned will suffer unspeakable physical torture in a seven-fold hell. The blessed will enjoy indescribable physical pleasures in the" Garden of Delights."

Predestination is the most characteristic and far-reaching article of the Moslem creed. It affects everything in life. God wills both good and evil. There is no escape from His decree-it is fate (kismet). Religion is Islam (resignation). This fatalism paralyzes progress, initiative and social service.

WH.LT MOSLEMS PRACTICE IN RELIGION I T IS incumbent on all II true believers" to show their faith bv observing the five religious duties of Islam-the pillars or foun- dation of religion.

1. CONFESSION OF THE CREED. La-ilaha-iUa-'Uahu.; Mu.hammada-Rasulu.- 'allah ("There is no god but God; Mohammed is the apostle of God"). This is the watchword of Islam-inscribed on banners and doorposts, and on coins. It rings out from minarets, and is a cradle song and battle-cry.

2. PRAYER is the repetition of a formula and is the "Key to Paradise." After ceremonial purification men must face the Kaaba at Mecca and then kneel to pray five times a day (at dawn, high noon, two hours before sunset, at sunset and two hours after sunset). The prayers consist of short passages from the Koran containing praise, confession and petition for guidance.

3. FASTING. The chief month of fasting (Ramaean) is the ninth mouth of the Moslem year. During fast no one must drink a drop of water or take a morsel of food, smoke, bathe, smell a flower, or take medicine from sunrise to sunset. The whole night is, however, spent in feasting and other indulgence. Infants, idiots, the sick and the aged are exempt.

4. ALMS. These were formerly collected by a religious tax-gatherer. One fortieth of a man's total income is the usual rate. Hospitality is also a religious duty.

5. PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA. 'fhis annual pilgrimage is one of the strongest bonds of Islam and is a great missionary agency. It draws the Moslem world together and scatters the lnfiuence over Asia and Africa. The number who make the pilgrimage varies from 50,000 to 100,000 a year. Pilgrims, arrived in Mecca, pel'form ahlutions, visit lite lllosqne, l;:is~ nIP Black Rtone, rUIl around the Kaaba seven tillles, 01l'er, a prayer, drink water from the well of Zeru Zem and again kiss the Black StOlle. Finally, after throwing three stones at "the Great Devil" (stones at lIina) , they sacrifice a sheep or other animal.

Other t"eligious practices include circumcision, observance of sacred feasts, and jihad 01' taking part in religious wars against infidels. MOSLEM WORLD ATLANTIC INDIAN r/J;} 0 CEAN ….. …………………………………………

FROM "THE MOSLEM WORLD IN REVOLUTION" BY ·W. W. CASH The Islamic World and Missions Today BY REV. SAMUEI, M. ZWEMER, D.D., LL.D., CAIRO Editor of The Moslem World; Author of "The Disintegration of Islam," Etc., Etc.

W HAT is Islam? It is at once the great "surrender" and the great denial-the surrender of millions of human hearts and lives for thirteen long centuries to the obedience of Mohammed, the Arabian, and the blinding of those hearts and lives to the. light of the knowledge of God's glory as revealed in Jesus Christ. "Mohammed," says G. K. Chesterton, "did not, like the Magi, find a new star; he saw through his own particular window a glimpse of the great grey field of the ancient starlight."

When we say that a country contains so many Moslems, we really mean that it contains so many. monotheists, – not monotheists with the ethics of Moses but with those that are in most respects far inferior. There is not one cardinal truth in the Christian's creed about Christ that is not hidden, distorted or denied by Islam. To Mohammed, the teaching that God has a Son and that He died on the cross for human Sill aud If'ft an empty grave to ascend on high, seems blasphemy-a blasphemy that might shake the world.

Here we have at once the necessity for and the difficulty of missions to Moslems. All the arguments employed for missions to the Jews apply with double force to the Moslems. Their number is twenty-fold that of the Jews; the witness to the Messiah is less clear 745 and less glorious in the Koran than in Isaiah; the children of Isaac are on a higher intellectual, social and moral plane everywhere than are the children of Ishmael. If the Gospel of Christ is intended for all the world it is also intended for the world of Islam. That world was never so extensive, so restless, so conscious of itself as it is today. The Mussalman of Calcutta recently printed the following letter from the "Director of the Islamic News Service," London: At this period, entering upon a New Year, it behooves us all to look around and see the position of Islam in the West. When, twenty-three years ago, I embraced Islam, I did 80 standing practically alone. Today, what a difference there is. In England, the Islamic community of Britishers is 3,000. Three journals circulate here-The Islamic World, The Isll1!mic Review and the Review of Religions. All this has happened in a short space of time. In France, a country which I visit every month, there is the magnificent Mosque almost completed in Paris, with a strong Islamic population, and many French people who have accepted "the Faith most excellent." The French Society (of which I am representative in Great Britain) is named the "Fra- ternite Musulmane," and is a very strong body and active. In Germany, there is a MOsque in Berlin, with a number of Germans who are Muslims. In America, there is a Mosque in Chicago, and I was recently honoured by being asked to visit the Chicago University to speak on "Islamic History." In the Argentine Republic, there is a very influential Muslim population, with an Arabic journal El Argentino. Brazil counts thousands of Muslims. In Hol- land and Belgium, there are nationals of those countries who came to Islam. In Hungary, there is a strong community with some illustrious names. Those who prophesied the decline of Islam have seen their predictions falsi- fied, for Islam is gaining ground throughout the world. In Australia, there are, today, upwards of twenty Mosques. South Africa reckons numbers where sometime ago none existed. This is the present picture and, I venture to think, is a source of gratification to Muslims when one considers that Christianity with its millions of pounds, thousands of missionaries, books without number, and free distribution of thousands of Bibles, can make but little headway abroad, whilst, in countries nominally Christian, the bulk of -the people never enter a church. We must not relax our· efforts in any way, for it seems that a new missionary campaign is in the air. Muslims! it is our duty to present to the whole world the imperishable truth given to hu- manity in the glorious pages of that imperishable book, the Holy Koran. Islam ()fi'ers to a world torn by dissension and false doctrines, the one Path of Peace. Today, when a weary world seeks consolation, it is Islam and Islam alone that can guide a stricken humanity. Muslims! be up and doing, and bring to the Light those who are now groping in darkness.

This letter challenges thought and proves that Islam has a world program which Christendom cannot ignore. What are the present factors in the missionary problem1 I .. Extent and N1l!mbers. Statistics are dry and often bewild- ering, yet it is only by statistics that we can measure the present expansion of a religion which began in the sixth century with a minority of one man who claimed to be God's last messenger.

Today the number of those who profess and call themselves Mohammedans is nearly two hundred and thirty-five million. In

THE ISLAMIC WORLD AND MISSIONS TODAY'

southeastern Europe (omitting the scattered groups of Britain and j<-'rance as negligible in number, but not in their influence) there are three and a half million. They are found chiefly in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro. Add to these a little over fifteen millions in European and Asiatic Russia and nearly two hundred thousand in South America (chiefly Brazil and Guiana).

Pass to the two great continents and the island world where Islam has made its conquests. In ~Urica there are nearly fifty million followers of the Arabian prophet and they are found everywhere except in the southwestern portion of the continent. In the Belgian and French Congo, Liberia, Mozambique, Somaliland; around the Lakes and Zanzibar and in Madagascar, on the west coast in Senegal, Guinea, Dahomey; in Uganda, Abyssinia, Kenya, Tanganyika; in Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast, Togoland and the 1'U.ll1c.u. PlSt1llJlV110N OF MOCUM5 £1:R'GtJ1mCDI!TKIIIUTI(lN OF lIIosu:11S Cameroons; nearly eleven millio1l in Nigeria and last but not least the solid belt of Moslem comitries on the north, Egypt, the Sudan, 'rripoli, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.

In Asia every country has its Moslem problem except Japan and Korea. In China there are about nine millions; in the Philippine Islands nearly six hundred thousand; in the Dutch East Indies over thirty-six millions; India has the largest Moslem population of any mission field in the world-over sixty-nine million. In Bengal province alone there are twenty-five million Moslems. Western and central Asia are almost wholly Mohammedan and here there are still great unoccupied fields that challenge pioneer effort. Shrouded in mystery and hidden behind the Himalaya ranges Afghanistan touches Russia, India, Persia and China–a land full of political significance and strategic position with a strong and virile people, yet without a witness for Christ. The few and far-scattered mission stations in Central Asia are like little candles burning in the night of Islam-Bokhara, Kashgar, Yarkand, Urumtsi-who even remembers

them in prayed In Arabia, Persia, Turkestan, Iraq, Palestine, Syria and Turkey the social, intellectual and religious outlook of the population was for long centuries through the window of Islam-and the window was barred.

II. The Hour Is Ripe. A new day has arrived, a day of opportunity and responsibility. The dawn "came up like' thunder" during the World War which shook the House of Islam to its very foundations. The Moslem world is in revolution. The fountains of its great deep have broken up. From within and from without mighty forces, often contrary and seldom under control, are striving for supremacy. Politically, the old world of Islam with its caliphate and arrogant Moslem law, its rigid social code, its slavery trade and slavery is gone. Nearly everywhere the doors of access have been torn off their hinges or nailed open. Four fifths of the vast populations mentioned above are encreasingly accessible to every method of missionary approach.

This is true, for example, of all British India, the Dutch East Indies, Persia, Mesopotamia, China, the Balkans, the whole of North Africa and Central, East and West Africa with the possible exception of Northern Nigeria. Even there and in Central Arabia and Afghanistan the hinges are creaking and hands from within are fumbling at the lock. A half century ago missionaries died in some of these lands hammering at closed doors, and the Church despaired of entrance. Today, there is overwhelming evidence that the hour is ripe for evangelism. The highways for the Gospel are preparing. Thousands of'miles of railways and motor roads have been built in Africa and Asia within two decades. The distance between Baghdad and Damascus, the old caliph cities, can be covered in nineteen hours by motor. Aeroplanes carry the mails across pathless deserts. Persia and Morocco are building highways; Abyssinia's capital is a railway terminus. Moslems formerly travelled to one center, Mecca. Now they are travelling everywhere. Thousands find their way to Paris and other European capitals. The press, the cinema and the highly colored advertising boards in every city are highways into the minds of the masses and create a thousand points of contact with Western civilization. All this tends to disintegrate the old IslaIUic standards and ideals. Education has become the first demand of nationalists in their effort at reform. Literacy in India and Egypt is markedly increasing. The Moslem press was never so active as it is today. In social reform, it is often the ally of Christianity; this iR espeeinlly tnw in eomhating the evils of the liquor trnffic. In Turkey and Egypt women are leading a new movement of emancipation. They are discarding the veil and demand monogamy. They seek to abolish the Islamic law by which by repetition of a. mere formula divorce if! possible.

All these currents of thought and life are rising as a tide against

J9~Gl THE ISLAMIC WORLD A:D MISSIO:S TODAY

Islam with its ancient tradition of a Church-State and undermining its very foundations. A new Islam has arisen among the educated classes which, in various forms, at ""Voking, Lahore, Aligarh, Angora and Cairo, is in open rebellion against ancient tradition. These Mos- lems are "open-minded enough to violate Koranic law and independ- ent enough to tread the road of progress rather than be fettered by seventh-century. religious legislation."

There are, it is true, reactions. The old Islam dies hard and the warlike spirit of fanaticism needs only a leader and an appeal based on real or imagined injustice to be inflamed. Nevertheless, the out- standing fact is that the world of Islam is "on trek." Their souls 'will find no true rest until they rest in Christ. Reports that come from every land indicate, in the words of the .Jerusalem Confer- ence, "a new willing'ness to hear the Gospel message, and much less antagonism than in former days.

'1'he number of inquiries is increas- ing everywhere, and public bap- tisms are not only possible but more frequent among the educated classes, especially the young men.

Some have lost their moorings and are adrift on a sea of unbelief; with others there is an eager and intelligent spirit of inquiry in re- gard to religion. Now is the su- THJ<J MOSQVE AT WOKING, SURREY preme opportunity for vinning A~7t~r: f~~n aJ~~~)ty~:~doi"~I~i~~m(i~po~~:~~i~~) these future leaders for Christ."

III. The Unfinished Task. Of Moslem lands and peoples it may be said what is recorded of the Greek widows: "They are neg- lected in the daily ministration." The unoccupied fields of the world are largely Mohammedan lands. I know of no missionary working among the two hundred thousand Mohammedans of South America, nor among the eight hundred and thirty thousand of Albania, nor is there a single Protestant society at work among the fifteen million :Moslems of Russia. A map of the mission stations in Africa indi- cates at a glance that pagan Africa is largely occupied, but Moslem Africa still has vast areas of population without a witness for Christ.

Abyssinia has two million Mohammedans and in the French Congo there are five million seven hundred thousand. It is no exaggeration to say that in both of these regions there is scarcely one worker spe- cially qualified or designated to carry the Gospel to these Moslem

millions. The missionary forces in Morocco are utterly inadequate for the needs of its more than five million people. The same is true of Northern Nigeria, the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Tanganiyka.

In Asia, the Mohammedans of Ohina and India are an outstand- ing problem because of their long neglect on the part of the Ohurch of Jesus Ohrist. In a series of conferences held in 1924, it was the unanimous judgment of leading missionaries that Moslem India is in a very real sense an unoccupied field. Little special work for Moslems is carried on although there are sixty-nine million of them. rrhere are large cities like Bombay, Lucknow, Delhi and Lahore, where formerly there was special effort to win Moslems, but where now there are few missionaries wholly devoted to this task.

While there are more than five thousand missionaries in India, the number of these who are specially prepared and set apart for the evangelization of Moslems is pitifully small.

Though, on the other hand, it may be said that there are many places whe~e missionaries are giving part of their time to Moslems, yet, even when one considers all this, it is still clear that there is such a serious lack of attention being given to the Moslem problem in proportion to its importance that its adequate consideration by all missions in India is urgently required.

The most tragic chapter in the elaborate survey prepared a few years ago on f'The Ohristian Occupation of Ohina" is that which deals 'with the neglected Mohammedans. A number of centers are pointed out where work should be begun: Peking, Tientsin, Nanking, Tsinau, Kaifeng, Sianfu, Chengtu, Yunnanfu, Oanton, Kweilin, Lanchowfu, Kirin, Moukden and Kweihwating. Yet today there is scarcely a missionary devoting himself entirely to this important element in the population. In China, the Moslems are more friendly than perhaps in any other land and the opportunity through medical missions and translation and distribution of literature is a challenge to the Ohinese Ohurch and the churches of Ohristendom.

Arabia, the cradle of Islam, still has great provinces without a witness for Christ: Nejd, Asir, the hill country of Yemen, the whole of Hadramaut, the Northern Bedouin tribes and the holy land of the Hejaz. What has proved possible in East Arabia through pioneer effort on the Persian Gulf is possible today for every part of the peninsula. Where are the men and women who will occupy these fields 1 IV. Signs of the Harvest. Generally speaking, many of these Moslem lands have proved barren soil after more than half a century of missionary effort; with the exception of India and the East Indies, where there are thousands of converts and hundreds of baptisms every yea'r. The great dark belt of solid Islamic empire from Morocco to Turkestan does not yet yield a large harvest of souls.

In Arabia, the faithful fishermen have labored the long night of

THE ISLAMIC WORLD AND MISSIONS TODAY

thirty-five years-how oft they toiled in the rowing and the wind was contrary! The total number of converts after all these years was less, than the number of the years of waiting. But the tide has turned at last. There have been public baptisms and men and women who forsook all for Ohrist are preaching His cross to others. We saw twenty-two adults baptized publicly at Isfahan on July 4th, this year. All were bold to confess the Ohrist. According to Doctor Robert E. Speer, Persia is today "the most open door to Islam." Mirza Ibra- him who died by torture in the dungeon at Tabriz in 1890 witnessed a good confession: "One night when he witnessed for Ohrist to his fellow-prisoners, they fell upon him, kicked him, and took turns choking him. His throat swelled so that he could scarcely swallow or speak, and, on Sunday, May 14, 1893, he died from his injuries. When the Orown Prince was informed of his death, he asked, 'How did he die~' And the jailor answered, 'He died like a Ohristian.' "

The blood of such has been the seed of the Ohurch. "Twenty years ago," said Kasha Moorhatch, "it was impossible for a Moslem to shake hands with a Ohristian, but now, not only do they shake hands, but, like Orientals, they quite often kiss each other. Then it was a death penalty for a Ohristian to speak before Moslem fanatics about the divinity of Ohrist, but now, if a Ohristian is well informed in language and intelligent in speech, he can say openly that Ohrist is God-Man, the only Mediator, outside of Whom all else are sinners incapable of mediatorship. Then it was impossible to sit with Moslems at one table, but today, among the higher classes, it is very common and free. Twenty years ago it was dangerous to preach in one of the Moslem languages in the presence of Moslems, but today any intelligent man who knows the language can speak about the Trinity, the Atonement, the New Birth, and can openly condemn Islam as a religion of pure formalism. " This testimony is true. The tactful presentation of the old Gospel story meets with response everywhere in Persia.

In every mission station in Persia there are growing groups of believers who witness the good confession. As a woman in Teheran put it, "The ground has been broken up and softened by the rain and is open for the seed. The old days of the hard closed soil are passed." Everywhere the sower goes forth to sow. The Bible Societies have doubled their circulation in Bible lands in recent years. During the past two years hundreds of gospels have found willing hands to accept them even in the old Mohammedan Al Azhar University. A Bible I presented to their ancient library in 1916 was being read there during Ramadhan this year.

. In Abyssinia there has been a movement toward Ohristianity on the part of Mohammedans led by Sheikh Zakariya, resulting in over six thousand forsaking Islam and becoming Bible Ohristians. Every-

where there are groups of inquirers and ill many places hundreds of secret disciples. It was an inspiration in 1922 to visit large churches in Java and Sumatra entirely composed of converts from Islam-a total of some forty thousand. In Bengal there are said to be sixteen thousand Moslem converts in the Church of Christ.

A few months ago I spoke to a Bible class of one hundred and thirty young men and boys at Omdurman (Egyptian Sudan), all of them Mohammedans by birth. My theme was the friendship of Paul with Jesus Christ. This I said had three stages: to know Him historically, to know Him as a living Person in His resurrection power, and to know something of the fellowship of His suffering. Under the very shadow of the old ruined tomb of the Khalifa these sons and grandsons of the warriors that fought for Islam with fire and sword listened to my challenge to accept Christ and follow Him in the battle for the Truth and for Purity-if need be to die for Him. And their black eyes flashed back a message of "~We are ready" that I shall never forget. Some are now awaiting baptism. "Say ye not yet four months and then cometh the harvest f Behold I say unto you lift up your eyes and look on the fields that they are white already unto harvest."

. Where are the reapers 1 That is the missionary problem today in the world of Islam. Who will go and who will sendf SURVEY OF THE MOSLEM WORLD North America ……………………………… . ]ins/mn Proportion Populations to Total Central and South America ……………….. . Australia ……… ~ …. ~ . . . . . 11,000 1 in 10,1)(j1) 174 RG1 1 in 500 1 in 1,400 Polynesia ……… . …….. . 25;000 15,000 1 in 70 Europe * ……………… . 7,058,949 2 jn 5 Africa 4,0.00,000 1 in 6 1,764,000 1 in 3 Abyssinia ……………………………. . 11),.'585,990 1 h1 10 11 in 12 Belgian Congo …………………………….. . 626,000 11,658,148 2 in :l British Africa …………………………….. . 24,858,204 1 in 4 5 :in 6 British African manaat"s ……………………. . 750,000 1 in UI 1,549,000 6 in 7 Egypt …………………………………… . 230,000 Total Freneh Afriea …………………………….. . ;'94,500 Total 382,:;00 2 in 9 Freneh African mandates ……………………. . 8 in 9 12,000,000 1 in 4;; Italian Afriea ……………………………. . 10,000,000 3 in 4 71,245,772 1 jn 70 Portuguese Africa ………………………….. . 3,411,590 49 in 1)0 9,136,000 1 in 3 Spanish Africa …………. . ……….. . 36,000,000 8 in 9 1 in 15 Other Count.ries … . …………………. . 341,860 9,350,000 Asia 10,200,000 8,35'O,O()0 Afghanistan ……… . 1,246,O()O Arabia ………. .

British Asia …………… .

Brit.ish Asian manda t.es …… .

China and Dependenl'i,'" …………………. .

Dutch East Indies ……………………… .

Freneh Asia ………………………………. .

Persia …………………………………… .

Russian Asia …………………………… . ..

Turkey ………………………………….. .

Other Countries …………………………… .

Total Moslem Population …………… . 240,56,2,864 1 in 7 ,., Chiefly in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, C'7-f'eho-Slovakia, YugowSlavia, Rumania and Russia.

Societies Doing Special Work for

Societies Fields Moslem Population Iw_oTkers among Moslemsi Types of Work Results Reported , CANADA 15,000 families 3 part time IlEv., ed., med. 10,000,000 25 Few converts; 1 evang.; severe persecution. United Church of Canada …………… . China-Honan (North) Evangelistic Slight; signs encouraging. Sudan Interior Mission …………….. . French Sudan, Nigeria 1 103 I 1 UNITED STATES I Assists Societies Ed., med., ev., social I American Board of Commissioners …….. Turkey, Syria, Greece I'~ ,.o.o.o:~~~ ..(~Urkey) I· .. ·…. ·.. · Literature I American Christian Lit. Soc. for Moslems .. Moslems in all lands ]2,000,000 ………… Educational American University at Cairo ………… Egypt 2 ~ecognition of friendliness; study of Jesus 10 i Evangelistic by few enquirers. Christian and Missionary Alliance …….. Palestine, China I (India) 5 Just started Church of the Brethren ……………… IIndia (Bombay Pres.), lEV., ed. Many enquirers. Nigeria iAb~~t' '30,000 •••••••• 0 ••• Ev., ed., med. 1 convert in 6 years; 'characters influenced; ,Ev., ed., med. Churches of God ………………….. ·IIndia (:o:o:o:~~~: ::: 0 ••••••••••• JEv., ed., med. occasional conversions. Ev., med., lit., etc. Lutheran Orient Mission Society ………. /Kurdistan 300 Ev., ed., med. About 100 converts. Methodist Episcopal Board F. M. . ……. India, Malaysia, Africa 241 150 converts in Egypt; some adult baptisms Methodist Episcopal (Women) ……….. Africa, India, China I::::::::::: : in Sudan; some from Sweeper class and Presbyterian Church, U. S. A…………. iPersia, India, Syria, Irak high castes in India.

United Presbyterian Chureh ………….. India, Sudan, Egypt COOO,OOO Few. Hostility overcome; Arabia opened; 6 bap- Protestant Episcopal Church in U. S. A… Philippir:es, China, Liberia 3 (2 more in prospect) iEd., med. Reformed Church in America ………… Arabia, Mesopotamia tized in last 2 years. 8,000,000 42 'Ev., ed., med. No conversions. Reformed Church in U. S……………. Mesopotamia 3 E~ United Lutheran Church …………….. India 185,000 1 whole, 1 part time, 1 Ev., ed.

ENGLAND preparing Bible Lands Missions Aid Society …….. Near East ……….. . Assists missions Church Missionary Society …………… Nigeria, W. Africa; Egypt, Su- ]05,0'00,000 Approximately 364 (in- Ev., ed., med., lit.

dan, Palestine, Persia, India cluding wives) Church of England Zenana M. S. ……… India ……….. . 10 whole, 35 part time Ev., ed., med. . ………. . ………… lEv., ed. ' ……….. . Egypt General Mission ……………… Egypt 10,000,000 Friends Foreign Mission. " ………. " ., India, Near East 65,000 (India) 2 Ev. in India, lit. in Near EastjNot tabulated. Jerusalem and East Mission …………. Palestine, Syria, Cyprus ……….. . 15 Ed. mainly, med. and lit. started Increased number of enquirers.

Nile Mission Press …………………. Arabic-speaking world 100,000,000 5 foreign, 51 native Literature Some conversions; much general influence.

North Africa Mission ………………. Morocco,Mgeria,Tunisia,Tripoli 17,000,000 77 Ev., med., indus. :……….. .

West Indian Mission to West Africa (Pon- 10 IIEv., I'd. IIndefinite; increase of interest. gas Mission) ……………………. French Guinea, W. Africa 5 Evangelistic ……….. . Worldwide Evangelisation Crusade …… , . Arabia, Afghanistan SCOTLAND I…. ·…… · 7 IMed., ev. Inquirers. Scattered converts. Edinburgh Medical M. S…………….. Syria, Palestine 6,000,000 26 foreign, 8 native ,Ev., ed., med. ,Converts in India; no results appt. in Arabia. Southern Morocco Mission …………… Southern Morocco United Free Church of Scotland ………. Arabia, India, Africa 4 whole, others part time 1Ev., ed., med. !

THE CONTINENT II~~~n~~{is~~d. i Bethel Mission (Germany) ………….. E. Africa 50,000 ~ :~~r:e~~~: :2:0: native IE~~;;g~l;~ti~ . i~ :~~~~~r:t; ~ : :10 catechumens.

Danish Mission ……………………. Arabia 1 lEV., ed., med. IEncouraging. 2 1300 Christians, forced into Islam during the Evangelical Swedish Mission …………. Somaliland, Abyssinia war, return to Christian Church. German Baptists …………………… R,ussia, South 200,000 (~) Mohammedans who accept Gospel sent to German Orient Mission ……………… IBulgaria, Persia, Turkey, Syria ……….. . mission schools. 2,995 baptized up to close of 1925; 207 Karmel Mission …………………… Palestine 50,000 11 Ev., ed., med. baptized last year; 166 under instruction. Neukirchen Mission Institute ………… Java 7,000,000 15 missionaries, 11 wives, I· Ev., ed., med. I 5 doctors, 18 unmarried ~~~!~~s: ~~~~ents treated in hospitals and lady missionaries 2,000 converts. Rhenish-Westphalian Deaconesses' Society. Jerusalem, Cairo :::::::::::: I~~~i.C~~ .. . .. 16,000 converts. 7,000 converts. Rhenish Missionary Society ………….. East Indies 7,000,000 9 :Ev., ed., med. 4,000 converts. Mennonite Union ………………….. Java, Sumatra 7,000,000 Netherlands Missionary Society ………. E. Java 8,000,000 18 I· Ev., I'd., med. 1 enquirer in China; work in India new. Netherlands Missionary Union ……….. W. Java 15 Ev., ed., med. 76 church members; growing interest. Reformed Church in Netherlands ……… Java 28,500 (China) 150 Ev., ed., med. 150 converts. Utrecht Mission Union ……………… New Guinea 3 Swedish Alliance Mission ……………. North China, India About 1,000,000 1 in India IE·v·.· i~ 'I~di;, lit. in China (Over) Swedish Missionary Society ………….. E. Turkestan Women Missionary Workers (Swedish) .. , N. Africa, India 24 lEV., ed., med. 6 Ev., ed., med. Societies Fields Moslem Population [work ,rs arnong Moslems[ Types of Work I Results Reported i AFRICA ;8,000,000 30 I IDeSire for SCl'iptures and Christian litera- Algiers Mission Band ………………. Algeria, Tunisia lEV., lit. I ture; homes opened; classes for children.

Swedish Mission …………………… jEgypt_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _i_._.._._._._._._._.._._____'-1_5_ !,Ev., ed., social ISeveral confessions.

Protestant Missionary Societies Doing Work Incidentally for Moslems Soeieties Fields Workers Touch'g Moslern.. 1 Kinds of Work Results Reported . CANADA I. , I Umted Church of Canada ……………..Central I n d t a A l l in contact IMed., ed. and zenana Not many open conversiolls.

UNIT~D Amer~.can I …, .1 BI•b~e S~cIetyST.A. .T:ES. . . …. …. … East, . Bibles and colportage N e3;r Phlhppllles, Sudan, ArabIa; ……….. I A~erlcan Umve~sI~y of BeIrut ……….. SYrIa ! ……….. . 1190 teachers and assists., Educational 'About 500 Moslem students a year. Chma Inland MISSIOn ………………. China 126 iEv. and med. ! Slow; promising. I Evangelical Synod of N. A. . ………… Central India ……….. . , Good results in Palestine; little in Kenya Colony. American Friends ………………….. Palestine, E. Africa 123 IE~·.; ·e'r1.; ·~~d.. social Augustana Synod ………………….. China, Tanganyika (Africa) ……….. . I ………. .. National Baptist Convention …………. [Liberia i……….. . [, :::::::::: ' Seventh Day Baptist M. S……………. China, Java, West Indies ……….. .

Bible Lands Gospel Mission …………. Syria, Palestine I …•…….. ! ……….. .

Methodist Episcopal Board F. M…….. 'IN. Africa, Europe, India, Malaysia'I' i China 6 or 8 t Ev., ed., med. Interest awakened. I" …….. . Norwegian M. S. (American) ………… Camerouns t •••••••••••• ,……….. .

Reformed Presbyterian Church in N. A… , :Asia Minor, Syria, Island of Cyprus'8 ,Ev., ed., med.

Scandinavian Alliance ………….. '" . ·IIndia IEvangelistic Southern Baptist Convention …………. [Nigeria, Palestine, Syria 34 "Ev., ed., med. 16,284 members.

United Brethren in Christ …………… Sierra Leone ……….. . ',Ev., ed., med.

United ,christian M. S………………. ,China, Java, West Indies I •••••••••••• IE~·.,· ~~d" i~ 'Africa; ev., I' S~~~ ~~;'~~~~ions. Vesleyan Methodist Connection ………. IIndia, Sierra Leone 118 I 1 , ed. in India (Med., ed., indus., zenanal ………. .. Woman 's Union Missionary Society ….. '1 United Provinces (India) I'" stations World's Sunday School Association ……. Egypt, Syria, Palestine 13 , and orphanage iIi,creased attendance, especially in Egypt and Sudan. Ev., ed.

Young Men's Christian Asso()iation ….. 'iEgyPt, Palestine, Syria, Turkey,I .

Persia, Irak, India I………. .. :Ed., soc., lit. I.. · .. · .. · .. · ENGLAND I1 …. · ….. .. .1 Bibles and colportage i…… · .. •.. British and Foreign Bible Society ……. . All Moslem lands Plan to make work for Christian Lit. Soc. for India and Africa .. India, Africa London Missionary Society …………. . India, Africa Moslems part of 5-year campaign Presbyterian Church of England ………. Malaysia, India men and women Ev., ed., med. Results disappointing. 'jIE.L'·Iv't·.a.·.n·':·'ue·.lpi'ps·.tl~·'Ce·'d·' to Churell Some converts. I SRaelgviaotnisonBAe,yromnyd .M.i.s.s.io.n………………. India, .Java, China, W. Africa .. .. .. .. .. …… ,. … . ……….. . Scripture Gift Mission ……………… Moslem lands ……….. . S. P. C. Knowledge ………………… China, Africa, India Soc. for Propagation of Gospel ………. ,1India 1 in training of England missions …. , …… . Sudan United Mission ……………… 'Nigeria, French Equatorial Africa; ………… Few conversions; Government oppos",d. i Ey., ed., med. Anglo-Egyptian S u d a n , Recently decided to app(,int 2 missionaries for special Moslem work. _Wesleyan Methodist ……………….. . India, W. Africa I Some conversions in India. Wesleyan Methodist, Women's Auxiliary .. India, Ceylon I' . . . . . . . . . . . 'I ……….. . . . . . •. . . . ••• iEv., ed., med.

~~~k~l:~ ~~;d cOI,II,s~;.ipt~·r~· di~tribution SCOrrLA:-'D Church of Scotland ……………….. . National Bible Society …………….. . Punjab (India) Palestine, 1 i Increased interest. India, China, Syria, Egypt 15 . native ………. ..

Original Secession Chnrch of Scotland …. jCentral Provinces (India) i ..p..o.rt.e.r.s. . .. I.. · .. · .. · .. · , THE CONTI;;E:-'T 1 Berlin Missionary Society …………… is. and E. Africa, China [lEV. and educational In villages where there are Christian schools, Mohammedans try to Evangelical Lutheran (Leipzig) ………. India, Africa I found Islamic schools. Jerusalem Union (Germany) ………… Palestine Netherlands Bible Society …………… East Indies k ,Evangelistic Some conversions. Orebro MissiOl~ary S?ci.ety (Sweden) ….. ~ndia, French Equatorial Africa Work among Arabic-speaking people. Basel Evangebcal MISSIOn …………… So. Borneo, W. Africa I foreign and 13 nativ~ Ev. and educational ') Translate Bible ……….. .

119 in India : lEv., ed., med., orphanagesFeW converts; seeking to stop spread of Islam in Africa.

) ………. .. ,,Ev., literature fSome conversions.

Rise and Fall of

BY PROl<'EI'HO/1 ,JUl,IUS 1<'. lUCI!'l'ER, BEItLIN, UEHMANY Author of j' l'l"ot,(-stallt IVlissiollS in the Near J!Jast,}' etc., etc, I SLAM is one of the gigantic facts of history. It is the more fas- , cinating as it is one of the rare developments of equal dim~nsion which has gone on from its beginning to the present day in the full light of history. There was the prophet at Mecca infusing a burn- ing enthusiasm into the hearts and minds of his followers. There was the unheard of series of victories in the West and the East by which in the course of a single century an empire was equal, if not superior to the old Roman Empire. When the vital power of one nation seemed to be exhausted, another nation was at hand ready to lift again the sinking banner and to lead on to new victories, Even such terrible tragedies as the barbarous onslaughts of the Mongol hordes under Jengiskhan and Hulagu stopped only for a short time this brilliant career, or only seemed to change the scene of action. The history of the victorious march of the Arab armies from Medina to Poitiers and Tours, the foundation of the Mogul Empire in India and the rule of its first three or four emperors, the conquest of the Balkan and of the Danube countries up to Vienna, belong to the most brilliant chapters of history.

But it was not only an external history of bloody battles and ruined towns, it was to a great extent, also, a chapter of cultural development. The creation of the Moslem science of theology and of laws, within the short period of scarcely four hundred years, was an achievement in some ways comparable to the development of the Christian dogma from St. Paul to St. Augustine. In Islam, too, at the end of the creative period, there stands one of the really great men of history, Al Ghazali, who is the comprehensive mind closing the first and opening the second period of the spiritual evolution of the Moslem mind. We must not look at these events from the standpoint of the irreparable losses of the Christian Church, or of the failure of the crusades as a hopeless attempt to crush the dreaded enemy, '01' the most astounding growth of an anti-Christian heresy. Such points of view will bias us against the greatness of Moslem achievements.

After these glorious beginings, what does history teach 1 Slow yet irresistible disintegration, tumbling down with increasing speed from a unique height of power and splendor-and a terrible fall. The description we give in the following paragraphs represents only one side of the tragedy, but other articles will supplement this so that we think it worth while to concentrate attention on this catastrophe, one of the most arresting chapters that have passed before our eyes during the last decade and a half.

753 2

THE INTERIOR OF THE FAMOUS MOSQUE OF SANCTA SOPHIA IN CONSTANTINOPLE ThIs was hunt by the Emperor Justinian in 532 as a Christian Church. Its pillars, on the side (first floor) were taken trOll) the temple of Diana at Epbe~us. After the capture of Constantinople by the Turks In 1463, It was turned into a. mOSQue. The large dlt.ks display the Dames ot Mohammedan saints. .When will the mosque again become a chUrch?

THE RISE AND FALL OF ISLAM

Through many a long year, Islam has experienced a succession of reverses. These began in Western Europe. Since the victory of Charles Martel at Poitiers, the flood of Mohammedanism has receded; one part of Spain after the other, Lower Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic Isles, were freed from the yoke. It was a hard $truggle, lasting several centuries. At the beginning of the fourteenth century, the greater part of Eastern Europe was under Mohammedan sway. But then carne a reaction. The Russians fought against the Moslems, and, in the course of the struggle, which lasted some hundreds of years, they became experts in the art of war and in the subtleties of diplomacy. The absorption by Russia .of territories, that were formerly Mohammedan, continued throughout the nineteenth century. In 1800 Georgia, and in 1828, 1829, and 1878, parts of Armenia were annexed, while from 1844 to 1887 the Trans-Caspian territory and Turkestan, the ancestral homes of the Turks in Asia, were subjugated. A third series of Mohammedan reverses dates from 1683, when John Sobieski raised the siege of Vienna.> The Austrians gradually gaining courage, after struggles that lasted several decades, succeeded in driving the Turks back from the Leitha across the Danube, and regained possession of Hungary.

In the nineteenth century, a fourth movement has taken place, whereby the power of Islam has been still further curtailed. The "Sick Man on the Bosporus" had to suffer the amputation of one limb of his unwieldy body after the other. Provinces have either been made into independent kingdoms, or have been placed under the protection of European powers. Thus, in 1829, the Turkish Empire lost Greece and Servia, in 1830 Algeria, in 1858 Rumania, in 1878 Cyprus, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro and Bulgaria, in 1882 Egypt and Tunis, and in 1898 the Island of Crete. In 1911, the Ohristian Balkan states wrested by far the greater part of Turkeyin-Europe from the Ottoman Empire. In 1912, Italy annexed Tripolitania. The World War sealed the doom of the Ottoman Empire. What has remained after the total collapse is a national republic which can no longer be said to be based on Islam as a religion.

Turkey is only a comparatively small part of the region formerly under Mohammedan rule. What else remains today of the former realm of Islam? There was a time when the Sudan, the Fulbe and Hausa States of West Africa, Zanzibar and the whole of East Africa as far as the Lakes, in fact as far as the Upper Congo, were ruled by Mohammedan princes. Today the two Christian powers of France and Britain have divided these territories between them.

There was a time when India, from the Himalayas to Cape Cormorin, was governed by the great Moguls in Delhi and their vassals; but years ago the last maharajah bowed his proud neck before Christian Britain. There was a time when the Mohammedans were mas-

I (kto1,("

tel'S of the Red Sea aml of the Illlliull Ocean. Today Britain is mistress of these seas, and the converging points of the trade routes which cross their waters are under her control for Gibraltar, Malta, Aden, Perim, Penang aud Singapore arc important c01l1wciing 1ink~ of the British Empire. Of the two hundred and thirty-five millions of Mohammedans, only about twenty millions are at present under Moslem rule, while two hundred and fifteen millions are ~l1(ler Christian rule.

It was disastrous for Islam that from the twelfth century the rrurks assumed the leadership. From one point of view, this was an advantage. Through the centuries of their world empire, the Arabs have never lost their Bedouin characteristics. '1'hey have never learned statecraft. Their history is a record of ambitious cliques and reckless adventurers. The '1'urks, oil the contrary, were a people with a capacity for rule. By nature excellent soldiers, they founded a lasting government. But they diu not take kindly to civilization. Four great nationalities have played a leading part in the internal aI).d external history of Islam; the Arabs, the Persians, the Mongols and the Turks. The first three introduced splendid epochs of civilization and stood, at various times, in the foremost rank of general culture-the Arabs in Egypt, Morocco and Spain; the Persians in their own country; and the Mongols in India. 'l'hey achieved great things in architecture, philosophy, geography, and astronomy. They produced poets and religious thinkers of worldwide renown. Nothing of all this is to be found among the Turks, no truly great poet, no explorer of the unknown, no fruitful, constructive ideas in art. They rule with the mailed fist, and their rule is a curse for the peoples subject to them. Under their rule were found representatives of more gifted nations-Greeks, Egyptians, Macedonians, Armenians. As long as these languished under the Turkish yoke, they deteriorated outwardly and inwardly. Freed from Turkish tyranny, they recover. Think what Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, Oyprus, and Egypt have become since their liberation, and we reali'ze the curse of Turkish control. In the whole range of history, we can hardly find a nation that has done so little for civilization after seven centuries of unrivalled opportunity.

There are four chief causes of decay in Islam. (1) Mohammedan governments have proved incapable of developing the economical resources of their lands and of helping the popUlation of these lands to thrive. In 1875, a man who knew, Mustafa Fazil Pasha, a brother of the Khedive of Egypt, wrote to the Sultan: Your Majesty's subjects, of whatever faith they may be, fall into two classes, viz: the ruthlessly oppressing and the mercilessly oppressed. Industry, agriculture, trade–all lie prone in the empire. When a man can exploit his neighbour, he takes no pains to improve his mind or his field; and where tyranny and extortion reign, no one can hope for the fruit of his la-

92tlJ THE RISE AND FALL OF ISLAM

bol', ant! no one works. Every passing year robs us of our foreign support. All tIll' I<;uropean statesmen, on regarding the actions of your officials, exdaim: "That government is incapable of reform, it is doomed to destruction. " 'Vell, sire, are such prophecies lies?* (:l) Hand in hand with this economic incapacity goes internatiemal political incapacity, which has never known how to settle dis- IlUtes and establish lasting peace and order. First of all, there was the national enmity between Turks and Arabs. The northern half of the Ottoman Empire, as far south as 'rripoli in Syria, was Turkish; the other half was Arab. Probably the Arabs are the nobler race; they feel it to be an injustice that the Turks have assumed the place of paramount authority in Islam, and that the Sultan should be regarded as Caliph. '1'11ere was also bitter antagonism of 'furks and Arabs alike against their Christian subjects. ~-'urther, Turkey had not been able to amalgamate with herself races nominally Mohammedan, such as the Druses, the Nusairiyeh, the Kurds, and the Mohammedan Albanians. Large provinces of the empire-Armenia, Kurdistan; Syria, nearly the whole of Turkey in Europe-were in a chronic state of ferment, that nowhere allows of peaceful settlement.

(3) A third cause of the decay of Islam is the contradiction between the teaching of Islam and established facts. That MoslemR Bhoul<1 be subject to the infidel Christians is an intolerable thought, which raises the fanaticism of ~foslems to the boiling point. Yet nine tenths of all Mohammedans are subjects of Christian nations, and the rest are in more or" less close dependence on Christian Europe. What a contradiction! There is the same anomaly in Mohammedan theology· and learning. There have been centuries in which these have made great progress, but there was always a germ of death in them. That "winged word," with which Khalif Omar, or his Egyptian general AmI', is said to have excused the destruction of the invaluable lihrary of Alexandria, "Either there is in these !)Ooks what the Koran contains, and then they are superfluous; or they contain something different, and then they are false and noxi- (Jus," reveals the fundamental genius of Islam. The only allowable task of science according to Mohammedans, is the codifying and explaining of the authoritative words of Allah in the Koran, as they definitively regulate all that bears on the common life, the m0f'1Ql18. the courts of law, the bazar, and even the Caliph's throne. But this artificial system of law, which the learned deduce from the Korall and the Sunna with hair-splitting exactitude, is in sharp conflict with stern realitv. The Mohammedan higher schools exhaust themselves in an atte~pt to reconcile facts with the teaching of their sacred writings. '1'he whole modern state would have to be remodeled, :in order to be hrought into conformity with the will of Allah, as propounded by the mullahR.

Of' (Dr. GUlldcrt, nprotest..'mt Missions," 4th Ed., p. 257).

(4) In addition to all this, moral deterioration is eating at the vitals of Mohammedan nations. The Koran allows polygamy, one of the worst ethical errors of Mohammed. Polygamy is the rule, except where poverty enforces monogamy. The result is that even a greater degree of sensuality prevails in such nations than among Africans or Hindus. This carnality has borne fatal fruit. If the woman is but the plaything of the man and exists only to satisfy his lust, why need she be educated 7 The less she knows, the better. In the eyes of the man, she is but flesh. This general feeling has stood in the way of education of women. Unbridled fleshly desires, also, are fanciful and changeable. The slightest thing may cause antipathy, or at least indifference.

Never, perhaps, was the general decline of Islam more plainly set forth than at a conference of prominent and learned Mohammedans which met at Mecca from March 27 to April 10, 1899, to enquire into the reasons of this decline and to devise remedies. 'l'hc chairman opened the proceedings with an assertion that in any two adjacent countries, districts, villages or homes, one of which is M0hammedan, the other non-Moslem, you will find the Moslems to be less energetic, worse organrzed in every respect, less skilful in the arts and trades than the non-Moslems, though the former may excel the latter in such other virtues as honesty, courage and liberality. In explanation of this sad state of things, the conference adduced no fewer than fifty-six causes, embracing the whole range of life-religious, political and social.

The learned Oxford Orientalist, Professor Margoliouth, concludes his report of this significant conference by raising the weighty question, "Has Islam any golden age to look back on, except in the sense that at one time Mohammedan sultans were a terror to their neighbours, whereas now their neighbours are safe from their raids7" In answer, he asserts that "there is no real abuse current in Mohammedan states from which they have ever been free, except by accident for a limited time …… The days of the 'Pious Caliphs,' could they be reproduced, would mean no progress even in the most backward Islamic countries. The strengthening of Islam, if it is not to be a calamity to the whole world, is not to be effected by the reproduction of a barbarous past, but by an attempt to utilize the vast force which Islam represents, as a factor in the real progress of the civilizing and ennobling of the race. Whether this can be done, or the whole of this huge capital must be 'written off,' is the question which reformers have to solve." t t ("East and West," 1907, p. 393).

1926.1 THE RISE AND FALL OF ISLAM

IMPORTANT HISTORICAL DATES ~ MOSLEM AND CHRISTIAN C. 4B. C. The Birth of Jesus, the Christ. C. 29 A. D. The Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ. 312 A. D. Emperor Constantine ,converted in Italy. 389 A. D. Christianity supreme in Roman Empire. C. 570 A. D. Birth of Mohammed in Mecca. 622 A. D. Hegira-Flight of Mohammed from Mecca. Death of Mohammed in Mecca. 632 A. D. Capture of Jerusalem by Caliph Omar, 636 A. D. 642 A. D. John of IJamaSC1tS preaches to 1I10slems, 8th Century 732 A. D. Moslem conquest of Persia. 742 A. D. Defeat of Mohammedans in West Europe at Tours. 830 A. D. 1000 A. D. First mosque built in China. 1096-1272 I'll Kindy, a Christian Arab, issues his "Apology." 1182-1226 Moslems invade India. 1235-1315 The Crusades for control of Jerusalem. 1453 1492 Francis of Assisi preaches in Palestine. 1525-1707 Raymund Lull, missirmary in North Africa. 1683 Constantinople captured. Sheikh-ul-Islam established. 1740-1780 .~fohammedans driven from Spain by Ferdinand II. 1806-1812 1820 Mogul Empire in India. Eastern Europe checks advance of Turks at Vienna. 1850-1891 Wahabi reform spreads over Arabia (except Oman). 182,6 Henry Martyn, missionary in India, Arab~'a, Persia. Levi Parsons and PZ.iny Fisk reach Smyrna from America. 1831 Bishop T. Valpy French, miJSsion(1;ry in India and Arabia. 1833 English Church Missi01uwy Society enters Egypt. 1847 American Board missionaries begins work in Constantinople. 1875 American Presbyterians begins work in Ta;briz, Persia. 1885-1887 Eli Sm,1<"th of Byria begins translation of Bible into Arabie. 1889 English Church Missionary Bociety begins work in Persia. Ion Keith-Falconer establishes work in Arabia. 1906 James Cantine (l;fId Sam1wl M. Zwemer found Arabian Mis- 1908 1924 sion of the Reformed Church in America. 1924 New constitution proclaimed in Persia.

Young Turks proclaim new constitution.

Caliphate abolished in Turkey. Ibn Saoud, Wahabi ruler of the Nejd, captures Mecca.

HOW ISLAM SPREAD I SIJAM is a missionary religion and was spread by force of arms. . The three choices offered the conquered are: acceptance of Islam, the payment of tribute or death. Three periods mark the sweep of Mohammed's followers over Syria and North Africa and later over parts of Asia and Europe: I. A. D. 630-S00-Early caliphs-conquest of Arabia, Syria, Persia, North Africa and the peaceful penetration of China.

II. A. D. 12S0-1480-The Ottoman Turks and Moguls of India: conquest or Afghanistan, Turkestan, India, Java, Malaysia, Serbia and Bosnia.

III, A. D. 1780-1906-Modern Islam-Dervish orders and Oman Arabs and pilgrims-conversion by penetration in Central Africa, Russia, the Philippines and elsewhere.

THE MISSIONAR·Y HEVll~W 0:1<' THE WOllLD

THE STRENGTH AND BEAUTIES OF ISLAM 1. The conception of the unity, omnipotence, omnipresence and mercy of God.

2. The brotherhood of all believers-without distinction of race, color, nationality or station.

3. Fidelity to the creed of Islam and its application to daily life.

4. Fearless witnessing to the faith, before all people and under all circumstances.

5. The missionary conception and the ambition to bring all man- kind to acknowledge Allah and the Prophet. • 6. The sense of the duty of all Moslems everywhere to win con- . verts_ 7. Insistence on cleansing (through cerem<mial), antagonism to idolatry, opposition to intemperance and to many religious, social and physical evils.

MORAL AND SOOIAL EVILS OF ISLAM T HE inadequacy of the religion of Mohammed is seen in its effect on the lives of its followers. Mohammedan lands, such as Afghan- istan, Turkey, Arabia, Persia and Morocco, show the results when Islam has full sway. Some of the evils are: 1. Low ideals involving ungoverned pride, lust, envy, treachery, vindictiveness and untruthfulness which were evident in Mohammed's own character.

2. Lax interpretation of many of the commandments, especially the third, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth as based on the Koran.

3. Polygamy, easy divorce, slavery and attendant evils-especially the low status of women. The Arabs are the chief slave dealers of the world.

4. Illiteracy. 'From seventy per cent upward of Mohammedans in Moslem lands are illiterate. Some resulting evils are intellectual stagnation, narrowness, superstition, quackery, bigotry and blind adherence to tradition.

5. Narrow limits of education-largely confined to the Koran in strictly Moslem lands; the remaining education consisting of parental instruction.

6. Lack of a true sense of sin as relating to disregard of the moral and spiritual laws of God.

7. Lack of any idea of a God above, as an all-wise Heavenly Father. The Moslem creed includes agnostic, pantheistic and animistic elements. The misconception of God is responsible for the fatalism, formalism, and militarism among Moslems.

8. Lack of any conception of any adequate Saviour from sin or any indwelling Power to overcome sinful tendencies. 'l'here is a lack of faith in Jesus Christ as revealed in th(' gospel8 and of any clear idea of the Holy Spirit and His work.

Breaking Away from

BY REV. JAMIES L. BARTON, D.D., BOSTON, MASS. Author of "The Christian Approach to Islam."

T HE laws that control Islam are embodied in their sacred Koran and in their tradition. It is generally conceded that tradition is the more powerful of the two in controlling action. Change has always been looked upon with suspicion. Islam being considered a perfect religion in itself, change has been looked upon as evil and always to be opposed. As Principal Fairbairn says: "Islam is the most inflexible of all positive religions. It is an elastic spirit placed in an iron framework. The progressive is sacrificed to the stationary."

Sir William Muir: "Swathed in the bands of the Koran, the Moslem faith is powerless to adapt itself to varying time and place, keep pace with the march of humanity, direct and purify the social life, and elevate mankind."

Lord Cromer: "The Moslem stands in everything on the ancient ways, because he is a Moslem, because the customs which are interwoven with his religion forbid him to change."

Palgrave: "Islamism is in itself stationary and was framed thus to remain. It justly repudiates all change, all development."

Lord Houghton: "The written book is there, the dead man '8 hand, stiff and motionless; whatever savours of vitality is by that alone convicted of heresy and defection."

761

Stanley Poole: "No advance,no change has been admitted into orthodox Islam during the past thousand years."

Dr. Samuel Graham Wilson, after declaring that "Islam, as IsbetntleMda1fl·rko,mantdheI traditions by the great Imams, Abu Hanifa, Shafi, bn Hanbal, must remain fixed," adds that, histori- cally and actualIy, the dicta of our great writers are but partially true. Remarkable modifications have taken place in Islam in the past and conspicuous changes are occurring at the present time. Since these statements were made by students of Islam, many changes have swept OVer t,he Islamic world, not as general move- ments affecting all Moslem races alike, but chiefly affecting at differ- ent times and in various degrees a single people or nation. If we were -to consider only one natioll or race, We would not be justified in drawing conclusions of a sweep- ing character, but when we see so many different Islamic peoples moving away from their ancient mooring, although not all in the same direction or with the same 1'HE MODERN RULER OF TURKEY speed, only one conclusion can be Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his very modern reached, namely, that Islam as a religion is not holding the fol- wife (recently divorced), lowers of Mohammed in the ancient way. To change the figure, it is evident that the hitherto stagnant waters of the Moslem world are now being troubled through the im- pact of civilization and that much that Mohammedans regarded a generation ago as absolutely essen- tial to the Moslem faith is now no longer so regarded. One after another of the traditions that date from the days of Mohammed or of his immediate successors we now see set aside, sometimes by official acts, often by failure to observe on the part of the people, until, in some areas, as in Turkey, there are grounds for maintaining that no longer does religion dominate the state.

The point to be kept in mind is that Islam, which ,a generation ago was looked upon as static and incapable of change, is now in nearly all parts of the world changing both in its point of view and in its practices, and that many of these changes indicate a breaking away from traditions formerly considered as essential to that religion.

In imitation of Christian bodies of the West, Mohammedans

MOSLEMS BREAKING AWAY }<'ROM TRADI'rlON

held in Mecca last June what they called an "All-World Moslem Congress," at the invitation of Abdul Aziz Ibn Saoud, the Wahabi King. They decided to hold an annual session during the time of the pilgrimage. In the report of the Congress, printed in the London Times of July 29, no reference is, made to any discussion of the question of the Caliphate.

Mohammedan governments have been theocratic. Mohammed was both the temporal and spiritual head of his followers, and so have been his successors. Only when Moslems have lived under Christian governments has their religious life been separate from the affairs of the state. The Moslem ruler received his authority from Allah and ruled by divine right. 'l'oday this authority is denied the Moslem chief of state whose right to govern is accorded him by the people governed. In a word, the people of Moslem states are demanding the right to choose their rulers and to have a voice in the making of the laws they are expected to obey. This movement is especially marked in Arabia, Persia, Egypt and Turkey.

Moslems and Moslem governments have not been patrons of education. To the devoted follower of Mohammed, all wisdom is embodied in the Koran. All books and all teachings that deal with matters not contained in the Kor- TRADITI~~!~1I~8Uilt:J1~~RtNHODJA an are to be repudiated as evil in character and vicious in influence. Moslem peoples have been notoriously backward in all forms of modern education-historical, physical and scientific. The traditions of Islam have been against it. Many Moslem youth, more enterprising and daring than the rank and file, in defiance of tradition, have, in one way and another, secured an education. These have studied the economic conditions of Moslem countries, noted their backward social, intellectual and moral condition, and have come to the conclusion that without a change Mohammedanism must be left behind in the struggle for existence. There has been a decided intellectual awakening in all Moslem countries and mostly within a single generation, although greatly accelel'- ated within the last fiften years. In India the percentage of Moslems in school has risen from three percent thirty years ago to fifteen percent at the present time. A general movement toward 'Vestern education is marked in the East Indies, among the Moros in the

Pl1ilippilles, ill Persia, Egypt, Arabia and Turkey. Mohammedan men and even women are to be found in increasing numbers in the colleges and universities of the vVest, while the privileges offered by "'IVestern schools in Moslem countries are eagerly sought. In most countries governed by Moslems, modern education has entered and holds a commanding position today. '1'he best known of these are ~Jgypt, Persia and Turkey, which have established school systems ill which the sciences, history and one or more Western languages have a place. As a vital part of the ef- f ect of this new education, one notes the rapid increase of literature in all Moslem countries. The produc- tion of all kinds of literature, in the last fifteen years, in the vernacular and in Western languages, is phe- nomenal. The printing press has become a vital force in all these _________ countries, stimulated by the rapid J":'J.I.. .J.>;…L;..I …;)… …..-'-< '..,-II;. JfJ ..0' advance in learning while itself .j.J.-~,),"..T.f.¥J.'>!.:~~L;…~I.;J.:,"5~',.,,.;..,<:,,<,)J."»! ..,:……a.jo;J.u.l/~~Ji acting' as a stimulant to education. ,:,IJI j,..': ),:,')1 J-l….I J ….·J ~,,;.-'-'-,:…. ,,<,,,<,Rapidly the press, so far as educa- .~..,..;J.. ..»~ J-ai. tr.b~ r~' (§:;.JI""";J tion and religion are concerned, is becoming free even under Moslem governments. The Islamic world is going to school in spite of the restrictions of tradition.

The followers of no religion have so successfully resisted the in- troduction of the customs and fash- ions from the West as have .:<Ioslems. Most of their customs have had their roots in their own .'1. TURKISH EDITION OF THE KORAN traditions or in the direct teaching:,; of the Koran. To change would seem to devout Moslems to be denial of their faith. This is well demonstrated in the treatment of women, in methods of persecuting'

such as deny Islam, in the abstinence from wine, and in the daily customs once regarded as essentially religious. '1'he rapid rise of education for girls in 11os1em countries has inevitably led to a re- laxation of suppressive measures in the treatment of women and the granting to them of positions of increasing influence and leadership in the home, in society and even in the state. 'While apostasy is still looked upon as little short of a crime and is generally regarded as worthy of punishment, an increa:,;ing lenienry is noted in many conll- tries in the treatment of suell as inquire after Christianity. III '/'Ul'- key and Persia, as well as in otller conntries, there have been lllany

192DJ MOSLJ~MS RREA KING A'VAY FR.OM TRADIl'IO:'ii"

eases where perseention was !lot ('ollspienolls, and some ('oulltries, under the influence of the vVestern impact, have declared for religious liberty.

MolmmulOdall countries are not so strollg for prohibition as the teachings of the Koran would give warrant for concluding. A Moslem official, a notorious drinker, once defended himself to the writer when charged with action contrary to his faith by declaring that he strictly adhered to the teachings of the Koran since he never drank wine but only whiskey and brandy. The breaking away from this Photo by C. T. Riggs From "The Mis8ionary Heraldn SCENE IN THE "LfBERATION PARADE" IN CONSTANTINOPLE Turkish university students in Constantlnop,le. (Octobe!' 6, 1926) having dis- carded the "fe·z," wear hats and caps. Even the Turkish wome.n are wearing hats.

tradition is to be deplored, but it reveals the tendency of the times to adopt methods practised in the "Vest even to the destruction of time-honored traditions. There are many minor customs and tendencies which, taken in themselves, alone would have little significance, but when taken together indicate a changed and changing point of view that is of no little importance.

Discarding the fez by the Government of Turkey and the compulsive wearing of Western headgear is a point in hand. It is true that the fez has strictly no religious significance, but it has become in many countries the sign of a true Moslem. Native Christians in Turkey were compelled to wear it as a token of loyalty to the Government. Now no one in Turkey may wear a fez. How far this will affect custom in other Moslem countries does not yet appear.

As Moslem countries enter into closer commercial and diplomatic relations with the countries of the West, they have felt the

OLD-TIME STREET COSTUME WORN BY MOSLEM WOMEN inconvenience of having a different religious rest day from that followed among Christians. Japan adopted the Christian Sunday as its day of rest. Turkey is now considering a similar step in spite of the fact that Friday was the day observed by Mohammed and that is now observed by all Moslem peoples. ·While this step has not yet been taken, the fact that the Turks regard it as a debatable question shows how one Moslem country, at least, does not look upon even the direct teachings of Mohammed as absolutely binding upon the state.

Mustapha Kemal, the President of Turkey, recently said in a public address, afterward printed: "The Koran, which is the sole source of ancient law, is by no means a code and contains no legal system capable of satisfying the needs of modern life." .A, Moslem has recently come out in an article printed in Constantinople, urging that the custom of bathing the feet before prayers and of leaving off the shoes during prayers be abolished as a custom suited to Arabs but not to a civilized country. The writer of this article charges the absence of men in the mosque and the large crowds attending the Christian churches as due to the fact that the Christians do not make this demand, while the Moslems do. Therefore, the writer contends that provision be made for the wearing of shoes in prayers with a place for hats in the vestibule.

The abolition of the caliphate by Turkey has outstanding significance for Turkey and is of vast importance to the Moslem world. This step was a demonstration that the people of Turkey believed that their will is superior to the will of Allah as expressed through their Sultan and embodied in the person of their Caliph. The fact that the Moslems in Turkey and in other countries have not regis-

926] MOSLEMS BREAKING AWAY FROM TRADITION

MODERN TURKISH GIRLS IN THE AMERICAN SCHOOL AT BROUSA tered violent protest to this act of 'I'm'key and that, to the present time, no concerted steps have been taken to elect a Caliph for the Moslem world, are indications of an indifference that was not expected. Mustapha Kemal in an address, printed in Constantinople on November 9, 1925, said: "Persons who possess some information about the history of Islam know that the Abbasides' dynasty and all the other Moslem dynasties which have followed it have been nothing other than instruments of oppression which based themselves upon the legal system on which the foundations of imperial Rome were built. These instruments of oppression were founded on a legal system which recognized all rights as belonging to God, which brought back all issues to God, and which made use of all these divine rights which they called supreme authority. It is for this reason that the system on which the caliphate, or modern sovereignty, was based yvas able to maintain itself so long."

No one would assume that the president of Turkey is in a position to speak for Islam, yet the fact remains that he has spoken and acted and his deeds and words have not brought out a challenge. Turkey has hitherto played a large and important part in the Moslem world. It has furnished the Caliph to Islam for more than four hundred years, has been the keeper of the holy places and was for generations the outstanding independent Mohammedan government.

Arabic has always been considered the sacred language of Islam. It was the language spoken by Mohammed and it was in that beautiful tongue that the Koran was written. It has been a matter of belief that the Koran could not be written or prayer be made acceptable to Allah if presented in any other tongue. Mohammedans have repudiated translations of the Koran and adhered to their sacred book in

it.s original. In spite of this fact the Turks have authorized the puhlication of a version of the Koran in the Turkish language. It is reported that this Turkish Koran has been warmly welcomed and that Turks arc studying critically the book whie1dhcy have never hitherto understood. This makes another break from ancient tradition.

There has been a startling change in the Moslem attitude toward women. The education of girls is a sign and seal of this change, but that is only the beginning of what inevitably will follow. Plural marriages have been considered one of the constants in Islam, although all Mohammedans did not have more thau a single wife. The founder of the sect in the Punjab, called" The People of the Koran," says that he regards polygamy as bad as fornication. The National Assembly of Albanians recently declared against polygamy and the covering of the faces of their women. A Moslem lawyer recently published a series of articles in a Turkish paper iu Constantinople, inveighing against polygamy, in which he declared that the young men looked upon Moslem polygamy and divorce as a curious antique. These articles advocated a law against the marriage of more than one wife. The Turkish Grand General Assembly has passed a bill prohibiting plural marriages and providing that all marriages shall be published and that no divorce shall be valid until ratified by a court decree.

Educated Moslems are attempting to interpret Islam in terms of modern science. Students of the Koran and of Moslem tradition are convinced that if Islam is to hold its place as a religion of the twentieth century, it must be interpreted in terms that will meet the demands of the thiJ;lking young men who are in contact with modern thought. Every Moslem country is awakening to this situati~n and, to some extent at least, is attempting to meet it. Methods of higher criticism common in the West are being applied to the Moslem tra~ ditions, commentaries and even to the Koran itself. The orthodox leaders are greatly alarmed at this unholy method of handling their sacred literature and at the spirit which the desire to question authority reveals. This has led to the recognition of two distinct classes, the Fundamentalists who put the Koran and tradition above reason, and the Modernists who are endeavoring to bring the thinking and practices of Moslems into harmony with modern science and the social standards of Western civilization. This has led to many schools of reform among Moslems, each attempting to find a way to save Islam without throttling social, intellectual and moral advance.

In the Moslem world, all signs point to a decided break in Islam from the static past and an attempt to conform to the demands of a world of expanding intelligence and a society intolerant of traditional Moslem practices. This may mean the decline of Islam, or it may point to fundamental reforms.

Boys and

BY REV. JOHN KINGSDEY BIRGE, BRISTOL, CONNECTICUT Formerly Professor ill the International College, Smyrna O NE NIGHT, during the war, as we were passing through the city of Manissa, some Turkish boys boarded the train, and, as they did so, they kissed their father's hands. A business man in our party remarked on the courtesy and respect that these young Moslems showed to their parents-something that American hoys and girls might learn from the youth of Turkey. In this re- spect for elders and superiors, and obedience to authority, the early re- ligious instruction of Mohammed- an boys and girls plays some part.

Until recently, instruction in religion has been a large factor in all education in Moslem lands, and a generation ago was almost ex- clusively religious, particularly of girls. They studied letters and grammar, mainly Arabic gram- mar, in order that they might read the Koran. They learned the pro- nunciation of words and gained the ability fluently to read aloud the Koran, but of the meaning they had little or no idea. More re- cently, history, geography, mathe- matics and science have taken a A MOSL~;M BOY IN NORTH AI·'RICA place in the education of a Moslem child as in the Western world. But still religion has not beenJomit- ted. The child has been taught the qualities of God-that Rehas no beginning or ending; that He is different fr0m all created things so that not even a comparison can be made; that. He sees and hears, though not as men see and hear; that He is absolute and unlimited in His power and authority. The child also learns his religious prac- tices, such as prayer in the Arabic tongue five times a day, the rea- son given being that God has commanded it. When the child imi- tates his parents and goes without food or drink from sunrise to sunset, during the month of Ramazan, he is being drilled into an at- titude of diticipline toward God. "Islam" meang "submission" and a "Moslem" is "one who submits" to the will of God. Obedience to authority thus becomes the major virtue and children learn to re- spect their parents.

They are also taught to respect their governments. In Turkish 3 769

there is a word for" subject" but none for" citizen." 'l'he idea of citizenship, as we understand it, does not exist.

The Islamic system is not like the Christian. The division among us into many denominations produces uncertainty as to religious authority. In Moslem lands, there is comparative agreement as to what God has required of His followers, and the child learns certain definite requirements in belief and practices that become ingrained into his very system.

Once during the month of Ramazan 1 was sitting in a gallery of a mosque, watching the worshippers. I saw boys touching with their thumbs the three portions of each finger, one after another, and I learned that they were reciting the names of God. If they didn't know the Ninety-nine Most Beautiful Names for God, as they probably did not, they were repeating thirty-three times each, such expressions as "God is Most Great."

This religious education exerts an even greater influence over them, because so much of it is taught under emotion. Ramazan evenings are happy festival occasions, and even though the worship is very long, there seems to be a gladness about it, a social good time, that deepens the impression on the boy or g·irl.

On Mohammed's birthday and other occasions, children, especially the boys, gather with their elders to listen to long chants and songs about Mohammed and the glories of the Moslem past. On such occasions, candy will be passed even in the mosques, and perfume will be scattered on the hands of all, leaving for the boy and girl sensations which in later life, when intellectual belief may have been shaken, still bring back the old associations.

Thus their type of religious education grips the child. The whole tone of it impresses on the mind the limitless power of God, so that a conception of the universe is built up which recognizes sovereignty and authority.

It is only partly true, however, that Islam is more uniform in its religious teachings than is Christianity. Outwardly, most Moslems, in any particular country, recognize the same system of belief and worship, but everywhere Islam is saturated with heretical teachings which find expression in fraternal organizations. While they secretly teach various mystical ideas, most of them hold public services in which they seek to experience an actual oneness with God. I have seen boys, hardly able to stand, sway their bodies back and forth as they dreamily recite over and over the name of God. Once I attended a prayer meeting, or zikr, of the Rufai Dervishes, when half a dozen boys were present as worshippers and other children were in the audience. When the worshippers had been stirred to excitement, a charcoal brazier was brought in from which projected a score or more of iron rods, each with an iron ring on the end. The rings, as well as two or three inches of the rod, were red hot. The leader

lfOHAMMEDA.:'.' ROYS AXD GIRLS

extracted one rod after another from the fire, slapped it on both sides of his hand, then gave it to a worshipper. I could plainly hear the hiss of steam as the worshippers licked these rods until they were cool. The small boys licked their red-hot irons as an American boy does a lollypop. There was a pathos in their very earnestness. They were experiencing, they thought, God's power, but how pitifully lack- ing they were in any ethical conception of what is involved in the will of God! In these ways, religion, with its emphasis on the power and ar- bitrary will of God almost entirely without ethical implications, is taught to practically every boy and girl in Moslem lands. Almost as influential have been the crude and superstitious popular beliefs.

'fombs of holy men arc regarded as sacred and on uear-by trees are hung' bits of rags, as reminders to the -spirrt hovering around the tomb that prayers have been offered. On every side the boy or girl sees such evidences of belief ill spirit presences. Such stories as the "Arabian Nig'hts" have made vel'y real to the children an unseen world where God also rules with supernatural forces.

This type of education is now in the process of change. Not only has Turkey abolished the dervish orders but time given to religious instruction in school is cut down, AN ARAB GIRL. STILL UNVEILED attendance at mosque services is growing less and formal worship has been on the decline for some years. One day with a Moslem boy I visited the religious schools of Smyrna. Where there had been over twenty of these, not one was left. We entered a mosque and talked with the sad-faced caretaker who was sweeping the floor. We remarked on the beauty of his place of worship. "Yes," he said, "the mosque is all right. The trouble is with the people who no longer come to prayers."

In place of the religious education formerly given in schools, more time is being given to the physical sciences. In place of re- ligious festivals and the songs that extolled the Prophet, national holidays and patriotic hymns are becoming the vogue. Everywhere the influence of the ·Western world is supplanting with ever-increasing rapidity the traditions of the Mohammedan past.

One wonders what is the effellt of the impact of Western inven-

tions on the Moslem boy and girl. There cannot but come a new faith in the material forces of this world. The textbooks in geography picture the factories of the 1,Vestern world, and the modern inventor is adjudged a great benefactor. The boy and girl are not only conceiving new wants, but a new philosophy of life is being taught. The old holy men do not seem so holy now. The Western standard of material success appeals with irresistible force. God does not seem so powerful. Steam and electricity are the modern agents, and success is measured by ability to use these forces and to acquire more of this world's goods. There is no stopping the influence upon practically every Moslem boy and girl in the world today of nationalism and materialism, both of which come from the Western world.

The secular impact of the civilization of the West is having a helpful effect in at least one respect, especially for the children. The play life of the East has never been as rich as that of the West. Boys in Turkey, for example, have, in the past, played such games as leapfrog, blind man's buff, hothand, swattag, etc., but now the American games are coming in-soccer, football, basketball, handball, and even baseball. When boys were growing into young manhood, indulgence in sports a few years ago seemed undignified and unworthy. Now Western influence has spread a new spirit, and on every side athletic sports command the interest of the young and the respect of their elders. Team games teach a spirit that is indispensable in citizenship and essential to true religion. They require the sacrifice of an individual for the good of the group. There is a certain moral quality also taught by the necessity of taking defeat in a sportsmanlike spirit, and, through team games, fair play can be taught to the boy and girl.

Other forms of Western amusements are not always so helpful. 'rhe moving picture is found almost everywhere, even in remote towns, and Pola Negri and Gloria Swanson are teaching the Moslem youth, more effectively than any textbook, about the life in "Ohristian" countries. Many are saying that Western inventions are good but Western home life is on a lower plane than that found in the East. The unwholesome sex relations as depicted by the films fascinate many others and lower the ideal of the boy or girl as to what _ social and home life should be.

Into this complex mixture of the old and the new the Christian missionary comes today with a religion which already is misunderstood. Ohristianity to the Moslem all too often connotes a political division within his own country's borders or else the uniting bond between foreign powers. The child does not see evidence that Ohristianity is a force making for brotherhood between races and classes. The name is a hated name and a stumblingblock often in the effort to interpret the reality which, to the missionary, lies behind the word. But many Moslems want the moral force that the mission

MOHAM1IIEDAN BOYS AND GIRLS

school seems to have. They appreciate the work of the mission hospital until the Moslem doctors fear the competition with their own work. The social center has been tried in only a few places, but its success has been conspicuous. Many of the boys and girls who have been taught in the mission schools and colleges are filled with the spirit of service. They have tasted, in school, the joy of it, and they look, sometimes with pathetic eagerness, to the missionary for leadership.

Moslem boys and girls are reading what literature they can find, and their minds are being fed with much that is bad. The oppor- BOY SCOUTS DRILLING IN TARSUS, ASIA MINOR tunity of the missionary is to study all the channels by which the thought of the people is being affected, the textbooks in the schools, the newspaper, the magazine, the movie, and to seek to release influences among these agencies that will gradually give to the masses of people a new understanding of the fact that Jesus, the Great Prophet recognized by themselves, is One whom the whole world desperately needs today. As the Christian forces of the West live lives of Christlike service in the midst of the Moslems of the East, a new meaning will come to be attached to the idea of following Jesus. It is the Moslem boys and girls that are freest of all to take what the missionary brings and that can go forth in the Christian spirit to overcome the materialism which otherwise will saturate the Moslem East.

THE CENSUS OF THE MOSLEM WORLD DISTRIBUTION BY GOVERNMENTS: Under British Rttle or Occupation: In Africa …….•…………………. 28,910,000 In Asia …………………………. . 76,788,000 In Australia …………………….. . 25,000 —-105,723,000 Under Other Western Governments: In Africa Belgium …………………………. . 1,764,000 France …………… " …………… . 28,502,332 Italy ……………………………. . 1,659,000 Portugal ………………………… . Spain …………………………… . 239,000 Abyssinia and Liberia ……………… . 594,500 800,000 In Asia United States of America (Philippines) … . 597,994 39,000,000 Netherlands ……………………… . France ………………………….. . 3,341,860 Russia' (Europe and Asia) ………….. . 15,320,000 In Europe …………….. ………….. . In Amelrica ……………………….. . 2,469,957 204,429 94,493,072 Under Non-Christian Governments: 200,216,072 Turkey ………………………….. . 8,321,000 Mesopotamia ……………………… . 2,840,700 Persia .. " …. " .. , .. , ….,.,.,., ….. ,., 9,350,000 Afghanistan ' …………………….. . 6,380,000 Arabia ., ………………………… . 3,400,000 Siam ……………………………. . China ………… , ……………….. . 150,000 9,136,000 – – – 39,577,700 MOSLEM OBJECTIONS TO MODERN EDUCATION FOR WOMEN T HE Mohammedan women in many of the countries in the East are becoming imbued with modern ideals for women and are as- serting themselves. In India, the women held an All-India Mo- IJammedan Women's Conference to insist upon monogamy and other reforms. Everywhere they are seeking education.

An Egyptian Moslem gives the following objections to the modern education of women: 1. The educated women do not like to do housework. 2. They become extravagant about their dress. 3. They sing and play the piano to fit themselves to associate with cultured women of the West. 4. They spend their time reading love stories. 5. They do not live economically, 6. They wish to marry for love, money or good looks.

OF THE UNIVERSI1'Y MOSQUE ElL AZHAR, CAIRO, FOUNDED IN 969 A. D

To (''OI.llpJete a course in the .4zhar reQuirE:'s about twelve years. The curriculum includes juris- prudence. theology, exege~iE;, grammar, syntax, rhetoric, logic and the traditions; it bas 10,000 students and 250 professors.

Some Moslem Views of Christianity A Series of Interviews by Dr. H. E. Philips, Cairo, Egypt By A YOUNG STUDENT IN CAIRO, A MEMBER OF THE Y. M. C. A.

I HAVE no sympathy with the old school of Islam as represented in EI Azhar University but I am a Moslem and cannot accept Christianity as my religion, first of all because I find it very impracticable. Even Christians do not take its precepts seriously nor attempt to fulfill them literally. The commands of Christianity are so extreme that if they were put into practice chaos would follow.

Take one of the gospel teachings by way of example. How many coats do you have~ More than one'/ Have you given away all but one 1 Do you give to everyone that asks something from you and do you never refuse a loan to one who would borrow 1 What would become of society if your gospel laws were followed literally Y Jesus taught men to return good for evil. It sounds all right in theory hut the business of everyday life proves that it does not work. Neither Christian individuals nor states observe this rule. Justice and the social order cannot be maintained in that way. If you examine every distinctive point in the .Gospel, in the last analysis you will find that it is not practical.

A second reason why I do not accept Christianity is that the Gos- 775

pel is full of inconsistencies. Of course we Moslems do not believe that Jesus Himself ever taught the distinctive doctrines of modern Christianity. They are hopelessly at variance with one another. For example, Jesus is called the "Son of God" and also the "Son of Man." He says that a man becomes great by becoming small; that he finds life by losing or laying down his life; that he becomes strong by being weak. All of this is incomprehensible and unreasonable. Moreover Christians call Jesus God and they pray to Him while many times in the Gospel He is represented as Himself praying to God.

Jesus' first miracle was the converting of water into wine for a wedding feast. I have been told that Christians should not drink wine and that the Bible teaches that drinking intoxicants is a sin. In the Koran you will find that Mohammed did not drink wine and that he forbade his followers to use it. Moslems everywhere and. always are total abstainers. Spirituous liquors are strictly forbidden and have been introduced into Mohammedan lands through the greed of' Christian merchants.

A third reason why I adhere to Islam is because of its wonderful provision for social life, very little of which I find in the Christian Gospel. The Koran is called a " Guidance" for men and makes practical provision for every detail of life. Why should I leave this system for one that deals only in generalities? Christians have much to say about the "Sermon on the Mount" but its idealism is impractical and fails to grip our social problems.

You speak of polygamy as an evil and I agree that unlimited marriage is an evil. But Mohammed made no such blunder. He found unlimited marriage prevailing in pagan Arabia so he corrected it by placing limits upon those who accepted Islam. Under .Tudaism polygamy was sanctioned and practiced by the prophetf;, but because it was not regulated it was abused as in the case of Solomon. Islam takes into account the fact that there are more women in the world than men and that through war the proportion of men is often greatly reduced. It meets this problem with the practical provision for plural marriage with certain definite limitations. The much-vaunted monogamy of the Ohristian system is not rigidly enforced and sooner or later will yield to stern necessity. In my opinion it will be a change for the better.

A fourth reason for my belief in Islam is its intellectual superiority over the Christian system. I admit that, for the present, European civilization has forged ahead of Islamic countries but the reason for our present eclipse is economic and not intellectual, a condition which is due to the temporary military superiority of the West. How did Europe obtain this advantage ~ Most of her modern civilization was borrowed from Islam. Every branch of science was assiduously studied and developed in the centers of Islamic power.

1926J SOME MOSLEM vmws OF CHRISTIANITY

Stanley Lane Poole, in "The Moors in Spain," uses the following words in praise of Islamic learning: "Beautiful as were the palaces and gardens of Cordova, her claims to admiration in higher matters were no less strong. The mind was as lovely as the body. Her professors and teachers made her the center of European culture; students would come from all parts of the world to study under her famous doctors…. As for the graces of literature, there never was a time when poetry became the speech of everybody, so much so that no speech or address was complete without some scraps of verse.'''' Whether the suhject he astronomy or chemistry or geography or natural history the foundations are found in the Holy Koran. If the principle patrons of learning in that great epoch of educational progress were Moslems and if, as I believe, we are on the verge of a great revival in our religion, I see no good reason why I should forsake my faith. If the European nations are under happier circumstances today than are the countries of Islam and if their scientific progress is for the time in advance of that found in Mohammedan countries; it is not because of the teachings of Christianity but beeause Europe has taken the learning and the principles of Islam and has built upon them.

T could give many more reasons for my rejection of Christianity but these are my leading ones: it is morany impracticable; it is intellectually inconsistent; it is socially insufficient; it is scientically inferior. In all these respects I find Islam sufficent and satisfactory.

By AN ADVANCED STUDENT IN A SECONDARY SCHOOL IN EGYPT First of all let me say that I am not much of a Moslem. I am rather a free thinker or perhaps you would call me an agnostic. Our family is one of the best in Cairo and we always have had plenty of hooks and time for reading but in our home we never did discuss religion very much. At first I was very ignorant of my religion. Then an over-zealous Christian began trying to teach me the way of Christianity. It was not acceptable to me but this friend persisted and I was wholly unable to answer the arguments that were presented. Then I began the study of my own religion in earnest and soon found what seemed to me sufficient answers for all the Christian arguments. Indeed I became very proficient in debate on all religious questions and was a convinced and fanatical Moslem. Later I t00k up the study of European philosophy and found that the great thinkers of the world have never been religious men. I also found that neither Islam nor Christianity agrees with the best philosophy. 'l'he result has been that I have lost my zeal for Mohammedanism and I am now willing to take the good out of all religions and to profess none. ,,I[ho is Mohammed and who is Christ but men who • The quotation here used is found in The Islamic World, Jan.) 1926) p. 311 in an article by Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah on "Islam and Learning."

tried to help their people to live a better life and to relieve the social conditions they found in the world 1 As to my belief in God, of course anyone who has studied philosophy and science is compelled to believe that there is some great power back of all the phenomena that we see round about us. It may be a conscious power or it may only be an impersonal force. I do not see how anyone can be sure. I sometimes wish I could believe in a personal God as you do for it must be very comforting, but somehow I cannot believe.

I do not understand what is commonly called sin nor the Ohristian remedy through the blood of Ohrist. I am not perfect but neither am I conscious of any very serious sin nor do I feel the need of any other person to save me from sin. My religion has always been one of good works. I try to live right and never to harm anyone and what more do Ohristians want? After all my studies in philosophy I have come to think that if God is a conscious being He does not care very much about the individual but has more concern about nations, and if He does care about individuals what more does He want beyond the life I am now living¥ By AN ENGLISHMAN '¥HO HAS BECOME A MOSLEM My father desired me to enter the service of the Ohristian Ohurch, and to this purpose I studied. Early I had doubts, and could not reconcile myself to believe in the Trinity, Vicarious Atonement, and Original Sin. I read books on all phases of Ohristianity, and came to the conclusion that I believed none. About this time I came into contact with W. Stewart Ross, the agnostic leader, and editor of The Agnostic Journal. In this way I was introduced to the writings of Ingersoll, Hreckel and others. Ross quarreled with the Biblical conception of Deity, and I agreed with him, but never lost faith in a Supreme Being. I began the study of comparative religion (neglecting Islam which I had been told was merely an altered version of Ohristianity). Hearing Ross speak of the sublime conception of Deity pictured by the deism of Islam, I resolved to study this faith and to my surprise began to find myself at home. '1'he central truth of the oneness of the Deity and the idea of a deit.y who sent teachers not only to the Jews but other races was my own idea of an impartial Being. The life of Mohammed, the complete success attending his mission even in his own lifetime, the brotherhood of all believers which he accomplished, and the wholesome reforms he brought, wrung from me the acceptance of his prophethood. The Koran I found made a stronger appeal to me than the Biblical narratives had ever done, and when I came to dissect the Suras and Ayats, I found myself living in a new world, reading the inner meanings, and becoming for the first time in a state of At-one-ment with God.

1926J 80MB MOSLEM VIEWS OE' UHRI8TIANl'l'Y

In 1903 I confessed to my father that I was a Moslem, and later on met a Moslem for the first time. He was the Hon. Dr. Abdullah al Mamun Suhrawardy, M.A., LL.D. (now the Chairman of the Bengal Legislative Council). In his presence I repeated the Kalima.'" I became Honorary Assistant Secretary of the Pan-Islamic Society and afterwards Honorary Vice-President. In 1912 Khwaja Kamalud-Din came to England, and I associated myself with him in the Woking Moslem Missiop., and the Islamic Review. Prior to this I had been nominated "Sheikh of the British Moslems." Today I contribute to almost all the leading Moslem journals in India, Persia, Turkey, etc., and represent several of those in London. I represent also La Fraternite Musulmane de Paris, and by the invitation of the French Government was present at the Foundation Ceremony of the Paris Mosque. Recently I started the Minaret, a small Islamic journal destined for the Western reader, and a large percentage of my letters from enquirers came from the United States of America.

(Signed) KHALID SHELDRAKE.

*' The kaZima means the Moslem creed, "There is no God but God and Mohammed 1s the prophet of God."

A TURK'S VIEW OF THE CHRISTIAN MENACE W RITING to the Djumhouriet, a Turkish daily newspaper pub- lished in Constantinople, an anonymous correspondent describes the spread of Christian propaganda and institutions in Turkey and seems to be particularly incensed over the success of the Y. M. C. A. After outlining this growth, he proceeds to give this description of the manner in which the Christians project their influence: "First they get people to love them, and then they make them novices in their order. Their schools are each a danger. There the great deeds of Jesus are sung. The persuasive abilities of the members of this Association, both men and women, are so great that, like ants caught in a spider's web, people cannot again be rescued from their hands. The greatest secret of their success is love ….

"The Protestant young Christians begin with example and lead up to rule; they go from the concrete to the abstract. This sort of propaganda is fatal. They do not proclaim the principles of Protestantism. Nay, they do not even talk about religion, but by their attitude, their actions, their manners, by the compassion they show to animals, by the help they give to the poor, by loving what is good, by mercy to the unfortunate, they try to show the loftiness of their religion.

"The number of innocent Turkish children captured by these charms is constantly increasing, and these children are weaned from their individuality and are becoming each an American Protestant, nay more, not only a Protestant but a missionary."

A VISIT TO EL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY BY REV. J. E. SHEPHWD in the Bapti..t Missionary Hem~d E VEN within the memory of men now living, Christians could not enter El-Azhar, the great Moslem university in Cairo, but that is changed and even Christian missionaries pass in freely, as wel- come visitors.

One morning we found ourselves at "The Gate of the Barbers," the entrance to EI-Azhar. The porter brought some slippers and after placing these upon our feet, our dragoman kicked off his own shoes, and led the way. Then we entered one of the largest universities in the world, one of the most ancient, going back nearly a thousand years, to 980 A. D. El-Azhar is the intellectual focal point of Islam. Here we saw the intelli- gent youth of many lands-India, Syria, Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Algeria, Turkey, Afghanistan, and other parts of the world- all being trained for the priest- hood. 'rhey are here to be trained in the Koran. They are practi- ~ally men of one book. "In the shaded porticos of the great court they sit in circles, great or small, 'at the feet of' their sheikhs, the 'rahhis' of Islam, who themselves squat on low dais seats and dis- cuss the grammar, language, in- terpretation and legal teaching of the Koran."

We went freely from one group to 'mother and watched the process of teaching, all so different from our idea of what teaching should be. It was a study of the Oriental mind, with its great power of detachment and its equally great power of concentration. -"Ve could not help wondering what fruit these studies would bear in after days in other lands, what influence these young men would wield. EI-Azhar is a mosque, and there are six gates. The Liwan is huge, and its ceiling is supported upon three hundred and eighty pillars. The minarets are of different periods, the structure having often been altered, and various sultans from the twelfth century to the nineteenth having left their' mark upon it. The library is a spacious hall, with tier upon tier of shelves from fioor to ceiling, filled with books bound in crimson leather. There were many writing tables, and, in the center, was a glass case containing a treasure, the royal copy of the Koran. Every letter is printed in gold. Outside the mosque, we saw a large number of blind, who, through their infirmity, do not enter the place of prayer, but are heing taught just without the gates. There were between fifteen thousand and sixteen thousand students in the University-and provision f(lr twenty thousand. Some of these young students haye been won for Christ.

J,ISTENlNG TO A LECTURE ON THE KORAN I N ALGIF:RS

Hindrances to Christian Work for Moslems BY RE;V. C. G. NAISH, B.A., BEiRUT, SYRIA Member of the Council of C1u'istian Missions in Western Asia and Northern Africa M ISUNDERSTANDING: Not long ago in Egypt a simple man, a woodworker, came to one of the missionary centers and asked for baptism. He said: "I have heard the preaching at M— and it is excellent." "You don't need to be baptized," replied the missionary, "you can hear the preaching freely in any case. "

"But I want to belong to that society." "Do you want to be saved from your guilH" "Guilt7 What is guilt7" "Your sins." "My sins1" answered ·the man smiling. "Why, I've never sinned in my life." This story indicates clearly the real difficulty which stands like a blank wall between the Christian teacher and the Moslem. The Moslem does not know what the Christian is talking about. He probably does understand the Arabic words used, for many missionaries speak Arabic and other Moslem languages well. But the ideas he misunderstands. The connotation of the Christian vocabulary is quite different to his mind. A word which the Christian uses for the moral guilt and shame of sin means to the Moslem hearer simply transgression of ceremonial law. This carpenter, supposed that he was being asked about hi& observance of times of prayer and other duties prescribed by .the Koran. lIe had no conception of what we understand by sin against God. 'l'he first obstacle encountered is, therefore, that of making a Moslem understand. It is insuperable to any power but the Spirit of God. The fact is that ideas which the missionary wishes to present do not exist in the minds of ninety-nine of every hundred Mos- 781

1ems. We have to face the task of trying to convey these strange ideas by the medium of words which have quite a different meaning to the hearer.

It has often been said that Islam and Christianity have much in ('ammon. Moslems are not heathen or idolaters. They worship one God. Some would say that they are half Christians already; at leaRt they are monotheists. Nothing ('auld be more misleading. They do believe in one God, whose name is Allah, but their conception of him is utterly different from the God revealed by Jesus Christ. He is capricious, unspiritual, transcendent without being immanent, and He is loveless.

One day in Syria, some veiled Moslem women attempted to enter the train in which we were riding. "No room!" the conductor called out; "the hareem is fulL" The women flung up their hands in a gesture of despair. "Vhat shall we do'" they wailed. The conductor blew his whistle. "Allah will arrange something for you," he calmly said as the tram moved off.

That-is what Allah is like to the mind of the conductor and his Moslem brethren. He may arrange for you to get in the tram, or he may not, but to complain is of no use. Noone can tell what Allah will do. He may say one thing today and the contrary tomorrow. 'Both will be true because he has said both.

Take the word "heaven." While Christians use imagery of streets of gold, temples and harps, we understand that these metaphorically refer to a spiritual state which eludes the resources of human language. But to the Moslem paradise is very definitely literal and material.

In Dama~us a friend of mine was called upon by strangers to enter a shop and witness a document which ran like this: "I, Abdullah, remit to Ahmad the debt of ten pounds which he owes me, on consideration of his handing over to me one of his wives in Paradise. He, Ahmad, is to have thirty nine, and I. Abdullah, am to have forty one."

The Koran promises beautiful maidens (houries) to every true believer. Nevertheless it is a shock to find that a Moslem of this century takes the promise so literally, and that his idea of heaven is so unspiritual. How can one use the word heaven or Paradise to eonvey to him the Christian belief 1 And yet how. can we explain our religion without using its key words ~ , PRE;ruDIcE. Not only does the Moslem fail to understand the Christian vocabulary, but positively he has been taught to misunderstand it. An American born in the East, and using Arabic as easily as his own tongue, testifies: "The Moslem from childhood has been taught to hate the very sound of the words 'Father' and 'Trinity' " as applied to God. The reason is chiefly historical. Mohammed and many subsequent leaders of Islam came into touch with a corrupt form of Christianity. Even in some places today there is an igno-

J92G] HINDRANCES TO CHRISTIAN WORK FOR, lfQSLElIfS

rant type of Christianity that practically teaches polytheism. And it recognizes three gods, one called the Father, a stern judge whose chief aim is to detect men in sin and punish them with satisfaction, a goddess (for she is nothing less) called Mary, the mother of God, interceding with this stern deity, and a Son, who was once incarnate, a rather weaker and more distant copy of the goddess.

Is it any wonder that Moslems who met such a form of belief turned from it in disgust, accusing such so-called Christians of polytheism ~ The trouble is that Moslems of today assume that all who bear the name Christian regard the Trinity in this way, as composed of father, mother and son; and that God had a literal wife and literal offspring. Would anything make us listen to such teaching?

Small wonder then if a single Moslem can prejudice a whole audience against a preacher by reference to any of these terms, AN ADVERTISEMENT IN CAIRO- BOYS SELLING LOTTERY TICKETS IN ONE OF THE HINDRANCES CAIRO-ANOTHER EVIL though these same words may convey to the preacher precious and fundamental beliefs.

Moreover, it has been ingrained in the very nature of the Moslem that his own holy book, the Koran, is literally inspired in every jot and tittle. When it teaches something absolutely contrary to history, such as that Mary the mother of Jesus was the same person as Miriam the sister of Moses and that Moses was the uncle of Jesus, he feels bound to believe it.

The Christian Bible is rejected as an unauthentic book, a forgery, which has been substituted for the true Law of Moses, Psalter of David, and Gospel of J esns which were written down word for word in the same way that Mohammed wrote the Koran. Is it surprising that their prejudice is hard to disarm ~ NOMINAL CHRISTIANITY. The obstacles already mentioned are subjective. The greatest objective hindrance is the travesty of Christianity, professing to be the religion of J eSllS, which the Moslem often has before his eyes.

Lady Buckmaster wrote recently of a trip to the East: "As we approached Port Said I strained my eyes for a first glimpse of

the land of the Pharaohs. This is what I saw. 'Dewar's Whiskey' 'Black and White Whiskey' 'Dawson's Whiskey'; and I felt ashamed.

Intoxicating drinks are prohibited by the Koran. But the influence of the West has been too strong for the East. Of course, it is not fair to judge followers of Ohrist by the behavior of merchants whose god is mammon, or of tourists who worship pleasure. But, Rad to say, the Moslem does so. "So this is your vaunted superior religion," he sneers. What is a Moslem to think when British soldiers are the only drunken pe,ople he has ever seen ~ Or when lottery tickets are sold everywhere in his streets, and whole shops are exclusively devoted to their sale, though all gambling and betting are forbidden to him 7 It is the "Ohristian" who has brought them to his country. How does he view the construction by a foreign syndicate of a grand race-course in the most beautiful and quietest suburb of Oairo ~ How can he be other than shocked to see, flaunting themselves in his streets, fashions which even the best Westerners regard as too free or too fast 1 The grand Mufti of Beirut, although very friendly to the American community, recently refused to attend one of its functions. He pleaded, "I cannot bring myself to sit there among your 'maksiyat aariyat-your "clothed-unclothed dames!"

It is not only the Westerner who has misrepresented Christ's religion. Among Eastern Ohurches, also, there is often a performance very unworthy of their profession. A college principal in Egypt once asked some Moslem students the reason why Moslem nations are so backward in relation to other nations. The students replied: "It is not a result of religion; that is clear. We admit that yon are more truthful and honest. But the reason lies in race. If it were religion, the Ooptic Ohristians would be more honest than we are. But they cheat at examinations more than we do, and they are more immoral." Of course the Moslem believes his eyes rather than the protestations of a few earnest souls who try to explain the matter away.

NATIONALISM. In more than one country, where education is breaking down barriers of ignorance and prejudice, narrow nationalism is building a fresh and formidable barricade. Turkey, Egypt, Palestine and Moslem India are aflame with that sad parody of patriotism which makes antagonism and not service its aim. There is a certain type of Egyptian student who thinks he has done a fine thing for his country and supported her dignity if he has been rude to a foreigner. As an obstacle to Christianity, this race consciousness is formidable. Ohristianity is a foreign religion, therefore, they argue, it is unpatriotic. The saddest part of this is that Western nations have taught it to the East. It is a historical fact that the nationalism of antagonism arose in Western Europe, and has been carried eastward first by the imperialism and snobbery of merchants, tourists and officials, and secondly by the frightful example of jealousy and hatred which culminated in the war of 1914.

HINDRANCES TO CHRISTIAN WORK FOR MOSLEMS

Those who live in the West are responsible. Many Moslem stu- dents and others travel to Europe and America and see for them- selves the condition of civilization there. Some are shocked; some are cynically amused. Practically all return to the East with their prejudice strengthened. We can hardly expect them to admit that the vices of the West are in spite of the Gospel, not due to it. The Western nations are not Christian, and it is a wrong to our Master to call them so. But the visiting Moslem too rarely sees the spirit of Christ displayed in practice. If he does so, he is reverent. But Christianity more often means to his mind bootlegging, gambling and prostitution.

This obstacle is one that must be overcome in the West as well as in the East. Those who love their Lord in England and America may serve their Moslem brethren effectively by welcoming contacts with Mohammedan visitors and by putting a living Gospel before them. They share the blame if they fail to do so.

FAILURES OF CHRISTIANS. A stumblingblock is cast before Mos- lems not only by nominal Christians but by the failures of genuine . disciples. There is our imperialism, our quiet but arrogant assump- tion of superiority. A few missionaries talk about "niggers" with contempt or studied neglect. Not all are free from the charge of car- rying themselves with a superior attitude. Christians have gone to serve Moslems as a sacrificial duty but how few have loved the peo- ple themselves! "Zeal for men's souls while we care not at all for them personally and prefer to keep away from all intimate acquaint- ance with them is. a very hideous form of hypocrisy." Our behavior may be courteous and yet unsocial, judged with an unprejudiced mind. The missionary sitting in a public vehicle will often take out his book lest he should waste precious minutes. His honest opinion is that it is a praiseworthy thing to resist indolence of mind. But what if the courtesy he owes as a guest of the East demands rather that he adopt its social custom and talk with his felIow-passengers7 Even about indifferent matters for the mere sake of talking1 It is not because he hopes for opportunities of directly religious conver- sation. That is not a sufficiently disinterested aim. "Christ loved men, loved to be with them, loved them for their own sake and found joy in association with them, even if there was not an opportunity to preach to them. He was like a jeweler who loves to handle and study and admire pearls even though he makes no profit in the proc- ess; like an artist who loves to sit before fine paintings with no thought at all of possessing them. The way to bring Christ's mes- sage to the Moslem is to imitate His attitude."

In the last analysis it is Christ's followers, who are the obstacle. In West and East we misrepresent Him and the word of God is bound because we bind it. Alas, that it should ever be true that the Mos- lem seeing our lives should say, "If that is Christianity I do not want it."

4

Christian Approach to

BY REV. W. WILSON CASH, D.S.O., LONDON, ENGLAND General Secretary of the Church Missionary Society n .AMONG Christians, when a man is referred to as a Jew, immedi- ately people usually react unfavorably because of all they understand by the mere word. A man is judged not for what he is, but by what his name has come to mean in the minds of many. In the same way, the Moslem is prejudiced against anyone called "Christian," because of the background of history extending from the days of Mohammed to the present.

I. The difficulty of the Christian approach to Islam is seen, first of all, in the Moslem idea of Christianity. Nisarani, or Christian, is a strong term of reproach in Moslem lands, amounting almost to a curse. When two Moslems are having an angry dispute, one will call the other Nisarani to express his complete contempt and scorn of his opponent. This attitude of Moslems to Christians was in the mind of a member of the Moslem Conference in Jerusalem in 1924 when he thus described the missionary's task: To persuade the pr·oudest man on earth to accept a message he detests from a people he despises.

The Koran abounds in references to Christianity, and Mohammed came frequently into direct contact with the Eastern churches. To him it was the husks of a once-living faith. He saw it as a dying religion, suffocated under an immense pile of superstitions, inventions and fables, and sunken in idolatry, and weakened by corruptions. The divisions, bitter controversies, religious and credal rivalries made it almost impossible for an Arab to see JESUS CHRIST in the tangle of theological controversies. The worship of the Virgin stamped Christians as idolaters, and the priesthood of the day gave undoubtedly the impression that the Christian faith did not stand for the direct access of the soul to GOD•. It is little wonder, therefore, that Mohammed should have turned away from Christianity to found a faith on simpler lines, a faith that made GOD accessible to all, without any place in its system for monasticism or priestcraft.

In spite of all this, something of the sweet reasonableness of the Christian spirit appears to have touched Mohammed for, in all his references to Christianity, he is less severe than when speaking of the Jews. This is no doubt largely due to the fact that it was in the formative and creative period of the Mecca days that Mohammed met Christians. It is one of the tragedies of Christian history that this seeker after GOD could not find the goal of his search in Christ because of the failure of the Church adequately to represent the spirit and teaching of its Master.

786 What were the things that .Mohammed attacked in Christianity'/ I draw the following list from the references to Christianity in the Koran: 1. He complains of the bitter hatred of everything non-Christian, and the lack of appreciation of good in other faiths. This he attributes largely to the monks and priests. (See Sura 5.85.) 2. They consign, he says, all non-Christians (including Moslems) to Hell. (See Sura 2.105.) 3. He criticizes their narrow sectarianism and reminds them that "On thc resurrection day GOD shall judge between them as to that in which they differ." (See Sura 2.107-110.) 4. He criticizes Christianity because it teaches the Crucifixion of Christ, who, he says, was not crucified.

5. He attacks the doctrine of the Trinity, and the doctrine of the Sonship of Christ.

6. His main line of attack, however, is the whole Christian conception of GOD, as he knew it. It does not appeal to the Arab mind. It seems to lack any strong faith in thc' absolute sovereignty of GOD: Love, sympathy, service and sacrifice do not form any essential part of Mohammed's conception of GOD: He is more attracted by the Old Testament picture of a God, mighty in battle, oinnipotent and supreme, ruling as He wills the nations of the carth.

To this must be added the fact that Mohammed claimed to be in direct prophetic succession with all previous prophets. He did not set out to establish a new faith, but to build upon what he thought was the one world religion from the time of Adam.

When we remember that Mohammed's idea of Christianity represents the ideas of the whole Moslem world today; that where he misunderstood our faith, Moslems still misunderE#;and it; and where he attacked it, his followers still do the same, we will at once see that to study the right approach of Christians to Islam, we must take very serious account of past mistakes; and that, in our presentation of our message, we must take care that it is the unadulterated message of Christ we offer, and not a watered down, diluted form of Western Christianity.

MOSLEM CONCEPTIONS oJ<' CHRISTIANITY II. A second great factor must be remembered in approaching Moslems. Their conceptions of Christianity as seen in the Koran, traditions and history, are further strengthened by Moslem contacts with Christianity today. The Eastern churches have really changed very little since Mohammed's day. The ignorance of the priests, the lack of a strong spiritual life, and the absence of a presentation of Christianity in terms of social service and love, often confirm Moslems in the vi/ilw that their estimate of Christianity is accurate.

There are also the impressions gained of our faith by contacts with Western powers. Rightly or wrongly the Moslem attributes as a rule what is done by Western powers to Christianity. In his mind the Moslem does not say simply England or France or Italy did so

and so, but the Christians did it. He cannot distinguish between so-called Christian nations and Christianity. To the Moslem they are the same.

Let me illustrate this by what has happened recently in Syria. '1'he French Government completely misunderstood the Druse and the Arab. They mishandled the situation, and thus drove the people into rebellion, and to quell it they bombarded the open and defence- Ipss town of Damascus, with little thought of the consequences to women and children. The people of Damascus link all this in their minds with Christianity; hence the fears that have been expressed of a massacre of Christians. We know that this sort of thing does not in the remotest degree represent Christianity, but the Moslem is convinced that it does.

The wealth of Western nations gives the Moslem a picture of Christianity as something material, a faith that makes people rich, strong, powerful, and naturally they view us all as materialistic people with little or no idea of anything beyond this world. In preaching to Moslems, I have frequently been asked, "Do the Christians say any prayers ~" 'Ve often appear to them as rich and powerful, but pagan in thought and outlook.

A further problem arises through the confusion between civilization and Christianity. The two are not the same, but the Moslem cannot see it. The missionary task is to show Christianity as something infinitely greater than, and widely different from present-day civilization. The missionary must go further than this. He must show that organized Christianity today is not a complete representation of the faith of Jesus Christ. If it is necessary to show Christianity as greater than civilization, it is more necessary to make clear that Christ is infinitely greater than our picture of Him. The divided state of Christendom and the warring of sects, the clash of creeds and sectarian differences must be dissociated in our approach to the Moslem from the message that Christ brought into the world. The Moslem cannot understand the subtleties of our creeds, and the differences of our sects, but he can readily grasp the simple teaching of Jesus Christ, and no missionary work will be effective among Mos· lems that does not make Christ central and universal. It may rea· sonably be argued that this is done today; hut have we, as missionaries, really come face to face with Jesus Christ in His desire to express Himself through us to the Moslem mind ~ Very often it is an expression of Christ discolored by the mixture of Westernisms, denominationalism, and racial prejudices; and all the time the Moslem world is crying out for us to show it the full glory, beauty and character of Jesus Christ.

III. This leads me to the heart of the subject-the missionary task today. Protestant missions have occupied almost all the strategic centers of the Moslem world. They have built up, in the past

THE CHRJS'l'1AN APPROACH TO MOSLJ<:,MS

fifty years, great educational institutions, which have in turn given to the Moslem world a new reading public. They have carried out far-reaching social reforms through medical missions, and the hospitals, more than any other agency perhaps, have shown Islam what Christianity really is. Missionary doctors have proved to be a great asset in many Moslem lands. These two arms of missionary service, education and medicine, have together created a new situation that is bright with hope and promise. A widespread evangelism, the sale of the Scriptures, and the dissemination of Christian literature have laid foundations for a great advance, and, in many ways, the missions have been but a preparation for the day now dawning. This makes it all the more imperative that we should study the situation, and, above all, study ourselves and our work. If the Moslem is now awake, in touch with Western thought, and if he is thinking in new terms of modern life, and if he is no longer expressing himself in the language of a dead orthodoxy, but in living accents of a fuller life, and a wider liberty and freedom, then it behooves every missionary to ask himself whether he has a message to meet this need.

Most will agree that the old method of controversy is Iiot only out of date, but that it is a wrong approach to the Moslem. He is not an enemy to be defeated in argument, nor is he simply a sinner to be saved. He is a human being, throbbing with new ambitions, and demanding something that will help the whole life-body, soul and spirit. He is a brother beloved in search of God, and we must approach him as such if we would be any help at all. We start then by placing ourselves alongside our Moslem brother, on an equal footing with him, and in no sense as superior to him. We start by a brotherly contact which says: We both need God, we are both seeking God, let us seek for Him together. The missionary will thus begin as learner and teacher at the same time.

The Moslem to whom we speak has a long background of mif'lunderstandings. He at first will think, because we are Christians, that we are, therefore, narrow-minded, bigoted, fanatical and bitter enemies of Islam. His mental picture of us is Mohammed's, and he will naturally be suspicious and on his guard. He will be on the defensive, and will be ready to jump to the attack at any moment. As long as that complex remains, he is impervious to the missionary approach, and a pathway must be prepared that will enable discussion to be carried on in a spirit of friendship and mutual trust.

When friendship has been established the question arises as to what we are to teach. The Moslem will want to discuss the Trinity, and will plunge into the most intricate problem of theology because he revels in such discussions. He is used to them in Islam, and his zeal in this direction is only equalled by the love of political discussio;ns in the West. The missionary has really only one task-rightly to present Jesus Christ and so to represent Him that the Moslem

will be attracted to the Person of Ohrist, and not side-tracked by the theologies of Christianity.

I remember sitting with a group of sheikhs who tried hard to get me to discuss theology. Each time I said, ".My task is to show you Ohrist; I am His witness." I drew out my New Testament, and began reading- the Sermon on the Mount. I came to the verse "He that is angry with his brother" and at this point a Moslem sheikh broke in angrily, and said, "That is a lie." I was astonished, and appealed to the others sitting near. They all agreed with me that the teaching in the verse was true. The man brought other sheikhs, and made me read the verse again. I did so, and they agreed with lI!-e. Each time the angry sheikh said, "Is not that a lieF' "No," they all said, "it is perfectly true." A donkey boy standing near was evidently enjoying the scene, and taking a lively interest in the discussion. At last he broke in and said, "Do you want to know why the sheikh dislikes those words' Last night he tried to murder his brother in a fit of temper." The sheikh crimsoned with shame, and walked away, while the rest of the audience rocked with laughter. This sheikh had, for the first time, been brought face to face with Jesus Ohrist, and he felt himself judged; his conscience smote him when he was brought up to a great moral issue.

It is along this line I believe that our right approach lies. Moslems must be brought to face the great moral and spiritual issues of life, and to face them in the light of Ohrist and His Life. I have always found that along this line the Moslem is ready to respond, and that, having aroused in him an interest in the Person of Ohrist, he always goes on to ask, "If you so love Ohrist, why then do you say He was crucified?" The story of the Crucifixion as the unveiling of Divine Love is a new and complete revelation to him; and here again he comes face to face with Ohrist, and the claims He is making on that Moslem's life. The Cross interpreted in this way does not call out an angry retort, but a reverent respect and wonder. The appeal is irresistible. The Moslem, with his brother Christian, feels that he is on holy ground. He comes to criticize and argue, and stays to worship the Son of God Who loved him and gave Himself for Moslems. Thus the full truth of the Ohristian faith unfolds itself perfectly naturally and at each stage he is in touch with the reality of the living Christ. His Personality dominates the situation, and, as the Moslem responds, so he sees that this Man is the man-the one perfect Man the world has seen. Once this is grasped, the missiona.ry should be careful to stand aside, so that Ohrist may complete His work. It is after all an easy stage to the sincere seeker to pass from contact with Christ, the Man to the full vision of the Son of God visiting humanity with redeeming Love. The main and essential condition is that the contact from the outset must be between the Moslem and Ohrist Himself, and not simply between the Moslem and the

SLAM'S GREATEST FAILURE

missionary. Christ often cannot be seen because we stand in the way.

Our great need in the study of a new situation in the Moslem world is for us missionaries to come face to face with Jesus Christ, and to learn from Him how we may adequately represent our Mastel'. This may involve the shedding of many cherished prejudices, and the scrapping of much we have done; but, whatever else it means, it must lead to a new unity, fellowship and cooperation on the part of all missions in tl~e face of a common task. The Kingdom of God is greater than any of our missions, and our loyalty to Christ is supreme over any sectional loyalty to our particular Church or society. In this day of opportunity, can we not enthrone Christ as the one Head of all our work ~ Can we not think in terms of the Kingdom of God, and determine that we will be governed in our thinking by no less terms than the Saviour Himself and His Kingdom 1 Islam's Greatest Failure* BY REV. STEPHEN VAN R. TROWBRIDGE, MAADI, E/J-YPT World's Sunday School Association O NE OF the most delicate and perfect tests of the value of a religion is its treatment of children. To what extent does it reveal God to their inexperienced and eager minds 7 How far does it transform and beautify and safeguard their characters by the mysterious interaction of God's Spirit and their wills 1 Does the religion produce in them a faith which drives out base thoughts and conquers the insidious temptations which throng aud threaten childhood?

If you leave the modern quarter of Cairo and walk down through the narrow, crooked streets, you soon find yourself absorbed in watching groups of ragged, tanned urchins playing, begging, idling, gathering into tin GRns quantities of filthy cigarette stubs, and attempting to get a glimpse of the Sunday-school picture cards, if you happen to be carrying a few in your hand. If you know Arabic, you listen to what they are saying. Often you wish you had not heard. Sometimes you see one of the more daring youngsters attempting to pick pockets on the street cars. Your heart heats faster and you feel an unutterable sense of yearning and pathos, as step by step, you come to realize that their only knowledge of God is through the sin-stained life of Mohammed. Their only glimpse of paradise is from the fleshly passages of the Koran. Their .only thought of truth has its ultimate source in Mohammed's own complex self-consciousness-a marvelous blend of prophetic illumination, political .. Brief extracts from a pamphlet published by Mr. Trowbridge from whom copies may be had.

subtlety, and bold, selfish falsehood. All these children have is Mohammed!

Face to face with the problems of temptation and sin, the prophet of Mecca is a warning rather than an inspiration. His life is the tragedy of a splendid spiritual beginning and a lustful, selfish eilding. The Koran is certainly not a book to sanctify and beautify and fill with joy the lives of the children. Far f.om it.

Mohammed never revealed the Fatherhood of God, but with tremendous energy and persistence, year after year, did everything in his power to repudiate and root out this thought from the minds of men.

Mohammed could not summon the children to see in him the life of the Father, because his heart and hand had cOlmtless times boldly sinned against the laws of God.

"The mystery of the Holy Incarnation, and the story of the precious death of the Son of God, are put before them only as heresies to be adjured and trampled on."

"The children of Moslem lands are the same as those of Christendom, as troublesome, as erratic, as affectionate, as delightful to do with as the most ardent boy-lover at home ever found them; bubbling with energy and mischief, keen to see and learn anything you have time to show them; only tainted already with evil in its deadliest forms, that will have them in its grip long before they are men.

"What is to be done for them, these, our little brothers, for whom Christ died?" Are we doing our best for the Kingdom of Christ when we are letting boy-lives drift past us, with their precious chances, into tough Moslem manhood, unchallenged for Him 1 Dr. S. M. Zwemer has been gathering evidence from every corner and metropolis of Moslem lands. He says: "Because of general immoral conditions, which beggar description, many of our correspondents speak of the terrible physical inheritance of Moslem childhood."

As you survey these countries and catch a glimpse of the vast multitudes of Christless children, what are ,your thoughts 1 A PICTURE OF MOSLEM WOMANHOOD WITHOUT CHRIST

Converts to

BY THE RIGHT REV. J. H. LINTON, ISFAHAN, PERSIA Bishop of Persia, Church Jfissionary Society SUPERSTITIONS die hard. An American lady, staying with us at present, is travelling through Persia making a "study" of the country, its conditions and aspirations. She is firmly per- suaded that all Persians who possess initiative and resource are Ba- hais. Some days ago she was introduced to a young Persian Chris- tian who has suffered a good deal of persecution for his faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. He is one of those aggressive workers that count so much in the spread of the Gospel. He boldly confesses Ohrist among Moslems, and rejoices to do so. Among the outstanding characteristics of the man are his initiative and zeal. I asked the lady what $11l' thought of this young fellow. uOh," she replied, "he is undoubt- edly a Bahai. " I asked on what she based her conviction. She said, "He has such splendid initiative!" Some day this lady will prob- ably write a book, and will refer to this young fellow as a splendid example of the go-ahead methods so characteristic of the Bahais! She has pre-judged the case.

I had almost begun to believe that the other superstition was dead-that" there are practically no Moslem converts to Christian- ity." The mischief of it is that one cannot help being influenced by one's own experience, and so one forgets the numbers of people who "have been in Moslem lands and know that there are no converts." It is the same old trouble of wrong premises. Let me therefore , plunge straight into the matter and present facts.

A "Chance" Meeting.-One day last week, by one of those strange coincidences that we sometimes call" chance," four Persian men met in my study. One had been a government official, employed in various Persian government offices, latterly in the Finance De- partment. The second was a son of a well-known Mujtahid (a doc- tor of the Sacred Uaw of Islam, who has authority to give a judg- ment). The third was a Sa,'llyid (a descendant of the prophet Mo- hammed). His father was the leader of the prayers in the mosque in one of the sacred cities. The fourth was an educated servant. They had one thing in common: they were all converts to Christian- ity.

As they spoke with one another, tellinl2: of their experiences, my heart burned within me, and I praised God for the Love and Power that had brought these men to the feet of the Saviour. I suggested that it would be l2:ood to give one another a testimony as to how we were brought to Ohrist. I began by t~lling the story of my own conversion as a boy, and how God had let me out to the mission field.

Then the ex-government official told how, for many years, he 793

THE lIIlSSlONAHY HEVIBW OF 'fnE WORLD

had been seeking spiritual satisfaction. He knew he was a sinner, but saw no way of escape. (Once a Moslem gets to the realization of the fact of sin, the call of Christ makes an irresistible appeal to him.) Then a serious illness brought him as an in-patient to the C. M. S. Hospital in Isfahan. He there heard the message of the Gospel, had talks with missionaries and others, and, at length, accepted Christ as his Saviour. He had a difficult time at home. His wife, a very strong-minded woman, would have nothing to do with him and he had to live in a room by himself in his own home! His wife's story, which I heard on another occasion was an interesting sidelight on it all. At one time she had seriously planned to poison him, hut at length his patience under her lashings, and the steadfastness of his faith, together with his undoubted change of life co~vinced her, and she too was led to faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. The whole family at length became Christians, and the "atmosphere "of that home was too much even for the lady traveler to whom I have referred. The man is now the pastor in charge of the Persian Christian Church in this town. The distinguished mark of his life is his " other worldliness."

The second man told of how he lived in a town some distance from Isfahan and was a teacher in a government school. His father, now dead, was a well-known Moslem priest and Mujtahid as was his brother. A Persian friend introduced him to the New Tes- tament, which he read for some time and, after some· conversations with his friend, he was led out into the light and liberty of the Gospel. He spent much time in reading the Scriptures and in prayer and preached on two occasions in the mission church. On the third occasion, he invited a number of his Moslem friends to be present as he wished to give his testimony. He spoke to them freely of his new found faith and of the contrast he had found between Christ and Mohammed, between the teaching of the Gospel and that of the Koran. There was naturally some disturbance, for in this Moslem land there is as yet no religious liberty. Some one ran and told his brother, the Mulla., who straightaway fainted and on recovering Call sciousness, condemned his brother, the "apostate," to death, ac cording to the Law of Apostasy in Islam. The young Christian was haled before the Governor in whose presence and in the face of the strictest cross-examination by the MuUas, he again witnessed to his faith in Christ Jesus. The people demanded thllt the Law of Apostasy be applied, but at length he was handed over to the police, escorted to the frontier, and exiled from his country. A few days ago he arrived in Isfahan. I cannot disclose the details, but it was a heartening experience for a missionary among Moslems to hear that man tell what God had been to him in Christ .Tesus. His fearlessness and his c11eeriness are a joy to behold. He preached at our service for Persian Christians on Sunday and told his story. Then the

MOSLEM CO);VEH'l'S" '1'0 CHlUSTJ ANITY

whole congregation stood and commended him in prayer. He goes forth not knowing what awaits him, but with a fair certainty that it will mean" bonds and imprisonment."

The third convert, the Sayyid, came to see me a good while ago, when he was a "Divinity student" in one of the Moslem colleges here. He came to Isfahan to study Islam under a well-known Moslem teacher, but the result is that he lost his faith in Islam altogether. He came to talk with me about the teaching of Jesus, but drew back at the exclusiveness of His claims. It was hard for a man, brought up as he had been in the strictest teaching of the Shari'at, to acknowledge that there was "no other Name under heaven, given among men whereby he must be saved" but the Name of Jesus. No wonder that he was unwilling to accept the word, ' , No man cometh unto the :F'ather but by Me." I lost sight of him for a long time, but he was surrounded by prayer though he knew it not. A few months ago I was accosted on the street by a Sayyid, and though I had only seen him once before I was sure that he was the same man for whom we had been p"raying. I made an appointment and when he came to see me he at once raised the usual objections as to the Deity of our Lord. Finally he promised to read a portion of St. John's Gospel every day, with a prayer for light, with a vow to God to follow what light he saw, and to confess before men if he saw Jesus as his Saviour and his God. In a week he was back, convinced and professing conversion. He has confessed Christ before Christians but not, so far as I know, before Moslems. The testimony of the previous speaker clearly impressed and strengthened him, and it is possible that before these lines appear in print he will have taken all the risks and will have made a public confession in baptism. Out here, "public baptism" will mean that within one hour the news will be pr6claimed among all the leaders of Islam in this city; his friends will mock him and count him unclean; they will refuse to drink out of the same vessel that he has used; he will be refused permission to enter the public baths or to drink from the public fountains j he wiII be called" Apostate" by those who have been proud to be called his friend. Public baptism means counting the cost, but it has been done over and over again out here. If our old Baptism Register could speak it could tell many a talc of what following Christ means to the Moslem whose name has now been written in that register, and in the "Lamb's Book of Life."

The fourth man, the servant, told very simply how he had been given up as incurable. The doctors had" given him his answer" as he expressed it. He came to the mission hospital, and was persuaded that prayer was the chief factor in his healing. Another member of his family was also healed in a remarkable way. He was convinced that in this way God was calling him to faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. He responded with his whole being. His wife and son have

also been converted and will shortly be baptized. Some weeks ago we were leaving the evangelistic service in church, where a large number of Moslems had been present. Among them was a m?tlla who is a very strong opponent of our work. He acts as a spy to find out who are interested, and then he sets to work to try to prevent their conversion. This servant, of whom I have been telling, went over to the mulla and said, "Friend, you heard a message of grace this morning. Will you respond 1" It takes some courage to speak to a m'ulla in that fashion. Something has" cast out fear"!

The above testimonies show four types of Moslems whom Christ Himself has touched and drawn to faith in Him. And what shall I say more, for time would fail me to tell of the four hundred and ,"'"——————"",, J-t – – – – – !920'_ _ _ _- – – – " ' – MISS10NARlE5 RETUItN 1$111·,8 FAMINE. CHOLERA, INFt.UENtA I!;JJ5 • WOr:!lD WAR, MISSIONARIES WITHDRAWN 3> 1910 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _""'·5 ,, "05—–___________.!." ::.~ 101 —- / GROWTH OF MOSLEM CONVERTS IN PERSIA 1895 _ _B/ : IN THE 1lNGLISH CHURCH MISSION, I Chart by Bishop J. H, Linton, f – – Moslem AduJt Baptisms in Isfahan, each 5 years. I …….. Total Baptisms. Adult and Children, each 5 years. lMO–/3 I 1096.5 , lea-._r FIRST BP.PlIS"'l twelve converts from Islam and their children who have been baptised in Isfahan in the last forty years, and the smaller numbers in some other towns in South Persia, such as Yezd, Kerman, and Shirazo. Our brethren in the American Presbyterian Mission could add their testimony as to those in the north of Persia who, with like faith and courage, have witnessed a good confession to Jesus Christ.

Wherein lies the supposed impossibility of Moslems coming to a saving faith in the Lord Jesus Christ~ Is it some imagined weakness inherent in the power of the Lord Jesus HimselH Is He able to save the American, the Englishman, the Hindu or the Animist, but does His power fail when it meets the Moslem 7 Is the Moslem not to be reckoned among those "for whom also Jesus Christ died 1"

Is there some failure in the Gospel itselH We can speak only from our own experience of it. I have been a missionary for twenty-

MOSLE,M CONVERTS TO OHRISTIANITY

two years in Nigeria, and on the north-west Frontier of India, and in Persia, and in all these places I have seen Moslems who have come under the spell of the Love of God in Christ Jesus, and have been won to Christ. I look back on a day, three years ago, when on one occasion I baptised fifteen Persian men, mostly converts from Islam j a few were from Bahaism and one was a Zoroastrian. On one day last year even this record was broken, and this year we h~1Ve mor~ candidates for baptism than ever in the history of the work out here.

What is the scereU There is no secret. We are simply trying to fulfil the terms of our commission: "Preach the Gospel to every creature." We avoid barren controversial methods. We were not sent to criticise Islam or any other faith, but to "preach the GospeL" So we go forth with the Word of God in our hands and we preach the Gospel as we find it therein. We are proving that it is "the power of God unto salvation, unto everyone that believeth"-unto the Moslem as well as unto men of other faiths. We have no new Gospel for the Moslem. We preach to him Christ Jesus, God's only begotten Son, crucified, risen, ascended, reigning, returning. We dilute nothing. We keep back nothing. Our chief literature is the Word of God. We try, and fail badly, as we ourselves will most readily confess, to practice fully what we preach but our aim is to let the Moslem "see Jesus." Our hospitals and schools are meant to be an expression of the Gospel. These, and all our other missionary work, are primarily "evangelistic" in their aim. In every department of our work we are out to "do the work of an evangelist. " We preach in faith, expecting that God will win souls, believing that He is able to save to the uttermost all that come to Him through Jesus Christ. And we append our testimony that God is true to His word and to His promise.

In all this we rejoice to recognize the splendid service of the Persian Christia~s, for humanly speaking, without their fellowship and testimony this work could never have been done. We are an one in Christ Jesus.

MOHAMMEDANISM AND OHlUSTIANITY W HY IS not the Koran as good as the Bible 1 Why is not the be- lief in one God according to Mohammed, just as helpful to hu- manity as the Gospel of Christ? Mohammedanism denies Christianity as revealed by Christ: It is monotheism without the Christ of God, and, therefore, without the God of Christ. Jesus of the Koran is a character obscured by more dominant personalities. Mohammed denies His Deity and atonement on the cross and His resurrection and ascension.

The Islamizing of a people is a misfortune. The only thing that can overcome the power of Islam is the power of Christ.

Atiyeh-A Product in

BY REV. W. G. GREENSLADE, BEIRUT, SYRIA M;ss;onary of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.

O N A STORMY night in February, 1865, a young Syrian took refuge in the home of Dr. Henry H. Jessup in Beirut. He came from a village in the Northern Lebanon, near rrripoli. His father and mother were Maronites and had turned him out of doors because of his leaning towards the teaching of Protestant missionaries. When he made his way to Beirut, where his brother lived, the brother, too, drove him away because he persisted in reading his New Testament. Then Yusuf Atiyeh walked the streets until, at midnight, he found the home of Dr. Jessup, the young Christian missionary from America.

At almost the same time, a Mohammedan from Damascus was in prison in Beirut on the charge of having become a Christian; and it was reported that two others had been put to death in Damascus for the same "crime." This coincidence had a remarkable effect upon the homeless young Lebanese, and was the beginning of an experience which led him, years later, to be the means of presenting Christian truth to multitudes of Moslems.

On May 25th of this year (1926) Yusuf Deeb Atiyeh died in Tripoli, Syria, at the age of ninety-four years. He was known to only a small circle of friends; but his book "Sweet First Fruits" (the first of several anonymously published books) is known whereever there are missions to Moslems. He was a modest, humble man who hid himself completely that Christ might live through him.

The first Arabic edition of B akura or "Sweet First }~ruits" was published in Leipsic, and was considered so valuable that it was translated into English by Sir William Muir, for use in Mohammedan countries where Arabic is not well understood.

It was placed on sale in Egypt and some copies reached Syria. The first Arabic edition being soon exhausted, it was reprinted by the missionaries in Egypt in an inexpensive form and has since been translated into Persian and some of the languages of India. A young Moslem effendi told Dr. Jessup that he was led to accept Christ as his Saviour by reading a copy in the Azhar University in Cairo.

Sir William Muir said, in his preface to the English translation: "It is a work, in many respects, the most remarkable of its kind which has appeared in the present day. It may take the highest rank in apologetic literature, being beyond question one of the most powerful treatises on the claims of Christianity that has ever been addressed to the Mohammedan world."

798 Atiyeh's second book, "Minar ul Hoc," was pronounced superior to the first and other good volumes followed, but none are so widely and so favorably known as "Sweet First Fruits."

But whatever may be said of the persuasiveness of the pen of Yusup Atiyeh may be said with double force of the persuasiveness of his life. He began his study of Arabic under the direction of an uncle, who was secretary of the Emir Beshir Shehab, a powerful feudal lord of the Lebanon. He continued a student throughout his life and attained an unusual knowledge of both the Bible and the Koran, and could repeat most of ,…—~—-' —–~….,., the latter from memory. After becoming a Protestant Christian, he was given a theological training and, for many years, was pastor of village churches in the Lebanon and other parts of Syria. While engaged in this work in obscure places, he began the literary work which carded his influence into many lands and to peoples of many tongues.

But his activities were not all of the study. After serving the church in Horns for two years, he went to Safita where he built a church and a manse; then he moved to Beirut, where he also built a church and a manse; then he was called to several other YUSEF ATIYEH. SYRIAN PREACHER AND AUTHOR places in succession. Though not ordained, he became known as a persuasive preacher and a winsome pastor. Later he was placed in charge of the mission bookstore in Tripoli and found more opportunity for study, and became a close student of the Hadith, or :Mohammedan tradition. Finally he was released from all other duties to g'ive his full time to literary work.

When the W orId 'Val' broke out, Atiyeh was an old man, over eighty years of age, but he was still busily engaged in writing Christian literature for Moslems. The Turkish authorities searched his house and when they found the manuscript of his latest book, a criticism of the Hadith, they took him to prison in Beirut. where they kept him several days, and then haled him before the military court. Some of his friends pleaded for the clemency of the court on the ground that the old man was a harmless dotard, but Yusuf Atiyeh was unwilling to be released on such a plea. He proclaimed to the court that he, Yusuf Deeb Atiyeh, was the author of the book in question, that he was no dotard, and that he had written it. out of love for his brother Moslems. The court sentenced him to two

years' imprisonment. "Later he was again brought before the court and was told that for some reason he had been released. Imagine the astonishment of the court when he immediately knelt down before the officials and offered a prayer of thanksgiving and a petition to God on behalf of the court which had tried'him.

As Atiyeh arose from his knees the president of the court recovered from his amazement sufficiently to say: "Are you not going to pray for the Sultan, and for the superior court in Damascus? And are you not going to thank us for our clemency in releasing you?"

Atiyeh's anSWer was: "I give thanks to none but my Heavenly Father who has heard my prayers and the petitions of my mauy brethren who have been praying for my release. God has heard and has broken my bounds. "

During his long life of distinguished service, Mr. Atiyeh was known to all as "Muallim Yusuf," the same title that is given to the simplest village teacher, or to a carpenter or mason. It never troubled him that he was denied honors and emoluments, or that his name did not appear on the title page of any of his books. It was enough for him that he was doing a needed work for his Lord.

During most of his life it was not even possible to print his books in Syria, and they could be circulated only wi"th great caution. At the outbreak of the war, the American Press in Beirut had actually printed the first part of his latest book, but conditions were so uncertain that it was deemed wisest to ship the printed sheets to England, where they still are. The publication of this book has never been completed.

The last few years were years of peaceful waiting. The pastor of the church in Tripoli says: "For the past ten years every time I have asked him 'How are you~' his answers have been confident. Sometimes he would say, 'I am ready'; sometimes' Mttka'ab' (shod as for a journey); sometimes' Mushayil' (i. e. with the kit slung over the shoulder, ready to set out); sometimes, 'Longing to be with my Lord.' " Nothing better could be said about the passing of Yusuf Atiyeh than to use words which he put in the mouths of two of the characters in "Sweet First Fruits." Ahmad Effendy al Cotely had just made the public confession of his faith in Christ, and was speaking of Yohanna Gheiyur, whose tract had first led him to study Chris- tian truth: "What do we not owe the writer of that beautiful epistle that guided us to the truth! Would that he had lived, and had seen the fruits of his work."

"Yes," answered Ahmed; "but he will see them in a more glorious way. in the presence of his Lord. The righteous pass away, but their fruits die not. They shall reap the harvest they have sown in that day when not a single grain shall fall to the ground."

~ ~,,-"B,B-S"T'""M~"E"'T"H-'O''D'S''' @

EDITED BY MRs. E. C. CRONK, 721 MUHLENBERG BLDG., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Methods and Materials for Studying the boys and girls to make a trip the Moslem World through Moslem lands. Fascinating "A Moslem World, undergoing "Tourist Tickets" are printed with 'such varied, such extensive, such pro- coupons covering Arabia, India, found and such momentous changes, Persia, North Africa, Egypt and is of supreme interest and concern to all Christendom. The attention of Jerusalem, priced at the low rate of Christians is to-day riveted on Islam 10 cents per dozen, so that leaders as at no time since Moslem invasion may have them for all the boys and girls. There are also "Modes of ·of Europe. Seven out of eight Travel Cut-outs" to be furnished to Moslems Jive under flags of Christian each young tourist. A camel for the nations. The threatened and impend- .iourney across Arabia, an elephant ing disintegration of Islam calls for for India, a prancing horse for Persia, an adequate substitute. Only Christ a Nile boat for Africa, and a donkey .and His program can meet the on which to enter Jerusalem. Pat- terns for the six cut-outs are printed need."* on one sheet. Never before have our churches had Poster Patterns on MO'slem Lands," such an opportunity for mission by Maude Evelyn Bradley, are de- signed especially for "Two Young study. Never in all the yesterdays of Arabs" but may be used in connection with any book on Islam. They are to the world has there been any situation be made in the popular cut paper comparable to "The Moslem World work, and furnish valuable educa- ·To-day. " tional occupation for the makers as well as a colorful addition to the wall It is true, also, that never has there program. 'been available as adequate literature for mission study as is offered this year for the study of the Moslem World. To begin with, we have" Musa",' "Friends of the Caravan Trails",'

published by the Missionary Educa- by Elizabeth Harris, is a book for tion Movement, which furnishes an teachers of Juniors. It records, with adequate course for primary children, the subject matter, the actual teach- prepared by Mary Entwistle and ing experiences of the author with a .Jeanette Perkins. group of Junior boys and girls.

For Juniors, the materials are un- A valuable addition to the usually good. The Junior book, materials on the year's theme is to published by_ the Central Committee be found in Set. No.1 of the World for the United Study of Foreign Mis- Friendship Pictures. This set in- 'sions, is "Two Young Arabs"', by cludes four beautiful colored pic- A. E. and S. M. Zwemer. The booklet, tures, eleven by fourteen inches, '''How to Use Two Young Arabs," drawn by Fannie Warren, the artist ·contains suggestions for the course, who designed" The Children of Many together with seven patterns for Lands" posters. Included in the set 'handwork drawn by Maude Evelyn are pictures of Moslem children in Bradley. The course is arranged for India, Egypt, Persia and Arabia.

• (Statement from tlt-e Jerusalem (Jonference These pictures may be used in con- .;;1924.) aprice, 50. cents a set. lPrice. paper 50 cents, cloth 75 cents. 4Price, paper 50. cents, cloth 75 cents. 2Prlce, paper 50 cents. cloth 75 cents.

5 8()1

nection with the primary or junior Arabia books, or for independent missionary One thousand miles of railway built for and world friendship p,rograms in pilgrims, not dividends. Feb., 1909. o. p. week-day and Sunday-schools. Arabia, the desert of the sea. Dec., 1909.

Unusually good pictures are avail- 75 cents.

Notes on Oman. Jan., 1911. o. p.

able in picture sheets. The Missionary The Mystic N edjef, the Shia Mecca. Dec., Education Movement has four twelve 1914. 50, cents. page picture sheet· folders containing pictures of Moslem lands, each Mecca, the mystic. April, 1917. .50 cents. The flower of Paradise. Aug., 1917. 50 cents.

with a short description. They may The rise of a new Arab nation. Nov., be used for making posters, scrap 1919. 50 cents. May, books, albums, wall friezes or in various other ways. A visit to three Arab kingdoms. 1923. 50 cents.

Among the other pictures that are Palestine helpful in the course is the set en- The sacred ibis and cemetery· and jackal titled "The J1oslem World in Picture catacombs in Abydes. Sept., 1913, o. p.

and Story"," including a set of six Village life~ in the Holy Land. March, pictdres, eleven by fourteen inches, 1914. 50 cents.

Impressions of Palestine. 1farch, 1915.

in sepia, showing scenes from Persia 0, p. Jerusalem locust plague. Dec., 1915. 50 and Syril,t. rents.

The National Geographic Maga- A n old jewel in the proper setting. Oct., zine" is rich in picture materials ]918. o. P. which may be used in connection with the study of the :lfoslem world. The The last Israelitish blood sacrifice. Jan. 1920. 50 cents, following pictures will be found in For intermediates, there is a hand- book entitled "Lands of the Minathe files as indicated. The following list is quoted from ret",S by Nina Rowland Gano, "Friends of the Caravan Trails" by permis- containing a series of programs on sion of the Friendship Press. various phases of Moslem life and Egypt missionary work in Moslem lands~ with suggestions for projects of serv- The route over which Moses led the Children of Israel out of Egypt. Dec. 1909. ice, worship, and dramatization in 75 cents. addition to background material on the Mcslem world. Mrs. Gano tried The barrage of the Nile. Feb., 1910. 75 out her programs with a group of cents.

Sunrise and sunset from Mt. Sinai. Dec., intermediates in her own church. 1912. o. p. Reconstruction of Egypt's history. Sept., "Tales from Moslem La.nds"" is a 1!H3. o. p. pamphlet of hero stories for leaders Aloug the Nile through Egypt and the to tell in connection with the course Sudan. Oct. 1922. o. p. on "Lands of the Minaret" or other- At the tomb of Tutankhamen. May, 1923. courses for intermediates.

o. p. Maude Bradley has enriched the· Egypt, past and present. May, 1923. 50 supply of art designs with a "Cut-out Sheet of Moslem Types, "'0 giving eents. Crossing the untraversed Libyan Desert.

Sept., 1924. 50 cents. sketches illustrating the racial variety Cairo to Capetown overland. Feb., 1925. within Islam to be colored, cut out and pasted on any large map of 50 cents. Moslem lands. The land of Egypt. March, 1926. 50 For young people and adults there cents.

liPrice. 25 cents each. are three new books. "Ymtnq Islam 'Publip,bed by the Presbyterian Board of on Trek"," by Basil Mathews, Foreign Missions, 60 cents a set.

, '7The issues may be borrowed from, p-ubIfc Hbraries or may be ordered from the NaUona) !!Price, paper, 50 cents. Geographic Ma~azine. Washington, D. C., ex;" 9Price, paper, 50 cents. cept of course t4os_e ~hat are marked "0. p.", out lOPrice. 10 cents.

of print; l1Price, cloth, $1.00; paper, 60 cents.

926 1 BEST METHODS

sketches the rise and spread of Islam children and including every member of the congregation. and shows how the life of Moham- medan countries is being thrown into A QUOTATION MEETING turmoil by the impact of modern To acquaint a larger number of Western civilization and by the re- people with worth while words that lease of new spiritual forces. are being spoken and written is an The adult study book, published by opportunity and a challenge to mis- the Central Committee for the United sionary leadership. Stu d y of Foreign Missions, is . Quotations from books and maga- "Jioslem Women",'2 by A. E. and zInes. may make an interesting S . .:[ Zwemer. It would be impos- meetmg or a feature of a meeting. sible to find two authors of larger experience and more understanding The q.uotations may be selected by a insight into Moslem conditions than commIttee or by individuals and Dr. and Mrs. Zwemer. typed on separate sheets to be read In the book "The Moslem Faces the by different members. The wide Futw'e"/" by T. H. P. Sailer, As- sea~ch. through books, reports, and sociate in Religious Education of perIodIcals will be valuable. .An Teachers' College, Columbia Uni- entire meeting may be devoted profit- versity, we have a book for study ably to the reading and discussion of and discussion groups based largely quotations, or ten minutes of a Sunon fresh mat~rials concerning .the ~dea~yt-isncgh)coml aoyr class session or other dommant msoovcermal,entes d utchartoiuognhaol~t and be thus empl'oyed. Inreligious the dlVld:uals may be appointed to read Mo~lem W ~rld, f~rnished by ex- certam books or magazines and perIenced mISSIOnanes in the several present striking quotations from countries. the.m, or the quotations may be type- There are three maps available for WrItten and passed around, or printed the year's study in addition to the on posters.

missionary map of the world: '.' Islam is the only one of the great in AtwWo aclollo]Wrsa,paobtouthte3M3 oxsl4e8minW. osrhlod~"­ relIgIOns to come after Christianity; the only one that definitely claims to ing important places and distribution correc.t, complete and supersede c.f lIoslem population. Christi~nity; the only one that A large Ou,tline ,tlap of the Moslem categOrIcally denies the truth of ~VorlclF' for wall use, about 28 x 32 ~hristianity; .the only one that has, Inches. I~ t?e past, SIgnally defeated Chris- Small Outline Maps!6 are available tr.amty; the only one that seriously for individual use. Size 11 😡 14 dIsputes the world with sCevherirsatliapnairtty~· the only one that, in inches. With such an array of helps our of the ~o!ld, is to-day forestalling churches should have an unusually and gammg on Christianity."- succes,~flll year of mission study, and QUOTED BY CANON GAIRDNER, IN "The schools of missions should flourish Rebuke of Islam."

el!-r.olling members of all ages. Ad: "The Koran is a declaration of war against all mankind. Its last dItIOnal books for reading are listed chapter is a legacy of implacable aniin the Bibliography of the various mosity against the human race-outstudy b~oks. A reading program for side Islam. "-DEAN WILMAN.

an entrre congregation may be "Islam saw God but not m athn~'· planned beginning with the stories s::w the claims of deity but not which mothers read aloud to their rIghts. of humanity; saw authority ~Pr~ce, cloth. 75 cents; paper, 50 cents. but faIled to sdeeesfproeteisdmo,ms-ttifhfeerneefdorine~ hardened into Pr!ce, cloth, $1.00; paper. 60 cents. 14PrIce, 60 cents. to formalism, and sank into death. nprice, 25 cents. 16Price, 25 cents.

Mohammed teaches a God above us; to be. In the old days they came to Moses teaches a God above us and yet argue and controvert and insisted on with us; Jesus Christ teaches God doing so. 'L'o-day …. one is able to above us, God with us and God in preach the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ freely and plainly …. without US."-JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE. fear of interruption. "-w. T. FAIR- "Islam presents, even after the MAN. World War, the abolition of the Caliphate, and the present struggle "It is said that at the Lucknow for the possession of Mecca, a solidar- Conference several years ago there ity of organization unparalleled by were present five Christian clergyany other non-Christian religion." men who formerly had been Moslems. -A. E. AND S. M. ZWEMER in "Moslem At one time or another during the ..Vomen." Conference each of them bore his in- dividual testimony that the first thing "One seventh of all the children in which had drawn him toward Christ the world live under the shadow of was kindness shown him by some the crescent in the lands of Islam .. Christian." -A MISSIONARY. . . . . A conservative estimate based on the total Moslem world population "There can be no doubt that the gives the number of children under unity of Islam is rapidly dissolving. fourteen yea.rs of age at over 80,000,- The whole outlook upon life is chang- 000 . . . . . . The long unbroken line of ing. Strong nationalism, developing Moslem children, if, they stood to- in .each separate Moslem country, is gether holding hands, would stretch bringing about disruption and diviexactly twice around the globe's sion …. The dream of world conquest circumference. "-A. E. AND S. M. by the sword, furthermore, is at an ZWEMER in "Moslem Women." end. The penetration from without i~ going on steadily, but the great ,'Moslem minds are opening to new br('ak in Islam is from within. The ideas and impressions. Moslems are caliphate has ceased to be the rallyreading more widely and are study- ing centre."-A. E. AND S. M. ZWEMER ing the science of the West. Many in "lIoslem Women." are no longer content with the old Koranic laws in regard to women, "Islam has struck its tents and is and insist on education for both boys again on the march. The evidence is and girls. Out of this ferment, change too clear to be discussed with a light and revolution, nations are literally heart. Western civilization and Islam leaping into new life.' '-w. WILSON are entering one of those great periods of readjustment the like of which has CASH. not been seen for three centuries and Western civilization is prostrate and "Probably the greatest work divided."-New Y'ork World. Christian Missions have done in Mohammedan lands is to present in life "The sword of Mohammed and the and deed the fruits of Christianity. Koran are the most stubborn op- Hospitals, schools, relief of poverty, ponents of civilization, liberty and and integrity and honor in daily life truth the world has ever known."- have presented a new idea of service, religion, and manhood.' '-w. A. SIR WILLIAM MUIR.

SHEDD. LOCATING THE MOSLEM: POPULA.

"We must either give up missions TION to Moslems or go to them with the old Bible, the whole Bible, the Ten minutes with a map and a few martyr's faith. Anything else will charts will enable a leader to help a only confirm them in opposition to class or an audience to locate the Mo- Christianity. "-ST. CLAIR TISDALL. hammedans of the world. Follow the display of the map with the entrance " The spirit of these Moslems is of six boys and girls. The first should ~ntirely different from what it used

1926J BEST METHODS

carry a chart on which is printed in Other dates which may be similarly large, clear figures: presented are: Total Moslem Population of the 632-Death of Mohammed World, 234,814,989 636-Jerusalem taken 640-Conquest of Egypt This may be printed or pasted on 642-Moslem Conquest of Persia an outline map of the world. After 1453-Capture of Constantinople the audience has had time to read the chart, the leader may take a Other dates may be added as demoment for fuller statements. Five sired. "The Moslem Faces the other boys or girls may follow in Future", by T. H. P. Sailer, contains order, representing the continents. a very good historical chart, showing Each should carry a chart giving the contemporaneous happenings in the name of the continent represented various main areas of the Moslem and the Moslem population. These world, from the birth of Mohammed may be printed on plain cardboard or to the present.

superimposed on outline maps of the If an elaborate presentation of continents: dates is desired, twelve -persons may North America represent the twelve Moslem lands, 11,000 and present the dates in the chrono- South America logical order showing contempo- 193,429 raneons happenings as given in this chart. Australia and Polynesia 40,000 Europe TAKING TESTS 17,789,937 Africa This is an age of tests. Make the 59,444,397 most of them in mission study. If you do not think it advisable to Asia and Islands plnnge the average adult class into 157,336,206 abject humiliation and despair by giving them the tests prepared for The boys or girls who carry the adults, begin with Dne prepared for charts may give interesting facts concerning them.

IMPORTANT DATES juniors. The average adult of the average church may retain self-re- In a similar manner, the important spect but will have no cause for undates of Islam may be presented. seemly pride after taking one of these tests suggested for juniors. One person may carry a chart with the date, Two good True and False Tests are given on pages 33-38, "Friends of 570-Birth of Mohammed, and may say, as it is displayed, "You the Caravan Trails."

must remember me if you want to Dr. T. H. P. Sailer has prepared pass an intelligence test on lIoslem under the title "Tests on the Moslem affairs. I am the year of l'[ohammed 's World," some exceptionally good birth-570. ,,+ tests fOT special use with his book, On the second chart should be "The Moslem Faces the Future."

printed There is also a set of very interesting general tests called "What Do You 622-The Hegira The bearer Df this chart announces Know About the Moslem World 1"'" "Our year 622 is the beginning of which will be effective for groups studying any of the books on the years for Moslems. Their calendar theme. Two sections from the latter reads A. H. for Anno Hegirae instead set of tests are here suggested. of A. D., marking the Hegira, Moham- med's flight from Mecca to Medina." • Leaders may secure printed copies of both ·The figures "670" in the book "Moslem sets of tests and an answer key for the latter Women" are aD error in prInting, by application to denominationa1 literature headQ uarters.

A SINGLE-CHOICE TEST an oasis in the heart of Arabia which symbolizes paradise (2) Instructions: In each of the follow- another name for Heaven ing groups of statements put a cross among Mohammedans (3) after the number of the statement that you consider to be the correct pilgrimage center of the one. Moslem world (4) IX. The majority of the people in I. A sheik is; Jerusalem are: a well·dressed young lover (1) Mohammedans (1) a Turkish government official (2) Christians (2) a man of influence because of Jews (3) age, experience, or religious X. The majority of the people in the training (3) Holy Land are: a pilgrim of the Holy Places (4) Mohammedans (1) II. Fatima is: Christians (2) Jews (3) a common Oriental disease (1) a fine tobacco originating in XI. Mohammedans date their calendar Turkey (2) from: the Qneen of Sheba (3) Mohammed's first great mili· a favorite daughter of Mo· tary victory (1) hammed (4) the birth of Mohammed (2) the death of Mohammed (3) III. The Taj Mahal is: Mohammed's flight fro m a famous mosque ill Constan· Mecca (4) tiilOple (1) the birth of Christ (5) the Egyptian national antbem (2) XII. J eSlls' earthly life was cut short the title of the Emperor of at the age of thirty·three, but India (3) Mohammed's life was longer by a celebrated marble tomb (4) about: IV. A harem is: 5·l(} years (1) a kind of bloomers worn by 15·2,5 years (2) Oriental ladies (1) 25·35 years (3) the wife (or wives) of a 35·45 years (4) Moslem household, or the 45·50 years (5) section where she and the XIII. When Moslems pray, whether in other womenfolk Jive (2) India ~r Morocco, in Russia or the half dozen wives of a Mo· in South Africa, they always hammedan (3) face: a peculiar dance restricted to toward exact east (1) women (4) toward a certain small locality V. A millaret is: in Arabia . (2) a sacred place where people toward Constantinople (3) pray (1) toward the place on the an Oriental house·top (2) horizon (shiftillg according a tower used in caIling prayer (3) to the season) where the sun a dome with a spire . (4) actually rises ( 4) VI. A shah is: XIV. Irllq is an alternate name for: an Arabic exclamation of reo Syria (1) gret (1) Palestine (2) the supreme rnler in Persia (2) Mesopotamia (3) a rich young gallant (3) Arabia (4) the supreme ruler in Turkey ( 4) XV. The Koran is about the size of: VII. A caliph is: the New Testament (1) a Mohammedan high priest (1) the Old Testament (2) a supreme judge ill theological the whole Bible (3) disputes (2) much longer than the Bible (4) tne Mohammedan ruler recog· XVI. Mohammed lived about the year: (Underline correct date) nized as paramount (3) 500 B. C., 100 B. G., 1 A. D., the Mohammedan pope ( 4) 20() A. D., 500 A. D., 600 A. D., .700 A. D., 800 A. D., VIII. Mecea is: 1000 A. D.

a world·famous tobacco town in Arabia (1)

A CORRECT MATCHING TEST (1) Mustapha Egypt Kemal 1. The great cities listed in the first Persia column below are famous (2) Emir Feisal Arabia throughout the Mohammedan (3) Abd el Krim Mesopotamia world. Place the number of (4) Zaghlul Pasha India each before the name of the (5) Riza Khan Turkey country in the second column (6) Ibn Saud Morocco to which it belongs. Draw a (7) Shaukat Ali circle around the numbers of 'which you are sure. SILENT MESSAGES ( 1) Constantinople India Frequently the messages which are Soviet R u s s i a given in silence are most impressive. ( 2) Baghdad At one of the summer conferences, two young women, dressed in Moslem (Turkestan) costume, entered, each carrying a sheet of cardboard. On one was ( 3) Damascus Persia printed ISLAM IS and on the other ISLAM TEACHES. Following them, ( 4) Delhi French Sudan (West eight other girls entered, one at a time, carrying charts which completed Africa) the two sentences: ( 5) Cairo Syria ISLAM IS ( 6) Tehran Egypt The youngest of the wor}d's great re- ligions. ( 7) Angora Anglo·Egyptian Sudan Six hundred years younger than Chris· ( 8) Timbuktu Mesopotamia tianity.

( 9) Khartum Afghanistan A religion of intolerance.

(10) Mosul Turkey The religion of one seventh of the human race. (11) Bukhara Morocco ISLAM TEACHES (12) Singapore British Malaysia " There is no God but God and Mohammed (13) Fez is the Prophet of God."

(14) Kabul That God "created half of humanity for hell and cares not." II. Many of the greatest ruined cities of ancient history now That "God misleads whom He will and being excavated are in Moslem whom He will He guides." lands. Place the number of the city before the name of That polygamy has divine approval. the country to which it be- longs. Draw a circle around The two girls who entered first those numbers of which you stood on opposite sides on elevations are sure. sufficiently high that the eight girls who entered in order following them ( 1) Jerusalem Mesopotamia placed their· charts, one at a time, Turkey underneath to complete the sentence. ( 2) Carthage Palestine As each sentence was completed, the ( 3) Ephesus Tunis girls stepped to the side, four on one ( 4) Babylon Egypt side and four on the other side, until ( 5) Memphis Persia the audience had time to read all of ( 6) Samaria Syria the sentences and understand their ( 7) Persepolis significance. There was perfect silence ( 8) Palmyra followed by a special prayer for the ( 9) Thebes Moslem world and for missions to (10) Antioch Moslems.

[II. The follOWing great living Moslem leaders and statesmen are famous throughout the en- tire Moslem world and are mentioned repeatedly in our American newspapers. Num- ber as previously.

Woman's Foreign Mission

EDITED BY ELLA D. MACLAURIN, 25 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY THE SOUL'S SINCERE DESIRE senting different parts of China met ATTAINED at Kuling was the real work begun.

CORA E. SIMPSON, R. N. At that time plans for the grading and registering of Schools of Nursing', Yes, it is a wonderful story, but with a uniform curriculum and systhe thrilling thing about it all is that tem of examinations with one nursing it is all beautifully true and it proves diploma for China were mapped out without a doubt that there is abso- and adopted. Miss Gage was elected lutely no limit to what God can and President and under her leadership will do for the individual willing to the first schools of nursing werfl trust and follow all the way He leads. registered and the first National Con- lt has been said that the record of ference was held in Shanghai in 1914.

the Nurses Association of China for At this conference the Chinese word the past dozen years is unsurpassed by for" nurse" was adopted and has any nursing organization in any land since passed into the language of the at any time in the world's history of people. The first examinations were nursing. Nursing in China was or- held in 1915 and the diploma secured ganized, developed, and brought to by two men and one woman. its present state of high professional efficiency by missionary nurses and The difficulties of the early days when the Chinese graduate nurses seemed almost unsurmountable. The take over the work of the entire or- nurses were far separated and travel ganization, as we fully expect them was difficult, dangerous and expensive.

to do within this generation, the work There were many dialects and the will continue to be in the hands of work was looked upon as "work fit strong, skillful, Christian nurses, only for coolies." There were no who will carry out the high ideals of books written or translated into the Florence Nightingale, the Queen of language, so is it any wonder the de- all nurses, and adapt them to meet velopment was slow during the first the needs of their own people. few years 1 China with her four hundred and A few schools had been registered, a fifty million, where live one fourth of few more nurses graduated, a few the world's population and where one books translated and a few more mem- third of the world's babies are born, bers added but when we met in con- and where the need for nurses is so . ference at Hankow in 1922 we had a desperate, presents one of the most membership o£ only one hundred and inviting fields of service found in any thirty-two. In the beginning the land today. I am sure any member membership had to be composed of of the Nurses Association of China foreign members but the time seemed would join me in saying: ''It is ripe for the "advance work among great to· be out where the fight is so our Chinese people." At that meet- strong, To be where the heaviest ing the constitution was remodeled to troops belong, In this fight for God meet the needs of the growing organ- and man" where the work is so ization, a Committee on Nursing Edudifficult but so soul-satisfying and cation was established with Miss Gage the love of a great people the reward. as Chairman and a General Secretary The Nurses Association of China was elected who should give her full was organized in 1909 but not until time to the work of the Association. 1912 when a special committee reprec As soon as the request· of the Nurses 808· Association of China was granted by nese was the language of the Confer- her Board and she was released from ence. We had reached a membership her position as Superintendent of of 518, had been admitted to member- Nurses at the Magaw Hospital, Foo- ship in the International Council of chow, the General Secretary entered Nurses and all departments of the on her duties. work were growing so rapidly that it At the time- the Association prop- was decided we must plan for a Head- erty consisted of a small case, a few quarters Building to meet the Asso- papers, a small typewriter table, a ciation needs. It was decided also that decrepit, useless, old typewriter, no delegates should be sent to the next office staff, an almost empty treasury, International Council of Nurses Con- the only income the annual fees paid gress to be held in Finland in July by the members, a loyal Executive 1925.

Committee who with the membership In the early days we had some help believed that "with God nothing is from the China Medical Board for the impossible" and that He had a place translation work but that was stopped for our Nurses Association of China. just in the midst of this advance work.

The first two years the office and Again God has cared for us. Books property were kept in the Secretary's have been translated by our members bedroom. The Secretary was sent by and friends. We have published over the Executive Committee to visit all thirty new books and revised and re- the nurses' and schools of nursing in published all the old ones, :put over China. Through this nation-wide thirteen million pages of nursing text- campaign and visitation the nurses be- books through the press, sold over came vitally interested in the work of fourteen thousand dollars' worth of the Association and a strong, loyal our books in 1925 and closed the year membership was built up through with a small balance in hand. Our which future important programs Nurses Journal-published in both for the Association were successfullv English and Chinese-the only one in carried out. This travel took the Se~­ China-has been self-supporting from retary into all kinds of out-of-the-way the first issue.' Not one cent of mis- places. Hundreds of hospitals have sion money has ever gone into our been visited and addresses delivered. publications or books.

Over one thousand beds have been 'Ve have one hundred and fifteen slept in and over sixty thousand miles registered Schools of Nursing with a travelled. The ever-increasing corre- student body of nearly two thousand spondence has been carried on by the (both men and women are trained as Secretary, late and early, on trains or nurses). We have issued our diploma boats, or in Chinese inns wherever and to over one thousand graduates. Our whenever she could get time. About membership is over twelve hundred twenty-five thousand letters have been and about two thirds are Chinese cared for. We do not have a budget nurses.

today but God has cared for us and Up until the last day it seemed im- we have lacked nothing. We have possible to surmount the difficulties never been in debt and have always and send the Chinese delegate to the had a few dollars balance. Whenever International Council of Nurses Con- we need anything we send out a call gress. Nurses everywhere were pray- for prayer and God has always" dealt ing about it. At the last minute the bountifully with us. " funds were secured, the vises for the The first fruits of this labor were passports to cross Siberia were secured shown in the Canton Conference in through the Chinese Government.

1924 when for the first time in our Miss L. Wu and the General Secre- history our Chinese nurses were with tary crossed Siberia to attend the Con- us in large numbers-half of the dele- gress. One thousand and fifty dele- gates being Chinese nurses-and Chi- gates representing thirty-three coun-

tries attended the Congress. God had for research work, a large room for great things in store for our Nurses meetings. There will also be the home Association of China there. That for the secretaries and other workers great Congress decided to hold the and a Hostel for nurses passing next meeting in Peking in 1929 and through the great center of Hankow.

Miss Nina D. Gage of Changsha, At present there is no place for them China-a missionary nurse-was to stay. This building is greatly elected President of the International needed and at once. In the light of Council of Nurses. So when the great what we have told you do you think Congress meets in Peking in 1929 it this is impossible ~ If you could have will be presided over by a missionary been with us at our last conference nurse and be entertained by mission- in Nanking on Sunday and have seen ary nurses and the splendid Chinese our three hundred delegates taking nurses of today. communion, have looked into their The funds for the Headquarters faces and seen the determination and Building grew slowly. By vote of faith written there, and then rememthe Association we moved our office ber they represented the membership from Shanghai to Hankow so it would of over twelve hundred and the stube more in the center of our field. In dent body of almost two thousand and a marvelous way, unsought, a piece of your answer would be as theirs is land was offe.red to us in the spring "with God nothing is impossible." and again in the autumn. While we Because of this faith it has been pos- were praying for guidance (for we sible for God to give the things re- corded above and because of this faith felt we must be very sure of God'8 and the need this building will rise plan for the future location of our as a testimony of what God can and Headquarters Building) in reply to a will do because of the faith and the letter sent, a check for $1,000 was need of His Chinese nurses who are received from one of our loyal doctor so busy ministering to His ' , little friends. We took this as a guide and went forward with negotiations for ones" that they do not have time to the land. We asked the owner to al- tell you of their doings or needs.

low us to pay half down and half at These Chinese nurses are "our faith the end of six months. At first he and our pride, our joy and our agreed and then said that he must crown."

have all paid down at once. We could If you would like to put ~ome bricks in not do this so at five p. m. the deal was the wall send word to the General Secre- off. Our Committee prayed on. tary, Miss Cora E. Simpson, 740 Rush Before ten o'clock that night a Chinese Street, Chieago, Illinois.

gentleman came forward and offered Cora E. Simpson, R. N., a missionary of to loan us four thousand dollars with- the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of out interest for the rest of the year the Methodist Episcopal Church since 1907, if we would only buy the land for he established the Florence Nightingale Sehool of Nursing at the Magaw Memorial Hospi.

wanted "the nurses as neighbors." tal, Foochow. This was the first School of Two other friends made loans. We Nursing to receive a Registration Certipurchased the land. The loans were ficate in China and heads the list of paid off at the appointed dates and Registered Schools of the Association. the land is ours at a cost of ten thou- Since 1922 Miss Simpson has been the General Secretary of the Nurses Association sand dollars. of China. She is in the United States for The Headquarters Building we are a few months' rest and study after which she expects to resume her work in China working for will cost twenty-five thou- as secretary of the Nurses Association. sand dollars and will be the place Miss Simpson has written a book eonee.-ning where all the nursing activities of the marvelous growth of this work, "A Joy China will be handled. There will be Ride Through China for the Nurses Assooffices for the secretaries and trans- ciation of China." Price $2.00, the prolators and for editorial work, libraries ceeds to be used for the Headquarters Building Fund.

Woman's Home Mission

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 156 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK MIGRANT GROUPS made. The workers are less suspi.

From the report of the Committee of the cious of the churches, and the com- panies ate depending most upon them ~~mJo;;:!s~~~:!~~~~Wilp~ng. 'i°d'an~~l. 'lJ,.:"':::'a';,,~ to supply the social and spiritual needs of these men. The Loyal Le- The different types of migrant workers may be listed as follows: gion of Loggers and Lumbermen, a loggers and lumber jacks, grain har- cooperative organization, is attempt- vest hands, cannery employees, fruit ing to serve the men socially and in- and truck harvesters, construction tellectually in limited areas.

gangs, sugar. beet workers, fisher- The need of social and religious men, boatmen, soldiers and sailors. services is very great in Minnesota, The needs of these groups are far Wisconsin, Michigan, New Hampshire from being adequately cared for and and Maine, but the church boards are most denominations, because of the doing little or nothing for the loggers press of other work, have been forced in these areas, and local churches are to neglect this very': important field. not doing much more. In Maine, the 1. Loggers and Lumberjacks. The Great Northern Paper Company 1920 census gives as the states in maintains a welfare department and which the lumber industry is of great- employs a full-time social worker in e:st importance: Washington, Oregon, certain camps. This is the only com- Idaho, ::iaine, New Hampshire, Min- pany in the state that is thus serv- nesota, Michigan and Wisconsin, re- ing its workers, and they report a porting workers in lumber industry great need in their own camps for ad- ranging from 4,701 in New Hamp- ditional spiritual service from the shire to 24,371 in Washington. This churches. The Crossett Lumber Com- group comprised 5% of the gainfully pany in Arkansas supports a Y. M.

employed males in Washington; 4.8'10 C. A. to the extent of $7,000 in its in Maine; 3.8% each in Oregon and main logging camp, and maintains a Idaho; 3.3.% in New Hampshire; welfare department in the mill town 1.9% in Minnesota; 1.8.% in Florida; at a cost of $40,000 annually. In 1.7.% in Wisconsin; 1.5% in Louisi- 1923, California reported from 10,.

ana; and 1.3% in Michigan. These 000 to 15,000 workers employed in the figures have greater significance when lumber industry.

contrasted with the record of .6% for From reports of missionaries and the entire United States. Nineteen others in close touch with men in the states in all employ more than 4,000 logging fields, it appears that all ef- workers in this industry and present fective religious work must be of the a challenge to the churches. sky-pilot or missionary type; that the In the Washington-Oregon-Idaho population of these camps is too un- region, the Presbyterian Church in stable and changing, to pltj,ce per- the U. S. A. is supporting eleven manent churches successfullv. The workers among the lumberjacks, the field remains largely unser,";ed and Christian Church one, and the Meth- the few missionaries now engaged odist Episcopal Church about half a among the lumberjacks are forced to dozen. In this region, because of the cover too large areas to do most ef- 1. W. W. and other radical agencies, fective work. Thousands of camps it has not been possible for the lum- remain untouched by any messenger ber companies to serve successfully of Christ, but agencies of moral de· the social needs of their workers, al. struction are everywhere surround· though some few attempts have been ing them. Dr. White, Presbyterian 811

sky-pilot, reports the need of inter- time, and 57 % had served in this denominational missions in the cities of Seattle, Everett, and Bellingham, capacity for five years or less; 43% Washington, to provide clean and de- had followed the harvest for more cent quarters for lumberjacks when they come to town; to furnish them than five seasons, 19 % more than ten with reading and writing materials, recreation and rest; to counteract the seasons. influences of agencies constantly rob- Workers are cared for in bunk bing the men of their money and any moral restraints they may have. houses, barns and homes; work hard and late hours; want little but work, 2. Grain Harvesters. The wheat meals, rest, and wages; are not much belt is Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Ne- interested in social life and religion. braska, South Dakota and Canada. Opinion has it that the remedy is so Thousands of harvest hands follow to stabilize and diversify agriculture the harvest from South to North. that this large migrant group will not Oklahoma, during a normal year, em- be neeessary. Agricultural Extenploys from 12,000 to 15,000 of these sion Departments in the wheat belt transient hands for three weeks; are giving instruction in this matter. Kansas from 20,000 to 30,000; Ne- Local churches and agencies should braska somewhat less than Kansas; in serve these groups. General welfare North and South Dakota the demand ageneies which tried to follow haragain increases. In North and South vesters have not proved generally Dakota, the Department of Agricul- successful. tural Extension is trying to introduce diversified farming with permanent 3. Oannery Hands, Fruit and employment, as a remedy for migrant Truck Harvesters. These workers are problems. Some migrant wheat har- here grouped together beeause they vesters are reported in Missouri also. are often the same workers, first har- Iowa's chief interest in this group of vesting fruit and truck, then working in canning factories. According to society lies in the fact that Sioux City is the second great gateway the census report of 1920, in Septemthrough which these workers pass to ber, 1919, there were employed in enter harvest fields of the north. canning establishments of this coun- Kansas City, Missouri, is the first and try, 198,147 workers, more than half most important gateway. Govern- of whom were female workers. In ment and private agencies are at March of the same year, only 35,692 work to place theRe men where needed hands were eng<tged by these estaband to avoid congestion and delay in lishments, at , Ilich time males far cities. outnumbered females. The differen- tial of 162,000 workers represents Migrant worker~ come from all pretty well the part-time workers enwalks of life. are I r all nationalities gaged in this industry, most of whom and conditions of s'lciety, and come are brought from eities and states from everv state in the Union. An not in the immediate locality of the analysis of 3,509 worl,ers who passed industry, and are therefore migrant through the Sioux City offine in the workers during the active season. summer of 1922 Ilhowed that there This does not take into aecount the were men from (!very state except many more tnousands of workers who harvest these and other fruit and Delaware; 43.9 % farmers or fa rm vegetable crops; unfortunately Cen- sus figures do not assist in determinhands; 12.4% common laborers; ing their number, but reports show 6.5% college stud(mts; the remaining that they are several times greater in numbers than cannery hands. 27.2% from 133 different occupations; 55% under 30 years of age, the This type of migrant differs greatly from previously noted groups belargest age group at 24 years; 11'1" cause it includes whole families in their migrations. Women and chilserving as harvest hands for firflt

926] WOMAN '8 HOME MISSION BULLETIN

dren assist in this important work "Would it not be easiest to arouse and therein lies much of the danger. public interest of the locality in work Families are quartered in small, one- for the children, and also easiest to room shacks with inadequate light establish contact with migrants by and few sanitary precautions. Pri- showing an interest in their little vacy is impossible and often comfort one;; ~ Children ought to prove exis not easily secured. These families cellent first sources of contact. Often are social outcasts from most forms the children of the camp are left to of recreation and entertainment in themselves while those older are the community where they labor; working. Organized play and kinderchurches and other local service agen- garten might be good methods for cies largely neglect this group. Chil- starting; possibly elementary school dren are taken from school early in work could be accomplished." the spring and return late in the fall. :Most children in migrant fami- The work of the Council of Women lies are retarded in education. Child Labor laws are often violated in em- for Home Missions has proved this ploying these children in harvesting approach to be very successful and fruit and truck crops. Dr. Keller, of popular. the New Jersey Agricultural Exneriment Station, says: "I have found 4. Su(%r Beet Workers. The folvery often the communities are a so- lowing states reported increased imcial menace to the casual labor rather portance of the sugar beet industry than the other way 'round. I mean in which many migrant families, the community treats these people as mostly Mexican, are employed durthey treat disease, thtly isolate them. ing the summer and autumn months: If the labor class becomes a social Idaho, Michigan, Ohio, South Damenace it is often a result of poor kota, Iowa, Colorado, North Dakota, treatment rather than a cause of their Wyoming, Kansas, Wisconsin. being casual." Dr. Folsom, of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 5. Soldiers and Sailors. Several who has made wide studies of this denominations are supplying chaptype of migrant throughout the United States, makes the following lains for Army and Navy, and camp comments: pastors. The Protestant Episcopal "The social and religious needs of Church in 1844 organized the Seathese people are bound up with their men's Church Institute which is opereconomic needs. All should be taken ating in sixteen cities in the United into consideration in work planned. States and the Philippine Islands. Much more ought to be done. "Difficulties in establishing contacts: 6. Miscellaneous. Fragmentary re- (a) Short stay in the community. ports came in concerning cotton har- (b) Local lack of interest in them vesters, fishers, boatmen, oil field except as laborers. workers, . irrigation gangs, railroad (c) Their nationality. constructIOn gangs, corn harvesters, (d) Difference in religious and so- tobacco harvesters, etc., but time did not permit a closer study of these re- cial training and standards. ports. (e) Isolation in small groups on Come unto Me, ye weary, small farms. (f) Habit of working all members And I will give you rest.

of the family early and late. oh blessed voice of Jesus, (g) Local situations. Which comes to hearts oppressed It tells of benediction, '

Of pardon, grace and peace Of joy that hath no ending'

Of love which cannot cease.

-Selected.

NEAR EAST key, or at any rate children of refu-

Bibles Sold in Da.mascus gees, one is impressed with the tre- BIBLE Colportage, though at- mendous opportunity in work for tempted, was almost imp.ossible them. These young lives, growing in and around Damascus under the up in the greater freedom of Aleppo, Turkish regime. The Scriptures must be held and trained for Christ, were, however, regularly supplied to Most of them have lost the look of suf- the Irish Presbyterian Mission, the fering and terror which was so evi- British Syrian Mission and the Edin- dent on all faces only a short time ago.

burgh Medical Mission by the British They are looking 'forward and not and Foreign Bible Society. Since the back.' "

Turkish rule ended a distinct ad- vance has been made and Colportage Christian Books in TurKey has been conducted in all quarters of AMERICAN Board missionaries in the city. Colporteur Moses Burun- Constantinople repc.rt that at suzian has sold regularly over three present in Turkey, when ideas are hundred copies of the Scriptures a changing and reforms have been month in the city itself, and to all classes of people. There has been made, the opportunity for distributquite a demand for the Hebrew ing Christian literature is unprece- Scriptures among the Jews; and in dented. The mediums of circulation many instances complete Arabic Bi- have been book-stores in the larger bles have been sold to MOfllems. Over eities, sehools" and personal Turkish fifteen thousand copies of the Scrip- friends in the smaller towns. There tures have been sold in and around are encouraging results. In one Damascus since 1920. town, a group of dervishes are read- ing the Gospels and "Pilgrim's Prog- Christian Endeavor in Aleppo ress. " In the same interior town, a Turkish school put in a request MRS. ISABELE TROWBRIDGE for "Joseph," an Old Testament MERRILL, daughter and wife of play, for their graduating performdistinguished Congregational mis- ance. A number of college students sicnaries to Turkey, sends this story are stUdying the :0Jew Testament.

of future leaders in the Near East: The manuscript for the first "Life "A young people's rally was held in of Christ," translated into Turkish, the new Evangelical Church in is now ready for publication. It is Aleppo, Syria, recently. The four by Miss Constance E. Padwick, of Christian Endeavor societies of the Cairo, and is translated by a young city were present, the boys' and girls' Moslem woman who has been much soeieties from the camp church hav- interested in the work. It is to be ing been invited to join with the boys' published with funds provided by the and girls' societies of the city church. American Christian Literature So- The boys' society of the refugee camp ciety for Moslems.

has lately been organized with eightyfive members, and now has over a hun- "The MU880lini of Persia"

dred. When one looks at the earnest THIS is the title sometimes given and eager faces of these young people to Riza Khan, the new Shah of and realizes that almost without Persia, about whom the following exception they are refugees from Tur-. facts are given in the Kurdistan Mis- 814

1.926] NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

sionary: "A man with an iron will, in prayer, then to comment on the practical and diplomatic, he made Bible passage for the day, and finally and unmade prime ministers, de- t() lead the meeting." posed shahs and established a new republic. The Persian press, mer- Intercessors in Isla,han chants and the common people are A MISSIONARY in Persia, quoted almost unanimously in his favor. in Evangelical Christendorn, The only class which opposed him in writes: "We have had a very help- ] 924 were the neglected mullahs. ful week of prayer here in Isfahan, Since his recall he has put forth the meetings being well attended painstaking efforts to make the right up to the end. The week of mullahs his friends. Arthur Chester prayer makes a very great appeal to Millspaugh, head of the financial our Persian Church, and we look upmission sent to Persia from the on it as a regular part of our church United States in 1923, is extremely organization. The meetings were this popular with Riza Khan, because the year taken chiefly by Persian Chris- Persians know that the Amerieans tians, though we had an Armenian desire no unfair advantages. It is reported that Riza Khan treats the to conduct one meeting and a Hebrew Bahais, a progressive all-Persian Christian on Saturday. It is difficommunity, the Jews and the Zoro- cult to arrange time to get all our astrians very favorably. Though people together for a week, as the men are at work and cannot easily himself uneducated in the ordinary come in the afternoons, and the wosense of the word, he is encouraging men could not come out at all in the the Persians and the foreigners to evenings; but in spite of difficulties cooperate in improving the educa- we had from thirty-five to forty Pertional system of his country." sian Christians daily, besides mission- Women in the Persian Church aries, and they took up the inter- cession topics very heartily."

MRS. J. DAVIDSON FRA"!1E, of the American Presbyterian Mis- Bible Teaching in ~nscat A sion in Resht, Persia, writes: "MoreT MUSCAT on the Persian Gulf, the Reformed Church in Ameriand more we who have had all sorts of Bible helps and commentaries and ca has a well-established mission, instruction in the home marvel at where the seed of the Word is being these unlearned women whose one sown. Without funds for the rent book is the Bible. Their search of of a school building Rev. G. D. Van the Scriptures is untiring. One re- Peursem went ahead with school cent convert is already teaching work at his home and reports a daily others how to read the Bible and in- attendance of fifteen boys whom he structing them in its doctrineg as she is teaching the rudiments of educa- knows them. You know the place a tion and giving the Gospel at the woman has in Moslem countries. It same time. Among them are some is good to watch the place a woman of the brightest boys of the Koran has among our Persian Christians. school and one lad whose father, now At first she is diffiuent about express- deceased, was formerly one of the ing her thoughts in a public prayer strongest opponents of the mission in meeting, but gradually as she realizes Muscat. His daily program cloRes the freedom that she has in Christ with the reading of a chapter of the she becomes more and more to see Bible, and the singing of two hymns.

that she is -only one of a large and Each boy takes his turn in reading sympathetic family and allows her- a verse of Scripture. Miss Lutton self to assume the privileges of the reports a Sunday-school service num- membership in that family, until she bering in attendance between fifteen is free to talk to the common Father , and sixty-five, the majority of them

BaJuchis, but among them in increas- inces to whom we art' not supposed ing numbers Arabs. to tell the good news …. There are in addition about 700,000 pagans in Up" and Down" in Kuwait this territory."

T HE evangelistic work carried on in .Kuwait, Arabia, has met with Si", Que.tiolUl at Once I encouragements as well as discour- N a recent letter, written from 'the agements. Bible shop work is as ex- Egypt General Mission Hospital, tensive as ever. Sunday afternoon Shebin-el-Kanater, Egypt, Mr, H.

services attract a remarkably large Frank Roe tells of experiences when audience of lV[oslems, both men and itinerating in Egyptian villages, He women, A young man baptized sev- writes: "At least twice a week dur- eral years ago continues to testify for ing the summer months I go out with his Master, Another young man de- one of our Egyptian fellow-helpers.

clares he has become a Ch:-istian and There are about thirty villages with- has at times confessed the same be- in a four-mile radius of Shebin, and fore Moslems, On the other hand, we systematically Visit these every Rev. E. E. Calverley reports a new few weeks, Usually we get a respect- form of opposition in the form of an ful and attentive hearing, until, as Arabic book in refutation of Chris- we proceed, the gospel light throws tianity written and published by the into glaring relief some error of Mos- ·chief religious leader of the Persians lem faith. Then the devil asserts his ·of Kuwait. The book consists of two presence, and we are besieged with parts, the first a refutation of five a dozen questions, When six men doctrines ·of Christianity, and the shout at us six different questions at second a reply to Goldsack's book one and the same time, and the whole "Christ in Islam," It is interesting company of men starts yelling, you to note that the school teacher who can imagine what pandemonium is helping Dr. Calverley has under- Teigns ! Under these circumstances -taken to prepare a reply. our only resource is prayer, and we therefore pause for a few minutes AFRICA until quiet returns, We set out each Preaching to Moslem. Forbidden day aiming for a specific village, but REV. JOHN HAY, of the Sudan occasionally we pause to talk with a Interior Mission, writes in the roadside @'oup sheltering under a London Christwn, "It seems in· tree from the scorching sun."

credible that under the British flag today there are countries in which S. S. Grading in the Sudan T the missionary of the Gospel has no HE growth of Sunday-school work among the Shilluk tribe in liberty to preach. Such is the case in Northern Nigeria, Because of a the Southern Sudan was described statement made by a British repre- in tl:'l June Review, A later report sentative who made a treaty with the states: "The Shilluks entrusted with Moslem chiefs-a statement to the ef- grading the Sunday-school have their fect that Government does not inter- own picturesque way of describing fere with religion-it is held that the the classes: Men Who Are Con- Christian missionary must not be al- sidered Honorable (i.e. grey-haired lowed to preach to the Moslems in men), Those Who Are Younger, four great provinces. The doors are Those Just Married, The Boys Who ,closed, 'as it is against government Dance, The Boys Who Have Just Be- policy to permit Christian propagan- gun to Dance, The Boys Who Herd da within the areas which are pre- the Cattle, The Little Boys Who ·dominantly Moslem.' The last cen- Herd the Sheep. The training class sus, taken in 1921, shows 6,699,427 is organized, with a chief, a chief- Mohammedans in the Northern Proy- on-whom-he-has-his-feet, and a chief-

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

of·writing. The main school at Do- ing a summons to heathen sacrifice.

leib Hill is overflowing the church In another part of the district some building. Five classes are held out- converts were fined for planting of-doors. A year ago there were 26 yams, etc., on their farms before the baptized Shilluks. Today there are day arranged for holding the festival 87. The tribe numbers about 60,000. of the Orisa-oko, a pagan rite. Quite Mrs. Oyler, of the United Presby- recently in a town near Owo a young terian Mission, writes: 'The Chris- woman, a convert of only a few years'

ti;:!ns are very much interested :in standing, has borne severe bodily suf- this village S. S. work, but the time fering for the sake of her faith.

will come when the novelty will wear off. Weare praying for that time. "The Preacher, the Big Stick"

O A regular routine, day after day, re- NE of the distinctive qualities of African Christian leaders seems quires more strength.' "

Ex-Medicine Man an Evangelist to be their apt use of figurative lan- guage. A recent illustration of this A RCHDEACON E. W. DOur,- comes from the Christian Alliance TON, of Tanganyika Territory, Mission in the Congo. The teachers East Africa, tells the story of the of the district had met for prayer conversion of a medicine man, Ka- and council. They were discussing hodanga, who when he was baptized the lack of interest and zeal in the at about thirty years of age, took schools. The native pastor used this the name Yohana (John). He con- 'wise illus"tration : "We llile large tinues: "It is estimated that Yo- sticks of wood to keep the fire burn- hana, this ex-medicine man, has been ing at night or when we are away the instrument in God's hands in the from home. Some wood holds the conversion of fully one hundred Wa- fire well, some burns out quickly. If gogo, and his village, where there is the fire in the large piece of wood now a considerable Christian com- goes out, we cannot use it to kindle munity, is a light in the great dark- the other sticks of wood. We preach- ness around. It is in many respects ers are the large sticks of wood. If a model village, in which heathen our people are not on fire it would dances and the brewing or use of be well for us to examine the large pombe (native beer) are forbidden. sticks first and see why the fire is Yohana is a teetotaller and non- not burning there. If you are on smoker. Three of his sons are now fire so will your people be also."

Christian teachers, two of them being in charge of out-stations from which Malagasy Tribute to Bible D converts to Christ are being gathered.URING his visit to Madagascar, W. J. W. Roome, of the British Yohana is now quasi-pastor, and superintends the work of four out-sta- and Foreign Bible Society, was weltions in the Buigiri district." comed at a great meeting of Malagasy Yorll.ba Christians Persecuted Christians at Imerina. The follow- ing is an extract from an address of REPRESENTATIVES of the welcome which was delivered by Church Missionary Society find Randzavola, a pastor: "The misthat the persecution of Christians is sionaries and the Bible are like the by no means a thing of the past in right and left hand, working together !the Yoruba country, Wesit Africa, in the garden of the Lord here in and men and women are Rtill called this our island. Far be it from me upon to suffer in various ways for to belittle the work of missionaries; their faith. For insta'nce, twelve but they themselves are witnesses men living at a C.M.S. out-station that the Bible has accomplished much in the Benin district were fined £5 more than they alone could have pos- each in the native court for disobey- sibly done. There was a time, twen- 6

ty-five years ago, when the mission- be in close association with the misaries were not allowed to stay in our sionaries at the Forman Christian country; but because the Bible re- College. Rev. E. T. Jenkinson, who mained the work they had begun during the past year has been taking was by no means destroyed …. And a special course at Manchester Uniup to the present the Bible has found versity to fit him for work among entrance into many Malagasy homes. Moslems, was appointed, and was to into some of which the missionary sail from England for India on Sephas difficulty in gaining admission." tember 14th.

INDIA AND SIAM Non-Christian Students Responsive India's Attitude toward Christ EV. CANON A. W. DAVIES, R NOTE of warning is sounded in A an editorial in the NatixJnal John's College, in Agra, North India, principal of the C.M.S. St.

Christian Council Review, which recently invited the students of the says: "It is not often realized that college, including Moslems and Hin- the genuine admiration for Jesus' dus, to the occasional services which Christ and the remarkable spirit of are held on Sunday a:l'ternoons for receptiveness towards His teaching the Christian staff and students.

so common in India at the present Quite definitely he explained that it day exist side by side with an abso- would be Christian worship, and that lute refusal to ascribe to Him any it would give an opportunity for position of uniqueness …. Christian- openly acknowledging the drawing ity may cease to be allied with an of Christ and the desire to serve and alien culture and strengthen all the follow Him, and to enter more. and good and noble elements in the social more into His Spirit. It could not, and religious life of India; Chris- therefore, have been very easy for tianity may become indigenous in the non-Christian students to attend, India, adopting modes of life and yet .some thirty or forty of these worship and thought which are came, and a little later, when the in- suited to the people of this land; and vitation was repeated especially to yet the incompatibility between the the senior students, there was a most il'und,lamen;tal position of Hinduism encouraging response. Canon Davies and Christianity about the unique- remarks: ""Ve are only feeling our ness of Jesus Christ as the revelation way; but experiences of this sort, and of God will remain and will have to the knowledge of not a few in the be met." college who are very near the King- dom, together with the unique ex·· Union Work for Indian Moslems perience of the baptism of one who I N OCTOBER, 1925, representa- left the college twelve years ago, a tives of the (English) Wesleyan Hindu Brahmin, have filled us with Methodist Missionary Society gave new courage and hope."

expression to their conviction that work among Moslems in India should Gandhi on "the Language of Love"

A be undertaken by the various T a tea given by the American Board missionaries at :M"ahachurches and societies in cooperation, and an offer was made of a man to bleshwar, India, Mahatma Gandhi such a cooperative mission. This ac- made a brief address, speaking par- tion resulted in the Conference of ticularly to the missionary members the British Missionary Societies ap- of the language school. He expressed pointing a group representative of his hearty approval of the desire of the principal societies to consider the young missionaries to learn the this proposaL It was decided to ac- language of the country, and paid cept the offer and to send the man tribute to the linguistic achievements for training to Lahore, where he will of the missionary group. He stated

NEWS FlCOM MANY LANDS

his regret, however, at the failure of in the city or are off on tour to the many missionaries-in faet most of far part of the district. In addition the missionaries-to learn the lan- to this bazaar work, for many years guage of the Indian heart-the lan- members have voluntarily carried on guage of love. This failure is the personal work among a community more disappointing because the mis- of outeastes. Less than a year ago, sionaries come to India in the name on their own initiative, Indian mem- of love, and the Indian expects, and bers of the congregation planned a has the right to expect, the manifes- campaign with the objective of win- tations of this spirit. The missionary ning this community for Christ_ preaches love, but how often his ac- They organized the work themselves: tions belie his words. and conducted it, and within the last month or two have baptized Nepal Slaves Set Free about sixty. That these converts: THE plan for the abolition of may continue to grow in their new slavery in Nepal was last re- life and in the grace of the Lord one ferred to in the Review in March. A of our Indian Christians is providing speeial cablegram to the New York the salary for a full-time teacher."

Times August 29th announced the completion of the plan at a cost of Revising the Siamese Bible D $1,366,250, an average of $25 a slave, URING the past two years, re- ports Rev. Paul A. Eakin, of the total number liberated with compensation by the Government being Bangkok, Siam, "a little group com- 51,782. The rates paid in compensa- posed of three Siamese pastors and tion ranged from $7 for a female two young evangelistic helpers-all and $5 for a male under three years graduates of the Bangkok Christian old to $35 for a female and $26 for College–and a missionary have been a male between the ages of thirteen trying to put the Scriptures of the and forty. After forty the price New Testament into more idiomatic dropped fifty per cent. Tracts of and attractive :Siamese, as well as cultivable land have been thrown produce a more accurate translation open to the emancipated slaves in the of the Greek manuscripts …. The hills, and reclamation and clearance work has given them a deeper appre- works have been started in Tarai, ciation of the true nature of the suitable advances of cash being made Scriptures. Over and over again the to the freedmen by the reclamation pastors would jot down in their per- and agricultural offices. The Tmne.~ sonal notebooks obscure texts which despatch gave the credit both for con- had flamed out anew as the real ceivinll' and carryinl? out the plan to meaning was brought ont clearly in the Prime Minister of Nepal, but their own tongue, and the light in earlier accounts have made the Ma- their faces at such times is something harajah the chief figure. one will not soon forget. "

Indians Evangelize Outoastes CHINA THE United Presbyterian Church Mission for Ricksha Coolies be!1-'an its work at .Jhelum, in the Punjab, fifty years ago. One of its T OUCHED by the hardships of the missionariei' there writes: "Most en- ricksha men in Shanghai, Mr. couraging of all is the voluntary, George Ma:theson founded in 1913 evangelistic zeal displayed by Indian a mission; especially for this latrge members of our little church. Al- group. The latest report states: though they are not paid for this ser- "During this troubled year there has vice, they continue the regular evan- been no decrease in the numbers passgelistic preaching in the bazaar, ing through the mission premises and whether the missionaries are present attending the daily and nightly gatherings in the open air, and in

the halls. Even during the disturb- Car·toons." They are issued four on ances, the usual large crowds (jn a sheet in wall-scroll form and in.- which representatives from most of tended to be shown one by one as the provinces might be found) were the Bible story is told. The sketches always present, and orderly and have heavy lines with little detail, so friendly in attitude. The usual rou- that they may be easily seen across tine was carried on uninterruptedly. the schoolroom and comprehended by Sick and injured men were sent to scholars with little Bible knowledge; hospital and the destitute were re- moreover, being in Chinese style, the lieved as usual. In visiting and open- attention of the children is not diair work large numbers of men, wo- verted by too many foreign features men, and children are reached who in the picture. would otherwise remain unknown, and in the course of this itinerant Rewards of Out-Station Work work large quantities of suitable literature are distributed, includin[! REV. R. G. COONRADT, Ameri- Scripture portions and leaflets." can Presbyterian missionary in Tsingtao, Shantung Province, since A General's Zeal for His Men 1912, writes of llis country field: "Imagine our preaching and teach- REV. FRANK A. KELLER, of ing the gospel message, day after the Hunan Bible Institute, after day, to people who never would hear describing the Christian earnestness it if we did not tell them. There is of General Chang, who was men- always just another village or town tioned in the June, 1925, REVIEW, beyond asking you to come to them, says: "Through the enthusiastic as- It means another day, but who can sistance of Chief-of-Staff Chang, the resist the call? How many hundreds way was opened for the preaching of of Christian friends at home would the Gospel to every unit of the third give so much just for this one chance, division of the Hunan armv that was and with this thought and knowing. at Changsha. One week ;e had the that Christ is calling them I have soldiers here night after night to hear extended my trip and pushed on the Gospel, and see it, too, as illus- many times. One new convert said, trated by stereopticon slides. One 'I know the foreign pastor is too busy Dr two nights we had as many as to come to my home, but I do wish fourteen hundred here. Half of he could make just one visit and help them listened to the preaching of the me explain 'the Gospel to myoId Gospel in groups of about one hun- father.' This illiterate man had been dred each while the other half saw converted while in Manchuria. He the pictures in the auditorium; then came home to take care of his aged they changed places, so that all had father, and began at once to study the privile-ge of seeing the slides. the Bible and attend church at the Sunday afternoon services were held nearest meeting place. We went to in a number of the different camps." his home and his father was baptized later, and now the man has his uncle THE Bible Picture Cartoons and many others of his town study- China Sunday School Union ing, " has issued. chiefly for use in primary and daily vacation Bible Chinese Girls in Factories schools, a spries of line sketches illustrating. in Chinese style bat not CHEFOO, in Shantung Province, Chinese figures, the life of Christ. is described in a recent report as Cooperating with a Chinese artist, "a town where hundreds of women Rev. J. P. Esney, of the Presbyterian have bound feet, but still a town of Mission in Shanghai, produced this factories where these same women series, which they call" Bible Picture trudge bravely home at clusk on their tiny feet." 'l'his past year about 150

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

girls, most of whom work from six for souls far more precious than gold in the morning until six at night, en- are being won for Christ in this rolled in the popular education night place. Six men were baptized and classes. "A Y.W.C.A. secretary on five men and three 'women were reher first visit found twenty-eight lit- ceived as candidates for baptism. tle peanut sorters, hair-net menders, One of the first group is a man of silk spinners and embroiderers, try- considerable ability but has been ing to read under one dim lamp, and rather a bad fellow, much given to some were carefully drawing charac- litigation. Thank God, there is ,a ters on their slates which said, 'The great change in him and he shows liberty of an individual is sacred and those evidences of the new birth cannot be encroached upon.' How which always rejoice the missionary's will they explain the world when they heart. Recently he greatly befriendbecome conscious of individual worth ed one of his old enemies t() such an on one hand and a twelvp-hour day extent that his heathen neighbors for women and children on the were amazed at such an exhibition of loving forbearance." other? " Texts and Pictures in Tibet Labor ProbleD1s and the Y.W.C.A. BISHOP WARD, of the Moravian THE annual report of the Y.W. Church, writes of the work of C.A. of China contains the fol- Rev. H. F. Burroughs, of Khalatse, in lowing signfficant statement: "In- the Western Himalayas: "A supply of Tibetan text-posters has been obdustrial problems have loomed large tained from Shanghai. One of these is displayed in a large frame hung in China in the last year. The agi- on the verandah, and is read by all who come to the house, often opening tation that led to the May 30th affair up the way for a talk· about the Gos- pel. The text 1 John 5: 12 is exarose from labor troubles. The ap- cellent in dealing with Buddhists, as it admits of no ambiguity. One day palling number of strikes within the some lamas from a distant lamasery arrived, and cons,iderable time was last year show an increasing unrest spent in talking about this text, and also in showing them pictures in the and dissatisfaction on the part of la- church. One of them bought a gos- pel, and Mr. Burroughs was able to mboar~ and while some of these strikes give them a good supply of tracts and have been animated by political other literature to take back to their isolated abode. Some time ago, when motives, undoubtedly many of them preaching in Khalatse, he showed Copping's picture, 'The Hope of the have had their origin entirelY in la- World'-depicting our Lord with children representative of the five bor problems. The most striking fact continents. This so took the fancy of an old man that he gave Mr. Burin the industrial world is the unpre- roughs no peace until he got him one like it. This the old man has nailed cedented growth of labor unions, pre- up in his house."

senting a factor tremendous in its JAPAN-KOREA possibilities both for good and for Press, FilD1S and Ra.dio evil. The intensity of feeling that is DESCRIBING the present mission- ary opportunity in Japan, Mrs. developing puts a burden of respon- R. P. Gorbold writes: "The atten- sibility upon Christian forces, great- er than we have ever faced before.

The Y.W.C.A., nationally and local- ly, has been aware o~ this need and has played its part m the effort to meet it."

The ViIIage of YeIIow Gold T HE origin of the name, which is thus translated, of the market town in Szechwan Province is obscure but, writes Rev. C. B. Hannah, of th~ China Inland Mission, "from a spiritual point of view· the name has now a very blessed significance,

tion of the public is being arrested the Sunday-school, with Buddhist and a desire to know more about motives, which is being attempted in Christianity aroused by at least three Japan to-day. This mixture she calls far-reaching agencies: the news- "synthetic bread." She says: "If papers, the movies and the radio. For it fails to satisfy the people, how do instance, the two English dailies the priests thrive on it? The contact edited and pUblished by Japanese, one with Western materialism has shat- in Tokyo and one in Osaka, devoted tered the faith of many priests, pages before and after Christmas Day notably the chief abbot of the largest to the Christmas message….. As to sect of Japan, Count Otani, who has the movies, no doubt the films that resigned his office, and is a business are detrimental are overwhelmingly man to-day. He argues that prayer is in the majority, but there are others logically impossible. To the world he that portray the beauty of upright is famous for his luxurious living living in striking contrast with the and his debts. Some young priests do ugliness of sin. Besides these so-called not realize that the adapted hymns moral films a number of distinctively and manuals which they use are really Bible films have been very popular. Christian hymns disguised. When And through the radio the seed is be- they awake to discover the source ing literally broadcast." (which honest study must disclose), their position becomes patlietic. They Cured Lepers Evangelists are like chemists watering down a T HE leper colony at Kwangju, first-class prescription and selling it Korea, is widely known. Dr. R. as their own patent medicine. There- M. Wilson, the physician in charge, fore, with every prayer for Japan writes: "We feel that the results of pray for the priests."

the leper work from an evangelistic point of view are as encouraging as Town Crier Calls to Church the cures from the drug treatment, R EV. Henry M. Bruen, Presbyand of course they are even more terian missionary in Taiku, permanent….. We have sent out over Korea, since 1899, writes of a unique 150 cases from the Leper Colony experience which he and a Korean whom we consider probably cures, elder had in a certain village: "We and among these Some who were dis- had agreed to visit the sarangs tinctly evangelistic in spirit have gone (guest-rooms) after supper and inout and done splendid work in start- vite all whom we fOUIid to attend the ing churches. Seven of our cured evening service. However, while we lepers have gone back to their villages were eating supper the town crier's and have started thriving churches. voice was heard calling the villagers Five cured ones are now employed as to a town gathering. Our hearts country evangelists in remote dis- sank, as it seemed this doomed to tricts, and ten are doing good work failure any attempt to get the nonfor the churches in their own villages Christians at the church. So we gave without pay. The lepers are in- up the idea of visiting the sarangs structed to watch for any active sign and had just opened our service for or return of the diseases, and to COme the Christian constituency, when the back for examination. Occasionally church door opened and the koo-chang one returns." (headman) led in a number of the Plight of Japanese Priest. villagers and requested us not to pro- ceed too fast as he was going out for MISS A. M. HENTY points out in some more. The village crier had been an interesting article in the sent out by that non-Christian head- Church Missionary meaner the spirit- man to call the people together to ual inadequacy of the combination of hear the gospel message. Shortly he Christian methods, such as those of returned with another group and we

1926J NEWS FHOM MANY LANDS

preached to a full house. After the The period between Christmas and meeting closed he sat for an hour or Easter has been settled on for the more and talked with US." campaign, which is to extend not only over the United States but in Canada Bibles in Pockets and Heads and in several European countries. Dr. Stelzle said of it: CHRISTIANITY is responsible for one change in Korean dress- This campaign will not be merely a "Gothe use of pockets, according to Mrs. to-Church" movement. Our primary object Roy K. Smith of Chairyung, Korea, is to show the country of what religion conwho says: "There were no pockets sists. The messages to be prepared by the in the old Korean coat, but the Chris- commission of 100 clel'gymen will contain tian needed a place for his Bible, for the fundamental teachings of Christianity 'coming to church without a Bible is not only with regard to personal religion practically unknown in Korea. Fol- but with reference to tbe attitude of the lowing American example he made a Church toward present-day problems. large pocket in his jacket, and later 'several on ,a sleeveless coat or vest for Forerunner of Student Movement his Bible and other prize treasures. But it is not enough to carry the Bible REV. George A_ Wilder, for many in one's hand or pocket. We have years a missionary of the Amerimany who carry great sections, even can Board in South Africa and a whole books', in their heads and can brother o,f Rev. Royal G. Wilder, Tecite without a mistake long pas- founder of the Review, writes that sages. One man walked a hundred the organization of the Student miles to recite the Sermon on the Volunteer Movement for Foreign Mount to his pastor. When he Missions at Mount Hermon in 1886 finished, he was told that was all very was preceded by a similar student well, but he must not be content with movement twelve years earlier. He having it in his head, he must have says: it in his heart and put it into -practice. His reply was: 'But that " In the year 1878, Dr. W. H. Saunders is the way I learned it. At first I and I were in Hartford Seminary. It was tried to memorize it, and it would not tben that we conceived of the idea of getting 'stick, so I tried this plan. I would into touch with others in different seminaries learn a verse, and then go out and who, like ourselves, had determined to be practice it on a heathen neighbor un- foreign missionaries. As a result, cortil it would stick.' " respondence was started and we learned, much to our joy, that students in Princeton NORTH AMERIOA were working alon'g' the same lines. In th3 year following, in June, 1879, there met in 'Plan for Advertising the Ohurch New York City a small company of students who hail pledged themselves to be foreign A CHURCH advertising campaign missionaries. This was the first gener~l gathering of student volunteers, – will be conducted by the International Advertising Association, The organized movement was founded as a formerly the Associated Advertising result of the Student Conference at Maunt Clubs of the World. A commission Hermon at the invitation of D. L. Moody 'of one hundred clergymen of various in 1886 a.nd John N. Forman (Princeton denominations will prepare the mes- Colle!!e. '84) and Robert P. Wilder (Prine,,- 'sages to be promoted. This announce- ton '86) were the first traveling secretaries. went was made by Rev. Charles 'Stelzle, D.D., President of the Church Ministry to New York Lepers Advertising department of the as- 'sociation. Dr. Stelzle is remembered R EV. ANNESLEY T. YOUNG, -as the founder both of Labor Sun- D.D., of the Episcopal City Mis- -day, nearly twenty years ago, and of sion in New York City, has interested -the Labor Temple in New York City. himself particularly in the lepers who are cared foi- by the Government on North Brother Island in the East River, opposite 140th st. The settle- ment is not permanent in the sense that the lepers are transferred as soon as possible to the government colonies

in the Gulf of Mexico. However, there Women's Christian Association, under is occasion for frequent ministrations whose auspices it has been carried on among them while they are in New for six summers was that college wom- York. The Government takes excel- en might share the experiences of lent care of these people, so that there women workers on whom they depend is not much that can be done for them for many necessities. "College wom- in a material sense; however, the en who have missed much of life's sympathy and fellowship of a repre- drudgery are eager to know in their sentative of Christ is of immense own bodies and minds what it means value. Chaplain Young has provided to be part of the present industrial a phonograph and records, a radio to system, " says the announcement.

bring in the outside world, magazines, "They will acquire concrete facts on but, especially, himself in the, mani- which to base their study of industrial festation of his concern and sym- problems. They will increase the pathy, to emphasize the spiritual side number of college people who know of life with its strength and hope. and can cooperate with industrial workers. " After working hours' the Women DiscDss Raee Question group met for informal discussions THE women members of the with labor leaders, social workers and Federal Council's Commission on employers. At all other times they the Church and Race Relations, in lived, ate and spent their leisure with cooperatiori with the Council of their fellow·workers at typical recrea- Women for Home Missions and the tion, as well as at the work bench.

National Board of the Y. W. C. A., Y. W. C. A. Membership Plan held an Interracial Conference of Church Women, September 23rd-24th I N THE news item in the June REat Eagles Mere, Pa. The objects of the VIEW on the annual Y. W. C. A. conference were: (1) To enlarge the Convention, it was stated that an scope of interracial thinking and to optional membership plan had been_ enlist the women of the churches adopted, "which permits others than more actively in improving relations members of Evangelical Christian between white and colored groups in churches to become full voting mem- America; (2) -To discuss methods of bers of the Association." The Bul- letin issued by the Federal Council of bet t e r interracial organization Churches gives the following explanathrough churches and their auxiliaries tion of this plan: so that women may more effectively act on local interracial conditions; Henceforth any city, town or rural As· (3) To exchange concrete experience sociation may choose either, to use the from groups ()of women that have al- present church membership basis which con· ready attempted to carry out inter- fines its voting and office-holding members racial programs; (4) To study the to those who are members of churches eligible to membership in the Federal past experience of organizations that Council of Churches, or the alternative per· have done such work, to learn both sonal basis which confines its voting and from successes and failures, how best o.ffice-holding members to those who have to proceed in the future. made a declaration of loyalty to the purpose of the Association, promising to endeavor to uphOld it in their Own lives and in their College Girls in Factories work in the Association. The" purpose" contains four statements embodying loyalty DURING the past summer twelve to Jesus Christ, growth in Christian character, leading young women into the college girls spent six weeks of Christian Church and becoming a social force their vacation in Chicago factories, for the extension of the Kingdom of God. having pledged themselves to live on Three fourths of the memhers of the boards, their wages. The purpose of the ex- of the officers and of voting delegates to conventions must be members of churches periment, as stated by the National eligible to membership in the Federal Student Council of the Young Council.

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

J apan.ese-American Citizens future of the mission work in Mexico.

ACCORDING to a writer in World More than half a century of faithful Call, "the Oriental problem in seed-sowing is behind us. We believe America" is a problem of the that in the next decade rapid prog- American-born. B!1ng citizens by ress will be made in the establishment right of birth they long to be treated of a self.supporting and self·governas such, yet they are not treated as ing Evangelical Church that under Americans. Their capacity for divine guidance will leaven the whole citizenship is illustrated by a pupil land. "-Christian Observer.

in the Sunday school of the Japanese Christian Church at Berkeley, Cali- Training Porto Rican P …..tor.

T fornia. The American Legion pro- HE fine spirit of cooperation which prevails among the missionmoted an essay contest with the American flag as the subject. This aries of the various denominations at thirteen-year-old girl, whose parents work in Porto Rico was referred to are Japanese, wrote the following es- in the June Review, and the union say which was adjudged one of the theological seminary was mentioned three best in California: as one of the striking. expressions of I pledge allegiance to you, flag of my that spirit. This institution is con- United States, in word and in deed. I be· trolled by a board of trustees, com- lieve you will help me to be a loyal citizen posed of one member appointed by both in peace' and in war. I believe that each of the seven cooperating deyou will lead the world, not only in strength nominations. The curriculum probut in righteousness; I believe that your vides for a three years' course for stars are the shining symbol of the eternal brotherhood of men in the world. "Old which a high school diploma and Glory," as I stand and salute your heroic about one half of a college course are eolors of Red, White, and Blue, I promise for the present required. Additional to follow y~ur ideals of "Liberty, .Justice, work and the full college course are and Peace, ' not only for America but for the world. required of candidates for the degree LATIN AMERICA of Bachelor of Theology. "The seminary," reports its president, Rev.

Reasons for Hope in Mexico James A. McAllister, "has given Porto REV. H. L. RO~S! Southern Rico a native ministry. A dozen Presbyterian mIssIOnary in years ago, as many as ten and twelve Mexico, gives the following reasons American missionaries were caring for his confidence in the future of for the Presbyterian churches. Now, Christ's klingdom in that country: all the thirty-three churches have "As we observe how nobly the Porto Rican pastors. Practically the national evangelistic workers are same is true of the other denominabracing themselves to meet the larger tions. Over a hundred men have redemands on them and their churches, ceived preparation and there are now as we become more confirmed in the about seventy-five ordained Porto conviction we have always had that Rican ministers in the seven denomithe Mexican Government is friendly nations and a considerable number toward the Protestant work, as we of preachers not yet ordained."

enjoy such cordial expressions of love and confidence on the part of our Negro Missionary in Pa.na.Dla I national fellow-workers and the mem- N THE fall of 1923, a young Pana- bers of the churches along with man Negro came to the Bible expressions of confidence and ap- House of the American Bible Society preciation by a large number of the at Cristobal, Canal Zone, with a little influential citizens of our town, and, notebook. It contained a translation above all, as we read the Great Com- of the Gospel of Matthew into the mission and tbe promise attached dialect of the Valiente Indians of thereto, we are confident as to the Panama which he wished the Bible

Society to publish. S"ecTrheti~sr"y writes ready, the rubber traders are seeking Rev. R R Gregory, of the their prey and the Indian is on the alert. In all the province of Velasco Caribbean Agency of the Society, there is a dread of the foreigner. No Indian whom we saw by the roadside "was the beginning of our acquaint- would await our approach-he im- mediately disappeared into the forest. ance with Mr. E. S. Alphonse, an un- Every house at which we called suspected us. The master of the house usu~lly gifted young man." He was invariably jumped for his rifle as we appeared and held it handy until he converted about ten years ago, and at once became especially interested in taking the Gospel to the Valiente Indians of Panama. Although some of the Indians had learned to speak Spanish, in order to reach the tribe had ascertained our business. In these as a whole Mr. Alphonse lived several two provinces of Chiquito and Velasco years among them to learn their ways. there must be at least fourteen to He not only learned to speak their fifteen thousand Indians without a language but also reduced it to writ- witness for Christ among them." ing for the first time.

EUROPE Witch Doctor's Testimony Mosques in Paris and London AN INDIAN, fifty-six years of age, MOSLEM propaganda in Europe appeat;ed before the Session of continues unabated. An Asthe church in San Felipe, Guatemala, sociated Press report described the to be admitted as a catechumen. The dedication in Paris on .July 15th of following report is given of a part the first mosque in France. Those of his examination: "I am a new who were present at the ceremony inman. I no longer have a thirst for cluded President Doumergue, Mulai drink. I feel a great shame when I Youssef, Sultan of Morocco; Lord think of deceiving my fellows with Crewe, the British ambassador; the witch doctor rites. Here is my Minister of War Guillaumat, Gen. bag of red beans. I want them to be Gouraud and many other well-known yours as a token of a sinner saved. persons. President Doumergue and Above all God has come into my life. the Sultan were escorted by a special native guard of honor. Thousands of I believe in Him. I want to serve and to honor Him. " " And do you Mohammedans from Tunis, Morocco promise with the help of God to ab- and Algeria crowded the streets leadstain from all these superstitious rites ing to the mosque. According to the in the future f" "Of course. When report, "the presence of the British you have come into the light, you ambassador was remarked as a tribute don't want to go back into the dark to its Moslem subjects by the British again, do you?" Government. "

Rubber Trade in Bolivia Students of Islam are familiar with the activities of the Moslem group at A TRIP into the interior of Bolivia W oking, London. It is now reported a few months ago is described by John M. Mackinnon in Inland South that a third mosque is soon to be America. He speaks of the deserted erected in Dulwich, another section of towns which lay in the track of the London. The Islamic World comold rubber trail from the pestilential ments: " Among' the spires and regions of Acre and the River Beni, crosses of its Christian churches may soon rise the crescent of Islam."

where the Indians had been seduced Progress in Belgian Mission and enslaved by the unscrupulous rubber traders during the days of the ENCOURAGING reports come from rubber boom. "To-day," he says, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Norton, "rubber is booming again, and terror whose work in the Belgian Gospel Mis- sion has long been familiar to readers is broadcast in these regions. AI-

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

of the Review. One such has to do or lecturers may be appointed if with the opening of a new evangelistic necessary. By Spanish law the head hall in the town of Marche in Luxem- of the college must be a Spaniard. bourg, a section of the country for The lack of religious liberty in Spain which the members of the mission had was commented on in the June been praying especially. One of them Review. writes: "After God had given us an opening in Luxembourg, He gave us New Slavic Evangelica.ls a house, then a worker, then simultaneously raised up a friend in T HE revival movement in Ukrainia, America who had never before given which was referred to in the July in a large way to the work in Belgium, Review is reported to be gaining to pay the purchase price of the new strength. The Record of the United house in ~larche." Another develop- Free Church of Scotland announces ment is the use this past summer of that in Russia besides the Baptist two motor cars, which were given by Church and the German-speaking friends of the Mission as a result of Lutheran Church, a new body, called the great blessing attending the open- "The Evangelical Christians," is in ail' work of last year, in which the process of formation. Its numbers are cal' of the Open-Air Mission of put by some at four millions, but London was so employed. In this others already give them double that itinerating campaign of evangelism, figure. This great movement is said in addition to preaching in untouched to have been caused in large measure sections of the country, a wonderful by returned prisoners of war, who in opportunity is given to distribute the tens of thousands came under deep printed Word. religious influences in certain of the camps in Germany and Hungary. Protestant Union Work in Spa.in When they went home, they took with them a new religious faith, and are WHAT is described by those who now spreading the Gospel in almost took part in it as "a great step every corner of Russia. Among these forward in the evangelization of awakening Russian Evangelicals there Spain" is the decision to establish this is a great hunger for the Bible. October a union theological school. This decision was made in April by "A Robert College for Greece" the third annual conference of the International Committee for Spanish T HAT Bulgaria was to have an Evangelization. Nine countries were institution which could be so derepresented-England, Scotland, Ire- scribed, was announced in the May land, Holland, Sweden, Germany, Review. A news item in the New York America, France and Spain. The Times on August 30th stated that Anglican, Presbyterian, Congrega~ Professor Edward Capps of the Greek tionaI, Wesleyan, Lutheran, and Department at Princeton University, French Reformed Church had each at who was United States Minister to least one representative. Twenty-five Greece during the Wilson Adminispastors and lay workers attended. tration, is now at the request of a No such representative Protestant group of Athenians organizing a gathering had ever been seen in Spain board of trustees for a nonsectarian, befo·re. The vote for this training non-political American college to be college was unanimous. There are to established. in Greece, modeled after be four professors appointed by the Robert College in Constantinople, to churches or societies concerned-the be known as Athens College. A com- Irish Presbyterian, the German mittee of prominent Athenians is en- United Committee, the Spanish and deavoring to raise $500,000 for the the Portuguese Church Aid Society, college buildings. A tract of twentythe American Board. Other teachers three acres near Athens on the road to Kyfissia has been donated as the

site of the college, and $100,000 has ment there. Miss Helen A. Davis, been raised for the buildings. Pro- who headed the party but plans to fessor Capps has requested the follow- return in December, says: ing men to serve on the board of trustees: Elihu Root, Dwight S. Mor- It has been a number of years since the row, Henry S. Pritchett, John H. first request from the Philippines came to Finley, Stephen S. Duggan, Ery the National Board for help. For financial Kehaya and Charles P. Howland. reasons it has been impossible to go be· fore. A recent cable welcomes us and asks ISLANDS OF THE SEA how they may help in the interval before onr arrival. Under the leadersh:p of the Igorot Boys Ask for Schooling Committee a club for young women has been started in Manila and has been doing ef- T HE new principal of the school fective work. This small club will be the conducted by the Protestant nucleus of our future Y. W. C. A. Episcopal Church at Baguio, on the island of Luzon, in the Philippines, GENERAL writes: "That Igorots are keen for Christianity and education is evident International Missionary Councll every day, hut it was especially so during the week when crowds of chil- T HE Committee of the Interdren came to enroll for this school national Missionary Council held year. Many of the boys wore only its session for 1926 near Rattvik, g-strings, yet everyone came prepared Sweden. to pay his matriculation fee which amounts to six pesos for the highest The meeting, which lasted from grades. We accepted nearly a hun- July 17th to 25th, was the second dred children but had to turn away held by the Committee since the last about fifty more because we 'had no meeting of the Council, which was more room j it did not seem right to convened in Oxford, England, in have more tban three boys sleeping 1923. The last previous meeting of in one bed. But some of the children the Committee was at Atlantic City, who were told to go home refused to N. J., in 1925. This one was attended go. One big boy named Tomas sat on by practically all of the regular memmy office steps for two days, in order bers, as well as by the officers and a to say, on all possible occasions, 'I few consultative members, representwill go to this school, mum.' " ing Europe, the two Americas, Asia and Africa. Dr. John R. Mott, Chair- Y. W. C. A. for the Philippines man of the Council presided. The themes which, in the main, claimed T HE Filipino young woman, Miss the time and challenged the thinking Soledad Garduno, who was de- of this group were the following: Spiritual Vitality; Presentation of scribed in the April Review as "a Y. the Christian Message in Relation to Non-Christian Faiths j Enlisting the W. C. A. pioneer," has been studying New Generation; Enlisting the Inin the training school conducted by terest and Service of Laymen; Christhe National Board in New York tian Education j Christian Literature j City. She was to accompany in Sep- Devolution Problems of Indigenous tember the first American unit of Y. Churches; Racial Questions j Human W. C. A. workers to go to the Philip- Relations in Industry, and 'Forced pines. Upon the urgent invitation of Labor; Religious Education i and the a Provisional Committee of the Philip- Next Meeting of the Council. On this pines, of which both American and last point it was decided to hold the Filipino women are members, they meeting in the spring of 1928 in will develop the Association move- Jerusalem.

books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-

THE REVIEW.

BEST BOOKS FOR THE STUDY Missionary Education, London, pp. 2]6, 2/3. OF ISLAM For a most scholarly presentation By REV. EIW'{EST W·. RWGS, BOSTON of the subject, we turn to Associate Secretary of the American Board Aspects of Islam. D. B. Macdonald. Mac· millan Co., New York. $1.75. Every alert student of missions realizes that the ancient solidity of The throbbing heart of the Moslem Islam has been softened by strange world is forbidden to the non·Moslem new fires. Moslem governments and but Burton adventurously visited the peoples are in a plastic state. To holy cities and told the story in ascertain whence are these new fires and what the influences shaping the A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to plastic mass is not an easy task. As Al-Madinah and Meccah. R. F. Burton. a guide to one really interested, a G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 1856. small list of books is recommended. We include a most excellent bio- We have not included books writ- graphical study of a noble Moslem ten as "exposing Islam," but sug- saint: gest such volumes as will provide a sufficiently broad basis for a fair A Moslem Seeker after God. S. M. Zwemer. study of Islam and the present Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $2.25. Christian approach to the Moslem. Such a general study of Islam does Although this great religion and not, however, satisfy our interest. its influences cannot be gauged ac- The present is a time of such unusual curately by studying its sacred book significance that we name three volalone, yet a good translation of the umes dealing with the changes now Koran is certainly of first importance. going on in the Moslem world: The Koran. Tr. by J. M. Rodwell. Every· Modern Movements among Moslems. S. G. man edition. E. P. Dutton & Co., New Wilson. Fleming H. Reyell Co., New York. 80 cents. York.

Accompanying the Koran, there The Moslem World in Revolution. W. Wil· shoulo be a 2'lioslem's interpretation son Cash. Edinburgh House Press, Lon· of his religion. This will best be don. 2 shillings net. found in Young Islam on Trek. Basil Mathews. The Spirit of Islam. Amir Ali. 515 pages. Missionary Education Movement, New Christophers. London. York. Cloth, $1.00; paper, 60 cents.

A fair study of Islam by one whose Studies in each separate field of viewpoint is Christian is also essen- Islam might well supplement these tiaL Several excellent books are general volumes. Because Turkey available. The briefest is in some has been the active volcano in the ways the best: molten mass, we include the follow- ing: Outline of the Religion of Islam. H. U. Weitbreeht Stanton. Missionarv Equip· Modern Turkey. Eliot G. Mears. Macmil· ment and Literature Supply, Ltd., Church Jan Co., New York. $6.00. House, 'Westminster, Loudon. 1 shilling. Turkey. Arnold· Toynbee & Kenneth Kirk· wood. Ernest Benn, Ltd. London. 15 shillings.

Somewhat longer is "The Story of The contact of Christianity with Islam "-Lunt, United Council for Islam must first be viewed historically 829

and for this purpose, there is one Shepard of Aintab. Alice S. Riggs. Misbook of outstanding importance: . sionary E.ducation Movement, New York.

The Rebuke of Islam. W. H. T. Gairdner. Clotb, $1.00; paper, 75 cents. United Council for Missionary Education, London. 60 cents. My Life and Times. Cyrus Hamlin. Pil- grim Press, Boston. 1893. 50 cents. Another volume of special value is In closing, we refer to two recent Vital ]lorces of Christianity and Islam. report volumes of permanent signifi- Oxford University Press, New York. cance: $1.20. Conference of Christian Workers among When we come to consider the Mloslems. 1924. International :Missionnewer contacts of Christian missions ary Council, 347 Madison Ave., New with the changing conditions of the York. $1.50. Moslem world, three volumes of permanent value come to mind: Christian Literature in Moslem Lands. George H. Doran Co., New York. 1923_ A Christian Approach to '[slam. Jas. L. $2.50. Barton. Pilgrim Press, Boston. 50 cents. The Editor adds the following list The Moslem World of Today. John R. of books of special interest and value Mott and others. George H. Doran Co., on various phases of the subject. The New York. $2.50. 1926. mission study books on the subject have already been mentioned. The Moslem. :Facel! the :Future. T. R. P. Sailer. Missionary Education Movement, The Arab at Home. Paul W. Harrison. 8 New York. 254 pages. $1. (A study vo. $3.50. Thomas Y. Crowell. New book). York. 1924.

The dramatic possibilities of the Islam-A Challenge to Faith. Samuel M. present situation are presented in a Zwemer. 8 vo. Student Volunteer Moveplay: ment. New York. 1907.

Osman Pasha. Rapp. The Century Co., History of Protestant Missions in the Near New York. 145 pages. $1.25. East. Julius Richter. 8 vo. $2.50. Flem- ing H. Revell 00. 1910. Another play, easily staged by a church or Sunday school, has been A History of the Arabian Mission. A. Dewritten by Miss Wilcox: Witt Mason and F. J. Barny. 8 vo. $1.25. Reformed Church in America. New York. Kasim. Helen Wilcox. Missionary Educa· 1926. tion Movement, New York. 50 cents. An American Physician In Turkey. Clar- For a study of old conditions, ence D. Ussher. 8 va. Houghton, Miffiin which still prevail in most of the .CO. Boston. 1917. Moslem world, we mention Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Our Moslem Sisters. Annie Van Sommer Frontier. T. L. Pennell. 8 vo. Lippin- and S. M. Zwemer. Fleming H. Revell, cott. Philadelphia. 1909. New York. $1.25. A History of the Arabian Mission. Rev. The hope of progress is happily Alfred DeWitt Mason, D.D., and Rev. brought out in Frederick J. Barny. mus. 8 vo. 256 pp. $1.25. Board of Foreign Missions, Re- Memoirs of Halide Edib Hanum. Century formed Church in America. New York. Co., New York. 372 pages. $4. ]926.

A few missionary biographies will Arabia, the land of romance and of be found especially helpful in this legend, is also a land of reality. It is study: known as the birthplace of Moham- med and the Koran, the land of great Raymund Lull: First Missionary to the deserts, the home of wandering tribes, Moslems. S. M. Zwemer. Funk and Wagnalls Co., New York. 75 cents. Of camels and horses and dates; but Henry Martyn: Confessor of the Faith. few know Arabia as the scene of Constance Padwick. George H. Doran heroic missionary adventure for God Co., New York. $1.50. and humanity. This latter story is told here. After a preliminary de- scription of the land, the people, their history, civilization, education and re- ligion, the authors-one of whom is a missionary to Arabia-tells the inspir- and Mexico brought back effective ap- ing story of how the Arabian mission peals.

was founded in faith thirty-seven H is worth while now and then to years ago; how the stronghold .of read a book like this, which tells of Islam was entered; how the work has opportunities seized which are missed been extended and strengthened until by most of us, which tells of work now there are five stations, manned well done in the common world in by forty American missionaries, as- which most of us live, which tells of sisted by twenty-two native Christian faith staggered by sorrow, but helpers. It is a story of prejudice strengthened by friendship_ The overcome, women and children en- author well closes her book with the lightened and friends won to Christ. poem by Alfred Noyes, entitled: It is. an intimate record of faith, of THE GIFT THE DEAD DESIRE courage, of sacrifice, of achievementone that is worthy of a place in the There's but one gift that all our dead desire, annals of missions and that enlarges One gift that men can give, and that's a the list of the" Heroes of Faith." dream, Unless we, too, can burn with that same tire Of sacrifice: Die to the things that seem.

Morgenrote in Japan. Dr. Emil Schiller, Die to the little hatreds; die to greed; Superintendent in Kyoto. pp. 51. and Die to the old ignoble selves we knew; Map and Halftone Illustrations, pp. Die to the base contempt of sect and creed, VIII. Priee 6() Pfennigs. Allegemeine- And rise again like these, with souls as true. Evangelisch-Protestantischer Missions- verein. Berlin. 1926. W. J.H.

This attractive booklet tells of the The Task of the Christian Church. A World Survey. Foreword by Dr. Thomas work of the Allgemeine-Evangelisch- Cochrane. 8vo. 141 pp. World Domin- ion Press. London. 1926. Protestantischer lYIissionsverein which Using the World Missionary Atlas, has carried on mission work in Japan the Statesman's Year Book and the Mission Year Books as sources ior for the last 40 years. '1'he book gives statistics, the compilers of this re- ligious world survey have gathered a comprehensive view of the work 01 a valuable collection of facts about all the countries of the world. Each the society and its methods, in ten country is listed, with information about the area, population and chapters, of which the two most in- teresting discuss the question whether J·apan needs Christianity and whether the old religions can satisfy the mod- ern Japanese mind. T. B.

The Life Story of Alice Culler Cobb. Mary Protestant mjssions, and the task of Culler White. Illustrated. 240 pp. the Church in that country is briefly $1.50. New York. 1925. set forth. .Much of the information This charming life story lays no is not new and some countries are claim to greatness but is told pri- dealt with very meagerly, but as a marily for the sake of those who love handbook of world-wide missions it will be especially useful to those who or ought to love Wesleyan College, wish general iniormation. Georgia.

Mrs. Cobb was born in the Old American Relations with China. 8 va. South and her school days closed 225. $1.50. Johns Hopkins Press. Balshortly before the Civil War. For timore. 1926. more than forty years her life was knit with that of Wesleyan College The conference of Missionary and the care of a large household with Board representatives, Chinese and growing children, seemed not to rob diplomats held at Baltimore last her teaching of success. In the later September is already well known. years, she became a Secretary for This volume reports the addresses and discussions on treaties, extrater- Women's Work in the Foreign De- ratoriality, customs control, indus- partment of her Board of Missions trial conditions, missions, etc. There and from her travels in the Orient is also an excellent bibliography, Do You Know?

Who built the Ark? was the Drst Chri.tian martyr?

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11==:~:~:=:==:=~;~=~~J A Correction, ieal regions mentioned in the Old and New Testaments. REV. E. D. LUCAS, D.D. succeeded Dr. .T. C. R. Ewing as president of Forman DR. ADOLF KELLER, European Secretary of Christian College, Lahore, India, in 191!"l. the Federal Council of Churches, is to de- Jlev. H. D. Griswold, Ph.D., 'has not been liver a course of lectures this autumn at president of the College, as stated in the the University of Znrich on the problems of Personals in our Angust nnmber, but American Protestantism. has been president of the Board of Direc· tors, from which position he has recently RJOHARD C. MORSE, LL.D., former general resigned, his place being taken by Dr. H. secretary of the International Committee C. Velte. of the Y.M.C.A., and now eighty-five years of age, has attended every world's confer- *" ence bnt one since 1872, and was the oldest delegate at the recent Y.M.C.A. conference PERSONALS in Helsingfors, Finland.

MRS. LEWIS L. ANllWALT, of Allentown, *** Pa., has been elected President of the Woo man's Missionary Society of the Reformed BISHOP LOGAN H. RolYI'S, chajrman of the Church in the United States. Honse of Bishops of the Chinese Church, was appointed by its General Synod to * spend the summer Visiting the Chinese Christians in the Philippines, Singapore, MISS Luoy H. DAWSON has resigned as and Borneo, in response to a reqnest from Secretary for Promotion in the Board of the bishops of those territories. National Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. *** WIMJAM T. ELLIS, LL.D., has recently re- MR. AND MRS. .ToHN J. BREMAN are the tnrned from a ten months' tour of Bible first missionary candidates to be accepted lands, wherein he covered all the geograph.

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XLVII NUMBER·S·

~UGUST, 1924 THE STEWARTS AS CHRISTIAN STEWARDS STORY OF MILTON and LYMAN STEWART CROWN JEWELS GATHERED AT CROWN POINT . HENRY BEETS ALBANIA—A NEGLECTED FIELD PHINEAS B. KENNEDY THE RELIGIOUS SITUATION IN BULGARIA R. H. MARKHAM THE RELIEF OF THE STUDENTS OF EUROPE FRED H. RINDGE, Jr.

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PERSONALS REV. JAMES M. HENEY has been elected President of Canton Christian College, with DE. AND MRS. HOWAED TAYLOE are ex- Wb,g Kiung·cho,ng as As'sociate President.

pected to take part in a conference which *** the China Inland Mission is to hold in GASTON DOm[]i:RGUE; the newly-elected President of France, is a Protestant, the Toronto Sept. 15th to 17th, after which first for many years to hold this position in France. He formerly resided in the French Mrs. Taylor will engage in literary work colonies of Algeria and Indo·China. and Dr. Taylor fill a number of speaking engagements. *•* RE'. WILLIAM HIRAM FOUKES, D.D., has *** resigned as General Secretary of the New REV. WM. B. BomrER, for nearly 37 years a missionary of the Presbyterian Era organization of the Presbyterian Chnrch in Chile, has now retired from active service and is at work preparing a Chris- Church in the U. S. A. 10 ac,cept the pastor- tian hymnal in Spanish at the request of the Mission. His address is 41 Reid Ave., ate of the First Presbyterian Church of Port Washington, Ni!w York.

Cleveland, Ohio. •** *** REV. CHARLES H. PRATT, D.D., has been appointed to fill the chair of Missions and Evangelism recently established in the CIIARLES H. FARS, direetor of the Mis- sionary Research Library of New York, who Pr8Bbyterian Theological Seminary of Louis- was taken seriously ill in London, has now ville, Ky. returned to the United States. *** *** REV. MORRIS W. EHNE.'l, D.D., for the REV. R. A. TORRIDY, D.D., has recently past four years treasurer of the Committee r8Bigned as Dean of the Los Angeles Bible on Conservation and Advance of the M. E.

Church, has been elected treasurer of the Board of Foreign Missions, to succeed Dr. Institute. * • *.

George M. Fowles~ * * REV. FREDERIC H. SENE"!' was elected Presi- OBITUARY dent and REV. R. A. ,TAFFRAY of Sonth China FREDERICK H. NEALE, formerly a m~ssion­ Vice·President of the Christian and Mis- ary of t~e China. Inland Mission, dIed in sionary Alliance at t.he annual meeting of the council in Toronto. May at hIS home Ul Ventnor, N. J.

Plea.se mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF TI!E WORLD In writing to advertisers, THE MISSIONARY Review 0 f the World DELAVAN L. PIERSON. EditoJ CONTENTS FOR AUGUST. 1924 FRONTISPIECE ……….. USING THE STEWART MONEY TO EVANGELIZE CHINA Page 589 EDITORIALS ………………………………………….. : ………. . JAPANESE EXCLUSION AND MISSIONS METHODIST WATOHES AND MISSION.RY DEFICITS THE CoMmG FOREIGN MISSIONS CONVEN'fI(1N EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANITY IN ITALY THE STEWARTS AS CHRISTIAN STEWARDS 595 The story of the success of two r;onscC"rated oil operators and the growth of their Christian benefactions at home and abroad.

CROWN JEWELS AT CROWN POINT …………………… HENRY BEETS 603 An inspiring account of the results of the n'ork of the Chr-istia1lJ Reformed Church for the Indians of New Mexico.

THE RELIGIOUS SITUATION IN BULGARIA ………….. R. H. MARKHAM 607 An'()ther neglected European field, in need of the Gospel of Christ, is described by a missWnary of the Ame-Nean Boord.

ALBANIA-A NEGLECTED FIELD ., ….. , .. ,' ……. PHINEAS B. KENNEDY 610 A letter from the only P1·ote.otant Christian missionary from America now working among the Moka.mmedans Vn the mounta~ns of Albania-.

THE RELIEF OF THE STUDENTS OF EUROPE . . . . . . . FRED H. RINDGE, JR. 613 The sad pM,ght of young men lMIil yomLtJ women in Central Europe wM Me seeking an eduoation and preparation for leaiIership but a're without funds to pay theiA' living expenses.

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CHINESE SCRIPTURElS AND TRACTS TO GOSPEL

EVANGELISM ON A GOSPEL BOAT IN CHINA y, C. Hsiao, a leader of a Gospel Band, is here talking with three young Chinese in the guest hall on a Stewart Mission boat USING THE STEWART MONEY TO EVANGELIZE CHINA (See Page /j9fj)

'TIiEMlS-SIONARY

EVIEW'

VOL. AUGUST, 1924 NUMBER XLVII EIGHT JAPANESE EXCLUSION AND MISSIONS I T IS DIFFICULT to understand why any sane body of men, leg- islating for a great nation, will jeopardize friendly relations with another nation by passing a law that excludes only about one hundred and fifty undesirable aliens a year from a land of over one hundred million people. Yet this is practicallv what the United States Congress has done in passing the law t~ exclude Orientals, against the advice of the President and his Cabinet. The law has greatly offended Japan, while the same end might have been gained by continuing the "Gentleman's Agreement."

This law, which does not refer specifically to Japanese but to any alien laborers not eligible for American citizenship, has not only caused disturbance in Japan and a desire to boycott all things Amer- ican, but it adds considerably to the difficulties of the Christian mis- sionaries who have so unselfishly gone to offer the Japanese the benefits of the Gospel of Christ. Naturally, by the uninformed, Chris- tianity is looked upon as an alien religion and in Japan the anti- American feeling extends to American goods, American institutions, American customs and ideals and what is looked upon as the religion of America. A missionary from Japan writes: "The Japanese are taking very seriously the passage of the Ex- clusion Act by Congress. They considered the 'Gentleman's Agree- ment' a final settlement of the immigration problem and were satis- fied with its operation. It will probably affect our missionary work adversely because-in the popular mind-the missionary, Ohristian- ity, and the United States are very closely related, and to have the United States Congress pass a measure so insulting to the Japanese . is sure to result in the criticism of the United States as unjust and Christianity as an ideal system for preaching but not always con- venient for practice. It is really surprising to see the calibre of many of our Senators revealed to such disadvantage before the world. I knew that some of them were very provincial in their outlook, but 589

hardly expected them to deal with a delicate matter such as this Japanese immigration question with so little tact. There is a tremendous lot of work to be done in Japan to spread the news of the Gospel of Christ, but we are forcibly reminded that in the United States, too, much remains to be done to put across the idea of brotherhood and friendly interest in and love for the fellow somewhat removed from us. "

Another missionary writes from Yokohama: "No doubt you have been reading reports of riots, mobs, and boycotting in Japan because of the passing of the Exclusion Act. Not only politicians and business men have taken part in these activities but even leaders of the Christian Church in Japan are earnestly considering what action to take.

"The following is the translation of a postcard that came to many missionaries: 'We Japanese are not so foolish as to hear the noble teachings of Christ, whose principle was universal brotherhood, from Americans who practically deny it. Leave Japan at once and return to your own country! Preach your perverted Christianity to your own countrymen. Ask your own conscience and it will show you the truth of what we say.'

"How is the Church of Japan to explain such things to a people who are not eager to know about Christianity, even when things are at their best?

"Fortunately, all the Japanese are not so bitter. Many Japanese Christian workers assure us that the things we see in the papers are exaggerated. They assure us that they have no desire to have us leave the country, but wish to continue to work with us. They fully expect to meet with persecution, but have faith in America that the people will do the Christian thing. They ask eagerly what the Church at home has been doing since the first protest to the Act. What is the Church going to do about it T "The following statement was sent by the Alumnre of Ferris Seminary, Yokohama, a school of the Reformed Church in America, asking the Christian people to work for a satisfactory solution of the problem.

That broad and highminded Christians in America do not in the least sympathize with the action of Congress is made clear by many public utterances, and by timely articles and editorials in the press. On July 2d, a number of prominent public men met for luncheon in New York, at the invitation of Dr. James H. Franklin, to honor Dr. rrsunejiro Miyaoka, one of the distinguished lawyers and pUblicists of Japan just now passing through America to England. Dr. Miyaoka is an honorary member of the American Bar Association and of the Canadian Bar Association, whose meetings he has come over to attend. Twenty years ago, he was Japanese Charge d'Affaires at Washington and has since occupied many other important posts. By special request, Dr. Miyaoka now serves as the Far Eastern Correspondent of the Trustees of the Carnegie Peace Fund and is a member of the Advisory Council in Europe of its Division of Intercourse and Education. He has been appointed Secretary General for Japan of the Conciliation International of France and the correspondent of the American Association for the International Conciliation.

EDITORIAL COMMENTS

At the luncheon on July 2nd, addresses, made by Dr. Hamilton Holt, ex-Attorney General Wickersham and others, gave positive evidence of the high regard that Ohristian Americans have for the .Japanese and of their chagrin at the action of the United States Congress. It is earnestly to be hoped that such political actions will not discredit the Gospel of Ohrist which is for all men, without distinction as to race, color or nationality.

METHODIST WATOHES AND MISSIONARY DEFICITS M ANY powerful sermons have been preached on "The Widow's Mite," and many church offerings have been enlarged be- cause of her self-sacrificing example. Will similar sermons be preached on "The Bishop's 'Watch," and with similar results?

The Methodist Episcopal Board of Foreign Missions is in a serious plight, with an accumulated debt of two and a quarter million dollars. The new Executive Oommittee of the Board met in June with new secretaries, a new treasurer, new problems and an old debt. It was suggested that a cut of twenty-five per cent would be necessary on the coming year's appropriations and this would only partially. meet the deficit. It seemed like acknowledging defeat for it would mean a reduction of one million, two hundred thousand dollars and would involve a recall of missionaries in many lands, the abandonment of building plans, the cutting down of hospital work, the closing of schools and the dismissal of many native workers-a retreat all along the line. A call was sounded by the members of the Oommittee for heroic giving to pay the debt before September 1st. The Presbyterians had achieved the seemingly impossible task, why should not the Methodists do the same~ A new member of the Board (Dr. L. O. Hartman) was moved to set the example by donating his watch-or the price of his watch-to the cause. If fifty thousand Methodists would do the same as an extra offering for world-wide missions, the financial crisis would be met successfully. The slogan "Give Your Watch to Olear the Debt" might serve to save the day. While some ridiculed the idea as sentimental and others hesitated, the campaign was launched by the new Bishop of India, Dr. Benton T. Badley, Bishop Wilson, the chairman of the Oommittee, Dr. Frank Mason North, Secretary-Oounsel of the Board, who promptly donated their watches-thirty in all-to the treasury, later redeeming them for $1,500.

The campaign was on even before a motion had been put. Night letters were sent to all of the bishops of the Ohurch asking them to follow the example set by the Executive Oommittee and to send their watches or checks to the treasurer. The responses are coming in and the challenge will continue to go out to American Methodists all over the world. Possibly the watches will pay the debt. In some way it

should be done. Two million, two hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars is not a large sum for over four and a quarter million Methodists (North); but it is a very large debt for the Board.

The gift of bishops' watches or their equivalent may have a psy(,hological effect on Methodists and may stimulate similar donations, but the problem is not solved by this spasmodic and dramatic giving. A great work is to be done, demanding real sacrifice and a principle of stewardship to be practiced intelligently and conscien· tously. Dramatic appeals may serve Ii temporary purpose but devotion to Christ, a knowledge of the great need of men for the Gospel, and a sense of personal responsibility to carry out His commissionthese are the only adequate motives that will serve to carryon the work to a successful conclusion. Vith such motives powerfully acting orr the Church, we may have a sense of partnership with God and will realize that it is worth while to sacrifice not only property, time and talents but life itself that God's will may be known and done throughout the earth.

THE ,COMING FOREIGN MISSIONS CONVENTION T HE Ecumenical Foreign Missions Conference in New York in 1900 was an epoch-making event. Another was the Edinburgh Conference of 1910. Next year the Foreign Missions Confer- ence of North America, which represents the foreign mission organi- zations of Canada and of the United States, is to hold a similar gathering in Washington, D. C. The program will deal with the world field from the standpoint of the home-base. And Protestant national missionary organizations outside of North America are be- ing invited to send fraternal delegates.

The Committee on Arrangements has announced that the meeting will be held from January 28 to February 2, 1925, and that the at- tendance will be limited to 5,000 delegates, appointed by the Foreign Mission Boards and Societies of the United States and Canada. The Committee recommends that the delegation from each Board include officers and members of the Boards, pastors, laymen and laywomen in equal numbers, church officials, theological and college professors, foreign missionaries at home on furlough, and student volunteers.

The convention program will include the following features: two platform meetings each day with the best available speakers, a series of simultaneous conferences each afternoon, and meetings of representatives of denominational groups to consider the best meth- . ods of carrying to the churches the results of the Convention.

The Convention will be an educational, not a deliberative or leg- islative assembly. It will not deal with questions and problems of administration on the mission field, but its messages will be designed to enlarge the interest and deepen the conviction of the Christians

at the home base as to their responsibilities and opportunities for world-wide evangelism and the establishment of Ohristian ideals.

This convention will take the place of the usual annual Foreign Missions Conference. It is an opportune time to bring together the leaders of the different Protestant communions of North America and should give a great impetus to the spiritual life of the churches and inspire them to greater sacrifice for the cause of Ohrist in the world. Leaders of Christian f-orces in other lands will be invited to make their contribution to the convention. If this inspiring hope is to be realized, all who are interested in the progress of Ohrist's Kingdom must give themselves earnestly to prayer that the committee in charge of the arrangements may be wisely guided by Almighty God, the source of all power.

Further information in regard to the Convention may be obtained from Secretaries of Foreign Mission Boards or from F. P. Turner, Secretary. Foreign Missions Conference, 25 Madison Avenue, New York.

EVANGELICAL CHR.ISTIANITY IN ITALY f l . AS'. the seat of the. P~pal hierarchy, Italy ha..s been the c.enter of Roman OatholIc mfluence and propaganda. Waldensmns and – other' evangelical Christians ,h3:,ve be,en very much -'ifi:the minority and any missionary activity on their part has raised the cry of "proselytism." Nevertheless, the Waldensian and the Italian Evangelical Ohurches have flourished in the face of opposition. The simplicity of Protestant doctrine, life and worship stands in marked contrast to the ornate Papal ritual and elaborate system of doctrine. These latter have been perpetuated and promoted by great cathedrals, by magnificent paintings, sculptures, and shrines while Protestant ecclesiastical art and ceremonies have been more simple.

The Italian State separated from the Roman Church in 1878, and since the Pope has been deprived of his temporal power, the Church has lost some of its prestige and authority. The Evangelical Churches have, in the meantime, increased in strength. The Evangelical forces in Italy include chiefly the Waldensians, the British Bible Society, the Scotch Presbyterians, the American Baptists (South) and the American Methodists, all conducting active Protestant missionary work. In spite of the inherited prejUdice against the Protestants, many Italians are forming habits of Bible reading and are coming to understand its teaching~ as to the way of life. The American Methodists, who have been in Italy for forty years, have built some excellent buildings, including a new Collegiate Institute for boys on Monte Mario in Rome, not far from the Vatican. Their girls' school in Rome has about five hundred pupils. Protestant orphanages, a theological seminary and evangelical publishing houses are also helping to spread Christian truth and to train enlightened Christian leaders for these people who are more and more asserting their independence from Papal dictation. The motto" Italy for the Italians" may yet be transformed into "Italy for Christ."

STEWART'S INVESTMENT FOR THE TRAINING OF CHINESE CHRISTIAN

The Na.n-Yoh Bible School buildings at the foot of one of the encred mountains of China.. Personal work is done among the pilgrims as they ]eave for their homes. Dr. Frank A. Keller, Director.

LYMAN STEWART'S INVESTMENTi FOR THE TRAINING OF AMERICAN CHRISTIAN WORKERS-LOS ANGELES BIBLE INSTITUTE MONUMENTS TO MILTON AND LYMAN STEWART (See Article ~1! Page 595)

USE OF THE STEWART FUND FOR THE EVANGELIZATION OF

Both Milton and Lyman Stewart contributed largely to this work of tra.lntng 156 Chinese evangelists and sen.ing them out with Christian literature on twelve boats-one leader and twelve students on each boat-all under t.he direction of Dr. ;Frank A. Keller. The Biola Evangelists are here putting up gospel posters.

The Stewarts as Christian Stewards A Sketch of Milton and Lyman Stewart of California O UR Lord set a precedent in calling brothers 8S laymen, and consecrating them to His serviee, when He summoned James and John, and Andrew and Peter to be His disciples. Two other brothers who gave themselves wholly to Christ and His service are Milton and Lyman Stewart, recently called Home after years of wonderfully rich service as Christian stewards of wealth.

The story of these two brothers is a wonderful example and inspiration to other business men. The older, Milton Stewart, fell asleep in Christ on November 20, 1923, at the age of eighty-five. He devoted his wealth especially to evangelism through the distribution of Bibles and tracts in non-Christian lands. Lyman Stewart, who departed to be with Christ on September 28, 1923, (two months earlier than his brother), at the age of eighty-three, was the founder and president of the Los Angeles Bible Institute, which has trained hundreds of Christian evangelists for home and foreign service.

595

MILTON STEWART"

The life of Milton Stewart has proclaimed a message of faithful Christian stewardship that has been heard around the .world. He was one of the most successful figures of the petroleum industry in America, and, as a Christian layman, gave the greater part of his fortune and the best thought of a keen mind to the advancement of the Kingdom of God and the proclamation of the Gospel of Christ. Milton Stewart furthered great religious projects in a manner distinctively his own, frequently being unknown except to a few close associates, content to see a good work go forward without any credit being given to his own part in it. Dr. R. A. Torrey dedicates his book, "The God of the Bible," to Mr. Stewart as follows: "To my gl'eatly honored parish- ioner and beloved friend, Milton Stew- art, who has done more by his upright, consistent and humble character and by his munificent and .widely and wisely distributed gifts to promote in Hlany lands the knowledge of 'The God of the Bible' than any other- man of whom I know, this book is affec- tionately inscribed 'by the author without Mr. Stewart's consent or knowledge.' , The life story of Milton MILTON STEWART Stewart is inseparable from that of his brother, Lyman Stewart.

Theil' brotherhood was not only of blood, but heart and spirit, a harmonious mingling of aspiration and inspiration that resulted in great helpfulness and service to their fellowmen.

Milton Stewart was born at Cherrytree, Venango County, Pennsylvania, September 24, 1838, son of , iVilliam Reynolds and Jane M.

(Irwin) Stewart, grandson of Elijah and Lydia (Reynolds) Stewart. He was educated in the public schools of Cherrytree and at Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania. After teaching school for one year he went to Ohio and secured employment on a farm, planning to master agriculture, but returned to Pennsylvania shortly after the first oil well was drilled in the United States. Catching the fever 6f oil excitement, he leased land and began drilling in the Titusville field.

When Lyman Stewart went to California, Milton Stewart also • We quote largely from the biographical material gathered by Clyde F. Ryan of the American Historical Society of New York and from information and p'hotographs furnished by Mrs, Llman Stewart 0:: Los Angeles.

THE STEWARTS AS CHRISTIAN STEWA.RDS

acquired interests in the California oil fields, and the two later be- came large stockholders in the Union Oil Company, which developed from a small corporation of five million dollars to one of one hun- dred million dollars capital. Milton Stewart was an expert practical oil operator, thoroughly informed on all branches of this important industry. His finely balanced judgment and acute business sense were heavily relied upon by his associates. Milton maintained a home at Titusville, Pennsylvania, until 1920, but visited California almost annually. In conjunction with his brother, he developed large tracts of land for growing oranges.

The Stewa rts were members of the Presbyterian Church but their ideal of religious commu- nion was one in which any de- voted follower of the Lord could find a place. Their mis- sionary efforts were in loyal obedience to the Lord's com- mand : "Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature." In 1910, Mil- ton set aside a large block of Union Oil Company Stock for the establishment of the Milton Stewart Evangelistic Fund, to aid in spreading the Gospel in foreign lands. Mr. Wm. E.

Blackstone, who was especially interested in missionary work in China, became the trustee of this fund, and with an advisory LYMAN STEWART committee of three other men, has administered it to the leading evangelical mission boards, includ- ing Presbyterian, Methodist,. Baptist and many of the "Faith Mis- sions," such as the China Inland Mission and others. It has thus enabled them to do a great deal of evangelistic work which would not have been otherwise possible. Almost three million dollars have been disbursed in the support of nearly one hundred missionaries, preach- ers, and evangelists, in the maintenance of Bible schools, and in dis- tributing Christian literature throughout the world. Milton Stewart and his brother, Lyman, also contributed $300,000 for the publication of twelve volumes on "Christian Fundamentals," written by leading theologians of the various denominations, covering the basic prin- ciples. of Christian faith. These volumes were distributed free throughout the English-speaking world to ministers, missionaries, and other Christian students and workers.

While he was intensely loyal to Christ and the Bible, Lyman

Stewart had a deep-rooted aversion to controversy. Words fail to convey the impression of his calm, steadfast, confident outlook upon life, and his broad tolerance.

On December 23,1880, he married Ella J. Marsh, who died January 11, 1911. Later he married Mary Wickett, of York, Canada.

Milton Stewart was an outstanding example of what a Christian layman can be and do for God. Quietly, unobtrusively, he administered his funds in a wise manner. He was in hearty fellowship with the Bible Institute of Los Angeles, and a generous contributor to the erection of the Institute buildings in Los Angeles, as well as those of the Hunan Bible Institute in China, the administration building there being known as "Milton Stewart Hall." He also supported several of the colportage bands in connection with the boat work of the Hunan Bible Institute.

LYMAN STEWART To Lyman Stewart, the Union Oil Company, of which he was president, was of secondary importance to the Bible Institute of Los Angeles; of which he was the founder. To him the practical problems of business life were bound up with those connected with the spiritual well-being of his fellows, all fulfilling their part in a plan of the Great Designer.

The story of Lyman Stewart's life has exceptional significance in the history of the oil industry in America and in religious and missionary endeavor throughout the world. Through his life, and that of his brother Milton, there came to countless numbers in many lands a richer, fuller, eternal life as it is found in Jesus Christ.

Lyman Stewart was born at Cherrytree, Venango County, Pennsylvania, July 22, 1840. His father was the proprietor of a small tannery, and Lyman Stewart learned the tanning trade, although he disliked the business and wished to take up farming. He was favored with but few educational advantages, his school attendance being limited to two or three months a year in the country schools of the region.

In December, 1859, four months after the first oil in America was drilled by Colonel Drake, Lyman Stewart invested his savings, one hundred dollars, in Titusville, and until the Civil War, engaged in the new industry. In September, 1862, he enlisted in Company E, Sixteenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Oavalry, serving until his honorable discharge on June 17, 1865. Upon his return to civil life, he seized the opportunity to improve his educational equipment and completed a six months' course at Eastman's Business College at Poughkeepsie, New York. Returning to Titusville in March, 1866, he resumed his oil operations in association with his brother, Milton, at Pioneer, Pennsylvania. After almost a score of years in thE)

THE STEWARTS AS CHRISTIAN STEWARDS

Pennsylvania fields he moved to Los Angeles, California, in April, 1883. He formed an association with W. L. Hardison and began the development of property in Pica Canyon, and near Santa Paula, suc- cess attending their efforts almost from the start. Three oil com- panies were merged as the Union Oil Company in October, 1890, and Mr. Stewart became president in October, 1894. The Union Oil Com- pany is now capitalized at one hundred million dollars, controls over seven hundred thousand acres of oil land on which there are six hundred producing wells, and has an average daily output of eighty thousand barrels.

At the outset of Lyman Stewart's career, five successive "dry holes" exhausted his capital and caused the loss of his drilling tools. Disaster seemed imminent, but a loan of ten thousand dollars by a lifelong friend, 1. W. Hellman, offered the means of a new start which was rewarded with the prosperity that is now a part of Cali- fornia oil history. Mr. Stewart is credited with building the first refinery in California and with being the first. to construct a tank vessel on the Pacific coast. He is also known for pioneer work in connection w.ith the first oil burning locomotive in the early '80s. Mr. Stewart's relations with his business associates merit mention. Their welfare and happiness, from the humblest employee to the most trusted official, were never far from his thoughts, and included a generous and comprehensive plan of profit-sharing.

Side by side with Mr. Stewart's eminence in the petroleum in- dustry stands his name as a Christian worker. From early youth he gave heed to Christian teachings and. church work, and as he prospered in his business he was able to devote more time and money to the spreading of the Gospel. He knew in Whom he believed and he asked nothing more than the opportunity to further the great Cause in which he had enlisted. For three years, he was president of the Young Men's Christian Association; helped to organize Immanuel Presbyterian Church, of which he was a charter member and ruling elder; cooperated in the organization of the Pacific Gospel Union Mission, and assisted in the foundation of a Bible institute which later became the Bible Institute of Los Angeles, with which his name must be identified as long as its work endures. This Institute had its formal inception February 25, 1908, when the work of a Young Men's Bible Class organized in 1906 by Reverend T. C. Horton, of Immanuel Presbyterian Church, and a Young Women's Class, organized in 1907 by Mrs. T. C. Horton, were coordinated under the name of The Bible Institute of Los Angeles. A permanent organization was effected February 25, 1908. From the beginning the work of the Institute was evangelistic, and made remarkable progress during the first three years of its existence. In 1911, Dr. R. A. Torrey, formerly connected with the Moody Bible Institute, was called as dean and in June, 1912, ground was brQken for the new

buildings on Hope Street. Founded upon the Bible, the whole Bible and the pure Gospel of Christ, the Institute conducts a free school of Bible instruction, and reaches out into every avenue of Christian endeavor to bring men and women to Christ. The student body has had a total enrollment of two thousand seven hundred and sixty-five, the day students during 192;~ numbering six hundred and sixty-two, with one hundred and twenty-six graduates. The evening school had an enrollment of four hundred and ninety-nine, and from its inception to January 1, 1924, its graduates have numbered eight hundred and four. There is also a correspondence school with a total of three thousand and fifty-six on its rolls. One hundred and eighty men and women, who have been trained under the teachers of the Institute, are now doing effective work in the foreign field. Every state in the Union and twenty-four foreign countries are represented in the student body, as well as fifty-eight deuominations. A large number of preachers and a host of pastoral helpers, Sunday-school teachers, Bible women and others engaged in aggressive, active Christian work, are numbered among its alumni.

Lyman Stewart and his brother gave hearty support to the Institute and to missionary work in China under the direction of Dr. Frank A. Keller, for many years a member of the China Inland Mission. Dr. Keller had been impressed by the way foreigners and Chinese distributed in the shops and houses attractive little boxes containing samples of American cigarettes. Dr. Keller said: " As we saw their strenuous work and heard of their far-reaching plans, and thought of the thousands and thousands of towns and villages whose millions of people had never heard of Christ, or even seen a copy of God 's Word, our hearts were filled with shame and throbbed with a great ambition to be equally comprehensive in plan, wise in method, and prompt in action for our King. .. The heads of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles saw the vision, they heard the cry of the twenty-two million people of Hunan, and accepted, as a commission from God, the task of visiting, so far as possible, everyone of Hunan's four million, two hundred and sixty-eight thousand homes, to tell the people of Jesus Christ, and to leave with them, as a free gift, copies of God's Word, or portions of it."

Mr. Stewart's zeal for the successful continuance of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (" Biola" as it is termed among its workers) is illustrated by the fact that during the early years of the World War, when the present beautiful building was in course of erection, he took a heavy loss on a block of Union Oil Company stock in order to secure money for the building.

In 1867, Lyman Stewart married Sarah Adelaide Burrows, who died February, 1912, survived by three children. Four years later he married Lula M. Crowell, who had been his personal secretary for thirteen years.

At the time of Lyman Stewart's death o~ September 28, 1923,

1924J THE STEWARTS AS CHRISTIAN STEWARDS

the following editorial appreciation appeared in the Los Angeles Times: "After a long life, filled with good works and crowned with success, Lyman Stewart, pioneer, fighter, oil magnate, philanthropist, has passed out….. .

"The record of his life is one of brave struggle, often against overwhelming odds j of patient endeavor, often under disheartening circumstances; from a poor boy working in a Pennsylvania tannery to the chairmanship of one of the world's largest oil corporations. But the grander part of that record is told in a far better storythe story of a man who fought his way to commercial leadership not SAVED TO SERVE-THE STUDENT MISSIONARY UNION, BIBLE INSTITUTE OF LC-S ANGELES at the expense, but always in the service of humanity; who wrested the wealth that gave him power to fill his life with good works, only from the hard and hidden treasure house of mother earth.

"Those who gather to pay honor to Lyman Stewart, will not be thinking of him as the head of a great corporation, who, from a single well drilled at Newhall twenty years ago, built up the powerful Union Oil Company, nor will they be thinking of the faith and foresight he displayed when, after the first discovery of oil in Pennsylvania sixty-four years ago, he invested all the slowly collected savings from his hard-eamed wages in buying a fraction of a lease in the new fields; they will not be thinking of the pluck and endurance that in the early Califomia days saw him win victory from defeat, staking his all on the small loan offered at the eleventh hour by a true friend who knew his worth and believed in his success; rather 2

they will turn their eyes to the building of the Bible Institute that his faith in God and his desire to serve gave as a monument to his memory-such as before all else he desired to leave behind him. And they will recall how continuously and without one thought of self he gave, freely as he had received, to every good object for the advancement of a better and brighter world."

These two brothers learned the secret of making money, but they learned the higher art of knowing how to dispense it for the glory of God and for the salvation of men. 'ro attempt to follow the train of their princely giving in the support of Christian enterprises would carry one around the world. At home, the founding of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles was made possible by their deep interest and large financial support; they helped largely to support the Bible House of Los Angeles-a book depot-and aided in the work of distributing Christian literature. Only eternity will reveal the results of the free distribution of the" Fundamentals of Faith" to ministers and missionaries throughout the world. Abroad, they not only conducted the campaign to place a portion of the Word of God in the hands of every Chinaman who can read, in one of the most thickly populated provinces of China, but gave help in many other fields.

The Stewart brothers laid up treasures in Heaven according to the Master's injunction, "Make to yourselves friends by means of the mammon of unrighteousness (money) that when it shall fail they may receive you into the eternal tabernacles." (Luke 16: 9.) MILTON STEWART'S HOME, PASADENA

REV. AND MRS. BOLT. A ~'RJEND AND TWO NAVAJO GIRLS AT THE

POINT MISSIONARY HOME Crown Jewels Gathered at Crown Point ~Y REV. ' HENRY BEETS, D.D., GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN Secretary of the Christian Reformed Board of MissioM I N the heart of New Mexico, surrounded by five or six mesas, as so many points of a crown, is the seat of the Pueblo Bonito government agency, usually called Crown Point. On all sides is the desert, with only here and there enough evergreens to offset the sparse vegetation. Deep gulches and sandy arroyos cut up the country, which is reached from the Santa Fe Railroad at Thoreaux by a wagon road through a wild region appropriately called" Satan's Pass. " A small number of Indians live in the district, moving from place to place where grass and water can be found for their flocks. It is a dreary wilderness, although the brilliant sunshine, the isolation, the silence, the variegated coloring and rocky strata everywhere give it an indefinable attractiveness.

The region was not, however, always the wilderness that it is today. The Chaco Canyon, which is within easy reach of Crown Point, is one of the wonders of the Southwest. The country around Crown Point must once have been a thickly populated region for eighteen large and many smaller ruins show that a large population must have lived and labored there in former times. Dr. Hewett, who surveyed the Chaco region some twenty years ago, said that the Pueblo Bonito ruins (Spanish for" Beautiful Village") contained a building of dark brown sandstone, semi-elliptical in form, six hundred and sixty-seven feet long and three hundred and fifteen feet wide and originally five stories high. The attention of archreologists is drawn increasingly to the whole district.

But we write here not of ruined temples made of dead stones, 603

but about the work of God in rearing a temple of "lively stones" through the operations of the Holy Spirit. When the Crown Point Government School, at present numbering some two hundred and fifty Navaho pupils, was opened in 1912, the Christian Reformed Mission Board arranged to have a worker connected with the institution. The Rev. and Mrs. Jacob Bolt went there in January, 1915, and, during the first five or six years, they often felt discouraged. rrhe Indian boys and girls did not at first understand a word of English and even after they began to grasp the meaning of the words it was difficult for them to understand the Christian teachings. It was also discouraging that the brightest and most promising pupils were transferred to other and higher Indian schools.

One Sunday night Rev. and l{rs. Bolt discussed these features while two little Navajo girls were with them. A call had been ex- SOME NAVAJO YOUNG MEN AT THE CROWN POINT MISSICN tended to Mr. Bolt by one of the California churches and he said that he considered his labor was wasted at the school so he had decided to give it up. The two Indian girls silently left the room without bidding farewell to the missionary and his wife. That night Mrs. Bolt was unable to sleep for her heart was knit to those Indian lads and lassies with whom she had been laboring. She went to her husband's study and prayerfully opened her Bible. Her eye fell on the second Psalm: "Ask of me and I will give thee the heathen for thine inheritance." That text appeared to her to be God's message and the next morning she told her husband of it. He, however, reaffirmed his determination to leave. 'Walking out on the front porch, his feet struck something on the floor of the verandah. On picking up the bnndle, he found that it contained a number of envelopes each

1924J CROWN JEWELS GATHERED A'1' CROWN POINT

of which contained a little note reading something like this: "Dear father and mother Bolt: We have heard that you are going away, but you must not. You are the only ones who talk to us about Jesus. Our hearts are hungry to know more about Him. Please stay. We prayed about it all night."

The two girls who had left the missionaries' sitting room had gone to the dormitories and had told the older boys and girls the sad news they had heard. They had held a prayer-meeting that very Sunday night, each praying in rotation that the Heavenly Father would keep His servants at Crown Point. Then they had written these little notes and brought them early the next morning while the missionaries were still asleep. Needless to say, MI'. Bolt changed MRS. BOLT AND SOME NAVAJO GIRLS AT CROWN POINT his mind and remained at Crown Point. A marvelous transformation set in about which he wrote as follows: ""Ve were impatient; not understanding God's purposes and ways. We drew wrong conclusions. We thought that during the years we had spent at Crown Point scattering the good seed of God's Word, the birds had come and devoured it as fast as we had scattered it. But we were mistaken. The seed lay hidden in the hearts and we lived to see it germinate and ripen into fruit."

Many Crown Point boys and girls were wonderfully transformed and their very faces became so changed that outsiders said with amazement: "What have you done to these children; have you mesmerized them ~" Fifty-seven were baptized in one year and others later. Some who have gone to reservation schools have shown the spirit of .Jesus by their consistent Christian lives; others, who have

died of tuberculosis have gone Home with messages of joy upon their lips and the peace of God in their hearts. Mr. Bolt wrote: "The knowledge of these young people is not broad. They need to learn much, but they know that Jesus died for them, and that His love is deathless. They talk about the Bible and seem to understand it. The Holy Spirit has enlightened them. It is wonderful. We see it, but do not understand how God works. They are like the early Christians and have great faith in the efficacy of prayer. Last fall, when Mrs. Bolt was sick, she was forbidden by the doctor to go to the school for three months. But one evening she felt a great desire to go and we planned that she should visit the pupils for about fifteen minutes. When she stepped out of the auto, all the girls fairly swept her off her feet and said: " 'Mother, we are so glad you came to us. We knew you would come.' " 'How did you know Y' we asked. " 'We were so lonesome,' they answered, 'and about an hour ago we all went in and prayed: "Oh Lord, please make our dearest mother well again and make her strong. Make her so strong that she can come to us tonight and tell us again about Jesus. Lord, you know we are so lonesome and so sorry. Make her so strong that we can go to her house sometime too again. For we ask it in Jesus' Name. Amen."'"

Last year a letter from Mrs. Bolt said: "The Lord has done great things at Crown Point. His name be praised. Seventy-four of our boys and girls have been baptized. They said Jesus was their own personal Saviour. Their lives, their thoughts and ways were undeniably changed and in their conversation heavenly things were the main topic. How could we put them off since, like the Ethiopian eunuch, these boys and girls believe that J eaus is the Son of God and trust in Him for salvation ~ Some girls who were asked to wait came to our house and said: 'Why for, Mr. Bolt say to us, believe and wait, and the Bible say to us, believe and be baptizedl' So they too were baptized and, with the exception of one or two, they have all lived noble Christian lives. During May, 1924, thirty-five others were baptized." Not only at the government schools, but also in their homes in the Indian camps, where all is darkness, these little candles shed light in testimony for Jesus. It is not considered proper for an Indian to speak to his elders except when invited to do so, but these Indian lads and lassies have so much of the peace and joy of God in their souls, that they cannot refrain from witnessing for Jesus to their parents and others. Occasionally parents come to Mr. and Mrs. Bolt and ask about the .Jesus who has so wonderfully changed the lives of their boys and girls. We will have to leave this to God who has put the desire to be baptized into their hearts and who evidently has wrought a wonderful change in their lives. We feel sure it is not the work of man. Only the Holy Spirit can work such a marvelous change. Those who have been among these boys and girls of Crown Point, and have seen their shining faces and heard their wonderful testimonies, are convinced that the Lord i" indeed gathering crown jewels at Crown Point.

The'Religious Situation in

BY REV. R. H. MARKHAM, SAMOKOV, BULGARIA Missionary of the American Board T HE Balkan peninsula is washed by four seas, watered by a large number of inexhaustible streams and studded with mag- nificent mountains, rich in minerals. Rainfall is abundant, the climate is delightful, the scenery is imposing. The area is as large as the state of Ohio with almost as large a population.

The people who live here ought to be happy and prosperous but they have never been so for very long. They have been poor, backward, ignorant and frightened, but not because they aTe lazy, excessively intemperate, immoral or dull. On the contrary, they are extraordinarily diligent, more temperate than the British, generally strict in their family relations and decidedly intelligent. They are unfortunate because they have never ceased to be victims of war und racial strife. Over five hundred years ago they were put under the yoke of the Turk who surged over into Europe from Asia Minor I.:nd from this yoke they freed themselves only during the last century. The Bulgarians were the last to secure independence, a tardiness due to their proximity to the Turkish fortresses in Oonstantinople and Adrianople and also to the stolid, patient and peace-loving, fieldloving character of the people. The American missionaries, who had already been working in Oonstantinople for half a century, began to turn their attention toward this rathbY inexpressive, extremely patient and altogether unknown race about the middle of the last century. At such a moment their attention was most welcome. '1'he Bulgarians were feeling the influence of the wide world about them and wanted to come into far closer touch with that world. They wanted books, newspapers, schools and a free church and behold, before them were the Americans eager to translate books, edit a newspaper, open schools and preach about a free church. The missionaries passed from Asiatic to European Turkey and started work nmong the Bulgarians. They started one of the first papers in the Bulgarian language, which still exists, opened three secondary schools which are still flourishing, and many primary ones, and helped to make a translation of the Bible and of many hymns. They also began to found Protestant churches and to form Protestant groups. They opened a theological school and trained a number of preachers. They began to proselytize, which was the only thing they could do, for they could not preach in the Orthodox Eastern Ohurch. And in such a moment of revolt, of liberation and of new alignments their movement met with some success. Strong Protestant groups were formed in several cities and a few villages became almost wholly Protestant.. About fifty such communities were formed.

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Since then epochal changes have taken place. Bulgaria is a free and independent state. Newspapers abound~there are fifteen dailies in Sofia alone-a large literature of good quality has been created, and excellent schools are very numerous. Of the children of primary school age 646,491 are in school. There are 5,200 primary schools and 62 secondary. Ninety per cent of the Bulgarian boys can read and write. The people are no longer in darkness. They are not heathen nor especially backward nor in any respect dull. They are alert, keen to take np new things and eager to improve their conditions. Moreover they are proud and very self-respecting. They have confidence in themselves, glory in their achievements of the last fifty years and resent the suggestion that they are in need of missionaries. "Missionaries to Patagonia and to Borneo, 0 yes, that's all right," they say, "but why should Christian America send missionaries to Christian Bulgaria1"

The situation in Bulgaria is similar to that in a farming community where there is an agricultural experiment station, a model farm conducted on scientific principles. It is certain that all the farmers are not going to adopt the new-fangled methods of that experiment station all at once. They would bungle things up badly if they did. Nor are they all going to leave their farms and begin working at the experiment station. That would ruin the community. What the men who conduct the model farm hope for is that most of the farmers in the neighborhood may gradually accept and adopt the better method employed at the model farm, or at any rate that th~ sons of the farmers may.

The situation is like the educational system in New York. The city is filled with first class municipal schools of a more or less efficient but somewhat stereotyped and rather inflexible type. Besides these municipal and state schools there are many private schools, experimental schools, model schools. These model schools are not cut to get all the children of New York within their walls. That would not only be impossible but a misfortune. They hope through their activity to exert an influence on the municipal school system and thus to change the schools which are attended by the vast majority of the New York children.

In a humble, unpretentious way, we want to form experiment churches, model Christian churches in Bulgaria. We hope and pray that the two thousand priests and the four thousand Orthodox churches may learn to use more effective Christian methods and to display far more of the Spirit of Jesus Christ. If the Spirit of Jesus comes into these places of worship and into the hearts of the worshipers, we believe that customs and influence contrary to Christ will gradually disappear.

American Christians come to Bulgaria not with pompous pretentions, and boastful words, but with the prayer that Jesus' Spirit

THE RELIGIOUS SITUATION IN BULGARIA

may glow in these churches and radiate out from them into the National Church, bringing life and power and love.

In this effort we have achieved considerable success. The old Church is now translating the Bible into the vernacular and distributing it, the priests are agitating vigorously for introducing preaching into the Church service, for shortening the ritual and for having it all rendered in the ordinary language of the people. Temperance liocieties are being formed, laymen's brotherhoods in various places [lre doing a very successful work, an agitation is being carried on for young people's societies, Sunday-schools are projected, religious literature is increasing and the priests are becoming much more independent and better educated. Every one of these changes is more or less the result of Protestant work in Bulgaria. In no place in South-eastern Europe is the Orthodox Church so liberal and so hopeful as here and in no other country has Protestant work been carried on without molestation. There can be no doubt that these things are vitally connected.

The missionaries try to add more of the Spirit of Christ to that which is found in Bulgaria in many Christian hearts, to bring more youths into the company of Christ's people, and to make brighter the light of Christianity which has never been extinguished here during the 500 years of darkness, ever hoping and praying that the old Church in Bulgaria may be filled with new power and a new vision, that it may experience a new Pentecost and lead this young and vigorous people toward real culture and civilization and salvation.

WHY EVANGELIZE THE BULGARIANS?

Because–First of all, we are commanded by our Lord to preach the Gospel "to every creature." (Mark 16: 15.) Because–The mass of Bulgarians do not know the Gospel of Jesus Christ and its significance.

Because–They do not read the Bible and are not encouraged to do so by their priests.

Because–They have not come to Christ to learn of Him and to follow Him.

Because–They are under religious systems that emphasize form without spiritual power.

Because–They do not know what is meant by salvation by faith which shows itself in good works.

Because–The priests claim prerogatives that belong to God-that of forgiving sins–and many of them are not godly men.

Because-Their religious leaders demand money for masses for the dead and other religious ceremonies but do not offer the Gospel and its blessings freely .

. Because–Where the Gospel is faithfully proclaimed in Bulgaria conversions have resulted, men and women and children being transformed in character and liie and many of them leading consistent Christlike lives.

Albania-a Neglected

BY REV. PHINEAS B. KENNEDY, KORTCHA, ALBANIA , , ROUND about unto Illyricum" wrote the Apostle Paul in his letter to the Romans. The root meaning of this name corresponds to the Albanian word liri, which means free- dom. Doubtless in the Apostle's day this ancient race of people occupied a more extensive territory than they do today for they have been driven back to these high mountain fastnesses by the inroads of the Goths, the Serbs, the Bulgars and the Turks. Ten mountain chains run across this little country and these Albanian mountaineers like to callthemselves the" Shqipetars" or Eagle people, the word shqiponje meaning eagle. James M. Ludlow in his "Captain of the J anisarries" speaks of their great national hero George Castriot Skenderbeg who died in 1468. In his boyhood Skenderbeg was carried away, with his three brothers, and was held as a hostage by Sultan Murad II. Although he was trained as a .Janisary he never forgot hill nationality or the religion of his father for in later years he came back in his military strength to claim his throne. It was after his death that the Venetians betrayed his country to the Turks and many Albanians became Moslems. Even today many of them still remember that their ancestors were once Christians.

In Valona, on November 28, 1912, the president of their provisional government, Ismail Qemal Bey, again raised the national emblem, a black double-headed eagle on a red background, "in whose folds," as Chekrezi has poetically said in his" Albania-Past, Present and Future, " "Skenderbeg had lain for Four Hundred and Fifty Years." Now this flag has been recognized by America and Mr. U. Grant Smith is our representative at Tirana, the capital of the nation, where the Parliament, made up of some seventy-five delegates, deliberates upon the national issues.

This beautiful little mountainous country has a remarkable variety of climate. While sheep and goats graze upon her mountains', and the best of grain and fruits are found in the cooler sections, olives, lemons, rice, and oranges are grown in the lowlands nearer the seacoast. It is a rich country but the Turks discouraged the opening of mines. Concessions are now to be sold by the Albanian government for the opening up of her rich stores of copper, iron, coal, oil and forests. The second best mine of bitumen in the world is in Albania. The water power is also markedly good and her beautiful extensive lakes will one day be world-renowned.

Under the British and Foreign Bible Society the New Testament, and parts of the Old, have been translated into Albanian. Along in the eighties the Albanian representative of this sOGiety, Gerasim 610 Kyrias, was on his way to take up evangelistic work amongst his fellow countrymen when he was captured by brigands and held for a ransom. Money was raised by the Christian people of England and America and Mrs. Kennedy's father, the late Lewis Bond, then a missionary in the neighboring city of Monastir, showed her the gold in a little tin box before it was sent to the brigands for MI'. Kyrias' ransom. Upon his l'elease, Mr. Kyrias established evangelical work in Kortcha, and in 1891, with the assistance of his sister Sevasti, (the first Albanian graduate of the American College for Girls at Constantinople), opened a school for girls- the only such school in Albania, using the vernacular. After his early death, his sister bravely continued this school work in the face of severe TWO SCHOOLS FOR ALBANIAN BOYS AND GIRLS. AT PAGRADEC ON LAKE OCHRIDA opposition on the part of the Turkish Government and the ecclesiastical authorities. Associated with her in the work of education and Christian enlightenment were Rev. Gligor Tsilka, now deceased, and Rev. Kristo A. Dako, author of "Albania, the Master Key to the Near East." Miss Sevasti Kyrias married Mr. Dako in 1910. They are now continuing their educational work in the capital of their country, Tirana, to which they have moved the Girls' SchooL In 1907 and 1908 the American Board commissioned two missionaries to Albania, Rev. P. B. Kennedy and Rev. C. T. Erickson, planning to do an aggressive work in this country with a central station at Elbasan. Wars and political upheavals have sadly interrupted these plans, but the country has meanwhile become independent of foreign control and now offers unprecedented opportunities for effectual missionary work along many lines. The American Board, feeling financially unable to meet these opportunities has with-

drawn from the field, to leave it open to any other Board which may be in a better position to take up this task. Professor.Jones, of Northwestern University, in his field report to the Methodist Conference estimates a necessary annual expenditure of from fifty to seventy thousand dollars for the establishment and conduct of the university which the Albanian Government is asking Christian America to open for the training up of future leaders.

No Mission Board is yet ready to meet this demand. In the meantime Mrs. Kennedy and I have returned to Southern Albania to conserve what has already been gained in the way of evangelical effort. In our old station, Kortcha, we are engaged in evangelistic and secondary educational work, at our own charges and with the aid of friends of the Albanian Mission. '* A Mohammedan Albanian of prominence urges us to go on with girls' boarding school work as at the present time in this student center of Kortcha there is no such institution for girls. The home makes the nation and in helping give Christian education to the future mothers of Albania we are rendering a great service. The President of the Albanian Autocephalous Orthodox Church called and bade us welcome to the work of helping uplift Albania, telling us that he anticipated the day when we would be permitted to speak freely in the Albanian Orthodox churches and to have org~nized Bible study. Would that the Christian Church had been able to maintain the preaching of the Gospel as fully as the Apostle once preached it here in the Near East.

Weare dealing here not only with a Bible-land people, but with a very ancient race. Prof. Max Muller believed that the Albanians are of a Pelasgic origin and antedate both the Latin and the Greek. With the recent establishment of their state these people are awakening to their individual responsibility and to their need of unity: One hears Mohammedans say: ""Ve Albanians do not wish to revert to the Mohammedan party or to the Orthodox party but what we do need is a new dogma to which we can all agree."

Aside from political activity we see signs of a religious awakening in spite of the adverse influences which are rapidly coming in with so-called Western civilization. This dissatisfaction with the old order of things may be a sign of reaching out, as that great missionary to this part of Europe once expressed it, "If happily they might find God. '.' Probably there is no more encouraging field for missionary work today than Albania. Such a strong, virile, intelligent race of people as the Albanians, reaching out for civil and religious liberty, deserves the privileges of the open gospel message.

At present there is no missionary board working in Albania and no Christian literature is being printed. "Pray ye the Lord of the harvest that He will thrust forth laborers into His harvest."

'c/o Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, 140 Broadway. New York City.

Relief of the Students of

BY FR.ED H. RINDGE, JR., NEW YORK Indnstrial Department of the International Y. M. C. A.

T HEHE are 250,000 students in Europe who are hungry, and ragged, but are determined to secure an education. Here is one man's appeal for help, expressed in his exact words: "I come at your presence and take the liberty to inform you that it became impossible for me to continue my studies in college as I lack means because, during' the Wodd War, we were exiled by the Turks, and suffered great losses. All the leaders of onr family died in exile; and after the end of this war, we, the survivors, returned to our country, where we found aU our property coniiscated. We had scarcely stood a few months when the Nationalists forced us to leave the country whence we escaped to Smyrna in ruinous condition. You know what happened then. Thus placing our conditions before your presence, I ask your kindness to accept me as a day student without payment or as you deem it best!"

I have seen and talked with such students in most of the countries on the Continent. Thousands of them are living on one meal per day and far too often that meal consists of merely black bread and coffee. Thousands are sleeping in railway stations, deserted stables, cafes, cold monasteries, hospitals, insane asylums or on the streets. Thousands more have no decent clothes or shoes. A winter overcoat in some colleges has become an object of rare curiosity. In several centers I saw students sharing their clothing with their roommates and taking turns going to classes. Medical students are pursuing their courses without instruments while Europe is in tremendous need of physicians and surgeons. Polish Galicia, where typhus has raged, boasts only one physician to 150,000 people. One third of all Hussia's doctors have perished. Students of law, business, engineering, agriculture and political science are without books. Yet Europe must have educated lawyers, business men, engineers, agriculturists and statesmen, or the whole world will suffer. ·We owe much to the ancient universities of Cracow, Warsaw, Vienna, Berlin, Prague and others. Their contributions to science and research have been enormous. Shall such contributions cease forever ~ Learned professors sell spectacles and writing paper on street corners to add to their meager incomes. Their suits are threadbare but they cannot afford new ones. Men who have spent years accumulating what seemed considerable money for "the rainy day" have found it a mere pittance because of low rates of exchange. Students who had secured a comfortable room near the University of Vienna 613

for 20.0. crowns in 1914 now ptl-y thirty times as much or resort to the park benches. Five hundred men and women at the University of Prague have built ten barracks with their own hands. The city furnished land, contractors gave materials, President Mazaryk contributed a large sum of money and women students cooked for the "laborers. " Those who worked two hundred and fifty or more hours have secured a free room for a year!

One woman student in Budapest married a refugee from Transylvania. For months they lived in a railway coach and tried to continue their education. Finally they secured one small room, two miles from town, and this serves as kitchen, dining room, bed room and parlor. A child has been born in the midst of direst poverty, but still they "carryon."

Michael is a Russian, a student in St. Petersburg before the war. He was badly wounded, part of his throat and jaw being shot away. He was captured by the Hungarians and taken to Budapest. At first the doctors despaired of saving his life as he could not swallow, but an eminent surgeon, interested in his case, determined to put him under a special course of treatment which lasted four years. A piece of bone from his leg was put into his jaw, a silver tube placed in his throat and he is now well and able to work again! During his first long period in the hospital he learned to speak Hungarian and, as it is impossible for him to return to Russia, he has secured a position where he earns about six dollars per month-'-sufficient to live on; but leaving very little margin for clothes or shoes. He passed last winter without an overcoat, as he possessed nothing but an old Hungarian uniform. The Student Relief Movement has now been able to help him with a gift of a sweater, socks and other essentials.

The plight of students and professors in Russia defies description. In Petrograd students have attempted to study in ten below zero. One man, and he is quite typical, lives with his family in a tenement where light and heat are permitted only once each week. His sister works in the theatre and receives as wages one plate of soup per day. He also endeavors to labor, but is paid in salt or decayed fish. All the prized family possessions have long since been sold. The mother has tuberculosis, but sews for paltry pay to help her children complete their education. The future is a blank, but as long as they can keep body and soul together, they struggle on!

Universities in famine areas have been in the worst plight. Many do not hold classes until late in the afternoon and one starts at ten o'clock each evening. Both students and professor& must work during the hours of daylight, in order to study at night! One college president is obliged to spend nearly half his year's salary for one pair of shoes. A single can of milk costs more than a student earns in two months. Several colleges have been without books since 1914 and without reliable news since 1917. Recently when a few

THE RELIEF OF THE STUDENTS OF EUROPE

scientific journals arrived, professors were as eager to read them as refugees are to secure their daily meals. Many other things are lacking. Doctors have been operating without anesthetics. Stealing has increased amazingly, for as one student expressed it, "No one can be honest and live!" Yet fifteen dollars, at present exchange, will feed a man for an entire year. And there are 100,000 students in Russia!

Probably the only hopeful thing regarding the whole situation is that many students have learned to work for the first time in their lives. A new sympathy has been established between college men and industrial workers. Many labor unions have waived the neces- sity of students becoming union members, and have cooperated with employers in discovering work for them. Even in Hungary and Germany over sixty per cent of all students-both men and women- are working. But it is often with a terrible tax on already frail bodies. Large numbers are affiicted with tuberculosis, nervous dis- eases and anemia. Others are simply too ill to work. While far too many have died or committed suicide or gone insane!

The disasters in Asia Minor' created an unparalleled situation. The destruction of great institutions of learning and the murder, enslavement and dispersion of students shook educational foundations to the depths. Here is a typical case of an Armenian nineteen years old, a college Sophomore. He speaks Turkish, Armenian, Arabic, English, French and German. During the period of Armenian deportation in 1916, when he and his whole family were captured, his father was killed before the eyes of the entire family-his mother, four brothers, two sisters and himself. His father was tortured by cruel flogging and by being dragged behind a wagon with a rope fastened around his neck. As a result of what she had witnessed, liis mother committed suicide by throwing herself into the Euphrates. Later all the brothers and sisters died of starvation in the Arabian desert. For fifteen days afterwards M- escaped by hiding among the dead, taking clothes to keep himself warm and eating raw animal flesh to avoid starvation. Fortunately he fell into the hands of Arabs who hold him as a slave. Hearing that the English had taken over Syria, he escaped from the Arabs and, by hiding during the day and fleeing at night, finally arrived at Halep, Syria. From there he went to Sis, one of the cities of Oilicia. There the Protestant church gave shelter and sent him to St. Paul's Oollege in Tarsus. Two years later he went to the International Oollege at Smyrna. During the great crisis there he escaped to the girls' college and from there through the mass of terrified people to the quay. Here he dodged Turkish soldiers, threw off his clothes and swam to a boat on which he escaped to Athens. Is he not worth saving!

Fortunately, early in 1920, the European Student Relief was organized under the World's Student Ohristian Federation. Starting

in Anstria, it gradually spread to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary, Turkey, Poland, the new Baltic States and Russia. Students from forty-one different nations voluntarily contributed enough money to serve 90,000 of their fellows in 135 different institutions. The providing of food, shelter, clothing, books, supplies and other essentials was a heart-breaking task for relief workers, because many needy men and women were necessarily refused. In Russia the task of feeding twenty per cent of the ninety per cent who needed help was agonizing. Committees of students helped decide who should be served and to what extent. Wherever possible they required some slight payment for supplies, in order to secure additional help for other needy ones.

These student councils have proved to be veritable "disarmament conferences "-a disarmament of racial prejudices, all too common in the past. Sometimes a dozen or twenty nationalities are represented in these meetings, all cooperating in a common program of service. Indeed it is not too much to say that such work is laying the basis for future understanding between the nations!

Duri·ng the past year and a half the European Student Relief has provided 235,000 garments, 50,000 books, over 10,000,000 meals. No wonder some hollow cheeks have filled out again and the universities of Europe have been pervaded with new-found hope! Mental as well as physical suffering has been relieved. Despair and hatred have been supplanted by faith and better feeling toward the whole world.

Housing schemes, student hostels and clubs, employment bureaus, vacation resorts, sanatoria, clinics, libraries, cooperative kitchens have been opened in rapid succession. Emphasis is wisely placed on the initiation of self-help schemes. Thus groups of students are loaned money enough to organize shoe repair shops, tailoring establishments, book binderies, printing presses, jam factories, woodcutting camps and other undertakings which are now producing large returns. One school supply shop started in Budapest with a capital of only 2,000 crowns aud now boasts a monthly overturn of 12,000,000 crowns! In Warsaw students have actually secured contracts for 20,000,000 marks worth of shoe polish and half as much toilet soap! It seems incredible, but they are so driven to make a living that nothing can stop them, except severe illness or death.

I shall never forget the determined faces of men I met in some of the deserted army barracks which had been turned over to them. They slept on floors or tables, no bunks. There was no running water, not even wash stands or pails, chairs or even nails in the wall to hang their clothes on. One small oil lamp sufficed for twenty men, and often one textbook was being eagerly scanned by half of them, or one would be reading aloud to the rest. I kept wondering how many American students would pursue their education under similar

1924;J THE RELIEF OF THE STUDENTS OF EUROPE

conditions. Still more unforgettable were the faces of those same men when relief supplies finally arrived and they were given the essentials they really required. They were like children with toys from Santa Claus. Some were so grateful they wept. Others simply bowed their heads in their hands and sat immovable-too full for utterance.

An Hungarian thus expressed himself in the best English he could muster: "My aim and end, in the reaching of which I was prevented by four severe years of war and by hardships, I reached at last, yesterday. I have my diploma! In my great happiness, I remember with thankful heart those fellow-students and benefactors who sent their farthings to us poor students, struggling towards our goal among our thousand cares, sometimes ill and broken down, but with unrelenting perseverance. "

American money expands amazingly in some of the countries of Europe because of the exchange. A friend sent a five dollar note just before Christmas with the request that it be used for a gift to one or more needy students. It seems like a small amount, but this is what ~t accomplished. Two dollars was sent to a Budapest woman medical student. She needed clothing badly, but preferred to use the money in purchasing a much-coveted textbook which had long been beyond her financial reach. Another two dollars was forwarded to Prague and bought boxes filled with nuts and apples and a book each for three girl students who were ill in the hospital. The last dollar went to Poland and realized several thousand Polish marks. This was sufficient to purchase eggs and milk for a month for a poor student under medical care. The grateful fellow said, "I did not ask for help, yet you have come to me. I cannot understand it!" German students can be fed at six cents per meal while a good Russian breakfast can be provided for a few pennies. Fifteen dollars feeds a Russian for an e.ntire college year.

Governments like Austria, Germany and Russia have cooperated in furnishing free transportation for food and supplies. Storage facilities are often provided. Cities and colleges frequently match American gifts with equal gifts of their own-when they can hardly afford it. Student cooperative societies are growing rapidly and are seriously endeavoring to help themselves. Everywhere there is appreciation of American assistance and in former enemy countries the general sentiment is fairly expressed by one professor, "To think that you who fought us in war are feeding us in peace!"

America has not done it all. Students of forty other nations have contributed; earning the money by all kinds of methods. Many groups in Scandinavia have formed summer entertainment troops and earned large sums. Others have visited well known vacation resorts of Europe and collected considerable from well-to-do guests. Students of Holland, Norway and Great Britain have secured con- 3

tributions of food and supplies from producing companies. People of other nations have forfeited their holidays in order to collect funds. Street demonstrations, parades, "clothing raids," concerts and other features have brought large returns. Thousands of stu- dents all over the world have made real sacrifices, frequently goiug without at least one meal per day, in order to contribute the equiva- lent cash to their suffering fellow-students of other lands. Who calli doubt that this is developing a new internationalism among those leaders of the future 1 Thousands of students of many nationalities have forsaken the paths of bitterness, hatred and violence and are on the high road to hope, good will and peace. What could be more important in the present world situation1 .

The work of the European Student Relief has brought home to the students, at a particularly critical time, a new sense of mutual liability and responsibility, a desire on the part of large numbers to become enlisted in the fellowship and service of the World's Student Christian Federation, and a very important and promising appreciation of the ideals of the self-sacrificing students in other lands who have made the European Student Relief work possible.

One of the students said at the Parad Conference: "You have brought us much and shown us much that we had nearly forgot- ten. You have shown us that Christian love and human kindness are still facts in the world. 'Ve thank you for that. Believe me, wnat we have done is little compared with that.

"I have very little to say-and very simple things. We have seen here that on the other side of the great iron wall raised now between our nations and races, there are men and women like our- selves who try as we do in our own land to bring some happiness and fellowship into the world. Let us never forget that.

"We know that we cannot rely upon the older people of our lands to bring a better fellowship into the world. They cannot under- stand; but we young men and women can do so if we only dare.

Let us dare."

The Report on European Student Relief Work says: "The de- cision to continue this work was an act of courageous faith inspired by God-an act which has been God's method of quickening the Federation's sense of Christian obligation and of interpreting to us what Christ-like service truly embodies."

Activities of the

General Facts-Powerf1d Agencies at Home-Features of the Work Abroad BY REV. ;1. RlN~rAN, SODBRT~~I-,.JE, SWmmN Principal of the Swedish Bible and Missionary rrraining Institute T HE missionary activities of the Swedes have not sprung up lately and are by no means of an unsettled character. The mis- – sionary spirit has been displayed among Swedish Christians ever since the Middle Ages. Its first outlet, inspired by the reforma- , tion, was the definite step taken by King Gustavus Wasa and his men in the attempt (about 1540) to evangelize the pagan Lapps. This aggressiveness in the Christian faith among the Swedes was again put into operation when Axel Oxenstjerna, the right hand man of Gustavus AdolpJ1Us, 1634, made an appeal to the Lutherans in Ger- many to cooperate with Sweden and Holland in sending the Gospel to the heathen, in this case India.

The Swedes also were the first Protestant missionaries to the Indians in North America, inasmuch as in ] 638 they began to evan- gelize the Indians in Mohonk and Delaware. The first Swedish mis- sionary to the Indians was .Johan Campanius.

Swedish missionary interest was strong enough in 1848 to con- centrate itself on the forming of an independent national missionary society and the year 1861 another society (low church and evan- gelical) chose its own missionary field (Abyssini a) and sent out its own missionaries. In the years following', the icecrust of indif- ference to the missionary cause begall to melt not only on the surface here and there as the result of occasional and local revivals, but because of the hot-water-springs which in the very depths of tens of thousands of souls in Sweden had been called into action by the creative power of the Holy Spirit, Since then fifteen different missionary societies have been formed in Sweden and these societies support today over 600 missionaries on 25 foreign fields, Abyssinia, the Congo, South Africa, Central and South India, Central and North China being the largest. Some of the others are: Turkestan, Palestine, Egypt, Tunisia, North India, South America and Mongolia.

It is a noteworthy fact that, counting only these missionaries who are known to us in our own time, those who have gone out from Sweden are proportionately a greater number than any host of the heralds of the Cross from any other Christian country-not count- ing the large number of Swedes sent out and supported from America, All· Swedish ~issionary work is solely and strongly Protestant.

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This is an important feature because a large number of nominal Christians constantly think and speak of Christian and missionary work without making any distinction whatever between Roman Cath- olics and Protestants. The consequence is that Protestant Christians often are held responsible for whatever the Roman Catholics deem worthv of the name of Christ in heathen lands. The Swedish mis- siona;ies have happily so far been spared being mixed up with Roman Catholics, -because not a single Roman Catholic missionary has been sent out from Sweden.

The Swedish missionary societies so far have been able on the whole to keep rationalistic theology 01tt of ·their ranks. But of course a crisis is reached by more than one of these societies as to what their attitude ought to be in the future.. It is very strange that the psychological aspects in connection with the promotion of modernist theology in the mission fields have in most cases been totally ignored. Such theology is spiritually sterile as it has operated in the preaching to or teaching of the non-Christians in heathen lands.

AGENCIES IN THE HOMELAND In Sweden the missionary societies are at work in much the same ways as in other countries. The main thing is in the spirit of the Gospel to give the best possible instruction as to the missionary message, methods and the results of the Gospel as it is spread among nations. That is to stir up missionary interest not merely by way of religious emotion, but by enlightment, scriptural knowledge, new inspiration to intelligent intercession and to systematic giving. To reach such results, other methods than the monthly or quarterly missionary sermon and the missionary magazines have had to be adopted.

Swedish Women Missionary Workers at Home and Lady Teachers' Missionary Union are the two oldest undenominational and in some respects the most impartial organizations in our country. Though these associations have their own missionaries to support, they nevertheless make a special point of making known the needs on the fields already occupied by the existing societies, to publish subjects for prayer and intercession and regularly to send in funds to the various Missionary Boards. These truly Christian women are, like Phebe, servants of the universal Church of Christ in a spirit of self-forgetfulness, liberality and perseverance which is, humanly speaking, beyond praise.

The Executive Committee of all Swedish Missionary Conference has been doing for the last twelve years both an extensive and thorough-going work with the view of giving all possible aid to all agencies employed in missionary deputation work. It has succeeded in forming a large number of well attended" study circles" all over the country, in getting the history and strategy of missions as a special subject entered on the curriculum of many both national, elementary, and high schools. It has prepared and engaged others to prepare a considerable number of missionary textbooks, it has gathered together all in Swedish existing missionary literature and thus collected a very valuable library in various sections. Books contained in each section can be ordered and had free of charge for a certain period of time.

A well-equipped lecturer on missions permanently attached to the theological faculty at the venerable Lund's University may too be counted directly or indirectly as a result of the influence from this same central missionary agency. Its productive secretary has, apart from everything else, during several years published in scores of daily and weekly papers information and latest news as to foreign missions. The present chairman of this executive committee is missions director E. Folks of the Swedish Mission in China (associated with China Inland Mission).

A quarterly review (Svensk Missionstidskrift) has also been published during the last twelve years by Professor A. Kolmodin of Upsala, a man everywhere acknowledged as an indisputable authority on missions..

FEATURES O}~ THE WORK ABROAD The first thing that ought to be emphasized in this connection is that if Swedish missionary work in some directions is particularlY notable this is in some respects due to the advantageous fact that our country has no political interest to guard and that it is no colonial power from which the natives may be inclined to fear any intrusion on their ground. It may be stated without any exaggeration that this very fact has been referred to by the natives in everyone of the twenty-five fields occupied by Swedish missionaries.

Swedish missionary work is still almost everywhere primarily evangelistic and secondarily educational. To witness and to preach is the main thing. To teach, train and educate is looked upon as of secondary importance most in accordance with the missionary manifesto of the King Himself. Nor even advocate comes in anywhere in the Gospels and only once in the Acts, while witness is the central word and repeated almost everywhere.

Swedish missionary societies have their schools, colleges and seminaries in the various fields, but by the grace and guidance of God these institutions of learning have been kept subordinate to the pure Gospel work among the masses. This large amount of preaching is done partly by the missionaries themselves and partly by the native evangelists and pastors.

Quite typical of the Swedish conception among the missionaries are some words of Rev. •T. Sandstrom in South Africa (Swedish Lutheran Church Missionary Society) who writes: "The Devil will never be able to destroy the work of Christ in the world, his works having been themselves destroyed by Christ. But the enemy seems to be able to divert our attention from the central and main thing in our missionary work: evangelisation. There are, to be sure, financial, cultural and philantropic aspects of our work not to be ignored. But let us remember, they constitute only thc outside, not the heart of the things for which we are here. In too many cases missionaries in various fields have forgotten the preciousness of the souls for 'whom Christ died and the result of their otherwise energetic work is often only II culftr.ra1 nothing or civilised heathen with a totally wrong conception of what Christianity really means."

Swedish missionaries may also he said to put more emphasis on aggressiveness rather than on attractiveness. They think in most cases that they are not to be satisfied with hoping that the people would he drawn to them, but they do go forth and strike out among men; go forth in the way of aggression. It is easy to become imitators in the way of methods and go ahead in certain forms of missionary work until the whole thing falls into ruts, harping on strings that are worn out. The Swedes have the notion that they have to do something rather than talk about it. True "the soldiers of Christ are seldom on parade." And yet, in the fear of God to present facts, though these facts may put oneself in the line of observation, is perfectly in harmony with apostolic spirit.

Swedish missionaries may be said to be stronger as individuals than they are powerful as a hody. This characteristic has both its strong and its weak side. It is a good thing to be independent in what is proved to be tne will of God. It is the more necessary as the majority of votes does not always express the Divine will. But self-reliance may be carried too far, creating discord between the workers of the same corps.

Within almost all Swedish missionary societies democratic ideas are said to be conspicuous, particularly so in the relationship between missionaries and the natives. This may be due to what is already referred to, the absence of any superiority on political grounds.

The high regard in which individuals are held is something characteristic of the Scandinavian offshoot of the Teutonic branch of the Aryan race and may be traced back to the earliest periods of our history. The Swedish missionaries' respect for the natives· as men of same inclinations, needs and ambitions has always proved to be a power for good in the foreign fields.

SOME STATISTICS While figures always are only of relative value, they may sometimes be allowed to say what they can. It ought however in this caSe to be kept in mind that the whole population of Sweden does not exceed 6,000,000. Of course, only a comparatively small number of these have any personal and active interest in Christian and missionary work and the majority of the supporters have only scanty means at their disposal. The statistics for 1920 are approximately as follows: Missionaries now at work sent out from Sweden to the various fields 625 Swedish Mission Stations: Main stations ……………………………… 160 Outstations ……………………………….. 1,003 1,163 Native helpers ……………………………………….. . 2,401 Native Christians within the churches about ……………. '.' …. 62,000 Schools· for children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,07.8 Pupils in same …………………………………… . 35,000 Colleges for students ………………………………….. : 16 300 Students in same …………………………………. .

Splendid· work is also done in industrial schools and in not less than 44 orphanages with more than 2,000 children in heathei? lands. . I..; In all missionary work there seem to be more than ever two very important things always to be kept in mind.

The first is that when we give people the Gospel of Christ, we do not give something that is of relative or casual value, but we give the only absolute and saving truth offered unto men.

The second thing is that "we tell the Gospel not to satisfy men but to satisfy God," as St. Paul puts it. True, the Gospel meets the deepest human needs though that does not mean that people always will approve of either the message or the messenger. But it does mean that in preaching it, in the right spirit, we satisfy God.

And does not that give more than it costs? The missionary Church of Christ in Sweden, as for one, has amply proved it.

ON THE HIGHEST AUTHORITY BY ROBERT E. SPEER I F the missionary enterprise is a mistake, it is not our mistake; it is the mistake of God. If the laying down of life in the attempt to evangelize the world is an illegitimate waste, let the reproach of it rest on that one priceless Life that was, therefore, laid down needlessly for the world. Nineteen hundred years ago, Jesus Christ came, to the best of all the non-Christian religions-the religion between which and all the other non-Christian religions a great gulf is fixed-Judaism. That religion He declared to be outworn and inadequate and the time had come to supplant it with the full and perfect truth that was in Him.

We bow our heads beneath the cross on which our Saviour hung, and for us no other word needs to be spoken regarding the absoluteness of His faith and the inadequacy of the half-teachers who have gone before Him or who were to come after Him. No word needs to be spoken to us beyond His word, "I came to save the world, " and the great word of the man who had loved Him dearly, whose life had been changed from weakness into strength by His power, and who was to die in His service: "And in none other is there salvation: for neither ii there any other name under heaven, that is given among men, wherein we must be saved."

A SCENE IN THE MARKET PLACE AT

The Kanakuru People of West Africa BY REY. PETER C. J . JANSEN Missionary in YaJa Province, Nigeria, since ]912 T HE Kanakuru tribe live about thirty-two miles north of the Benue, and four hundred and fifty miles east of the Niger River. The soil is fertile and the natives only cultivate suf- ficient soil to satisfy the immediate wants of the family. Sorghum mdgare preponderates, though millet, maize and groundnuts have their places. Okra and a large gourd are also grown to a certain extent.

The Kanakurus keep many horses and are able riders. They also keep herds of goats and sheep and a few cattle. Though the Gongola flows through the district, no one makes fishing an occupa- tion. The surrounding bush abounds with game. .

ShiUem, the chief town, consists of an irregular collection of round mud-huts in compounds, surrounded by grass mats. The king's compound occupies almost one fourth of the whole area and its en- trance consists of a square solid building of mud. The average size of the huts is about twelve feet in diameter, the height of the wall being about five to six feet, the only opening always facing west. The roof is thatched with grass. In entering a compound, one is led from enclosure to enclosure into the penetralia which is covered with a fine gravel, a convenient place for receiving visitors, for cookint food, etc. The interior of a hut looks very strange to Western eyes. The floor is covered with gravel and of furniture there is none. A plaited grass mat spread on the ground serves as a bed.

624

THE KANAKURU PEOPLE OF WEST AFRICA

The Kanakuru has to look after his hut and his farm and does not work hard. "Hankali, hankali" (softly, softly), is his motto. "Why," he asks, "should life be so full of work that there is not plenty of time for pleasure·~" The most important items in the day's program are the meals, usually two a day. Enormous quantities of food are consumed. A very stiff porridge is made of flour of Sorgh1tm vulgare and is eaten with a stew, usually made with beef or mutton, or a steak from a crocodile, leopard, hippopotamus or snake. Dogs, cats, rats, mice, bats and squirrels are by no means despised in a stew.

It is supposed that the Kanakuru tribe came from the northeast, forced down by a superior civilization, probably by the Fulani people, but they have always been free. The Hausas gave them their name which is, no doubt, taken from their greeting. The first greet- KANAKURU CARRIERS CROSSING THE ZONGOLA RIYEJR AT .SHILLEM ing in the morning is: ' 'Yowa. " Answer: ' 'Kanakow"; first: "Kana kudinga"; answer: "Kana ku jang jang." They have no collective name but are named after the different villages. Shillem means an open place.

The Kanakurus are lean, tall, well-built and muscular. The wand of office carried by the priests is forked at the top and is used only during the wet season (July to October) when their chief sacrifices take place. They believe that the Supreme Being, Progm is the creator and is father of all. He is in "heaven" and hates evil; he is to be feared. If a very evil man dies and comes to his place he will be refused entrance. Mter death the spirits go to a small hill east of Shillem. It is a nice place and they are supposed to work and marry as in their life time. ·When there is a feast in the town they all return to look on and may be "seen" now and then by a favored few.

The Kanakurus have certain favored jujus as, for example, snake jujus. If one has been bitten by a snake an offering of beer is made and drunk by the people to honor that juju. Oath-juju is said to be kept in a special hut. The man to be sworn goes to that hut and places himself in front of the priest and says: "If I have done this act let me and my family die here." The person committing perjury will die, but the fear of this juju is so great that no one who is gllilty cares to do it, but always confesses his guilt if challenged. If the accused be proved innocent the accuser is called on to pay four goats as compensation.

A sacrifice takes place in December and is celebrated in honor of their ancestors. The king kills three bulls, the blood of which is sprinkled over the doors while the meat is divided among the people. For three days the usual drinking and dancing go on.

THE KING c-F SHILLEM AND SOME OF HIS WlVES Every second year after the ancestor feast the boys who have reached manhood spend one month in the dry river bed dancing from morning till night. The people are at liberty to go and beat them as much as they like. Their bodies are full of scars inflicted by bamboo wands. When this trial is ended the boys are considered men and have a right to speak in public.

Polygamy is universal and is by no means resented by the women. The first wife has the leading position, a status to which the others cannot attain. The first wife therefore welcomes the companionship of other women and their help in the household and on the farm. But the results of the system are evil.

The life of the Kanakuru is simple, but he eagerly seizes the opportunity for improvement. He welcomes the European and begins to realize that his way of living and belief is better than his own. He wants to know of the forces which lie at the root of European thinking.

Four years ago, when the Danish Branch of the Sudan United Mission opened a station at Shillem, the name of Christ had never been proclaimed there.

The king, himself a pagan, has unfortunately several Moslems on his council and they naturally try to influence him and to draw him toward I slam. If that happens the result will be disastrous. But that will not happen if those who work amongst the Kanakurus truly represent Christ by their words and by their lives. The missionaries are now welcomed by the Africans, but the time may not be far when we shall witness the same state of affairs in West Africa and Africa at large as we do now in the Orient.

The work at Shillem is encouraging. A few young men have definitely decided to follow Christ and receive regular instruction.

The old paganism is tottering, and the people of that great dark continent must be won for Christ. The Cross will conquer there as it did in Europe when it was first proclaimed centuries ago.

On Sunday mornings th e small congreg'ation at Shillem joins with mallY all over the world in singing: Jesus shall reign where 'er thc sun Doth his successive journeys run; His kingdom stretch from ShOl' C to shore, Till moons shall wax and wane no more.

HOSPITAL PATIENTS AT CHRISTMAS AT SHTLLEM

Story of Allen

BY MRS. RALPH C. NORTON, BRUSSELS Director of the Belgian Gospel Mission ALLEN BENNETT was born in very humble circumstances, and f i grew to a somewhat stunted young manhood, with scanty privi- leges as to education and general culture. He worked for a time at the docks, unloading ships' cargoes, and seemed quite devoid of any higher ambition. Then a terrible crisis came into his life. His brother died and together the family set forth on their sad journey to the place of interment. The automobile, in which Allen, his mother, aunt and grandfather were, sought to clear a railroad track before an oncoming train, but the locomotive caught them, and in a moment three lives were crushed out. Allen himself was caught on the pilot of the locomotive and when they found his poor broken body after the train had been brought to a standstill, no one thought he could survive. He passed the greater part of the following two years in a hospital but there the great event of his life took place. A Christian nurse bore witness to the Saviour and the great light was kindled in the young man's life.

Later Allen went to the Bible Institute of Los Angeles to prepare for his new Master's service. His family and friends at home did not sympathize with him, so at the end of his Bible Institute course he faced the world practically alone. Remembering his wonderful deliverance from death, Allen felt a call to foreign missionary service and volunteered for Africa.

At first what one saw in Allen Bennett was a stunted, slender figure, a singularly open face topped by a ludicrous mop of fair hair standing defiantly upright, but the sunny expression of his face showed the light of a hidden glory. Finally he set out for the Congo.

Months passed by, marked by an occasional letter, always filled with cheer and encouragement. Then one day another letter arrived saying that Allen had gone Home to his reward and to a release from suffering. Mr. Gibble wrote: "The natives loved him with all their heart. They took to him at first sight and on the morning after his death, as we passed near to his solitary tomb, we saw there two Christian natives, kneeling in prayer and weeping as if they had lost in him their best friend…. The tribe of Banu has great need of a missionary station. Now I feel that God has called us to found a station in this tribe that Allen Bennett and I had explored with that purpose in view. The site is about two hundred kilometers from Bassay and one hundred and eighty kilometers from Bangui."

Will some young soldier of the Cross take up the work that Allen Bennett began~ 628

Bolivian Indian

BY GEORGE ALLAN, SAN PEDRO, CHARAS, BOUVIA I N 1897 the writer established a council in Melbourne, (Aus- tralia), for the South American Evangelical Mission, then a Canadian organization with headquarters in Toronto and a branch council in Liverpool (Eng.). A few. years later Liverpool became the chief center of the mission, and the Australasian section was pushed out into independence.

In 1907 this independent Australasian mission took the name Bolivian Indian Mission, and decided to aim chiefly at the evangelization of the Indians of Bolivia (the Argentine branch of the work having dissolved). For ten years the organization was British, until in 1917, Councils having been formed in New York and Los Angeles, it became international in character.

Like most missions of its kind the B. I. M. has to confess to having caught its main inspiration from that great organization, the China Inland Mission, whose interdenominational and faith basis it follows, as well as many of its methods of government, and its very strong emphasis on the fundamentals of our Christian faith.

Its aims have already been expressed in brief by the one expression "the evangelization of the Indians of Bolivia." Every activity of the mission is meant to tend in that direction.

The Indians tell our itinerant native preacher: "We would never have believed, had you not told us, that God would pardon our sins, or that He loved us enough to provide free salvation for us, for we have always been made to pay for our religion, even to going without food to do so."

It is our chief aim, above all else, to let them know that God does love them and has provided free salvation for them, and to do it free of any initial cost to them. We hope, when they begin (some of them) to know the power of Christ and His Cross, they will want to tell their own people the story too; but meantime our duty was clearly expressed less than a fortnight ago by a hearty Indian woman, as she was pressing our lady workers to come again and repeat the story to her. She said: "If I didn't want to hear it, the responsibility would be mine; but since I do want to hear it, the responsibility is yours."

We endeavor to attain our aim by varied methods as the case seems to demand. We are here to serve the Indian and the white people also, in every way we can, i. e., in every way that seems to help toward the main purpose of their evangelization-medical aid is given in time of sickness, schooling for children, evangelization is carried on by preaching in halls, at the street-corner, in jail, and the 629

telling of the story of salvation to the Indians in their humble homes, in the fields where they work, by the wayside, etc.

The other day a visiting professor from a Northern university expressed the view that the order here given was the right one-first the body, healing in sickness and hygienic teaching as to how to keep well; then the mind, a sufficient schooling to be able to understand Divine truths; and then, when the other conditions had been brought about, the preaching of the Gospel. We disagree with this professor's view for several n~asons.

(1) It is a human plan-not the Divine one. In our Saviour's day "the poor had the Gospel preached to them." When men conceive that a mental preparation is necessary to an understanding of the Gospel, it is probably because they themselves are thinking of an intellectualized Gospel, which only college professors are sup- posed to be able really to know! (2) The Divine plan, of going straight to the heart with the Gospel first, leads to a far quicker and more thorough cleaning up of physical and mental conditions than is possible by educational methods., i. e. in those cases in which the Gospel reaches the heart.

(3) The human plan is dangerous, because a preparation first and the giving of the Gospel afterwards, means the giving of the Gospel to one whose preparation may have awakened ambitions for worldly self-advantage, which may have shut the heart against the Gospel instead of opening it to the Christ.

So we press the Gospel on the children in our schools, on the sick we treat (and these are many) on the prisoners in the jail, on Quichua-speaking Indians, on those whose best-understood tongue is Aymara, and on the half-castes and whites who pride themselves on their good Spanish speech.

Five main villages-four in Charcas province and one in a neighboring province-are occupied. In all of these five centers there are preaching halls; in all of them much medical work is done; and in four out of the five, schools have been opened, (two in San Pedro) in which over 200 children are being t~ught. .

The open air plaza meeting on Sunday afternoons in San Pedro is interesting on account of its polyglot character. Hymns are sung in Spanish, in Quichua and in Aymara, while fifteen minute messages of the Gospel are given in the two Indian tongues.

The whole New Testament has been translated into Quichua for the British and Foreign and the American Bible Societies in a.gree- ment, and is being published by the latter in diglot (Spanish-Quichua) in New York. This will be an immense advantage in evangelizing the Quichua-speaking people of Bolivia.* .

• There are 39 workers in the missioD-B:ri)tiahers and Americans. It has Home Councils in London (Eng.). New York and Los Angeles (U. S. A.) and in Dunedin (N. Z.) and Adel'l-id,~ (Australia). beside many local representatives in all the countries named~ ..-

BY MRS. E. C. CRONK, 721 MUHLENBERG BLDG., PHILADELPHIA, P A

FORWARD-FACING OBSERVA'l'ION CARS T HE most popular car on through trains in America is the observa- tion car. It is usually full of comfortable passengers, lounging in armchairs, who never see anything until after they hav!? passed it. Some of the mountain-climbing trains move their observation cars from the rear to the front so that forward-facing passengers may see what is coming.

"Hats Off to tbe Past: Coats Off to the Future" was the subject of an address recently dElivered by a distinguished judge. It is well that we sit sometimes on the rear observation car studying things that are past and passing. III is well that we pause to reflect and to take off ORr hats to the past and learn its lessons. Let us not fail, however, to take a seat sometimes on a forward-facing observation car with coats off to the future.

"I WISH I HAD-" Leaders must be forward-looking We are yet in the days of substi- prophets, as well as backward-looking tutes. "I will" is an excellent sub- observers.

stitute for "I wish I had." NEXT YEAR'S OONFERENOES "I wish I had worked harder to "How I wish we had more of our bring more delegates to the summer members here!" sighed a delegate in the midst of a summer eonferenee. conference. " Now it is a well-known faet that "1 will work harder this year." sighs do not register delegates. "I wish I had planned our mission study classes to have everything ready During this year's conferences is the time to plan for next year's atto begin in the early fall." tendance. "1 will plan this year's work ahead If you are in August and September of time." conferences, look ahead to next year. "I wish we had more trained lead- Send conferenee postcards to the folks you wish were there this year. ers. " "1 will begin to work with the chil- dren."

"I wish we had more money for There are always eards of local in- missions.' , terest. The Women's Missionary So- "1 will help to provide stewardship ciety of the United Lutheran Church training for the Sunday-school and in America has issued for this year's the chttrch." eonference a special posteard that we Lift up your eyes! Look forward reproduee on the next page.

and do now the things that are to be Letters enelosing eonference pro- and should be. Some one has said grams and leaflets with inspiring that the best way to save your sighs messages should be mailed so that the is to look forward to the things that friends you wish were with you this ten years from now you'll wish you year may begin to plan tQ be there had done. next year, 631

192 QU'D like this l1erlj pleasant place So full of friends and fun And wa learn something fine each dalj- That helps us, el1erljone.

But we should like it better still If some we miss were here So please make up ljour mind right now That ljou will come next ljear.

Sometimes a mlSSlOn study t ext- missionary education of the children book, or a 'Year's subscription to the she taught. She organized a chil- MrsSIONARY REVIEW OF TIm WORLD or dren's missionary society with a large E1J eryland will be a monthly re- membership. Some of the older girls, minder. who were her first helpers, are now leaders themselves. Many churches Begin now to get up your delega- have felt the influence of the work of tion for next year's conference, Do these two delegates whose expenses not leave it to chance. Use the selec- were paid hy a friend who made a tive instead of the elective method of real investment. obtaining missionary leaders. Select delegates who have ability and possi- * .. .. bility and arrange for some organiza- A. leader sat down to make out her .. tion or individual ..to s..end them. summer conference schedule. There were before her thirty-five invitations. The most fascinating continued She could accept only six. The other twenty-nine stood out accusingly_ stories which will be forever continued She recognized their accusation-in- efficiency. Real leadership requires with new chapters happening each not only the doing of work oneself but the training of future leaders, day are the . stories of missionary She thought over her list of friends carefully, noting two who had espeleadership. Several years ago a wom- cially fine capabilities, and arranged for them tl) attend a missionary trainan of wealth, influence, and consecra- ing conference.

tion, paid the expenses of two teachers In declining two invitations, she wrote, "I regret I cannot accept your to a suIlllner missionary conference. invitation myself, but I know of two young women who are going to take Both of the teachers were young wom- training courses in summer confer- ences for the very line of work for en of unusual ability who had never which you want leadership." She helped the two young leaders to select had very close missionary contacts. tll~:i" <;Q1!f!!eS and plan their work.

The conference made a deep im- press in their lives. 'l'hey were r eal students_ Their notes on mission study, Bible study and methods of work were so carefully and fully made that upon their return they knew what they wanted to do and how to do it, l!~"1 One gave herself especially to the

BEST METHODS

Both of them were invited to lead some of the finest opportunities for the courses at summer schools on her Gospel have come to us thr(}ugh snch irrecommendation and both did very relevancies. "How much does it cost to successful work. convert a Chinaman ~" David Sutherland was asked., and quick as thought came the THE CHURCH IN THE STREET answer, "JlIst as much gS it takes tOo con- vert a Scotsma;n – not with corr"ptible An Experiment in Home Mission things like silver and gold, but with the precious blood of Christ." The effect was Method.. electrical.

One Saturday evening about four None among Qur band of mission.,… is years ago, among the usual church foolish enough to believe that much is likely notices appearing in a Glasgow paper to be done by our arguments, excellent as was one that was unusual: they often are; but we are filled with a better hope as we ~ the Gospel, which we An Appeal to Non·Churchgoers preach, making ever more cordial and affec- tionate our relations with many who, when Has the Gospel a message for the we got to know them first, were violent and present age ~ bitter in their antagonism to the Church; and as we witness the Spirit of God coming We believe that it has and are< pre- to darkened minds, estranged hearts, and pared to vindicate our belief at the embittered lives across the bridge of human Corner of Holland Street on Sunday sympathy whieh He has enabled us to build, evellings at 8· 0 'clock. Questions in- we are made glad in the assurance that He vited. owns and hlesseB our work.

The notice was signed by Gordon We have noW a regular congregation of Quig (St. Paul's Parish), Alex. Spark three to foul' hundred, gathered, for the (St. Matthe"w's, Blythswood Parish), most part, from those who formerly never and John Brash (Blythswood United darkened a church door. The Holland Street Free Church). !feeting is now their church, and they are immensely proud of heing in its membership. The following Sunday night a large crowd composed the congregation of Further referenee to a significant develo'P' the chnrch in the street. Every Sun- ment of this work during the past year may day night during the summer the at- be permitted. The desire for a debating tendance grew. When the cold nights society, to meet on a week-night, when opof winter came the large hall of portunity for less restricted exp1'8ssion of Blythswood was filled to overflowing. opinion than is possible under the question- The speakers were always ministers. and-answer method of onr Sunday evening The cooperating in action of churches meeting would be giYen, became so insistent of different denominations was and that we felt compelled to start the Freecontinues to be one of the special fea- J~allce Dehating Sodety, to meet fortnightly tures of strength. for the discussion of literary, social, re- ligious, and political SUbjects. The order of service is exceedingly simple. There are a few verses of In its first session this daughter of Hol- Scripture, followed by an address of land Street almost equalled the parent about twenty minutes. Then from society in interest and enthusiasm. The two forty-five to sixty minutes are devoted great events of the session were: to questions and answers, at the close of which all stand in reverent silence 1. The debate on "That the Present Govfor the Lord's Prayer whether or not ernment is Unworthy of Support," at which they join in repeating the words. every colour in the political spectrum was visible, from violent cousenatism to red or Rev. John Brash of Scotland says: violent communism; yet so fine a spirit of camarad9rie binds tIle desperate elements The unceasin g flow of questions is a per· of our Holland Street congregation together petual astonishment-even at the end of an that the chairman on that occasion had one hour there are always more to come, 98 the of the easiest joba in his experience, for putting of questions in some ways is a more the hitting, though hard, was always difficult art than the answering of them. gentlemanly, and the enthusiasm, though Irrelevant questions, of course, are put, but great, never even suggested disorder.

4 2. The public debate hetween Mr. Guy A. Aldred, the well-known controversialist and Hyde Park orator, and the R€v. Garn-pbell M. Maeleroy, the equally well-known min- ister of Victoria Park United Free Church, on "That Modern Knowled/(e Renders tha Theistic Position Untenable."

This debate arOSE> out of the -profonnd impression made by Mr. Maeleroy on the Sunday evening when he dealt with the sub- ject of science and religion.

MANY METHODS OF MANY MINDS solved a problem which faces many societies having a large proportion of BODle-Made Dram.atizations working women. It maintains what is called the Evening Branch, having A Flint church presented, very ef- an organization of its own, enrolling fectively, a simple dramatization those women who are employed durwhich resulted in an increased inter- ing the day and so are unable to meet est of mothers of America in mothers with the regular woman's society. and children of the world. Its sessions are held on the evening An American mother was the prin- of the same day on which the regular cipal character. When a missionary society meets and the subject is the leader called to invite her to join the same. The women who have the prin- 'Vomen's Missionary Society she gave cipal partfl in the day's program rethe usual excuses, none of them rea- peat them for the benefit of their sons. sisters who would otherwise be de- prived of the priyileges which they Among other things, she claimed enjoy. Thus the one preparation does that the care of her own children re- for both meetings and the business quired so much time and work and women are able to have the advanworry she could do nothing else. tages of the research work done by After exhausting her stock of argu- those who have more Ieisure, and the ments, the memhership solicitor leaves, programs can be brought to a high and the mother falls asleep. standard without overburdening wom- en whose daily vocations make it im- As she slept, the mothers of dif- possible for them to do much work. ferent cou;ntries appeared and told of how little they and their children -Jessie E. Swan. have as compared with the privileges which she and her children have. Roll Cla.ll Up_to_Date As they disappeared, she awoke and The Woman's Societv of the Union pledged herself to help· share with Presbyterian Church of Endicott, N. them and their children the blessings Y., is trying a new plan this year. It and privileges which were hers. This has been using miscellaneous topics can be worked up by any well-in- which coyer the foreign and home formed missionary woman. mission fields onee in each year, but nothing very definite in the line of -Mrs. Collins J. Brock. missionary education resulted. The study books have been used in a sep- Stamps and Missions arate study class~ and the members t<eemed to feel that they must keep We use the stamps from :inission up-ta-date with the work on the field lands as a medium of dissemi;nating by this haphazard method. missionary information. After a stereopticon evening, we ask the boys This year we are assigning to each and girls to write what they remem- active member some part of the misber of the lecture and offer stamps sion field on which she is to report in of foreign lands as a recognition of answer to roll call at each meeting, merit. being so limited as to time as to keep this part of the session within its A mother, who is not a member of proper bounds, the members having the missionary society,. reports her the stations for that month in the great joy over the intense interest of -Prayer Calendar having a little more her son in the lectures and the stamps. time allowed than the others. The re- mainder of the hour is to be spent -Eleanor Doan Burk. with a program on one of the study books. ••• Evening Meetings for Business Women The Woman's·Missionary -Society of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church of Washington, D. C., has

It is surprIsmg when one is col- York, went to Boston and saw the lecting items on a subject, how every- sights there, then on to Chicago where thing one reads and hears will con- we transacted our business and from verge toward it, and how the interest there to the fruitlands of California grows with the definiteness of pur- and San Franciseo, the city of the pose, and the discipline in condensa- West. The parsonage was the Grand tion clears the mind of rubbish and Central Station in New York City.

fixes the valuable portions in the .A home about six blocks away was memory. Boston. Chicago, another home, was Thus the roll call, formerly an- three blocks away, and San Francisco swered by a perfunctory reading of about five blocks distant.

quotations which made no perceptible At the Grand Central Station, we impression, becomes a means of real purehased our special-rate tickets for acquisition of llseful information, the ten cents. The tickets were made so easier retained when recited, because that parts could be torn off by the "what we give, we have." conductors as we went from place to -Jessie E. Swan. place. When the tickets were pur- chased, the ticket agent wrote the A Church School ot MinioJUI buyer's name on the top section, tore The Tioga Presbyterian Church, it off, and kept it for a record. When Philadelphia, of which Rev. Robert our delegation or party was all as- R. Littell, D.D., is the pastor, con- sembled. we lined up in our respective ducted a School of World-wide Chris- groups, C'alled "cars," and with our tianity each Wednesday evening dur- section partner as our tiekets desiging the month of February. nated. Two people were assigned to each section and ten to each car. A splendid spirit of interest and Each car had a conductor who col- enthusiasm manifested itself through- lected tickets in his coach. .At each out the entire course. The program station we changed cars and section consisted of a fifteen minute devo- partners. tional service. This was followed immediately by class periods from 8: 00 When we arrived at Boston, a name to 8: 40, the audience separating into of an historical place, event, person, four classes-one each for men, wom- building or monument was pinned on en, young people and children under each one's back, and he or she had to the direction of expert instructors. guess what name was pinned on him At _8 : 45, everyone reassembled to by asking his neighbors questions that hear an address by a prominent mis- could be answered by "yes" or "no. ' , sionary or secretary of the boards. ,Ve could not gtay longer in Boston The course !'losed with a grand rally, with an inspiring address by Dr. than to see all these places and to Robert E. Speer. have some Boston baked beans and brown bread, so we journeyed on to A dinner conference was held prior Chicago after enjoying these refreshto the rally, at which time about 200 ments. visitors met for instruction regarding the Every Member Canvass. The At the B. Y. P. U. headquarters in Chicago, we transacted our business canvass was the most successful in the and while we were waiting to be history of the church. In 1,030 served with "weenie" sandwiches and pledges, $17,827.60 was contributed to pickles (for Chicago is the meat-packchurch support, and $14,785.80 to ing center), we told all the things that missions and benevolences. we had seen in Chicago that began with A, then those that began with "TraJUlcontinental Tour" B, and so on, each one repeating what the others had seen. A ~aptist Young People's Union After anot her change of cars and party took the form of a "transcon- partners, we started for the city of tinental tour." We started from New San Francisco. Here we played

"Fruit Basket Upset" and a similar and methods would prove helpful. game in which each one had the name Very practical Imggestions could be of a fruit. When one who is in the given to meet local conditions. This center, blindfolded, calls the names of can be done more easily in a denomitwo fruits, they exchange places and national school. the one in the center tries to catch one of them. Shiny red apples and Themes and more themes are writraisins were served, and we ended our ten each year by students, treating evening of fun with a "sing." many different subjects. Could mis- sionary subjects be suggested or as- RUTH M. CAMPBELL, signed? Surely they would present a great field for study, and the result Baptist Student Secretary, Ypsilanti, Mich. would be not only interesting themes but interested writers as well. *** In one college, the girls agreed that Keeping Students in Touch with Mis- one of the best meetings of the year was the one in charge of the daughters sions of missionaries. That year there hap- pened to be three-one whose parents On visiting one of our colleges, I were in China, one in Porto Rico, and came into the girls' dormitory just as one in the Philippine Islands. Each the mail was being distributed. " A. brought a message from her respective letter from China!" greeted my ears, field. and off went three or four girls to a comfortable spot to read the letter. During the school year, students are On inquiring, I found that a number kept busy reading the books preof the girJs were earrying on corres· scribed in their various classes, but pondence with school girls in our mis- the summer offers a splendid opporsion fields and that this had been the tunity for them to read some of the means of interesting many hitherto missionary books. The distribution uninterested girls. of an attractive list of books especially adapted, would be appreciated by How important it is to have the in- them. terest of the college students in our mlssIOnary program! The great A prayer calendar made out for qucstion is how shall we create and the summer months, with a special obmaintain sueh an interest. Pageantry, ject of prayer for each day, if used, open forums, daily prayer groups, will strengthen the lives of the stuehapel addresses, study classes, ex- dents and prepare them for better hibits of foreign art, industry and service in the fall. The special objects costumes and posters all form avenues might includc missionaries, mission for the presentation of missionary in- projects, foreign students in America, formation and the arousing of inter- and uninterested students. est. JANET GILBERT, n is great to be a senior in college Secretary, Young People's Work, we all agree, but we will agree also United Brethren Church. that it carries with it responsibilities. The folks at home and in the home You ARE HELPED BY THE SUGGESTIONS church are eagerly waiting for the MADE BY OTHERS. You MAY HELP home-coming of students. They have had dreams~of what great service the OTHERS BY MAKING SUGGESTIONS. SEND students can render as leaders among tIle young people. Students will not A NOTE TO THE EDITOR OF BEST METH· want to disappoint them. Therefore, an intensive training course of an ODS TELLING OF SOME OF THE METHODS hour a day for a week in the spring, emphasizing the opportunities for YOU HAVE FOUND SUCCESSFUL. SOME· service which await them as they return to their local church and present- TIMES THE PLANS THAT ARE THE MOST ing up-to-date missionary information SIMPLE ARE THE MOST EFFEal'IVE.

Woman's Home Mission

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 156 FIF'fH AVE., NEW YORK TEACHERS THREE in rural work through the coopera- tion of rural missionary departments I rested awhile in a quiet nook so recently organized should not be And found there teachers three- misinterpreted, nor should they be criticized for not making more rapid One was a bird, and one was a brook, progress in overcoming the effects of And one was a green, green tree. previous neglect. It should be re- membered that the attempt to estab- The wee bird sang a ch€terful song lish the Christian rule among men has That no one heard but me, now been going on for about 2,000 years and the end is not yet attained And it seemed to say: " Yon 've heard my in any phase of modern life. lay; . Educational Pass on Its melody."

The brook flowed on in a glad, glad way, Smiling at the rock's rebuff.

I ,j have no room," it said, "for gloom; I laugh when the road is rough."

The green tree stood with wide, wide boughs, Interest in summer schools of the Methodist Episcopal Church is greater Like hands outstretched to greet, than ever before. Nearly 5,000 rural ministers have received training dur- And when the branches stirred I caught ing the time these schools have been in operation. The Methodist Episcothis word: pal Church, South, has more than doubled attendance upon its summer "Be a friend' to all you meet." schools and plans are under way for enlargement of the program. No one . -E. C. Baird. can estimate the influence of these TOWN AND COUNTRY schools. For large sections of the country those phases of so-called dem- By PAUL L. VOGT, Chairman onstration work that eight or ten years ago were heralded as a contri- H;Z~~i~~ron~epc~ncli !~d 8g~~ltt~i Wfo~:: bution to rural church methods have now become, as a result of the summer for Home Missions. schools, so commonplace as no longer to be considered news worthy of As it is now nearly fifteen years publication. This is particularly true since the first Department of Rural of church leadership in social and Church Work was established it has recreational activities. been thought wise to present a brief summary of the progress of interest That very few all-round rural in rural religious missionary agencies. church programs are under way will probably continue to be the case in- The example of the Presbyterian de1lnitely. But a large proportion of Church in the U. S. A. in organizing churches now serve their communities a separate Country Church Depart- through social activities, boys' and ment in 1910 has been followed by girls' clubs, church training nights, other denominations, as follows: Mora- Vacation Bible Schools, and other vian, ]912; Methodist Episcopal, forms of modern service. Gradually 1916; Baptist, 1918; Methodist Epis- old-type church buildings are being copal, South, Congregational, United replaced by new structures adapted Brethren, Church of the Brethren, to modern conditions. Surveys show and Roman Catholic at various dates surprising unanimity of thought that since 1918. The Protestant Episcopal in the near future most of our present Church is in process of organizing such a department. The Disciples of Christ have assigned rural work to the social service department of that church. Preparations are being made for a more aggressive program of advance than ever before. Seeming slowness in bringing about the millenium 637

rural church buildings and equipment and religious educational church con- must be replaced by modern plants. ditions and has under way special Educational activities of the rural de- studies designed to throw light upon partments have resulted in a national some of the fundamental conditions movement for rural church building affecting rural religious life in vil- improvement that will bring marked lages and open country. The Amer- changes in the next ten years. ican Country Life Association has sensed the urgent demand on the part Rural Extension Work and Leadership of rural laymen for continued inter- Training in Colleges est in the spiritual forces of the coun- The movement for special prepara- try, a~ shown by the urgent invitation tion of minist(lrs for rural work has continued. The Methodist Episcopal to give this topic special consideration Church, Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Congregational Church and at their next annual meeting. the Baptist denomination have all either started or are seriously consid- The Reformed Church in the United ering beginning special departments of rural church work in connection fltates has made special investigation with their theological seminaries. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, of rural churches and has published has established such departments at the theological seminary at Dallas, a rcport of findings. This denomina- Texas, and at Hendrix College, .Conway, Arkansas. The Congreg~tlOnal tion has also begun publication of a Church has such a department ill connection with Carleton College, Min- periodical specially related to its nesota. The Methodist Episcopal Church has added Simpson College, rural work. "Home Lands, " published Iowa Mt. Zion Seminary, Georgia, and 'Murphy College, Tennessee. by the Presbyterian Church in the Work is temporarily abandoned 'because of local conditions at McKen- U. S. A., is serving all denominations dree College, Illinois, and at Mt. Union College, Ohio. The Northern as medium for discussion of methods Baptist Convention has provided for six state field workers in as many of rural church work. The Northern states independent of educational institutions. Rural work at educational Baptist Convention reports 1,336 cominstitutions, and independently of them, has passed th~ experimental munities where the Baptist is the only stage and may be conSIdered a permanent and. growing feature of the move- Wevaesnto~'etlhicoaulsacnhdusrcohf. Throughout the ment to meet modern demands for a communities have trained leadership. been discovered with no church. In western Vashington out of 573 com- munities of one thousand population or less, 379 had no churches. Vast sec- tions in Kentucky and Tennessee, once fairly well churched, have been aban- doned. In one of these communities killings are going on at the rate of one a week, in another twelve murders were committed in four days. Other denominations are publishing from time to time special numbers dealing with rural church conditions. The qnantity of rural church literature of a high class is constantly increasing.

The .M;ethodist Episcopal Churc:I1 has continued mapping the r1i:i:al..

church situ~ipn, showing, location'~£ Research churches, pastoral -residences and other facts concerning alldenomina- Special surveys made by the Pres- tions at work in the smaller communi- byterian Church, by the Ohio Rural. ties. Tabulation is under way and Life Survey and by Gilland Pinchot will be presented on completion of the in New York and Vermont, have been work.

followed up by the Institute for So- Special studies have been made of cial and Religious Research. This In- the anthracite coal fields in .Penusyl- stitute has published documents of vania; the Iron Range in Minnesota; epochal importance relating to rural the Ozark sections of MissOuri; the

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLE'rlN

educational work of the denominations limited time. 'fhe larger parish plan, in the eastern Highlands; and the following in many respects the excoke regions in Pennsylvania. Grad- ample set by Mills of Michigan, and ually the new frontier in rural life is described in the book entitled "The being discovered and mapped and Making of a Rural Parish," is now foundations laid for rendering ade- being developed by a number of the quate service by denominations pre- denominations, notably the Congregapared to undertake this great scarce- tional, Presbyterian, Methodist and ly-touched task of the Church. Baptist.

Demonstration Work Interdenominational Cooperation The type of experimental and dem- Of particular interest is the continonstration work that grew up several years ago when church administrators uation of the l<Jvery Community Servwere asking for some pastor to undertake the task of "trying out" the ice program. Conferences have re- sulted in a much better understanding broader program of service to an en- of our problems in the West on the tire community is being continued by a number of denominations in sections part of national missionary represenwhere such programs are still relatively new. Rural church progress tatives and in laying the foundation has been such that it is now possible to make advances into relatively un- for extensive advances into greatly tried fields of rural service. Among the newer types of demonstration neglected fields on a non-competitive work now under way or under con- basis. sideration are: Rural work is demanding attention of the churches to a greater extent now than at any time since the growth of cities became so conspicuous. .The relation of strong rural churches to 1. Religious educational directorships fo·r religious and other leadership in the groups of rural churches. nation at large; the shift of rural 2. Experimental work in organization of population to cities and its relation to religious forces on a county basis. city church strength; th!) weakness of 3. Missionary organization for foreign- denominations that do not have their speaking work. roots deep in the soil-all have 4. Demonst·rati(>u of the Church in relation to eOnomic welfare in rural parishes. aroused national concern on the 'part 5. Field workers devoting full time to of church leaders and have inclined rural missionary maintenance enterprises for them to give' adequate attention to the purpose of improving the S€mce and in- creasing financial support. rural work. Growing rural consci()us- 6. Experiments in better organization of ness is also demanding of ,church student. pastorates in tbeenvironmentof leaders that adequate attention be educational institutions.

7., Experimentation with professional rural given to rural work. Increasing pastoral service. ' knowledge of the seriousness of rural 8. The larger parish plan. church conditions and the folly of 9. Local interdenominational cooperation tor communitr, service. considering rural work as unworthy ExperiIOOntal work in trained reli- of the best leadership has, become the gious educational leadership has been b8:ki~ for a more aggressive program started in connection with seven groups of country churches in selected for rural service. City and country places throughout the United States by the Methodist Episcopaldenomina- have their contribution to make to the tion, In the first one tried, local support has increased rapidly and mis- advance of Christian civilization; if sionary aid can be withdrawn in 'a .either is neglected' both must suffer together. The outlook for the rural work was never more hopeful than it is today. ," EDITED BY MISS GERTRUDE SCHULTZ, MISS ALICE M. KYLE BAPTIST WOMEN IN EUROPE to vacate the rooms. There is this By MABELl.:E RAE MCVEIGH unusual situation in a number of cities "over there," that tenants can- In Lodze, Poland, Baptists enjoy not be forced to move out unless they the prestige of owning the first hos- can find a place into which to move pital in the city, and though ~o~ of and the housing shortage is so serious the Baptist faith, the best physlCIans that sometimes moving is delayed 'and surgeons of that city are glad to many months. The owner must not have their patients cared for by Bap- accept rent during these months or he tist nurses. Throughout Central prolongs his difficulty for a greater eEsusersopae~dntuhresrees are usually deacon- period. When this annex is really in is a wonderful charm use for women's work there will be a about these simple black gowns and splendid center for Christian service, the white-faced black bonnets that of which not only Polish but Amer- frame a madonna-like face. Thus ican Baptists may be proud.

those who go forth minister both to Of all the countries visited, Czecho- body and soul. In this hospital, Slovakia was in the best economic con- which is truly a Christian Center, dition, and here, also, was a group of Sister Bertha and Sister Agnes carry Baptists of unusual ability. At Vel- the full management of the institu- . trusy, just an hour from Prague, the tion and lead in the training of the Peabody-Montgomery Home for or- Baptist deaconess-nurses. Like every phan children is the particular inter- first-class American hospital cleanli- est of American Baptist women. In ness is evident everywhere, and one this home, which has a really homelike has the feeling that the hospital itself atmosphere, are nineteen bright, has been "washed and ironed." In healthy, happy boys and girls. They addition to the cases that bring a have come out of the depths of financial return, there are six or seven degradation and poverty and have free beds in which Baptists are given discovered in this home what love is.

preference. It is a cheering fact to A kindly-faced matron watches over know that the hospital is a self-sup- her brood with the aid of the splendid porting institution, but the greatest managerial ability of Madame Kola- satisfaction came to the writer as she tor. Perhaps the greatest tribute to looked into the face of a young girl this home is the expressed wish of a which truly shone with a newly-found young neighbor boy, with normal joy, and heard that while on her sick family life, that he might be an or- bed at this hospital she was finding phan so that he could live in the Pea- not only health but the "good news" body-Montgomery Home. Here, as in that would transform her life for all the Hospital, the story of Him who time. loves children is making its impres- A few blocks removed from the sion on the lives of this family, for Peabody-Montgomery Hospital is a decisions to follow only Him are be- kind of annex in which the deaconess- ing made as the days go by and bap- nurses and those in training for tisms into the Church are taking place.

definite missionary service live and It is hoped that this home may soon study. At present, there is a three- be enlarged so that it may minister to story brick building which will for the homeless and produce more Chris- some time to come be large enough tian leaders for Ozecho-Slovakia.

for this part of the work, when the Central Europe is a sober place. In tenants have actually been induced many meetings of all sorts, hundreds, 640 ves, even thousands of faces leave a outstanding expression on the part of inemory of a common stoical expres- the army of occupation, of their belief sion with very, very few smiles. in the value of love and service in Eagerly and earnestly all listened to "more than conquering" an enemy. every message with never a hint of In this relief campaign, which has redisorder. Audience rooms were al- cently closed, the leaders asked the ways packed, and in every case, it cooperation of the Federal Council of would have been impossible to hand Churches of Christ in America, beout a card of "Standing Room Only." lieving that the Christian Church There was no standing room. It was should be expert in practicing love already taken long before the speakers for enemies. Feeling the care of chilarrived. At times, during the serv- dren to be an inherent part of a ices, when particularly interested, a woman's life purpose, the Federal listener in the pew would rise quietly Council in turn suggested the organiand stand with eyes riveted on the zation of the Women's Church Comspeaker. Evidently it was quite cus- mittee on International Goodwill. tomary, for it drew no attention from others. Then sometimes, during a In searching for a tangible expresmeeting, the interpreter would give sion of Christian love, this Women's an opportunity for those sitting to Church Committee is calling the womexchange places with some of those en and children of America to send standing, and quietly such shifts of a Christmas" Ship of Friendship" to places would be made. Germany, and, at the same time, is seeking with all its intuition to find a Perhaps one of the most impressive potent word to say to the women and services was that in a tent in Brno, children of Japan, which can be Czecho-Slovakia, where the audience understood as coming from the heart has long ago outgrown the church of America. building. On this particular night, 700 men and women had crowded into For the Christmas ship to Germany, this tent to hear an American Baptist all religious groups are being asked to woman speak. The subject was "A participate in filling a ship-to sail on Christian Home," and it was a thrill November 10th-with warm clothing, at the close to have the pastor ask for unbleached muslin, sheets, yarn and hands of those who would henceforth outing flannel, as well as with conpledge themselves to maintain a truly densed milk, sweetened and evapo- Christian home and to see by far the rated, codliver oil, cocoa, flour, soap, majority of the audience raise their etc. Food and clothes come so perhands. Then, as that audience was sonally into the home that it is posdismissed, it was possible to discover sible for them to carry special friendthat those dear people had been sit- ship to people who need faith and ting on benches without backs, many courage to do what they are setting with children in their arms. This is themselves to do in carrying out the only an illustration of the eagerness Dawes report. This may be Amerwith which the people of Central ica '8 last chance to say a word of love Europe are waiting for the gospel to our enemy of the World War. story. There is now an unprecedented opportunity to build into the very In writing of the ship, Mrs. Thomas foundation of Protestant Christianity Nicholson, President of the Woman's by lending loyal support to Baptists Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church has said, in Europe. "The women of America have a large "BUT I SAY UNTO YOU, LOVE-" responsibility in the creation of the The work of Major General Allen in carrying through a campaign to warless world which must be civilizahelp German children has be~m an tion '8 goal. 'Where women are friends, men do not fight.' Let us live goodwill, pray for it and work for it, by word and deed."

fROM MANY

EUROPE with large families, doing all the work alone, are breaking down under their Encouragement in Europe heavy burden.

DR. JOHN R. MOTT, who has re- "The present need has one good cently returned from a visit to effect. It stirs up the inmost forces Europe, North Africa and Palestine, and it draws the people and the reports that at no time since the world Church together. Already the helpwar has he seen so great signs of im- ing churches of Europe form a ring provement in conditions as this year. of brotherly love around their unfor- There is not only increasing economic tunate sister churches. Everywhere stabilization, and a revival of indus- it is felt that we can no more remain tries, but travel- is more regular and isolated-that we have to organize a convenient. Political leaders are great concerted action. A much showing greater ability and sincerity deeper understanding for all kinds of and are looking more to America for church cooperation and federation world leadership. movements is thereby reached. Amer- Churches of the Continent ican Protestantism, in supporting the work of the Central Bureau, in HE work of Dr. Adolf Keller of furthering these cooperative move- T Zurich, secretary of the Central ments and in collaborating with them, Bureau for the Relief of the Evan- is participating in a constructive work gelical Churches of Europe and the which the political agencies have not European representative of the Fed- been able to accomplish." eral Council of Churches, has been referred to from time to time in the Fund Began in a Workhouse REVIEW. In a recent comm'unication he states: "A journey for informa- TWENTY years ago a poor woman tion through several countries in in a workhouse in Devonshire, Europe confirmed to me what we knew totally blind and deaf, sent a little already–that not only churches and gift of five shillings for certain work all kinds of institutions can no more then newly started by the Society for be supported without foreign help, the Propagation of the Gospel, and but that thousands of persons engaged that gift is now represented by an- in such work·' are suffering black nual contributions never less than hunger and hardest privation. Pas- £3,000 a year. This was the origin of tors, professors, all. kinds of social the Fund for the training of eandi- workers, their familieB,deaconesses, dates for missionary service, known, are facing desperate conditions. Many as the Candidates' F'ive-Shilling Fund, o£ them are in such a reduced state of sustained by annual gifts of that healt'ft that the slightest attack kills amount, by which many hundreds of them. There are pastors who do hard clergymen, laymen ,and w.omen have work during eight hours of the day been trained. The need for such a and can attend to their parish work fund" which would not detract from only in the evening or Sunday, under-' the support of the regular work, WilS'

nourished and exhausted as they are. stated in a quarterly intercession There are others who can no more' paper in 1904. Mary Jane Hutchings, visit the' more remote parts of their the blind woman in the 'Yorkhol,ls.e, parish because' they have lio shoes. read of it iIi the Braille edition of the Many have had no new clothes for paper, ·sent In her little offering, the many years. Pastors' wives, especially first gift received, and when it was 642 reported other gifts began to flow in beliefs hitherto accepted with unques- and have never ceased. Her own con- tioning credulity. It has loosened the tribution was made every year until grip of the priest on the people to an her death last December. extent that, ten years ago, would have been regarded as impossible. It has Scotoh Orphan Homes inculcated a sense of independence I N many parts of the world today which threatens even the supremacy there are fruitful lives and institu- of the Papacy in Ireland. However tions which bear the mark of the con- Roman Catholicism may dread such a secrated personality of Dwight L. revolution; however great may be the Moody. Among these in Great Britain possibilities of evil in it, nevertheless, are the Quarrier Orphan Homes at so far from being unfavorable to Bridge of Weir, Scotland, which re- Evangelical Christianity, it only gives port for 1923 a family of 1,373, not to us the opportunity for which we counting workers. During his visit have long prayed and for which we to Glasgow in 1874, Mr. Moody was have earnestly waited. If ever the pained at the sight of so many ragged time for Ireland '8 evangelization has and neglected children on the streets, come, it is now_ Never have the peaand he called and presided at a con- pIe showed a greater independence in ference of ministers and Christian claiming the right to think and read workers to consider the matter. Mr. for themselves. Never have they mani- Quarrier was one of the speakers at fested a greater willingness to talk on the conference, and there made public religious subjects. Never have they his plan for the building of cottage shown a more liberal or tolerant spirit homes, to provide for Scotland's or- toward aggressive evangelism, whether phan children. In 1877 he purchased it be in purchasing the Scriptures forty acres of farm land at Bridge of from our colporteurs or listening to ,Veir, and began the erection of the the Gospel on the streets of Dublin or homes. The 1923 report, which is in the country fairs and markets."

quoted in the Record of Christian Missionary Union in Holland A Work, states that over $500,000 was NATIONAL conference -of mis- sionary societies for cooperation received in that year in answer to prayer, and continues: in counsel and work has not, owing to The work of the Orphan Homes is carried special conditions, been established in on in dependence upon God for daily snp- Holland. But the Commissie van Adplies. No one is called on personally, nor vies, which is the home base organizado we send out collectors. The needs are tion belonging to the Missionary committed t,n God in prayer, and we look to Consulate in Batavia, acts acceptably IDm to inove the hearts of His people to send all that is required. in that capacity. In the Missionary A NeW' Day- in Ireland Consulate, founded in 1906, most of the missions working in the Nether- REV. F. C. GIBSON writes in The lands -Indies are represented, tlie Life of Faith; "In the revolu- Dutch Bible Society being the pivbt re- tionary times through which w~ are of the work. The Consulate, in its now passing there are many things, ordinary activities, deals with the I which may ultimately make for the lation between missions and the Gov~ social and spiritual progress of Ire- ernment; its work is therefore akin land. '1'he political upheaval of the to that of national missionary councils past few, years has shaken the life of in other lands_ Nearly all the mis- the people to its very roots. It has sionary societies are federated in joint created a restlessness in the Ulinds of headquarters- at Oegstgeest near Lei- thousands which is disturbillg the dell, and the Zendingsschool at Oegst- superstitious lethargy of ages. It has- geest, is now the central missionary inspired a spirit of inquiry which is training school for all missionaries leading to the challenging of ancestral going out Ul;lder Dutch societies. Mls-

sionaries from other countries going gave him opportunities to depict re- to Netherlands India are sent there ligious conditions today in what he first to learn the Dutch language and called "the homeland of the first New to catch the Dutch spiritual, social York settlers," and to appeal to and political ideas. American Christians to give financial help to the Belgian churches in their A Missionary Agent in Brussels task of both moral and material re- construction. As a result of their I N the Bu,Ueti·n issued by the Inter- common suffering during the World national Missionary Council is de- War and through their joint work in scribed an interesting cooperative the Belgian Congo Mission, the two missionary agency which has devel- historical and national Belgian Protoped since the war, the Bureau des estant churches have united in the Missions Protestantes du Congo BeIge Belgian Protestant Church Federawhich has its headquarters at Brus- tion. These two bodies were the sels. It acts on behalf of most of the "Union des Eglises Protestantes American, British and Swedish mis- EvangeIiques de Belgique," which sions in the Belgian Congo and repre- was organized under Napoleon I in sents them unofficially before the 1807 and counts congregations dating Belgian Government. M. Henri Anet, from the sixteenth century, and the secretary of the Belgian Missionary ,•Eglise Chretienne Missionaire Society, is the Agent de Liaison, and his report of work done during the BeIge," which was founded in 1837 latter half of 1923 proves the value of as a free church and an evangelistic his office. During that period some society. Both churches are said to be thirty-eight missionaries representing "progressive, aggressive and thorten different societies spent some time oughly evangelistic."

in Brussels with a view to learning French, accommodation being found Danish Missious for them by lVI. Anet. Lectures were THE low value of Danish money, given on the history of Belgium and due to the crisis in Europe and of the Congo, and entrance was se- general depression, has forced the cured for several to the Tropical Danish Mission Society to reduce its School of Medicine. Weekly recep- budget, which will be felt especially tions were given by Madame Anet, at in India in both evangelistic and eduwhich the missionaries gave short re- cational work. If the Dawes Plan ligious addresses in French. Mission- puts Europe on its feet financially, it aries going to and from the Congo will be a great blessing to mission were met by the Agent, passages were work supported by Christians in Denprocured, and many commercial mat- mark. ters arranged. The Agent is in close The Danish Sudan Mission Society tOllch with the Colonial Office and also is suffering from the lack of other government officials, and with funds and, for the present, is not able the missionary or!!anizations on the to send out missionary candidates who Congo. He and his wife have also must wait until a society has the been able to do much to interest the means to support them. Belgian public in the work of Protes- Christian students of Denmark tant missions on the Congo. have as their motto-"The Evan- Belgian Natioual Churches gelization of the World in This Gen- eration, " and at their convention at T HE Belgian Protestant Church Roskilde, January 26th to 29th, Mis- Federation sent as its delegate to sionary J. Rasmussen emphasized the Huguenot-Walloon celebration in missions as a world movement and an New York in May, Rev. Leonard obligation of the Christians to all Hoyois of Mons, Belgium. His visit mankind.-Dansk Missionsblad.

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Y. W. C. A. in Baltic States younger generation: Student Chris- tian Federation, the Y. M. C. A., the I N response to a request from lead- Y. W. C. A., the Sporting Federation, ing women in Estonia and Latvia, the Junior Red Cross, the Junior the World's Committee of Young Tourist Society, the Boy Scouts, and Women's Christian Associations asked others. .. Dr. Mott delivered four the American National Board in 1921 public addresses in three days. Three to organize the Association in those of them were in the largest hall in countries. There are now two flourish- town. 'l'he audiences were so crowded ing Associations in Estonia-<Jne in that the door was shut as soon as he Reval and the other in the university began to speak. The representative center of Dorpat. In Latvia there is character of the audiences was rea nne city organization at Riga, the markable: priests, pastors, professors, capital. Classes in language, mil- teachers, publicists, journalists, mililinery, sewing, shorthand, typewrit- tary officers, merchants, men and ing, bookkeeping, gymna;sium, first aid women of all classes and vocations of and Bible have helped hundreds of life, but the students made the mawomen and girls to make the economic jority. " adjustments that recent history has made necessary. A health program Missionaries in Greece has opened a new era in this line of education. Bible and discussion GREECE has opened at last! "For classes have been well attended. seventy-five years," says the Racial antagonisms are naturally A. B. C. F. M., "we have been waitgreat, following the World War, but ing for this event. What Daniel the Y. W. C. A. is working interna- Webster, and his successor in the tionally. Girls are learning that girls State Department, Edward Everett, of another nationality are not so dif- could not accomplish in the forties ferent, after all. Committees con- through diplomacy, has come to pass sisting of the leading women of all by the trend of post-war events. With nationalities are learning to work to- the army of refugees from Smyrna gether and to respect each other. and Asia Minor came the mission- America, through the work that the aries, and Athens received them with Association is doing in the Baltic open arms. It was made plain that States, is making a real contribution the missionaries were welcome and to world peace. Yet, at the recent na- were desired to stay and to establish tional Y. W. C. A. convention in New their philanthropic institutions and York, it was voted that lack of funds schools on the soil of Greece. There would make it necessary to discon- are eight American Board representatinue American support of this work tives in Athens today. With the conbeginning in 1925. duct of the girls' school in the Phaleron district, and the care of John R. Mott in Bulgaria thousands of refugees, they are a busy lot. A little paper edited by the girls D N. FURNAJIEFF, a Bulgarian of the school- girls who lost their • who has acted as interpreter for homes, everything, in the Smyrna disvarious American Christian leaders aster-is called Happy Days!" when they have visited his native land, writes with enthusiasm in The Chris- "A CriDle against Children" tian Work of the recent visit of John R. Mott, IlL.D., to Sofia: "The wel- T HE officiall'd:oscow daily, Izvesfia, come at the railroad station was a rare reports that two school teachers sight. The long platform was thronged who joined in a funeral procession in with sprightly and enthusiastic stu- honor of one of their number were dents of the University and gymnasia, placed on trial before "the comrades' and of all the organizations of our tribunal," accused of "participating

in a religious procession." Comment- removed from schools and pnblic libraries ing on the verdict, which concluded , 'so that the children and workmen shali with the words, "The comrades' tri- not be subject to their pernicious influbunal brands this action with shame ence. ' , In the" red " ann:y and in m!Llly of as dishonoring the entire union of the schools the tendE'Ilcy of the instruetion teachers for au act directed against is away from obedience to the church. < the children," the Christian Advocate says: AFRICA It is held to be the duty of the teacher to Why Ad.vance is Essentip.l "fight religious prejudices," which as interpreted in Russia, meaus religious' beliefs. REV. W. C. JOHNSTON, D.D., In taking part in the religious observance Field Secretary of the West of a public funeral outside of school prem- Africa Mission of the Presbyterian ises <and not in school hours these teachers Church in the U_ S. A., writes: "You , 'committed a crime against the children." say 'Do not advance.' It is· not ad- It is evidently not enough tbat a school vance. It is growth. You cannot say t~ach~r refrain from giving religious instruc- to the growing child, 'Do not grow.' tIon In school or to school children. But He will grow regardless of what you the teacher must "actively practice in life" tell him. You could not tell the men the decree separating Church and State. To converted in the hospita~ at Efulen pll;rticipate in a religious procession is a not to tell their people about it'when crIme. Does not this incident, which is not they went back to their village some unusual, support the theory that the Soviet Government is a!gr~ssively.fighting religion 1 200 miles away. The other day I ad- As one of the VIctIms of Its persecution in Siberia has' characterized it the Soviet dressed 156 confessing Christians up policy of " freedom of reiigion" only near Bafia, where a man had been caramounts to "freedom from all religion." ried away by the Germans to the island of Fernando Po, and while Religious Values in Russia there had come into touch with some of our Christians, and had been con- PwsoacsoRiofOilontFghiERestSuUsSosnOfiiavReedsrEtusaDirbtiylWnisgohAfetRhdWeDriresAecpv.ouotnRlasuOtitniSi~oSn~~ verted and carried the Gospel back to his people. 'l'his kind of thing cannot and has recently published three vol- be called advance. It is a natural growth. umes on the subject. In his chapter "While we are holding up on adentitled, "Religion and the Church vance work, the Mohammedans are advancing. Many people in Bafia have Under Communism," he points out become Mohammedan in the .last two years. I sat one evening, talking with that the "dynamiting of ancient the King of Ba:fia. He himself has become a Mohammedan, but is: still superstition" will be a great service v~r~ friendly to us and not antago- lllshc to our work. It was just sunto real Christianity in Russia. Shrines down. Out in the yard in front of us was the Mohammedan teacher with and so-called relics of saints to which eleven of the King's leading men. Each had his sheepskin spread on the pilgrims had long brought gifts in ground and they were following their leader as he taught them their prayworship, are found to be composed of wax or cardboard. "It will be hard ers."

to convince American Christians Work of Algiers Mission Band however," says the Christian Chaevneturrey~' DURING a Mediterranean trip on "that Russia can claim to his way to the WorId's Sunday ligious tolerance when a sober scien- School Convention in Glasgow, W. 1. Ijandes, General Secretary of the tific investigator says this is true": World's Sunday School Association visited Algiers, of which he wrote; ~o prevent the children from being incorporated into the church before they are old enough to know what they are doing the Soviet goyernment in July 1922 de: creed that the baptism of inf.:nts should cease but that any person over eighteen years of age .might receive baptism; for. bade that chlldren nnder eighteen should ~ employed in any way On church premo lses; and ordered that all Bibles and books dealing with religious subjects should be

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"It is here that Miss 1. Lilias Trotter 'fhis is on the line of Mohammedan has labored faithfully with a little advance, and their missionaries have band of co-workers for thirty-six been busy while we slept. The only years in a ministry of love to the chil- hope of the Christian Church is in the dren, mothers and widows whose num- large number of literate native Chrisber is Iflgion. Patiently and prayer- tians scattered from one end to the fully through the years has this min- other of this immense territory. .At istry of 'holding forth the Word of present we are doing the spade work Life' been given, always with a never- on the Bura language. My associate, faltering faith that a great day will Mr. Kulp, is going ahead with the come when the strongholds of Islam language while I am giving my major will yield." In 1907 a party of dele- attention to the development of a gates to the ]'ifth World's S. S. Con- Christian teaehers' training and invention in Rome, which included dustrial school. These people ean Bishop Hartzell of the M. E. Church preach to their own people better than and Dr. Landes, stopped in Algiers we ever can. That is why we believe for a day and pledged $50,000 for the it is wise to develop a central training enlargement of the work of the .Algiers institution for promising students Mission Band. Returning after seven- from the start. " teen years, Dr. Landes says: "Splendid mission stations are now estab- Gospel by Radio in Africa lished in all strategic ceniers in North .Africa. Homes for boys and for girls APLAN is being worked out for have been established in which are broadcasting gospel messages gathered groups of happy native chil- over .Afriea. The sending station will dren, most of them rescued from con- be .Aba, in northwestern Congo. The ditions cruel and inhuman but now cooperation of the Freneh, the Belbeing nurtured, trained, evangelized gian, and the British authorities will and educated. They will become the need to be secured. The messages will future leaders and propagators of the be sent in the various languages used North .African Christian Church." in .Africa. Of course, they will be he2.rd only in the villages where there Beginnings in Nigeria is a missionary with a receiving set. It is believed that the evangelizing I N July, 1923, the REVIEW reported possibilities will be immeasurable. the opening of a new mission in Nigeria by the General Missionary Education in Kenya Colony Board of the Church of the Brethren. .After nine months on the field, Rev. THE remarkable Education Ordi- .A. D. Helser, one of the two mission- nance issued in 1924 by the Govaries sent out, writes: "Our school ernment of Kenya Colony, East work is under way and is most promis- .Africa, aims to establish an efficient ing. Weare starting on the plan of system of education throughout the self-support. Boys are admitted on colony as early as possible, and places three plans: fee in cash, equivalent such emphasis upon efficiency as not of fee in provi'sions, or work equiva- to tolerate any methods which fall belent to fee. From the beginning we low that standard. .A Board appointed had twenty-nine boys enrolled. If by the Governor will assume complete students think the world is evan- control of all the schools in the coungelized their attention should be called try, whether public or private. The to a territory three hundred miles Board will be composed of six persons, wide and one thousand miles long two of whom will be the Director of with millions of people and not a Education and the Chief Native Comsingle Christian missionary until re- missioner. cently. The Mohammedan and pagan population is about equally divided. Compulsory education is to be in- troduced as the school provision is extended. There are six standards or

grades in the education code; in the the church, stone-throwing was enfirst two instruction will be given in gaged in, and the fugitive again took the mother tongue and above standard to flight. After being chased from two the English language will be com- house to house, he finally fled for bined with the mother tongue as the refuge into the church of another demedium of instruction. Among the nomination. The Government later benefits of the act is the compulsory had to cause one of these priests to be medical inspection of children. removed. 'l'wo months ago, gospels given by a native evangelist to the English Methodists, whose organ, village boys were burned in the yard The Missionary Echo, gives the above of a Latin Church." information, recognize that compliance with this ordinance will involve Growth of Beirut Pre•• extensive changes in the educational work of their missions in Kenya THOUGH the greater part of the Colony. $100,000 memorial fund, raised by the Board of Foreign Missions of the NEAR EAST Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. in honor of its secretary, Rev. A. W. Prophecy Fulfilled in Palestine Halsey, D.D., who died in April, 1921, was used for the mission press at Elat PREMIER J. RAMSAY MAC- in the Cameroun, part of it was ap- DONALD of Great Britain knows propriated to Syria. The centennial his Bible, says Our Jewish Neighbors. year of th~ American Press at Beirut He is favorable to Zionism and says was celebrated in August, 1922, by the of a visit he made recently to Pales- opening of the Halsey Memorial tine: "One goes through Palestine Buildings and the beginning of actual now with the verses of many a proph- printing on the presses therein conecy on one's lips. One hears them as tained, all made possible by the though the hills whispered them. The Memorial Fund. The buildings are camps on the seashore, by the wayside, of American steel and concrete conon the hills, seem to have come by struction. The machinery includes an command of the Ancient of Days, Arabic and English linotype machine seem to have been arranged long, long and a Kelly automatic press with a ago, when it was promised that He capacity of 3,600 impressions an hour. 'will assemble the outcasts of Israel The output for 1923 was 22,782,260 and gather together the dispersed of pages. Judah from the four corners of the earth.' " Near East Relief In Gana of Galilee THE annual report submitted to Congress contains many interest- H OW much the Gospel of Jesus is ing facts about this great humani- needed today at the scene of His tarian organization. In the medical first miracle is evident from the fol- department during the year, 200,000 lowing items culled from a letter from different individuals were treated and an English mis'sionary now in Cana 500,000 Were clothed. Thirty-three of Galilee: "About a month ago the hospitals and 61 clinics were operated, Government appointed a Town Coun- with an average of 395,000 treatments cil. Today finds the members of the per month. This work was supervised Town Council, seven in number, all by 8 American doctors, 21 American in prison for misappropriating the nurses, 52 local doctors and 121 local town's money! Some months ago two nurses. The local doctors and nurses priests, while conducting service, dis- are for the most part well-trained but agreed over the ritual. Words fol- destitute refugees. This department lowed, then one threatened the other, has reduced the number of sufferers resUlting in one becoming a fugitive from trachoma from 65 to 21 per cent and the other a pursuer. Once outside

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among 30,000 children in Armenia recognize Baghdad and Mosul, at pres- and Syria, checked typhus epidemics ent occupied by the Reformed Church in Constantinople and Aleppo, and in America and the Presbyterian stamped out malarial swamps in Sam- Church in the U. S. A. respectively, soun. as stations of the United Mission, and to look forward to the occupancy of '1'he orphanage work shows the ef- Hillah as the next in order. Rev. fects of the Smyrna disaster. Institu- John Van Ess, who is said to "know tions built up with Constantinople as the country of Mesopotamia as pera center have had to be abandoned or haps no other missionary does," deat great expense transplanted to other scribes in his book, "Neglected aTeas. New buildings have of neces- Arabia," what occupancy of these sity been constructed or old ones re- cities involves. He says: paired and equipped for service. More than 22,000 orphans have been Baghdad, the capital of the kingdom of transferred, many of them 500 miles Irs,q, just beginning to shift her gaze from overland from the interior of Anatolia a glorious past to a still more glorloUB to places of· safety in Greece, Syria future, teems with young men who talk the and Palestine. 'fhe total number of language of a violent nationalism, who pro· orphans under the care of the Near fess a great self-confidence, and outwardly East Relief is now 60,000 in six dif- resent foreign domination, but who readily ferent countries, or 14,000 less than a respond to a sympathetic criticism of their year ago. The diminution is primarily methods and welcome the tutelage of those due to the large number of children who have no ulterior motiVe<! save the good graduated into industrial and family of the populace. MOBul, a large and pros· life in the various countrie&. Of the perous city almost as large as Baghdad and remaining children, 83 per cent are on the very frontiers of Kemalist Turkey, is under 14 years of age and 63 per cent a twilight zone, with a political future al· are under 12. ways in doubt, but a magnificent center of population in itself and a strategic vantage Entering Afghanistan point for reaching great and prosperous tribes. Rillah., the site of ancient Babylon, REV. AND MRS. D. M. DONALD- is homogeneous in population., preeminently SON and Dr. and Mrs. R. E. 11 tribal center, distinguished for its hospi· Hoffman, of the East Persia Mission tality and its independence of thought and of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., action. recently cabled from Meshed that they were that day starting to open a INDIA mission station at Herat, Afghanistan. Afghans from the Meshed hospital, Unoccupied Fields in India going back to their own country, have carried with them the Christian Gos- MISSIONARY activities in India pel and, 1'1'ith the appointment of an are so extended and so varied Afghan consul at Meshed who is that it will be a surprise to many favorably inclined toward issuing friends of missions, as it evidently has passports to missionaries desiring to been to the editor of the Dnyanodaya, enter his long-closed country, there is to learn how large a part of the counprospect of a new land being entered try, both in territory and in populafor Christ. The entrance of this tion, is still unoccupied by Christian Presbyterian party marks the first forces. He quot.es the following statemissionary enterprise admitted to ments from an article by Rev. .Alex- Afghanistan. ander McLeish, convener of the Na- tional Christian Council '8 Committee on Occupation and Survey, which ap- peared in the April International Re- view of Missions: Chief Cities of Mesopotamia "Taking only complete administrative units (census districts) we see that one AT the organization of the United third of the area of India with one eighth Mission in Mesopotamia, reported of the popUlation is unoccupied. One third in the June REVIEW, it was voted to of the area of Burma with one third of the population is also unoccupied. Bombay 5

Presidency has 32 missions at work in the A N eo-Hindu Movement 37 districts of the Presidency, and yet 3 districts are quite unoccupied and 2 have I N arecent conference in Benares of only one worker ea,eh. There are nearly 5'1:. Hindus from different parts of times more Indian than foreign workers. India, Buddhists, J ains, Sikhs and About 250 out of the 675 foreign workers Parsis were invited to join. This was are located in Bombav and Poona cities in accordance with the theory of a alone. Educational wo;k 1s strong although Hindu editor, "Hinduism is in its there are 1,831 evangelistic workers com- larger aspect a religious patriotism pared with 1,241 educational. The Protes- rather. than a religion." The leaders tant Christian community is reported as defined a Hindu as "any person proonly 158,19 i out of the 264,J)l7 total Ch~is­ fessing to be a Hindu or following any tian population … Perhaps the most startlmg religion of Indian origin." The confact about the unoccupied territory in In- ference was by no means a peaceful dia from the Christian standpoint is that one. For instance, the presiding India'8 villages number nearly three quar- officer tried hard to get through a ters of a million, whereas the returns show resolution for the removal of unthat no more than 39,727 villages have touchability, but he had to surrender. Christians living there." However, resolutions favorable to low castes were passed, though these castes An Indian Centenary still remain untouchable. The re- forms begin with the request for three THE London Missionary Society boons for these lower strata of Hindu (Congregational) completed in society. These are: the right of draw- ] 923 a century of service in the ing water from the common wells; Telugu region of South India. Rev. the privilege of bowing before idols in J. 1. McNair thus describes the cen- temples; the boon of instruction for tenary celebration by the Indian their children. The attempt to raise Christians: "Something like twelve the marriageable age of girls was dehundred people gathered, .and the feated. Other questions dealt with long, low shed, erected for the pur- were female education, curtailment of poses of the celebrations, was crowded wedding expenses and the dowry systhrough the many meetings of the two tem, and although the conference was days of the conference, with eager and divided the mere fact that such subattentive people. They comprised, of jects were discussed is a great victory course, the picked men and women of for the reformers. our communities, but their reverence and orderliness—qualities not native Sadhu Sundar Singh to villagers – greatly impressed our visitors. It was desired that an im- I N a letter received in tbe REVIEW pression should be made upon Cud- office late in April, the Sadhu wrote dapah town itself, and the usual In- of starting then on a trip in Tibet, to dian method of a procession was last until August or September. He adopted, with great success. One also wrote of a new book on which he gratifying feature of the proceedings was working, and of another recently was the presence with us of quite a published, "Reality and Religion: number of men now in positions of Meditations on God, Man and Naauthority and influence, who have ture." A contributor to the Christian sprung from our people and were not Patriot, of Madras, after hearing the ashamed to make known their humble Sadhu speak and then having a long orIgm. By common consent we be- conversation with him, wrote: "No lieve the final meeting-a great com- Indian Christian has aroused so much munion service-was felt to be the interest among the Christians of the most impressive. In the dim evening West as to the possibilities of an Inlight, the stillness, order and rever- dian type of Ohristianity as Sadhu ence of the great company-the de- Sundar Singh. His is an arresting vout expectancy that could be felt, personality – one who in his quest was most bracing and helpful.

–L. M. S. Chronicle.

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after the spiritual life has found and the past year, greatly to the distress received in himself the spirit of the of the missionaries and to the hinliving Christ whom he calls his Master drance of itinerating work. The Misand Saviour. To him the Christian sion, however, had not thought of any Church, the Bible and everything else partieular and unusual danger to the are subordinate to this discovery and lives of Ameriean residents in that acceptance of the sanctifying pres- section. ence of the Christ in life. This to him is the one reality-the supreme ex- On the Tibetan Border perience which frees one from the bondage of race-conceit and civilized MR. and Mrs, ,J. Russell Morse, mispretensions. Next to his love of the sionaries of the Disciples Church inner world wherein dwelleth his in Batang, West China, the place as- Christ, comes Nature, which he loves sociated in the minds of· many with with the love of a child and lover. He t,he martyred Dr. Shelton, write in carries with him the breath of the World Cull; "The present military hills, of heights and depths, of shad- commander of the border at this place owy retreats and vast expanses." is a great improvement over the previ- ous one and we· expect eonditions to CHINA become much better if it is possible for him to make them so. During the Missionary Killed in Hainan last several months about a half-dozen Tibet-ans, reputed to be robbers, have T HE Presbyterian Board of For- been executed, and he seems to be eign Missions received on June 30, really trying to get the men who killed a cablegram reporting that the Rev. Dr. Shelton. He has plaeed a com- George Douglas Byers of Kachek, pany of soldiers near the low pass Island of Hainan, China, had been about six miles south of Batang, as a killed by bandits. The cablegram guard agaillRt the robbers and murstated that the other members of the derers who have infested that place missionary group of Kachek, includ- for the last several years. We have ing Mrs. Byers and their four chil- heard that he expects to build a fort dren, were safe. The Associated Press on the pass within the next month or reports information that Mr. Byers so and that a company of soldiers will had been killed, presumably by ban- be stationed there regularly. This is dits, on June 24th, and that American one of the worst places between Ba- Vice-Consul Chamberlain of Canton tang and Yunnan-fu, so far as robhad gone to the Island of Hainan to bers are concerned." investigate. A cablegram from Minister Schurman in Peking to the State Bandits Still Active Department at Washington confums this advice. APRESS dispateh from Canton the middle of June stated that Chi- Mr. Byers, who was on furlough nese bandits who captured E. H. with his family last year, has been en- Carne of Australia, Rev. R. A. J afgaged since 1906 in direct evangelistic fray of the Christian and Missionary .and pastoral work in the station of Allianee and two other missionaries Kachek and in the extensive outlying in May, were then asking $30,000 district. He has been largely instru- ransom for their release. The original mental in building up the growing demand was for $200,000 and a large and increasingly influential Chinese quantity of arms and ammunition. 'Church throughout that section of the The news was brought to Wuchow by Island. There is a vigorous church in Rex Ray, one of the American misthe Kachek center and fifty or more sionaries, who escaped from the ban- -country chapels in towns and villages dits during a heavy storm. Mr. Carne of the surrounding district. In many has since been released with the other parts of this outlying region, bandit missionaries of Kwangsu. Twenty <outrages have occurred throughout

Chinese and four white men were cap- March at which, in the presence of tured when the Chinese raided the General Feng and his army, 3,200 motor boat Roanoke, but two of the men were individually given Christian white men were released within a few baptism. days that they might arrange ransom for the others. Ray was obliged to Christian Schools in China travel over the mountains all night to make good his escape. The first two THE first Protestant mission school white men released, Dr. H. G. Miller in China, the Missionary Voice reand the Rev. Robert A. Jafl'ray, also minds us, was opened by the London experienced great difficulty in return- Missionary Society in 1839. From ing to Wuchow. that small beginning education has forged ahead and become the leading During the siege of Kweilin, which tool of the missionary workmen. Tolasted for several weeks because of day there are 7,046 Christian schools the fighting of the rival generals, Rev. and colleges, with over 240,000 stu- Joseph Cunningham of Salem, Va., dents. These schools cover the entire was killed by a stray bullet. The range of modern educational practice Southern Baptist missionaries who -kindergartens, lower primary, highwere besieged are now safe. er primary, middle schools, colleges, uuiversities, professional schools. The General Feng's Interests Bible is the leading textbook through- out the whole system, and the suprem- I NTERESTING news of various acy of cbaractcr is the recognized sorts, 'both personal and profes- ideal of education. sional, has recently been coming from China about General Feng. For one ANew- Chinese Oult thing, he has been promoted to the military rank of marshal, an office TANG TWAN CHANG, who is dewhich, as China's Millions points out, scribed as "a bold man, a poor will bring its new cares and responsi- man and a student," is now proclaimbilities, but also enlarged opportuni- ing in Chengtu, China, what he says ties for witnessing for Christ. A few is the universal religion, for which months ago, his wife, who had been a Judaism, Taoism, Confucianism, Budgreat help in his work, particularly in dhism, Christianity and Mohammedconducting Bible classes for the wives anism all prepared the way. It is of both officers and men, died in the strange to see the use of Christian Peking Hospital, leaving five children. terms in the thirty volumes that this Doubtless the need of this family for false prophet has written. He even care has hastened his second marriage, calls his religion "the inner gospeL" which has taken place, the bride being This smattering of Christian truth is a graduate of the Goodrich School for explained by the fact that he was once Girls at Tunghsien and of Yenching a member of a Christian church, but College, Peking. She is an active was expelled for using opium. No Christian worker, and at the time of one can join this new cult without her marriage was secretary of the taking an oath to maintain profound Peking Y. W. C. A. As stated in the secrecy, communication to be made REVIEW, General Feng had been ap- only to those who in turn take the pointed a delegate to the Methodist oath. Every new disciple must fast General Conference in April, but he for forty days meditating upon the wrote to express his regret that he was "inner gospel." During this period "detained by official business." Rev. of fasting the Holy Spirit is to descend H. T. Liufang, a Chinese delegate to upon the new disciple, coming in the that conference, baptized General literal form of a dove. This experi- Feng eleven years ago, and is now his ence is then tested by certain trials to pastor in Peking. He told while here which the disciple is subjected, such of a service which he conducted in as eating centipedes, etc. "The fol-

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

lowers of this new .cult," says a writer are loyal to the Bible and its tta.chill the Evangelical Chri.~tian and Mis- ings and who deprecite the effort sionary W,jtnEss, n are dead ill earnest, made by some critics to discredit the and though warned by the officials of authority of the Scriptures as the only the land, 'yet continue preaching and infallible rule of faith and practice, prophesying. They are making a Missionaries may join the organizastrong protest against materialisllL tion, but they are not the originators War is being opposed by them. In- of the movement. diyjdual salvation is the burden of their message, but it must come Its actiyjties will include Bible conthrough believing their doctrine." ferences and other means of stimu- lating faith in the Scriptures and Student Conference in Temple their essential doctrines.

THE annual conference which the A Christian Japanese Farmer Y. W. C. A. conducts for the women students of North China meets MR. KONISHI, who has a fruit each summer at the temple of the sleeping Buddha, whose priests oc- . farm in a tiny Japanese village cupy the inner court, apparently un- eight miles from the railroad, is a conscious of the new China that is graduate of the Imperial Agricultural assembled without. The grounds are College at Tokyo, and in the years folbeautiful, with arches of cypress lowing his graduation he taught in trees, numerous courts and Chinese agricultural schools, at one of which temples, lovely bits of woods and he became principal. At length, howpools of water. The meetings are ever, he determined to become a pracheld in a big open pavilion whose tical farmer himself. Mr. Konishi, great pillars support a beautiful his wife, and his oldest boy had becurved Chinese golden tiled roof. In come Christians and active members these temple grounds some 150 Chi- of the church some years before. nese girls live together, play, study Faithful to this profession, they and worship for a week. With the would not by any means permit the exception of the surroundings, the farm to absorb their interest. At once conference is much like one held by Mr. Konishi took a line of bold leader- American student Associations. The ship for the social and moral regenmorning and ev.ening classes are much eration of the county in which he had the same, with Bible classes, addresses settled. A" social department" was and discussion groups, and afternoons organized for the county, and Mr. devoted to games, stunts, swimming, Konishi became its chairman. In that tennis and hikes to near-by temples. capacity he now goes from vlnage to Only a few girls from anyone school village holding meetings to talk of can go because of the expense, and social subjects, into which he always for this reason every girl is deeply in puts the moral emphasis of Christian· earnest, feeling the responsibility she ity. In Mr. Konishi's own village he bears in representing the girls not so has just organized a men's temperfortunate as herself. ance society, and has secured the signatures of 136 adults to a pledg,e JAPAN-CHOSEN of total abstinence from all mtoxl- cants. This is practically every man Th~ Bible Union of Japan in the little community.

UNDER the leadership of Rev. Korean Presbyterian Chureh Paul Kanamori, Bishop Nakada and other loyal Japanese Christians, T HE membership of the Presbyan organization has been formed, terian Church of Korea comprises called "Nihon SeisM Domei," the all converts of the four Presbyterian Bible Union of Japan. Its purpose is Missions-the Presbyterian U. S. A., to unite the Japanese Christians who the Presbyterian U. S., the Canadian and the Australian. The church was

made a national church, ecclesiasti- ISLANDS OF THE SEA cally independent of the bodies that A Century in the Cook Island..

founded it, in 1907. It has its own T HE centenary of the founding of the London Missionary Society has General Assembly and nineteen pres- been commemorated in characteristic fashion on the various mission fields byteries, three of which are outside of of the society. During the celebration on the island of Rarotonga, in the Korea-in Manchuria and Siberia. South Seas, many tributes were paid not only to John Williams, the pioneer Its membership constitutes about two missionary, but also to Papeiha, the first native preacher. In the various thirds of the total Christian body in villages on the island impressive meet- ings were held. An eye-witness the country. The Korean Presbyter- w1'ites of one of these: ian Church has 234 ordained pastors. A great speech was delivered by Paoro (Pharaoh), a Mataiapo and leading man of in active service; 1,372 elders; 183 the village of Ngatangiia, who is also the carpenter supNvising the construction of ordained deacons; 559 paid unor- the new and handsome c.hureh. This trade was given him by Chalm.ers, and his skill is dained men workers and 273 paid evidenced by several neat bungalows on the island. Paoro spoke of John Williams comwomen workers; 10,161 unpaid ing again to the island in 1827, bringing the Rev. Charles Pitman with him, an event church leaders; 2,097 church build- whieh eoincided with the movement of the people from Avarua to Ngatangiia, the popuings, all but twelve or fifteen built by lation at the new settlement being about 4,000. This general migration of the whole the Koreans; 4,423 meeting places in population was simply a movement to a Hew area where food was in abundance. all; erected 209 new churches during At that time large numbers of people cast their idols at the feet of the missionaries,. the last ecclesiastical year; baptized and some of these idols were used to decorate the great ehurch which, as Paoro 10,565 persons; enrolled 13,485 cate- described, was built without a single nail and for which some of the timber was chumens; has 193,850 adherents, with brought from the ancient Maraes or sacred groves for idol worship. . 161,299 children and adults in the 2,402 Sunday-schools, and contributed during the year $499,004, or just a little under 1,000,000 yen. In Bible classes lasting from four days to one month there were 27,072 men and 45,- 182 women. -The Continent.

Japanese Church in Formosa NORTH AMERICA F OR nearly thirty years the Gospel, ADlerica's Resources which the Western world through the Anglican Church, says The Spirit T HE following data are given by ot Missions, "had brought to Japan, the Christian Science Monitor, on has in turn heen borne by the J apa- the authority of Walter W. Head, nese Christians of the Church as torch- president of the American Bankers bearers to Formosa. Though .little Association, concerning the United known, it is one of the inspiring States: features of modern missions. When, at the close of the China-Japan War, Estimated wealth $300,000,OOO,OOC Formosa was ceded to Japan, the General Convention of the Japanese Bank deposits (approxi. Church decided that it was its duty to furnish the entire financial SUPPOI:t mately) …………. , 40,000,000,000 for the work in Formosa and to enlarge it as they gradually could. And 500,000,000 acres improved expenses being very high in Formosa, the three workers for the Japanese farm land .. ' ., 77,000;,000,0.00 Church have received more than have those in Japan. The Woman's Aux- Yearly eorn yield …… . 3,000,000,OO{} iliary is represented by a very rare woman named Tange San, of deep Yearly wheat yield ….. . 1,0>00,000,000 spirituality, unbounded energy and a big heart." Annual manufactures over 60,000,000,000 Annual output crude oil .. 23,000,000,000 Miles of railroad .. , …. . 250000 Miles of telephone lin….. . 800,000

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KOD1e.. Without Bibles Throughout their history, one of the principal slogans of the Disciples has A PRACTICAL form of Christian been, "'Where the Book speaks, we work, in the placing of Bibles in speak, and where the Book is silent, homes without them, has been done we are silent." Another slogan has by the woman '8 auxiliary of the Pres- been, "No creed but Christ, no Book bytery of Memphis. Their president, but the Bible." Mrs. J olm S. Cooper, of Trenton, Tenn., in response to the call that the Women Call for Aotion Christian Observer made, challenging Christians to make a canvass of their THE Women's National Committee community to ascertain how many for J-!aw Enforcement, whose homes are without Bibles, wrote to all activities have already been noted in of the auxiliaries in Memphis Pres- the REVIEW, representing as it does byterial Auxiliary requesting each to twelve national organizations of wom- make such a canvass, including the en, with a combined membership of colored population, and as far as pos- 10,000,000, sent out an appeal to the sible to supply all such homes with a ministers of the country for special copy of the Bible. Dr. Frank Mars- prayer and the reading from their ton, Agency Secretary of the Amer- pulpits on June 1st of a "Call to ican Bible Society, told recently how Christian Women," part of which one auxiliary did this. In addition follows: to the Bible work, Mrs. Cooper has requested all the local auxiliaries in Our country is in peril. Her laws are Memphis Presbytery to place copies defied, her constitution is attacked, youth is of the Christian Observer and other subjected to temptation, a wicked propa· Christian literature in railroad sta- ganda is abroad, public opinion is per. tions. verted, those ideals on which this natloili was founded are being shattered by enemies A Bible-Carrying Church within. Christian women in their organized groups, perceiving the meuace to home and THE Disciples of Christ are push- church, are unitiug with other groups, pa· ing the Pocket Testament League triotic and educational, to secure prompt plan throughout their whole church action. While the danger is greatest in our as part of their evangelistic program, Eastern and Middle states, owing to the directed by Jesse M. Bader, Superin- great foreign population >:nd the lawless tendent 01' Evangelism, United Chris- wealthy group, there is a small but dangertian Missionary Society, St. Louis, ous minority working throughout the counlry Missouri. They have a five-year pro- to control the coming conventions and elecgram to win one million new members tiOllS. The will of the great majority of to the church. They feel that the the American people has been expressed in Pocket Testament League plan will the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and assist mightily in winning many peo- the laws based thereon. To protect our ple to Christ and the Church. They democratic government by voting at .the began the plan at Easter, 1923, and primaries, by placing this moral issue before since then ten thousand have signed the conventions and by using the ballot, the P. T. L. pledge, and 22,500 of the Christian women ean undo the effort oj' Testaments have been sold. The pas- these who seek to undermine present laws. tors are enthusiastic about the plan. Because illfLny Chureh women are not using They say that it deepens the spiritual this power the Woman '8 National Committee life of the Church and brings a new for Law Enforcement earnestly appeals. to "appreciation of the Bible to many them to face immediately the present moral Ohristian people. Many ev,angelists rrisis. in the church are using the plan in every revival meeting, finding that a Methodist Benevolences "Bible reading and carrying" revival l,lelps in their evangelistic work. T HE financial status of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church in relation to its benevolences is thus summarized by The Christian Work (not a Metho- dist paper): "Five years ago they celebrated the hundredth anniversary of their first missionary work with a

campaign for a hundred million dol- church fully represented, the conven- lars to be paid in five annual install- tion would have been much larger.

mCI).ts. They secured pledges for one Of the budget of $9,429,109 for 1924- hundred and thirteen and a half mil- 25, of which the churches are asked to lion dollars, according to first reports. give $6,700,000 (the remainder being But -when, a yellr later, a new admin- provided from legacies and invested istration audited the subscriptions funds), the Foreign Mission Society they sank to one hundred and two mil- will receive $1,804,350, the Woman's lion dollars. The first amount had in- Foreign Mission Society $503,960, the cluded considerable for local work. Home Mission Society $1,217,450, and Every year since then has seen a the Woman's Home Mission Society decrease in the amount actually re- $388,340.

ceived. Altogether, of the one hun- The following action, of especial in- dred and two million dollars pledged, terest to friends of missions, was some seventy million has been paid. adopted by a vote of 766 to 616 : That is better than the sixty-five per That a commission to be composed of cent which experience shows has gen- seven persons to be named by the president erally come from drives. For the last of the Northern Baptist Convention be and fiscal year the Methodist Boards col- hereby is appointed with power and author· lected just over thirteen million dol- ity to investigate and report at the next lars, almost three million less than in meeting of the Northern Baptist Convention the conduct, policies and practices of the 1920. Beginning with the local board of managers of the American Baptist churches and missions, the Methodists Foreign Missionary Society and of its sec· have worked out for next year a double budget for their benevolences; retaries in the selection of missionaries in the foreign field, and to ascertain and re· port the policy, if any, which said board First, a 'no-growth' budget, which is of managers has adopted with respect" to what its name implies, an estimate of the appointment and retention of persons the amount needed to maintain the as missionaries who do not accept or have repudiated or abandoned the evangelical benevolent and missionary work at its faith as held historically by Baptists. .

present stand, and calling for eighteen This subject was introduced by the and a half million dollars; second, the Baptist Bible Union, which also 'approved askings' which amount to twenty-eight and a half million dol- sought without success to bring about the adoption of a creed substitute for lars a year. With characteristic the vote at Stockholm a year ago, and thoroughness the church is acquaint- to withdraw the denomination from ing its membership with the work fac- the Federal Council of Churches. ing it through a book on 'The World Service of the Methodist Episcopal -Watchman-Examiner.

Church,' edited by Dr. Ralph E. Dif- Southern Baptist Convention fendorfer. " T HIS gathering of five thousand The Methodist Board of Foreign delegates in Atlanta, Ga., May 13- Missions, in spite of the large receipts 18, represents three and one half milof the Centenary, faces a possible lion white Baptists from seventeen $2,000,000 deficit this year unless Southern states. Among other busitheir churches respond promptly and ness transacted, a committee of seven generously to the need. was appointed to draw up a state- Northern Baptist Investigation ment concerning peace and war to be presented to next. year's convention MORE than 2,000 delegates were at Memphis. The report of the social enrolled at the Northern Baptist service committee, as adopted by the Convention at Milwaukee, Wis., May convention also dealt with this ques- 28th to June 5th. Each congregation tion. It called war "contrary to the is entitled to delegates according to spirit and teachings of Jesus Christ,"

its membership, no church being al- "the greatest obstacle to the progress lowed more than five. Were every of Christianity," and stated a belief

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that "all grave international prob- Convict Turns Evangelist lems can be settled by arbitration." Entrance into the League of Nations ANEWSPAPER dispatch from and World Court was specifically en- Philadelphia late in April stated dorsed. that Abe BUllzard, for years one of the most notorious desperadoes of the Task of Southern Baptists Welsh Mountain region of Pennsyl- vania who has spent forty-two years H AVING raised up to May 1, 1924, behind prison bars, was then to be re- the sum of $54,000,000 on their leased from the Eastern State Peni- Seventy-five Million Campaign, South- tentiary, his latest sentence of thirteen ern Baptists are now planning an in- years having expired. Buzzard is tensive effort to raise $21,000,000 seventy-two years old. He said he additional between now and the close planned to become a prison evangelist of the calendar year, to the end that and devote the rest of his life to helpthe original goal of $75,000,000 may ing convicts. To this end he has be realized. Dr. L. R. Scarborough, studied theology and the Scriptures. of Port Worth, who led the drive Despite his long confinement, Buzzard for subscriptions five years ago and is well preserved and appears strongwho has served as chairman of the er, healthier and younger than most Conservation Commission since that men of his age. "I have many years time. has been called back to Nashville left in which to undo the harm I have headquarters to direct the special ef- done, " said the aged convict. "I have fort for complfting the campaign this made all my plans so no time will be year. Plans to this end were outlined wasted. I will go to my home at at a meeting of the commission in Reading for a few days to visit my Nashville in June, the aim being to daughter and some friends, and then reach every Baptist church in the I will begin my career in the service South with the campaign message and of the Lord." Buzzard started his program and enlist every member of prison career when he was thirteen every church, as nearly as possible, in years old, having been sentenced for a definite share in this undertaking. robbery.

George Fox Tercentenary Mormon Church in Washington B OTH in England and America A PLOT of ground in the foreign there has been an appropriate embassy quarter in Washington, observance of the 300th anniversary one mile north of the White House, of the birth of George Pox, July, 1624. has been sold to Mormons as the site The Priends' Historical Society of for the erection of a church. Immedi- Philadelphia has appointed a George ately south of it is the plot which was Fox Tercentenary Committee, of recently sold to the Italian Governwhich Rufus M. Jones is Chairman. ment, and on which will be erected the The American Friends' Literature new Italian Embassy building. Sev- Council is cooperating with this com- eral blocks south is the ground at the mittee. New York Priends held a northeast corner of Sixteenth and commemoration in connection with Euclid Streets on which the Prench Yearly Meeting in May, and appro- Government will shortly begin the priate exercises were also held at construction of an embassy building. Haverford, Pa., in May. It is also The Spanish, Polish, Cuban and presplanned to have a large commemora- ent French Legations are on Sixteenth tive publip- meeting in Philadelphia in Street in the same neighborhood. the autumn, when it is hoped one or There are more than three hundred more English Priends will assist rep- Mormons in Washington, who have resentative American Friends in fit- been meeting in what was once the ting memorial exercises. ballroom of the so-called Howland House. -Record of Christian Work.

The Negro Migrations unevimgeli7.ed Indians. To the most Important places their pastors accom- MONROE N. WORK makes in The pany the elders and do the preaching Southern Workman the follow- while the elders engage in personal ing careful statement of facts about work. In the school at Lapwai are the much-discussed Negro migrations; four Nez Perces studying for the min- "The Negro migration of the past istry and one Spokane Indian, Dan eight years, while it may be consid- Scott. Mr. Scott was licensed by his ered as one movement, has two impor- presbytery in April. Before leaving tant phases; that of 1916-1920 and on their vacation the students of the that of 1922-1924. The first of these school made a trip to the mountains really began in 1915, reached its maxi- to lay in their next year's supply of mum in 1917, and continued at a de- wood. They are permitted to take all creasing rate up to 1920, when, that they need from the United States because of the economic depression, it timber reserve near by. Fuel is one almost ceased. Estimates made at the of the highest expenses of living in time of the number of Negroes who Idaho, and by this means the Indian went north ranged from 150,000 to students reduce their living cost in 1,000,000. The 1920 census showed, very great proportion. however, that, in spite of the great movement of Negroes northward dur- Canadian Church Union Hindered ing the previous four years, the number of Negroes from the South living THE organization of the United in the North had increased in the dec· Church of Canada, combining the ade 1910·1920 by only 330,260. Esti- Methodist, Presbyterian and Congremates of the number who have mi- gational bodies, has been watched grated in the past three years vary with interest by the REVIEW, the last from 100,000 to 500,000. It is very account of the movement having ap· pr~bable that if a census were taken peared in the December, 1923, issue. this year it would show that there are Word now comes that, just as the last probably not 250,000 more Negroes obstacle to the union seemed to have from the South living in the North been removed by mutual agreements, and West than there were in 1920. the Ontario provincial legislature has As a matter of fact, many Negroes interposed a check upon the whole who went North in 1922-1924 were proceeding, its Private Bills Commit· persons who had already been North tee having instructed its law clerk to and had returned to the South during add to the Church Union Bill "clauses the economic depression. It is prob- providing for the preservation of the able that dllring the past ten years Presbyterian Church in Canada, the Reveral hundred thousand Negroes Methodist Church, and the Congregahave moved from the South to the tional Church as separate entities, and North and back again." for giving to any congregation the right, by vote of its members, to re- Indian Summer Evangelists main in its mother church and to keep therein any property owned by it." T HE Indian elders from sessions of Against this destructive proposal the the six churches in the MacBeth heads of the three denominations have mission in and near Ijapwai, Idaho, issued a >lpirited protest, denying the have held a joint meeting, reports right of a provincial legislature to The Continent, and planned a pro- interfere with the plans of Dominiongram of evangelistic tours to be con- wide churches, and rejecting the autinued throughout the summer thority of the legislature to set up a months, which will take the Gospel to lltate-made church, and "to decree all the native tribes that surround the that denominationalism shall continue Lapwai. The experience of the mis· in Ontario whether the churches consion is that these lay workers are very cerned wish it or not." They state effective in obtaining the attention of

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

that the committee's action" deprives apprehension wa'S expressed as to these churches of their right of self- whether the Mexican church members determination, and is contrary to the would find themr;elves at home in their whole principle of representative gov- new denominational connection, The ern111ent.' , Missionary Herald reports, however, that no such difficulty has arisen. All The Christian Guardian, the Meth- the Protestant missions in Mexico are odist org'an in Toronto, suggests two now, as a rule, known as the Iglesia chief sources of opposition to the Evangelica of Mexieo. Moreover, fraunion movement-the rivalry of the tilrnal Christian relations have been Anglicans and the enmity of the dis- established between the Protestants of tilling and brewing interests. Northern Mcxico and of the neighbor- ing states across the border. A sig- -Christian Advocate. nificant demonstration of friendship between the neighboring countries was LATIN AMERICA made in connection with the recogni- tion of Mexico by the United States Mexican Student Volunteers Government, at a missionary celebra- tion of the Methodists in Saltillo, THE Mexican Student Volunteer capital of the state of Coahuila, in Conference, held at Easter time in honor of the fiftieth anniversary or EI Paso, Texas, under the auspices of the Methodist Mission. the M, E. Church South, was an epoch in the lives of the fifty-nine Mexican A New Field in Haiti students who attended it. Rev. C. G. Hounshell writes of it: "The work REV. H. R. CARSON, D.D" Bishop was well in hand, and the delegates of the Protestant Episcopal carefully chosen from our schools on Church in Haiti, writes of holding both sides of the Rio Grande, El services on the island of Gonave. He Paso is a central point in our Mexican learned of conditions on the island work. Five (,lays were devoted to dis- from Lieut. Manning of the U. S. cussions and inspirational addresses. Marines, who, as he later learned by The Mexican students exhibited real observation, had won the confidence ability and consecration in discussing of the people to a remarkable degree. the moral and religious problems "Although there is a popUlation on which face them. They are so happy the island of between ten and fifteen that they have a Student Movement thousand, only at long intervals were all their own. The testimonies to religious serviccs held; a Roman their call to service and their conse- priest possibly once a year or less cration to the work among their own frequently; the 'chapels' pathetic people were inspiring. They made us shacks where pigs and goats and cows feel that the progress of the Church and chickens strayed at will; few in Mexico is sure, The fifty-nine who schools and the few of indifferent sort, came represent one hundred and unworthy the name." When the ninety volunteers in the various Bishop and two assistants visited volu~teer bands, It does the heart of Gonave, two gendarmes went from a missionary good to witness so many house to house, announcing the servyoung people in our schools dedicate ice, which was held out of doors by their lives to the service of the Church. moonlight. The party began singing These are all in preparation. " to attract the congregation. Bishop Carson says: "Soon the whole com- Mexican Evangelicals Unite munity gathered, wondering at first, devout and attentive throughout and I N 1914 the American Board ex- thoroughly interested at the close, giv- changed work in Mexico with the ing many expressions of satisfaction. Southern Methodist Board, the latter It was something new-a church withtaking the former's mission in Chihuahua in Northern Mexico, and the Congregationalists taking over the Methodist work in Guadalajara. Some

out a hard scale of fees for spiritual only one or two delegates and even the ministrations, a church ready to send larg:est, like the Baptist, Methodist its highest ministry to find the poor and Presbyterian churches of Amerand isolated." A permanent worker ica, have only ten each. Delegates are has been placed in char/!,e. to be entertained free of charge by the Swedish people, so that their only ex- -Spirit of Missions. penses will be for travel and inci- dentals. Geographical considerations Unreached I_dian Tribes have made it necessary for the Com- mittee on Arrangements to be consti- THE Inland South American Mis. tuted by the churches of Europe and sionary Union has wanted for America, so that the Committee could many years to advance to the Indians be a working body. Invitations, howbetween the headwaters of the River ever, are to be sent to all Christian Madeira and its tributaries and the communions throughout the world, headwaters of the Paraguay River and including the ecclesiastically indeits tributaries. At last it is possible to pendent and self-governing churches go across this practically unexplored in Asia, Africa, Mexico and South field of many thousand miles. The America. The Swedish Crown Prince, party started in the spring, to be gone Gustav Adolf, is chairman of this about six months, emerging by the committee. River Amazon and descending to its mouth and coming around by boat to New Bible Translations Hio de Janeiro. In the territory that will be visited, it is said that there SEVEN more languages have been are dozens 'of tribes of Indians who added to the list of tongues in have never been reached at all by which all or part of the Scriptures are white men, a~d it is one of the great- now printed, making 558 in all. The est unreached and nearly unexplored latest translations include the followregions in the world. ing: -InlMld South America. St. .John in "Lur," a Nilotic tongue spoken by a quarter of a million people, GENERAL Eving on the western shores of the Albert Nyanza in Belgian Congo. The New Testa- Another World Conference ment printed in "Asu" for a Bantu tribe called the "Wapare," numbering 50,000, OTHER conferences have been lim- who live among the Pare mountains in Tan- ited to particular subjects or ganyika Territory. countries, or denominational groups, or have been voluntary associations of Genesis issued in the "Tonga" of Zamindividuals. The Universal Christia:n besi, for the benefit of the 100,000 Bantus Conference on Life and Work, which between the Zambesi and Ka.fue rivers. is to be held in Stockholm, Sweden, August 11 to 31, 1925, differs from all St. Luke translated into Bambara for the previous conferences in that it is to Sudanese natives in Upper Senegal. be constituted by the churches as churches, and to consider the whole St. Mark written in tJhe Kaonde dialect life and work of the Church at home spoken by 40,000 people in the southeast and abroad. Delegates, with the ex- corner of the Belgian Congo and in Northern ception of a small minority of ex-offi- Rhodesia. This gospel has also been pub· cio and coopted members, are to be Iished this year in the Chuan dialect of Miao chosen by the highest ecclesiastical for the Ob.inese of Yunnan. a.uthority of the churches concerned. As the Conference will be limited to }'our gospels have been translated into the approximately 500 members, many de- Huanuco dialect of the Quechua language nominations can be represented by for the interior of Peru.

The Acts has been circulated in Arawak for British and Dutch Guiana; the entire New Testament published in "DabiCla" for Kenya Colony, "Duala" in Cameroon, "Houailou" in French Caledonia and " lVIalu" in the Solomon Islands.

Religious Movements in India. By of transformation are

J. N. F,uquliar, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon.) Illus. xvi. 471 pp. $2.50. The Mae· themselves in these many forms. millan Company. New York. 1924. While essentials of the old faiths still This standard volume, which is a reprinting of the first edition of ten stand firm, they are variously modiyears ago, is the best treatment of the subject in English~despite Professor fied to meet the new age,· or to meet Pratt's more popular "India and Its Faiths." Any intelligent reader upon the growing antagonism tD views and religions, who can reel off the statistics of the principal religions of India as practices which our age cannot folfound in the Census of 1911 or 1921, will be surprised to find here a schol- low, even on Indian soil. Perhaps the arly presentation of many varieties undreamed of by those familiar only modification which Islam of the new with the lead~ng sects. Since 1915, a few minor variants have risen, and type is undergDing in Northwestern the new nationalistic spirit has placed India is as surprising as any of the changes mentioned. Such movements as are sponsored by Rabindra Nath Tagore and more recently by Gandhi (who is not taken up in this volume), are well worth studying. The latter might well have had a supplementary notice in this volume. H. P. B.

a new and strong emphasis upon the Contacts With Non-Christian Cultures. indigenous as opposed to the foreign By Daniel Johnsou Fleming, Ph.D. pp. faiths. 189. $2.0(). George H. Doran Co. New Dr. Farquhar is a Sanskrit scholar York. and has also given much time to visiting scenes and personalities connect- This is a textbook of unique char- acter. It is designed for the use of ing with many recent developments mission study classes and for theo- Df Hinduism and Mohamm,edanism. logical seminaries and missionary Such movements, as theosophy, that training schools. It will be, however, of interest to all friends of missionarv have affected .t"nlerica will especially work. It deals with a wide variety ~f attract the reader. Various steps in specific problems that affect Foreign the beginnings and growth of the Mi&<;ions both at the home end and on Samajes, especially the Brahmo and the field. The author, however, does Arya varieties, are significant of main not discuss these problems in the CDntrends in the religious evolution in ventional way. Instead, he cites a the Indian Empire. large number of concrete cases, and presents them in such a way as to set The author divides his main treat- the reader thinking about their proper ment into discussions of movements treatment. The cases that he cites: are favoring serious reforms, reforms not academic or imaginary, but are checked by defence of the old faiths, drawn from his own experience and those which supply a full defence of observation, first as a missionary in the old religions, a treatment of re- India, and since then from his extenligious natiDnalism from 1895 to 1913, sive travels in Asia and his work as social refDrms and service from 1828 Professor of Missions in the Union to 1913, and then he concludes with a Theological Seminary, New York. It well-written chapter upon the signifi- is a helpful and thought-provoking cance of these movements. book, and one admirably adapted to its excellent purpose. In general, the volume- is a most in- teresting exposition of religious strivings and discontents, which in a time 661

The Open Door Policy. En Tsung Yen. Taoism and Buddhism. Th-ere is too 191 pp. $2.00. The Stratford Company. little emphasis upon the first, which Boston. 1923. was most influential under the Em- pire. Buddhism, and to a less extent We have recently had two books re- Taoism, are far more widely followed counting the history of the Open Door in the community and are more popu- Policy, one by Dr. Bau and this one lar among the masses, so that Mr. by Dr. Yen. The latter is distinctly Soothill has probably done wisely in not as good as the one by Dr. Bau. giving them more than three times as It is faulty as to its English. Its much space. Under the caption of romanization of Chinese names is "The Official Cult, or Public Relioften inaccurate and inconsistent. It gion," Confucianism gains an added has a good many mistakes of fact, and increment of scenic grandeur. it contains no particularly new or important contribution to its subject. It The author discusses helpfully as is, however, a fairly good summary of well as interestingly the outstanding the reasons for and the development themes of all the triad of faiths in the and scope of the Policy, and is rather chapters upon "The Idea of God," more balanced and temperate than "Man's Relationship and Approach one might expect from one who is as profoundly concerned for the future to the Divine, " " Cosmological Ideas," of his country as is a representative of young China. It is also of value "The Soul, Ancestor-worship, and the as an indication of the attitude and the schoiarship of some of the Chinese Future," "Moral Ideals, " Sin and Its students in this country. K. s. L. Consequences," and "Private Reli- Seeing Life Whole. Henry Churchill King. 160 pp. $1.50. Macmillan Co. New gion." Though the reviewer has ex- York. 1923. amined for annotation 250 leading President King argues for a new apologetic to express the reality and sources upon this theme, he does not meaning of our ideal interests in terms of modern times. recall any single volume equal to this in impartiality of treatment, fairness of approach, practical suggestiveness and intimacy of literary and personal contact. The large number of mis- sionary candidates appointed to China will do well to read this volume care- fully. H. P. B.

The Three Religions of China. By the Rev. "Let Us Go On." W. H. Griffith Thomas. W. E. Soothill. 271 pp. $2.85. Oxford 12 mo. 195 pp. $1.50 net. Bibl" Insti· University Press, American Branch. New tute Oolportage Association. Chicago. York. 1923. 1924.

This volume is a revised, enlarged Dr. Thomas, a devout Bible student and improved edition of the very valu- and helpful teacher, has recently gone able lectures delivered at Oxford to his reward. Many of his books on University to students expecting to the Bible and Christian life are well labor as missionaries in China. known. His latest and last is a study of the Christian's secret as revealed The author's eminence as a mis- in the Epistle to the Hebrews. The sionary and educator in China fOD exposition is sound, clear and practhirty years, and since then as pro- tical. Christians will profit by the fessor of Chinese at Oxford Univer- study. sity, give weight to these l-ectures and his other literary works have greatly A Layman's Confession of Faith. P. Whitobligated to him a multitude of mis- well Wilson. 12 mO. 208 pp. $1.50. sionaries. Fleming H. Revell Co. New York. 1924.

After briefly introducing the Three Mr. Wilson's previous volumes on Religions as a practical unit in the " The Christ Ve Forget," "The Chinese mind, the author gives in Church Ve Forget," and "The Viturn leading details of Confucianism, sion We Forget" have established his

THE MfSSIONARY LIBRARY

reputation as an original but devout emphasizes the need for Christian and practically helpful thinker on home training. He advocates and de- Bible themes. He here gives a lucid, scribes the "Home Council," or daily conservative, positive but tolerant ex- school of character. Part Two is depression of his belief in Christ, the voted to daily readings for the year, Church, the Bible, Miracles, the Rome Biblical and some secular, and Atonement, Faith, the Resurrection, Part Three to other helps for the enthe Second Coming and the Trinity. richment of home life. The book is fresh and interesting, €specially valuable to young people Handfuls of Purpose. Pastor .Tames Smith. and Jaymen. 8 vo. 302 pp. 48 net. Pickering & Inglis. Glasgow. 1924. The Everyday Bible. Edited by Charles M. Sheldon, author of "In His Steps." 12 These Bible studies in the Old and mo. 650 pp. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. New Testament are particularly New York. 1924. adapted to Christian workers who wish suggestive outlines, seed thoughts, The popularity of the Bible today book studies, expositions and illusis revealed by the fact that it con- trations. This volume (the fifth tinues to be by far the" best seller." &eries, deals chiefly with Ruth, Sam- Versions, paraphrases, translations uel, }<'irst Kings and Luke 12 to 24. and editions continue to flourish. Dr. Sheldon has given us, not a new trans- The Bible or the Church. Sir Robert Anderlation or paraphrase, but portions son. 8 vo. 269 pp. 3s tid. Pickering & from the American Revision, arranged Inglis. Glasgow. 1924. .historically in continuous narrative for personal, household or church use. The late Sir Robert Anderson, Some may criticize omissions (such as formerly chief of Scotland Yard the account of the Virgin Birth) and (London Police Department) was a a few inclusions (such as portions of staunch defender of the Bible. Here the Song of Solomon) but the selec- is his clear and convincing treatise, tions are made in good taste and the originally published some years ago work is reverently and intelligently as the "Buddha of Christendom," done. Few people today take time to showing that the Bible and not the read and study the whole Bible and Church is the final authority on the few have the ability to make wise Christian religion. Bible students selections, so that multitudes of will find much help here. parents and teachers will welcome this volume with the selection already Famous Figures of the Old Testament. made so intelligently. William Jennings Bryan. 12 mo. 242 pp. $1.50 net. Fleming H. Revell Co. New Christianity the Final Religion. Samuel York. 1924. M. Zwemel·. 12 mo. 109 pp. Errdmans- Sevensma Co. Grand l~apids, Mic.higan. The former Secretary of State has 1920. long been famous as a Bible class teacher- at his winter home in Florida. Practical addresses on the Gospel This volume gives an insight into the of Christ as the only gospel of eternal reason for his popularity in its praclife for men; written with Dr. tical studies in the lives of Hebrew Zwemer's forceful and convincing Patriarchs, Kings and Prophets. logic. Other Bible class teachers at home and abroad can learn much from this The Home', the Savior of Civilization. .T. Christian orator, so well-known as a E. Mc.Culloch. 8 vo. 644 pp. Southern religions and political leader. Cooperative Leagoe, Washington, D. C. Erromanga, the Martyr Isle. H. A. Robert- Home training is greatly neglected son. 8 vo. 467 pp. $1.50 net. George in these days of driving business, di- H. Doran Co. New York. verting amusements and cruising motor cars. Mr. McCulloch rightly The story of the introduction of Christianity into the New Hebrides is one of the romances of missions. Dr. NEW BOOKS Robertson, Presbyterian missionary, History· of the Wesleyan Methodist Mistells the story graphically-including sionary Society. Vol. I, Vol. II, Vol. III, the work of John Williams, John G. and Vol. V. G. G. Findlay and W. W. Paton, George N. Gordon, John Ged- Holdsworth. 18s each volum.e. Ep,worth die and others. The book was pub- P,'esS. London. lished in 1902 but is now again :Rut on the market for the benefit of those How the Early Hebrews Lived and Learned. not already familiar with it. Edna M. Bonser. 267 Pl'· $2.00. Mac· millan Co. New York. 1934. Daniel Bula. R. C. Nicholson. Illus. pam· phlet. 25 cents. Robert Harkness. Bib~e Life of Andrew Murray of South Africa• InEtitute of Los Angeles. 1924. .T. Du Plessis. 553 pp. $3.75. Marshall Brothers. New York. The Solomon Islands also contribute jewels to the Master's crown. This Baron Paul Nicolay, a Biography. By Greta LangenskjOld. Translated by Ruth E. Wilder. 251 pp. $1.60. George H. Doran Co. New York. 1924.

story of a strong and beautiful native Dr. Pennell: Afghan Pioneer. Ernest H. Christian character is stimulating and Hayes. Is 6d. Livingstone Press. London.

has a wonderfully appealing human After Livingstone: An African Trade Ro- interest. mance. F. L. M. Moir. Hodder & Stough- ton. London.

General Feng. Marshall Broomhall. Pam· Land of All Nations. Margaret R. Seebach. phlet. Illns. Is. China Inland Mission. 154 pp. 50' cents paper, 75 cents cloth. 1923. Council of Women for Home Missions or Missionaxy Education Movement. New As a remarkable story of the trans- York. 1924. forming power of the Gospel of Christ, the history of the great Chris- Negro from Africa to America. W. D. tian Chinese general has few equals. Weatherford. 487 pp. $5.00. George H. 'fhis brief record is stimulating to Doran Co. New York. 1924. faith, hope and love. Christianity and the Race Problem. .T. H. John Tengo JabaV1l. D. D. T . .Tabavu. 8 Oldham. 265 Pl" 7s Gd. Student Chris· vo. 154 pp. Paper. Lovedale Institute. tian Movement. London. 1924. Lovedale, South Africa. 1922. Adventures in Brotherhood. Dorothy Giles. A South African Christian, edu- 177 pp. 50 cents paper, 75 cents eJoth. cated at Lovedale Institute and in Council of IVomen for Home :Missions and England, tells here the inspiring Missionary Education Movement. New story of a native Christian whom the York. 1924. author declares to have been a dominating historical figure in South Syrians in America. Philip K. Hitti. 123 Africa a generation ago. He was a pp. $l.00. George H. Doran Co. New York. 1924.

Conquest of the Southwest. Elton Ray- mond Shaw. 134 pp. $1.50'. Shaw Pub>- lishing Company. Berwyn, Illinois. 1924- teacher, editor, poet, political leader Argentina. Frank G. Carpenter. Doubleand patriot. day, Page & Co. New York.

Ideals of Theodore Roose'Velt. Edwar d H. Unconquered AbYSSinia. Charles F. Ray. Lippincott Co. New York. Cotton, with foreword bY Corinne Roose· Social Survey in Town and Country Areas. velt Robinson. 8vo. 330 pp. $2.50. D. E. N. Morse. 134 PI'. $2.5,0. George Appleton & Co. New York. 1923. H. Doran Co. New York. 1924.

This is a stimulating study of a St. Louis Church Survey, H. Paul Douggreat man and the foundations of his lass. 327 pp. $4.00. George H. Doran greatness. From his addresses, writ- Co. New York. 1924. ings and the books written about him, Mr. Cotton traces the ideals and prin- Diagnosing tlle Rural Church. C. Luther ciples of Colonel Roosevelt and their Fry. 231 pp. $1.50. George H. Doran effect on his life. These ideals were Co. New York. 1924. based on the Bible of which he had an extraordinary knowledge and his The Foreign Missions Conference of North faith in God was very real and prac- America-31st Annual Session. Report. Edit.ed by Fennell P. Turner and Frank tical. K. Sanders. 391 pp. $1.00. Foreign Missions Conference, 25 Madison Avenue, New York. 1924. (Concluded on Sa cover.)

Books

(Concluded {rom page 664.) rwo Thousand Miles Through Chile. Earl PRINCETON Chapin May. 462 pp. $3.50. Century Co. New York. 1924.

Mexico. Frank G. Carp€nter. Doubleday, The Theological Seminary page Co. New York. of the Bolshevist Persecntion of Christianity. Presbyterian Church Francis McCullagh. 389 pp. $7.0(). E. p. Dutton & Co. New York. 1924.

In Primitive' New Guinea. J. H. Holmes. G. P. Putnam Co. Ne,w York.

Living Religions of the East. Sydney Cave. $1.75. Cha,.]es Scribner's Sons. New York.

women of 1824. (International). Ida Clyde 113th Session Opens Clarke, Editor. 334 pp. Women's News Septem ber 30, 1924 Service, Inc., 77 Irving Place, New York.

1924.

Tales of Tirah and Lesser Tibet. Lilian A. Starr. 253 pp. $2.00. George H. Doran Co. New York. 1924.

l'rohibition GOing or Coming. Elton Ray· For Catalogue and Other Information mond Shaw. 487 pp. $2.00. Shaw Pnb· AcLJress lishing Company. Berwyn, minois. 1924.

Mastery of Life. By Councillor. 534 pp. President J. Ross STEVENSON Cloth, $3.50; Leather, $5.00. Continental Book Co. New York. 1924.

Work Days of God or Science and the Bible. H. W. Morris. 408 pp. Picker· ing & Inglis. Glasgow.

Brains, Dollars and Progress. Elton Ray· mond Shaw. 63 pp. 75 cents. Shaw Publishing Co. Berwyn, Illinois. 1923.

Guide Posts to Life Work. Wallace B. J<"'leming. 84 pp. 50 cents. Abingdon Press. New York. 1924.

Gleanings in the Book of Revelation. Wil· liam Easton. 177 pp. 28. Pickering & Inglis. Glasgow. 1924.

Love Affairs of Washington and Lincoln. AGraduate School of The- Elton Raymond Shaw. 70 pp. 75 cents. ology of high scholastic Shaw Publishing Company. Berwyn, standards and evangelical Illinois. 1923. loyalty. Degree of B.D.

National Health Series. Edited by National Theological, Missionary, Reli- Health Council. 30 cents each. Funk & gious-Educational College Wagnalls Co. New York. 1924: course of four years, college Venereal Diseases. Wm. F. Snow. standards, broad curriculum. Love and Marriage. T. W. Galloway. Degree of Th.D. The Expectant .Mother. R. L. De Nor· mandie. NATHAN R. WOOD, President Tuberculosis. Linsly R. Wntiams. Taking Care of Your Heart. T. Stuart GORDON COLLEGE OF THEOLOGY Hart. AND MISSIONS Food for Health's Sake. Lucy H. Gillett. The Human Machine-How Your Body Boston, Mas•• Functions. W. H. Howell. The Young Child'8 Health. Henry L. K. Shaw. The Quest for Health. James A. Tobey.

Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD In writing to advertlseI'li.

the Lepers in Siam

To Help Their Fellow- Lepers in the United States Complete Their Church for the Worship of God The Half Completed Pl'otestant Chape I When a letter was read to the Lepers in Siam, t~l1ing of the need of American Lepers for a Protestant Christian Chutch in which to worship God, they said to the Missionary, "Why cannot we help?"

From their poverty they contributed over forty-six dollars (gold)-the equivalent of twenty-three hundred days' earnings-and joyfully sent it, to the American Mission to Lepers for the Chapel at Hospital Sixty-Six in Louisiana.

Will you give at least one day's income?

The American Lepers have a home provided 1 y the United States Government in Louisiana. It is necessary to segregate them to protect you and your children. – The Government cannot provide a Protestant house of worship. That must be given by Protestant Christians.

A beginning has been made; an attractive Chapel has been begun. Will you help to complete it? The cost will be $51,800, more than half of which is paid or pledged.

Send your contribution now. It will make your life happier and will be a blessing to the——————————————————————————————— Lepers. Send $5.00 or more ……………… 1924.

to show your sympathy for To the American Mission toNeLwepeYros.r~InCc•i•ly. the Lepers and to give them 156 Fifth Avsnue, the Gospel of Christ. Enclosed please find $………….. (in cash -check-money order) to help build the "Church fOT Lepers" at Hospital Sixty-six.

Help the Lepers and Help Name …………… '.~_ ………… .

Rid the World 'n,f Lepers Address ………. . …….. , ……. .

Make Checks Payable to Fli ing ~~.~~v~~~.~~.~.~~…..l …………………………..

The Missionary Review of the World — January 1912

MISSIONS IN NORTH

North America is a vast missionary Most of these lines of work re- field, representing many varied phases quire special study and qualifications.

of work for all classes of people. Th~ The same workers can not usually problems connected with it are almost engage in more than one branch of as numerous and complex as are those home missions. The hardships are of foreign missions. Home missions also as real as those connected with in North America – not counting foreign service. While the distance Mexico and the West Indies-include from home is not so great, and the the following: separation from friends is not gen- 1. City missions for the fallen, out- erally so complete or prolonged, there casts, and destitute. are other trials that are often even greater at home than abroad. The 2. Work for foreign-speaking popula- salaries are smaller, the physical comtion in cities, manufacturing, and mining districts. These include Europeans, Chi- nese, Japanese, Hindus, and other Ori- forts are less, servants are, in many entals. Work for new immigrants. places, difficult to secure, and workers There are over 11,000,000 foreign-born are more separated from each other, in the United States. Chinese number so that they have not the community about 100,000 and Japanese 25,000; Ital- ians about 500.000. life found in many and Russians the foreign stations. same. About 1,000,- E a c h department 000 immigrants ar- of home mission rive each year.

3. Missions to the work has its pectt- Jews in the great liar difficulties and cities. These number trials, and each has about 2,500,000, of its special reward whom over 1,000,000 reside in Greater for faithful service New York. Nearly in the c a use 0 f 1,000,000 have immi- Christ and through grated to the United the power of the States in the last ten years. Holy Spirit.

4. Missions to ru- POPULATION or u.s. (About) 92.000.000 The total popural communities in lation of the Uni- ted States is about the East, w her e churches have be- come too weak to PROT~STANT (wlitta~ 22,000.000 92,000,000. Of support aggressive OTHER SECTS CSh_StJI:!,OOO,OOO these only about work. OUT Ol"rH£:CHURCH(BIock stlS7, 000,000 35,000,000 are re- ported as com- 5. Social service and giving the Gos- pel to non-church-going laboring classes. municant members of organized 6. Missions to the American Indians- churches, and of these about one-third are Roman Catholics. It is estimated including preaching, schoots, and indus- that one-half of the population of North America are not church-memtrial work. American Indians number about 300,000, most of them on reservations.· .

7. Missions to the negroes in the cities, bers, and do not regularly attend any and in the Southland-including general place of worship. and religious education. Negroes in the The home missionary forces em- United States number about 10,000,000. ployed in the United States are diffi- 8. Frontier missions to miners, lum- cult to ascertain, as there are many bermen, and settlers in new fields, away independent workers and organizafrom established churches. Mormons number 350,000. tions. Those employed by the great 9. Missions to mountaineers of the home mission societies number about Appalachian range in the East and South. 12,000 missionaries. In addition to these are independent city mission- 10. Mission to miners, Indians, and aries, pastors, active church members, Eskimos of Alaska, and to fishermen and and non-denominational workers. Eskimos of Labrador, Greenland and )J orthern Canada. 1. A Miner's Camp in Alaska. 2. Eskimo WoOle'1 in Greenland. 3. A Supper at a City Mission. 4. North American Red Indian. 5. Missionaries among the Mormons. 6. A Frontier Missionary in the West. 7. Among the Eskimos of Labrador. 8. Teaching the American Negroes. 9. Indian Rugmaker in the Southwest. 10. A Mountaineer's Cabin in Kentucky.

~ of the World .

VOL. xxxv. No. 1 JANUARY. 1912 VOL. xxv. No. 1 Old Series N_Smes SIGNS OF THE TIMES CONTINUED CHAOS IN CHINA Manchu' yoke. The present loss of property and life and the free rein ~~~.~~1 HE clouds have not yet to all the fierce passions of man must cleared away in China, be followed by famine, pestilence and nor have the rumblings death due to the destruction of crops of revolution ceased. and the awful bloodshed. Every in- The preliminary victo- dustry is crippled and missionary ries of the rebels and work is practically at a standstill. Many schools have been dismissed the panic which prevailed among the that the pupils might return home, and Manchus have not brought about the it has been impossible for many of speedy establishment of a Chinese re- the missionaries .to remain at their form government that many expected. stations. It is hoped that the arrival Yuan-Shi-Kai has proved his ability in of the leader, Sun Yat Sen, will solve handling the Manchus, but has not yet some of the problems. In the meansecured satisfactory terms from the time several districts have proclaimed rebels. Dissatisfaction and internal their independence. The Mongolian dissension has appeared among the in- capital, Urga, which has been under surgent forces. Their leaders have the suzerainty of China, has expelled been unable to agree, they lack a rec-, the Chinese officials, and Manchuria' ognized leader of sufficient force to has joined in the revolt. turn the advantage of, victory and popular sympathy to good account, The results of education are seen in foreigners have been threatened, much this revolution, since practically all the property destroyed, commerce inter- insurgent leaders have been educated rupted and a few foreigners have been in Western schools. The results of killed, including Mrs. Eckmann and previous chastisement inflicted on five children in the Scandinavian Mis- China, after riots and massacres, are sion at Sian fu. The Methodist Mis- also seen in the death penalty prosion buildings at Hankow have also nounced by the rebels on any who inbeen destroyed. jure foreigners or needlessly damage their property. China is paying a tremendous price in this struggle for freedom from the • The editors seek to preserve accuracy and to manifest the &pirit of Christ in the pages of this REVIEW, but do not aclmowledge responsibility 'for opinions exprest, or positions taken by contributors to siitled articles in these pages.-EDITOItS. As to the effect of the revolution of Seoul, calls attention to three signs on missionary work, Rev. Harlan P. of change: Beach says: "This movement is not I. Less evident interest in the Gos- at all anti-missionary, nor even anti- pel than ten years ago. Fewer inquir- foreign as a general thing. It is ing groups, fewer sightseers, fewer purely internal and an anti-Manchu bustling people coming to church full movement. Hence, if foreign nations of other than spiritual notions.

maintain strict neutrality, I see no 2. More interest in the world at reason why it should react against large. We had the whole field to our- Christianity. The prominent place of selves then, now new forces have de- the missionary doctors in the Red veloped that take the attention of the Cross work at the present seat of war people. They have discovered not is a new proof that Christianity will only a spiritual world, but a material impartially relieve suffering, regard- one in which they are greatly inter- less of political or religious lines. The ested. Many begin to think that the revolution is likely to make enlarged Church is not abreast of the new demands upon missions. A republic learning of to-day. Many books have or a limited constitutional monarchy been printed in the native script, and means a great increase in intelligence, .these, with native newspapers, divide that is, of mission schools." the field with the New Testament.

3. The foreign missionary who oc- CHANGES IN CHOSEN cupied so high a place ten years ago has gone down in value, and his place U GANDA, Mbanza Mantake, becomes more and more an advisory and now the West Africa Pres- position only. This opinion is partly byterian mission are among the re- due to the fact that America, through markable mission-fields of the Dark Mr. Roosevelt, is supposed to have Continent, as are the Telugu and given Korea over to Japan. Once the Karen fields in India.. None of these, name "moksa" (pastor) occupied a however, show more remarkable prog- unique and undivided reputation; to- .

ress than is evident in the land of .day it is not so, as there are many Korea, where a whole nation seems Korean moksas. In school work, too, to be coming out of darkness into the foreigners were the great teachers, light. There is, however, a crisis in for they only knew the subjects to be this land, due in large measure to the taught. Now many teachers have de- changes instituted by Japan. The in- veloped, some of whom are supposed creased interest in secular things, the to be far superior to the foreigner; growing desire for material progress hence this fall in value.

and comforts, is in danger of divert- Recent news from Korea also indi- ing the minds of the people from the cates one of the difficulties under spiritual interests. They are like which the Korean Church is' laboring.

other Orientals discarding the old, but The Japanese, without any word of there is a danger that they will take explanation, have arrested all the the husks of civilization and neglect teachers in the academy at Syen Chun, the kernel. with several leading pastors and In a recent letter Dr. James S. Gale, others, and have taken them to Seoul

OF THE TIMES

for examination. The same thing was ernors has given place to a uniform done last year to other Christians, who and more just administration of their were tortured to compel confession as common law, under the direction of to political plots, but they were sub- the Minister of the Interior. Equal sequently released, tho one young man justice is meted out to culprits and died under the torture. offenders, and gang robbery and other organized methods of plunder have There is ground for both hope and become rare. Slavery has been abolmisgiving in these signs. They un- ished, and the land is occupied by free doubtedly indicate a national awaken- and happy landholders. Gambling has ing and show that Christians should been restricted after having been offitake immediate advantage of the pres- cially encouraged for many years, and ent opportunity. it will soon be entirely forbidden. The Protestant missionaries in Siam have MISSIONARY UNION IN JAPAN been Americans, with the exception of an English missionary family, who T HERE is a very distinct feeling came from Burma, and for many among Protestant missionaries years only Presbyterian missionaries in Japan that too many millions are were at work in Siam and Laos. not yet evangelized, and that better coordination and cooperation of the PERSIA AND THE "GREAT BEAR" forces of all denominations is necessary. Meetings to consider these A N unprecedented upheaval seems things have been held all over the f t to be taking place in Asia which country and considerable enthusiasm has been developed. Recently a meet- can not but affect the progress of ing of fifty missionaries from the dis- Christianity. With China in rebellion trict about Kobe and Osaka was held. against the ruling dynas.ty, and India A committee to investigate the field in growing unrest against British rule; was appointed, and, much against ex- with Turkey at war with Italy and 'pectation, could find no evidence of Russia endeavoring to bully Persia overlapping or competition. But it into submission to her demands, it is found that, aside from the city of impossible for the most experienced Kobe, the workers in the great field student of events to predict what will are so few that they can hardly come be the result of the next move. Rein touch with each other, while hun- cently Russia has sent an ultimatum dreds of towns and villages have never to Persia demanding the dismissal of been touched. Thus again the great the American Treasurer-General; needs of the field were established. Persia has refused. Russia has sent What form the proposed union will troops across the border and has take, if it is consummated, we are un- strengthened the legation guard at able to say. Teheran. Persia replies by an ulti- matum to Russia to the effect that CHANGES IN SIAM troops must be withdrawn from Per- sian territory or war will be declared. T REMENDOUS progress has been made in Siam in the sev- The so-called Christian nations in enty years since the Protestant mis- these conflicts with Moslem governsionaries began their work there. The ments h:we not recently given any despotic domination of provincial gov-

evidence of a Christian spirit. Force nean which were swept by Moham- and selfish greed have taken the place medan hordes in the seventh century of reason and the Golden Rule. This are one by one coming under Chris- can not but influence the attitude of tian control. Even the selfishness and Moslem governments and peoples injustice of so-called Christian powers against the claims of Christ and gives can not blind our eyes to this tend- agitators against missionaries an ap- ency. Second, the complete disinte- parent ground for their attacks. gration of Islam intellectually and re- While it is not possible to foresee ligiously can not long be delayed.

the immediate outcome of these con- Many of the national leaders are un- flicts and convulsions, it is not diffi- believers, professing Mohammedans cult to discern evidence of a breaking solely for political ends. Mohamme- up of the old order of things in the danism can not long withstand the in- backward nations and the establish- roads of Christian education and ment of modern education, govern- evangelistic effort. Already missio.n ment and methods in Persia, Turkey, schools are drawing Moslem pupils in and China. The more we study the goodly numbers.

events in America and Europe and in the nations of Africa and Asia, the AFFAIRS IN THE UPPER KONGO A more we are imprest with the convic- CCORDING to the London Christian, the friends of the tion that the only hope for peace and righteousness is in Christ, and that Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protec- these will never be established until tion Society have received from their He reigns Supreme. own messenger, Rev. J. H. Harris, A cablegram from Tabriz. reports their first repQrt upon the present con- much suffering and calls for early re- dition of the Upper Kongo. His im- lief. The roads about Tabriz have pressions are based upon observations been seized, cutting off supplies of taken during a journey of 1,200 miles.

food in the city. Rev. Robert M. La- Belgium is seemingly anxious to wipe baree writes: out as soon as possible the bitter "The political clouds are getting memories of the past. Of course, the blacker every day. All the Province work of reform is not complete, but of Azerbajan is in turmoil, and any some instalments of justice have ar- day the storm might strike us here in rived, and others are at hand.

Urumia. Both the Governors of Khoi Reports in German daily papers, and Salmas have fled. When they, to- however, do not sound quite as favor- gether with our own Governor, will able as those of Rev. J. H. Harris, have to flee elsewhere remains to be tho they do not deny the goodwill of seen. I do not anticipate any trouble the Belgian Government itself.

or danger for ourselves; but, oh 1these ADVANCE IN ARABIAN MISSIONS poor people I"

T As to Moslem lands in general two HE Arabian Mission of the Re- formed (Dutch) Church has as- . facts stand out with· reasonable clearness. First, the disintegration of Islam signed a resident missionary to Amara, as a political power is progressing. and thus it has opened its sixth regular The countries about the Mediterra- station. It is located on the western

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

bank of the Tigris River, about a day's American missionaries in India, and journey by river steamer from Busrah; large numbers have been members of and is an important trading center, the English army in India or served with probably 10,000 inhabitants, of as policemen in Hongkong. They are which Arabs, Persians, and Turkish kindly, simple-minded .and childlike officials and soldiers form the bulk. in disposition, and offer a unique op- The mission has tried to get a foot- portunity for missionary effort, tho hold in Amara since its earliest days. they lead a migratory life and their Kuweit, in northeast Arabia, has also bands are small and widely scattered.

been occupied, and the Dutch doctors The American Bible Society has had were cordially welcomed by its ruler, several colporteurs and returned mis- Sheik Moharak. It is of greatest sionaries from India at work occa- strategic importance as the future sionally, but only recently a returned terminus of the overland railway and missionary from India has been en- as the best harbor in the gulf, so that gaged to give all his time to the work.

it will make the best possible base for The manifold Christian work the occupation of the interior of among the Chinese, Japanese and Arabia. Koreans on the Pacific Coast had "Modern Arabian Knights" from the been by no means adequate to the University of Michigan are also going need. Now an effort is being made out to establish a high school and fu- to organize Interdenominational Work ture university at Busrah, Arabia. for Orientals, which, if successful, Permission to start the institution has will be an important step forward.

been granted by the Turkish officials. Under encouragements of the different Medicine, engineering, agriculture and boards and after preliminary confer- liberal arts will be taught, and instruc- ences of secretaries of these boards, a tion in the Bible is permitted to be conference of the representatives and compulsory in every course. Three secretaries of them on the Pacific members of the class of 191 I are to Coast was held at San Francisco with start soon, and another physician and about forty representatives of Bap- his wife will follow as soon as funds tists, Disciples, Congregationalists, can be secured. It is hoped that early Cumberland Presbyterians, Episco- in 1912 there will be two "engineers, palians, Friends, Methodists and Pres- two doctors and two women teachers byterians. The feasibility of union, or on the ground. cooperation in the work among Asi- UNION WORK FOR OJUENTALS ON atics on the Pacific Coast was discust THE PACIFIC .::DAST and a plan for permanent organization was adopted to be called the "Oriental I T IS estimated that on the Pacific Workers' Association." Coast and in Alaska there are about One of the first results of the work 60,000 Japanese, nearly 50,000 Chi- of the Standing Committee has been nese, over 10,000 Koreans, arid about the transfer of a mission from the 4,000 Hindus. Nearly all of the lat- Congregationalists to the Presbyte- ter are men and strict Mohammedans, rians. The mission had been in exist- tho some of them have come in con- ence thirty years, but, chiefly because tact with the educational work of the Congregationalists have no Amer-

ican church in that town while the bishops in each province, missionaries Presbyterians have, the committee from practically all the fields covered thought it best for the interests of by the Canadian Churches, board secthe mission to have it turned over to retaries, laymen's secretaries, and the Presbyterians. This was done prominent laymen, a total of about gracefully. Other transfers, combina- one hundred speakers. tions and adjustments are contemplated and will be conducive to the The note of unity and comity was needed strengthening of the work sounded so clearly that Canadian among Asiatics on the Pacific Coast churchmen understand each other betby more united effort of all denomi- ter than ever before, the call to servnations. ice was so emphasized that new men have been enlisted and older work- THE LAYMEN'S CAMPAIGN IN men spurred to renewed efforts; the methods of finance were so thorough- CANADA ly discust that an advance in methods and in gifts will be seen at once, and A REMARKABLE series of mis- in every convention the call was clear- sionary conventions has recently ly to the consecration of life and been held in Canada under the leader- service. ship of the Laymen's Missionary Movement. The first was in Van- The convention will mark another couver (October 18th to 20th) for step forward in the life of the Canthe Province of British Columbia, and adian Churches. the last (November 26th-28th) at Sydney, on the extreme eastern coast, The Canadian Council of the Layfor Cape Breton Island. men's Missionary Movement report the following increases in the giving Eleven conventions have practically of the respective denominations during reached the entire Dominion from the three years since its inauguration West to East, and have been in almost here: continual operation for six weeks. Sir Andrew Fraser, K.CG.I., formerly Anglican ••…•… From $252,910 to $354,128 Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, In- Baptist …..•..•.• From 207,679 to 296,569 dia, a vice-chairman of the Edin- Conl!"regational …. From 29,948 to 41,500 burgh Conference and a member of DiSCiple Church …. From 9,057 to 9,675 the Continuation Committee, has Evangelical Ass'n .•• From 7,606 fo 11,142 spoken in each convention, and John Lutheran •.•……• From 9,633 to 15,462 R. Mott, Robert E. Speer, ]. Camp- Methodist .•…•.•• From 509,409 to 749,677 bell White, Silas McBee, and George Presbyterian •.••.•• From 466,418 to 738,279 Sherwood Eddy have also participated in them. Others who contri- Increase •••••••. From $1,492,660 to $2,216,432 buted to the success are Rev. R. P. MacKay, D.D., the Moderator of or nearly 50 per cent. the Presbyterian General Assembly; This advance is encouraging but is Archbishop Matheson, Primate of all Canada in the Church of England; not satisfactory. These figures repre- Rev. S. D. Chown, D.D., superintend- sent home as well as foreign missions, ent of the Methodist Church; the and averaged over the memhership of the respective denominations there is little room for self-congratulation.

The proportionate advance is not yet commensurate with the increase of wealth in the hands of the various constituencies. There is still room for improvement.

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES-THE'

OF 1911 BY REV. JAMES S. DENNIS, D.D., NEW YORK SINGLE year in this were gaily ignored in a loving aban- age of the world re- don of consecration to the call of a veals a record of stir- Master whose personal relations to ring and momentous each heart were far and away more progress in the world- dear than any ecclesiastical affiliac.u~>…….,.=~ wide extension of God's tions. We are grateful for the ju- kingdom. Statistics, however insig- bilee as an object-lesson to the whole nificant their import, are utterly inade- Church of the happy possibilities and quate to convey more than a vague working efficiency of a common rally hint of the marvelous advances of the around a common Lord, in the fur· world, not only in' its religious and therance of a great cause dear to His moral gains, but in its intellectual, so- heart.

cial, political, and all-round beneficent The Lucknow Conference: This trend toward permanent betterment.. was held at Lucknow, India, on Janu- A few brief comments upon certain of ary 23-28, 19II, and followed that of the assets and liabilities of the balance- Cairo, in 1909. Its purpose was the sheet of 191 I may claim our attention. serious study by experts of the out- look for missions to Moslems. The Aneta duty, the need, and the urgent cail Woman's National Foreign Mt,S- were taken for granted, tho the sionary Jubilee: The jubilee celebra- mighty challenge of the present situatIon of the foreign missionary work tion, and the gigantic task which COllof the women's societies is one of the fronted the Church, were not ignored. outstanding features of the year. In It was, however, almost exclusively its continental scope, its high enthusi- a survey of present conditions, and a asm, its admirable restraint, its no- careful reconnoitering of the expandtable dignity, its intellectual force, its ing forces and movements of Islam, spiritual power, its happy interde- as well as the points of weakness and nominational fellowship, and its com- danger where the lines of Christian pelling success it stands for a new and Islamic propaganda converge. and instantly commanding demonstra- The conference was an educational tion of the deep and latent loyalty in and inspirational asset, relating itself true-hearted disciples which God can to the conscience of the Church, and summon to voice its influence when revealing the startling aspects of an He gives it its call of opportunity. obligation which can not longer be. The jubilee was not simply an anni- lightly regarded without placing the versary; it was a high day of united interests of the Kingdom, and even the honor of Christ's Lordship, in hearts in the common service of disheartening suspense. The force:;, Christ. Denominational lines and which are latent in Islam are still barriers to sympathetic cooperation mighty, and must be reckoned with

in the present as in the past. Chris- in June, 19I1, and was attended by tendom will make a lamentable mis- representatives of about forty of the take if h¥ unjust aggression and English, Scotch, and Irish societies.

irritating contempt it awakens the fa- The officials of the German societies natical passions of the Moslem world. also met for their annual meeting at First Meeting of the Continuation Halle, Germany, with a similar pur- Committee of the Edinburgh Confer- pose in view.

ence: This was held at Auckland Conference of the World's Stude.,t Castle, England, in May, the com- Christian Federation at ConstatJti- mittee being guests of the Bishop of nople, April 24-28, 1911: The Feder- Durham. Its deliberations resulted ation Conference of the past year in some projects of significant im- was unique and important. Its plan port. The issue of an International of meeting was strategic in the in- Review of Missions, to be published terests of a wide and inclusive quarterly, beginning January I, 1912, brotherhood, in an environment hith~ was decided upon, as the organ of erto not hospitable to the spirit of the committee for the discussion of religious fraternity. It marked a missionary. themes and problems, and heart-to-heart contact of varied na- the presentation of the newest phases tional and religious elements of the and opportunities of universal Chris- Near and the Far East, with a large tian progress among foreign races. and strong delegation from the na- The creation by the missionary so- tions of Christendom; yet, amid this cieties of Great Britain of a Board strange commingling, there was evi- of Study for the more adequate dence of a spirit of unity, sympathy, training of missionary candidates was dnd common allegiance, which had proposed by one of the sub-commit- been alien to the religious life of the tees, and sanctioned by the committee Nearer East for centuries past. Over itself. A broad program was laid out thirty nationalities were represented for the activities of the committee, among the 227 accredited delegates, with several new features. with their many and, diverse rdigious Three Important Conferences: The affiliations; yet the worship oi one Foreign Missions Conference of. God, and the recognition of one Mas- North America (formerly known as ter, dominated the entire assembly.

the Conference. of Mission Boards of The conference was an asset of strllOg the United States and Canada), held significance in an environment whe.re its annual· meeting on January lIth it stood for a modem intellectual, de- and 12th. A full attendance of the votional, and inspiriting stimulus to officials of the various missionary keen and alert students, awake to the agencies of North America, and also dawn of a new era. These young .the presence as a guest of Dr. A. representatives of the new life of the Boegner, Secretary of the Paris Nearer East have rarely, if ever, met Evangelical Missionary Society, made on a common pl11.tform of cordial the meeting of special interest. A mutual recognition and fellowship.

similar gathering-the' first in the Christianity was for the time being annals of British missionary el1ter- cosmopolitan, and represented a com- prise-was held at York, England, mon religious allegiance, which. was

SHEET OF MISSIONS-1911

t.""""iGn. (Thia coUocation 01 Aaet. GIld u."ilitie. ;. mad. in lall reco.,.ition 01 the impoui"ility 01 indicatin. the ….ilicanc. 01 .,,;ritual lorca ,,~ an~ eI.uice 01 comm.rcial Th.

method h.. "..,. ch• .,. _pl~ . . . pic:tare."… contrilHlftC8 to place in .ui",••rra~ _me 01 the ..li.,.t I.afar•• 01 the miaion.", ~ear. Eue", read.r'. im".matioa m…t ". tnut.d to .appl~ theper.pectil1e GIld coloru.. which wiU ~11•••piritaal meanin. to the picture.) CERTAIN ASSETS CERTAIN LIABILITIES (A Partial List of the Year's Credits) (A Partial List of the Year's Debits) Woman's National Foreign Missionary Jubilee. Conservation and Guidance of the Missionary Interest Second Missionary Conference on Behalf of the Mohammedan World, Lucknow. Awakened by the Woman's National Foreign Mis- Meeting of the Continuation Committee of the Edinburgh Conference, at Auck- sionary Jubilee.

land Castle, England. Deepening the Interest Already Kindled iu the Mis- Foreign Missions Conference of North America, at New York. sionary Enterprise, and Inspiring aNew Enthu- Conference of Secretaries of Missionary Societies in Great Britain, at York. siasm for God's Great Message to All Mankind. Annual Missionary Conference, at Halle, Germany.

Eighth International Jewish Missionary Conference, Stockholm, Sweden. Conserv.ation and Extension of the Missionary Suc- Conference of the World's Student Christian Federation, at Constantinople. cesses and Achievements of the Past Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Student Volunteer Movement. Promoting the Influence and Usefulness of the Lay- Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Gleaners' Union of Church Missionary Society. men's Missionary Movement.

Student Volunteers from America, Great Britain, and the Continent, Who Sailed Fostering the Movements toward Unity and Coopera- tion, at Home and Abroad. during 1910-1911. New Missionaries Sent Out in 1911.

Creation of the Board of Missionary Studies for North America. Adopting Every Useful Expedient for Increasing the Board of Study for the Training of Missionaries in Great Britain. Gifts of the Churches in Support of the Enter- Opening of the Hartford School of Missions. prise of Missions, and Adding as Far as we are International Conference of Mission Study Leaders at Lunteren, Holland. Able to Our Own Contributions. Progress of Mission Study Qasses. Progress of the Laymen's Missionary Movement at Home and Abroad. Meeting Promptly and Resolutely the Extraordinary Opportunities now Presented for Missionary Ad- United Committee to Coordinate Home and Foreign Missionary Interests in the vance. Sympathetic Study of the Wonderful Presbyterian Church. Signs of Our Times, which have not been Sur- passed in Significance and Grandeur by those of Enlargement of the Foreign Work of the Christian Endeavor Society, the Ep- any Previous Era of Church History. worth League, and Kindred Organizations.

Progress of the Missionary Education Movement.

Extension of the Foreign Department of the Young Men's Christian Association. Noting the Remarkable Upturnings and Changes Advance in the Foreign Department of the Young Women's Christian Asso- among the Nations, and Fitting the Missionary Activities of the Church to the Hour of Oppor- ciation. tunity. Tercentenary of the Authorized Version of the English Bible. New Translations of the Bible on the Mission Fields during 1911. Prayer for the Providential Protection of Missionaries Extensive Foreign Mission Service of the British and American Tract Societies. in Times of Peril.

Output of Mission Presses reported in 1911.

OlristianLiterature in Preparation, or Issued, in the Languages of Mission Promoting a Campaign of Education in the Past His-.

Fields in 1911. tory of Missions, and also in the Present-Day Missionary Literature Issued in the Languages of Christendom during 191 I. Openings which Call so Mightily for Immediate Large Financial Gifts to Missions in 1911. Recognition and Response.

"Men and Religion Forward Movement" Including a Foreign Missionary Pur- Cheerful and Confident Reliance upon God's Power pose in Its Program. to Raise Up Agencies Specially Adapted to Meet Special Attention to Missions at the Baptist and Methodist World Conferences. Favorable Testimonies During the Year to the Value of Foreign Missions by Every Emergency which May Arise in the On- Public Men, Travelers, and Authors. ward Movement of His Kingdom. .

Courage and Devotion Exhibited by Missionaries on the Fields. Adequate Support of Missionaries Already Sent Out Long and Fruitful Lives of Veterans Who Have Died in 1911. by the Churches. Special prayer for the large Providential Protection of Missionaries in Times of Peril. contingent enlisted in 191 I. Rise of Native Leaders in Mission- I.ands, -and Inclease ofthe-Native Ministry. – Growing Liberality of Christians in Mission Churches. – Board of Missions in Uganda. Growing Appreciation of Missions, and Enlarged Vision of Their Importance by A Firm Belief in the Coming Development of an Ori- the Churches of Christendom. ental Christendom Which is to be Itself an Instru- Increasingly Favorable Attitude of the Public Press toward Missions. Continued Enlargement of the Opportunities of Christian Missions in the World. ment That God Will Use to Establish His King- dom in the East.

Testifying to Our Faith in Missions When We Know through Study and Observation that They Are Coming to the Throne of Siam of a King Kindly Disposed toward Missions. Worthy of Confidence.

Diamond Jubilee of Missions in Natal. Making It Our Duty to Interest Ourselves in the General Missionary Conference in Nyasaland. Growth and Development of the Church in the Kuling Convention and Its Urgent Call for New Missionaries for China. Mission Fields.

Conference of Indian Women at Allahabad to Consider Social Reform and the Deepening Our Interest in the Great Unoccupied Fields of the World. Betterment of Woman's Condition in India. Political, Social, Economic, and International Changes Favorable to the Advance- ment of the Kingdom of God Among the Nations. Promoting the Translation of the Scriptures into Development of a Progressive National Spirit Among Asiatic Peoples. Languages as yet Without the Bible. . New Opium Agreement between Great Britain and China. Evangelistic Successes and Educational Progress in 1911. Confronting the Spread of Islam with a Loyal and Sacrificial Effort to Vindicate the Oaims of Enlargement of Medical Missions During the Past Year. Growth of the Philanthropic Spirit in Mission Lands. Christ, and Entbrone Him in Moslem Hearts.

Transforming Influence of Christianity upon Asiatic Religions. Special Provision and Generous Disbursement on the Signs of the Gradual Christianization of some of the Great Nations of the East. Part of the Church. for the Training ,"d Support Opening of Bible-Training Schools in the Far East.-Visit of Drs. W. W. and of Native Evangelis~ and Preachers, b1 Whose J. C. White. Hands Will Be Eventually the Winning of the Nations. Conference of Chinese Students Studying in Colleges of the United States. Groups of Chinese Students Supported by the Boxer Indemnities Entering Ameri- Seeking by Every Proper Means to Secure the Revo- cation of the Constitutional Prohibition of the can Educational Institutions. Bible in Modem Greek, the Common Language of Organization of the China Sunday School Union. the People of Greece. A Free Bible in the Ver- Formation of the Korea Sunday School Association. nacular is Now the Boon of Almost Every Mis- Establishment of the Korea Medical Missionary Association. sion Field. Why Should It Be Denied to the First Triennial Conference of the Evangelistic Association of China. Greeks? Movement to Establish Pierson Memorial Bible-School in Korea.

Organization of the Educational Federation of Christian Missions in Korea.

Establishment of a Bible Institute System in Korea for the Education and Intercessory Prayer, Urgent, Continuous, and Special, Training of Church Workers. for the Progress of Missions Throughout the Indian Christian Congress, Madras, October 1st-7th. World. Pray, "for All Things Are Now Ready." National Missionary Society of India-Conference at Bangalore, September. Central Board of Missions in England seeking restriction of Liquor Traffic in Importunate Prayer for a Great Increase of Spiritual Earnestness, Sincerity, and Power in the Home Nigeria. Churches of Christendom. Student Conferences on Mission Fields. Holding Firmly and Loyally to the Essential and Fun- Progress of Unity and Cooperation on Mission Fields. damental Truths of the Gospel, as both the Buis and Justification of Missions, and ~ing Our New Buildings on Mission Fields. Devout Personal Allegiance to Our Lord and The "World in Boston," and "The Orient in Providence." Increasing PopUlarity Master.

of Missionary Exhibits. Universal Races Congress, London.

MISSIONARY ASSETS AND LIABILITIES FOR 1911

universal, and also superior to the tional Bible Society of Scotland. It claims of political and national ties. was the Diamond Jubilee of the Ze- Under these auspices the conference nana Bible and Medical Mission, of tended wonderfully to soften and the American Baptist Telugu Mission quiet the old sectarian antipathies in India, and of the establishment of which had been for centuries past missions in Natal, and the centennial traditional features of the religious of Judson's appointment as a miS- life of Western Asia. sionary to India.

An Interesting Anniversary: The New Recruits to the Front: The Student Volunteer Movement for year has been significant in view of Foreign Missions celebrated its twen- the number of new missionaries com- ty-fifth anniversary on September missioned and sent out by the so- 10th, at Mount Hermon, Mass. Its cieties of Christendom. The sum record is phenomenal, in that it has total apparently exceeds that of any enlisted nearly 5,000 young and reported year since Christ came to strong recruits for foreign mission- inaugurate the great mission of His ary service, has held large and no- Church. The Board of Foreign Mis- table student conventions, and nu- sions of the Presbyterian Church merous conferences, given a body of in . the United States, counts it a fresh and able literature on missions, record year, having sent out 82 new adapted to popular use, and especially recruits during the first ten months to the needs of mission study classes, of the year. The American Baptist kept its secretaries in touch with the Foreign Missionary Society reports students of the country, and enrolled 42. The Church Missionary Society its bands in almost every educational contingent numbered 64. The Ameri- institution of the Continent. The can Board reported 73 at the annual mission study enrolment of 1910 was meeting in October, its previous larg- 29,322, in 2,379 classes, in 596 insti- est record being 40. The Protestant tutions; and the 191 I figures are even Episcopal Board has commissioned 39, more remarkable-the institutions the Methodist Episcopal (South) 26, numbering 661, the classes 2,531, and the Methodist Episcopal (North) 91, the students 34,006. The Student the United Presbyterian Church IS.

Volunteer Movement is both an The reports from several other so- achievement and an inspiration in the cieties indicate considerable additions interests of world-wide missions. to their missionary enrolment. The Similar Student Volunteer Move- sum total of new missionaries sent, or ments are in successful operation in to be sent, to the foreign field, by all Great Britain, on the European con- societies of Christendom, is not, how- tinent, and in several prominent mis- ever, available at the date of this sion fields of Asia and Africa. writing.

We may note also in passing that Improved Facilities for Training 19II was the Jubilee Year of the Wo- Missionary Candidates: The Foreign man's Union Mis~ionary Society of Missions Conference of North Amer- America, and of the Gassner, Leipsic, ica at its meeting in January, 19II, and North German Missionary So- appointed a "Committee on the For- cieties of Germany, and of the Na- mation of a Board of Missionary

Studies" for North America. The stituency. The Educational Depart- Edinburgh Conference, through Com- ment of the Presbyterian Board of mission V, on "The Preparation of the U. S. A. reports 1,326 mission Missionaries," had already recom- study classes in 1911, and a total mended this step. The committee membership of 17,465. Other churches appointed prepared an elaborate re- are not less alert in promoting this port, and on June 8th constituted valuable asset of the systematic study the Board, which will consist of 36 of missions. The Missionary Edu- members, Dr. W. Douglas Macken- cation Movement, the Woman's Cen- zie being requested to act as chair- tral Committee on the United Study man, and Mr. F. P. Turner as of Missions, the Young Men's and secretary. A similar proposal, under the Young Women's Christian Asso- the auspices of the new Conference ciations, the Society of Christian En- of Mission Secretaries, has also been deavor, the Epworth League, the Bap- adopted in Great Britain, in the for- tist Young People's Union, the mation of a "Board of Study for the Luther League, and, especially, the Preparation of Missionaries." The Student Volunteer Movement, are all opening of the "Hartford School of giving attention to facilities for the Missions," in affiliation with the Hart- study of missionary history and prog- ford Theological Seminary and the ress. British and Continental so- Hartford School of Religious Peda- cieties are also enlisting large ac- gogy, is still another move during cessions to their study classes, for the past year in the interests of a whose use special text-books have been more thorough preparatory training published during 1911, following pre- for missionary candidates. Dr. Ed- vious annual issues. An International ward Warren Capen is the organiz- Conference of Mission Study Leaders ing secretary. The Potsdam Semi- was held at Lunteren, Holland, in nary, at Potsdam, Germany, under September, 191 I. Sixty-one delegates, the direction of Dr. Johannes Lepsius, from 13 countries, were present, and is for the special training of mission- an International Mission Study Coun- aries to Moslems. In China a Bible cil was formed, with Mr. Harry Wade Teachers' Training Institute has been . Hicks as president.

opened as the result of the visit of A Year of Progress and Exten- Dr. W. W. White. In Korea it is sion: In whatever direction we turn, proposed to open a number of such tidings of growth and enlargement institutes at various stations. One of seem to greet us. The Laymen's Mis- them is to be "The Arthur T. Pier- sionary Movement has been making son Memorial Bible School." good, with its enormous distribution The Growth of Mission Study of missionary literature, its frequent Classes: The systematic study of conventions and conferences, its'every missions seems to have found increas- member canvasses, its promotion of ing favor' in church circles, and in more systematic plans for increased educational institutions. Almost every financial support to missions, an'd its prominent mlsslOnary agency in campaign of missionary' education. It Christendom is giving special atten- is now extending itself in similar" or- tion: to this matter throughout its oon- ganizations throughout Christendom,

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES FOR 1911

finding no ecclesiastical barriers which dents in China and South America. bar its progress, and, when neces- The Chinese National Convention of sary, adjusting itself easily to any the Y. M. C. A. for 1911 was apspecial church affiliation. It has re- pointed to meet at Shanghai in Nocently been established in India, Cey- vember. lon, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia. The Y. W. C. A. has sent three new secretaries from the United Did our space permit, detailed ac- States, and one from Great Britain, counts of the growth of Christian to China, is giving special attention Endeavor, with its increase from 400 to Bible instruction in government to 781 societies in China, its native and private schools, is in receipt of staff of eleven provincial secretaries urgent appeals for secretaries from in India, with 1,337 societies, and also Fuchau, Osaka, and Rio de Janeiro, of the progress of the Epworth has opened a department of physical League and kindred organizations in culture in Calcutta, and made proforeign fields might also be given. vision in its National Training School for a course of special preparation The Missionary Education Move- for those desirous of becoming secrement has added four text-books to its taries in foreign lands. The nurriber previous list of twenty, three mem- of secretaries sent out in the past bers to its official staff of workers, three years exceeds the number sent has adopted missionary expositions during the preceding fifteen years, as it feature of its educational plans, and the official requests now in hand and reports a total attendance of call for more. additional secretaries 1,292 at its seven summer confer- than are in service abroad. enceS. The Bible an Imperishable and The enlargement of the foreign Growing Asset: The Tercentenary departments of the Young Men's and of the Authorized Version of the Engthe YouQ-g Women's Christian Asso- lish Bible has come and gone with ci"ations promises to give an increas- 1911. The influence of that grand ingly prominent and powerful place version in promoting missionary into these efficient agencies on the for- telligence and zeal has been incalcueign field. The Y. M. C. A. reports lable, and the honors paid to it by a financial increase of $2,000,000, English-speaking peoples throughout making possible sixty new buildings the world have testified to the high in the foreign mission fields, the addi- value placed upon it as an asset in all tion of thirty to its foreign secretarial that is uplifting and ennobling in instaff, making in all 140 secretaries dividual apd national life. The rein seventeen countries, a special evan- ports of all the Bible societies indigelistic tour in India, China, and cate continuous and unremitting toil Korea, by Mr. George Sherwood to provide the translated Word in the Eddy, resulting in large groups of vernacular of peoples and tribes who, earnest inquirers who have pledged as yet. have not been blest with access themselves to the daily devotional to its spiritual treasures. The year study of the Bible, and the estab- 191 I has brought this heavenly gift lishment, in addition, of special sum- to multitudes who began the year mer conferences for government stu-

without it. The British and Foreign sionary work of the American and Bible Society reports eight new ver- British Tract Societies.

sions, three for Asia, three for Cen- Christian and Educational Litera- tral Africa, and two for islands of ture in the Languages of Mission the Far East. The total of new Fields: Reports covering the year translations in 1911, promoted by all I9II are not yet available, but the societies, will not be less than twenty. annual reports issued in 191 I, which In addition, two incomplete versions usually cover portions of that and the have been finished. The revision of previous year, give indicatio'ns of a existing versions has been going on, large output of mission presses. The even in such important languages as Presbyterian Press at Beirut added Japanese, the Chinese Wenli and 40,000,000 pages to its previous is- Mandarin, and the Malayalam and sues. The Presbyterian Press at Sinhalese. Shanghai has a record of 77,671,000, The total issue of the B. F. B. S. and there are 9,000,000 pages to the reported in I9II amounts to almost credit of the Methodist Publishing 7,000,000 copies, in 432 languages House at Madras. These are but and dialects. Of this immense num- samples of the untiring activity of ber about 4,250,000 went to the mis- printing facilities established under sion fields of Africa, Asia, South and miss;on auspices in world-wide fields.

Central America, and the Russian The combined output for a single year Empire. We have not space to refer of the 127 mission presses listed in in detail to the 191 I issues of the the "World Atlas of Christian Mis- National Bible Society of Scotland, sions" (page 124) would represent a the Trinitarian Bible Society, the Bible mighty volume of literature made 'ac- Translation Society, or the Nether- cessible to minds and hearts eager for lands and other Continental Bible so- light and guidance in the new era of cieties. The American Bible Society opportunity which is dawning upon reports the issue of 1,622,008 volume!> the whole round world. In the Chi-'

by its agencies abroad, the circula- nese Recorder for July, 19I1 (page tion in China being phenomenal, and 426), is found a quarterly statement amounting to about 1,000,000 copies. of "Books in Preparation" for Chi- Issues in new languages are reported nese readers and students. They in three instances. The completed number in all 43, and this does not Bible has been given during the year include a further list of "Recent An- to Korea, and the Sheetswa Olel nouncements," numbering 27. The Testament has been finished. The re- China Medical lottrnal for January, vision of the Zulu Scriptures is re- I9II, gives a list of twenty valuable ceiving careful attention. The total medical and surgical works ready issues for the year of the A. B. S. for use in Chinese. The above record number 3,231,722 volumes, and the for China refers to books alone, and colporteurs in the service of the so- does not include tracts.

ciety during this year number 1,025. Missionary Literature Issued in the Limitations of space prevent our Languages of Christendom: The last speaking of the extensive foreign mis- decade has witnessed a phenomenal

19121 MISSIONARY ASSETS ANn LIABILITtE:S Foa

increase in the literature of mis- "Growth of the Missionary Con- sions. The additions of 1911 are cept," Buckley's "Theory and Prac- many of them of exceptional interest. tice of Foreign Missions," Wolf's The mission study books alone would "Missionary Heroes of the Lutheran mark the year as an unusual one. Church," Clarke's "Among the Tribes Speer's "The Light of the World," in Southwest China," Grubb's "An Zwemer's "The Unoccupied Mission Unknown People in an Unknown Fields of Africa and Asia," Fraser's Land," Pfander's "Mizanu'l Haqq" "Pagan Africa" ( issued also under (Balance of Truth), Revised and En- the title of "The Future of Af- larged Edition by the Rev. W. St. rica") , Walker's "Missionary Ideals," Clair Tisdall, D.D., Rice's "Crusaders Moore's "The Land of Good Hope," of the Twentieth Century," MacGilli- Matt's "The Decisive Hour of Chris- vray's (editor) "The China Mission tian Missions," Eddy's "Asia Awa- Year Book, 191 I," "Report of the kening," Weatherhead's "Uganda: A Conference of the World's Student Chosen Vessel," Gerdener's "Studies Christian Federation, Robert College, in the Evangelization of South Af- 19I1," Speer's "The Foreign Doctor; rica," Cornaby's "The Call of Cathay," Hakim Sahib," and his "Great Lead- F. D. Walker's "Tpe Call of the ers in the World Movement," Miss Dark Continent," and Mrs. Mont- Ellinwood's "Frank Field Ellinwood: gomery's "Western Women in East- His Life and Work," Porter's "Will- ern Lands" are all instructive, and iam Scott Ament," Watson's "God's admirably adapted to the purpose Plan for Warid Redemption," Miss intended. The volumes by Dr. Mott Burton's "The Education of Women and Mrs. Montgomery, tho issued in China," Fenwick's "The Church in I9IO, were for use during the of Christ in Corea," Costain's "The winter of 1910-1911. Other vol- Life of Dr. Arthur Jackson of Manumes for more general and popu- churia," Reed's "A World Book of lar use are: Broomhall's elaborate Foreign Missions," Bishop Ingham'S study of "Islam in China," Arch- "From Japan to Jerusalem," and deacon Moule's "Half a Century in "The World Atlas of Christian Mis- China," Du Plessis's "A History of sions," jointly edited by Dennis, Christian Missions in South Africa," Beach, and Fahs, are all recent Johnson's "Night and Morning in contributions to the literature of Dark Africa," Purser's "Christian mISSIOns. Several important articles Missions in Burma," Jones's "The have also appeared in the current Modern Missionary Challenge," "Is- magazines; perhaps the most striking lam and Missions," jointly edited by and effective being by Adachi Kinno- Wherry, Zwemer, and Mylrea, "Day- suke, on "Christian Missions in light in the Harem," another volume Japan," published in the September of papers read at the Lucknow Con- Century Magazine. The Moslem ference, edited by Miss Van Sommer, World, a quarterly review, has ap- Zwemer's "The Moslem Christ," peared within the year, and the In- Macdonald's "Aspects of Islam," ternational Review of Missions will Hume's "An Interpretation of In- greet us with the opening of 1912. dia's Religious History," Goucher's The tour of Dr. G. W. Knox around

the world, inaugurating "The Union the work have been so urgent and Seminary Lectureship on Christianity necessary that in some instances a in the Far East" suggests a project of considerable deficit has resulted, in unusual interest. We regret that the spite of the fact that contributions valuable missionary literature of the have been larger than ever before. The European continent can not receive Woman's Jubilee Fund has to its here the notice it deserves. credit nearly a million dollars, and an aggregate of nearly three million may Financial Gifts to Missions in 1911 : be noted as special gifts outside of The bequest of Mr. John Stewart the regular receipts of the societies. Kennedy, which placed in the treas- ury of the Board of Foreign Mis- Some Tributes of the Year to the sions of the Presbyterian Church in Value of Missions: On February 25th the U. S. A., on February 23, 1911, The Lancet (London) has this to the munificent sum of $2,250,000, has say of the way in which the mission- marked the year as exceptional in the aries have faced the awful scourge history of missionary finance. We of pneumonic plague in China: "At understand that a supplement to this every station down the line medical will add a substantial sum to the missionaries have come forward in completed gift. Such liberality tow- the most gallant way, and borne the ard the foreign missionary enter- brunt in combatting the most ap- prise by a man of Mr. Kennedy's palling conditions. . . The struggle business sagacity, guided by an in- has been almost entirely in the hands telligent insight into the religious of medical missionaries." needs of the world, and the manifold blessings to mankind for which the Mr. Edwin J. Dingle, who has just Gospel is sponsor, has heartened the spent two years in the interior of Church, and has given stability to its China, writes in the Shanghai Mermissionary work, as well as enlarged cury a glowing tribute to the mis- for generations its equipment. In sionaries whose lives and services addition to the above, Robert College came under his observation. The received nearly $2,000,000 for its edu- tribute was prompted in reply to the cational endowment and equipment. astonishing assertions of Sir Hiram The American Board, also, reports a Maxim, and is printed in the Church noble gift of $1,000,000 to its funds, Missionary Review for April; page to be used as the D. Willis James 245. In the June issue of the same Endowment for its higher educational Review, page 339, is a statement by institutions. Mrs. John S. Kennedy Rear-Admiral Winnington-Ingram, in has also given $120,000 for the Inter- which he declares, on the strength of national College at Smyrna. A sub- what he has seen during thirty years, stantial increase in gifts is reported his firm belief in the value of foreign by almost every missionary agency, missions. especially the Reformed, Episcopal, Lutheran, Presbyterian, Congrega- We may refer also to the testimony tional, Baptist, and Methodist Episco- of a special correspondent of the .pal churches; yet the new appropria- London Times, recorded in the July tions called for by enlargement of number of the above-mentioned Re- view, page 391, who, writing from North Africa while on a recent visit

MISSIONARY ASSETS AND LIABILITIES FOR

to Fez, exprest his surpr.ize at the Viscount Terauchi, the Japanese friendly attitude of the populace Governor-General of Korea, and toward Europeans. He attributed the Count Okuma, have also spoken words marked change from former fanati- of appreciation and gratitude. cism and hatred to the "devoted medical and educational work that The foregoing will serve as illusthe missionaries have done among trations of a trend of testimony from the poorer classes," and traces also public men, travelers, and correspond- "a very considerable international ef- ents, whose statements are based upon fect to this kindly ministry of mis- personal observation, and are becomsions." ing increasingly numerous and un- equivocal. The readers of Dr. Speer's Dr. Sven Hedin, the Tibetan ex- "The Light of the World" will find a plorer, says: "The more I get to chapter made up entirely of collated know about the missionaries, the testimonies from well-known Asiatics more I admire their quiet, unceasing, who have had the best of opportuand often thankless labors." He nities to know the benefits and fruits writes further of their education, their of the Christianity for which missions intelligent knowledge of the people stand. The courage and devotion examong whom they dwell, and the hibited by missionaries on the fields great conflict to which their life is has been made the text of admiring given, to win a victory for light tributes in the public press, both at where ignorance and darkness pre- home and abroad. The heroism whicQ. vail. has faced plague, cholera, and the perils of violence, has been nobly in We might quote further from evidence during the year. President Taft and ex-President Roosevelt, both of whom have spoken Long and Fruitful Lives of Veterduring the year admiringly of the ans Who Have Died in 19II: The work of missions. roll call of the year includes such honored names as Hepburn, vVyckoff, In the Spirit of Missions for June, DeForest, and Miss Talcott, of Japan, page 474, is a remarkable address by Wilson and McGilvary, of Siam, Baldthe Viceroy of Manchuria, in which win, McCarthy, Stuart, W. H. Murhe refers with gratitude and deep ray, and Anderson, of China,McFarfeeling to the services of Dr. Jack- lane, of the South Seas and New son, a young British missionary, in Guinea, Alexander, Newton, Messthat plague-stricken province. We more, Sikemeier, Martin, Bonar, note also that the Governor of Ger- Nowroji, Mrs. Sorabji, and Miss man New Guinea recently exprest in Wilder, of India, Bishop Stuart, of no measured terms his indebtedness Persia, ana Bishop Ridley, of Canada; to the missionaries residing within his Kalopothakes, of Greece, Kropf, of jurisdiction. Kaffraria, and Pearse, of Madagas- car. Dr. A. T. Pierson, whose serv- We might add, moreover, the strong ice in the interests of missions has affirmations of Governor Sir W. Eger- been so memorable, died in June, and ton, of Nigeria, and of Governor Dr. Gustav Warneck, the great stu- Sir Arthur Lawley, of Madras, as to dent and historian of missions, left the value of missionary education as an aid to government administration.

us during the closing days of 1910, for other fields is, in proportion to but his monumental life work re- their size, not less encouraging. Chimains. Dr. George Robson, whose nese evangelists are about to enter long life of usefulness was crowned at Tibet, and there is reason to believe the Edinburgh Conference, passed that they will not meet with the opaway in August. The year in which position which has hitherto greeted such lives of service have ended be- foreigners. comes memorable in the history of missions. This home-call of veterans Growing Liberality of Christians in with, in some instances, 50 and even Mission Churches} and a Growing 65 years of service to their credit, in Appreciation of Missions at Home: no way dims the remarkable record We hear not only of the establishwhich the year presents of providen- ment of a "Board of Missions" under tial protection to missionaries in times native auspices in Uganda, but of of peril. pledges by the Baganda Christians to raise £ 10,000 toward the rebuild- Rise of Native Leaders in Mission ing of their cathedral at Mengo, to Lands: Conspicuous among them we match the £ 10,000 raised by Bishop may name the Rev. Ding-Li-Mei, of Tucker in England. The West of China, an evangelist of Pauline sta- Africa, as reported by Bishop Tugture. The Rev. C. Y. Cheng, the well, of the Diocese of Western Equa- Chinese member of the Continuation torial Africa, is not behind in its Committee, is an honor to his country, liberality, since its native Christian as well as to the Church of Christ. contributions were £16,000 last year, Professor Chung and Dr. Ming are with, incidentally, a list of 10,000 also well known. A galaxy of names catechumens and 2,800 baptisms durcomes to mind at once for Japan and ing the year. India. The Methodist Missionary Society Another typical man is Kim Chang of Australasia, in its report issued in Chun, of Korea, an energetic personal 19II, recounts (page 15) the splenworker, whose diary reports that did liberality of the mission churches within six months he has commended in Fiji. In all, the sum of £4,626 Christ to over 3,000 individuals. In is reported in detail. In one of the World-Wide Missions for July, 19II, Circuits of Papua an increase over is an illustrated article giving bio- the previous year of £ 150 is noted graphical sketches of eight native (page 2I). The record of increased leaders in several mission fields. contributions in Korea, and in the Presbyterian Mission in West Africa, A well-known leader in India is the can hardly be matched in all the Rev. V. S. Azariah, who is, we under- world, when ev~t:y feature of the local stand, already selected as the first situation is taken into account. Surely bishop from the Indian Christian com- the day of independence and selfmunity, and is soon to be consecrated, support, as well as of self-governunder Anglican auspices. Candidates ment, in the mission churches, is apfor the ministry in mission fields are proaching. a cheering asset. Hangchow College reports 34 pledged this past year. The There are signs, also, of a growroll call for China is la:rge, and that ing appreciation of missions, and an

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES FOR 1911

enlarged vision of their importance, come beneficent changes which will in the Churches of Christendom, and bring permanent benefits to mankind, of an increasingly favorable attitude and open the way for the extension of the public press toward the mis- of the kingdom of peace and right- sionary enterprise. At the same time, eousness. the enlargement of opportunities for the extension of missionary effort in Evangelistic, Educational, and M edi- all parts of the world is phenomenal. cal Progress in 1911: In the Pres- It is quite true, as Dr. Barton says, byterian Mission in West Africa, out that "missions are the most successful of the ignorance and darkness of age- Christian work in the world to-day," long heathenism, 510 communicants and they "provide the best sanitary were admitted to the Church during safeguard for the world," as well as the year, and there were 5,000 catethe most "substantial guarantee of its chumens under instruction, with a peace and order." view to possible church-membership. Reports from China indicate a large Changes Among the Nations Fa- evangelistic harvest. Korea has an vorable to the Advancement of the astonishing roll call of conversions. Kingdom of God: A new and mili- If we go back of 1911, it is computed tant national spirit among Asiatic that an average of one convert has peoples, and even among African confest Christ every hour since Protraces, must be reckoned with, but estant missions entered Korea, twenty- God's guidance and control can make six years ago. The station of Syen it an ally of the everlasting kingdom. Chyun, opened ten years ago, reports The facilities of modern civilization 144 churches in its territory, 8,880 are changing the outlook, and modi- communicants, and 27,016 adherents fying the development of ancient na- of Christianity. At Pyeng Yang, antions, but it must not be overlooked other Korean station, 2,417 new conthat they are also helpful to missions. verts were baptized during the last Means of communication and travel year, and 42 new churches were built all subserve to the work of missions. in the field of which it is the head The 637 miles of railroad in Korea, station. The communicants received the new lines of steam communica- on confession by the Presbyterian tion which are penetrating China, and Mission in Korea last year numbered ramifying into the interior of Africa, 6,823, a net increase of 17.8 per cent. are all available for missionary tran- The first Presbyterian General Assit. sembly of Korea is called to meet at Pyeng Yang, September, 1912. In In- Even wars and revolutions may be dia the new census report indicates a overruled for good, and the estab- large increase in the Christian populalishment of better social and political tion. Spiritual interest is reported in conditions. It is the testimony of Nyasaland, a large ingathering in Burhistory that old tyrannies die hard, ma, and an awakening of special powand must usually go down in blood- er in Assam. A striking feature of shed and violence. The year 1911 evangelism in mission fields is now has witnessed remarkable upturnings the interest and energy which native of war and revoll!tion; let us hope Christians themselves are manifesting. that out of the turmoil and strife may

The Evangelistic Association of the in-patients in missionary hospitais China is a striking example. in India in 1910 as 48,913, and 3,185,663 attendances in dispensaries, Educational progress is too large with 27,978 visits to homes. Surgical a subject to enter upon in detail here. operations were 6,770 (major), and Universities and colleges seem to 55,024 (minor). loom up in every direction, and in China especially higher educational Signs of the Gradual Christianizainstitutions seem to develop with sur- tion of Some of the Great Nations of prizing speed, while the whole cur- the East: In Japan this has not been riculum of instruction, from the vil- as rapid as at one time it promised to lage school upward, is receiving fresh be, but thoughtful leaders are recogattention. The progress of mission- nizing that Japan is in woful need ary education in China is marked by of religious and ethical bases for its union of hitherto competing institu- best national and social development.. tions, rather than of individualistic Christianity is in the lead, and the and denominational expansion. Alla- number of Christians who are aphabad College in India, tho founded pointed to positions of influence and only ten years ago, has an enrolment responsibility are increasing. Mission of 300 in its college course, and federation and church union in Japan about 700 hundred more in its pre- are receiving much attention, and vaparatory department. In countries rious Christian organizations for the where missions are located in a Mos- promotion of religious life and servlem environment the desire of Mo- ice are multiplying. Evangelistic and hammedans to avail themselves of the educational progress in China is putmissionary facilities of education is ting into action subtle and powerful quite phenomenal. This is especially forces for the development of the true in Persia, and, to some extent, higher life of the nation. The great throughout Turkey. Almost all the and effective fight for the suppression missionary schools and colleges in of the opium curse is notably creditthe fields find it impossible to receive able to China, and is no doubt largely the throngs desiring to enter. The due to the Christianizing influence of Madura College of the American missions, in cooperation with a mar- Board, for example, "opens this year velous movement of public opinion. with the number of its students mul- The new opium agreement between tiplied fourfold." The project of Great Britain and China, which was Christian univerSlhes for China, signed the eighth of last May, is Japan, India, and Egypt is claiming thought by the correspondent of the the earnest attention of the resident London Times to forecast the end of missionaries and the Christian com- the trade within two years. munities of those lands. Korea, unless all signs fail, will be- In medical and philanthropic mis- come eventually a Christianized nasionary service much might be said of tion, and will represent a religious steady advance in 1911. A number seriousness and a spiritual and moral of new hospitals and dispensaries earnestness which is not often discovhave been opened. Medical Missions erable even in the older nations of in India for October, 1911, reports Christendom. Nations may not as

MISSIONARY ASSETS AND LIABILITIES FOR 1911

yet be "born in a day," but the birth groups of 70 or more, supported by hour is surely hastening on in the case the money of the Boxer indemnities of great nations whose swift move- returned to China by the United ments toward monumental changes no States Government, an evel'-memoone could have forecast or suspected. rable act of international considera- tion and courtesy. The present up- Conferences· on Mission Fields: heavals in China may interfere for a These are multiplying in Japan, time with this interesting movement. China, Korea, and India. Many of them are student conferences, or sum- Progress of Unity and Cooperation mer schools and camps. The name on Mission Fields: The movement of "Chinese Silver Bay" was given toward unity seems to have won the to one of these conferences held dur- heart and controlled the purpose of ing the year at Kuling, China. An missionaries and native Christians important conference at Mokanshan almost everywhere in mission lands. followed Kuling. The first Inter- The "Conference of Federated Misnational Student Summer Confer- sions" and the "League for the Proence in South America was held motion of the Union of Christian in January. In South Africa a Churches" are signs of the tendency student conference in which the Mos- in Japan. China has educational lem menace was especially considered union in full swing at several imwas held at Graaff Reinet, and a large portant centers, such as Peking, Nan- General Missionary Conference in king, Tsinan-Fu,Vei Hsien, Teing- Nyasaland. An Indian Christian chowfu, Chentu, and elsewhere, while Congress was held in Madras in Oc- a movement for federation is under tober, in September came the First way, to be inaugurated in each South India National Missionary Con- province of China. "The Evangelical ference at Bangalore; again in the Union of South America" was same month the General Assembly of formed during the year. In India the South India Church Federation at much has already been accomplished Madras, and in May occurred the in uniting churches of similar polity Christian Conference of Travancore and kindred creeds. In South Africa and Cochin, at Kottayam. This was a "Basis of Union" has been drawn unique in that it brought together the up, to be submitted to the Baptist, Nestorian, Catholic, and Protestant Congregationalist, and Presbyterian communities of the ancient Syrian churches who are seeking to unite. Christian Church to plan and pray On the Pacific Coast an interdenomitogether for the social and religious national movement has organized ituplift of the whole Syrian Christian self into an "Oriental Workers' Ascommunity. sociation" for purposes of comity and cooperation in the care of over 100,- At Princet<?n, New Jersey, as- 000 Orientals living along the borders sembled during the year a conference of the Pacific. Nothing has occurred of Chinese· students studying in col- in 1911 which will prove any serious leges of the United States. There barrier to the onward movement of are at present 665 Chinese students in a deep-seated and firm purpose of the educational institutions of North missionaries throughout the world America, and they were coming in

to be united in their glad allegiance not ignored. An able and competent to one Lord, and in their common ef- representative gave due credit to the forts to gather into the one kingdom value of missions as carrying a help- all races and conditions of mankind. ful and inspiring message of higher The ecclesiastical climate of mission brotherhood, and in their own sphere fields, barring here and there a lin- working for the establishment of a gering chill in the air, is mild and superracial solidarity.

genial as compared with the not dis- In closing these comments upon tant past. A tendency in the churches the assets, note should be taken of under missionary auspices to frater- an incalculable surplus which is be- nize in mutual helpfulness, and pre- hind them. Over and above all the sent a united front, is more and more visible assets of the missionary enter- in evidence. The imported denomi- prise may be recorded the purpose national distinctions, not always and power of the Almighty, cooper- marked in the past by the kindliest ating with human agency in the ef- attitude, are being quietly ignored or fort at world redemption. The latent gently turned down as not congenial resources of the Church are there, in a Christian Church which stands too, and who can estimate the grand alone in the face of a solid and possibilities of a more consecrated mighty heathenism. and sacrificial service on the part of "The World in Boston" and ((The a Church entering boldly and loyally Orient in Providence"-Increasing into the arena of moral conflict with Popularity of Missionawy E.x-hibits: evil, and using faithfully the spiritual The two exhibitions mentioned above weapons of its warfare, wielded with were successful and widely useful. the gracious power of all-conquering They are examples of a method love?

which has large possibilities in the Liabilities direction of an effective and visible Conservation and Guidance of the demonstration of the value of mis- Interest Awakened by the Woman's sions. The plan is one which is in National Foreign Missionary Jubilee: popular use in Great Britain and on The guiding into useful activity of the Continent. The Basel Missionary all the potential forces awakened Society has a "Traveling Missionary and vivified by the Woman's Mis- Exhibit" which it sends from place to sionary Jubilee in its memorable place. Some British societies· have progress across the Continent is inaugurated a "United Missionary Ex- surely an urgent liability. In the hibit" representing the work of several October campaign much was, no societies in the same exposition. doubt, accomplished, and a noble ef- The Universal Races Congress: fort to discharge this obligation was The Congress was held while Lon- made by the leaders and the now don, and, in fact, all England, was multitudinous friends of the jubilee in the throes of a constitutional crisis, celebration. The women of all the and the proceedings of the Congress churches have been enlisted as never were therefore somewhat overshad- before under the banner of missions, owed. It was not distinctively in the and their attention has been turned interests of missions, tho they were to sources of information and in-

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES FOR 1911

spiration. Their consciousness of liability wnich stands in bald and gi- solidarity and their joyous recogni- gantic significance over against all tion of common aims and happy pos- the cumulative assets of the past, as sibilities of united action and of heart- well as the resourceful assets of the to-heart intimacy in Christ's service present, and grips them with a pas- have been made matters of charming sion of desire, and a claim of rightful and gladsome experience. The glow ownership. and cheer of it all has surely im- Conservation and Extension of Past parted a new fascination to missions, Missionary Successes: One of the and many a heart has thrilled "..ith arts of war is to follow up a victory. the vision of a hitherto unknown land An advantage gained should become flowing with milk and honey. This a purpose formed and a hope kindled. is not, however, a matter which ap- There should be no ungathered harpeals to women only; it should hearten vests in the husbandry of missions, the entire Church, irrespective of de- and the word retrenchment should be nominational affiliation, as one of taken out of the vocabulary of mis- God's happy vindications of the latent sionary plans. The Careys, the Morheart power in His loyal disciples to risons, the Livingstones, should have respond with alert discernment to a eager and courageous successors from fresh call of opportunity. The Wo- the young ranks of the twentieth cenman's Jubilee should awaken nobler tury. The world fields have ripened and deeper consecration in the whole wonderfully in the past centurymembership of the Christian Church. even in the past decade-and 191 I Deepening the Interest Already has added its quota of ripened grain. Awakened in the Missionary Enter- Let us reap the harvests made ready prise, and Invoking a New Enthusi- for us, and let us not fail to sow in asm for God's Great Message tf) our day the seed of another harvest Mankind: There is much to be done to be ready for those who follow us. in this realm of missionary passion. Limitations of space will not allow The Church's esprit de corps in the further comment upon the liabilities execution of its great commission is enumerated in the balance-sheet. Such capable of a magnificent awakening additional comment is perhaps unwhich might thrill the world. Its called for, since each item on the present somewhat irresolute struggles balance-sheet carries its own appeal, need a tonic of spiritual enthusiasm, and will elicit from candid and symand a vision of those possibilities pathetic hearts its proper response. which loyal cooperation with God One comprehensive obligation can would soon transfigure into realities not, however. be passed without noabout which we now only dream. The tice: it is the ever-present duty of Church in this great matter of re- using to the best advantage the redemption for all mankind may not sources available to a living and loyal improperly be regarded as sparing Church. Undeveloped resources and itself, and in some respects even com- unused power accentuate neglected forting itself, while its Lord Christ duty which it is to the spiritual damwaits in the travail of His yearning aRe. and, shall we say, to the business soul, and is not satisfied. Here is a discredit of the Church to ignore.

THINGS AFRICANS LEARN TO MAKE AT THE

WHAT MISSIONARIES ARE DOING IN WEST AFRICA BY REV. MELVIN FRASER, EBOLEWOLO, KAMERUN, WEST AFRICA Missionary of the Presbyterian Board of FDreign MissiDns .~"''',..~~¢ HINGS worth while size and importance. Besides the are being accom- humble but comfortable missionary residences, where peace and joy, plain plished in the West living and high thinking are recognized to be the ideal, and the domesticity Africa missions- is a standing object-lesson to the ob- serving native at a station, there are it bears the marks the church, the schoolhouses, the dor- mitories, the hospital and dispensary, of a paying enter- some gardens, and perhaps a tennis- court. In the division and interdeprise. After three-quarters of a cen- pendence of labor, these all are sup- posed to work together automatically tury of unspeakable struggle, the seal for good, and constitute a kind of clearing-house, to which the natives of God's favor has been set upon come with their troubles,. plans, ills and anxieties-and other products of strenuous efforts to present His Son exchange.

Jesus Christ to these dusky people of Let the roll of the stations be called. Benito (1864), in Spanish Guinea, the West Coast. – with fluctuating fortunes among the Kombe, and flanked by the Fang press- Come down into the Gulf of Guinea, where the geographical bounds of the mission will be found back of a two- hundred-mile coast-line north of the Equator. Here the victory is being won chiefly around the older stations on the coast and those on the interior frontier.

There are six stations of varying

12 ] WHAT MISSIONARIES ARE DOING IN WEST AFRICA

ing coastward; Batanga (1889), in who can tell when he ceases to breathe German Kamerun, among the Benoka some of the atmosphere of the place and Bepuk, bordering on the Mebeya which was to him none other than the and serving as landing-place and door house of God, the gate of. heaven. Let of ingress to the interior; Efulan the stations stand so. (1893), among the Bulu and in touch with the Ntum at the southeast; Elat Interlocked with the mission is the (1896), among the Bulu and charged Presbytery of Corisco, of the Synod with advanced work, industrial and of New Jersey. On account of so theological; MacLean Memorial, at much identity of interest and person- Lolodorf (1897), founded and fos- nel, these two bodies are inseparable tered by the generous gifts of and interdependent. In the Presbytery Miss Margaret MacLean, of Scotland, are 16 churches, with a total memberamong the Ngumba, near to shifting ship of 2,763. The average of accessettlements of Dwarfs, on the main sions to each church on confession of government road to the far interior, faith in Jesus Christ last year was 28. and thus in touch with countless cara- The average in N ew York Presbytery vans; Metet (1910), the infant and was 26; in Chicago Presbytery 18; in outpost in the group, but with the beginnings of a giant work, among the our Presbyterian Church at large 7- Bene, and contiguous to the Yewondo at the north and the Mekae and other a Scriptural number, sure enough. numerous peoples at the east. At Let the statistics go for what they are Baraka, in the French Kongo, recently worth in the last analysis, but we think reduced in status for want of needed that they are worth more here than reenforcements, and Corisco Island, there. Systematic siftings take place under Spanish Government, associated before each communion, and long prowith founders of the mission, the home bations are served. Over five thousand of the Benga people, jlnd in isolation may be seen in the Bible schools any going steadily on with the passing fair Sunday, and four to five thousand years, our out-stations. at Elat alone at the morning service of quarterly communion, or monthly The roll-call is dry enough, but the collection. Annual reports and daily significance of anyone station, espe- life indicate all of these churches, cially of those of the interior, as fore- with one or two exceptions, to be most factor in the economy of native flourishing in accessions, giving in-. life, can not be written. The vocabu- ternal harmony and outreaching eflary fails before telling its meaning. fort. The enduring of persecution The station is affectionately mixed up and opposition belongs not to the past with all the best things around which alone. Not long ago a Bulu woman the native experience revolves. To died six days after her husband had him Benito, Efulan, Lolodorf, is the clubbed her for going to church and expression of the vine of which he is depositing her little gift of love Sunc~nsciously the branch. From the hos- day morning. At half a dozen strapitality of the station he returns to tegic places of the interior, where his town, taught, aspIring, rejOlcmg, crowds have been gathering for many a better husband, father, citizen, for months, and not a few have confest the Lord as preached chiefly by a black man who knows little more than

that whereas he was blind now he dead-line at fifty, his bow abiding.

sees, churches now need to be organ- Rev. Mbulu Ngubi, tall, no waster of ized, and there will be the task of words, incisive, of impressive serious- finding native pastors for these grow- ness in preaching and living the eternal ing flocks, and others appearing above verities, has been leading his respon- the horizon. During the past twelve sive and numerous people in green months quite more than two thousand pastures and beside still waters at people have come, many of them walk- Bvune. Bodumba Ibia, of Sauline ing days to reach Efulan, ~lat, or mien, modest and frank, still wearing Lolodorf, to tell of their weariness of the dews of youth and carrying seeds sin, and "confess God." The record of promise, is ably holding the church has been broken when during the past at Corisco, where he inherited the three months at Elat alone one thou- mantel of his sainted father, Rev. Ibia, sand men and women have come· who towered high among his fellows, tramping in to thus make themselves and is cherished in memory as a man known. The very Spirit of God is of marked ability and of weight in pul- waking up the people from their age- pit, parish, Presbytery. Rev. Eduma long slumber and setting forward the Musombani, plodding and faithful, Kingdom cif God. The very wilder- cares for his scattered people, now ness of a few years ago is blossoming over three hundred, of the Kribi into a garden of walking miracles: Church. Rev. Ndenga Pipa, the la- The mission well knows that the borious, beloved little minister, always foreign missionary, tho he be multi- and everywhere the same welcome plied by a hundred, can not and should bundle of sympathetic sunshine, of not take care of these multitudes. So good mental parts and of spiritual the definite, persistent aim is to make power, is preacher, pastor and per- the work self-extending, self-support- sonal friend to the Batanga Church ing, self-governing-that is, indige- with a membership of quite over four nous. In the days when the sense hundred. The only theology these of this necessity was not so keen and ministers know or care for is Christ the crisis not so imminent, a limited and Him crucified. In personal piety, native ministry grew up on the coast, fidelity to the Word, and saving in- and now five ordained godly men are fluence they are more to be desired doing the work of pastors among their than gold, yea, than much fine gold.

own kind. The chief and serious trouble with Let these men come forward, for our native ministers is that there is living among the submerged, they are not enough of them. Where we have not often seen of men elsewhere. Rev. one, we need ten to-day. Altho a F. S. Myongo, the corpulent and re- native ministry is not made, but grows spected boanergic nestor of the natives, by a kind of spiritual evolution, ap- has been feeding and. folding his flock propriate means are being used to at Hanji, in Spanish Guinea, with in- supply this fundamental need. Eight- creasing influence and efficiency for a een candidates are under instruction generation. His wearing qualities and care of the Presbytery. Five of and powers of leadership were long these young men will probably be ago demonstrated. He has found no licensed next August. In their pro-

BOYS AND YOUNG MEN AT THE BULU BRANCH OF THE MISSION SCHOOL, ELAT, WEST

gressive examinations in Church his- thirteen hundred pupils, while of viltory, theology, exegesis (not Greek lage schools there are, under Bfulan, and Hebrew), polity and sacraments, 17; Blat, So; Lolodorf, I I, with total they compare well with the average average attendance of SA77. Total sprig of divinity of McCormick or average of all interior schools 6,777. Princeton. For that best of all qual- All village schools are taught by Chrisities, spiritual power and singleness of tian young men of good moral record purpose, we have among the advanced and sufficiently qualified to do the candidates at least miniature remind- elementary work required. ers of a Paul, Silas, Barnabas, Timothy. And the field of these meas- These teacher-evangelists, minuteures up to the field. of those in extent men, preach regularly as a part of and variety, if not in every particular. their stated duties, and thus the Themselves do not write Greek, but schools are very dynamic in evangelthey are epistles to be read, and the ism, dealing with material in the people are placing orders which call rough. Crowds come to hear these for new editions every day. When boy preachers, for a new message is we see Bulu and Ngumba young men, to be heard. At Ngomeden the teacher clothed and in their right mind, emerg- reported over one thousand in ating into the ministry from a mass of tendance last Sabbath – Christmas abject heathenism which less than morning. From these scattered evantwenty years ago had not heard gelistic centers hundreds of persons, of the Christ, but is now pressing into touched by the wondrous power of an the Kingdom and' overflowing every endless life, come to the stations to meeting-house, it occurs that the day confess the Christ. Some, especially of miracles and that other day when head-men and their satellites, are shy Peter stood up for to preach and three of the new doctrine when they begin thousand were born again in a day, is to feel it running counter to the sway. still on, and that this is none other of their godless gods, but many of than the critical day of opportunity even these polygamists and rich ones to our beloved Zion, and of destiny- bend the iron knee, not able to stand fixing to these people unto the third up against the rising tide of sentiment and fourth generation. and the stinging darts of conviction. Men and brethren, what must I do The churches have a numerous to be saved? becomes the dominant hand-maid in the system of schools question, for just as the teaching at established which strongly tend to take the station is that the fear of the the coming generation by the forelock. Lord is the beginning of wisdom, so Benito and Batanga each has a station the telling out of the Christ is not school of modest proportion. Condi- second to the teaching of the charts tions have not been favorable to the in the village schools. These schools extension of village schools on the in the wilderness are a kind of John quasi-civilized coast. But the school- the Baptist in pioneering functionmaster is abroad in the more virgin they prepare the way. interior. Report of the year past shows at the four interior stations to- While man shall not live by bread gether. an average total attendance of alone, yet he can not live without bread. Hence industrial work. The

MISSIONARIES ARE DOING IN WEST

resources and the demands of the natives have taken to the idea of wearcountry are large. The psychology of ing clothes. The needs of foreigners, the average native, if not conspicu- too, are here met. The purpose is to ously constructive, is at least imitative. develop some of the considerable agri- He only needs to be shown how to do cultural possibilities, as kindly and exand make things of use and ornament acting Nature's basal provision for a -and he likes them. The appeal is real and permanent prosperity. Two to his latent talent, for he has some. hundred or more acres attach to each The industrial work appears to best of the stations, Metet, MacLean, Blat. advantage by a view of the Frank At the latter station there is a plan- J ames Industrial Department located tation of three thousand rubber-trees, at Blat. The other stations, especially and hundreds of thousands of seeds Bfulan, Lolodorf and Metet, have have been sent to villages in the hands hopeful industrial undertakings in a of school-boys. Mother Earth is smaller way, but the Frank James waiting to bear. And for all of these plant is organized for business, and industrial pursuits the boys are eager, is doing things. In the classes of car- as means of making a decent, honest pentry, wicker-chair making, and carv- living, and of making two or three ing twenty-eight young men are ap- spears of grass grow where one weed prentices. Members are graduated was. And the Carpenter of Nazareth, only after three years of commend- rejected by other builders, is set forth able progress and good behavior. as the ideal Man in all relations, and They become accustomed to staying at Chief in the industrial structure. the bench or lathe, and manipulating the tools to a purpose. They learn Allow;ing business in religion, as to build houses, make doors and well as religion in business, self-supsashes, safety-boxes, tables, chairs, port is at the front, and is seen to be bedsteads, chiffoniers ( for which both best and possible. The native, there are more than a score of choice born and bred with a begging bias, woods), rattan chairs and divans, needs to understand that nothing serope, and various bric-a-brac of ivory, cures nothing, and to be taught how ebony, etc. Brick and tile making and why he should stand up on his and other experimenting are in the own feet. Let precedents to the connascent plan. trary be reversed if necessary. Fail- ure here is the best way to breed a Mpasa MaIolo, a master-mechanic generation of parasites. The differand delightful Christian fellow im- ence between self-support and the ported from Duala, looks after the other thing is about the differboys in the art of doing and making ence between stimulation and stultithings, for which there is an abundant fication, in relation to efficiency and market among European merchants, character. But self-support, linked government officials and soldiers and with self-government and self-propanatives. Ten apprentices are in the gation, means indigenous growth. tailoring department, instructed by Large blessings began to come to the Bassey Ekpenyong, a competent, mission work when a unifying plan steady Christian young man from the of procedure, including a normal busi- Scottish Mission in Calabar. The ness basis, was adopted, and the broad

policy of which self-support is a vital as evidence of their faith and exprespart began to be definitely and system- sion of their love and of appreciation atically applied, suggesting-let it be of value received. said reverently-that God helps those who help themselves. The self-support plan is a complete success, both as financial aid to the All the churches, with the exception work and, better, as means of charof two, are self-supporting, and most acter-building. While the primary of them a good deal better. Some of and persistent aim is to make men, these churches needed a little time and yet incidentally money is made, by sympathetic cooperation to break away which to make more and better men, from a limping past, but they broke. and extend and establish the King- The total amount contributed by the dom of Jesus Christ unto the utterchurches last year was $3,092, and most parts. In the effort to establish some edifices were built by the people, an indigenous work, self-support and notably the tabernacle at Elat, 8oXI60 self-propagation seem to outrun selffeet, seating 5,000 people, and costing government. over one thousand dollars. This goodly sum was given, not from af- A. limited vernacular literature can fluence but comparative penury, and be mentioned. In Benga, Mpongwe because the plan was worked and the and Fang considerable portions of appeal made in the love of Christ. Scripture, catechisms, hymn-books, and other collateral printed matter The schools, too, are self-support- which has guided many through the ing, and most of them much more. darkness to the Land of Light still The sum realized from all the schools, serves its purpose, enshrined in the station and village combined, was hearts of other hundreds. The latest $3,901. The maximum tuition for a accomplishment, following the reducterm of ten weeks is but one mark tion of the Bulu dialect to written at the station schools, and one-half form, is the translation of the entire mark for eight weeks in the village New Testament into Bulu, Matthew schools, which amounts put the school to Acts, with sundry helps, having within reach of almost every lad, and been in use for years, and Romans even tho he walks ten miles and back to Revelation being practically ready each day, he usually thinks that he for the press of the American Bible is getting the best end of the bargain. Society, to which agency the work is already much indebted. The produc- The aim is to have a physician at tion of even a limited literature, in each station, and he finds a paying a heathen dialect at first chaotic and constituency-and the witch-doctors always inadequate, is somewhat of a lose their jobs.· The sick brought task, before which Hercules would $1,720 in fees last year, and gave surely have stood with respect. But gladly for their healings. The report there is a premium on every page, and of the industrial work showed re- compensation for every stroke. The ceipts to be $4,771, and value of ma- Bulu literature serves for several terial on hand to be $3,085. Thus tribes kindred of speech, or contigthrough the fourfold channel of uous geographically, as the Mebeya churches, schools, medical and indus- abutting Batanga, the Ntum at the trial work, the people gave $16,296

southeast of Efulan, the Fong north Presbyterians have only begun our of Elat, the Ngumba, Dwarfs,and job. The allotment fixt upon us the Bakoko surrounding MacLean Memo- responsibility for five million of the one rial, the Bene enveloping Metet with hundred million unevangelized peothe Yewondo at the north and others ple on this historically dark continent. at the east-a total constituency of Regard for reasonable accuracy here hundreds of thousands, who devour forbids our saying about how many the printed page with utmost avidity people have been reached in the evanas soon as they can read it stum- gelizing sense, but to say that vast blingly. A PRODUCT OF AFRICAN MISSIONS Let these things be, but the best is probably an undefinable condition, Some Bulu and Nzemba candidates for the Chrisan intangible spirit that is abroad, the tian ministry under the care Of the West Africa evolution of a better general tone of Mission. society, and, by the sweep of supremacy of the Gospel and the friendly multitudes are still untouched is German Government, the creation of farthest removed from extravagance a great opportunity. True it is that of statement. Now is not a time for inland from the coast of French Kon- looking backward, but preeminently go and Spanish Guinea are untouched time for moving forward. This imthrongs of Fang living just as for perfect taking of inventory of our centuries, in Stygian darkness, but in- very unfinished work may be partense hunger and clamoring is in doned, if a glance at it and the hear- Kamerun interior. The best results ing of its message shall bring us to accomplished are of a sort not to be our knees, and thrust us out and out measured, counted or weighed, a into this great harvest field without deep-running, wide-spread sense of rest, until He of Calvary, who placed God and sin among the people, an the commission in our hands, shall unrest and aspiration. They are beg- see of the travail of His soul and be ging for the school and the evangelist. satisfied, and these His little ones of These receptive, responsive multitudes Africa shall have the vision which, not are at once a prepared soil, and an seeing, they perish. ungathered harvest, where the resources of the always inadequate supply of missionaries are taxed to the utmost, and the Church of God is challenged.

We have tapped the current of our mission life at the nearest point of approach, and does it not bear the marks of being abundantly worth while? But while the results are much and of good quality, they are scarcely more than an earnest. We

UNITY POSSIBLE TO-DAY IN MISSIONARY WORK?

BY DR. J1JLIUS RICHTER, GERMANY HE subject of mis- field and at the same task. The in- sionary cooperation juriousness of so many disconnected formed the central beginnings was not so manifest in point of interest at those days, because the relations be- the discussion of the tween the churches in the home lands Edinburgh World were distant and cold, and they knew little or nothing of each other's ac- Missionary Conference. The discus- tivities. In the heathen world the sion on cooperation and unity reached strong antagonism prevalent among the high-water mark of that memorable peoples and tribes, combined with assembly, and was maintained through- prohibitive restrictions and impractiout on a spiritual and intellectual cable roads, constituted a formidable level rarely attained even by eccle- barrier even between neighboring dissiastical gatherings. The appointment tricts. of the Continuation Committee, as a kind of central council of the entire All this is now changed. Nonbody of Protestant Missions, was wel- christian peoples like those of Japan, comed with unanimous approval. The China, and India are more and more desire for missionary cooperation is fully understood in the intimate workobviously in the air. ings of their whole intellectual life and in its relation to their civilization. The preparatory work of the con- They are themselves becoming conference imprest upon all who took scious of such relation, and they pride part in it two convictions; first, the themselves upon it, so that they form vastness of the missionary problem, themselves into nations of a definite requiring for its solution the applica- corporate character, and step out as tion and strenuous exercise of all such to face Western civilization and available forces; second, the divided missionary enterprises. It is, therestate of Christianity and of mission- fore, incumbent upon Christian misary enterprise in face of this stupen- sions to consider whether it is not dous problem. These two facts are high time for these hundreds of inde-" so well known and have been so pendent missionary organizations to often emphasized in recent years, that step out from their isolation, and in they require few words of explana- the face of a common foe, to realize tion. their fundamental oneness of bond and aim. In the course of the last century the various Protestant missionary Missionary societies and boards societies have been led by guidance, have already made some progress in clearly divine, to occupy different starting joint enterprises and in helpparts of the heathen world; each ing each other to solve vast problems. undertaking a larger or smaller share It is our assured conviction that they of the missionary problem, often in will gain in practical value with the absolute ignorance as to whether any progress of time. other society would work in the same The most important, difficult, and corresponding aspiration of building delicate, however, are the movements up the native churches on a national toward unity on the part of the na- basis. It is further significant that in tive churches in the larger mission Japan and in China two different fields. It is the task of all sound methods have been employed for the missionary effort to form native solution of the important questions Christian communities, so that it is here presented. In Japan the federaalmost unavoidable for these young tion of the churches has been carried churches to bear at the outset the out on denominational lines. We find impress of their spiritual parentage, there Anglican, Presbyterian, Conto adopt the forms of worship and gregational, and Methodist federation of church life, as well as the teaching of churches, each with the tenets and of the mother society. The result .is .forms of their respective denominathat native churches of Anglicans, tions. The advantages of this ar- Baptists, Methodists, Prebyterians, rangement are obvious, and the action Lutherans, Friends, Congregational- of the Japanese churches has worked ists, and of other Protestant com- as an incentive in other fields, the munions are found dwelling side by Presbyterian missions especially maside in a comparatively narrow space. king it their business all over the These native churches obviously can world to assist native churches not realize, as do the missionaries, gathered by them in the formation of their fundamental oneness on a com- federations on a Presbyterian basis. mon evangelical basis. The conferences held at home for the most part are In China, on the other hand, espenot available to native communities. cially in the western province of Their isolation is fraught with grave Sze-chuan and the adjoining provinces danger, and in face of the awakening connected with it as a missionary national consciousness of solidarity center, a beginning has been made they can only hold their own by step- in church federation on an interdeping out from their dividing separate- nominational and geographical basis. ness and joining together in a federa- The Protestant mission-churches of tion of churches that shall be living West China are trying to form a naand real. tional church for West China, irre- spectively of the very great diversity In this direction a number of the of the denominations represented in most difficult, but at the same time those provinces. This attempt is bemost attractive, problems are waiting ing watched with the greatest interfor solution. It is significant that est, not only in other parts of China, these problems have not presented but also from other mission fields. It themselves . as burning questions on is even copied in some parts, and unthe older mission fields, such as Af- doubtedly presents to missionary therica and India, but on the compara- orists one of the most attractive and tively younger fields of the Far complex problems of its kind. The· East, in Japan and China. The cause question arises: Is the policy of fuis to be found in the pronounced na- sing together Protestant communities tional self-consciousness of the J apa- of widely divergent denominations nese and Chinese, resulting in the into one corporate church a sound

policy, promising success, and pos- ticular form in which they are clothed sest of vitality? and presented by an individual de- nomination. This statement, tho put The reasons usually given in favor forward with much emphasis at Edinof this course are not convincing. It burgh, is clearly exaggerated. We is contended that in Japan, a country may be sure that in this respect the of comparatively small, manageable dimensions, the communities of the Chinese do not differ from the Japavarious denominations are within easy reach of each other, and can thus nese, and in Japan the policy of derealize their common fellowship and nominational federation has proved so their common interests; whereas in successful and so conducive to healthy China the distances are enormous, the development, as to give no ground for variations in dialect are very pro- questioning the possibility and advisanounced, and the general contrast be- bility of an analogous development tween North and South, East and for China. West, is so great as to put denominational federation out of the ques- But it scarcely comports with the tion. According to this view, the importance of the problem to deal Presbyterians of Peking would feel with it in this superficial manner. themselves further removed from Some fundamental assumptions have their codenominationalists of Canton at the outset to be recognized: and Chengtu than from the Anglicans and Methodists of Chilhi. More- ( I) There is but one Revelation of over, it would be next to impossible Salvation, and all our ecclesiastical to establish a church organization organizations are but so many differover such enormous distances. ent attempts to express the one Sal- vation, the one Redemption in human This contention seems to prove that forms, and to bring it nearer to our the Christian communities in the heart and understanding. Hence it several parts of China are yet too must be possible, as we draw nearer small, too insignificant, to carry out to a full apprehension of the Divine church federation on a large scale, Salvation, as in truth we grow in but it is quite possible, that in the clearer vision through fellowship with course of one or two decades the God in Christ, that the separating Presbyterian or Anglican communi- differences shall merge into a higher ties in the North or South may have unity, and that denominations shall grown strong enough to form vigor'- come to be looked upon as the broous denominational federations. Why ken rays of the rainbow, everyone then should there be in the present of which reflects the sunlight, but immature condition so much precipi- which only, when converging with tancy in developing on lines which pure light, bring out to the full the may lead in an unwise direction? beauty and power of the· sunlight.

It is said that the Chinese do not (2) Each denomination has enunderstand denominational differ- deavored by its own methods and in ences; that they only care about the its own way to understand and to central verities of Christianity, and proclaim the ~steries of divine are almost indifferent about the par- grace, and many among them have put into their efforts an enormous stock of devout meditation and thea-

IS UNITY POSSIBLE TO-DAY IN MISSIONARY WORK?

logical research, in order to do full that kind involve a further dangerjustice to the high trust committed to and in Prussia we have had ample them in the knowledge and experi- experience thereof-in the particular ence of salvation. Hence every de- denominational tenets being looked nomination represents a treasure of upon as of no consequence or of sacred tradition, and transmits this minor value. We have to remember treasure as a precious dowry to the that Christianity will never grow native churches under its charge. strong upon subtractions and reduc- There is probably no church in the tions, but only through additions and mission field which has not received vital developments. If, however, in at its start or during its growth a spite of many dangers and disadvaluable gift from the treasury of vantages the propinquity of Lutherspiritual experience of the Mother ans and Reformers has on the whole Church. It would be culpable levity proved a great gain and blessing, no on the part of the native community objection on principle can be taken carelessly to throw aside this parental to' the federation of denominations, inheritance. which are at bottom much nearer to each other, and have grown up on (3) Church federation does not the common basis of the Reformed mean the leveling of denomination- Confession of Faith. al differences. Here the national churches of Prussia furnish a striking (4) The question as to the advisahistorical proof. For nearly a cen- bility of a federation between differtury Lutheran and Reformed churches ent denominations has to be decided have been conjoined there as a large, by a judicious and careful study of virile, corporate fellowship, and yet the spiritual life in the churches conthe Lutheran districts have hitherto cerned. In Prussia the union would remained preponderantly Lutheran, have been impossible during the sixand hold in part to the Lutheran teenth and seventeenth centuries, in- Confession of Faith. The history of asmuch . as the sense of antagonism our church development has taught was too pronounced between the two us the dangers incidental to such parties. But it became possible and amalgamation of divergent denomi- advantageous to carry it out at the nations, but also its great benefits. opening of the nineteenth century, It has been a danger all along, which when these antagonisms about dogma after well-nigh a century has riot dis- had toned down or smoothed off, and appeared yet, that the union was or- when a great spiritUal revival had ganized from above, by the King and given more prominence to the centhe Government, instead of being a tral questions of personal salvation movement of growth from within the and blest assurance than to denomichurches. national tenets. It requires great wisdom to find the right moment for The danger would be analogous, if such a momentous procedure, and it at the present time the foreign mis- is at least doubtful whether at the sionaries societies were to bring about present day such a measure could be . a federation of different denomina- carried out in Prussia. We are thanktions, whiCh has not its root in the communities themselves. Unions of

ful to have obtained it. Can we find it will be impossible to lead the in our mission fields the missionary scattered flock of Christ back to statesmen who correctly interpret the greater unity? On the answer to this signs of the time, and who will know question depends the solution of the when the hour shall strike, in which problem.

PRACTICAL METHODS FOR MISSIONARY COOPERATION BY REV. JAMES L. BARTON, D.D., CONGREGATIONAL HOUSE, BOSTON, MASS. Secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions :;Q~~~~ T IS manifestly im- tary to proclaim that a mission coun- possible within the try needs "Presbyterianism," or "Con- necessary limits of gregationalism," or "Methodism," the this article to enu- speakers knowing well that the Gospel merate even the va- preached by the missionaries of any rious forms of in- one of these great communions, and many others that might be named, terdenominational union and cooper- does not differ in a single essential ative work that have already been from that preached by all the rest. In realized in the mission field. Much fact, for the foreign field at least, there progress in this direction has been is no Gospel message that can be justly made within a decade, all of which is labeled with any kind of "ism," and full of promise for the future. The at home we are learning rapidly the marvel is that it was necessary to wait great lessons of history and experiuntil near the close of the first cen- ence. tury of modern missions before beginning to appreciate, both from an eco- It is safe to say that in the United nomic and a Christian standpoint, the States at the present time there is value of such practical cooperation. hardly a leading communion which every other communion would not and One can not look into the history of does not accept as possessing, prac~ this movement toward union without tising and preaching the essentials of wondering how much denominational our common Christian faith. No pride and how much loyalty to Jesus longer do we put divisive emphasis Christ have hitherto had to do with upon forms of church government, or the propagation of missions. One fine-spun theological definitions. often sees articles printed in missionary magazines, and mission reports Much of our individual churchwhich seem to appeal largely to pride membership at home is but an accident of birth or environment. There are a of sect or of church. It is possible, few of us, indeed, who, with but a slight change of circumstances, would however, that this is only relic of the not have been equally enthusiastic earlier method of thought and expres- workers in some other church than sion, handed down from an age of the one in which we are now memcontroversy and denominational ri- bers. A change of residence frevalry. quently leads to a change of commUll- It is not unknown even in our day, for a missionary or a mission secre-

METHODS FOR MISSIONARY COOPERATION

ion, without intellectual or spiritual our Blessed Lord to those who are violence. waiting for it across the seas. Re- ports of results accomplished through Why, then, should we, in our en- union endeavors can be given to the deavor to make Christ and His saving supporting churches in .a. way calcu- Grace known in the East, thrust to lated to arouse and maintain interest, the front the name of denominations without attaching to it the name of which can only confuse the minds of anyone church. Oriental Christians, who know little of the controversies of the last three The mission boards at home might centuries, and who are unable to un- well unite in the preparation of bookderstand distinctions which once led lets or pamphlets setting forth the to hostilities and separations. story of the Christian advance of the great mission countries, including the Inspired by this line of reasoning, work of all communions. In altothe missionaries on the field have al- gether too large a measure we have ready laid the foundation for many written our mission literature upon union efforts, the success of which the basis of the work of our own deleads to the belief that they will great- nomination alone, giving the impresly multiply in the future. Differences sion in too many instances that we are that appeared of major importance in practically alone in the field, and that the heat of controversy have so dis- the responsibility of the Christianizaappeared even here at home, and ap- tion of the whole country rests with pear so infinitesimal when viewed from our communion. Weare getting bethe lands of measureless need and op- yond this stage of reporting now, and portunity that they are actually for- this calls for the careful preparation .gotten, and the worker regards him- and publication of brief but compreself as the ambassador of Jesus hensive stories, with general mission- Christ, rather than the emissary and ary maps of the progress of the Gospromoter of some particular denomi- pel in the great mission countries, to nation. which each missionary society for its particular use can add the story of its As to the practical ways by which own work in that country. The econunion and cooperation in missionary omy of this plan will at once appear work can be put into operation, let me and its effectiveness can hardly be say, first of all, we must not insist that questioned. our missionaries at the front give themselves to the propagation of de- In a word, all denominations are in nominational institutions, as over need of a missionary literature that against Christian enterprises that may will make clear all that is now being bear only the name of "Christ." It done in any great mission country, to may be said that the interest of the which may be added a full statement denomination at home can be main- of the respective share of work and retained in no other way. If that is sponsibility belonging to each. All true, the" more's the pity; it shows need this same literature; why not that much real missionary and Chris- have it prepared in common? tian work needs to be done right here in our churches, that we may be As we turn to the mission fields we worthy to carry the pure Gospel of find many different forms of possible

practical and effective cooperation. A the vernacular. Some of these are few are here named: prepared largely for the edification of Christians, while others have been Language Schools prepared, in part at least, with the non-Christian populations in view. As All of the leading boards are prac- to the value of such publications if tically agreed that, with few excep- properly edited, there is no difference tions, all missionaries should master of judgment. They are indispensable the language spoken by the people for to the proper training of the churchwhom they" are to work. While aim- members, the dissemination of Chrising to secure a practical .kno~le.dge tian truth among more remote adherof the vernacular for theIr mISSlOn- ents, and the reaching of even the aries, each board and mission has hostile or at least the critical circles worked out its plans for language by whom the voice of the preacher is study, so far as any plan has been in never heard. operation, quite independently of the other missions in the same language This method of reaching the thinkarea. This has led to a manifest ing and reading people of all classes waste of money, time and teaching in mission fields can not be dispensed force, and has fostered inefficiency. with; in fact, every new condition Native teachers in too many instances abroad calls for putting added emhave been incompetent, and whenever phasis upon it. Mission periodicals a .good one was secured he spent his have great and increasing influence time upon one or two pupils. and can be even more effectively em- ployed. It would be wise economy of money, to say nothing of the time This form of work has been, in most saved and efficiency gained, if the instances, expensive. The number of missions working in a common lan- subscribers in anyone mission is guage area-as among the Marat~i, necessarily limited, and the most of or the Tamil-speaking people of IndIa, these are poor. A sUbscription price or the Mandarin-speaking mission- can seldom be charged sufficient to aries in different centers in China- meet the cost of material, composition should organize together .a language and press work, to say nothing of edischool, manned by the best native and torial supervision. It seems a waste foreign teachers procurable, and to indeed for two or more missions, which all new appointees to that dis- working among the same class of peotrict should be assigned for a period ple, all of whom use a common lanof vernacular study and language prac- guage, to devote time and strength and tise. Something in this line has al- mission funds to the publication of ready been undertaken in Japan and two or more periodicals, practically Peking, but in altogether too tentative alike in aim and material. form. Should the cooperating missions Publication of General Union Christian unite in the publication of a common Christian journal, under a common Periodicals editorial board and supported by the combined resources of the various The large m,issions have realized missions and the different constituthe importance of publishing weekly and monthly papers or magazines in

PRACTICAL METHODS FOR MISSIONARY COOPERATION

encies, it requires no stretch of imagi- community it deserves, while at the nation to understand the enormous ad- same time it would greatly lessen the vantages that would accrue to all con- cost of production. cerned. Hymn and Tune Books Sunday-school Literature While much has already been ac- All agree that the Sunday-school, complished in the writing, translating in which the word of God is regularly and adapting Christian hymns for naand systematically studied, is one of tive uses in the East, we are only now the most valuable and important of all approaching the point where more missionary methods of work. All complete and satisfactory results of wish to strengthen and advance it. hymn-book preparation and manufac- To accomplish this there must be pre- ture can be expected. We can hope to pared and published helps of various obtain these results only by the coopkinds for Sunday-school study, and eration of all Protestant Christian especially for teachers. This is neces- bodies working for the people who sary in the United States and in Eng- speak the same tongue. land, where there are so many available commentaries and other helps, There is no longer denominational but much more important where there bickering over Christian hymns. The are few, if any commentaries, accessi- great hymns of Christiandom, no matble, even to the most favored of teach- ter by whom written, have become the ers, while for th~ great mass there is common property of the entire nothing but the unexplained and unil- Church. Many excellent hymns have lustrated text. been written or adopted by foreign missionaries and native Christians The creation and publication of such which ought to belong to the entire Sunday-school literature for the vari- Church and not held as exclusively ous grades and classes is expensive. belonging to some branch of the same. It is too costly for anyone mission to do thoroughly. In the United States The Mandarin-using Christians of we have for the most part learned the China-and they number many milvalue of an interdenominational Sun- lions-would be stronger in the faith day-school literature, altho we have and richer in the spiritual uplift of not yet learned the lesson any too well. their service were there gathered to- Perhaps it is the money that is in it gether, under the direction of the that keeps us apart here, while best musicians the missions of China abroad it may be the money which can produce, all of the choice hymns must be put into it. and tunes that all of the denomina- tions of China have produced or can There is no doubt that if all of the produce. Japan has led the world in mission boards supporting missions in this direction, and North China is folregions where a common language is lowing on; but there is need of clear, spoken, would join their forces for the radical action that shall produce a creation of a common, effective graded Christian hymnal belonging equally to Sunday-school literature, including each one of the Protestant commupapers for children, it would almost nions found in every language zone in revolutionize the Sunday-school and all mission fields. give it the position in the Church and

This will economize in the cost of In the face of the crying needs of mulhymn-book production, enrich the titudes who as yet, in their physical service of all of the churches, and set suffering, know nothing of modern the Christians of the East to voicing medical care, much less of the tendertheir praise through the use of the ness and Christian sympathy of the same hymns and tunes. Christian mission dispensary and hospital, it is hymns and Christian music stand for impossible to justify the appearance of a peculiar phase of our religion among crowding the medical work in any misthe peoples of Asia and Africa; there sion station or country. This calls for is a mighty asset for Christ and the such an adjustment of mission medical unity of His church in presenting the work that no community shall be spectacle of all communions uniting in served by different medical missiona common form of praise. aries or institutions.

Medical Work Collegiate and Normal Education There is probably less rivalry and By collegiate education I mean that overlapping in mission medical work which stands at the top of the mis- than in almost any other form of mis- sionary educational endeavors in any sionary endeavor, and missionaries are country, but not including theologi- rapIdly learning this fact. It would be cal education, which is considered by hard to explain why two missionary itself. This is the most expensive physicians should reside in the same educational work missionaries engage mission station, unless it were a great in, and yet all are agreed that it can city, and then why they should carry not be left undone. on their medical work in the same gen- eral quarter of the city. Normal education, as such, is but recently receiving its due recognition To locate two mission hospitals so in mission fields and will soon take its near together that in the eyes of the place by the side of collegiate train- people they appear as rivals must be ing. This is also expensive, like the regarded as a misuse of sacred funds, college work, since only the best of and a worse than waste of missionary teachers and apparatus can be em- life. Who among us at home puts ployed, and the size of the classes is emphasis upon the church of our fam- limited. The inability of separate • ily physicians? Abroad this distinc- missionary societies properly to equip tion is still less apparent. To the peo- and finance their higher educational ple of the country for whom the medi- work has, already led to notable cases cal work is maintained, there is and of union and cooperation in universi- can be no denominational choice or ties and colleges upon mission fields, distinction. notably in China.

This being the case, mission phy- It requires no demonstration to show sicians and mission dispensaries and that three societies can unite and hospitals might be so distributed that make a college or a normal school the largest number possible of mis- much more than three times as strong sionaries and people of the country and effecive as anyone of them could would be served without any appear- have made it alone, and at no greater ance even of duplication or rivalry. cost to each.

METHODS FOR MISSIONARY COOPERATION

The demand in mission fields for instruction to truths which the men and women of wide educational churches hold in common. experience and training is increasing much more rapidly than the separate Theological instruction in practimissions are able to prepare them. cally all mission countries and in all There is no reason to expect that the missions has been the weakest point in separate boards will be able to over- the work, and in most missions it is take this demand by themselves. They so to-day. Theological instruction can do it by uniting their resources neither in quality or quantity has kept and forces, which not only will pro- pace abroad with the training given in duce far better results educationally, medical, classical and scientific schools. but will attract the attention of the It has been and is yet wofully decountry and demonstrate the oneness ficient in the face of the increasing of Christianity. The preservation and demand for well-trained leaders in the safety of the mission higher educa- Church. There are few denominationtional work is in union. al theological training schools that even their supporting mission does not In Theological Training know to be inadequate in teaching staff and in equipment. This is a more difficult topic to consider, and were it not for the experi- These conditions can hardly be ences of the past few years in dif- remedied until the missionary societies ferent mission countries, would hardly receive much larger support in the find place in this article. It is true way of men and money, or until that here at home one finds in many radical steps are taken by way of comof the leading theological seminaries, bination. It is easy to see that if the taking lectures from a common fac- missions operating in contiguous teruIty, students representing many of ritories should combine their forces the leading communions. One does not for the theological training of their need to look far to see that in the candidates for the sacred office, what training of theological students in the would amount to almost a revolution United States no longer is it deemed in that needy and fundamentally imessential that the management of the portant department of work would seminary and the professors shall be speedily take place. The curriculum of the same communion as the stu- could be enlarged, a better corps of dents. In other words, we are com- teachers could be engaged, and the ing rapidly to the conclusion that fun- struggling classes of the denominadamental Christian truth taught in the tional schools would, through the en- Bible and handed down by Jesus larged classes of the union institution, Christ is not denominational, but be- become more worthy the place they longs equally to all communions. At hold in the growth of the Church. the same time we are gaining such confidence in the broad-minded in- If we ever expect to command for structors in the well-known seminaries our theological seminaries in the East here at home that we are assured they the best minds and the most earnest will not teach those things which di- spirits of all of the churches, we must vide Christians, but will confine their rise above denominational differences in our theological colleges and com- bine to make them the strongest mis-

sionary institutions of discipline and see indications, in many mission counlearning, and with an equipment tries, of a tendency for Christians to worthy the cause they serve. Weare draw together. moving in this direction already, and have gone far enough to demonstrate Southern India has given us an exthat there are no insuperable obstacles ample of the formation of a single in the way of Union Theological Col- church of Christ by the union of varileges in every great missionary cen- ous denominations. This has brought ter of the world. a sense of strength to the Christians of that part of India, and given an ex- In Union Churches hibit of oneness to those outside that is of priceless value. Other illustra- As the last point to be discust at tions might be given. this time, I mention a method of union cooperation for which we are not Are we to conclude that this plan yet everywhere entirely ready. I am of union requires more faith than we inclined to think we at home are not can exercise, or more grace than we nearly as ready as are the members possess? I do not believe that those of the churches in the various mission who are looking for a great and signal fields. There can be little doubt that advance in the growth and developmuch, if not most, of the denomina- ment of the Church of Christ in the tional prejudice to be found in the East will see in this union and cooper- East to-day is due to the teachings ation in the Church itself anything exof the missionaries, much of which cept a means by which obstacles and would never be propagated volun- stumbling-blocks to progress may be tarily by natives themselves. We have removed and the followers of Christ no right to expect that the Christians in Asia put into a position to receive of mission countries, largely ignorant power from on high for a mighty adof the history of denominational con- vance to victory. troversies that have divided Christendom will exhibit much zeal in perpetu- These suggestions are practical. All ating a divided church. Already we have been tried and found of great value. Brethren, if there be any vir- tue, let us think on these things.

CHRISTIAN UNITY AS A MISSIONARY ASSET BY SILAS M'BEE, NEW YORK Author of "An Eirenic Itinerary." (See Book Review, page 77.) IL.l~iL.;.,t.l.a~l HE 'title of this paper is numbers 200,000,000 Mohammedans not perfectly satisfac- in the world. Speaking again in round tory, but it suggests a numbers, there are about 500,000,000 striking use of figures Christians in the world. In the face along rather unaccus- of these preponderating figures we are tomed lines. It is safe told that Christianity has made no to say with Dr. Zwemer, after his ex- massive impression, even if it has amination of nine different authorities made an appreciable impression on the on statistics, that there are in round Moslem world. What answer has the

METHODS FOR MISSIONARY COOPERATION 4I

Christian apologist to make for this Why should 200,000,000 Mohamfailure of 500,000,000 Christians, medans remain untouched by 500,000,- whose God and Savior is the Desire 000 Christians whose mission it is to of all Nations, the Creator and Pre- witness for Christ? Who will venture server of all mankind? in the face of such a standing condem- nation of Christendom to justify the N umbers and power and the prom- endless divisions of the Christian ises of God are all on the side of Family? The Moslems possess in Christianity. What account is to be their measure the great note of given of the failure to make these ef- Christianity, unity, and to an extent fective in helping Mohammedans to a a common social order, tho they are fuller knowledge of God as revealed without the Christ of God and the in Christ? No one will venture to lay continuous life in Christ ordained as the responsibility on God, His Gospel a real condition of membership in His or His Church, instituted for the ex- Body through His Sacraments. Yet tension of His Kingdom. The diffi- the Christian world, with all these adculty is not with Christianity nor with vantages and with centuries of the Christ, but with Christians, who are free use of all that Christ gave and to be His witnesses to the ends of the gives, is like a mighty host in division earth. It is more than a miracle that and disorder, and is u.nable to bear a maimed, divided and disordered united and triumphant witness in be- Christendom has within a few cen- half of the 200,000,000 for whom He turies gained a following greater by died because of His Father's love for millions than any other religion and them, and Who waits on His Church practically twice as great in numbers to accomplish the object of His love. as the greatest of all the ancient religions. It demonstrates as no single A proclamation of Christ and His miracle could do the power of Christ Gospel will not fulfil the work given even when partially preached and wit- the Church to do. In a very notable nessed to by imperfect human beings sentence Mr. James Bryce says, "It is and divided organizations which by not merely diffusion that is wanted, their separation contradict that funda- a better attitude on the part of profest mental principle of Christianity-com- Christians in contact with non-Chrismon brotherhood in the one Family of tian races." But how can Christians God. No man can exaggerate this occupy a right attitude toward nonwitness of the power of God in Jesus Christians when they are not in a Christ to save in spite of the sin of a right attitude toward each other? No divided household. It is from this matter how powerful Christian orside that Christians are invigorated to ganizations may be, no matter how an inspiring faith which is justified pure their morals, how fine their civieven by such imperfect works. But lization, how perfect their dogma, when this partial use of divine power Christians who are not visibly brethis used, as it has been for centuries, ren, united in one family, can not bear to justify a divided household, then witness to that which they are not. St. Christians need to be held up abruptly Paul has forever made clear-not beand their defeat of God's purpose cause he was St. Paul, but because made terribly real and clear. what he said was a revelation of

eternal truth-that nothing can take fore of the Family of God, I ask: Who the place of right relations between would attempt to measure the asset Christians through Christ in God. of union in missions if the 500,000,- 000 Christians were to unite for the Without departing, therefore, from purpose, not of conquering and overthe subject assigned me, or touching throwing the Mohammedan world, but upon the essential difference between of winning it and turning it to Him union as an asset and unity as the who is and can be their only Desire. essence of Christianity, as the funda- Satisfaction and Salvation? mental note of the Godhead and there- THE CHINESE REVOLUTION AND MISSIONS BY REV. JOHN ROSS, D.D. Author of "Missionary Methods in Manchuria"

~~""=:fll HE war of 1894-95 scattering the talented men who were rev e a led to the prominent reformers. world the military weakness of China The results of the Boxer craze has and her helplessness evolved several great changes of far- b e for e modern reaching and permanent importance. First, the action of Protestant mis- Powers. I t was followed by aggres- sionaries and converts has made the sive steps taken by foreign nations, Chinese reconsider their estimate of culminating in the seizure of Chinese mission work. Their theory of the territory. If the Chinese have not ex- political character of missions has hibitedvery passionate devotion to their been shaken if not shattered; and the rulers, they are nevertheless keenly most serious obstacles to the progress patriotic to their country. The re- of the true Gospel-the brotherhood sult of that aggression was therefore of man springing from the sonshipto an increased hatred of the foreigner God-have been removed. who had for so many years humiliated their nation. From this source sprang Second, the influence of idolatrous the peculiar movement which de- systems has been undermined; for the veloped into the Boxer rising, which Boxers were to attain their object by was a patriotic manifestation designed the aid of Buddhist and Taoist deities, to drive the foreigner into the sea. and their hopes were belied. Third, Before the Boxers existed the late the Manchurian Railway was con- Emperor had become convinced that structed, and, tho to other nations it great internal reforms were indispen- has already brought great advantages, sable to enable the Chinese to free it has taught the Chinese that the themselves from insolent aggression. owner of the railway is the virtual Hence the Reform Edicts which were master of the country. The opposition so strenuously opposed by the leading to railway concessions is based on Manchus of the conservative Chinese. serious political reasons well known to They rejected reform and made the all Chinese, who are resolved· to be Emperor a prisoner for life, killing or masters in their own home. This op- position is in full sympathy with the

THE CHINESE REVOLUTION AND MISSIONS

revolution; for had there been a strong zens of a mighty nation, shall be able Manchu in power able to check for- to face the world unashamed. eign aggression there would have been no rebellion. A Chinese emperor and The Chinese are anti-aggressive a purely Chinese officialdom could rather than anti-foreign. Just and have done no better; but, then, the righteous treatment on the part of for- Manchus are foreigners. eign nations will raise a feeling in China very different from that which The deepest root of the rebellion is has roused the revolution. But other the self-respect of the Chinese. Both nations have been teaching them a lesson which they have thoroughly COMPARATIVE SIZE OF THE POPULATION OF learned-that justice and righteous- UNITED STATES AND CHINA ness will be respected only when they can appeal to a sharp sword. And According to The lvIissionary Survey. the Chinese have resolved to secure the sharpened sword. Vhen the Chithe revolution and the opposition to nese shall have security against a concessions ar.:: based on the same repetition of such experiences as those cause as the Boxer uprising. But in Manchuria and elsewhere, the fear while thoughtful Chinese were op- of the foreigner, which is the soul of posed to the Boxers and their methods the recent action, wiII be removed, and of madness, the great majority of they shall be free to welcome foreign them sympathized with the aims of the trade, foreign capital, and foreign exrevolution. The Manchus have been perts. for years weighed in the balances and found wanting, and the people demand The Chinese have never been opa complete change so that they, as citi- posed as a people to any missionary preaching any system of religion or ethics apart from politics. They have till lately regarded the missionary as a political spy and an agent working to destroy the liberty of the land. The end of the Boxers' movement raised the esteem of the Chinese for the Protestant missionary. The results of the present struggle, however it may terminate, will be to remove all sus- picion against missionaries provided the missionaries abstain from inter- ference in Chinese courts of law. The Chinese are a virile race, and the Christian Church may hopefully look forward to the speedy upbuilding of a strong, self-governing and self-sup- porting Chinese church, and this, more than ever, should be the aim of all Christian missions. BY J. CAMPBELL WHITE, NEW YORK General Secretary of the Laymen's Missionary Thtlovement (L..~~~~)IS ONE travels through Holcombe, for many years interpreter, Manchuria he is not secretary of legation, and acting min- surprized that nations ister of the United States at Peking, have thought it so in his illuminating book, "The Real valuable a prize. It Chinese Question," mentioned three reminds one strikingly of the reforms most fundamental, in of the great, rich prairies of western order that China might develop Canada, tho its latitude is the same as strength: that of the northern tiers of the United I. The establishment of uniform States. The fourteen millions of and invariable systems of weights, people now living in Manchuria are measures and coinage.

but a fraction of the population which 2. The readjustment of the salaries this vast area is capable 'of supporting. and pay of all officials and public ser- As the last great battle-field of the vants upon a reasonable living basis, world, and promising to be the scene coupled with the prohibition, under of further gigantic struggles, before the most severe penalties, of the re- the territorial boundaries of China, ceipt of any sums of money from the Japan, and Russia are finally settled, it people. (In other words, the elimi- is one of the most interesting places on nation of official oppression and the political map. The question will graft. ) probably be settled largely by priority 3· The removal from the official of occupation. It is said that about a service of China of every victim of million Russian peasants are migra- the opium habit. This reform was ting each year to the region east of mentioned as by far the most difficult Lake Baikal. We have been meeting of the three.

whole trainloads of them at rather While only eleven years have passed frequent intervals. Efforts are now since the above conditions were laid being made to induce Chinese in large down, it is noteworthy that two of numbers to emigrate to Manchuria. If them are already on the way to prac- once they occupy and cultivate the soil, tical fulfilment, namely, currency re- no other power is likely to be able to form and opium prohibition, and the dislodge them. third is under serious discussion in China and the Chinese people make the various provincial assemblies.

a profound impression upon one as he While the currency reform is still in comes into close contact with them. its initial stages, the prohibition of the Industrious, peaceful, patient, patri- growth and use of opium has already otic, persistent, prolific, and with nat- gone far beyond what Mr. Holcombe ural resources beyond computation, proposed. Not only is opium being the Chinese nation is bound to come prohibited to officials, but to the peo- into a primary place among the na- ple generally, and about four-fifths of tions of the earth. the production of opium in China it- In the year 1900 the Hon. Chester self has already been stopt. The ear-

OBSERVATIONS IN CHINA

nestness with which this reform is By an arrangement that is entirely being prest reflects great credit upon satisfactory to the Chinese, some the Chinese. $25°,000 per year of the Boxer in- demnity due to the United States is Other notable reforms have also being applied to the education of Chicome during the past few years, chief nese students in America and to the among which has been the entire re- support of a Chinese-American school construction of the Chinese system of in Peking, where Chinese students are education. There are now over 42,000 studying English and otherwise premodern schools in China, with over paring for further study in the United one and a half millions of students States. There are seventeen Ameriattending them. Those who have can teachers in this school at present,. watched the development of these and 430 Chinese students. About fifty schools most closely for the past five of these students are being sent each years declare that the educational progress has been truly phenomenal, YUAN SRt KAt and that the only hope of Christian schools and colleges continuing to The Chinese leader of the Imperial party in maintain their position of leadership China-the man called to the front in China is that they shall become to reconstruct China. union schools and colleges and universities instead of denominational in- year for further study to America. stitutions. Already union has been The principal of the school is Mr. consummated in educational work at Chang Behling, a very earnest and deseveral strategic centers, and mission- voted Chinese Christian. This school aries must be acknowledged as the and its steady output of the choicest leaders of Christendom in both the of Chinas young men, who are comspirit and the form of practical Chris- ing for prolonged residence and study tian unity. to America, is one of the most hope- ful and promising facts in the life of The following five reasons are given China to-day. America's unselfishby a prominent Chinese official for the unique influence of America and Americans in China: I. The refusal of the United States to participate in the opium traffic or the Chinese coolie trade.

2. The absence of any desire to encroach on the territorial rights of China. This is in striking contrast with the policy of Russia, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Japan.

3. America's action contending for the integrity of China.

4. The remission by America of a part of the Boxer indemnity.

5. America's willingness, in general, to give China a square deal.

ness in the matter of the Boxer in- mer resorts where missionary conferdemnity has given her a position of epces are held each season. One resoabsolutely unrivaled influence. No lution of special importance was unanother nation has an opportunity re- imously passed at all three of these motely approaching this, of making conferences this year. It calls upon the leaders of the new China that is the Continuation Committee of the soon to be. Edinburgh Missionary Conference to appoint a commission of six men,- All told, there are now about seven two experienced missionaries, two hundred Chinese students in America. Chinese leaders and two experts from It is impossible to estimate the influ- the home lands,-to go into a compreence which these men will ultimately hensive study of the situation in exert in the Far East. Their presence China, spending a year or longer, if furnishes an inspiring opportunity for necessary, in their investigation, and Christian influence. Quite a number .to make recommendations to the of them have already been led into Christian forces now at work on the the Christian life. They should be field and also to the churches of introduced to the Christian home-life Christian lands. This is one of the of America, than which there is prob- most statesmanlike proposals ever yet ably no more impressive exhibition of offered, looking toward the unificathe uplifting power of Christianity, tion, correlation and maximum effiespecially to an Oriental. It is diffi- ciency of all Christian forces in the cult to realize how far-reaching may evengelization of China and the world. be the influence of a single act of thoughtful consideration for these Only second in importance to this men. One of the most active and use- remarkable resolution was the discus- . ful Christian laymen in the whole of sion at all of these conferences of Japan to-day traces his sense of per- more scientific methods of mastering sonal responsibility to a single inter- the languages of mission fields. There view with the late Mr. Robert Mc- was a general consensus of opinion Burney, of New York, who ap- among the missionaries present that proached him as a stranger at the from six months to a year of time close of a church service in New York would be saved by the average misand showed a genuine interest in him, sionary if the best methods of acquir- Tho he never met Mr. McBurney ing the languages could be generally again, this Japanese layman has been adopted. As there are now more than going on doing personal work with twenty thousand missionaries on variothers year after year, as the result ous fields, it can readily be estimated of the lesson he learned that day, and how many thousands of years of time many men have been led to Christ in the aggregate would be saved by through his influence. higher efficiency at this point of mis- sionary administration. At several During our seven weeks in China places plans were adopted last sumit was our great privilege to meet mer looking toward the overcoming face to face about 1,200 missionaries of these defects. at Kuling, Mokanshan, Kuliang, Shanghai, and Peking. The first There are now in China some 4,600 three of these places are popular sum- missionaries of evangelical churches.

IN CHINA

According to the best consensus of dawn of a new spiritual day. The j uc1gment of leaders in different parts door was never so wide open as it is of the empire, this number should be now. The Church of our day can at least doubled during the next three plant the Christian banner in every or four years. There should also be community of this vast empire, if it a great development of union educa- will. I know of no greater opportional work at influential centers. tunity for the investment either of There has probably never been a time one's life or one's possessions than in in the history of the world when such the spiritual emancipation and uplift a vast number of people have been so of the Chinese Empire. open to Christian influence. Much of the present intellectual awakening of P. S.-On reaching New York I China must be attributed to the direct find the papers are all featuring teleand indirect influence of Christian graphic reports of the revolutionary missions. Missionaries know the peo- movement now in progress in China. ple far more intimately than any other In a telegram published in the New class of foreigners, and command their York Times of October 18th appeared confidence as no other class is ever the following paragraph: likely to do. "The revolutionists' determination To pervade China with Christian to end the regime of official graft was truth and life is the most colossal brought sharply to attention to-day by single task ever undertaken by the the execution of an officer who had Christian Church. The quarter of a been appointed to collect funds for million converts now gathered are but the rebel cause. He was caught in an one of many indications of the tre- attempt to divert some of the money mendous impact which Christianity to his own pocket, and was promptly has already made on this nation. Noth- beheaded." ing but infinite power could have produced the results that have already Whether this particular revolutionbeen accomplished. One-fourth of the ary effort in China succeeds or not, whole human race here await the here is interesting evidence that the leaven of a new national life is pow- erfully at work.

A WOMEN'S MISSION STUDY CLASS AT

BY MRS. WM. H. FARMER AND DRAPER TERRACE, MONTCLAIR, N. J.

~5'l§~~ 0 BETTER proof could Personal, rather than public, invita- be furnished t hat tions were given to the women to women have a genius meet in large private drawing-rooms, for organization than that the get-together spirit might be the success of large fostered. It was expected that the idea Interdenominational would enlist the support of not more than two hundred women. One dollar Mission-study Classes. The enthusi- each was made the fee for memberasm of the jubilee has already sub- ship, including a ticket for the lecsided; the luncheons, speeches, mass- tures and a copy of the book. meetings and committee work are over; but the beneficent effect per- The list of members grew so rapidly sists in an earnest desire to work with that in a few weeks the limit was exthe women of other churches and de- tended to four hundred. Drawingnominations, and to strengthen, indi- rooms became out of the question, and vidually and collectively, the good im- the ballroom of the Montclair Hotel pression of that wonderful series of was engaged. By the date of the first gatherings. Even towns which were meeting, October 13th, the four hunscarcely touched by the march of the dred books were taken; fifty more jubilee host have felt a desire to form women wished' to enroll, and it was some circle of study, and familiarize decided to hold the six following themselves with "Western Women in meetings in the auditorium of the new Eastern Lands," or the new book, Baptist Church. The membership is "The Light of the World." Many drawn from 3 Congregational, 3 Episwho before the jubilee had seldom, copal, I Dutch Reformed, I Methodist, if ever, attended missionary meetings I Unitarian, I Baptist, and 5 Preshave been attracted to a comparative byterian churches. Since the change study of Christianity and the Oriental to a church allows more than 450 to faiths, and are open to conviction as attend, a few have come from neighnever before regarding their own boring towns. privilege and responsibility. Notes are taken by the women with The plans for a United Study Class much interest during the lectures on in Montclair, New Jersey, were blank charts furnished to each memformed last spring at the psychological ber. Across the top of these appear moment. A Women's Bible Class had the names of religions-Animism, followed with enthusiasm lessons en- Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, titled, "The Conquering Christ," a Mohammedanism, and Christianity. course in Comparative Religion. The Down the side is printed the topical teacher was then asked to give lec- outline of the lecture, which includes tures on "The Light of the World," Origin, Founder, Dominant Mood, and two women from each of the Idea of God and Worship, Literature, fifteen churches of Montclair were in- Future Life, Elements of Strength, vited to discuss the plans at a com- Weakness, Results in Lives of Folmittee meeting. lowers, and Contrast with Christianity. If anyone misses a lecture, she is "Such a class as this," said Mrs. eager to make up her notes from a Montgomery, "is an evidence of new model chart posted on the blackboard, power in women to discern the signs together with a list of books advised of the times. We are realizing a new for outside reading. The Public world-consciousness. In the first place, Library has been asked to furnish our one round world is small to-day, these books, and thus offer a more physically smaller than ever before. complete missionary and religious de- We have not only ships passing over partment for the use of the com- the oceans, but nerves running under munity. the seas. People, ideas, books, and fashions travel everywhere at remark- The chairman for the separate days able speed. is chosen from each denomination in turn, following alphabetical order, and "Then, too, there is a new political thus a brief Scripture reading, prayer, consciousness, evidenced in many and greeting precede the study of the ways, in the parliaments of the world, chapter, which in so large a class con- in national friendships, in peaceful sists of a lecture without questions. arbitration for the settlement of dis- At the end of the course each member putes. The attitude of Italy toward will have as an evidence of her inter- Turkey is an exception to-day to what est a complete outline of the religions used to be the rule. The new Orient studied, exprest in her own words or is a fact, and not a theory. Countquoted from the lectures. less anecdotes come to mind as proof. There is a new spirit in the East-a This same plan is being tried in spirit of change toward education, large interdenominational classes III toward social customs, toward religion. Flatbush, Newark, and New York. In We have the opportunity of the ages Newark the class meets once a month in China, in Korea, in the whole noninstead of every week, and thus allows Christian world to-day. smaller study circles or missionary societies to hold a meeting and develop "And then, best of all, we have a by special topics details based on the new consciousness of the value of the lecture before another meeting of the spiritual. The universities of the large class. world are returning from their nine- teenth-century excursions into the On the opening day for the Mont- world of material things to investigate clair class four hundred women met in the secrets of the soul. Weare trusthe ballroom of the Montclair Hotel to tees of the New Testament. We are listen to an inspiring address from to be 'His witnesses to the uttermost Mrs. Helen Barrett Montgomery, as parts of the earth.' " as an introduction to the study of the "Light of the World."

A JAPANESE VIEW OF MISSIONS IN JAPAN*

BY ADACHI KINNOSUKE ~~~=;;;;;""""';;~ HIS, frankly, is no Russian cruiser Variag in the harbor defense of the for- of Chemulpo, is a Christian; and many eign missions; it is other officers of the navy and army of not even a Chris- Japan of to-day are proud to be called tian view of the Yaso. The editors of some of the work. I am a J ap- leading metropolitan dailies are Chris- anese by birth-a tians. In 1890, when the Imperial mere heathen. It is, Diet was convened for the first time therefore, an impression of an out- in the history of Japan, the House of sider pure and simple, and these I Representatives had a Christian for its know to be facts. president. His Majesty the Emperor Forty-odd years ago, at every gate of Japan contributes regularly to the to both the Flower Capital of the mi- funds of the Y. M. C. A. To-day no kado and Yedo, city of the shogun, one can irritate a Japanese by calling at many of the entrances to the towns him Yaso. These are some of the and villages of Nippon, there stood a fruits of the missionary work in J a- large notice-board. It was official. In pan. Not the fruit, however.

bold, heavy, black, fat strokes, so that Away back in the early seventies of he who ran on the highway might read, the last century-in those days when was the following: the new Nippon was being born-there KIRISHITAN JASHUMONNO G1WA, KORll:- was a time when the empire went MADENOTORI KATAKU KINSE1NO drunk on the heady wine of Occi- KOTO! dental civilization. To know some- That is to say: thing about the wonderful West, out "The evil sect Kirishitan [Christian] of which came those wonderful black is firmly forbidden as hitherto I" ships of war which had compelled the To-day you may see a few of the powerful chogunate to do its sweet same old notice-boards, and read the pleasure, was the order of the day.

same historic inscription, but you must Every daimio, or lord of a clan, estab- go to the Tokio Museum to find them. lished a school where foreign lan- They are no longer on the streets. guages and sciences were to be taught.

Thirty-five years ago there were elev- Our lord of Kumamoto clan also es- en baptized Protestant Christians. To- tablished one. But how to secure a day there are seventy thousand of foreign instructor who would teach the them in Japan; they own 600 Western knowledge to the children of churches; in their Sunday-schools the samurai of Kumamoto, there was they teach 100,000 children. the rub, and more especially because Is this the fruit of the Christian the lord of the Kumamoto clan was missions in Japan? Certainly. But particular. The clan of Kumamoto, not the only result, and not the most as all the empire knew, was proud of important. two things, its historic castle, built by Fifty years ago there was no such Kato Kiyomasa, and the heroic tradi- expression as "religious freedom" in tion of its warriors as brave as the the entire range of Nippon literature. builder of the castle. It was all very To-day the phrase has been written well for other effete clans to employ into the constitution of the land. Less foreign bonzes-that is to say, mis- than fifty years ago, if you wished to sionaries – as instructors to their have a free fight on the spot, without young men; but not for Kumamoto.

loss of time, all that you had to do The clan of Kumamoto must have a was to call a gentleman a "Yaso"- soldier for its instructor. No priest, that is to· say, "Jesus." And to-day? no mere man of letters who was little Admiral Driu, who battered the fine better than a woman; he would hurt * Condensed from The Century Magazine for September. the esprit de corps of the clan. All bridge over which his thoughts could these emphatic wishes of the lord of pass into the understanding, not only Kumamoto clan were, therefore, de- mental, but sentimental as well, of his tailed to Dr. G. F. Verbeck, who was boys. Therefore at the end of three a sort of national adviser in such mat- years one day he said to his students: ters, and on his recommendation Cap- "I shall teach the Bible on Sunday. tain L. L. Janes went to teach the Anyone who wishes may come to my young samurai of Kumamoto. house."

Most assuredly the captain was no In this short sentence the historian bonze. But it was also true that, in will find one of the foundation-rocks comparison with that white-flaming of the Christian church in Japan. tower of zeal for God that was in his bosom, an every-day missionary would "We still hated Christianity," writes have looked like a penny candle flick- Mr. Kanamori, one of Captain Janes's ering and fading before a typhoon. pupils, and who later became famous Captain Janes was a soldier, and an as the Paul of the Japanese missions officer, of course. In a thousand times because of the persecution he suffered more emphatic sense, however, he was for his faith and of the zeal with which a soldier of the Cross. he devoted his life to the work of Christ, "as though it were a snake, For nearly three years Captain and did not like even to see a Bible; Janes said nothing of Christianity to but we so respected him that we conhis Kumamoto boys. Think of the cluded to go to the meeting. One of apostolic ardor such as that of Captain us went to the teacher of Chinese [a Janes looking upon silence as golden, teacher of Chinese in those days was and for three patient years! How also a preceptor in the doctrine and could he have managed it? The entire teachings of Confucius, for the J apcredit, I am half afraid, does not be- anese boys all studied classic Chinese long either to the miraculous patience with the sacred books of Confucius or to the still more wonderful wisdom and tact of Captain Janes. For one as their readers J and asked his conthing, he could not speak Japanese well enough to preach the Gospel in it, sent. He replied that we might go to and his students could not understand learn about Christianity, not to believe English. But as of yore, it, but to study its strong and weak points in order to oppose it. And so God moves in a mysterious way of the few who went some went sim- His wonders to perform. ply out of curiosity, others for amuse- ment, others that they might oppose, Because he could not preach with none with the desire to accept it. Durwords, Captain Janes lived out a ing his prayer, which seemed tedious Christlife in his every-day actions. to us, we sometimes opened our eyes And I believe no sermon has ever been and looked upon his face, with its known to be quite eloquent enough to closed and tearful eyes, and then we compare to the eloquence of a simple laughed, saying, 'Even Americans Christian life. And the magic eloquence of it touched the hearts of the w e eP.I ' ' ' rugged children of the Kumamoto samurai. "He gave his whole strength," For another year, patiently, always writes one of his old pupils, recalling backed by his Christian life, a thing those Kumamoto days, "teaching Eng- which was both new and wonderful lish and the sciences. But he was so to the Kumamoto boys, Captain Janes kind and fatherly in his treatment of taught them the Bible. He never his pupils that they came to forget asked the young men to become Christhat he was a foreigner." Let me put tians. Two of the boys tried to imit in another way: the three years' pose upon his judgment; they went to wordless work of the captain built a him one day and said, "We wish to become preachers of the Gospel." He told them bluntly that they were not worthy to be anything of the kind-a

rather striking contrast with certain "My son," said the father, "since other missionaries and their methods. you do not renounce the evil faith, I The sharp, unexpected contrast im- shall do you the honor, which you prest the young men. In r875-that scarcely merit, of putting an end to is to say, at the end of about one your life with my own sword. That is year's Bible-teaching-his work began the least apology which you and I can to tell. It divided the Kumamoto make to the memory of our august school into two camps, one eager for ancestors."

the light that was in Christ and His "If it be for the sake of the Way,"

life, and the other which tried to crush the son made answer, "let it be so, the pro-Christian elements by reviving Father above."

the study of the sacred texts of Con- Seating himself on the edge of the fucius. The teacher of Chinese was porch, polished like a mirror and with- active in the work. Every Sunday out a railing, the son stretched forth morning he expounded the teachings his neck to receive the blow from the of the great sage of China. For a time father's blade. The father looked at every Sabbath the students went to the son fixedly for a moment. From the teacher in Chinese in the morning the first he had no idea of murdering and in the afternoon to Captain Janes. the son; he wished to test the extent Then Captain Janes added preaching of fanaticism of his boy, as he consid- to his study of the Bible. "His ser- ered it.

mons were long," writes one who at- "Kana bakavaro 1'> cried the father.

tended-"sometimes three hours long That is to say, "You big fool you!"

-but as we had become interested in I am sure the old gentleman would Christianity, they were never tiresome have put in a choice touch of pro- to us." fanity, if only the Japanese language Soon after, these Kumamoto boys, had had a "cuss" word; but, of course, who had never in all their lives even it had not.

so much as heard of the word "re- So saying, he kicked the son off the vival," had the visitation of the Spirit porch to the garden flag and left him that was Pentecostal. "We wondered in disgust. Persecution raged, and why our spirits burned like a fire and had precisely the same effect as in why we preached the Gospel like mad the cradle days of the Christian men. One said, 'May not this be the Church.

work of the Holy Spirit mentioned It was the last Sunday in the first in the Bible?' " month of the year of grace r876, and And the classic city of Kumamoto the springlike Kyushu weather was all was treated to the greatest scandal in a-smile. The Christian students of all its ancient life. "What," said the the Kumamoto school went out to a people in utter consternation, "are our hill to the southwest of the castle city own children-the children of samurai called Hana-oka yama, or the Hill-in- -turning into Yasa bazu [that is to bloom. Seating themselves in a circle say, Christian priests]!" "Can such on the crest of the hill, they banded things be borne with patience and in themselves under solemn oaths. Let silence? And how are we to apologize other young men chase the will-a'-the- to the ghosts of our ancestors?" The wisp of worldly wealth and honors, let widowed mother of one of the boys others aspire to the noble work of the tried to commit suicide to apologize defense of the Home Land of the Sun, to the spirit of her departed husband of carrying forward the torch of civili- because she had failed to rear the son zation, but for the Kumamoto boys, in the virile and noble path of the however, none of these things. There samurai. A father told his son, in a was one thing to which they would calm and very solemn manner, to go devote their entire lives-the spiritual out to the porch leading down to the rebirth of the empire of Nippon; noth- garden. ing less.

A JAPANESE VIEW OF MISSIONS IN JAPAN

This, then, is the story of the fa- tion, the official ever urging Mr. Neemous Kumamoto Band, which helped sima to take up an important work to lay the foundation of Christian for the state. work in Japan. The two friends of former days sat It was in the city of Kioto, and the in the humble Kioto cottage of Dr. time was the summer of 1875. Two Neesima. men sat talking in a humble cottage that might have commanded the Did N eesima wish to propagate the monthly rental of ten dollars at the Christian faith among the Japanese? most. It was specially modest for Would his high standing among the the two gentlemen who sat and talked officers of the Government hurt such therein, for one of them was Mr. a work? Was there, could there be, (later Viscount) Tanaka, who was any more effective method than to bethen the active head of the Depart- come a great national factor himself, ment of Education of the newly and then bring about the spiritual salformed Imperial Government and the vation of Japan, and show to all the other was Dr. Neesima. people that a Christian can at one and the same time be a patriot as well? "I have come," Mr. Tanaka was Viscount Tanaka sat with Neesima saying, "to press a strong claim of our and talked for three days and two country upon you. You know as well nights. as I through what a critical hour our country is passing at present. It is the To all the arguments of his friend, one season in a thousand autumns. If Dr. N eesima had nothing mor~ to say ever Nippon needed her sons to come than this: to her rescue, now is the time. I need not 'preach to the Buddha'; you know "I have only one answer: my life is all this. You know the West and not my own. It belongs to Jesus Western civilization and its institu- Christ. Many years ago I solemnly tions; your knowledge of them would swore to devote my entire time and be invaluable to the Government. The effort to his cause. I can not take country has sore need of you." back my words and my heart. I can not do it." "This is indeed an honor for which I am utterly unworthy," Dr. Neesima As twilight was purpling on the hismade answer, "and believe me, I have toric hills of Kioto, fragrant with the no words to express my appreciation memory of a thousand years of culfor your kindly suggestion; but-" ture, Viscount Tanaka rose. He had reached the end of his patience. He "Ah," said the head of the Depart- was a simple-hearted man. He was a ment of Education, "I have been patriot; he could not understand the afraid of that 'but' of yours. I have language of the man of religion. How been afraid that you might say it," could he? Without the slightest hesi- tation he would have sacrificed all the "Yes, I regret to say-" Buddhas in the world and his life as "Wait," interrupted the other. well if they could but add even a trifle "Whether you decline or whether you to the prestige and power of the state. accept, you should not act on so He was disgusted with the attitude of weighty a matter as this so quickly. Neesima. He was "mad, clean mad." Would it not be well for you to think the matter over thoroughly, look upon "Vell, Neesima," he said, "I'm the situation from all possible angles? going. I am sorry. You are indeed If you like, discuss the matter with the slave of Jesus Christ. Good-by." me. Many things can be said both for and against your accepting such a gov- And years ago, when I was a ernmental position as I have sug- school-boy in Tokio, I heard Profesgested." So it came to pass that the two sor J. D. Davis say, telling this story, friends sat down to discuss the ques- that it was "the proudest title ever given to man."

The cottage in which the two men talked became the foundation of the

Doshisha University of to-day, away Supporo Agricultural College, Profesand beyond the greatest Christian uni- sor William Elliot Griffis of Fukui versity in the Far East. Gakko and the author of the "Mi- kado's Empire," and Captain Janes of And Dr. Neesima lived a Christian Kumamoto Ei-gakko. life. It stamped the age in which he lived; it colored the history of his Perhaps this is not a long list. It should not be. Great men never did country. grow like weeds anywhere at any time. Inspiring the imagination of the new The wonder is that so many of the really great of earth should have Nippon with the charm and nobility of found their way into the then almost the character of Jesus-that certainly unknown land of Nippon. was the greatest achievement of Mr. Neesima. He made his countrymen And it was the Christlike life of fall in love with the life of Jesus as these men, not their theology, which Neesima himself lived it out in the told so stupendously for the cause of Kioto of the seventies. the Christian missions in Japan.

Neesima and his fellow-workers, On October 5, 1909, in the city of Tokio, a number of Christians, and a notably Professor J. D. Davis, upon number of those who were not, gath- ered to celebrate the "Semi-Centenwhom Mr. Neesima was wont to lean nial of Protestant Christianity in as upon the very staff of life, gave Japan." Count Okuma was one of the Japan a new national ideal. No many non-Christians present. As achievements of man can be greater, usual, what he said had a national and more ambitious than this. In this the a world-wide significance: missionaries succeeded. Here, then, is the great fruit of the Christian mis- "I came in contact with and received sions in Japan. great impulses from some of the mis- sionaries of that early period. Par- When our foreign friends came to ticularly from Dr. Verbeck. He was us and told us to open up the country my teacher in English and history and for international intercourse of all the Bible. I can never forget the great sorts, the elders of the chogunate did and virtuous influence of the man. At not like it. When Commodore Perry that time Dr. Verbeck could do but told us to open our country whether little direct evangelical work, but all we wished to or no, some of our fore- his work wa$ Christian. In everyfathers lost their temper. We have thing he did his Christlike spirit was changed our mind a good deal on that revealed. . . . Only by the coming point. We look back upon the day of the West in its missionary reprewhen the black ships of the American sentatives and by the spread of the navy got on the nerves of our old fore- Gospel did the nation enter upon fathers so dreadfully as the day of world-wide thoughts and world-wide glorious fortune. And the thing which work." made us change our mind was the life lived among us by the gentlemen who Here, then, is Count Okuma's ancame to us in the name of Jesus, their swer to the question, What is the Master. greatest fruit of the Christian mission- ary work in Japan? Count Okuma And for this reason: many of the is not a professing Christian or a missionaries who came to Japan in member of a Christian church. There those early days were scholars long be- are others like him. And the life and fore they were missionaries, and they work of just such men as Count Okuwere MEN (and all the capitals in the rna have told on the life of the nation language can not possibly do them jus- in a much more potent fashion than tice) long before they were scholars. figures and adjectives know how to show. Take Dr. Verbeck, Dr. Hepburn. There are people who say that the Bishop Williams, Professor J. D. Da- vis, Dr. S. R. Brown of Yokohama, Bishop Harris and the Rev. J. H. De- Forest of Sendai, Professor Clark of

WORK OF NATIVE CHURCHES IN BURMA

Japanese nature is essentially non- Shimabara and which made Pappenreligious. That our attitude toward all berg Rock in Nagasaki Harbor forthe gods and all things religious is ever famous in history, for it is the "politeness toward possibilities." Any- place from which thousands of the nabody can see that that is wrong-any- tive converts were thrown into the body who has read the story of the sea. Oh, yes, the Japanese nature is Christian persecution in Japan and highly religious. Both in the numheard of the men and women who ber of shrines and of gods, we beat marked the blood-trail and charred the Athenians upon whom we have St. trail (for there were many native con- Paul's pronouncement. Christian misverts who preferred to be burned at sionary work did not deepen the rethe stake rather than renounce their ligious nature of the people, but it faith in Jesus Christ, their Savior) gave a new star to which it might which led to the horrible struggle of aspire-the character of Jesus Christ.

MISSIONARY WORK OF NATIVE CHURCHES IN BURMA* BY REV. SUMNER R. VINTON Missionary of the Baptist Foreign Missionary Society lL~:L.<,tLG!~1 NE of the most potent from the Christians of Lower Burma, forces at work in Bur- while the churches of Lower Burma ma for the establish- have been immensely benefited in turn ment of the Kingdom by the quickening of evangelistic zeal of God is the mission- through the reports of the work made ary work of the native possible by their gifts. Many of the churches. Any Baptist workers thus employed have to travel from two to six weeks to reach their who thinks that American Christians fields of labor. Many of them, judged are paying for all the work reported in point of time, are further from in the annual statements of the Bur- home than is the American missionary ma mission is far from realizing the stationed at Rangoon. full truth. If the native churches should suddenly cease from all mis- In addition to the work done through sionary efforts, there would be a de- the convention, there is some work of cided falling off in actual results. It a distinctly foreign missionary sort would show, first of all, in the num- undertaken by the individual missions. ber of native evangelists and pastors For some years the Rangoon Karen reported each year. Mission had a special work across the Siamese border. Later it was found For general coordination of all mis- better to turn this work over to the sionary effort we have the Burma Bap- Shwegyin mission, through its work tist Missionary Convention. This takes at Papun, but a lump sum contribuin the churches of all nationalities and tion is still made by the Rangoon its work is, for most of the con- churches for this work. For years the tributors, foreign missionary work. Bassein Mission has supported evan- Grants are made by the Convention to gelists at work under the direction of missionaries according to the needs of missionaries in the extreme north various fields and according to the among other peoples than Karens. funds that are available. Upper Burma fields, missions among Burmese, Chins Then there is the work of the Karen and Kachins, Shans or far-off Muhsos, Home Mission Societies. Each misand some of the frontier Karen fields, sion has its own organization. The have, in this way, received assistance Bassein Home Mission Society, for ex- • from Missionl.

ample, supports evangelists among the met by a choir singing, in English, heathen, establishes schools in heathen "How beautiful upon the mountains !" villages and helps the weaker churches There were no mountains, not even a of its own mission. The women of the hill, for fifty miles, but the idea was mission are organized and have their all right. The C. E. choir of Alau Bible women at work. The vacation village, at least 15 miles away, hearing evangelistic campaign of the Bassein I was to be there, of their own accord boys studying at the Theological Semi- decided to come and help me over nary has for years been an established Sunday. They paddled up against the feature of the work. Dr. Nichols is strong current of the Irawadi, their a genius in many ways. His mission pastor with them, home services left launch and the compactness of the with a deacon-and there they were. field have made possible an amount of They made my visit many times more personal supervision of and participa- effective than it otherwise would have tion in the work of the students which been. They sang at all six services has been one factor in developing a Sunday, and in every house in the vilremarkable esprit de corps and enthu- lage besides. They stayed with me siasm for this evangelistic campaign through Monday noon and then padof the students. It means the opening dled home in their canoes. up of work which is often followed up and made permanent by a man sent A young man from the Kyi-Dinout by the Home Mission Society. The Teit Church went to a near-by heathen Rangoon Home Mission Society keeps village and offered to teach school in from twenty to twenty-five men at that village if they would board him. work among the heathen all the time. He asked no pay. They accepted his In fact, the only evangelists in these terms and he taught there for a year. two fields are paid by Karen, not At the end of that time, when his home American, money. A distinctive fea- church was celebrating its tenth anniture of the Rangoon work comes from versary, he came to the meetings with the development of the work of the a choir of eleven children, all from young people. In 1904 the young peo- heathen homes. They sang repeatedly ple of the mission of their own initi- Christian hymns, in good. tune and ative organized a local union, started time. But even if tune and time had a monthly paper in Karen, and sent been all wrong, the incident was full two young pastors around for field of significance. Of his own initiative work for two months. Each year he had been doing Christian work in since then there has been at least one that village for a year, had won their man for part-time field work. This confidence, and the children were singhas resulted in a development of the ing the Gospel to their parents. We young people's work as an evangelistic will have a church in that village beagency of large significance. Let two fore long. definite instances serve as typical of this part of the missionary efforts of There are many instances of work the Karen churches, in addition to the undertaken by individuals. One of the organized work of the Home Mission most recent, of which I have learned Society. through the pages of the Km en Daw- kalu or National Gazette, is the send- The Karens love singing and they ing of a special evangelist or chaplain sing well. Each C. E. society has a to the soldiers of the Karen levy in choir and the choir is the mainstay of the far north. The entire expense of the evangelistic work of the society. this is being borne by two Karens of A few years ago I planned to spend the Rangoon field, Dr. Pokey and U a Sunday with the one Christian fam- San Lon. Some of these soldiers are ily of a certain heathen village on an Christians, most are not. In both island in the Irawadi. Arriving there cases they are far removed from Chris- Saturday noon, I was surprized to be tian influences of any sort, and the reception accorded the evangelist

makes one realize the value of this bit work. The Burmese Christians raised of service. 5,000 rupees (IO,OOO days' wages!) for the Theological Seminary. Members Mention has been made of only Bas- of the Rangoon church do street sein and Rangoon. From their posi- preaching. U. Po RIa, an Extra tion in the rich delta lands of the Ira- Assistant Commissioner, delights in wadi they are the largest and most preaching to the heathen wherever prosperous of the various Karen mis- opportunity offers itself in his sions, but the same sort of work is work. going on in all the other Karen fields: Renzada, Tharrawady, Moulmein, The Talain churches around Moul- Shwegyin, Toungoo, and Tavoy. mein have a definite policy looking to personal work by every Christian and The missionary efforts of the organized work among the heathen churches of other nationalities in undertaken by each church. The zeal Burma do not bulk so large nor appear and passion for souls shown by them in so spectacular a way as that of the at the Talain associational gathering I Karens for the simple reason that there attended in 1907 wiII always abide are not so many Christians of any with me as an inspiration. other one race. The Karens have accepted Christ in snch numbers that we Those who have heard the gospel have hundreds of entirely Christian but recently and have been lifted out villages and communities. Under such of the depths of heathenism do not as circumstances, concerted effort on a a rule need much urging to make them large scale is relatively easy. The want to tell the story to others. Their number of Christian villages among own experience is too real and too the Burmese, Shans, Chins or Kachins vivid for it to be otherwise. The new is limited. Most of the Christians convert whose experience of Christ of these nationalities are living alone has been definite and real "can not in large heathen villages. Concerted but tell" the things which he has seen effort is difficult, in many instances im- and heard. It is as Christian experipossible. But it would be utterly ence and conversion come to be a sort wrong to suppose that they are not of matter of fact, taken for granted, doing anything. A careful study of that the zeal for souls slackens. I betheir giving, with due regard for their lieve a tendency along this line is obnumbers and circumstances, would servable in some of our older Chrisshow that they are usually doing their tian communities among the Karens, part. Self-support is not confined to as it certainly is at home. Karens, nor have the Karens any monopoly on evangelistic zeal. Personal Active participation in evangelistic work on the part of individual Chris- work is at once the most significant tians and effort for the heathen near- symptom of a healthy spiritual condiby on the part of established churches tion and also an exercise leading t6 inare going on all the time. The Evan- creased strength. The church or indigelistic Society of Burma is entirely vidual that spontaneously undertakes due to Burmese initiative and push. such work shows thereby the reality of They are regularly organized and raise the experience of the things of Christ. funds to keep two or three evangelists On the other hand, nothing is such a at work all the time. stimulus to healthy spiritual growth as definite effort along evangelistic The various Burmese associations lines. The hope of permanency in our have their home mission organization work in Burma, or, for that matter, and the "apportionment" is, if any- anywhere else, lies in bur being able thing, higher per member than in the to enlist the native church, from the Karen associations. Individuals have very beginning, in a strong evangelgiven generously for the Kengtung istic effort.

• • ~——-E–D—I-T–O–R—I-A–L–S——-~~

CHRISTIAN UNITY AND MISSIONS mony in the members there must be W ILL the Church ever be united somewhere disharmony with the head. in one body until our Lord Remove, first, the inconsistencies of Himself returns to reign? Christians, and, second, the discords Whether or not this is too much to among Christians and the greatest obexpect, it is assuredly not too high stacles to the progress of Christianity an ideal for which to pray and work. will be taken away. The question of the relation of various divisions of the body of Christ In order to bring about real practo each other and the question of tical unity and cooperation among vathe extent and character of their co- rious Christian bodies there must be operation in the work of Christ will agreement on a few essentials and libnever be settled until they are set- erty in non-essentials. The Protestant tled right. No true disciple of Christ Episcopal Church must give up emcan doubt that it is the will of the phasis on the essential distinction be- Master that all His followers shall tween clergy and laity and the unbe ONE in spiritual unity and loyalty broken apostolic succession through to Him and love to one another, and human agency. The Baptists must that all shall work together harmoni- yield in the belief and practise that ously and with. the one common aim- immersion is the only true form of the speedy evangelization of the world. baptism, and that only adult immersed believers are true members of the There may still be room for a dif- family of Christ. Presbyterians and ference of opinion as to the extent of Methodists must agree that while the outward union and the method of co- decrees of God are absolute, man has operation. Different branches of the been given freedom of choice and the Church, like different men, may be di- decrees of God have not been fully vinely imprest by various phases of revealed. the truth and diverse needs of the world. Personality, training, and lo- It may be difficult to agree on a cality enable different men to accom- definite doctrinal basis, but loyalty to plish different results, but there God, as revealed in Jesus Christ, His should always be a united front son, is the basis of all Christian union. against evil and error and a spirit of Matters of church government and fellowship and love in the various worship, with minor interpretations, ranks of the Great Commander. doctrines, rules and regulations, are not essential to salvation or service. The papers dealing with this ques- It is time to emphasize points of tion of Christian unity in its relation agreement and to lose sight of the to world-wide missions will be read matters of difference. Bishop Doane, with interest. Representatives of va- in a recent address, gives the followrious branches of the Church have ing as a basis of doctrinal agreement: been asked to give their views, and there is a general unanimity of opin- "There are certain irresistible and ion. unescapable truths; the threefoldness of God, the Fatherhood of God, the The great purpose of Christ is for creation ·o.{ all things by God, the Inthe conversion of the world to God. carnation of our Lord, His ministry, This must be accomplished through His death, His burial, His Resurrecthe body of Christ acting under direc- tion, His Ascension into heaven and tion of the head. If there is dishar- the coming of the Holy Spirit. No mind can empty itself, and have any ture ($134,000,000) over that of twen- mind left, of these fundamental facts. ty years ago could be used to- What is there for us to do? First of all, to give ourselves to prayer, and Double the present foreign mission- then patiently to wait God's time and ary force. watch for God's way." Support workers in frontier fields. COST OF WAR AND COST OF PEACE Maintain hospitals and asylums. Build schools and colleges. P EACE at any price is not a Build and equip Y. M. C. A.'s. Christian doctrine, neither is Reclaim arid land. "life at any cost" a Christian Maintain forest reserves. ideal. Truth, honor, righteousness, Make new roads. faith, love, loyalty are the funda- Build and furnish libraries. mentals and are to be maintained at Fight tuberculosis and diseases. any cost to comfort, pleasure, sacri- Dig canals and improve harbors. fice or temporary safety. N everthe- Build churches and Bible schools. less, there is a grave question as The amount of uselessly increased to the wisdom or value of main- expenditure in the past twenty years taining a standing army and fully by the United States is more than has equipped navy as the means for pre- been spent by all Christendom for forserving national honor and safety. It eign missions in a hundred years. The is nearly two thousand years since the price of one battleship ($12,000,000) "Prince of Peace" came to proclaim would build 500 churches at $24,000 the way to love, truth and life, and yet each and would support their ministhose nations that stand as Christian ters on salaries of $1,600 a year each. nations are those that depend most on Surely it is time that America gave the use of force and engines of de- an account of her stewardship. As struction to maintain their integrity long as a nation depends on the and enforce their demands. This strength of her army and navy she ought not so to be. will not depend on the justice of her cause. Strength of armaments are not But from a purely economic stand- to be compared with strength of charpoint the cost of an armed peace is acter, loyalty, sobriety, morality and foolish extravagance. Hundreds of faith in God. A strong nation that dethousands of men are maintained in develops men who love home and comfort without making any return country and God will never be deby useful production or employment. feated by one that is armed to the Hundreds of buildings, vessels, ma- teeth but has no justice in their cause chinery and materials are employed and no moral strength in their manwithout any result beneficial to man- hood. kind. Some men and some armament True missionaries promote peace on might be used to advantage to police earth as well as peace with God. the land and sea so as to put down evil-doers and maintain justice, but TURKEY AND THE MASSACRES this might be and should be by international agreement. I F it were not so serious and in~ human, it would be almost ludi- The American Government, which crous to note the protest of Turhas not had the name for having a key to the European Powers against large armament, has increased its ex- the alleged massacres by the Italian penditure for this purpose over one troops in Tripoli. Turkish memory billion dollars, or 360 per cent. in the must be exceedingly short, or the past eight years. The total amount Turkish sense of propriety must be now spent for the army and navy of greatly lacking, or the government the United States is nearly $200,000,- must claim to have entirely broken 000. The annual increased expendi- with the past history of Turkey, to permit them to forget the Armenian

massacres and the frantic appeals and about 75,000 adherents seem to have threats of Christian governments to died or lapsed in British and Ameriwhich the Turks turned a deaf ear. tan mission fields. The number of It is different when the Turk and pupils is also less, if the returns are to other Moslems are the victims. This be trusted. This is, no doubt, due to is a part of the religion of Islam- the improved national schools. that "infidels" have no rights that "true believers" are bound to respect. Evidently there is no reason for either pride or discouragement. This sign of the times may be an evidence of the awakening of the WISHES AND NEEDS Turks. Let us hope so, but there are not yet convincing evidences. Only T HE argument is sometimes used recently the Turkish Government was against the missionary proparesponsible for the destruction of vil- ganda that such work is prelages in Albania and the violation of sumption because the people of China innocent women. The Turk's view of and Japan, of India and Africa, are his responsibility to God and his re- satisfied with their own religion and lationship to man must be changed; do not want Christianity. The arguhe needs to have a new view of God ment is obviously so foolish that it as revealed in Christ and a new love would be not worthy of notice were for his fellow men as inspired by it not that some good people are Christ. As long as he follows the misled by it. In the first place, it is Koran with its authorization of war not true, but if it were ·the arguagainst "infidels" the Moslem will be ment is false. The same course of a barbarian. reasoning would prevent interference with pirates and robbers, with mur- This, however, is no excuse for derers and thieves. It would put a stop massacres of Moslems or others by to all reformation of drunkards and troops of civilized nations. The atro- harlots, it would end our compulsory cities are denied by the Italians, but education and sanitation, it would there is a great opportunity and re- open our ports to all aliens and undesponsibility resting on those who claim sirables and would stop every moveto believe in Jesus Christ to mani fest ment for human betterment which His spirit of love and to "overcome seeks to inspire the ignorant and deevil with good." graded with a desire for higher and better things. MISSIONARY STATISTICS FOR 1911 The Government does not follow T HE table of statistics of the this principle. The Filipinos have in- Protestant Missionary Socie- dependence, bu t they need Christian ties for the past year shows a liberty. Wise parents do not observe continuous growth in the income of this rule. Children wish indigestible American and German societies, but a food, unlimited spending money and decrease in the British Isles and for license to follow their own whims, but Christendom. In America the Wom- they need to learn self-control, obedien's and Laymen's Move'l1ents are, no ence, wisdom and sacrifice. doubt, largely responsible for the growth in interest and income. It is The Chinese and Japanese, the Hindifficult to diagnose the case in Great dus and Africans, are ignorant of God Britain. and the laws of His universe. Left to their own uncontrolled and un- The number of foreign missionaries trained desires and instincts, they will has increased by 800, but native help- become a plague to themselves and to ers number less than last year-or the the .world; taught to know God, folreturns from Britain are defective. low Jesus Christ and love their fellow men and they will become Godlike, The number of native Christian joyful in their own lives and a blesscommunicants has increased by about ing to the world. 80,000 (according to statistics), but This table includes only Missions to non-Christian and non-Protestant peoples, and so omits work done in non-Papal Europe, while covering that in behalf of Indians, Chinese, and Japanese in the United States. The figures are derived almost wholly from annual reports, and relate in the main to 19lI, tho sometimes the year includes a part of 1910. The aim has been to leave the fewest possible blanks, and hence where the latest official figures were not at hand, conservative estimates have been made, based upon former reports.

Collected and tabulated by REv. D. L. LEONARD, D.D. (See note on page 60.) NAMES OP SoCIBTIBS ..i Foreign Covlflrie.. in WIIlell Mis.on.. Are (Abbreviated) 'Ii S""'lIin,d, lind N.,mb,r of Mis.on" t.') Amerfcaa Board…………… .. 1810 $1,032,026 $299.983 172 31 192 210 60S 324 4.854 5,459 1,462 76.593 5.755 170.650 1.413 76,348 S. Africa, Turkey. India, China, Ja~ Micro. S~n. Austria, BaptiH K1n1onal")' Society•••••••• 1814 1.163.988 137.487 242 29 256 173 700 359 3.988 4.688 2,977 155.662 8.846 290.700 2.075 63,294 Bunremsiaa,. MInedLi~. China, Japan, PAhiflnipcpai,neFsra(n2c0e)..

Southern Baptiat Convention•••••• 1845 510,009 66.568 117 2 107 45 274 126 531 805 902 20,343 3,618 21.343 220 Spain, PhillppiJ!ea (l4). 5,988 China, Japl1I1, Africa. Italy, Mexico, Bruil, National Baptlat Convention •••••• 1880 50 Cuba (7). 25.713 1,200 18 34 45 " 97 " 85 182 132 8,100 SOD 4,500 1,365 Africa. West and East, West Indies, South Sneath·Day Baptlata••••••••••••• 1842 14,000 3,650 4 2 4 6 16 1 14 30 5 100 4 200 4 America (4). 175 China (1).

C1IrIatiaa (Ditciplea of Christ) •••• 1875 457,924 70,158 100 3 73 60 233 15 941 1,174 293 15,780 2,514 42,500 137 8.146 China, India, Japan, Turkey, Africa, Philip. pines (6). Cb.rIatiaa COn.-tiOll .•••••••••••• 1886 19,531 1,116 8 .. 6 2 16 8 32 48 48 1,063 117 3.500 44 2,858Japan (Tokyo, etc.) (1).

CJuiItian and Mluional")' AWaDce. 1897 298,264 8,140 102 30 93 73 298 40 458 748 170 4,250 705 6.500 220 3,170 W. Central Africa, India. China, Japan, South 9,185 AfArimcae, rC~hinPaa,lesJtaipnaen, , etHc.ait(i8,).Mexico, Alaska Protestant Epitcopal ……… …. 1835 855,042 127.881 80 54 60 103 297 145 892 1,189 401 11.529 1,488 24.460 218 2,297 Me(lU6C)C. I, Alaaka. Jamaica, India, China. Japan.

SocietJ of Frienu……………. 1871 87,000 10,000 27 13 27 37 104 9 160 264 81 3,900 300 7.000 45 377 JapCaunb.a, Armenia, Palestine (8).

EftqeUca1 Auociatlon……….. 1876 36,208 2,099 7 1 .. 8 24 26 42 66 43 1,053 212 2,083 4 6,099 India (Madras). Porto Rico (2).

Lutheran, General Council…….. 1869 50,000 4.600 11 .. 7 9 27 3 350 377 306 9,926 925 16.953 211 Lutheran, General Synod……… 1837 131,000 19,000 20 .. 15 13 48 2 753 801 540 14,128 4,175 40.198 311 9,140 India (Madras), West Africa (2). ).

United Norwecisn…. ………… 1895 83.559 411 20 2 20 13 55 6 122 177 82 1,128 335 1.819 IS 436 Madapscar, China (2).

Fin Norwqiaa Synods………….. 74.965 2,442 25 63 29 15 132 14 130 262 147 3.641 1,080 17.000 66 1,540 :Methodlat Episcopal………….. 1819 2,217,127 326.386 324 63 331 376 1.094 662 9.212 10.306 1.177 *275.887 *22,266 155,991 2.567 82808 China. Korea, Japan, India~Africa. Bulnria.

:Methodiat Epbcopal, South……. 1846 780.17G 46.512 10 101 140 350 120 720 1,070 27.017 3.371 10.000 135 , Mexico, South America, l"nilippines (U). 99 302 10,817 China, KOrea, Japan. MelUco, Brazil, Cuba (6).

Afrfcaa Methodbt Episcopal…… 1847 15,015 4,762 6 8 8 2 24 12 35 59 83 2,796 253 6.000 14 830 Africa, West Indies, South America (4).

Free :Methodist………………. 1882 65.065 1.390 21 7 25 24 77 5 128 205 104 1,112 169 653 47 604 Africa, India, China, Japan (4).

:Methodiat Proteataat…………. 1888 26.668 4,542 3 .. 3 .. 6 13 31 37 46 1,129 305 712 2 5511Japan (Yokohama) (1).

Prel¥erfaa ……. …………. 1837 1,718.526 464.597 332 109 361 228 1,030 244 4.253 5,283 1,868 114,166 18,114 260.000 1,645 60,526 In~~;i~"s:;~s:a..f:~~p~~~tl~): 509 58 16,580 2.500 33,342 50 3,965 ChA~~lCC':~ {~~, Africa, Italy, :Mexico. Presbyterian, South………….. 1861 452,513 25,200 89 45 92 68 294 15 215 100 16 528 1,045 23 77 852 Asia Minor, Syria, Cyprus, China (4). Refomed Presbyterian……….. 1856 58.406 •..•••• 15 2 16 12 45 •• 55 United Presbyterian………….. 1859 332,388 236.239 45 17 54 68 184 93 1,347 1,531 683 35,693 3,833 76,591 404 29,429 India (Panjab), Egypt, Eastern Sudan (3).

Reformed (Dutch}…………… 1832 282.232 10.380 36 15 39 40 130 42 666 796 335 5,544 464 16.800 309 10,060 India, China, Japan, Arabia (4).

Rcfonaed (German)……… …. 1878 105.000 2,500 20 2 20 15 57 18 125 182 73 2,400 300 4.800 6 680 Japan (Tokyo. Scndai. etc.), China (2).

German Evangelical Synod…….. 1867 35.240 2.040 9 •• 5 3 17 " 65 82 57 1,992 320 3,360 58 2,680 India (Central Province.) (1). 4,335 United Brethren in Christ…….. 1853 97.136 11.170 23 4 23 13 61 19 141 212 210 7,191 714 11,607 44 1633 We~t Africa, Japan, Pnrto Rico, China, Pbilip.

Canada Baptist………………. 1873 73.190 5.970 19 •• 17 18 62 8 361 423 175 675 15.GOO 187 3,•479 Inpdmiaea(~!l.u' ps), Bolivia (2).

Canada Methodist……………. 872 317.279 38.141 27 13 27 159226 9 275 915 191 3,900 387 7,000 95 4.152 Japan (Tokyo), China, American Indians (3).

Canada Presbyterian…………. 1844 283.702 27.543 79 169 73 54 375 10 540 354 286 12.076 450 25,GOO 254 14 750 China. India, New Hebrides, West Indies, For.

Other American Societies……… ~.~..-. –5-85,-11~9 –~73-,13+0 –2-104–1-134–22-7 -~~85-+-6-35~~-6-8 ·~-71-5 4-~1.3~5G~–2-971-~3-5.7-50+-~2-,2135—6~0.4_40~__2_58_1__~11_,,7312 mos.. Korea, American Indians (7). __ I Totals for America…………. r-..-..-1~2-.29-0.-00-5 -~2.-03-5.-24-7 –2.!31-0 —83~8 –2~,36~1–2-,0~72~-~7,-59-3 ~~2.-41~6 -43-2.2-36~~-3-9.8-2-9 ~~13-.5-50+–8-76-.29-2-+-87-.06~7-~1~.3~37-,74-7+-11,12-94__4~ 29._97_4 __ __ Totala, 1910……………….. ~.-..- . I11..908~.67~1 -+1.6~88~ .07- 5 +2~.32-8 4-8-09–2.I 448~-1- ,85I0 ~-7,Z-67~~2,447- 6 ~2~9.1~93-43-7.0-07~413-.55~8 -~8- 35,- 103~~~ 82,085 ~_ 1.3~ 44.157 +1- 0.6~ 32 515.108 Totala, 11105………………. r-..-..–8t.12-0.-72-5 –1.~38-2.-50-0 –1.-77~7 –~36-9–1t,6~12–14.3_12~_+5-,14-5 ~~1~.94_94-2-2.-04-7 ~-2-7.-08-6 ~~9-.4-48-~-5-69~,7_20+–5~8.4-76~~~1,1-02-.7+06_–8_.6348–~30-3,-8315 Totala, 1Il00………………. …. I6.1- 15.75- 9 ~81~ 7.00~ 8 ~1.4+ 42 -3~ 73 ~1.4~ 19 ~1.2~ 20 ~4~ ,454~1~ .725~1~ 7.82~ 9 ~20~ .064~~ 7.987~~400~ ,616+- 31.6~ 81 ~1.0~ 16.3~ 86 ~6~ .252 ~~ 240,~ 263 Baptist Society (Eneland)…….. 1792 438.505 35,110 166 22 136 27 ,U1 42 688 1,039 1.130 21,199 2,116 45,000 188 23,066 India, China, Palestine, Central Africa, West London Soci~r .{L. M. S.)……. 1795 714,120 204,155 166 42 133 80 477 947 5.984 6.461 1.735 14.185 2,260 309,654 1.177 79.570 ChIinnda,ie.In(d8i)a., Africa, Madagascar, Polynesia. J 183.721 Pe(rs9I)a.. Pa eIst'ine, Ch'lna, apan. I n..:_~ Afn.ca, Church Sodiety (c. M. S.)……. 1199 1,900.570 18.875 415 125 390 430 1,360 440 9,196 10,556 4,599 110.220 7,342 347.390 2,897 Propapilion Society (S. P. G.)… 1701 135,900 207,000 715 12S 31 225 1,096 240 426 150 3,445 88.230 4.500 230.000 640 75,370 IndNioa,rthChAimnae,ricJaa,paAn.usMtr aliaay. sieat.c. A(f3r0ic)a. , West 'U,u"reitles' lIi….n…………. 1858 215,500 3,550 36 Z8 .. 73 140 18 161 301 97 5,200 425 16.700 140 a,530 AfIrnicaaie.(..L. a~kce. J3y2_).and Zanzibar) (2).

South American Society………. 1844 85,825 111.660 15 15 22 28 80 .. 6 86 46 1,960 57 3,280 10 715 South America (3).

SocietJ of Friends…………… 1866 139.160 15,960 42 6 36 32 116 442 1,040 1,156 253 3,209 3.120 21.977 147 6,729 India, ChIna, Malaysia, Formosa. Syria (5).

Wesleyan Methodist Society…… 1813 795.757 1,044,425 319 19 185 12 535 301 5.134 5.669 4.036 122.961 3,905 322.044 1.836 116,147 N. E. India, Assam. France (Brittany) (2).

PrimItive Methodiat •••••••••• ,… 1870 85.700 46,7:20 24 •• 18 4 46 6 38 84 58 2.592 176 4,284 22 795 Africa (1).

United Methodists (Free)……… 1857 66.275 7.000 22 11 26 7 66 24 750 816 625 18,563 255 20,953 84 1,990 China, East and West Africa, Jamaica (4).

Presbyterian Church of Eqlaad.. 1847 193,940 24,750 29 20 30 35 114 47 401 515 336 10,885 912 39.181 187 4.000 Palestine, India, China, Natal, Madaaascar (4).

Welsh Calvinistic……………. 1840 82.785 2.790 18 .. 16 10 44 26 640 684 575 9,840 340 31.200 410 10.832India/, China, Africa (Weat and South), West China Inland Million………… 1863 356,995 16.902 •• 367 294 307 968 18 2,038 3,006 1,055 25,155 2.837 75.465 271 Inaies ItalY, Spain (29). 5,844 China d:ighteen Provinces) (18).

Established Church of Scotland… 1829 280.575 48.515 34 27 34 75 170 13 210 380 240 6.870 1,277 16,310 384 16.344 Inti),. East Central Africa, Palestine, China United Free Church………….. 1843 827.520 487.414 155 71 148 136 510 62 4.206 4,727 1.590 52.713 3,821 45.840 1,770 112,240 India, Africa, Arabia, Pa1estiat, New Heb.

Prco8byterian Church of Ireland… 1840 332.288 17,240 37 34 36 28 135 16 1.054 1.189 504 6.643 1.082 16,374 136 rides, Manchuria. Japan. Wes, Indies (12). 4.841 China, India (Gujerat), Syria (3).

Other British Societies………… r-..-..–I2.3-4~2.~78-0 ~–2-17-.2-40-~–34-0I 1.020 905 878 3.243 79 6,950 1.093 1.481 105.220 3,147 158.200 688 43,762 Total British Societies……… r-.-..-.–t8,-99-4-,1-9-5 —2,~50-9-.3-0-6 —2,~55I1—2-,2-7~1—2-.4-40~–2-.I38-7—-9.~45-1—2~.7-2-1~ 38.922 48.373 21.805 675.645 34.764 1,703.852 11,587 694.496 ~–~—–~—~–~–4 Totat., 11110……………….. …. 9.636.830 2.565.85G 2.415 1.878 2,379 2.332 9.058 2.831 42.073 51,129 17.893 651,362 33.954 1.920.157 11.179 662.723 1.711 2,176 2,508 8,596 1.895 39.101 47.703 12.959 537.450 41.403 1.333.066 10.447 628,407 Totals, 11105………………. I-..-.-. –8·.1I9-7.-67-9—1~.6-31-.2-0-7~ 2.393 Totals, 1100………………. …. I6,8~ 46.95~ 8 ~…~ ….~ . +1.81- 8 ~2.5~ 90 ~2.0~ 82 ~1.7~ 89 ~8~ .309~1~ .869~3~ 5.83~ 6 ~44~ .765 ~1~ 0.178–364~ .584+- 31.2~ 50 ~1.1~ 49,6~ 08 ~9.~ 16G ~~ 437.I 874 Basel Society (German)……….. 1815 427,653 100.152 156 8 129 26 319 56 1.681 2.013 721 34,823 2,190 62.822 668 37,077 South India, China. West Africa (3~.

Berlin M. S. ………………. 1824 327.452 105,385 117 21 111 16 265 25 1.138 1.403 549 33.683 521 62.970 336 13.651 Africa (East and South), China (3).

Breldum (SChleswig·Holstein)….. 1877 53,790 950 24 1 19 8 52 •• 132 184 152 2.766 1,252 14,107 89 1,655 India (Telugus) (t).

Gosaner's M. S……………… 1836 120,809 9,592 48 5 8 .. 61 35 899 960 507 30,388 2.156 112.887 265 8,634 India (Ganges, Chota Nacpore) (1).

Hemannsburg M. S. …………. 1849 124.300 24,682 67 4 67 5 143 7 672 815 163 41,232 927 10,000 190 11,230 India, South Africa, Persia (3).

Leipsic M. S………………… 1836 166.806 19,571 71 •• 70 .. 141 28 853 994 315 11.437 502 23.720 368 18.020 South. India Burma, British and German East Afnca (4l). Moravian •••••••••••••••..•••••• 1732 199.164 220.931 150 37 176 13 376 36 132 508 980 33.553 1.327 102.642 247 30 504 India (Laoiak), South Africa. Auatralia. South WAesmteArfir~icaW(TesotgoInladnides), North German………………. 1836 62,320 14.125 24 3 15 10 52 3 206 258 153 4.072 421 11.780 164 5.•820 Elkimo, Indians (9). (1).

Rhenish (Barmen}…………… 1828 253.790 64,067 159 20 146 23 348 31 1.010 1.358 693 71,655 6.157 178.263 743 40.226 Af<~~. Borneo, Sumatra. New Guinea. China Other German Societies………. •••• 340.760 32.800 115 40 98 44 297 16 112 409 '. 161 8.473 896 17.225 121 5.050 1-.-..-. __ Total Gmnan Societies•••..••• -1–2-.0-7-6.-84-4-+-5-9-2-.2-5-5+-9-31-1—14-3-1—83-9-1–1-5-8-1–2-.0-5-4-1, 262 6.835 8.746 4.454 272.082 16.355 656.416 3.191 171,867 —-~—~~—~–_+~–4_~–4_—-~—-~—-~–~–I~ -+–~-1 Totals, 1910……………….. r-.•-•.•.-.•-I·-11-.9.56-58.-279.8-04-9-+-5-0388.-375-8,9-0-3+I-9'l-l03-4–1291-70-+–76-805-0l–1-24-1f5-9l":'.92-8,12-2l0–1-6-72,2+7-6,-8-851.-945-5-8-.8-S-78.+9-735-.3-3-24+.3–323-0-9.-0265-91-.2~7-21-6.-1-1501-.54-7-854-1":'5,816-8,1-32+5-2":',3-,4163-064-1-21-05-9,.85-1477-1 Totals, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Totals, 1900………………. …. 1.185.468 340.118 808 58 678 174 1.718 184 5,102 6.820 2.560 157.460 13.986 289.146 2.022 97.581 Paris Society… ……… ……… 1822 199,520 4,416 60 28 82 18 188 84 1.011 1,199 920 35.630 1,220 79,650 508 3,085 Africa (South, East and West). Tahiti, Mado Swill Romande……………… 1875 64.388 3.158 Eaaspt lCAfarric(a5)(.1). 5,648 19 13 28 16 76 3 100 176 82 2,163 70 4.580 90 Netherlands Societies…………. …. 147.115 29,250 118 38 92 50 298 14 305 603 145 8,462 612 20,000 120 5,022 Scandinavian Societies………… …. 500.652 66,415 185 33 190 70 481 132 2.301 2,782 1,260 57.840 2,091 110.000 1.332 66,420 Auatralasian Methodist Society…. 1855 114.215 72.525 37 5 22 27 91 106 300 391 1,734 40.762 522 153,209 1.411 28,915 Fiji. Samoa. New Britain, New Guinca (5).

Asia. Africa, The Islands, etc….. ~1·..•:.•·.••:.••_I.t~1-~9-.91-~03,-61~4-,0~-03-~0~~~-23~0-84~-.21~-2.23-~7I~6-..-5;–8~0-9~~99-~"~"2"-8!5"-~40~2~_612~1,0~3~5~2~47~05~1+~21.~,89~2660~"""!"2~7600~9~_1.60..;…55.34._29…;-..1.38~..3.5.505~6+__95..6~279~70~~4~383.05.~..424~29~9..;-~19~.45~1.05~3~O+_I~8,1l~01.70~0.~043~9~~51;..8.3298~9~_ 74.112 TOTALS ………………… _18~0~..7.1.;,21 TOTALS, CHRISTENDOM… –..-.-. ·2I5.~29-7-.0-74-~-5-.5-19-.1-8-4 -I6~.7-91–~3-.6-54–~6-,6-75–+5_,0-68–~2~2.-05-84_-6.-00-8-~-88-,5-4-2 ~-1-1-0.-30~9. 49,579 2.304.318 152.216 4.875.454 31.206 1.477.049 Totals, 1910……………….. I-..-.-. -2t5,-47-1-.72-4-~-5.-24-9-.4I05___6.r63_7~–3.-28-7-I-6.-75-8–4-,7I9-1 –2-1-.2+48_–6.-15-9I__9-1.-51-3-~_11-3-.2~07~–45-.5-4~0–2-.2-2+2,-89-2—13-9-,89I9—4.-95-1~.3I25.–3_0._21-5-.~-1,-5-62-,-03-9I Totals, 1905. ……………… …. 19.661,885 3.516.015 5.905 2.567 5.061 4.306 17.839 4.353 89.335 107.174 31.451 1.754.182 143,193 4,072,088 27.835 1.246,127 I~—-~—–~~—-f Totals. 1900………………. ••.• 15.481.565 1.833.961 4.738 3,409 4.650 3.422 16.218 5,263 62.366 98,585 25.108 1.370.545 94.562 3.556.140 20.196 1.035,724 * Including Probationers.

I t •

WORLD-WIDE R __ S M_I_S_SI_O_N_A_RY_N_E_W_S_ _ GENERAL AMERICA Monday, January 8. – Personal The World's Populations Faithfulness. <.

Tuesday, January 9.-The Church RTHUR DOLLING'S of Christ. JI2I.~-""~" paper in the Strand Wednesday, January IQ,-Foreign Magazine 0 n "T h e Missions.

S tan din g Room of Thursday, January I I.-Home Mis- Populations," s how s sions.

the exceeding small- Friday, January 12.-Interests Do- ness of the standing mestic and Educational.

room needful for the populations of Saturday, January 13.-Interests countries of great importance in the National and International.

world. Sunday, January 14.-The Supreme The world's population (1,800,000,- Desirableness of the Kingdom's Tri- 000) could stand within the confines umph.-Is. 54: 13; Matt. 6: roo of the County of London (122 square miles). Conference on Faith and Order The population of India (221,239,- T 515) could stand in Manhattan Island. HE preparations are progressing The popuIation of Spain (18,000,- for a conference to consider 000) would go into the 1,000 acres of Bushey Park. qnest.ions of Faith and Order, The population of New Zealand to be participated in by representatives of the whole Christian world, both (897,657) could stand in the 50 acres Catholic and Protestant. The general of Buckingham Palace grounds. plan of action includes (I) the enlist- ing of all Christian people in prayer The population of Australia (3,774,- for God's blessing upon the undertak- 000) would go into Battersea Park ing; (2) the. s.ecuring of the appoint- (250 acres). ment of commIttees or commissions in all Christian communions; (3) the ar- The population of Canada (5,85°,- rangement of jOint meetings for such 000) would go into Hyde Park (400 commissions where convenient. acres). Seventeen of the leading Christian The population of France could find bodies in America, and one in Great standing room in Richmond Park . Britain, have appointed their commis- sions, and overtures to the Roman and (2,255 acres) . Orthodox Eastern Churches have re- The population of Ireland (4,398,- sulted in expressions of friendly inter- 462) could be put into Kensington Gardens.

The Week of Prayer T HE following list of topics for est from Cardinal Gibbons and Arch- the Week of Prayer is sug- bishop Platon, both of whom desire gested by the Evangelical Alli- to be kept informed of the progress ance for the United States: of the movement, and have exprest Sunday, January 7, 1912.-The the conviction that a clear statement Kingdom's Ceaseless Advance.-Mark of positions can result in nothing but 4: 26-28. good.

The Goal of Mis.ions did it not to one of the least of these, ye did it not to me." I N the long run each nation must be converted by a ministry native Minions as a Unifying Force to its own soil. It has taken a good deal of missionary experience to make PROFESSOR BOSWORTH, of this clear, but there are few mission Oberlin University, has made workers who doubt it now. They the lucid and forcible statement foresee in every nation a time when that there are four things that bind every foreign missionary will have men together: " ( I) a common hope; returned to the land from which he (2) a common work; (3) deliverance came out, and the propagation of the from a common peril; (4) loyalty message of Christ will be left wholly to a common friend. The Christian to native tongues and native zeal. Church has all of these fundamental things to bind it together into a great But that· time has not come yet. united force for world conquest. It The missionary must stay for a con- has a common hope for itself and for siderable period longer, even in the the world in Jesus Christ, the world's most advanced of missionary coun- only Savior. It has a common work tries, in order to make sure that the -viz., the task of carrying to every native church has strength to extend creature the message of God's love as itself when left to grow alone. revealed in Jesus Christ. It has de- liverance from a common peril, and it Excuses for Not Giving to Missions has, in all its branches, loyalty to a common Divine Friend." W HO is the man who ought not to give to missions?" This Commenting on these statements, question was asked by the Mr. J. Campbell White, secretary of great American preacher, Horace the Laymen's Missionary Movement, Bushnell, and he gave a list of those says: "The chief object which seems who might justifiably refrain. They great enough and compelling enough are as follows: to lead the churches into a genuine spirit of cooperation is the mission- The man who believes that the ary enterprise. This is illustrated by world is not lost and does not need a the missionaries in every great mis- Savior. sion field in the world working' far more closely together than has yet The man who believes that Jesus been characteristic of the churches in Christ made a mistake when He said: the home land." "Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature." Parents of Volunteers The man wh6 believes the Gospel is M R. LOUIS HEIB tells of an not the power of God, and can not experience when he was givsave the heathen. ing a Y. M. C. A. address in a church in aNew England town and The man who wishes that mission- were more prayers by Christian pararies had never come to our ancestors, ents with the spiritual welfare of their and that we ourselves were still sons. He was led to say that if there heathen. were more prayers by Christian par- ents dedicating their sons to Christian The man who believes that it is work there would be need of fewer "every man for himself" in this world, prayers to rescue wayward boys from who, with Cain, asks, "Am I my the downward path so many were brother's keeper?" treading. Mr. Heib says: The man who wants no share in the "After the service the minister's final victory. wife asked if I had noticed ·a blanched The man who believes he is not accountable to God for the money entrusted to him.

The man who is prepared to accept the final sentence: "Inasmuch as ye

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY

look come over many in the congrega- $35,000, and Mexico $34,000 to this tion as I had dwelt on this particular great French society, whose work expoint. She then pointed out the win- tends throughout the earth. dow to the finest house in town and told me that the owner was a leading Papal Missions to Protestants official and member of the church where I had. spoken that morning. T HE attitude of Roman Catholics The son had been to college for two toward Protestant missions in years, and the previous autumn had the Latin countries is quite difwritten home that he wanted to be- ferent from what these same Roman come a Student Volunteer. The fa- Catholics claim as a right for their thew was so opposed that he ordered missions in Protestant lands. his son home and got him employment with friends in New York city. Ten A letter from Very Rev. A. P. days before my visit the local papers Doyle, of the Paulist Fathers, begs had copied sensational reports of the the privilege of informing us of "the boy's doings in New York which had missionary awakening in the Catholic landed him in jail and brought shame Church which has for its purpose the and disgrace upon the family." explaining of the doctrines of the Catholic Church to non-Catholics." God can not answer the selfish pray- He assures us : "We have been growers of parents for their children with- ing quietly as a religious movement out bringing disaster on the children. during the last few years and are now Rather the "uttermost part of the thoroughly organized, and have a earth" with God than wealth and fame corps of missionaries in the field who and social prestige for our children are already securing notable results." without God. Will Father Doyle feel equally fra- Roman Catholic Mission. ternal when he finds Protestant min- isters "explaining the doctrines of the O NE of the great Roman Catholic Church to non-Protestant Catholics?" missionary societies is the So- ciety for the Propagation of A Cogent Appeal to Business Men the Faith which was founded in 1822 and has its headquarters in Lyons, T HE Men and Religion Move- France. According to its published ment is opening the eyes of report its income during 1910 was both the pastors and the men $1,342,000, an increase of $55,000 of the churches to the small amount over last year. France, in spite of its of real work that has been done political and ecclesiastical troubles, heretofore by the men. One pastor continued to be the main source of of a large city church, having a the society's financial strength, membership of 674 men, discovered French Roman Catholics contributing that only twenty-six were doing any $608,000. It is of peculiar interest to kind of church work. The "Survey" note that the Catholics of the United which every pastor is asked to make States came next, contributing $268,- in the interest of the Men and Re- 000, or $21,000 more than in 1909. ligion Movement will prove a revela- Of this amount the Archdiocese of tion to many in the suggested lines of New York gave an even $100,000, work that Christian men may do. while $29,000 came from Boston. From Baltimore came only $3,500, Five Years of Y. M. C. A. tho it is the headquarters of the Roman Church in the United States W HAT the Y. M. C. A. has on account of being the residence of accomplished in swelling its Cardinal Gibbons. Catholics of Ger- membership, filling its treasmany gave $151,000, Italy $53,000, the ury, and in the work of its many Argentine Republic $45,000, Spain branches which have so rapidly spread over America, would fill a book. Such has been its expansion that it now has centers in nearly 1,000

American communities, and in them The Moody Bible Institute to Date can be found nearly every nationality that peoples this country, from T HIS institution has at the end of the Syrian and Pole to the native twenty-five years of operation American. Within a period of five assets to the value of about years the Y. M. C. A. spent, in its $75°,000. I ts records show that the various centers, fully $50,000,000 for average annual outlay per student is new buildings, costing from $50,000 to about $150. There were slightly less $500,000 each. than 700 students last year, and a graduating class of 112. About two- Y. P. S. C. E. Still Astir thirds of the students were men. A correspondence department, with an T HE Christian Endeavor Move- enrolment of 519, is an important ment has gained more than 1,- part of the institute's work. The of- 000,000 new members in the ficers of the board of management are past two years. The funds for its prominent laymen – merchants and headquarters building are now practi- manufacturers-and it appears to be cally assured. During the whole ex- on a stable base. istence its expenses have been paid from the profits of its publishing de- Ministering to the Needs of Sailors partment. The movement for the closing of postoffices on. Sunday and T HE American Seamen's Friend for the suppression of prizefight cine- Society is doing a good work matographs originated from Christian among the 5,000 men employed Endeavorers. Nearly 25,000 of them upon the various ocean vessels, who are members of the Tenth Legion, i.e., are found in its neighborhood in givers of one-tenth of their income. New York each night. Four mis- sionaries are employed to look after To Increase Bible Study these wanderers of the deep when ashore, and last year these men W ITH the second week in Oc- made 323,644 visits to the institute. tober, the National Bible In- There are 156 bedrooms that are let stitute, of I56 Fifth Ave- to seamen for 25 cents a night, and nue, brought to a close its fifth they are always taken. There is a outdoor evangelistic campaign. Start- restaurant with good meals at a cheap ing in April, this campaign was price, game rooms, concert rooms, maintained without interruption for swimming pool, and reading room. twenty-four weeks, outdoor meetings There is a chapel called the Church being held at twelve different centers. of the Sea, where a prayer meeting is Eleven hundred and fifty meetings held every evening and regular servwere held during the summer, and ices on Sunday. In the office is a safe morc than I60,000 persons heard the in which the men may deposit their Gospel preached. The audiences were money, almost $40,000 being received composed largely of non-Christians, for them for varying periods last more than seventy-five per cent. hav- year. ing no connection with any Christian organization. Laymen contributed Tuskegee to Date largely to the success of this campaign, more than 100 speaking at the B OOKER WASHINGTON revarious points. The winter program ports that "during the past of the institute includes the conduct of three years there has been a an interdenominational evening school marked improvement in the regufor Christian workers, which is hold- larity of the attendance of the stuing its sessions every Thursday eve- dent body. About 85 per cent. of ning in the Marble Collegiate Church. the students now enter at the open- ing of school and remain until the close. There is an equally notable

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

growth in the individual character and among members of the congregation worth of the students. In all the de- is that all those having an income of partments, 1,702 students have at- $1,000 or less will pay two per cent. tended the school during the year. to the church. Those who have larger This number does not, however, in- salaries pay a larger percentage. On clude the average attendance of 240 an income of $3,000 and over the rate in the winter short course in agricul- is five per cent. This payment is in ture, the 204 in the town night-school, full, and from those who pay it no . nor the 199 enrolled in the training- other contribution is asked. school, nor the 207 who attend the teachers' summer school, nor, of Battle Creek Medical Missionary course, does this number include the thousands reached and helped through Conference the annual meetings of the Tuskegee Negro Conference. Students have T HE fourth annual meeting of the been enrolled from 38 States and Ter- medical missionary conference, ritories, and from 15 foreign coun- held under the auspices of the tries." American Medical Missionary Board, will be held at the Sanitarium in Bat- Work of the Home Missions Council tle Creek, Mich., January 2 to 5, in- clusive. Rev. Lemuel C. Barnes, field T HIS body, in which are repre- secretary of the Baptist Home Mis- sented all principal Protestant sion Board, is to preside over the con- home mission societies, has re- ference, and the attendance of several tained former Commissioner H. B. F. prominent mission workers is assured. McFarland, of Washington, to repre- The Battle Creek Sanitarium offers sent it in United States Indian affairs. free entertainment for one week to all Among Indians Presbyterians are the missionaries who attend, and the spending $160,000 a year; Congrega- invitation is to all evangelical mission- tionalists, $40,000; Episcopalians, aries regardless of denomination. $35,000; Baptists, $25,000; the Re- formed, $4,000. There are 304,000 An American Indian Association Indians, and they are slowly increas- ing in numbers, and vastly increasing T HE first congress of the Ameri- in wealth. As a people, it is said by can Indians, at Columbus, Ohio, an officer of the Council, they are the resulted in the organization of richest per capita people in America. the American Indian Association for the civic and social betterment of the A Novel Phase of Missionary Work Indian people. Among the leaders in this new movement are Charles E. A N institutional church in San Dagenett, educated at Carlisle and f i Francisco for the Japanese is subsequently establishing an employ- ment bureau through which Indians proposed. Behind it are some are finding a field for their respective of the leading Japanese citizens: the talents; Dr. Charles Eastman, of Am- president and vice-president of the herst, the greatest writer of his race, Japanese Association of America, the now in the employ of the Govern- Japanese consul, the managers of the ment; Henry Roe Cloud, the only In- Oriental Steamship and of the Mitsui dian who has graduated from Yale Companies, and Mr. Fujihara of the and who is now a student at Auburn Yokohama specie bank. Seminary; Dr. Carlos Montezuma, a full-blooded Apache, educated in Chi- A Self-imposed Income Tax cago and one of the greatest surgeons in the United States; Rev. Sherman A NOVEL plan has been devised Coolidge, an Arapahoe who is an in a Presbyterian church in Mil- Episcopal missionary; Arthur C. Par- waukee; and that is, the adop- ker, of the Senec~ tribe, Indian arche- tion of a self-imposed income tax for ologist of the State of N ew York; church purposes. The agreement

Miss Laura M. Cornelius, of the Onei- A third by-product is the indirect da tribe, a noted magazine corre- influence upon the priests and memspondent; Mrs. L. B. Baldwin, of bers of the Roman Catholic Church. Washington, an Ojibway, in the Fed- They see the Protestant missionaries, eral office of Indian claims, and whose consecrated lives become object- Charles D. Carter, a Choctaw Con- lessons. The priests begin to pay atgressman from Oklahoma. Christian tention to their sermons, and even exmen, ministers and laymen are behind pository preaching is at times heard in this new Indian movement, but it is their pUlpits, together with the readtheir purpose to improve Indian con- ing of the Scriptures and the singing ditions through education, especially of hymns in Spanish. Sabbath-schools industrial education, in addition to re- and young people's societies are orligious effort. ganized in Roman Catholic churches, and the Gospel is at work in the insti- By-products of Christian Missions tution which has so long hindered progress in Cuba. in Cuba EUROPE W HILE the preaching of the Word, in uncompromising A Bible for the Jews loyalty to the Lord Jesus Christ and the organization and up- A PECULIAR interest attaches to building of churches are the chief the work of Rev. M. S. Bergwork of the Christian missionary, mann, the well-known translator benefits appear wherever the Gospel of the Holy Scriptures into the comis being preached in sincerity and in mon speech of the dispersed of Israel. truth, which may well be called the Needless to say, it is the exception to by-products of the Gospel, being an find Jews who can read the Hebrew indirect fruitage of the good seed Scriptures with intelligence. Just here sown. Most important among these Mr. B. has found his most important by-products of the Gospel in Cuba sphere of service: he has made verseems to be the creation of a purer sions of the Old and New Testaments civic atmosphere. Deep moral con- into the forms of speech commonly victions are implanted by the Gospel known as Yiddish. Now he is adding and the necessary courage to avoid a singularly interesting edition of the them is imparted. Social regeneration Scriptures to the list-a Diglot Bible, flows from a renewed heart, and a with Hebrew and Yiddish in parallel Christian man becomes soon an intel- columns. Thus the Jews will be supligent citizen. Self-control, civic in- plied, at one and the same time, with tegrity, truthfulness and honesty in the Scriptures in their sacred tongue, business, purity in body and soul, all and with the interpretation in the these are genuine fruits of the preach- speech of every-day life. ing of the Gospel. The children, trained in the knowledge and practise Zionism Without Jewish Independence of Gospel ideals, grow up into a new generation which brings with it desire AT the recent Zionist Congress in for purer politics, opposition to the Switzerland a new interpretation Cuban vices of sensuality, gambling, was given to the old platform of cock- and bull-fighting, desecration of the movement. There has been much the Lord's Day and repression of the opposition to Zionism because of the common cruelty to animals. political aspirations of its leaders, who have been thought to be desirous of But beside the creation of a purer establishing a self-governing Jewish civic atmosphere, the missionary gives state in Palestine. needed instruction in hygiene and teaches the need of sanitation and im- Professor Richard Gottheil explains parts a knowledge of the laws of that Zionism has been forced by cirhealth.

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cumstances to take on a somewhat dif- eign missionary service (I in Japan, ferent form. The change came a few 16 in China, 5 in the Dutch East Inyears ago when the Young Turks de- dies, 9 in India, 2 in Asia Minor, 10 posed Sultan Abdul Hamid and won in Africa, I in Australasia, and I in control of the affairs of the Ottoman South Russia). Six of these members Empire. From the moment the con- have ~en obliged to return to Gerstitution was proclaimed it became many, chiefly on account of illness. evident that no such charter as it had been proposed to get from Abdul Of the 51 othet members 2 are en- Hamid could be obtained under the new order of things. gaged in missionary work at home, while 49 are still pursuing their The late congress has established no studies. Of the 96 members 28 are new institutions but decided to devote physicians or students of medicine, an its energies to developing particularly especially encouraging sign because the Palestine Land Development Com- the vast majority of the students of pany, which has already settled so medicine in the German universities many Jewish farmers in Palestine. used to be at best nominally Christian. Professor Gottheil said: "Our hopes The German Students' Union has in Palestine are intimately bound up been somewhat hindered by the stuwith the welfare of the Ottoman Em- dents who are followers of the more pire." liberal German professors of theology, in that they organized "Academic Dr. Julius Richter of Germany Missionary Societies" in nine of the German universities in 19IO. These D R. JULIUS RICHTER, who is academic missionary societies do not . undoubtedly the greatest Ger- aim at personal consecration to active missionary service of their members, man authority on missionary but simply at the study of missions and the cultivation of general interest work among the heathen, intends to in them.

give his whole time to lectures and Present State of Moravian Missions literary work in behalf of foreign mis- W HEN it was announced two years ago that, on account of sions. It is announced that he will a largely increasing deficit, the Moravians were forced to enter leave the pastorate in the near future upon retrenchment in their extended and greatly blest missionary work and accept the call as professor of among heathen in every part of the earth, regret was voiced from aU sides. missions to the Bible Training School The report of the society for 1910 has appeared, and tells a wonderful story in Bethel, near Bielefeld. Dr. Rich- of God's continued goodness and care.

ter is one of the two editors of the The income from all sources was $472,864 in 1910, and the deficit of Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschriff, the 1909, which amounted to $63,894, was decreased to $13,165, but the expenses German scientific missionary maga- for 1910 were far larger than the in- come, and the society still faces a zine founded by the late Gustav War- deficit of $32,706. This can be un- derstood when we add that the Moneck, since the famous professor's ravians number scarcely forty thou- sand. God grant they speedy relief death, and the editor of the foremost through the friends of the work in all lands and denominations. popular German missionary month- The missionary activity of the Moly, Die Evangelischen Missionen. He is well known in the United States and in Great Britain.

Student Volunteers in Germany T HE German Students' Union for Missions was founded in 1896 for the express purpose of enrolling student volunteers and arousing interest in missions among the students of the universities and theological schools. It now has 96 members, of whom 45 are engaged in active for-

ravians is greatly encouraging. In the man East Africa and Kamerun are 154 missionary centers and 155 out- under consideration for the new work.

stations, to which must be added 1,213 The North German Missionary So- preaching-places, 150 ordained and 37 ciety was forced to declare, reluctant- lay missionaries, together with 13 dea- ly, its inability to occupy the interior conesses and 176 wives of mission- part of Togoland, and the Basel Mis- aries, were assisted by a native force sionary Society, which has already of I02 regular workers and 2,I34 well-established and prosperous work helpers. The number of native Chris- in Kamerun and in the British Gold tians under the care of Moravian mis- Coast Colony, has declared itself will- sionaries was 96.459 at the close of ing to undertake the work in the in- 19IO, and 601 adult heathen had been terior of Togoland, if the consent of baptized during the year, while 1,270 the German Government can be had.

inquirers were being prepared for bap- Thus German societies, for the Basel tism. In the 347 missionary schools Society is at least half German, are 30,504 children received Christian in- beginning to enter upon more active struction by 759 teachers, and of these warfare against encroaching Islam in children 6,087 were heathen (3.4°4 the German colonies of Africa.

boys and 2,683 girls), while the 192 • Sunday-schools had 1,354 teachers and General Missionary Conference in . 24,357 scholars, viz., 7.434 boys, 8,783 Sweden girls, and 8,140 adults.

P The work of Moravian missionaries LANS are being made for a General Swedish Missionary extends to America, Africa, Asia, and Conference in September, 1912. Australia.

All missionary societies of Sweden Forward Movement of German Societies have been invited to appoint delegates T HE Neukirchen Missionary So- to the number of 75 per cent. of their ciety has been laboring in Java, missionary laborers, so that about 300 Dutch East Indies, and in the delegates are expected. These dele- Lamu and Tana districts of British gates will discuss missionary questions East Africa. It decided a short time (particularly technical questions), ago to extend its work in Africa, and while addresses by specially selected sent two of its missionaries into the men will deal with more general subnorthwestern part of German East jects, and large public meetings will Africa upon a tour of exploration. enlist the interest of Christians gen- These decided to occupy the thickly- erally. A missionary exhibition of populated district of Urundi, whose books, photographs, etc., will be given at the same time. Sultan, Kilima, seemed to be of a friendly disposition. Since the cara- Mohammedan Sect in Bulgaria van road from Lake Victoria to Lake B Tanganyika leads through Urundi, the ULGARIA has about 600,000 Mohammedans among its three society has selected an important dis- and one-half million inhabittrict for its new field of labor.

The Breklum Missionary Society ants. One-third of them belong to has been planning for some time to the sect of the J ologhli (or Sons of add a work in Africa to its most suc- the Road), which is called sometimes cessful work in India, where its mis- the sect of the Kizilbash (or Red- sionaries have already gathered 11,556 heads). This sect is found among baptized heathen in the seven mis- Mohammedans everywhere, but espe- sionary centers. At the annual meet- cially in Asia Minor, in Kurdistan, in ing of the society it was decided to Mesopotamia, and in Persia. Its mem- take up the battle against the rapidly bers are very numerous, and are gen- advancing Islam in Africa, and Ger- erally counted simply as Mohamme-

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dans, tho they do not belong to the Millions in Russia in Need Sunnites or the Shiites, or to any of E [GHT million persons are in the publicly known sects of Islam, the need of immediate relief owing to the failure of the crops in Dervishes or the Sufites. They are twenty Russian provinces. This startutterly distinct from all other Moha~­ ling announcement was made in the medans in doctrine and thought, 111 duma by Premier Kokovzoff in reply to interpellations concerning reports customs and in practises and rites. that famine threatened a wide area. They keep their doctrines and re- Crops had totally failed, the premier explained, in twelve provinces and ligious practises secret that the Mo- partly in eight others. Of the 12,- hammedans may count them as fol- 500,000 inhabitants of. th~ affe~ted lowers of Islam, but when they are territory 8,000,000 are 111 immediate among themselves they deride Islam need of relief. The necessary measand declare its doctrines false. Many ures would require, the premier said, of their religious practises are similar the expenditure of $60,000,000, of to those of their Christian neighbors, which amount the imperial exchequer and they have more sympathy with would have to find $44,000,000. Christians than with Mohammedans, yet they are not Christians. ASIA-MOSLEM LANDS The Jologhly in Bulgari~ ~re four:d Progr~ss in Palestine in the villages, not in the clttes. Their women wear no veils. Divorce is SOME significant indications of practically unknown and polygamy is the progress being made in the rare. The sending away of wives, ~o Holy Land are given by the common among Mohammedans, IS Rev. A. E. Thompson. Under the new strictly forbidden, and women are regime, a city government has b~en honored and are granted equal rights elected in Jerusalem, and before be111g with the men in public meetings. An chosen promises were made of waterelder called Dacdae, or Pir, presides works and a sewage system for the at the meetings for worship, which city. Land that was worth a penny a consist in a number of ceremonies, square foot years ago can not now be and are held on the evening of every bought for three shillings; the rise in Thursday in the home of the elder. price being made ~y the d.emand for These ceremonies, as well as all their building purposes 111 the City. Farm customs and practises, are transmi~ted lands that could not formerly be sold by oral tradition, while their d?ctnnes are now eagerly purchased. A harb?r to a certain extent are committed to is being proj ected at Jaffa, and 111 writing.' The books containing thes~ some of the farm colonies the Ameriwritings are kept secret. The J ologhl1 can reaping-machine can be seen at practise communism and hold all prop- work. erty jointly. Jewish University at Jerusalem? Pastor Anetaranian, of the German Orient Mission, whose description of N OT a few will be interested in thIS peculiar Mohammedan sect w~ the proposal to found a Jewish are following, thinks that the J ologhh University at Jerusalem. The originally were Christians, because he project is being advanced by Mr. has observed some peculiar custo~s Israel Abrahams, reader in Talmudic and ceremonies among them WhiCh at Cambridge, and Mr. Rabinerson, can not be explained otherwise. the well-known Kieff millionaire. Mr. Rabinerson has likewise in hand a One of the missionaries of the Ger- scheme for the endowment of scholarman Orient Mission has attempted to ships, to be held by students of existpreach the Gospel to these J ologhli in Bulgaria during the past year. He has traveled among them extensively, and reports open doors and willingness to hear the Gospel.

ing universities, with the obligation of the work so that it will be possible to pursuing literary or archeological re- travel the distance from Constantisearch during a portion of each year nople to Bagdad by railroad in 1917. at Jerusalem. The scholars are to be It will remain a long journey, tho the elected by an international board of distance is only 2,400 kilometers (less Jewish professors and university than 1,500 miles), because Turks do teachers. not believe in night travel, and it will still take five or six days of travel, Moslems Crowding Into Christian but it will be a tremendous change for the better. Schools E DUCATIONAL changes in Per- Kuweit Occupied sia in the last year have been remarkable. While a few years KUWEIT, in Arabia, is a strategic ago no Moslem students came to the city in that great Mohamme- Christian schools, many are now dan stronghold. Its occupation thronged with Mohammedan boys and seemed essential to the faithful misgirls. In Teheran the boys' school has sionaries of the Arabian Mission, and an attendance of over 300, of whom Dr. Zwemer, Dr. Thomas, and Rev. 180 are Moslems, and the girls' school Van Ess each tried to gain a foothold. has registered 235, of whom 116 are They were refused entrance again and Moslems. In 1890 there was only one again, and after fifteen years of stri- Moslem girl in this school. ving in vain to gain a foothold, they almost despaired of ever occupying it. Railroad Construction in Asia Minor When Rev. Van Ess was ordered out of the city he went to a little hill just T HE part of the railroad Con- on the border of the town, and there stantinople-Bagdad, which ex- he prayed fervently that Kuweit might tended from Bulgurluto Ulu- be opened to the Gospel. kishla, a town located at the foot of the Bulghar Dagh, the ancient Taurus, Two years passed and the city still was opened on July I. Thus the eyes was closed to Christian effort. Then of the world are once more directed Dr. Bennett met the sheik of Kuweit to the great future road for the com- in another city. He gradually won his merce of the world, which has met confidence, so that the white doctor more than usual obstacles in its con- was called in when the- Mohammedan struction. ruler's daughter fell sick. God blest the art of the physician and a surgical The building of the Bagdad rail- operation restored her to health. In road was commenced eight years ago gratitude the sheik opened Kuweit in Kania, and two years later 200 unto the Christian misionaries, rented kilometers (about 124 miles) were fin- a Bible-shop to them, and finally sold ished, the town of Bulgurlu, at the them a plot of ground for missionary foot of the Taurus, having been buildings. It was the little hilI where reached. Four years of inactivity fol- Rev. Van Ess had prayed that God lowed. Then, in 1909, the work was would open the city to the preaching commenced again from Bulgurlu to- of the Gospel. Thus God had anward Ulukishla and from Adana, swered the prayer of His child! south of the Taurus. As soon as the road over the Taurus and over the INDIA Amanus Mountains toward Ki11is has been finished, the most difficult and Gospel Triumphs the most expensive part of the work will have been done, and it remains SIR JOHN HEWITT-one of the only to lay rails over the sand to Bag- great rulers of India-pays a dad. handsome tribute to the work of the Salvation Army among the crimi- It is now being planned to hasten nal tribes at Gorak}!mr and Morada-

I9 12 ] WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS 7I

bad. Not only are they saved from and joined him silently in the prayer, crime, but they are turned "from more than half of the whole assembly hopeless enemies of mankind into use- stood up and remained silent and ful citizens." The Lieutenant-Gen- standing until the prayer was finished .. eral, indeed, says a great deal more, and credits the Salvation Army with Higher Missionary Schools in India solving "a hitherto unsolved problem." This striking testimony to the power nA CCORDING to the Leipsic Misof God's grace to convert the hopeless sionsblatt, the Christian Patriot enemy into the useful citizen is worthy calls attention to a regrettable of a permanent place in Christian rec- schools of India. It is said that in ords. It is well to have it proclaimed many of these schools two or three aloud on this high authority, that the teachers only are Christians, and they Gospel-even among the most tur1:m- teach nothing but religion. Thus the lent tribes of India-is still the power scholars are continually influenced by of God unto salvation. heathen teachers, and the influence of the teacher of religion is still de- Congress of Religions of All India creased by the fact that the heathen pupils of these missionary schools con- D IE EVANGELISCHEN MIS- sider him a more or less necessary SIONEN reports that a Con- evil. The superintendency of the gress of Religions of All India schools by heathen must necessarily was held at Allahabad in the beginning be disadvantageous to the interests of of the year. All sects of Hindus were Christianity. However, it must not be represented, and among the speakers, forgotten that Christian teachers, beside these Hindus, were Islam, fitted for higher schools, are scarce, Buddhism, Parseeism, Judaism, and and that the higher schools in connec- Christianity. The Christian mission- tion with missionary work in India aries thought that they ought to ap- are very numerous, perhaps too nupear upon the platform together with merous. the representatives of these false religions, because discussions and reso- Converted, Drugged and Made Insane lutions were prohibited and only concise statements of the doctrines and SEVERAL cases of insanity have tenets of the different religious sys- come to public notice in Indians tems were permitted, so that a fine who have either become Chrisopportunity for the public presentation tians or who were on the point of of Christianity was offered. They becoming Christians. It has been rewere greatly pleased with their suc- peatedly affirmed that members of cess, because deep interest was shown their caste or family, in despair at by the audience only when a Christian their conversion, have given them missionary began to speak. This was an herb or drug which immediprobably caused by the fact that every ately affects the brain. Definite con- Christian speaker seemed conscious of firmation of this has not been obthe importance and of the reality of tained, and some European physicians the message which he was delivering, deny that such a drug exists. If the while non-Christian speakers delivered undoubted insanity which comes on poor and unimpressive addresses. suddenly is not due to poison adminis- Once a Hindu' repeated a Sanskrit tered in the food, it would be interestprayer, but other Hindus did not show ing to know how else the symptoms the least reverence, and did not even can be accounted for. The fact that cease their loud talking. But when a a drug capable of producing insanity Christian stood upon the platform and in a single dose is unknown to Vestern prayed, and all other Christian mem- science is in itself no proof that such bers of the Congress reverently arose a drug is not known in India.

American Sr.hool Stands First of Hindus are scarce, and the Ganges Mission saw many years pass by with- I N the recent public examination of out the baptism of any heathen. The those graduating from the high number of baptized Hindus in this schools of the Madras Presidency, part of the work of the Gossner Misthe American Board's high school at sionary Society is now 757, while the Madura was at the top of the list for missionary schools have 1,259 pupils. the district, so far as English is concerned, and much above the average The Darkness of Tibet for the Presidency. This result is all the more gratifying in that the stand M R. R. CUNNINGHAM, of the of the school hitherto has been rather China Inland Mission, writes low, with but few of its students from in The Bible in the World: the Brahman caste. Steady and hard "Why Tibet remains in seclusion, work at the task of building up this the haunt of the recluse, may, I institution, important both in its own think, be explained by the one word, field and as a feeder for the college, Darkness. Its people hate the light has thus won its reward. and shun civilization. Their minds and hearts are darkened; they are The Gossner Mission Converts following a false ideal; they are trying to be and do good without T HE Gossner Missionary Society, divine strength. As a result, they are laboring in India, published its groping in dense night, and searching report for 1910 in brief form in vain for the very light which is that it might awaken and strengthen shining on the borders of their land. the interest of its friends, so that, Mission-work on the Tibetan border D. V., its large deficit from preceding is very difficult, but not discouragit:lg. years (more than $30,000) might be The missionary does not here meet wiped out before the celebration of raw heathen, uncivilized pagans, or its seventy-fifth anniversary, on De- wild cannibals. He meets something cember 3. The work among the hea- harder than any of these; he sets his then Kols is marvelously blest, so that face and life against a well-organized 1,984 heathen were baptized in 19IO, system of 'Enlightened Darkness.' " and the total number of baptized heathen increased to 77,535, of whom CHINA 3,301 belong to the kingdom of Jas- Once a Glacier, Now an Avalanche pur. There were 13,933 inquirers SAYS the London Christian: "For under Christian instruction at the years China has been like a glacclose of the year. ier, moving slowly, surely, but imperceptibly; to-day she is like an The report contains a note of com- avalanche. The success of the revoluplaint concerning the selfish and hos- tionary movement is nothing short of tile work of the Jesuits, who seriously astounding. City after city quietly cahinder the fight against the national pitulates; and concessions have already vice of the Kols, which is drunken:' been made from the throne which ness, and who continue to do all they point to great changes affecting popucan to make proselytes. The work is lar rights and liberties. When we realso hindered by the death of two of member the greatness of China's provthe most experienced missionaries and inces – Szechwan, with sixty-eight by the return of several others to Ger- millions of people, and Shantung, with many on account of sickness and thirty-eight millions-it is clear that weakness. .In the work among the such provinces are well worthy to be heathen along the Ganges the mission- states; and if it is possible to compact aries have been encouraged by the the whole under one supervising govbaptism of 89 Hindus and the coming ernment,· the progress of China, and of 138 candidates for baptism, remarkably large numbers, for baptisms

WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

therefore the progress of the world- C. A. has been successful in gaining and (may we not say?) the progress an entrance to the government schools of the kingdom of Christ-should be in Tientsin. enormously advanced." Can Work as Well as Give Christianity in China T HE ninety-two members of two CHINA, contains to-:-day probably Chinese churches in Shansi have 1,500,000 native Christians, two- heen volunteering shorter or thirds of whom are Roman Cath- longer terms of evangelistic touring. olics, and the remainder are distributed Their aggregate periods of free servamong the various Protestant sects. ice amount to fifteen months. In Great Britain and America divide the Hunan the members of another church labors of the Protestant work be- have systematically visited 1,448 viltween them. England specializes on lages out of 2,211 in their district, and its literary and evangelistic sides, while hope to evangelize the balance this America leads in educational and year. medical enterprises. England has largely given up Oriental educational JAPAN-KOREA work, chiefly owing to the failure of her efforts in India, which, seemingly, -Christian Ideals Virtually Adopted have ended only in spreading the spirit of revolt among the educated Hindus. T HE late Dr. J. H. DeForest tes,ti- There is but one English college in fied during his last visit to this China, as against fourteen maintained country that Japan had already by America. virtually adopted Christian ideals. Polygamy still prevails there, but it is More Missionaries for China decreasing and men are becoming ashamed to own that they have more T HE Liebenzell Mission, which is than one wife. Barbarous cruelty in associated with the China In- the punishment of criminals is de- land Mission in its work, sent clining. Popular education is preout ten new missionary workers to scribed there; business methods are China on September 3. Among them wholesomely improving; women are was its first medical missionary. He receiving better treatment-and our is a brother of the, first ordained mis- missionaries are chiefly responsible sionary of the society who was sent for this great enlightenment. out twelve years ago.

Activity of the Y. M. C. A. Testimony of a Christian Japanese MANY of the government col- R EV. GERMOSULEE has re- leges throughout China are cently said: "The Japanese now seeking for foreign Methodist Church is the latestteachers, and the demand is steadily born of Methodist churches. In 1907 and rapidly increasing. In a num- the members of the Methodist Episber of cases, both in Japan and China, copal Church, of the Methodist Episthe Y. M. C. A. has been instru- copal Church (South), and of the mental in securing for them Christian Canadian Methodist Church in the teachers and professors, and results Japanese Empire, with the full conhave amply justified the enterprise. sent of the Methodist churches in One government school-teacher, with- America, united and formed the in a year, gathered around him an Methodist Church of Japan, electing English Bible class of over 100 stu- the Rev. Yoitsu Honda Bishop. The dents, of whom twelve became Christians. The opportunities for splendid new church in 1907 began with 97 consecrated service in this great field churches, 9,738 members, 106 or- dained ministers, and 19,006 Sundayare practically unlimited. Th<;! Y. M. school scholars. It now has 107

churches, 13,000 members, 138 or- influence has been unmistakably great. dained ministers, and 25,000 Sunday- Anglo-Saxon civilization came in with the glad tidings of emancipation of in- .. .. .. school scholars. dividuals from their social and legal BARON KANDA, the head of bondage. The message consists of two words-freedom and responsibil- the higher commercial school in ity-freedom in the social and polit- Tokyo, at a reception and din- ical life, and responsibility in the spirner given recently in honor of Mr. itual and intellectual life." Russell and Hamilton Holt, of New York, said: Roman Catholic University for Japan "Let me, in this connection, pay a humble tribute to that noble band of GERMAN missionary magazines American missionaries and teachers, report that the pope has apwho have consecrated their lives to proved the plans for the foundthe cause of moral and intellectual ing of a Roman Catholic University elevation of our people,-that noble in Japan, and has entrusted the work band, headed by the late lamented Dr. to the Jesuits. The city selected for Hepburn, who, with the crown of over the new university is Tokyo. fourscore years and ten, but with a still brighter one of his immortal Koreans and Japanese Fraternize work, left in the hearts of his pupils here, has recently gone to his well- A f tNCherxistrtiaaonrdibnraortyheirnhtoeorvdenttoionproo-f earned rest. He has left behind him mote peace is noted in letters not a few pupils who have since risen from Tokyo. The native Young to posts of great importance in the life Men's Christian Association of Tokyo of new Japan, among whom I may invited thirty prominent Korean paspoint with pride to my honored friend, tors to come to Tokyo and spend two the president of the Bank of Japan weeks as the guests of the association, (Baron Takahashi) present to-night. the avowed object being to promote But there are many Hepburns, Ver- fellowship and good-will between the becks, Browns, and Williams, the last- Christians of the two lands, since it ing influence of whose labors it is im- was feared that the political resentpossible to overestimate. And I am ment of the Koreans against the Japglad to say that this noble band is con- anese conquest had created an unchrisstantly recruited, and is ever swelling, tian feeling among church people of whose influence is deeply stamped the conquering and the conquered naupon the rising generation, and will tions. The Koreans enjoyed their be felt indirectly through generations visit thoroughly and good results are to come." felt to have accrued from the plan.

The Influence of the Bible in Japan Y. M. C. A. in Korea MORE than five million copies of T HE Seoul Young Men's Chris- the Bible, in whole or in part, !ian Association was organized have been circulated in Japan 1ll 1903. It now owns a large during the last thirty years, yet the lot worth $20,000, paid for by Ko- Word of God is still the best-selling reans, and a building valued at book in Japan. The influence of the $46,000. Its budget of $11,000 is Bible is thus described by a writer in raised wholly in Seoul. It has the Japan Times: "More than any- a day school with a course of four thing else, the English Bible, together years, which graduated eighty-four with the presence of missionaries, has members last year; also industrial contributed toward the spread of new classes with shops, supported from ethical conceptions. Christianity as local funds. The commercial output a religion is yet far from making the of these shops last year exceeded conquest of this land, but its indirect $1,500. Of its 876 members, 872 are

12 ] WORLD-WIDE MISSIONARY NEWS

in Bible classes! Last year 752 men will realize how large he is both in became Christians in connection with heart and in purse. this work. In a recent campaign $5,000 has been raised for a gym- AFRICA-WEST nasium. Kings at a Missionary Meeting AFRICA-NORTH T HE centenary movement of the Missions in the Nile Valley Wesleyan Methodist Mission- ary Society is commanding deep I T is said that in the Nile Valley interest in distant parts of the there are 55 foreign missionaries, field. Rev. W. R. Griffin, of the Gold besides their wives-37 men and Coast, reports a meeting, at Cape women working in colleges, schools Coast, in these terms: "The chapel and hospitals; 46 native ministers, was crowded. Five native. kings were and IS licentiates who are caring for present with their retinues. The Ohthe interests of 60 organized congre- manhin (king) of Cape Coast pregations, with a membership of 10,000 sided, a man eighty-five years of age, people. There are 560 native work- who was nine years of age when our ers. Some 20,000 men and women first missionary landed at Cape Coast listen every Sabbath to the preaching in 1835. A great spiritual power of the Gospel; 14,000 gather for in- rested upon the meeting. We held anstruction in the Sabbath schools; while other crowded meeting at night; and the hospitals and clinics touch with before the day closed $1,500 in cash, the hand of sympathy and healing almost all in silver, had been paid in. some 35,000 people every year. The Weare hoping that the Cape Coast harem workers visit 5,220 women and Circuit will raise altogether $2,250." give them instruction and comfort in Mr. Griffin adds: "What hath God their homes. wrought indeed! Seventy-six years ago our first missionary landed here; Fifty-three' per cent. of the whole to-day we have 200 native teachers, cost of the American Mission in agents, catechists, and ministers; 31,- Egypt comes from the natives them- 000 full, trial, junior, and catechumen selves. members; and about 100,000 people worshiping in our churches." A Great Annual Conference A Royal Missionary T HE Evangelical United Presby- terian Church of Egypt held MISSIONARY SCHWARTZ, its Annual Conference for pray- of the Basle Society, writes er and spiritual edification October home from the Gold Coast: 10-12 at Sanaboo, a small town about "King Njoya might be called the two hours north of Assiut, by rail, and most influential missionary of all perhaps one and a half hours by don- the interior. He is himself building key from the railroad. There is a rich a great school for his 500 pupils. I man there who loves his "nation and have been working for a week at mahath built her a synagog" and a school king him doors and windows, and had for boys, one for girls and an orphan- to make the plan of the building in age for boys and girls. All were the order that the doors and windows guests of this man especially and the might fit exactly. N joya is enchanted church of which he is a member, inas- with his educational palace, and has much as they all gave us a royal wel- given me twenty-five logs for our stacome. The man entertained us all in tion.. He teaches the school himself, his own house or houses, for he has relates and dictates Bible stories to the three or four, and when you realize children, composes Christian hymns that he fed, housed and supplied all and teaches the children to sing them." the wants of a company not less than 300 for from three to four days you

AFRICA-EAST sionary spirit, however, carried him back to Japan in 1893, when he joined Friendly Authorities Bishop McKim's staff. For the next six years he was president of St. T HE influence of Bishop Hart- Paul's College, Tokyo, and did much zell's visit to Lisbon and his to lay the foundations for its present interview with the ministers effectiveness. After resigning his there," writes the Rev. W. C. Terril, formal connection with the mission, of Portuguese East Africa, "is hav- Mr. Lloyd was appointed a professor ing a great and helpful effect on in the Imperial University at Tokyo, our work. The officials know of it but continued to give valuable volun- and their attitude toward our work teeraid to the Church's work. Hun- is different. They respect it, for dreds of Japanese students have been they realize that there is back of it a led to Christ by Mr. Lloyd. His latest Church that is large and which stands large publication, "Everyday Japan," for the best things in government and is an interesting account of life as it life. The Bishop's interview with the is lived to-day in the Sunrise King- new high commissioner of the prov- dom, with some study of the reasons ince and the recently appo.inted dis- for Japanese customs. He was won- trict governors also resulted in a good derfully versatile and co.uld accom- understanding on their part of why plish an extraordinary amount of we are here." work with little apparent effo.rt. Dur- ing the years o.f his connection with To Undertake Home Missions the American Church Mission he used all his salary for Church work. A BOARD of missions has been organized in the English Church Rev. Henry Mansell of India mission in Uganda, Central Af- rica, with headquarters at N amirembe. A VETERAN missionary of the Its work is to evangelize in the regions Methodist Episcopal Church in around Uganda, using the Baganda as India, Rev. Henry Mansell, died missionaries as far as possible. Rev. on Wednesday, November 8, at Bris- G. H. Cassons writes: "There are ex- tol, Conn. He returned to America cellent openings in the northeast, from India in September, 1910., altho where the people are begging for he had been on the retired list at his teachers. About one hundred Bagan- own request since 1902. da are now at work, but there are openings for twice that number." Henry Mansell was born in Ohio in 1834, and after pursuing his studies in OBITUARY NOTES Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa., he went to India in 1863 and labored in Arthur Lloyd of Japan the present North and Northwest In- dia Conferences. In 1877 a high R EV. ARTHUR LLOYD, for school was established at Lucknow, nearly ten years a member of which later became the Centennial the American Church Mission High School and then the Reid Chrisin Japan, died at his home in Tokyo, tian College. Dr. Mansell became the October 26. Mr. Lloyd was born in first principal, and later was the presi- India in 1852, while his father was dent of Bareilly Theological Semi- serving as a colonel in the British nary. He served as principal of army. He was educated at Cam- Philander Smith Institute and presid- bridge and began work in Japan under ing elder of Mussoorie District from the S. P. G. in 1883 as an honorary 1893 to 1901. He was a tireless missionary, supporting himself by worker and an honored missionary teaching in Government colleges. whose work as translator and edu- After six years he went to Canada to cator will long continue to produce rebecome principal of the Church school at Port Hope and professor of Latin sults in Christian missions in India. in Trinity College, Toronto.. The mis-

• BOOKS ON MISSIONS

S' _ _ _A_N_D_M_IS_S_IO_N_L_A_ND_·S_ _ AN EIRENIC ITINERARY. By Silas McBee. Christianity. The Metropolitan Bishop 12mo, 225 pp. $1.00, net. Longmans, of Russia gave Mr. McBee his bless- Green & Co. New York, 1911. ing and best wishes on his mission. The Coptic Patriarch of Egypt re- A tour of Europe and the Levant marked that the visit had given him is not in itself of unique interest, but new ideas and new hopes. a tour of these nominally Christian lands by a prominent Christian lay- The spirit of the mission and of the man and editor in the interests of addresses is noble and Christian. The Christian unity is both unique and im- ideals are worth working for, and the portant. Mr. McBee attended confer- results are beyond our power to estiences, and on his tour talked with mate. The practical plans by which high representatives of all branches of to promote cooperation, the decision the divided Christian Church. The as to what are essentials in faith and purpose of these interviews with the practise, and th.e outward manifesta- Ecumenical Patriarch of Constanti- tions of unity may awaken wide disnople and others in England, Ger- cussion, but faith in Jesus Christ, the many, Russia, Italy, Egypt, and Con- son of God, and absolute dependence stantinople was to discover the real on Him for time and eternity form the content and spiritual value of oriental center around which Christians must Christian faiths, and to learn how far be drawn nearer together. their leaders were open to the suggestion of closer fellowship and cooper- AMONG THE INDIAN RAJAHS AND RyOTs. ation with the Roman and Protestant churches. Unity, not uniformity, is By Sir Andrew H. L. Fraser. Illusthe ideal which Mr. McBee desires. trations and map. 8vo, 368 pp. $4.00, His six addresses and papers, that net. Seeley & Company, London, 1911. follow the description of the tour, emphasize the great fundamental doc- Sir Andrew Fraser is well known trines and ideals that are held in as the former Christian Lieutenantcommon by all who believe in God as Governor of Bengal and for thirtyrevealed in Jesus Christ. seven years in civil service in India. There is no better living authority on The author describes the many re- the British Empire in India, and Sir markable changes that he observed in Andrew writes forcefully and well. the attitude of the Greek, Armenian He is a distinguished man, honored and .even the Coptic churches toward for his ability, courage, force and Roman and Protestant Christians. He Christian character. thinks that the end sought by division, the liberty to seek and live the The present volume describes Sir truth, has largely been attained, and Andrew's life in India, his experiences that the time has come to lose sight and observations among Europeans of our differences in our agreements and natives, in private and official life. -that now the same end may be at- He made friends with all classes and tained better by cooperation and unity. passed through some exciting times. Pope Pius X read some of the papers There is great variety in the topics printed in this volume and declared taken up, sad and serious, humorous that the Roman Catholic Church was and adventurous. The chapter on ready, in the interests of unity, to Christian Missions is sane and imyield all except the fundaments of pressive. The author says: "It is not easy to overestimate the importance of the beneficent influence

which missionaries have exercised in as emanating from the devil. The India." book is worth reading, as it gives a "In Nagpur, where I was stationed Christian view of the religious sys- for many years, I joined the native tem of the Hindus, but we doubt if church and became an office-bearer." the consensus of opinion among mis- "The power of the Spirit of life in sionaries in India would uphold Dr.

Christ Jesus to cheer and purify the Hume in his views. It is true that his- lives of men, and to elevate and trans- toric Hinduism has many beauties and form their characters is the same in much truth, but the results of the re- India as in England." ligious system show its character.

It is not easy to commend this vol- Like Shintoism, Confucianism, Bud- ume with sufficient emphasis. It will dhism and Islam, Hinduism is a mix- be read for its intrinsic value as well ture of beauty and ashes, of truth and as for the interest in the author and error; they are dying religions and can his theme. not be regenerated. They contain no THE CoNVERSION OF INDIA. By Emil P. beauty or truth which is not found in Berg. 16mo, 238 pp. 25. Arthur H. Christianity. It is well to recognize Stockwell, London, 1911. their good points, but their adherents Here is an attempt at reconciliation must forsake them and surrender to between Christianity and Hinduism. the claims of Jesus Christ.

The author looks on the attempted TURKESTAN: THE HEART OF ASIA. By conversion of India to Christ as dis- William E. Curtis. Illustrated. 8vo, appointing. He believes that the basis 344 pp. $2.00, net. George H. Doran of the missionary appeal must be Co., New York, 1911.

modified. A new method is advocated Turkestan is an unknown land to -along the line of liberal theology. most travelers and stay-at-homes. In other words, let down the bars and Few, even among missionary students, Hindus will come into the Church. could tell just where it lies, who are The "Reformed Christianity" of Mr. the inhabitants, and if any Christian Berg is, to our minds, "deformed missionary work is being carried on Christianity." It is heathenism that there. It is, nevertheless, a large and needs changing, not the Christianity important country. Russia governs of Christ. No doubt the religion as it with jealous eye and hand, but the taught and practised by missionaries land is full of interest and roman~e, is imperfect. The great fundamental and Mr. Curtis has lifted the veil to truths need to be emphasized, and the the reader. lives of Christians must witness to the Turkestan lies almost in the heart power of God, but to win by compro- of western Asia, south of Siberia and mise with evil is to lose. It is better between China and the Caspian Sea. for Christianity never to convert In- It measures about half the size of the dia than to convert it as Moslems con- United States (exclusive of Alaska), vert the Africans. A reconciliation and is settled by Turks, Tatars, Mon- between Hinduism and Christianity is gols and Chinese. The Christianity impossible unless one or the other known there is that of the Greek loses its true character. Church; other inhabitants are Bud- AN INTERPRETATION OF INDIA'S RELIGIOUS dhists, Moslems and pagans. Protes- HISTORY. By Rev. Rober! A. Hume. tant missions there are none. The 12mo, 224 pp. $1.25, net. Fleming H. nearest station is at Kashgar, in Chi- Revell Co., 1911. nese Turkestan. The Russian Gov- Dr. Hume is a missionary of ex- ernment is jealous of any efforts to perience and a forceful thinker and bring evangelical Christianity to the writer. He has made a careful study people. That they greatly need it of India's religions and history, and none will doubt after reading Mr.

writes very sympathetically of the Curtis's description. Bokhara cats systems which most Christians regard spend more time on their toilet than

ON MISSIONS AND MISSION LANDS

do Bokahara women. Foreigners are be still more so if British and Ameriprotected there, but the devil is not a can subjects were as fully represented foreigner. Opium smoking and vice as are the German. are prevalent, slavery exists and lib-" erty is unknown. The description of THE CHILDREN OF CEYLON. By Thomas Turkestan is entertaining but oppress- Moscrop. Colored illustrations. 12mo, ive to those who have compassion for 96 pp. 75 cents. Fleming H. Revell their fellow men. Co., New York. 1911.

A FOUNTAIN UNSEALED. The B. & F. B. This series of little volumes reveal S. Report for 1910-1911. Illustrated. the similarity and contrasts between London, 1911. the Anglo-Saxon and other children. The children are all human boys and There is nothing more impressive girls, but their environment, their than the simple narratives of the prog- training, their religions, customs, and ress and results of Bible distribution ideals are different. The descripamong non-Christian people. Here tion of these differences are very inare stories from all over the world- structive and entertaining; they also stories that amuse, touch, thrill, in- show the need of Christian training spire. They offer valuable material and the closing chapter illustrates for missionary addresses, and prove what is being done through mission that the Word of God is powerful and schools. This is an excellent book fruitful. for junior children.

THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GALAX GATHERERS. By E. O. Guer- RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE. Edited by Sam- rant. 8vo, 220 pp. $1.00. Presbyterian uel Macauley Jackson, D.D. Volumes Committee of Publication, Richmond, X and XI. 8vo. $5.00 per volume. Va. 1911. Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1911. A missionary among the Ameri- This series is a rich mine of relig- can Highlanders of Kentucky writes ious information. In general it is pre- these "field notes" of his experiences sented as nearly as possible fairly and among them, and declares that the without bias and with sufficient clear- truth he tells is "stranger than ficness and fulness to make the articles tion." Dr. Guerrant, by his vivid of real and permanent value. The bio- pen pictures, has given us an excelgraphical sketches include such men lent view of the Appalachian Mounas Robert E. Speer, Hudson Taylor, tain regions, and the untutored people Bishop William Taylor, James M. who live there. He himself has been Thoburn, Elias and Edward Riggs, soldier, doctor, evangelist, of ability the Schauffier family and others. The and success. The volume is full of articles on separate fields are well human interest. written by men who know. Spain is fully described with reference to Ro- THE MINISTER'S SOCIAL HELPER. By man Catholic, anti-clerical and Prot- Theresa Hunt Walcott. 12mo, 364 pp. estant forces. The South Sea Islands, $1.00. Sunday School Times Co.• Syria, and Russia are also well pre- Philadelphia. 1911. sented as mission fields. The theology is a compromise between conservative Church social functions for all ages and liberal. There are articles on so- and conditions are made easy by the cial service and socialism, and one on plans suggested in this practical Christian Science which was approved volume. The ideas on socials, misby Mrs. Eddy and is followed by a sions, work, and money-raising have criticism of its main features, well been tested and have been contriworth reading (by Rev. J. F. Carson, buted to the Ladies' Home Journal. Church, Sunday-school, and young D:D.). people's committees will find this The whole work of reference is ex- Helper useful without the faults of some committee chairmen-the plans ceedingly valuable for studtnts, teach- need not be accepted if they do not ers, preachers and writers. It would appeal or apply.

IN A FAR COUNTRY. By Harriette Bron- THE OLD FAITH AND THE NEW GOSPELS. son Gunn. 8vo, 244 pp. ~1.()(), n~t. Special Addresses on Christianity and Am. Baptist Pub. Soc., PhIladelphIa. Modern Thought. By Rev. A. B. 1911. Simpson. 16mo, 161 pp. 60 cents. Alliance Press Co., 692 Eighth Ave., Mrs. Gunn gives mainly the story New York, 1911. of her mother, Mrs. R~th Lucas Bronson's, life and work m Assam, EVERYMAN'S RELIGION. By George Hodges. 12mo, 297 pp. $1.50, net. India. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1911.

YORK CONFERENCE REpORT, Feb. 10-14,1911. UNDER THE PROPHET IN UTAH. The Na- l2mo, 268 pp. Is. 6d. Friends F. M. tional Menace of a Political Priest- Association, London. 1911- craft. By Frank J. Cannon, in collabo- ration with Harvey J. O'Higgins. The Edinburgh Missionary Co~­ $1.35, net. C. M. Clark Publishing ference has found many echoe~ 1.n Co., Boston, 1911. various parts of the world. ThIs IS one of them, held by ~h~ Society of THE YELLOW PEARL. A Story of the East Friends in Great Bntam, to con- and the West. By Adeline M. Teskey. sider the commission reports. Frontispiece, 12mo, 208 pp. $1.00, net. George H. Doran Co., New York, 1911. NEW BOOKS SOUTH AMERICA OF TO-DAY. A Study of AN EIRENIC ITINERARY. Impressions of Conditions, Social, Political, and Com- our Tour, with Addre~s~s and Papers mercial, in Argentina, Uruguay, and on the Unity of Christian Churches. Brazil. By George Clemenceau. Il- By Silas McBee. Illustrated, 12mo, lustrated, 8vo, $2.00, net. G. P. Put- 225 pp. $1.00, net. Longmans, Green nam's Sons, 1911. & Co., New York, 1911. THE CHANGING CHINESE. The Conflict PROFESSOR RAUSCHENBUSCH'S "CHRISTIAN- of Oriental and Western Cultures in ITY AND THE SOCIAL CRISIS." By I. M. China. By Edward Alsworth Ross, Haldeman, D.D. Pamphlet, 42 pp. 10 Ph.D., LL.D. Illustrated, 8vo, 356 pp. cents. Charles C. Cook, 150 Nassau $2.40, net. The Century Co., New York, St., New York, 1911. 1911.

AN OPEN LETTER TO SOCIETY. Frot? Con- THE COMING CHINA. By Joseph King vict 1776. With an IntroductIOn by Goodrich. Illustrated, 12mo, 298 pp. Maud Ballington Booth. 12rno, 160 pp. A. C. McClurg & Co., Cnicago, 1911. 75 cents, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, 1911. A GLIMPSE OF THE HEART OF CHINA. By Edward C. Perkins, M.D. Illustrated, HANDBOOK ON FOREIGN MISSIONS OF THE 12mo, 95 pp. 60 cents, net. Fleming UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF NORTH H. Revell Co., New York, 1911. AMERICA 1911. 103 pp. C. R. Watson, 200 N. i5th St., Philadelphia. ACROSS CHINA ON FOOT. Life in the In- terior and the Reform Movement. By DOWN NORTH ON THE LABRADOR. By Wil- Edwin J. Dingle. Illustrated, 8vo, 445 fred T. Grenfell. Illus!rated, 12mo, pp. $3.50, net. Henry Holt & Co., 229 pp. $1.00, net. Flemmg H. Revell New York, 1911. Co., New York, 1911. Literary Note TEMPTATION. What It Is, and How to Meet It. By Philip E. How!ird. 16mo, The Authorized Biography of the late 92 pp. Sunday-school TImes Co., Dr. Arthur T. Pierson is being written Philadelphia, 1911. by his son, for twenty years co-editor of the MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD. THE YOUNGEST KING. A Story of the The biography is to be published as Magi. By Robert Hamill Nassau. early as possible in 1912 by The Baker Frontispiece, 16mo, 95 pp. 50 cents, & Taylor Co. of New York, and by net. Presbyterian Board of Publica- James Nisbet & Co. of London. It will tion, Philadelphia, 1911. be based on the many private sources of information at the disposal of the family, HUDSON TAYLOR IN EARLY YEARS,. The including personal letters, diaries, pub- Growth of a Soul. By Dr. and Mrs. lished articles and unpublished manu- Howard Taylor. Illustrated, 8vo. scripts. It will include an intimate pic- $2.00, postpaid. George H. Doran Co., ture of Dr. Pierson's early life and New York, 1911. training, his world-wide work for mis- sions, the controversy connected with THE BROKEN WALL. Stories of. the his immersion and ministry of Spur- Mingling Folk. By Edward A. Stemer. geon's Tabernacle, London, and his con- Illustrated, 12mo, 219 pp. $1.00, net. nection with some of the great men and Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, movements of the past fifty years. 1911.

The Missionary Review of the World — December 1909

Copyright by Elliott & Fry, L

GEORGE E. POST, M.D.

gft,lfiss{onary CJ?.eview

of the World VOL. XXXII. No. 12 DECEMBER, 1909 VOL. XXII. No. 12 Old Series New Series SIGNS OF THE TIMES THE GREAT LAYMEN'S CAMPAIGN DECEMBER The Laymen's Missionary Move- Reading, Pa., 1·3 Schenectady, N. Y., 11· Detroit, Mich. Y.4, ·78-10 14 Syracuse, N. ment has issued a three-fold call in connection with their national cam- JANUARY, 1910 paign in seventy-five centers: New York City, 9-16 Wheeling, W. Va., 25· I. The Call to Men to Take Part in the Greensboro, N. C., 12e 27 National Missionary Campaign. 14 Dayton, 0., 25-27 II. The Call to Prayer for the Campaign. Huntington, W. Va., III. The Call to a Day of Prayer, on the Columbia, S. c., 17-19 27-28 third anniversary of the Movement. Pittsburg, Pa., 20·23 Cincinnati, 0., 28·30 Nashville, Tenn., 28·30 Throughout the National Mission- Macon, Ga., 21-23 FEBRUARY ary Campaign a weekly Bulletin will Louisville, Ky., 1·3 Oklahoma, Okla., 15·17 Jacksonville and Tam- Shreveport, La., 16·17 be issued by the Laymen's Missionary Wichita, Kan., 18-20 pa, Fla" 1·3 Houston, Tex., 18-20 Movement. St. Louis, Mo., 3·6 Topeka, Kan., 22·24 Montgomery, Ala., 4-6 Dallas, Tex., 22-24 The motive in this Movement is Memphis, Tenn., 8-10 Kansas City, Mo., 24·27 Jackson, Miss., 8-10 Little Rock, Ark., 11-13 El Paso, Tex., 27- New Orleans, La., 12- March 1 15 seen in the following extract from MARCH Canada's National Missionary Policy: CoJ~;ado Springs, Col., Sacramento, Ca1., 14-16 Lincoln, Neb., 15-17 "We believe that the call to make Denver, Col., 3-6 Phoenix, Ariz., 4-6 San Francisco, Ca1., 17dominant and regnant in all human Sa~fake City, Utah, 20 relationships, personal, national and Los Angeles, Cal., 8-10 Omaha, Neb., 18·20 Fresno, Cal., 12·14 Sioux City, la., 22-24 racial, the principles and spirit of Cheyenne, Wyo., 13-14 Mitchell, S. D., 29-31 Portlana, are., 29-31 Jesus Christ, presents to every man APRIL his supreme opportunity of develop- Davenport, la., 1-3 Indianapolis, Ind., 12- Moline and Rock Isment, usefulness and satisfaction, and 14 land, Ill., 1·3 Butte, Mont., 12-14 we appeal to men everywhere to in- Tacoma, Wash., 1-3 Billings, Mont., 15-17 Seattle, Wash., 2-5 vest their intelligence, their influence, l1ilwaukee, Wis., 5-7 bcl~~h,NM~~;'.: 9'H_24 Peoria, Ill., 8·10 St. Paul, Minn., 26-28 Spokane, Wash., 8-10 their energy and their possessions in MAY the effort of combined Christianity to Chicago, 111., 3·6 redeem the world." -NATIONAL MISSIONARY CONGRESS.

The conventions are to be held in ENCOURAGING SIGNS OF LIFE the following cities: In spite of the financial depression the offerings of the United States OCTOBER and Canada for foreign missions in- creased last year $602,000. The in- Buffalo, N. Y., 16·19 Richmond, Va., 23-26 crease of income from the foreign field Bristol, Tenn., 19-21 Worcester, Mass., 29-31 was even more remarkable, being Cleveland, 0., 21-24 NOVEMBER Providence, R. 1., 5-7 Philadelphia, Pa., 18-21 Boston, Mass., 6·7 Harrisburg, Pa., 22-24 Washington, D. C, 11- Scranton, Pa., 22-24 14 Hartford, Conn., 27-30 Baltimore, Md., 16-18 Portland, Me., 27-30 $1,360,000. The total gifts on the ing a population of 140,000, provided foreign field was $4,844,000, and this an aggregate attendance for a fortamount was forty-eight per cent of night of 114,000, and another town the total amount contributed for sent a third of its 30,000 daily. The foreign missions by the Protestant Australians appear to have been imchurches of North America. prest by the organization and detail of the enterprise, and still more with the "The increase of native converts burden laid upon Dr. Chapman's hearlast year was 164,674, or over 450 a ers everywhere, the duty of carrying day. The cumulative effects of the forward community evangelization. foreign mission enterprise is shown Mr. Alexander's work has commandby the fact that it took one hundred ed admiration, and with the assistance years to gain the first million con- of the great Melbourne choir, 1,500 verts. The second million were se- voices picked from the choirs of 400 cured in twelve years, and they are churches, he rendered yeoman's aid to now being added at the rate of a the evangelist. After five days of faremillion in six years. The percentage well, the party embarked for China. of the increase of the church-membership of America was one-and The religious press has served the one-half, while the increase of Amer- mission devotedly throughout. Doctor ican missions abroad was twelve per Chapman was invited to return after cent. Two members were added in two years, and 500 members have been America for each ordained minister, enrolled in a Laymen's United Evanwhile forty-one were added in the gelistic League. foreign field for each ordained American missionary. THE PROGRESS OF A CENTURY THE AWAKENING IN AUSTRALIA Think over the mighty changes that have been brought about within the The verdict on the Chapman-Alex- last hundred years. China was one ander campaign, recently brought to a dense mass of heathenism. Africa stirring climax in Australia, appears only a geographical name. India, to be unanimous and emphatic. "The Tartary and the isles of the sea were changed outlook of the ministry, the in darkness that might be felt, yet the revived spirit of the churches, the re- Church was sleeping as undisturbedly inspiration of flagging church institu- as tho she had nothing to do with the tions and the new movements that other side of the globe, or even with have been born of it," are cited among those who were in darkness nearer the really important fruits of the mis- home. How different it is to-day! sion. From the outlying districts re- There is hardly a land on all the circle ports still come in of resultant efforts of the globe that has not been entered among local churches, the revival by the heralds of the Cross. Even wave not yet having spent its force. in Central Africa, where, fifty years During the sixteen weeks of their ago, the name of Christ had not been meetings, the evangelists' party have heard, they are now singing praises traveled over 5,000 miles to conduct to him beside the quiet waters of missions. Some of the attendances re- Victoria Nyanza, and along the banks ported are remarkable; Adelaide, hav- of the mighty Kongo.

OF THE

RELIGIOUS CONGRESS IN CALCUTTA ica via China and Japan in furtherance of his plan of saving his country from The Leipsic Lutheran Missionblatt a European Protectorate, by securing reports that a great national religious American intervention. His success is congress was held in Calcutta from doubtful, as there is not much inclina- April 9th to I rth. About 1,500 edu- tion on the part of the American Recated Hindus were present and lis- public to saddle itself with territorial tened attentively to the addresses de- responsibility, but the letter is of inlivered by the representatives of the terest as showing the present attitude different religions. The Radja of toward nations of Europe. The Bel- Darbhanga, an orthodox Hindu, and gian enormities in the Kongo Free the liberal Judge Sarada Tsharan State have not enamored the Africans Mittra ably presided, and Buddhists, of European tender mercies. The acts Djains, Jews, Mohammedans, Parsees, and attitudes of governments seriously Christians, and many of the sects of affect not only the cause of evangeliza- Hinduism were represented. Attacks tion, but of civilization. upon other religions were strictly forbidden and great tolerance and much KOREAN PROGRESS forbearance were manifest. The most interesting point was the apparent de- The theological seminary at Pyeng sire of many non-Christian speakers to Yang, Korea, has 98 students in atmake their religions appear the true tendance. The men have marvelous representatives of the fatherhood of memories. At a recent examination God and the brotherhood of all men. forty questions each were asked on They showed clearly how these fun- Joshua and the Epistles of the New damentals of Christianity have entered Testament, from Galatians to Second into religious thought in India. Thessalonians; and eighty questions on Deuteronomy, but not one failed. A PLEA FROM ABYSSINIA The missionary who conducted the ex- amination writes: "I never saw any- Prince Johannes Menelik, of Adis thing like it for keenness and vora- Abbeba, heir to the throne, writes a cious acquisitiveness. The knowledge letter for the authenticity of which of the Bible which the student manithere seems to be ample testimony, fests would put to shame the average pleading for American intervention in seminary or college student in our own Abyssinia. He writes: land."

I am a prince of Africa, and I now call GOSPEL TRANSFORMATION IN to the world-wide attention to help me in MEXICO this great work, because if we left it in our native people's hands Africa shall go to hell Thirty years ago a small company and not to heaven. I must point out one of Protestant Christians in the village thing. We don't want Germans, or English, of Atzala, State of Puebla, were ator French in this country. But if America tacked by a fanatical mob of Roman come in my lifetime, she and her subjects Catholics and twenty of the members shall be welcome. But German people is of that little congregation were cruelly no good to any colored people. England murdered, some of the officials of the she is hell enough. German forty million town giving assent to the assassinatimes worse. And on other hand, I do tion. Now Rev. H. A. Bassett, of the think we can get as goodes man in the Methodist Mission, writes: state of America. The prince proposes a visit to Amer-

A few days ago I held service in our perish but that all should come to repentchapel in that place, and behind me on the ance; through Whom God has established wall were printed the names of those twen- His Kingdom on earth; and by whom the ty who were sacrificed for the establish- Holy Spirit draws men to faith and peniment of the new faith. To-day what a mar- tence, inspires them to a life of service, and velous transformation is noticed. We have brings them into ever deeper harmony with a Methodist. church there with the follow- God's Holy Will. ing officials of the town as members: The president of the municipality, his secretary, III. This Church exists for the proclamathe first-assistant to the president, one other tion of Christ's Gospel and the extension of member of the town council, the teacher of His Kingdom. the boys' school and the postmaster. Truly the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the SOUTH AMERICANS HUNGRY FOR Church. At another point on this same cir- KNOWLEDGE cuit we have a day-school of sixty-two scholars, and the members of the congrega- The most impressive demand tion are at present erecting a neat chapel. made upon Protestant Christianity by the peoples of the South Ameri- STEPS TOWARD UNION IN AFRICA can republics is their "persistent, eager and universal demand for lib- Four denominations in South Africa eral education," says Bishop F. M. are making progress toward union into Bishop of the Methodist Church. one body. The Presbyterian, Method- He considers that as one of the ist, Baptist and Congregational seem most hopeful signs of the triumph to have better prospects for agreement of truth in the southern world. The in belief than similar movements in easiest thing to do in any city, town Australia and Canada. The sub-com- or village of South America is to mittee on doctrine proposed a brief start a school. The people are huncreed, which is commended to the at- gering and thirsting for knowledge. tention of the churches in Canada Education is almost a mania with whose negotiations are handicapped by them. There are schools connected being confronted with a long and cum- with the mission churches in many bersome series of statements furnish- towns, and these might be opened ing material for endless debate. This in all the towns were there suffiproposed South African creed is pref- cient money to employ teachers. aced by a declaration of the historic These additional schools would be continuity of the United Church with crowded, as those are that are althe Church of the New Testament and ready in operation. the Reformation, reserving to itself the right to revise its declaration of REVIVAL IN WEST CHINA faith when it may be deemed necessary. The creed is as follows: "There is a fierce struggle going on in Kiating," writes Mr. Bradshaw, of 1. This Church acknowledges and re- the Baptist Mission, on July 15th. ceives the Word of God delivered in the "The devil and all his forces are fight- Old and New Testaments as its standard of ing the Kiating Christians, but they do faith and life. not stand alone. A week ago, the Holy Spirit came in power on the Canadian II. It accepts and holds as the central Methodist West China native confermessage of Scripture the evangel of the ence assembled at Ren Shon. At the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Who loved close of the conference several of the us and gave Himself for us; in Whom God Christians came to Kiating, and a is revealed as the righteous and loving united meeting was held at which Father Who is not willing that any should

OF THE TIMES

these men spoke with much power. for religion and would gladly grant re- ligious liberty, but they fear the com- The missionaries in the city decided to mon people.

hold union meetings for one or two In the meantime missionaries are recogmzmg the opportunities, and nights to pray for a like blessing for calling for men and money to enable them to enter the open doors. One of Kiating. Morning meetings were held the Presbyterian physicians has been offered the position of surgeon to the separately in the three chapels at six forces of the Nationalist leaders. While he could not accept the position o'c1ock, and in the Baptist chapel again lest he be involved in politics, he writes: at six at night-before the union serv- Our relations with them have continice at 7 :30." ued cordial and we have had many long talks with the leaders in which we tried Five days later Mr. Bradshaw to show them the supreme importance of setting righteousness first in all their writes: plans.

The people in the street here say "The ENLARGEMENTS CALLED FOR IN Christians' God has come down," and He UGANDA truly has. Morning after morning and night after night they come together, and In the Church Missionary Review God has poured out a rich blessing on Kia- Bishop Tucker and Dr. A. R. Cook ting. make urgent appeals for the establish- ment of a medical mission and the The meetings have grown quieter, but are opening of two new stations in the intense and powerful, and the interest con- Bukedi Country, in the eastern provtinues. At first the whole congregation ince of the Protectorate. The two would be praying at once, and sobbing, and stations suggested are Dokolo in the on their knees pouring out confessions of Lango country, and Longoi in the awful sins for an hour and a half to two Teso country. Longoi is some three hours at a time. Now many are enjoying days' journey north of Lake Salisbury, the peace of God, and those who confess and only two days' march from the are coming a few at each meeting, and Karamop country. Dokolo is a good quietly, but some of them most sincerely, deal west of Longoi, and is intended to confessing their sins. be the center from whence the Lango and Bamiro peoples can be evangel- Some left the city, they were so afraid of ized. In a more recent letter Bishop the power of the Holy Spirit; others keep Tucker writes: "The whole field of away from the meetings for fear they might Bukedi is before us. In a year or two be led to confess. For these we are praying the opportunity will have passed from and sending messengers, hoping they may us-the Mohammedan will be in." not escape the blessing. With the definite object of assisting in withstanding this Mohammedan ad- MOVEMENTS IN PERSIA vance, the missionary committee of the Uganda Church have resolved, The movement for political freedom should means be forthcoming, to send and liberty of conscience in Persia is gaining impetus, as will be seen from the following: Recently a newspaper published a statement to the effect that 1,300 years ago the lizard-eating Arab barbarians forced a load upon the Persians which the latter have not been able to throw off since. Probably the writer was thinking of the political and literary burden, but his remarks came so near being a reflection on Mohammed and his faith that the paper was supprest. The writer goes unpunished, and on the whole the incident caused more amusement than anything else. Many of the leaders care nothing

out Baganda missionaries into the re- friends nor to its own conscience, if it gions beyond Uganda. would leave a missionary territory to it- self, before the Lord puts it face to face MODERN SLAVERY IN AFRICA with the impossibility of looking after that territory. It is not in the Kongo State alone that men are made the prey of ava- In regard to specific fields, the followrice, deprived of rights in their own ing resolutions were passed: lands, and reduced to serfdom. A recent book by Mr. Charles A. Swan, 3. The older districts are to be limited for twenty-three years a missionary in in their expenses. Attention is to be Angola, gives details of the traffic in paid that none of them have a sure exhuman flesh that is going on in that istence at the expense of the others. colony in violation of Portuguese law, without the slightest effort on the part 4. The new fields must be kept back of the Portuguese colonial authorities wisely for the present. to check it. The book is a melancholy revelation of inhumanity, oppression, 5. The work in Nicaragua will have to and crime, underlying and polluting a be gradually suspended, if the social and -large part of the trade in the colony. political conditions of the country do In directing attention to the criminal- not cha·nge for the better. At this time ity of Belgium and of Portugal, we large retrenchments are to be made, yet are not forgetful of the reproach without completely sacrificing congregawhich lies against Christian countries. tions. The callousness with which we keep pouring in gin to demoralize and im- 6. Wherever there is an opportunity, a poverish the natives in Nigeria and whole district or a part of it be given elsewhere in order that traders may over to another missionary society. grow wealthy is a crying shame. 7. At home economy must likewise rule as much as possible.

Friends of the work issued an ap- peal for funds immediately, and about $r,70o were collected in a short time. The Lord guide the great missionary body safely through this crisis unto victory.

THE MORAVIANS AND REDUCTION OF SLAVE LABOR MUST CEASE EXPENSES Leading English and German cocoa "Retrenchment is not retrogres- manufacturers have announced that sion," says the annual report of the they will buy no more cocoa-beans Moravians in reviewing the action from Portuguese West Africa until taken by the General Synod. That they are convinced that slave labor has our readers may understand the ac- been abolished there. They declare tion better we translate it as it appears they will not put into their goods the in the German report, pp. 26, 27. It produce of slavery. Instead of cloreads: sing their eyes to the merely reported evil, some of these firms sent agents 1. General Synod with deep sorrow to investigate conditions. The abovetakes cognizance of the financial crisis in mentioned action followed, and shows our missionary work. It has been obliged a fine moral sensitiveness that is reto become convinced that it will beim- freshing. Such an attitude by the busipossible to restore the equilibrium in the ness representatives of great Chrisbudget without retrenchments. tian nations will go far to recommend the religion of which such nations are 2. Yet it feels unable to order the supposed to be exponents. Missionary Committee to give up a whole field at once, because no society, and no Church, is ready to take it over at this moment. It could not answer to its

TO JEWISH MISSIONS

BY REV. LOUIS MEYER, NEW YORK In answering the common objections The attentive reader of the Word to Jewish missions, we take our stand of God, in Acts 10, sees, to his astonupon the Bible as the Word of God. ishment, how difficult it was for the From it we learn that all men, Jew Jewish Christians, who formed the and Gentile, "have sinned and come membership of the Church of Christ short of the glory of God," and that in the days of the apostles, to learn the by faith in the Lord Jesus Christ we lesson "that the Gentiles should be are saved," for there is none other fellow heirs and of the same body, and name under heaven given among men partakers of his promise in Christ by whereby we must be saved." We the gospel." To one who urges the therefore ansWer negatively the ques- preaching of the Gospel to the Jews tion of Rev. Madison C. Peters.* to-day, Gentile Christians seem just "There are many roads which lead to as slow to believe that it is Scriptural one destination on earth; why can and according to the divine order to there not be more than one road lead- preach the Gospel "to the Jew first, ing to heaven ?" We emphasize the and also to the Greek," and objecfact that there is but one way to tions, seemingly based upon the Word heaven, not a Jewish way and a of God, are brought forward. Some Protestant way and a Roman Catholic of these we will briefly discuss and way, but as Jesus said, "I am the answer: way." To us it is clear that any man, Jew or Gentile, without faith in Christ 1. PAUL TURNED FROM THE JEWS is not in the Way of salvation, and TO THE GENTILES-Acts 13 : 45, 46. that therefore, in answer to our Mas- Answer: It is true that Paul turned ter's command, "Go ye into all the from the Jews in Antioch, when they world, and preach the Gospel to every were filled with envy, and contracreature," we are solemnly bound to dicted and blasphemed, but he never include the Jew in our missionary en- stated that he turned from all Jews to terprise. the Gentiles. Already in the next chapter (14: I) we read that "Paul Many objections are urged against and Barnabas went both together into the preaching of the Gospel to the the synagog of the Jews, and so spake Jews by sense and natural reason, by that a great multitude both of the Jew and Christian. We can not at- Jews and also of the Greeks believed." tempt to answer them all in the And that the apostle continued to visit limited space allotted to us, and must the synagogs and preach the Gospel restrict ourselves to the chief objec- to the Jews, no reader of the other tions urged against missionary enter- chapters of the Acts can deny (Acts prise among the Jews, (1) by devout 18 : 6, 19, 28, etc.). Christians; (2) by Jews and Christians together. 2. THE REJECTION AND CRUCIFIX- ION OF THE MESSIAH EY THE JEWS 1. OBJECTIONS URGED AGAINST MIS- AND THEIR CRY, "HIS BLOOD BE UPON SIONARY ENTERPRISE AMONG THE US AND OUR CHILDREN," HAS CAUSED JEWS, EVEN BY DEVOUT CHRISTIANS. THE PASSING OF A SENTENCE OF RE- JECTION AGAINST THE REBELLIOUS • Homiletic R.,new, November, 1907, p. 396–an PEOPLE. Answer: If there be such article directed against the Proselyting of Jews and Rom.!l Cilthoji,., – —

a sentence, Paul, tho he was an in- the purposes of God by preaching the spired apostle, did not know of it. Gospel to the Jew now. Yea, rather, he declared the opposite (Rom. I I : I). He asks the pointed 4. THE JEWS ARE TO BE CONVERTED question, Hath God cast away His BY MIRACLES. Answer: Every conpeople? Then he answers, God for- version, whether of Jew or of Genbid! and points to himself and his tile, is a miracle, so that the objector conversion as a living evidence of the is right in that respect. But if he contrary. There was a "remnant, ac- means that the Jews are to be concording to the election of grace" at verted by looking at miracles, we anthe time when Jewish unbelief and de- swer that miracles never did and never pravity seemed at their height. That will convert any man, as far as man remnant has never been cut off, it knows, tho God is supreme in the emexists still; for only "a hardening in ployment of any agency. The inpart hath befallen Israel." Through- habitants of Palestine in large numout the centuries since the days of bers looked upon the mighty works Paul, there have been more than of the Son of God, but they did not enough real, undoubted conversions of believe. The Son of God rose from Jews to contradict the allegation that the dead, yet they were not persuaded. sentence of rejection has been passed In Romans IO, Paul teaches us that upon them and the attempt to preach ordinary means are to be employed the Gospel unto them is futile. for the conversion of Jews and Gen- tiles, viz., that the Gospel is to be 3. THEJEWS ARE TO BE CONVERTED preached. (See also Luke 16: 31.) AS A NATION. "THE TIME IS NOT COME; THE TIME THAT THE LORD's But, after all, these and similar ob- HOUSE SHOULD BE BUILT." Answer: jections brought forward against mis- What do we know of the times and sionary enterprise aniong the Jews by seasons which the Father hath retained devout Christians are less important in His own power? Is not the time than, more than eighteen centuries nearer than when Paul labored and prayed Jewish Objections for it? Dare we neglect work on account of a mere hypothesis which may II. OBJECTIONS URGED AGAINST turn out to be false? But even if it JEWISH MISSIONS BY THE JEWS were true, that the time for the national THEMSELVES, IN SOME OF WHICH conversion of the Jews has not yet THEY ARE SECONDED BY CHRISTIANS. come, is it not always the time to be laboring for the salvation of individ- 1. ANY ATTEMPT TO PROMOTE uals, both Jew and Gentile? "Behold! CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE JEWS IS now is the accepted time; behold! now AN INSULT TO THAT RACE. Rabbi B. is the day of salvation." Souls are Felsenthal, in his "Criticism of Chrisever precious, ever perishing; the tian Missionary Enterprise," says: blood of Christ is always able to "The mission to the Jews is an insult cleanse from sin; and the Holy Spirit to the Jews of the city or the neighis ever near to regenerate and sanc- borhood in which it is being carried tify. No, we do not interfere with on." William Rosenau, in an article published in the Chicago Israelite and widely circulated by being reprinted in the Literary Digest, 1907, page 380, says: "Should he (i.e., the Jew) turn

TO JEWISH MISSIONS

the tables on the Christians and at- singled out is not singltlar. There are special missions to Roman Catholics tempt to Judaize by carefully devised and to many special sects and nations in this great country of ours and conversion methods, the Jew would abroad. Special agents and a special training for the work are needed, be considered intolerant. . We therefore special societies must be formed, where large numbers of Jews would be censured for arrogating unto are gathered together. Beside that, to the firm believer in the Word of God, ourselves the sole possession of the a special importance is attached to the preaching of the Gospel to the Jews, truth and the entire truth for he reads many promises referring to that people and is persuaded that and in some countries the indignation the future of the Church of Christ is most intimately connected with the aroused would probably take the form bringing of the Jews into the Church. The believer in the Second Coming of of persecution." Prof. Goldwin Smith the Lord Jesus Christ is convinced that the glorious event will not come joins the Jews in this obj ection, to pass until the remnant, according when he writes: "In one respect, the to the election of grace from the Jew has certainly a right to complain Jews, has joined the "people for his name" from among the Gentiles. Is . not of persecution, but of it a wonder that he seeks out the Jew and offers the Gospel to him? what may be called a want of religious delicacy and courtesy on the part of c. The statement, "Should he at- Christians. He is singled out as the tempt to Judaize by carefully devised obj ect of a special propagandism by conversion methods, the Jew would sllch societies as those for the conver- be considered intolerant," can not be proved. The Jew judges others by sion of the Jews." himself. If the Jews are perfectly satisfied that their religion is from ANSWER: God, it is their bounden duty, from the standpoint of the Christian, to a. Jewish missionary work, as such, teach it to others and to try and proseis not wanting in either religious deli- lytize them. At the time of Philo, when Judaism was under the incacy or courtesy. It is simply the car- fluence of Greek philosophy and other similar agencies, it did proselytize, rying out of the Great Commission to and we know of no special persecu- tions by Christians which were caused preach the Gospel to every creature, by that propagandism. Furthermore, Prof. Goldwin Smith, the very man for that includes every man and who states that we are showing lack of delicacy and courtesy in preaching every sinner, and the Jew is both. The preaching of the Gospel to the Jews is not a proof of Ollr contempt, but of our respect for them. True Christians love the Jews and, conscious of their great indebtedness to the nation and convinced that some of them will be- lieve in Jesus as the Christ, they try to requite favors received. To the Christian the New Testament is the key which unlocks the doors of the Old, and in gratitude he offers the key to the Jewish people, to whom the Old Testament was entrusted by God originally. The Christian offers to the Jew his most precious possession, even salvation by faith in Christ. Why should the Jew be offended at that?

b. The case of the Jew in being

the Gospel to the Jews, is authority edge and experience to themselves? for the statement that for a period in If they are perfectly satisfied that their history they tried to proselytize their [modern] religion is from God others. and their interpretation of the Old Testament is right, it is their bounden 2. CONVERT YOUR OWN-LET US duty to teach it to others and to try and proselytize them. What special ALONE (Rabbi Franklin, Detroit).- efforts are they making to this end? William Rosenau, L.C., says: "Are we heathen? Have we in any way In what sense are the Jews of tochecked humanity's progress? Have day a blessing to the Gentiles of towe contributed nothing, by means of day? How are they acting so as to our faith, to that higher knowledge, be a source of spiritual good to others? that loftier morality, and that Godlier They can point to no spiritual triidealism, which have lifted society out umphs in modern days. No heathen of the depths of barbarism to the races have been brought out of their heights of human culture ?" An sin and gloom and sorrow by their anonymous English Jewish writer efforts, and in our fight against the cries out, "We have a religion older giant evil of the liquor traffic and than yours, venerable, sacred, pure. against other vices, we scarcely ever Our God is your God, our Scriptures have the support of any Jewish leader. largely make up yours. In our teachings you have a sublime monotheism, b. Is it not true that the lofty moa lofty morality, and out of that rality of the f ewish race, of which the teaching come charitable institutions objectors are so proud, is waning in which are the glory of our time. Why OttY country? Ignorance, degradainterfere with a race like this? Look tion and vice are rapidly increasing around, look at the mass of the hea- among the younger Jewish generathen, the dense multitudes of people tion. Rabbi Schanfarber, in the Amerin ignorance and idolatry and degra- ican Israelite, December 12, 1907, dation; but leave to themselves this said: "Whether we Jews want to recgreat race, or, at least, omit them for ognize the fact or not, it is neverthethe time being from Christian enter- less true that criminality is on the inprise and thought and effort." Madi- crease among us. We may ascribe son C. Peters writes: "Why should this to the fact that we are partaking we Protestants be so eager to wash of the environment in which we live, other people's linen when we have so or to whatever other cause or causes much of our own soiled?" we will; it is there, and something ought to be done to offset it." We ANSWER: a. What, after all, has know that the Gospel is the power of modern fudaism done for the world God to change the aspect of the moral in regard to the most important ques- world, to rectify its· disorders, and to tion, the method of man's reconcilia- dry up the source of all its sins and tion to God! We know that peace sufferings and sorrows. comes through the blood of the atonement. If our Jewish neighbors know c. The fact that many members of of a more satisfactory basis, why are the Church lead an inconsistent life is we not told of it? Why are they so deplorable, and one of the greatest cruel as to keep such precious know1- hindrances to the spread of the Gos-

TO JEWISH MISSIONS

pel; but it does not absolve us from new," The "new creature" has new our obligation to offer the Gospel to purposes, new aims, and new ideals, all, Jews and Gentiles, who are 'With- but the Gospel does not demand that out it. the Jew in Christ forget the glorious d. We can not leave the Jews alone past of his people or cease to love with the Gospel. We dare not neg- his brethren in the flesh. It rather lect our duty in relation to that peo- emphasizes both-the past and the ple. The issue between Judaism and love. At the same time, we assure Christianity is not a light matter; it both objectors, conversion means a is great and infinite. Let us not close complete change of the natural man.

our eyes to the vast difference that b. Christianity offers something bet- distinguishes the Christian and the ter to the Jew than what his Judaism Jew; to the Jew Christ is an impostor furnishes. First, it gives back the at best, who arrogated divinity (to Bible to the people, which, tho the some, he is a criminal justly con- people of the book, are emphatically demned to die)-to us, He is God the the people without the book, accord- Son, the mighty and merciful Re- ing to the confession of C. H. Joseph deemer and Savior, more precious in the Jewish Criterion and other than life itself. Dare we neglect the Jewish leaders. Reform Judaism has acceptance of the challenge which robbed the Bible of its glory as the Judaism daily offers? inspired Word of God and made it 3. CHRISTIANITY DEMANDS AN IM- simply a book of most attractive and POSSIBLE THING FROM THE JEW, WITH- instructive stories. Orthodox Judaism OUT GIVING HIM ANYTHING BETTER has buried it under an immense mass THAN THAT WHICH HE HAS. Madi- of rabbinical sayings and traditions, son C. Peters, bluntly declares: which are considered of at least equal "Proselytism is a failure; you can not value with it. Christianity gives the change the leopard's spots or alter Bible its rightful place and makes it, the lion's skin." William Rosenau what God intended it to be, a lamp objects: "The conversionist must unto our feet and a light unto our change his subject's whole nature, blot path. Second, Christianity furnishes out his entire past, extending over unto the Jew the true interpretation centuries, and recast the philosophy of Scripture and reveals Christ in giving shape to his life." If this were both the Old Testament and the New.

done, he asks, "Can Christianity give It teaches unto the Jew the grounds the Jew anything that is better than of peace with God, for it bears wit- that which his Judaism furnishes?" ness that "being justified by faith, we ANSWER: a. "The natural man re- have peace with God through our ceiveth not the things of the spirit of Lord Jesus Christ." It is impossible God." What seems impossible to the to describe to the natural man the Jew and to Dr. Peters is to us a "peace of God which passeth all un- simple, tho mysterious doctrine of the derstanding," for the things of the Bible, viz., that of the second birth, or Spirit of God "are foolishness unto regeneration. By it man is a new him; neither can he know them, be- creature and "old things are passed cause they are spiritually discerned."

away; behold! all things are become But myriads of Jews who, since the

days of Jesus Christ upon the earth, b. We must expect the disruption of did put their trust in Him and fol- homes and the scattering of families. lowed Him outside the Jewish camp, Christ said: "Suppose ye that I am have borne triumphant testimonies to come to give peace on earth? I tell the fact that in life's days of mingled you, nay; but rather division: for joys and sorrow, of health and sick- from henceforth there shall be five in ness, and in the hour of their ap- one house divided, three against two, proaching death, He did not leave and two against three. The father them nor forsake them, and that Chris- shall be divided against the son, and tianity i.e., faith in the living Savior, the son against the father; the mother gives to the Jew something better than against the daughter, and the daughthat which his Judaism furnishes. ter against the mother; the mother- in-law against her daughter-in-law, 4. THE PREACHING OF THE GOSPEL and the daughter-in-law against her TO THE JEWS BEGETS STRIFE. Rabbi mother-in-law" (Luke 12: 51-53). Felsenthal, in his criticism of Chris- And He also said: "He that loveth tian missionary enterprise, declares: father or mother more than me is "If we say that Jewish missions are not worthy of me: and he that loveth dangerous to the State, we will not son or daughter more than me is not find it difficult to prove our point. worthy of me." Such missions disturb the peace of society, the quiet dwelling together of The Kind of Converts members of different religious bodies." Madison C. Peters upholds that 5. CONVERTS ARE FEW IN NUMBER proselytism "begets strife and ill-will and animosity, and often leads to se- AND WON BY BRIBERY. Prof. Goldrious consequences; it disrupts homes, win Smith affirms: "The barrenness scatters families, drives away love, in- of this propagandism in proportion to stalls hatred." the money and effort spent on it is notorious." Oscar S. Strauss, in Cin- ANSWER: a. The disturbances of cinnati Times-Star, October 26, 1906, the peace are almost always caused by stated: "The very few Jews who Jews, who, embittered by the incen- change their religion do so from evil diary tirades of the rabbis a11d leaders, motives." Rabbi Adler, of London, break the windows in the mission wrote: "Converts are drawn only from halls, persecute and threaten those the very poor, and are won by acts of Jews who attend the services, and bribery." Rabbi Isaac Wise stated reoften do bodily harm to converts. peatedly: "You make bad Jews into These disturbances in themselves are worse Christians." Madison C. Peno reason whatever why the work ters declares: "We have to-day in should be left undone, and are in them- New York and in all our great cities selves not different from the out- men and women who are endeavoring breaks of heathen against foreign mis- to bribe the children of other faiths to sionaries. They rather bear witness join their own by appealing to their against the oft-repeated statement of bodily wants and necessities, and the rabbis that the attitude of the Jews time will come when the Protestant toward Christianity is one of indif- people of this country will be heartily ference. ashamed of them."

ANSWER; a. If these things were

TO JEWISH MISSIONS

true, why do the Jewish leaders con- c. The charge that Jewish converts tinually write and speak against Jew- are won by acts of bribery, is freish missions and warn their people quently made, but has never been against the missionaries? If only a proved. We believe that it is sinful few bad Jews, and even they only by and wrong to use bribery in the Masbribery, join the Christian hosts, there ter's work, and we condemn such ought to be rejoicing instead of com- methods without qualification. Neithplaint in the Jewish camp, because the er Rabbi Adler nor Rev. Madison work of the missionaries would be one C. Peters furnish any proof for their of purifying and strengthening it. unqualified assertion. If they obj ect to the feeding of the hungry and the b. The statements that very few healing of the sick and call that bri- Jews change their religion and that the bery, we answer that our Savior gave barrenness of the Jewish missionary us the example. Nor do we think enterprise is notorious are contra- that sewing schools and evening dicted by acknowledged facts. We classes are "bribery," especially if will not repeat our statements and they are kept open to all who desire statistics concerning this matter, which to attend them and are free. There were published in other numbers of may be some men or women who hold THE MISSIONARY REVIEW, viz., those out bribes to poor Jews to win them of December, 1902, and December, to the Christian faith, but if there are 1907, but we will simply direct the and Dr. Peters knows their names reader to the list of Jewish men of and has the proofs, it is his duty to fame and character who have become make their names and methods known, Christians, which is annually printed that not the innocent may suffer with in the English Jewish Year Book, and the guilty. However, the writer is to the simple fact that Jewish leaders quite familiar with Jewish missions in the columns of their papers are con- throughout the world, and he rejects tinually complaining about the large the statement that Jewish converts number of Jewish men and women "are won by acts of bribery" as a slanwho join Christian churches. But, we der against the missionaries and the add, were the Jewish missionary en- converts. The great majority of terprise of the present day almost bar- Jews who come to Christ may be poor, ren of visible results, could we per- but is poverty a barrier to uprightness mit that to interfere with the discharge and Christian character? of our duty? It is ours to sow the seed of the Gospel in faith and pa- d. Does anyone really believe that tience and to know that God gives the the statement "You make bad Jews increase. If we discharge our duty worse Christians" is true? If Dr. faithfully and prayerfully, we need Wise meant that all Jews who benot be discouraged if the visible re- come Christians are bad Jews from sults seem small. The hidden fruit the standpoint of the orthodox Jew, of the Gospel may be plentiful, and we smile and point him to the estabthere may be "seven thousand men lished fact that the majority of Hewho have not bowed the knee to the brew Christians belonged to the orimage of Baal," tho we discern them thodox Jews before their conversion. not. If he meant that the Jews who be-

come Christians are morally bad, he as good a follower of Christ as the makes an assertion which is contra- Gentile. Yea, we know of some cases dicted by facts. But even if they were, where Jews were deep down in the the Gospel is the power of God, and depths of sin, enslaved to cocaine and by its influence and the grace of God other poisons, but came under the inthe morally bad can be made upright, fluence of the Gospel, were converted so that the chief of sinners becomes a and cured, and became useful memsaint. bers of society and of the Church of Christ. No; there is no difference be- Probably, however, Dr. Wise desired tween the Jew and the Greek, and to convey an idea which has been ex- both can be won to Christ by the prest in the very blunt words, "Con- preaching of the Gospel. verts from Judaism are no good." Now, while we concede that there may Therefore, in spite of the many obbe some so-called Hebrew Christians who are no good, we believe that i ections urged by Jews and Gentiles the more than ten thousand Hebrew Christians now dwelling in the United against missionary work among the States are furnishing an incontro- Jewish people, let us go on in the disvertible proof of the fact that the Jew, charge of our duty with ever-increaswhen truly converted, makes at least ing zeal, knowing that we are doing a work entrusted to our care by our Re- deemer.

THE BIBLE ITS OWN MISSIONARY BY REV. T. J. SCOTT, D.D.

Far many years a missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Bareilly. India The power of the Bible as a mis- said: "The entrance (or opening) of sionary agency in the world's conver- thy Word giveth light"; and the im- sion is beyond calculation. Ve now plication is that God Himself does the have some 550 versions in nearly all illuminating. This may be illustrated the principal languages and dialects of by India in three ways: (I) by the the race. What a preparation this for manner in which the Bible is leaven- leavening humanity with the Word of ing the thought of India; (2) by the God. It has been estimated that the way it is permeating her literature, Bible societies at work send out daily which is but another phase· of the 30,000 copies, or about one every same thing; (3) by personal examples three seconds, dropping somewhere of Bible power.

with healing leaves. 1. A Hindu paper is before me, Let us look at this matter from one just from India, the Arya Patrika.

mission field, India. We have six In the opening address of Rosh principal auxiliaries of the British and Behari Ghose, at the last session of Foreign Bible Society. One of these, the India National Congress, at representing North India, in a recent Madras, no less than twelve sentences year sent out 178,883 copies in 23 lan- and phrases are quotations from the guages. What a marvelous Bible Bible. The editor of The Epiphany, leaven this is among at least one-third a missionary journal, takes exception, of India's 300,000,o00! The Psalmist I think unwisely, to the use thus made

BIBLE ITS OWN

of the Bible by a non-Christian. The reading was given in fifteen languages, editor of the Patrika replies thus: in which each one read in his own "If our contemporary means to say tongue. that the Christians have a monopoly of the use of the words of the Bible, 3. Personal illustrations show what no one is prepared to take him upon all this Bible leaven does. Forty his word. We, for ourselves, think, years ago the writer sent copies of that our contemporary must have the New Testament in Hindustani been glad at the use of the Biblical to all the teachers in government words, in the presidential address of schools in the Zila (county), where the Congress, because it shows that he was at work. A year or two later, the Bible is becoming indispensable a Moslem teacher came to the misfor educated India." Thus, in ad- sionary with one of these copies and dresses, discussions and conversations, asked for further instruction in it, one can constantly observe how Bible- which led to his conversion. He belanguage and thought have entered came a preacher, won his entire family into the mental life of the people. to Christ, and some eighty Moslem relatives and neighbors; was in time 2. The books and periodical litera- put in charge of a large district and ture of India, illustrate the same thing has led thousands to Christ. The from this standpoint. One finds every- starting-point was that New Testawhere words and phrases and ideas ment. Dr. Dease, a Methodist misgleaned from the Bible, and perhaps sionary of North India, relates finding used often unconsciously at the time, a man in a region of country not beas to their source; but not always, for fore visited by any missionary, who they often come in by way of con- had a copy of the Bible obtained from troversy. But whether it be as Paul a native colporteur, and had made the said of the Gospel, sometimes, "of people there, familiar with its stories envy and strife, in pretense or in and teaching. He had accepted Christ truth," the Bible is being built into and was instructing his neighbors. the memory and thought of the peo- The case of a native colporteur, ple. Their familiarity with the Scrip- Obadiah, came under my observation. tures comes about in various ways. Belated in an out-of-the-way valley in Many get and read the Book out of the Himalayas, he was entertained by curiosity or intelligent mterest, or to a Hindu family, who took nothing criticize and refute it. I have often from him, but purchased a Hindi been surprized at the familiarity of New Testament. The family read it adverse controversialists with the and in a few months were all baptized, Bible. And then, in quite all mis- father, mother and two sons. The sionary educational substitutions, this sons were afterward trained by me Book comes in as part of the tuition. as native missionaries in the Bareilly Besides, the large work of the Sun- Theological Seminary. Meantime the day-school and the Y. M. C. A. copy of the New Testament had been familiarizes multitudes with the Word. continuing its work. It had been At a recent session of the India Sun- loaned to a family in another part of day School Union in the auditorium the mountain and they also became of the Y. M. C. A. at Calcutta, a Bible Christians, and others followed till

quite a believing community was Brahman magistrate of the place of raised up. I may mention one more the great indignity shown to a sacred case, well remembered from a riot Book, and I said that I could not that occurred in connection 'with it. wound the feelings of his people in In the city of Almora, a young Brah- that way. He had been trained in the man was baptized, who had studied same college, was a fine specimen of the Bible in the college of the London a Hindu gentleman, and replied, "Oh, Missionary Society at that place. The that was the folly of some schoolcollege hall where the baptism took boys and fellows of the baser sort; place was stormed that day, and the but there are hundreds of families windows were smashed and the doors where that Book is reverently read; were about to be beaten down, when and to me it is more than any other the English colonel in command of Book, and regulates my life." Ina fort near by, double-quicked a com- stances can be multiplied to show that pany of troops to the place and res- God's Word in all mission fields is cued the missionaries and the convert. entering into the thought and litera- The rioters then hunted up all the ture of the non-Christian world and Scriptures they could find, tore them constantly is leading to the salvation to pieces and littered the streets with of many souls. It is still a "two-edged the leaves. I afterward spoke to a sword," quick and powerful.

—_._—- REV. GEORGE EDWARD POST. THE CHRISTIAN PHYSICIAN OF SYRIA EDITORIAL Often the height to which a tree has nary in I86r, and became chaplain in grown is best seen after it falls. So the United States Army, r861-63. He it is with men: their true greatness is then offered himself as a medical misfelt only after they have fallen in sionary and went to Tripoli, Syria, death. until the year 1868, after which he took a position as professor of sur- George Edward Post, son of the gery in the Syrian Protestant College distinguished New York physician, at Beirut. This chair he held with Dr. Alfred C. Post, was born on De- growing distinction until within a few cember 17, 1838, and died in Syria, in October, in the seventy-second year of months of his death. * He thus began his age. His life term falls into three natural periods: his boyhood, educa- his professional career at the early tional preparation, and actual service age of twenty-four, and continuously in the foreign field. * The full official record is as follows: "George His period of training was early Edward Post; born, New York City, December 17, completed. After he had finished his 1838; graduated College of the City of New York, course at the College of the City of Class 1854; Union Theological Seminary, entered New York, and his medical studies at 1858, graduated 1861; ordained (Fourth Presbyte. New York University, he was grad- rian Church, New York), June 5, 1861; chaplain, uated from Union Theological Semi- U. S. Army, 1861-63; foreign missionary, Tripoli, Syria, 1863-68; professor Beirut, Syria, 1868-. M.D., University of New York, Class 1860; LL.D., University of New York, 1901, and University of Aberdeen, 1906."

REV. GEORGE EDWARD

labored at his great work of ministry medical, scientific, and mIssIOnary; to human suffering for nearly fifty and his achievements won for him years. His honored father was a many honors and decorations from member of the board from 1873 to European governments. He was also 1886, and provided a fund, part of the interest of which has materially aided surgeon to the Johannuet Hospital at the medical department for many years, while the remainder has steadily Beirut. accumulated until it has now reached It may be well to mention a few of the sum of $70,00o-the whole eventually to be employed, under the di- his merited distinctions as a tribute to rection of his son, for the benefit of his memory and a record of his histhe medical work of the college. In tory. For instance, the decoration of the establishment of the "Maria De Othmaniyeh of Turkey, of the Ducal Witt Jesup Foundation" and its noble House of Saxony, and of the Red hospital buildings a principal factor Eagle and Knights of Jerusalem of was the long friendship between Germany. He was also a member of Morris K. Jesup and Doctor Post. the Linmean Society of London, the The object and details of the plan Torrey Botanical Club and the Acadwere fully discust in their interviews emy of Medicine of New York City, and correspondence. It was chiefly and the Botanical Society of Edinthrough the agency of Doctor Post burgh. Among his works, written in that Mrs. Sage contributed "The Rus- various languages, are: "Flora of sell Sage Fund" for the benefit of the Syria, Palestine and Egypt," "Textmedical department. Book of Mammalia," "Text-Book of Botany," "Translation in Arabic of It is easy to deal in superlatives, but Butler's Physiology," "Text-Book of not always safe. In this case it would Surgery," "Text-Book of Materia not be beyond the exact truth to say Medica" and the "Dictionary of the that, among the whole body of medi- Bible." He contributed largely also to cal missionaries in the foreign field, other well-known dictionaries of the no one name has more deserved and Bible, and to the Sunday School conspicuous luster. Doctor Post, it Times of Philadelphia. has been said, has performed more major operations in surgery than any Such a man can not be withdrawn other one man in the whole mission from the field without leaving a great world. He inherited an aptitude for gap, which no ordinary man can fill. medical and surgical work from his In 1888, at the Ecumenical Missionary famous father, and from the first re- Conference in Exeter Hall, London, he vealed a peculiar fitness for his chosen delivered an address of which it is sphere. He was a versatile man. He not too much to say that no one speech handled the pen with as much skill as before that great gathering made a the lancet, and his tongue was as the more profound impression. Reprinted pen of a ready writer. Beside all his in full in this REVIEW (see November untiring service of nearly a half-cen- issue, 1888, pp. 824-829), it remains tury in the hospital, he was the au- to this day an almost. unrivaled thor of numerous works on subjects prose-poem. As few readers may have access to files reaching back twenty-one years, a few extracts are here made from this pictorial por-

trayal of the work of the medical mis- and stones and sticks fell from the roof sionary. and pinioned her hands in the fire, and they were burned to a crisp. We were He undertakes a series of living pic- obliged to amputate both of them. That tures of such work, and first intro- is not the worst of it. Her husband has duces the hearer to a room in the divorced her. A Druse has only to say St. John Hospital, on a Christmas day, to his wife, "Go home," and with no decked with the usual Christmas trees process of law it is all finished for her. But and decorations, and with some two she has come down with that poor babe, hundred patients present, representing and we have treated her; those dear sis- some twenty nations and all varieties ters have taken that babe in their arms of religious creeds-Christian and and lulled it to sleep. They have read Jewish, Moslem, heathen, Protestant, the Bible to her, and her heart has been Greek and Romish. Here are some touched. And now she sits there before of Doctor Post's scenes, as his artistic that tree, and is going to hear the Gospel tongue portrayed them: of Christ.

That little boy of seven is a Jew. We That man with a long beard and green rarely get Jews into our hospital; they turban is a descendant of Mohammed. are all bent upon externals, afraid if He came from Hebron, is the guardian they come to our hospital that we will of the sacred tomb of Machpelah, and give them flesh which has not been killed has had charge of the bones of Abraham, according to their law. This little boy Isaac, and Jacob, and Sarah, Rebecca, and is very ill; he is so young that they think Leah. He is a very bigoted Mohamme- he perhaps can not be harmed; he is dan, and would not let you go into the not yet initiated into the secrets of re- outer precincts of that sacred tomb, nor ligion. It is the first time in his life look through the bars. He was blind. that he has ever heard the Gospel of He came to this hospital, and the "dog" Christ. he would have spat upon gave him the use of his two eyes; and he will give Just behind him sits an old man with him now his attention as he preaches a venerable presence, a long white beard, the Gospel to him. a turban, a girdle about his loins, and a loose flowing robe-a lineal descendant Again, there is a man clothed in a . of the great Saladin. He is proud of long blue robe; on his head a turban his lineage; but here he is, in our hos- of a peculiar character, and a long black pital, a Mohammedan. A month ago, if veil trailing down his back. He is an I had gone to his house, he would have Armenian priest. He laughs to scorn all driven me away as a Christian dog. But our pretensions of antiquity. His is the now he seizes my hand, covers it with true and ancient Church of Christ? But kisses, and bows himself to my feet. That here he is, to hear of a Church more Christian dog gave him the use of his ancient than his, the Evangelical Church, eyes. He came blind, and now he sees. which Christ and His apostles founded And here he sits at the feet of Jesus, in deed and in truth. with his eyes opened and his ears ready to receive the message of the Gospel. On the right is a Bedouin from Pal- myra. He had a blood feud with some By his side is a woman with a long of his comrades, who shot him and the white veil over her face. You see but bullet entered the chest. An unskilful one eye. She wears a blue dress, and native practitioner wishing to drain the has a babe in her arms; but look at her wound, unskilfully rolled up a piece of arms: the hands are gone! She is a rag and put it in to keep it open; but Druse woman. As she was sitting in it slipped in, and he kept on putting a her house, warming her hands over the rag in day after day, until there was a fire in the center of the floor, some earth mass there as big as my fist. The man began to cough and grow thin, and be- gan to die. They heard of this hospital and brought him all the way from Pal-

GEORGE EDWARD

myra. I laid open his side; I took out availing himself of that great subthat great mass, and could look in and stratum of common thought and feelsee the action of his lungs, and clear to ing which underlies their errors, and the spinal column. He has got well. emphasizing those truths in which all People held it to be a miracle, and it was agree, as the Mohammedans accept a miracle of modern science, and modern science is a miracle of Christianity. That the Old Testament, and regard Abra- man was a Bedouin. He hardly had ham as a great patriarch, and even heard of Christ, except in terms of re- revere Christ as a great prophet. He proach. But he sits here to hear all tells them that the hospital where they about the Gospel. found help and healing is not due to Here is a poor woman, brought down on a stretcher. She had a brute of a German philanthropy, but to Chris- husband, who struck her in the chest, tian benevolence. These good doctors right over the heart, and a great plate of would never have left home but for the dead bone and cartilage had to be re- love of Christ, and he appeals to them moved, and for the first and only time whether they would leave all they love of my life I looked inside a woman's chest, laid the four fingers of my hand and exile themselves in a foreign land over the pericardium, and felt every mo- seven thousand to ten thousand miles tion of the mechanism of the heart-a away but for some adequate motive. thing I never saw or heard of before. And as he touchingly appeals to their She got well. She is here to hear of the deeper selves, tears trickle down the Gospel.

From Jerusalem, from Bagdad, from faces alike of Druse and Armenian, Tuat in the Great Sahara, from Turkes- Moslem and Jew, and their breasts tan in Central Aoia, irom the head-wa- heave with emotion at the story of ters of the Euphrates and the Tigris, Him who left heaven for earth and the from every village in Lebanon, from crown for the cross. Palestine, from Cyprus, from Asia Minor – they are gathered into this Resuming his pictorial word-paint- hospital, and there receive the gifts of ing delineating his experience as a healing. Now here they are, gathered medical missionary, Doctor Post told about this Christmas tree, and there are of a Moslem girl whose wrist-bone the presents on the tree. Each one has was diseased and removed, but the a garment or a book, and the children elbow-joint was attacked and had likesome toys.

The choir sing about the child Jesus. wise to be amputated, and then the Then the German pastor offers a prayer, disease reappeared higher up until life and the English pastor makes some re- was despaired of. He says: marks, and then the doctor-who has held the terrible knife over them when I visited her with my wife, and we they were under the influence of an brought that little choir of children of anesthetic that robbed it of its terrors, the Deaconesses, and they sang sweet who has stood by their bedside and hymns in the corridor. I asked her if watched them through the crisis of the she would like to have me read a chap- fever-stands now before them to preach ter of the Scripture, and pray with her, the Gospel of Christ. and she said, "Yes." I opened Isaiah 53. Her name was Fatimah. Fatimah Then Doctor Post revealed to his was the favorite daughter of Mohammed, charmed hearers how he spoke to this and that name is as sweet to a Moslem motley assemblage of convalescents, as Mary is to us. I said: "Fatimah, who avoiding all offensive references to wrote that chapter?" She closed her eyes their creeds and superstitions, but for a moment, and then opened them and said, "Allah," that is, "God." "Well,

about whom did He write that chapter? have given that miracle to strengthen Did He write it about Mohammed?" their faith? Not one-father, mother, or "N0," she said, "He wrote it about child-of all that community, was taken Seidna Esa-about our Lord Jesus, upon with cholera, altho funerals were passing whom be peace." their door every hour of the day. We left them in a few days entirely at peace In 1865, the cholera was prevailing in with one another. They went out with Northern Syria, and I was in Mount us as far as the Orontes, and they stood Lebanon. We had a community of with us on the bank of that river. We about one hundred and fifty Protestants knelt down in prayer together, and they in the city. Alarmed, they sent a mes- bade us "Godspeed." senger five-days' journey, saying, "Dear doctor, the cholera has broken out in When Doctor Post approached his our city, and we are afraid that we may seventieth birthday, he resigned his be attacked. Will you please send medi- professorship and the Board of Trus- cine, and if you can, come yourself, not tees, in accepting with profound re- simply because the cholera has broken gret his resignation, put on record a out, but the devil has got in among us, becoming tribute to his worth. We and we are in a quarrel with each other, make a few extracts from this meand we want you to come and settle it." morial: I dispatched that messenger with a bottle of medicine suitable as a prophylactic, The board can not permit an event of and cure for cholera, and said I would such importance in the history of the follow with haste. I took with me a college to pass without an expression of devout young man, a teacher in the theo- the profound appreciation entertained by logical seminary, in order to have the the trustees of the variety, extent and benefit of his cOlTnsels in this affair with value of the services rendered to the colthe people. They knew we had come a lege by Doctor Post f01 more than forty five-days' journey into a pest-stricken years. city from a sanatorium where the cholera never comes. That was a granite bed After a preparation of unusual breadth on which to build. I began by taking and thoroughness at home, and of several each one of the brethren apart, and found, years of large experience on the field in to my surprize, that not one of them had connection with the medical and evananything against anybody else, but every gelistic work of the Syrian Mission, Docone knew who stirred up the whole tor Post assumed office in the college trouble. When we had been assured by during the year 1868, when the medical everyone of them that they were ready department was in its earliest stages, to be reconciled, we called them all to- with few students and inadequate faciligether. They had been calling each other ties. He was foremost in laying wise devils and Judas Iscariots, and every and far-reaching plans for the permanent opprobrious epithet which Oriental and efficient growth of this department. speech contains. We read over appro- His professional ability, unceasing devopriate passages of Scripture, asked this tion, wide reputation and generous gifts and that brother to lead in prayer, and have been largely instrumental in securthen asked, if anybody in that company ing for it the commanding position and had anything against anybody else, he constantly increasing usefulness so fully would rise and state it. Not one rose, recognized in the East and also in Eubut everyone was melted to tears. They rope and America. I t is due, in no small knelt down there and poured out their measure, to the arduous services and the hearts to God in prayer and in thankful- personal influence of Doctor Post that ness. the college has enjoyed, for more than thirty-five years, such cordial relations Here was another miracle of the grace and such Christian cooperation with the of God. Not one of that community was Order of St. John in carrying on the stricken with the cholera! Is it too much for the power of God that He should

GEORGE EDWARD POST 90I

medical and surgical work of the Prus- connection with the work of the college, sian Hospital in Beirut. not merely as professor emeritus of sur- gery, but in some line of service that In previous years during his visits to shall retain for the college his rare scien- this country Doctor Post made untiring tific gifts, his ripe experience and his and successful efforts for the enlarge- wise counsel. ment of the medical and the general endowment of the college. Nor has he con- All these facts, achievements and fined his energies to a single department. testimonies show what a remarkable As practically one of the founders of the man has departed from among us. He institution, and as a member of the belonged to an illustrious family and facnlty, he h~s taken a deep interest in was linked with other families no less all its lines of development, and has been valuable to the community. That prominent in devising and stimulating seraphic soul, the late Dr. Arthur methods for the adaptation of the results Mitchell, the Foreign Mission secreof modern scholarship to the needs of tary, married his sister, and while Docthe East; for the introduction there of tor Post was foremost abroad in the the system and life of the American col- missionary work, Doctor Mitchell was lege; for the promotion of a high liter- foremost at home in its advocacy and ary standard; and, above all, it has been promotion. Both these notable men his undeviating and most cherished en- are a sufficient refutation of the shaldeavor to provide religious instruction low notion that it is only an inferior that shall bring the students to a sound class of minds that are enthusiastic apprehension of the truths of the Word over foreign missions. These two of God, and to an intelligent acceptance men stood for the highest intelligence of Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. and education, and the noblest types of manhood. Either would have Doctor Post has had a large share in graced and adorned any human procuring and preserving our scientific sphere; yet both exemplified that excollection and museums; in obtaining our alted self-surrender and self-oblivion property; in erecting our buildings; beau- that is the nearest approximation to tifying our grounds; winning our friends, the ideal of a man and a disciple. May and, at all times, in public and private, our eyes be permitted to see many like fostering the aims and operations of the them. Both of them were fellow stucollege. He has set an example of large- dents of the writer in his theological hearted and unselfish loyalty that never course and intimate life friends, and hesitated to subordinate personal welfare this brief editorial tribute is, therefore, to the interests of the college. He has fragrant with personal and precious given the best years and energies of his memories of nearly fifty years of close life to this institution, and his name will friendship. always be associated with its establishment and usefulness.

Voted: That while we respect the devotion to principle which has led our esteemed associate to this step while still in vigorous health and undiminished ability, we do now reluctantly accept his resignation, and we express the emphatic hope that he may consent to remain in

MISSIONAR.Y DATES FOR

PREPARED BY MISS BELLE M. BRAIN December 1, 1875.-Death of John Wil- December 21, 1787.-Death of Matthew son of Bombay. Stach.

See "Men of Might in India Missions," by See "Moravian Missions," by Thompson. Holcomb. December 21, 1795.-Birth of Robert December 1, 1882.-Death of Titus eoan. Moffat.

See "Life in Hawaii," by Titus Coan. See any Life of Moffat.

December 2, 1552.-Death of Xavier. December 21, 1849.-0rdination of Ke- kela, native Hawaiian pastor. See "Hel·oes of the Mission Field." by Walsh. See "Transformation of Hawaii/' by Brain. December 2, 1749.-Death of Brainerd. December 22, 1789.-Birth of Ann Has- See "Life of Brainerd,H by Sherwood. seltine Judson.

December 2, 1903.-Death of S. H. Hadley. See "Life of Adoniram Judson," by Edward Judson. See "Down in Water Street," by Hadley. December 23, 1892. – Bishop Tucker December 4, 1829.-Suttee abolished in reached Mengo with Hannington's re- Bengal presidency. mains.

See "Lux Christi," by Mason. See "Eighteen Years in Uganda," by Tucker.

December 5, 1834.-Titus Coan sailed for December 25, 1496.-Baptism of Clovis. Hawaii. See MISSIONARY REVIEW. December, 1903. See "Life in Hawaii," by Titus Coan. December 25, l814.-Marsden's first ser- December 5, 1850.-Allen Gardiner ar- mon to the Maoris of New Zealand. rived at Tierra Fuego. See" MISSIONARY REVIEW, December, 1903. See "Pioneers and Founders," by Yonge. December 25, 1821.-Birth of William December 7, 1888.-Death of Melinda Ashmore of China. Rankin. December 25, 1873.-Corner-stone of the See "Twenty Years Among the Mexicans," by, Church of the Slave Market laid in Rankin; also "Eminent ~1issionary Women,' Zanzibar. by Gracey. See MISSIONARY REVIEW, December, 1903. December 8, 1840.-Livingstone sailed for December 25, 1887.-First celebration of Africa. the Lord's Supper in Korea (seven Ko- reans participating). See any Life of Livingstone. December 25, 1905.-0rganization of the December 8, 1877.-Death of Peter J. Gu- National Missionary Society of India.

lick. See "Christian Conquest of India," by Tho· burn. See "Encyclopedia of Missions." December 26, 1841.-Selwyn sailed for December 9, 1822.-GoodeJI sailed for New Zealand.

Beirut. See "Encyclopedia of Missions."

See "Encyclopedia of Missions." December 28, 1800.-Baptism of Krishna Pal. December 11, 1808.-Birth of John Wil- son. See article in this number of the REVIEW.

See liMen of Might in India Missions," by December 28, 1906.-Jubilee of American Methodist Episcopal Mission in India. Holcomb. See MISSIONARY REVIEW, April, 1907. December 11, 1825.-Baptism of Crow- December 30, 1846.-Bishop Gobat en- ther. tered Jerusalem.

See recent HLife of Crowther/' by Page. See "Encyclopedia of Missions."

December 11, 1897.-Death of George L. December 31, 1806.-Birth of William Pilkington. Thomson.

See "Pilkington of Uganda," by Harford-Bat- See "01d-time Student Volunteers," by Trum- tersby. bull.

December 13, 1732.-Dober and Nitsech- December 31, 1891.-Death of Crowther. man landed at St. Thomas, West Indies. See "Life of Crowther," by Page. See "Moravian Missions," by Thompson. Suggestions for a Program on Krishna December 13, 1887.-0rganization Rama- bai Associations in America. 1. Scripture Lesson: Confessing Christ, Matt. 10: 32-39. See "Pandita Ramabai," by Helen S. Dyer. 2. Hymns: (a) "]esus, and shall it ever December 14, 1773.-Birth of Pastor be"; sung at Krishna Pal's baptism. (b) "0 thou, my soul, forget no more." Gossner. Written by him for use in family worshil. See "Praying and Working," by Stevenson. Krishna's hymn will be found in many old hymn-books and a few modern ones. December 14, 1831.-Birth of Griffith 3. Quotation: "Attempt great things for John. God; expect great things from God."- See "Griffith John," by Robson. William Carey.

December 14, 1875.-Death of Simeon H. To be used as a wall motto and memorized Calhoun. 4. Introduction: A brief talk on caste cus- toms in India would be an excellent in- See "Old-time Student Volunteers," by Trum- troduction to the story of Krishna Pal. bull.

December 15, 1811.-Death of Vander- kemp.

See MISSIONARY REVIEW, June, 1895.

December 15, 1872.-Death of John Ged- die in the New Hebrides Islands.

See "Encyclopedia of Missions."

December 19, 1856.-Birth of Adolphus Good.

See "A Life for Africa," by Parsons.

December 20, 1792.-Birth of David Grif- fiths.

See "Encyclopedia of Missions."

PAL, CAREY'S FIRST

Baptized, December 28, 1800 BY BELLE M. BRAIN, DETROIT, MICH. Author of ·jHolding the Ropes," etc.

On December 28, 1800, the last passage, the two missionaries set sail Lord's day of the eighteenth century, on the K ron Prinzessin Maria, a an event occurred of no little impor- Danish vessel bound for Scrampore, tance in the history of missions. This accompanied by Carey's wife and five was the baptism of Krishna Pal, the children. first convert in India north of Ma- dras of whom there is a reliable rec- Five months later, on November II, ord. As he was also the first native they arrived at Calcutta, only to find missionary to Calcutta, the first Bengali hymn-writer, and the first trophy KRISHNA PAL of modern medical missions, great interest attaches to his story. trials and disasters awaiting them. For six years poverty, sickness and In 1783, seventeen years before, bereavement were the portion of the John Thomas, the son of a Baptist dea- little band, and no visible fruit apcon of Gloucester, who had been given peared as the reward of their labors. a medical education, sailed for Calcutta in the O.t:ford as ship-surgeon in But at length a brighter day began the employ of the East India Com- to dawn. On October 12, 1799, four pany. Soon after his arrival in In- new missionaries arrived from Engdia, being shocked by the awful hea- land, to reenforce the mission. Findthenism he witnessed, he began to ing it impossible, owing to the hospreach Christ to the natives. tility of the East India Company, to join Carey at Mudnabutty, where, as Tho hot-headed, and totally lacking superintendent of an indigo factory, in discretion, Thomas was sincere in he was endeavoring to earn a livelihis purpose and strong in his devo- hood while laying the foundations of tion to his Lord. He was endowed, the mission, the newcomers decided too, with a wonderful power of crea- to begin work at the Danish settleting enthusiasm, and on his return to ment at Serampore, on the Hoogli England in 1792, at the close of a River, sixteen miles above Calcutta, second voyage to India, was able to where the governor, Colonel Bie, who give such graphic pictures of the needs of the Hindus that the newly organized Baptist Missionary Society resolved to adopt India as a sphere of labor, and on January ro, 1793, appointed Carey and Thomas their first missIonaries. By this appointment Thomas, who was designated as "medical evangelist," became the first modern medical missionary.

On June 13, 1793, having been ejected from the East India Company's vessel in which they had taken

had been a friend and pupil of the mission journal. "When you are Schwartz, promised them help and in the middle of your discourse- protection. Here, on January ro, half of them, perhaps, sheer off-some r800, they were joined by Carey, who, more come-a Brahman interrupts with Joshua Marshman and William you, 'Why can not the river wash Ward, formed the famous Serampore from sin?' or some such question. I Brotherhood that wrought so mightily suppose Brother Carey has preached for India's redemption. a thousand sermons to such congrega- The work at Serampore was pushed tions as these."

with great vigor. Schools were At length, however, a day dawned opened by Marshman and his wife when the long waiting appeared to be both for European and native chil- over. In October, r800, Thomas, who dren, and on Carey's wooden press, was superintending a sugar factory at which the natives at Mudnabutty had Beerbhoom to pay expenses while he supposed to be an idol, Ward was preached the Gospel, arrived at Ser- soon busily at work printing the Ben- ampore with Fukeer, one of his work- gali translation of the Scriptures that men, who declared himself ready to Carey had almost completed. renounce his idols and make public Meanwhile the missionaries went confession of Christ.

out into the streets, singly and in When, on November 25, this man pairs, endeavoring to draw a crowd was brought before the Church, he by singing hymns in Bengali-"like gave such satisfactory evidence of a ballad-singers," one of them says. The change of heart that the missionaries Gospel was then preached to those deemed him worthy of baptism, and who gathered, and at the close an in- received him into their fellowship with vitation was given to come to the mis- a joy past describing. "We all stood sion-house for further discussion. up," says Ward, "and sang with new But, tho many accepted this invita- feelings, 'Praise God from whom all tion, and much of Carey's time was blessings flow.' Each brother shook devoted to explaining the principles of Fukeer by the hand. The rest your Christianity to those who came to him, imagination must supply."

month after month passed by without But alas! their joy was soon turned a conversion. Again and again the to sorrow. Wishing to take leave of hopes of the missionaries were raised his friends before taking the step that by some inquirer who seemed deeply would separate him from them, per- imprest with the Truth, but always haps forever, Fukeer returned to Beer- family ties and national custom proved bhoom, accompanied by Thomas, who too strong to be broken. was afraid that if he went alone he It was a time that sorely tried the might be turned from his purpose.

faith of the missionaries, yet notwith- Arriving at the factory, Fukeer asked standing the discouragements, they permission to go to his home. prom- heroically kept on working. "There ising to return in three days. But he is a great deal of patience and self- never came back and nothing could denial required in collecting our con- be learned of his whereabouts. Some gregations and bearing with all their declared that his courage had failed interruptions," wrote Ward, who kept him, but many thought that he had

PAL, CAREY'S FIRST CONVERT

been detained by force or had, perhaps, if I would become the follower of the been secretly murdered. true Gooroo, I should then get over this affliction. I consented to this; he then To poor Thomas, who had worked taught me the first incantation: "0 Kur- so many long years without a con- ta, the moon, the Great Lord, I walk and vert, the disappointment was espe- speak at thy pleasure, thou art with me, cially severe, and he returned to Ser- and I am fed with whatever thou feedest ampore in great depression of mind. me." Some time after I received these But ere long God gave a sure token incantations, the Lord restored me to of His favor and set the seal of divine health, and I became a Gooroo myself, approval on the work. teaching others this incantation and ma- king them my disciples. On the morning of November 25, the very day on which Fukeer wit- In this way I spent sixteen years of nessed his good confession before the my life; after which the Lord sent his Church, a carpenter named Krishna grace into India. One day, as I went to Pal dislocated his arm and sent to the purchase sweetmeats for my children, I mission-house to ask if Thomas would met Dr. Thomas, Mr. Ward and Mr. come and set it. Thomas went at Brunsden, who had gone out to preach once, and as he set the arm he talked the Gospel. Dr. Thomas called to me with the man of sin and its remedy, and said, "Oh! Bengali brother, where and explained that God often sends is the Brahmans' school?" I answered, affliction to men to draw them to Him- "At Bullubpore." He then said he would self. At this Krishna was deeply proclaim glad tidings, and asked me to moved and shed many tears. attend. I consented, and he declared to me and others the tidings of salvation Later 111 the day Thomas and through the death of Jesus Christ. On Marshman called to see how he was that day the Lord was gracious to me. getting along and gave him some of I then considered that no shastra made Carey's tracts. Next morning Carey an end of sin, and that even among the himself went to see him, and later the people of Ghospara there was no proviwhole mission family. As his arm re- sion for the pardon of sin. I began daily gained its strength he became a fre- to examine into this, and to be thoughtful quent visitor at the mission-house, and how to get acquainted with the missionin the course of a few weeks not only aries. accepted Christ himself, but began to proclaim the Gospel to his family and A circumstance now happened by friends. which the Lord showed Himself particu- larly gracious to me. As I was going In a letter addrest to a gentleman to bathe in my tank, my foot slipt, and in Bristul who supported him for by the fall I dislocated my right arm, many years, Krishna gave the follow- I was very much afflicted on this account, ing account of his conversion: lest I should be unable to support my family. A relative told me there was I was a disciple or worshiper of Brah- a doctor at the mission-house, and I sent mans and the Gooroo (spiritual guide); my daughter and the child of a friend and when the latter visited me, with the to beg that he might come and see me. idea of obtaining his favor, I washed his The missionaries were at that time going feet, and took the water and sprinkled to breakfast. Seeing the two children, my breast and head therewith. Then I the doctor said to them, "Why are you was taken severely ill and a person of come?" My daughter answered: "My the Ghospara sect came and told me that father's right arm is broke, and he is much afflicted; will you come and see him?" Then Dr. Thomas came to my house and speedily cured me; and said that the Father chastises the son that He loves.

The same afternoon Dr. Thomas and the two natives before they proceeded Mr. Marshman came again with some to this act. All our servants were pieces of paper in their hands, which they astonished; so many had said that nogave to me and to the by-standers to body would ever lTIind Christ or lose read. In this paper I read that he who caste. Brother Thomas has waited fifconfesseth and forsaketh his sins and teen years and thrown away much on trusteth in the righteousness of Christ, deceitful characters; brother Carey has obtains salvation. The next morning Mr. waited till hope of his own success has Carey came to see me. almost expired; and, after all, God has done it with perfect ease! Thus the door From this time I made a practise of of faith is open to the Gentiles; who calling at the mission-house, where Mr. shall shut it? The chain of the caste is Ward and Mr. Felix Carey used to read broken; who shall mend it? and expound the Holy Bible to me. One day Dr. Thomas asked me whether I The joy of this long-looked-for day, understood what I heard. I said I un- when the first Hindus should break derstood that the Lord Jesus Christ gave caste and take Christ for their Savior, His life up for the salvation of sinners, was sadly marred by its effect on poor and that I believed it and so did my Thomas, who, after hearing the testifriend Gokool. Dr. Thomas said: "Then monies at the evening meeting, be- I call you brother." came frantic with joy and began to manifest unmistakable symptoms of On the evening of December 22-a insanity. Three days later he became most memorable day in the history of so violent that he had to be placed in the mission-a little company of four confinement, and it soon became neces- Hindus-Krishna Pal, his friend Go- sary to commit him to an asylum for kool, his wife Rasoo, and her sister the insane at Calcutta. But at the end Jeymooni, together with Felix Carey, of a month his mind was fully restored William Carey's oldest son-came be- and he was able to take up the work fore the Church, in accordance with of preaching Christ with more vigor Baptist custom, to rehearse the steps than ever. by which they had been brought to Christ. It was a solemn, yet joyous There were, too, serious trials for occasion, when the hearts of all were the converts to face. The news, "nailed to Christ," as Gokool quaintly spread by the servants, that Krishna phrased it. After the testimonies had and Gokool "had eaten with the Saall been given, Carey explained the hibs and become Feringees," created obligations of the Christian life. The the wildest excitement, and next hymn "Salvation, 0 the joyful sound," morning a mob of 2,000 people gathwas then sung and all knelt for a ered at Krishna's house and dragged closing prayer. both him and Gokool to the office of the Danish magistrate. As no charges Earlier in the day, as an evidence of were preferred against them, they their sincerity, Krishna and Gokool were quickly released, only to be again had broken caste by eating with the arrested on the plea that Krishna had missionaries. In the mission journal refused to deliver up his daughter to this entry occurs: the man to whom she was betrothed. The governor now interfered, assur- December 22.-This day Gokool and ing the girl that she should not be Krishna came to eat tiffin (what in Eng- compelled to marry against her wiII, land is called luncheon) with us, and thus publicly threw away their caste. Brethren Carey and Thomas went to prayer with

PAL, CAREY'S FIRST CONVERT fYJ7

and placing a native guard at the gate any other water, and at noon, on Deof the house to protect the family cember 28, 1800, in the presence of from further molestation. the Danish governor and his staff, a large party of English and Portu- Through this prompt and kindly ac- guese, and a great throng of Hindus tion of the governor serious trouble and Mohammedans, the ordinance was averted; but Gokool and the two was administered in the river opposite women were so unnerved by what had the mission gate. taken place that they begged to have their baptism delayed for a time. After a brief preliminary service, THE IIAPTIST MISSION PREMISES AT SERAM I'ORE- THE SCENE OF KRISHNA PAL'S IlA.PTISld Krishna alone had the courage to face Carey, with his son Felix on one side . the ordeal. and Krishna Pal on the other, walked from the chapel to the bank of the A question now arose among the river and then down the steps to the missionaries as to the propriety of im- edge of the water. The mission jourmersing the candidates in the waters nal describes the service thus: of the Ganges, which the Hindus regard as peculiarly efficacious in wash- We began by singing in Bengali; ing away the stain of sin. Some felt "Jesus, and shall it ever be, that its use would imply a recognition A mortal man ashamed of Thee?" etc. of its sacred character; others thought Brother Carey then spoke in Bengali, it would be regarded as a desecration declaring we did not think the river saof the stream. cred; it was water only, and the persons about to be baptized by this act profest It was finally decided to use it like to put off all the debtahs (idols), and

all sins and to put on Christ. After r802, Carey wrote to Fuller in great prayer he went down into the water, ta- exultation as follows: king his son Felix in his right hand, and baptizing him, using English words. Both Europeans and natives laughed After this Krishna went down and was at what they thought to be our enthubaptized-the words in Bengali. All siastic idea of breaking the bonds of was silence and attention. The governor Hindu caste by preaching the Gospel. could not restrain his tears, and almost When Krishna and Gokool rejected their everyone seemed to be struck with the caste, many wondered at it; but the masolemnity of this, to them, new and jority tauntingly asked, "Have any of the sacred ordinance. Ye gods of stone and Brahmans and Kayusts believed on Him? clay! did ye not tremble when, in the What great thing to have a carpenter and name of the Father, Son, and Holy distiller reject their caste?" Lately, how- Spirit, one of your votaries shook you ever, the Lord has deprived them of this as the dust from his feet? small consolation, and has given us one Kayust, who joined the Church a little With the baptism of Krishna Pal, a while ago.

new era began to dawn in India. Next Toward the close of the year IS02 day Carey wrote: the first Brahman was won for Christ. This was Krishna Prasad, a young Yesterday was a day of great joy. I man of great promise, nineteen years had the happiness to desecrate the Gunga of age, who gave up his high caste by baptizing the first Hindu convert and and all its privileges without a murmy son Felix.

Early in January, ISor, the Gunga mur for the sake of Christ, and before was again "desecrated" by the immer- his baptism trampled on the poita, or sion of Krishna's sister-in-law, Jey- sacred sevenfold thread, which he mooni, the first Hindu woman brave wore as the sign of his priesthood.

enough to break caste and be baptized. And at the celebration of the Lord's One month later his wife, Rasoo, and Supper following the baptism, the their neighbor Unnu, a widow of missionaries rejoiced to see this once forty, were also baptized. To this proud and haughty twice-born Brah- little company of believers, Gokool man receiving the bread and the cup was added in August, and his wife, from the hands of Krishna Pal, the Kamal, in November of the same Sudra.

year. "We have now," wrote Marsh- A few months later Krishna Prosad man, "six baptized Hindus, whom we gave further evidence of his complete esteem more precious than an equal renunciation of caste by marrying number of valuable gems." Krishna Pal's daughter, Onunda. The Before the year closed the mission- wedding, which was the first between aries were made glad by the conver- two converts, was attended by all the sion of Petumber Singh, a man of mission family and more th;l.ll a hun- great intelligence and strong charac- dred relatives and friends, who ter, more than fifty years of age, who seemed deeply imprest by the simple belonged to the Kayust or writer yet solemn ceremony that had been caste, which is second only to the arranged and was performed by Will- Brahmans themselves. This was the iam Carey.

first high-caste convert, and after his On returning home, the mission- baptism on the first Lord's day of aries sent the young couple some

KRISHNA PAL, CAREY'S FIRST CONVERT

raisins and sugar-candy that had been few days before, the natives looked on given to them, and some plantains in silent amazement. "This procefrom the mission garden. The next dure," says Marshman's son in his evening they all went to a wedding history of the Serampore Mission, supper given by Krishna in honor of "may be considered as having comhis daughter, which Ward describes as pleted the abolition of caste in the nafollows: tive Christian community. It com- menced with the extinction of all dif- April 5th.-This evening we all went ference of caste in partaking of the to supper at Krishna's. Tables, knives, Lord's Supper; it was further adforks, etc., having been taken from our vanced by the marriage of a Brahman house, we had a number of Bengali plain to the daughter of a Sudra; and was dishes, consisting of curry, fried fish, now consummated by the conveyance vegetables, etc., and I fancy most of us of the body of a Sudra to the grave ate heartily. This is the first instance of our by one of pure Brahminical blood." eating at the house of our native brethren. At this table we all sat with the greatest Tho these first Hindu converts were cheerfulness, and some of the neighbors not without their faults, and often looked on with a kind of amazement. It caused the missionaries much anxiety, was a new and very singular sight in this they were all faithful workers for the land, where clean and unclean is so much Master and won many souls for Him. regarded. We began this wedding supper with singing, and concluded with Immediately after their baptism, Jeyprayer; between ten and eleven we returned home with joy. This was a mooni and Unnu began work among glorious triumph over caste! A Brahman their countrywomen, not only in Sermarried to a Sudra, in the Christian ampore, but in the surrounding counway: Englishmen eating with the mar- try also, and Krishna Pal, Petumber ried couple and their friends at the same Singh and Krishna Prosad became eftable, and at a native house. Allowing fective preachers of the Word. the Hindu chronology to be true, there has not been such a sight in Bengal these Krishna Pal, the first convert, bemillions of years! came an especially prominent figure in the work. His first act, after his Six months later, when death for baptism, was the erection of a "house the first time entered the little com- for God," directly opposite his own, pany of converts, and Gokool passed which was the first native place of away, happy and tranquil, and re- worship in Bengal. After the bapjoicing in the hope of going to Christ, tism of his wife, his four daughters the customs of caste were again also became Christians, and from this broken through. Under no circum- home, once the abode of idolatrous stances were services of any kind per- heathen, there ascended twice each formed for the dead by members of day the sweet incense of prayer and another caste, yet the body of Gokool praise to God. The hymn, was borne to the grave by Dr. Marshman, Carey's sons, Felix and William, "Oh, thou my soul forget no more and three of the converts: Bhairub, a The Friend who all thy misery bore," Brahman, Peroo, a Mohammedan, and Krishna Pal, a Sudra. As they took which he composed for family worup the casket and bore it, singing a ship, reveals a spirit of loving devohymn as they went, to the little ceme- tion to Christ. Translated into Engtery purchased by the missionaries a

lish by Marshman, it was a great fa- trous city, he won the respect of Euvorite, in times gone by, for use at ropeans and natives alike. Writing of the communion table. him in 1812, Carey says: "He is now a steady, zealous, well-informed, and, As time went by, Krishna became I may add, eloquent minister of the more and more concerned for the sal- Gospel, and preaches on the average vation of his people. Tho a carpenter twelve or fourteen times every week by birth and trade, he was a man of in Calcutta and its neighborhood." unusual ability and so fluent of speech that at length, in accordance with his On August 21, 1822, Krishna was own wishes, and at the urgent request stricken with cholera and died not of the mission, he gave up his secular long after. So calm and joyous were employment and devoted all his time his last hours that many who came to to Christian work. take leave of him declared: "It is good to be here. Verily, God is in this In the autumn of 180r, less than a place. Let my end be like Krishna's." year after his baptism, he began to accompany the missionaries on their Of his ability as a preacher, Ward itinerating tours, rendering them has this to say: "As a preacher, Krishgreat assistance, and bearing the na was truly evangelical in his views. taunts and jeers of his countrymen He preached Christ, none but Christ, with meekness and forbearance and in and Christ the suffering, the atoning the spirit of the Master. In May, Savior. He would contrast with won- 1803, he was set apart for the work derful effect Christ washing the feet of the ministry, and early in 1804, of His disciples with the Hindu spirihaving proved himself worthy, was tual guide, having his foot on the disformally ordained by prayer and the ciple prostrate at his feet. His methlaying on of hands. Henceforth he od was mild and persuasive; and the went far and wide preaching the Gos- sight was truly edifying to see this pel. Hindu convert in his simple native dress in the pulpit, pleading with his Five years of the twenty-two that countrymen and beseeching them to he gave to the service of Christ were be reconciled to God." May there be spent in Calcutta, where as the first many more such men in the Church native missionary to that great idola- of India!

WAR AND THE GOSPEL BY HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW Were half the power that fills the world Down the dark future, through long gen- with terror, erations, Were half the wealth bestowed on The echoing sounds grow fainter and camps and courts, then cease; Given to redeem the human mind from And like a bell, with solemn, sweet vi- error brations, There were no need of arsenals and I hear once more the voice of Christ say, "Peace!" forts.

The warrior's name would be a name Peace! and no longer from its brazen abhorred! portals And every nation that should lift again The blast of war's great organ shakes Its hand against a brother, on its fore- the skies!

head But, beautiful as songs of the immortals, Would wear forever the curse of Cain. The holy melodies of love arise.

A CENTURY OF BIBLE DISTRIBUTION IN NEW

BY REV. GEORGE WILLIAM CARTER, PH.D. General Secretary of the New York Bible Society The Bible is the greatest book in rated in 1866. The work instituted in the world, not only because of its 1809 has never ceased, and it can be moral and spiritual influence in the traced through every decade to the world, but also from a purely busi- present day. ness man's point of view. The most successful novel seldom reaches a cir- The New York Bible Society is the culation of over 50,000 copies in a only society having for its sole work single year, but the Bible is having Bible distribution in the city and harthat circulation every day! No other bor of New York. Sixty men, membook compares with it from the stand- bers of the leading churches of the point of sales and wide reading. From various denominations of the city, the standpoint also of languages into compose the Board of Managers. The which it is translated, no other book is Bibles are distributed through the pasbeing circulated among so many na- tors and recognized Christian worktionalities. The Bible is being read in ers of the city, and by special agents New York City to-day in thirty-seven among the immigrants at Ellis Island languages. This can not be said of and the sailors in the harbor. The any other book. work is strictly unsectarian, and no book is ever sold at a profit. The Congress of 1777 considered a resolution regarding the distribution New York is a wonderful city. The of the Bible, and after deliberation, story of its growth and development voted to import 20,000 Bibles for the is as strange as the stories of "Gulliuse of the people. The Congress of ver's Travels" or "Arabian Nights." 1781 again considered the subject of In the seventeenth century Manhattan Bible distribution, and the following Island was bought from the Indians for resolution was adopted: goods valued at $24, and the assessed valuation of real estate on Manhattan "Resolved, That the United States Island last year was over $5,000,- in Congress assembled approve the 000,000. Broadway is the longest edition of the Bible published by street in the world. New York has Robert Aitken, of Philadelphia, and the greatest street railway system of recommend its use to the people of the world, the finest park system, the the United States." largest office buildings. One building alone, the Hudson Terminal Building, In this way Congress, in those early will accommodate 10,000 people, and days, fulfilled the duties of a Bible so- is a city in itself. New York is the ciety before there was such an insti- financial center of the world and has tution anywhere in the world. the largest savings-bank of the world, the Bowery Savings Bank. New The original New York Bible So- York is adding to its population a ciety was organized December 4, 1809, whole city of 90,000 every year. Fourand the present society began as an fifths of the people are foreign born auxiliary in 1823 under the name of or children of foreign parents. That the Young Men's New York Bible figures may not be confusing, let some Society. In 1840 the latter adopted facts be put in a comparative way: the name of the original society, which had ceased to exist, and was incorpo-

There are in New York more Ger- three hundred pastors in Manhattan mans than in Hamburg, more Italians and Bronx, and a much larger numthan in Rome, three times as many ber of missionaries and lay workers Irish as in Dublin, and ten times as who devote their time to visiting the many Jews as in all Palestine. There needy in homes, hospitals, prisons and are more Cohens than Smiths in the other institutions. There are now city directory. Here at once is a vast about one hundred and fifty-seven home and foreign missionary field, pastors and missionaries who are and during the past year the New working exclusively among foreign- York Bible Society distributed the lar- speaking people in Manhattan and gest number of volumes of Scripture Bronx. All of these workers ought in its history, over 151,000 in thirty- to be assisted by grants of Scripture, seven languages. and this help will be given them as far as the finances of the society per- Through this society many strangers mit. have received copies of the Word of God and have become the best kind The chaplain of one of the city prisof missionaries among their own peo- ons said to us recently: "I have never, ple, in our country or in the lands of in my experience, found a copy of the their birth. A Norwegian pastor in Scriptures left behind in a cell by a the city recently told us that from prisoner; but I have received many those who have joined his church in letters from men in Sing Sing or Authe past five years, thirteen have re- burn, and from men gone free telling turned to Norway as missionaries, and of their gratitude for the Testament nine have gone into different States or Bible which they had received here, of our Union to carry the Gospel. The which had brought new hope and pursame day a city Chinese pastor said pose into their lives. I could give you that on a recent visit to his native land a number of instances where the enhe met twenty-seven of his country- tire Bible has been read through by men who had been converted in this prisoners while in the city prison." country, and had returned to China as This work must certainly meet the apmIssIonaries. Five Russians recently proval of all. went back to Russia as missionaries, having accepted Christ through the The New York Bible Society also reading of Scriptures furnished them aims to furnish the hotels with Bibles.. by the New York Bible Society. The writer was stopping at a hotel in New York City where the Scriptures The pastor of a certain large church were placed in some of the rooms. He in New York City recently said: "With picked up a copy and on the front page our corps of workers we can make a read these words: "This little book thousand calls a week if necessary." brought comfort to a weary soul; N0- When these workers visit the homes, vember, 1902." "And to another, Demany of them are supplied with vol- cember, 1903. God in His mysterious umes of Scripture for needy families way works wonders for us all. Praise from the New York Bible Society. The Him." The Scriptures ought to be in aim is to furnish with Scripture every the guest-rooms of every hotel. pastor and missionary in Manhattan and Bronx. There are more than Two missionaries are employed by the New York Bible Society to spend

their time among the immigrants ing him a Swedish New Testament. landing at Ellis Island. The immi- The Swede stopt, apparently startled, grants landing as strangers are open and stared at the worker, saying: to new influences. They see nothing "Weren't you here twenty-six years but unknown, cabalistic signs, and ago? I think you are the same manwhen our missionaries present them yes, you are the same man." The with copies of Scripture in their own worker told him he had been engaged language they are interested and de- for twenty-eight years distributing the lighted. Many immigrants carry the Scriptures to the immigrants and giv- DI STR IB UTING SCRI PTUR ES AMONG THE FOREIGNER S IN NEW YORK volumes so received to their new ing to each one a book in his mother homes as the only book in their pos- tongue. "Well," said the Swede, session. We frequently hear of the "twenty-six years ago I landed here a good accomplished by the Scriptures stranger and you gave me a New Testhus given to these strangers. tament in the Swedish language, just as you offered me one now. I read. A Swede was recently coming into it, and through reading it I became a our country through Ellis Island. As Christian. After a few years I made he landed, a worker of the New York up my mind to become a preacher, Bible Society stept up to him offer-

and for twenty years I have been among the sailors of the harbor. It preaching the gospel in Colorado. It is a fact that more sailors come into all began with your giving me a New New York harbor every year than the Testament." total population of New Hampshire, Vermont and Rhode Island. This mis- Over 700,000 immigrants came into sionary visits about 300 vessels a our land through Ellis Island last month, supplying the officers and year. Not long ago an enthusiastic crews with Scripture. When the public speaker was heard to say: "We steamer Roosevelt sailed on the Arcland annually on these shores a million tic expedition over a year ago she had paupers and criminals." A great on board twenty-one volumes of Scripmany people have this same idea. The ture, a gift from this society. fact is, these so-called paupers brought into this country with them last year A number of centennial celebrations over $26,000,000 in actual cash in have been held during this year, givtheir hands, and only a very low per- ing recognition to such men as Lincentage become criminal. If they have coln, Holmes, Gladstone, Mendelssohn not blue blood, they have good red and Tennyson, all of whom believed in blood, and furnish the labor that many the Bible. It is in this year also that of us could not endure. A few years the centennial of organized Bible Soago the Irish and German were looked ciety work in New York City will be on as the type of the immigrant. Many celebrated by a meeting in Carnegie of them now are prominent in civic Hall on Friday evening, December life and hold positions of public trust. 3, 1909, at which Governor John F. The Italian and Slavic races seem to Fort, Governor of New Jersey and be coming to the front to take the others prominent in Church and place of the old-time immigrant from State will speak. The different Ireland and Germany, and already the denominational preachers' meetings Italians are owning blocks of houses have each already given a Monday and banks, and figure in public affairs morning to the centennial and the imnot a little. By and by they will not portance of this work of Bible distriappear in the trench, digging our sub- bution in New York. December 5 ways and cellars, but will be sup- has been designated as Bible Sunday, planted by others, who will gradually and many pastors of Manhattan and rise as they have. Bronx will deliver special sermons on the occasion. Rev. Dr. Arthur T. We aim to furnish each one of these Pierson will deliver the centennial serimmigrants with a copy of the Scrip- mon for the society on the afternoon tures in his own language, when he of December 5 in the Fifth Avenue lands at Ellis Island. This book may Presbyterian Church. be the most helpful influence in making him a good American citizen and This important work of Bible dis- Christian. tribution among those at our doors who have never seen the Book can not A missionary is also employed by receive too great emphasis. the N ew York Bible Society to labor

L. DUBE, THE BOOKER WASHINGTON

THE ZULUS BY REV. W . C. WILCOX, IFAFA, SOUTH AFRICA Missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, or A.B.C.~LF.

I first knew John Dube * as one of that first, then come back and we will a class of Zulu boys at the Amanzim- talk. You know God says, you must toti Boys' School about twenty-one first be reconciled with your brother."

years ago. He was then about seven- This was a hard thing for John, for teen years of age, but did not seem to he thought, of course, that the other be distinguished above the other boys boy was the most to blame. But at for anything, except that his teacher complained that he was obstinate and shirked his work. One day there was a fight in which John was the victor.

It grieved us all that he showed no repentance for this disturbance of the peace, which affected the whole school. Fight and insubordination were in the air, and punishment only intensified the bad spirit. Then we took to prayer, and I was asked to con- duct special services for the boys. We held them every night, and soon there were results. One and another rose for prayers, and I asked all who wished, to meet me alone in my room JOHN L. DUDn for heart-to-heart talks. From that time on there was seldom a moment last he said, "I will do it," and he went when I was in my room that there out with a resolute face. In a short was not a boy with me or one ask- time he returned with a happy look ing for admission. In these talks I and said: "It is all right now." I did not allow any boy to think that believe he dates his conversion from there was any real hope of salvation that hour; at any rate, from that time without confession and putting away on he was a changed boy.

sin. One day I was rejoiced to see Tho not a regular teacher, I was John among the inquirers, for we had asked to take a class in geography, been making him a subject of special and as the subject at the time was prayer. The first thing I said was: the United States, and I was prepar- "John, how about that fight? Have ing to return to my dear native land you made it up with that boy yet?" after an absence of seven years, I "No." made it an interesting study to the "Well, I think you would better do class. Everyone came and begged . * James Dube, the father of John, was the first to go with me to that wonderful land of liberty and light. I told them it of our Zulu pastors, and was a noble Christian was impossible, as it would take a man, whose uncle was the late chief Umquawe. great deal of money, which neither of The chieftainship did not belong to James' side us had. But John said that his father of the kraal, so that the story of his renunciation had left money for that very purpose, of it in favor of the Christian ministry is more beautiful than true. There is no doubt, however, that James was capable of such a noble 'ct.- W.C.W.

and tho we did not encourage him, ber-shop and as a porter on the cars. when his mother came with the full He did not stick to anything very amount of money for his passage, I long, for he seemed to be too amdid not refuse. I told him if he was bitious to make a rapid rise. Most of willing to work, and did not expect the Zulus think that if they can only he was going to find soft-hearted peo- come to America, they can acquire in ple who would give him everything, two or three years what takes us ten then I would take him. His mother years. When John was in the barber- shop, he thought they kept him too MRS. JOHN L. DUDE long blacking shoes and brushing clothes, so one day, when the boss was put him into my charge, and told him out, he tried his hand at shaving and that, as his own father was dead, slashed a man's chin. That was the he must obey me as his father. I end of the barber business for him. advised him to go to Hamptori, and secured a place for him from General Nevertheless, all these experiences Armstrong in the overflowing institu- were a good school for the young tion. But he had set his heart on Zulu. He never went into bad comgoing to Oberlin, where his adopted pany, and when he had earned and father had received his education. saved a little money he went to schoo!. When he visited me in the Adiron- When we reached Oberlin, there dacks, where I had taken a temporary was only fifty cents left of the money pastorate, he made some influential that his mother put into my hands. I friends among the summer visitors. gave it to the young man and told One day he asked if he might give a him that now he would have to work lecture in my church. I consented or starve. His first job was on the after he had written out his lecture, road with a shovel, but. one day of and I had found it very creditable for that work laid him on his back, and a boy only eighteen years old. We he wished himself back in Africa. advertised the lecture and the house Afterward he tried various other oc- was crowded. The people were surcupations: in a printing-office, a bar- prized and delighted, and some ques- tioned whether I had not written the lecture for him. A large collection was taken, and naturally John formed a very high estimate of his ability as a public lecturer. I thought it best to let him have a few more lessons in the hard school of experience, and he afterward wrote me a frank and manly" letter asking my pardon for not pay- ing better heed to my counsels.

After completing his education at Oberlin, John came back to Africa with considerable knowledge that he had picked up in his six years' stay in America. He became a helper in one

JOHN L. DUBE, THE BOOKER WASHINGTON OF

of our mission stations, and married among their own people, and, the way one of the brightest of the first being opened, they came to America class to graduate in the lnanda Girls' and took up a course of study. We Seminary. She was a teacher in the soon heard that they were raising station school at Groutville, and]ohn money for a college among the Zulus, loved her very much; and she loved and the home secretary wrote asking him, but her father was a polygamist me what I thought about it. I loved and demanded the legal lobola of ten John and had nothing but good to say head of cattle as the price for his of his character; but from my knowldaughter. ] ohn had no cattle, and, edge of the Zulus in general, and some A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE ZULU INDU STRIAL FARM AND SCHOOL moreover, had conscientious objections visionary ideas which I knew to be against buying his wife. Now,]ohn among them about a college which was was an "exempt native." His father to be run entirely by themselves, I had had obtained the privilege granted to no faith in the schem~, and wrote my the natives most advanced in civiliza- doubts frankly. That letter was used tion to come out from the operation to oppose Mr. Dube's scheme, but it of native law, so that if they were probably did more good than harm. once married his wife would have the The letter pointed out the danger that same status as himself, and he would the possession of money might turn be freed from the lobola. I advised his head, and that would be the end him to go first to the father and tell of the college. Mr. Plant, inspector him frankly how he was situated and of native education, also told me he his conscientious objection, and ask would give Mr. Dube just two years his consent to marry his daughter to run into debt and give up the enwithout the lobola. He did so, and, terprise. This warning probably to the surprize of all, the consent was helped John to realize and guard obtained and they were married. against the danger.

But both John and his wife felt When Mr. and Mrs. Dube came that they lacked equipment for work back to Natal with the money to start

the Christian Industrial School, I was the most noted and honorable bodies most happily disappointed. I had of scientists in the world, was in never before witnessed in him such Natal, Mr. Dube was invited to deevitiences of humility. His builder liver an address, and no missionary testified that Mr. Dube had wheeled ever received stich applause as he. A stone and mixed up mortar with his collection for his work was taken on own hands for the work on the build- the spot, amounting to $250. When ing. When I sawall this, my heart he prepared an address in Zulu for a smote me and I felt that I had done Zulu society which has for its object him a wrong, which I ought to undo the obtaining of their just rights, the so far as possible. I can fest my mis- address was translated and published take not only to John, but I wrote a in full in the daily papers, occupying AT THE QUARRY- ZULU BOYS LEARNING TO MAKE GOOD FOUNDATIONS letter to the Natal Mercury and ac- nearly a whole page. It is a rare knowledged my mistake publicly and thing to see a missionary address octold how Mr. Dube's noble conduct cupying more than a column, and it had disappointed my fears. is a squeeze to get that much in. When the cattle had been destroyed Since then Mr. Dube has gone on by rinderpest and tick-fever, Mr. Dube with distinguished success and re- did not know how he was going to nown, as principal of the Industrial haul the brick for the new school School, as editor of the Ilanga, the building, but the government loaned only Zulu paper run entirely by the him mules without charge. No such Zulus, and has become a leader of his aid was ever given to any other mispeople. He has obtained greater rec- sion. When this building was dediognition and honor from the ruling cated, the governor of Natal did him class in South Africa than all the the honor of coming in person to give American missionaries put together. an address. Once in the seventy-five When the British Association, one of

19<>9] JOHN L. DUBE, THE BOOKER WASHINGTON OF

years since our mission was started in ability and industry has enabled him Natal a governor has been present at to achieve such success. the dedication of a school building. Mr. Dube's work is only just get- When we consider that the status ting a foothold. He has lately reof the Zulu in Natal is lower than ceived the government grants which that of the lowest negroes in our have long been withheld for no other Southern States, and that there is no reason than that his school was not public office of emolument and trust under the supervision of some white which he holds; that he has no vote man. His scholars were not even alfor any public officer, that he is not lowed to take the examinations of the allowed in any of the cars or vehicles, schools under the charge of missionhotels or public halls, which are used aries. But now his school is on the by white men; that he is not allowed same footing with other schools. Still, to own a gun, that he is not allowed God gives him grace to remain humto be out after nine o'clock at night, ble. Mr. and Mrs. Dube expect to that he is not allowed to drive a beast arrive in America in December and along the street without a pass, that will be available for addresses in he is required to walk in the middle churches, Sunday-schools, and misof the street with the cattle; when we sionary societies. To secure dates, consider all this, and then look at the write as early as possible to Mrs. recognition which Mr. Dube has won Byron Horton, 42IA Hancock street, from the class which holds his people Brooklyn, N. Y., or to Rev. S. Parkes in such disesteem, we must say that Cadman, D.D., chainnan of the Dube the blessing of God and his own committee.

IN THE CARPENTER~SHOP-ZULU BOYS LEARNING TO MAKE GOOD HOUSES

SVRIAN ORPHANS' H Or..fE AT J .ERUSALEM~

THE SYRIAN ORPHANS' HOME A MISSIONARY INSTITUTION IN THE HOLY LAND BY REV. J. H. HORSTMANN, ST. LOUIS For nearly fifty years this institution series of mission stations that was to has occupied a very important posi- connect Jerusalem and Abyssinia. tion' among the forces that are working for the evangelization of the land Heredity and training combined to in which Jesus lived. Beginning amid fit Mr. Schneller for such missionary poverty and great hardships, it has de- work. The spiritual earnestness and veloped an extensive and powerful courage inherited from a Salzburger spiritual and educational influence ancestry had been developed and inamong a class of people not previous- tensified by a deeply and sincerely ly reached by missionary effort. It pious home atmosphe re, while a. boyhas sent out more than two thousand hood spent among the rugged Suabian Christian young men and women Alps naturally strengthened the latent equipped for letting their light shine industry, energy and tenacity that was among their countrymen. From its to characterize all his future labors. inception it has stood for earnest, Passing the required teachers' examfaithful, constructive missionary effort ination in Wurttemberg at the age of along progressive evangelical lines, eighteen (1838), Schnencr was not and the success it has been able to long in achieving success in his chosen achieve must be regarded as the di- calling. 'With the true insight of the vine blessing which always rests upon Christian educator, he sought to reconsecrated and well-directed effort. lieve the dire poverty of the rural vil- lages by awakening and developing Late in November, 1854, the foun- the spiritual life of the people and reder, Johann Ludwig Schneller, with enforcing it by industrial education. his 'bride, came to Jerusalem in re- At the invitation of Spittler, he took sponse to a call from Pastor Spittler, charge of the St. Chrischona Pilgrim of Basle, to take charge of a mission- Mission in 1847 and established a recary training school that was designed ord for unselfish devotion by giving to supply the workers for the Apostel- six years of self-sacrificing and exstrasse (Road of the Apostles), a hausting effort to the training of missionaries without receiving any com- methods. When the seminary for napensation whatever for his labors be- tive teachers and evangelists was esyond his personal necessities. tablished, its work was mapped out on the same principles, and the work re- Owing to the peculiar difficulties of quired to-day of the seventeen stuthe field, Spittler's project at J erusa- dents conforms rigorously to the exlem did not prosper, and Schneller and acting German standards. As a rehis wife determined to engage inde- sult the more than 350 children in the pendently in missionary work among Home receive a very good commonthe neglected rural population, investing the wife's modest patrimony in a JOHANN LUDWIG SCHNELLER tract of land to the northwest of the city and in the erection of a suitable school and religious education. Arabuilding. They experienced great dif- bian is the language generally used, ficulties in gaining a foothold, suffer- but German, French, Turkish and ing many attacks and great losses from Armenian are also taught. the lawless Arab tribes, several times barely escaping with their lives. In 1902 the· educational work was extended beyond the limits of the in- The Syrian massacres of 1860 of- stitution by the opening of a school fered the opportunity for a much- for native boys in the city of Jerusaneeded form of missionary work, and lem, which was followed by one for prompted Schneller to gather such of the orphaned Syrian children as he girls in 19CJ6. These schools are orcould induce to remain with him and train them for a useful Christian life. ganized on the same basis as those In November of that year the Syrian of the Home, and are attended by Orphans' Home was opened and over 200 pupils, many of them the placed under the management of a children of former inmates of the committee of prominent German residents of Jerusalem. Friends in Germany and Switzerland gladly assisted in the support, and within a year the number of children had increased from nine to forty-one. In spite of many difficulties and misrepresentations, the work prospered, and Schneller's faith and perseverance in aiming at the largest possible usefulness was duly rewarded with the steady growth of its missionary influence.

Schneller's training and experience as a teacher in Germany stood him in good stead in the prosecution of his undertaking. From the first the school work was established on sound and comprehensive lines, and in accordance with the most approved

Home. The entire educational de- The industrial feature of the work partment is under the supervision of has now been developed to such an Schneller's son-in-law, Mr. Leonhard extent that it has become one of the Bauer. distinguishing characteristics of the institution. The foremen in the va- It was Schneller's aim to educate rious departments are nearly all nathe children committed to his care in tives trained in Germany and are such a way that they might later he maintaining a high degree of efficiency able to support themselves and thus in their work, and the machinery and exercise a wholesome influence upon appliances are modern in every way. their cOlmtrymen, entirely apart from BOYS IN THE CARPENTER-SHOP OF TH E SY RIAN INDUSTRIAL H OME their Christian training. As rapidly The print-shop, where twenty assistas possible, therefore, the . religious ants and apprentices are employed in and educational work was supple- producing all the printing required by mented by industrial training, the the institution, also handles a great boys and young men being taught the deal of outside work, among which is various trades, while the girls learned a Hebrew periodical for the Jewish sewing and housework. The children residents of Palestine. In the carwere thus taught the value and dig- penter shop thirty-four men are ocnity of labor and at the same time cupied with the manufacture of olivetrained for useful and productive citi- wood souvenirs and with all branches zenship, while all the work done as- of cabinet work. All the interior sisted very materially in the support woodwork for the new Evangelical and extension of the institution. church in Joppa, erected in 1904, was

THE SYRIAN ORPHANS'

made here. The machine-shop and branch at Jerusalem, insured the smith-shop, employing twenty-six services of trained Christian nurses men, has earned an enviable repu- to the former and enabled the latter tation in Jerusalem for the superior to train a considerable number of nacharacter of its work in all branches tive nurses in its work. About forty of the trade. In the pottery six girls are now being educated by the men and a number of laborers deaconesses. are kept busy with the manufacture of all ordinary earthenware The spirit pervading the work is articles. A brick anel tile department well illustrated by the story of a little waif, deaf and dumb, that was left at TIlE GIRLS' SEWING·CLASS AT THE SYRIAN ORPHANS' HOME is being added as rapidly as possible. the doorstep of the Home one winter Besides these a mill, bakery, tailor- morning in an extremely miserable shop and cobbling-shop and a steam condition. There being no provision laundry are steadily employed with for deaf-and-dumb children, one of the supplying the needs of the extensive sisters adopted the poor creature, athousehold. The nearly 140 acres of tending to its wants in addition to her farm land in possession of the institu- other duties. By unceasing devotion tion comprize orchards, vineyards and and loving care she has succeeded in wheat-fields and furnish healthful transforming the wretched and unopen-air occupation and exercise to all. cared-for foundling into a happy and intelligent young girl that gives prom- The cordial relations established at ise of a beautiful and useful Christian the beginning between the institu- life.

tion and the Kaiserwerth Deaconess The way in which the missionary Motherhouse, which maintains a

spirit has taken hold of the children two long and severe illnesses of her is shown by the following incident: husband. and the perfect understand- Some years ago, after one of the regu- ing with which she always entered into lar meetings of the mission class, some his plans and ideas for the extension of the boys and girls asked Director of the work, made her life and influ- Schneller for an opportunity to earn ence an essential factor in his achievesomething for the mission treasury. ments, so that the royal Order of When asked in what way they ex- Queen Louise, with which the German pected to contribute, they answered: emperor decorated her upon his visit "We will go without supper for a to Palestine in 1898, was but a due month if you will give us each day recognition of her lasting services to five pfennigs (about one cent) for the the kingdom of God. She died May food saved in that way, so that we can put it into the mission-box." 19, 1902.

Deeply touched, the director readily By taking advantage of several consented, and no money was ever opportunities for wise investment, paid out more cheerfully by him than Schneller had become able to purchase the sum due these children for their piecemeal a valuable tract of land self-denial in the interest of missions. surrounding the Home. He had done In similar ways the children have, this in the face of great obstaclesduring the last few years, contributed the tedious and complex negotiations about $100 to the treasuries of differ- extended over a long term of years, ent German societies. while the greed and duplicity of Turk- ish officials forced him to pay more Prosecuted thus thoroughly and than a double price in many instances earnestly, it was only natural that the -with charact~ristic patience and dework should succeed, and that there termination, because it was essential should be in due time many hundreds to the success of his plans for the of young men and women in various future. This land was leased in small parts of the country ready to become tracts to former pupils, large numthe nuclei of future evangelical settle- bers of whom, with their families, ments and churches. By correspond- were thus gathered into a constantly ence and periodical visits, Schneller growing evangelical settlement under managed to remain in personal touch the protection of the institution. In with most of his former pupils, thus this wayan evangelical church of 350 continuing to wield a strong and members has grown up around the beneficent influence on their lives. Home. the management of which, as well as that of the older one at Beth- A large share of the success achieved is due to the untiring and lehem, is in the hands of the Jerusadevoted assistance of Frau Schneller. The patient submission and Christian lem Union, with which the Syrian Orfortitude with which she bore the phans' Home, altho in every way inhardships and deprivations of the early dependent, has always cordially codays, the faithful heroism with which, operated. Upon the enlargement and in addition to the care for her family reorganization of the managing board of five children, she carried practically in 1889 with the official sanction and the entire burden of the work during indorsement of the German emperor, Schneller voluntarily turned over all

SYRIAN ORPHANS'

the land he had purchased, asking in dormitory, and under the immediate return a sum that barely reimbursed supervision of a nurse or teacher. Alhim for the actual amount expended. tho this change of method entailed The official title of the board now is great expense, and an indebtedness "Die Evangelischen Missionen im still remains, the very satisfactory re- Heiligen Lande"; its chairman and sults have proved the step a most wise general secretary is Dr. Ludwig and timely one. Schneller, second son of the founder, who has charge of the European office With the establishment of an agriin Cologne, Germany. cultural colony at Bir Salem, in the old plain of Sharon, a few miles south- Since 1885, Schneller's eldest son, east of Joppa, in 1890, Schneller THE CONFIRMATION-CLASS AT THE SYRIAN INDUSTRIAL HOME Theodore, had been associated with sought to meet one of the most pressthe management of the Home, and ing needs of the Holy Land-i.e., a was therefore well fitted to become class of industrious Christian farmers. his father's successor at the latter's The missionary character of the endeath, October 18, 1896. Entering terprise was emphasized by the openfully into his father's plans and ideas, ing of an orphans' home for children he has been able to strengthen and who had to be refused admission at extend the work in many ways. The Jerusalem for lack of room. The increasing number of children-II4 privileges guaranteed by an imperial were received after the Armenian firman, an advantage which was semassacres of 1896–necessitated their cured for the institution at Jerusalem grouping into "families," each with only after several unsuccessful efforts, its own living- and play-rooms and makes Bir Salem a promising rural

educational center. There are now Roman Catholic control, moved the about fifty children at this place. Ir- chairman of the managing board to rigation and intelligent modern meth- make an appeal in behalf of Nazareth ods promise to restore the historic to the German churches of America. plain to its ancient fertility, and there He visited this country in person duris good prospect that the enterprise ing the winter of 1907-08, and bewill soon be able not only to support fore the expiration of the term in itself, but also to render valuable as- which the property was to have been sistance in maintaining the parent in- sold, the needed sum was assured, by stitution. The tract of nearly 4,000 far the larger part being contributed acres, which was at first leased from by the churches of the German Evanthe government, has now been pur- gelical Synod of North America. chased outright. Early in 1909, Dr. Schneller left for Palestine to make the necessary ar- The great prevalence of blindness rangements for the immediate progamong the inhabitants of Palestine ress of the work. The work to be unmade some attempt at relief necessary, dertaken at Nazareth-a school for but it was not until the generosity of boys-will follow the same general Count von Miinnich, of Dresden, who lines as that at Jerusalem and Bir devoted his entire fortune to the Salem. cause, assured an adequate support, that definite work could be under- The Holy Land is a strategic point taken. The commodious and well- in the conquest of the world for equipped buildings erected in 1902 Christ, the key to a vast territory as now shelter about fifty of these yet barely touched only by the adunfortunates. One teacher, herself vance guard of the missionary hosts. blind, who gave up a comfortable The cry, "God wills it," that inspired home with her mother in Germany in the Crusaders of old with sacred enorder to undertake this work, and a thusiasm, is again heard in our day married superintendent, have charge and promises to move the Christian of the Home. world in a vastly deeper way and for a vastly nobler purpose, while recent An opportunity for opening a political events in the Orient-whethbranch institution in Nazareth had er their portent be favorable or unbeen considered by the management favorable to the spread of Christianity at Jerusalem, but the price, nearly -must spur the sincere followers of $8,000, for which a solid tract of Christ on to greater and much more somewhat more than 100 acres, which determined efforts for the advance of had been originally intended for a His kingdom among the people who Protestant orphans' home, but was be- are probably the fiercest and most iming offered for sale in the settlement placable enemies of the Christian reof an estate, could be acquired, seemed ligion. In the spirit of Isaiah 40 : 1-5, prohibitory in view of the obligations the Syrian Orphans' Home is doing still resting upon the institutions at noble pioneer work, and its achieve- Jerusalem and Bir Salem. The great ments will be fully appreciated when possibilities for effective mission work the time is ripe for the manifestation in that region, however, as well as the of the children of God inthe Holy Land. danger of the property passing into

A CHRISTIAN INVASION OF THE LAND OF

BY REV. GEO. C. DOOLITTLE, SIDON, SYRIA Missionary of the Preshyterian Board of Foreign Missions, 1893- The name of Og, king of Bashan, ving the truth of Christ's beatitude, is inseparably associated with that of "Blessed are they which do hunger Moses and the children of Israel in and thirst after righteousness, for they their triumphant occupation of the shall be filled." Their chief concern Holy Land. Bashan covered a wide and delight is to hear and to live the strip of territory east of the Jordan gospel daily. Their spiritual enthusi- River, extending about eighty miles asm is refreshing; and before twenty- southward from Damascus. In Num- four hours had passed, we discovered bers and Deuteronomy is found the that real prayer- and praise-meetings story of Israel's prowess in possessing take the place of the accustomed for- this land. The present invasion in re- malities of other places. We found cent times was "not by might, nor by no demand for the discussion of poli- power, but by My Spirit, saith the tics, or America-nothing but the Lord of Hosts." kingdom of Christ.

Nearly thirty years ago, English Kharaba is about sixty miles south missionaries in Damascus made a tout of Damascus, not far from the ancient of Hauran (a part of Bashan), preach- city of Bozrah, found on all Old Testa- ing the Word of God, distributing ment maps. It is surrounded by Mos- tracts, opening schools, leaving Bibles. lem and Druse villages, and on the Thus Kharaba was visited, a village of south are the nomadic Bedouin tribes.

nominal Christians, on the edge of the This is a wild and lawless region, Bedouin land. The gospel seed found where rifles, revolvers and clubs are lodgment in a few hearts, was watered universally carried. Farmers plow in by the Spirit of God, and bore fruit. gangs, and carry guns on their shoul- At first two or three disciples met for ders. Even in these peaceful ( ?) times secret study and prayer; then passing we heard much shooting near villages years brought more within the circle after dark, and on Sunday evening and their allegiance to Christ was some of our young men were called openly avowed. The aid of a conse- off to arm and do scout duty in the crated American lady with a preacher plain toward the south, where the and Bible woman was gladly wel- Bedouin were reported to be secretly comed, and when a Syrian pastor moving their flocks past the village.

from the Presbyterian Mission visited Historically, this whole district is the town, he received fifty members interesting, as being the ancient realm into the Church, thus establishing the of King Og. We came to Kharaba first Protestant church in Hauran. from Edrei, the capital city of that Last December, at the request of these doughty warrior-king, whose bedstead zealous Christians, one of their num- was nearly fifteen feet long. Edrei is ber, a quiet man of unusual insight, composed of hundreds of stone houses, was ordained in Sidon to be pastor of many in ruins, but the larger number the new church. in good order. Their stone doors Recently it was our privilege to visit swing back and forth as in days of Kharaba, and there we found a large yore, and the ceilings are made of number of Christians who are pro- long stone slabs, carefully cut, placed

side by side, with one end resting on a On the following day a prayer-meetprojecting cornice, and the other on a ing of welcome was held, and after central arch. supper, served in true Bedouin style, another meeting lasted late into the From Edrei our baggage was night. These people would rather packed upon camels, and early on a hold meetings than sleep! Thursday morning we started southward across the fertile plain of Hau- Next day (Saturday, ordinarily deran for Kharaba. As we neared the voted to heavy household duties) town from the north, after nine hours breakfast was followed by the inof slow traveling, we saw it before us evitable meeting-and such a meeting! on a high hill, "a city that can not be The room would normally hold thirty, hid." Mr. Barakat Bishara, the tour- but there were nearly two hundred in ing evangelist of the district, pushed it, beside many outside the door. After on ahead to apprise the people of our dinner the two schools were examined approach. We watched him cross the in Bible verses, chapters and hymns. intervening plain, ascend the steep Then followed another rousing out-ofhillside, and disappear within a gate- door meeting before sunset. After way. Then a great scurrying of mes- supper, hymns were sung until the sengers hither and thither was noticed, court and the roofs on three sides were and soon a line of girls wended their packed. Lantern pictures of Pilgrim's way down the hill, followed by a Progress were shown with an explanalonger line of boys, then men and tion of the scenes. women hurrying to the meeting-point. The sChool children sang a hymn of The Sunday services were all held welcome, and everybody manifested in the open air. In the morning the tokens of delight at this unexpected sun beat down upon our heads, but visit. All assembled in the wide yard, discomfort was unheeded, for the or court, about which are built the spiritual temperature rose higher than rooms belonging to the church pastor the physical. A long service of praise and his brothers. The missionary was followed by a sermon fully threethought that, as usual in his experi- quarters of an hour long, yet the peoence, greetings would be renewed and ple in the court and on the roofs paid the people disperse, but Mr. Barakat reverent attention throughout. The quietly remarked: "They are accus- afternoon service was better than the tomed, upon the arrival of a preacher, one in the morning, for the people to have a service." So an impromptu filled the court and roofs. There were meeting was held, with remarks and no benches or mats, but the stones prayers and singing of many hymns. that had been gathered for a possible school-room were utilized as chairs After supper there was another and pews. Oh, that some American meeting in this same open court, and church, intending to spend $25,000 on after the formal part (when people renovation, would divert $500 to the usually go home) the friends pro- aid of this worthy congregation in tracted the informal gathering till erecting a suitable place of worship! after ten o'clock, and said that be- On the day of departure we visited cause we were tired from the long nearly forty Protestant houses and ofjourney, they would not stay late! fered prayer in each. BY T. H. P. SAILER, PH.D., NEW YORK Educational Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions The word "educational" suggests to systematic development will ordinarily some a mass of facts, burdening the come only from methods that are edumemory without inspiring the mind, cational. or severe mental gymnastics without any practical application. Nobody The aims we can hope to realize will wants to turn a missionary meeting depend upon the time at our disposal, into an academic exercise. We should on the number and frequency of our not rule out inspirational and spiritual meetings, on the state of development values. By educational we mean reached by our people, on the work simply that which lays emphasis on we can persuade them to undertake, the systematic development of indi- and on the material we find available viduals. Can we afford to neglect this? Can we afford to have meetings as subject-matter. A series of conwhich are interesting at the moment, secutive meetings might make pracbut which fail to leave people perma- ticable aims very much more definite nently better? Education seeks per- than anything we have ever attempted. manent results in the lives of individuals. In general, we must aim at develop- ing individual insight, sympathy and In order to make our missionary activity. We wish to stimulate mismeetings more educational, we ought sionary prayer and giving and service, to consider three things: and we shall do well to take up one of these things at a time and to stay ( I) Definite aims. There can be no with it until we obtain results. We systematic development unless we fol- need a self-sustaining interest that is low some intelligent plan. We need not dependent for its vitality on the something to direct and unify our ef- frantic efforts of the pastor. The forts. It would seem perfectly self- reason it does not exist may be beevident that every missionary meeting cause we have never given our people should have a definite aim, but in any definite instruction how to feed actual practise this is by no means the themselves or furnished them with case. Many meetings accomplish any motive for doing so. How many nothing because they aim at nothing. have ever persistently pursued plans They have subjects, but no objects. to induce people to read missionary books? Meetings at which books are In choosing aims we must decide described, and after which they are what will be practicable under the personally distributed, will be a great prevailing conditions. There are cer- help in such a crusade. Let no mistain results which we have no right sionary meeting ever be held without to expect from haphazard methods. a practical and clearly formulated aim. We realize the absurdity of the advertisements which promise the knowl- (2) We need to consider the state of edge of French ill ten easy lessons. development of the individuals with We would grow indignant with the whom we deal. school authorities if we found that children were being given exhortations We must be at heart teachers rather at irregular intervals, instead of be- than lecturers. The lecturer is ocing trained by carefully planned tasks. cupied mainly with his subject; the But because the Spirit of God some- teacher, with his audience. The lectimes works mysteriously we seem to turer adapts himself in a general way think that in religious matters the to his hearers, but beyond this takes laws of cause and effect may be dis- it for granted that they will look out regarded, and that we may look for for themselves, and gives. his thought results of the best quality from poor- to the quality of the material which he est efforts. Some results ought to presents. For the teacher, the center follow, of course, from any effort, but of gravity lies in the personal develop- ment of his hearers, and his personal concern is how to adapt himself to

their needs and secure their coopera- other meetings seem to aim at making tion. As Thwing says: "The lecturer it unnecessary for them to do anydoes his work, and goes. The teacher thing. Those who do the work will makes his pupils work and stands or get the profit. From the educational falls by what they do." standpoint, perhaps the chief criticism Some years ago, I was watching on religious work is that the pastor some gun practise on the New Eng- does too much, and the people do too land coast. At a distance from the little. It is impossible that developbattery were some men with a the- ment should result in people who are odolite, and every time the big guns inactive. Our meetings must set as discharged they watched where the their principal aim the lncitement to shot struck, took the angle, and telephoned over the result. Why did activity. they do this? It was not enough that (b) The amount of the response dethe ammunition was of the best quality and that the guns were carefully pends on the kind of the stimulus. A aimed. The important thing was to meeting that suggests nothing definite score a hit, and this required close is not apt to secure any response. Genwatching and constant correction. erally we appeal too much to intel- lectual motives, too little to will. Many It seems to me that we missionary persons who merely endure hearing a workers are often so taken up with man talk would be delighted to be the quality of our ammunition, that given something to do. It would pay we forget all about the exact location many of us to spend more of our time of our targets. We go on blazing in thinking of the kind~ of service away over their heads, and never stop that individuals are be;,t fitted to rento test where our bst shot struck. der and of the motives that will be Merely having an aim is not enough; strongest in securing this work. we must note how far our efforts realize it, and modify them accord- Weare in danger of forgetting the ingly. importance of spontaneity. One of the most fundamental statements by Prof. Much of our work may be done with Dewey is, "The moral life is lived large, ungraded groups. In this case, only as the individual appreciates for it may be well to separate them in our himself the ends for which he is workminds into parts, each of which is ing, and does his work in a personal fairly homogeneous, and to strike for spirit of interest and devotion to these one part at a time. On one occasion, ends." If a man does not appreciate aim at the business men; on another, what he is doing, he is not living a at the young people, and so on. Then moral life. If he simply drops money we must devise some means of study- into the collection-box without caring ing the effects of our work. Let us what it is for, he is not performing a ask questions as to the results, or moral act. We must lead our people get some one to do it for us. Let uS to appreciate the ends for which they take it for granted that results are are working, and respond in a personal normal and lay it up to the fault of spirit of interest. This is absolutely our methods if we do not secure them. essential to real development.

(3) We must have a knowledge of The best missionary meetings will the laws of development. We can no be those in which our people take part, more hope to violate these with im- but in a spirit of free labor. When the punity than we can the laws of leader plans the entire meeting withhygiene. . out cooperation, and assigns papers or talks to individuals without their (a) Development is in proportion to active response. Not what we do for choice, he is in danger of employing others but what they do for them- slave labor. The perfunctory way in selves really helps them. Some meet- which many papers are read, shows ings incite people to help themselves; plainly that there is no spirit of per- sonal interest back of them. We all

MISSIONARY CHURCH AND THE BALKY PASTOR 93

recognize the complaint, but we do not sionary enterprise is the work of the always rightly diagnose the cause. It church, and our meetings are for the would be a good thing to invite a purpose of counseling together how group to take charge of a meeting and we can best accomplish it. then to help them choose some vital problem to present. In many cases From the educational standpoint, the pastor might need to consult with too much religious work is entirely them as to the subject and the best motiveless. We think that we have ways of treating it, but he should al- very few effective speakers. But no ways preserve the attitude of one speaker is effective without a motive. helping them to carry out their plan. If we studied as much as some secular As long as they feel that the plan educationalists how to appeal to the is their own, they will work in a spirit motives of our people, we would be of free labor. surprized to find how many effective speakers we have. The geography of a meeting has much to do with its atmosphere. Peo- A debate, if well planned, is a good ple ought to be grouped as much as thing, because it gives each speaker possible in the informal way in which a cause to defend. The question, they would plan for a Sunday-school "Which missionary does the most picnic. I have seen a new spirit in good, the evangelistic, medical, eduan audience merely as the result of hitching their chairs out of the usual cational or literary?" has been found stiff order of a prayer-meeting. We most interesting. Impersonations have must do all we can to arouse a social been used with success. Whatever and cooperative spirit. The mis- calls for self-expression from the peo- ple along the lines of the aim is edu- cationally sound.

THE MISSIONARY CHURCH AND THE BALKY PASTOR * BY HON. JAMES A. BEAVER, BELLEFONTE, PA.

Is it possible that a man of God, once he pulled him up and said: who represents Him in the pulpit, can "Whoa 1" He jumped out and lifted join with his congregation in the up the horse's foot, looked at it, picked prayer, "Thy Kingdom come," and up a stone and began to hammer then hold back the chariot wheels of on the shoe. I said, "What's the God's coming? No, I say it is im- matter, Tom?" He said, "Sh." I possible. The man who does that may could not imagine what was the have said the prayer, but he never trouble, but when he got into the prayed it. No man can join in that buggy and said, "Get up," the horse prayer, "Thy Kingdom come," and started off all right. After a while then deliberately throw himself in the Tom turned to me and said, "That is way of the progress of God's chariot. a balky horse. He was just going I might as well telephone to my to stop. I knew it, but I didn't want neighbor, "Come over and help me," him to know that I knew it."

and then deliberately lock the door so "Well," said I, "that is all right; but that he can not enter. The one would what were you fooling about, hambe just as reasonable as the other. mering his foot?"

If I understood men as well as some "Oh," said Tom, "I was giving him men understand horses, I would be a a new sensation." success in dealing with men. I was driving with my son Tom the other Now, my advice to the missionary day with a new horse-and all at church that has a balky pastor is: Give your pastor a new sensation.

*Addresses given at the Pastors' Conference of the Layman's Missionary Movement, Philadelphia, February 12, 1908.

When I was a boy I tried to drive a Let me illustrate: One pastor, who balky team, and of course they would became fired with enthusiasm as a renot drive well. Where they don't pull sult of a trip around the world, is the together, the willing horse has to pull chairman of the missionary committee the load and the wagon, and the balky in our presbytery, and we received an horse besides; and so when the team invitation to come down to a certain balked, I recalled what I heard an old church and undertake, if possible, an man say, "If a horse don't go, kindle organization on the forward-movea little fire under him." If I had that ment plan. We went to that church pastor I would say kindle a fire under on a very stormy evening and discovhim. Make him go. ered that the pastor was away, his father having been taken suddenly ill, We can do that in many ways: but he left word that-the situation was First, pray for him. The Holy Spirit in our hands, to do what we pleased. is the fire he needs, and if He comes, The chairman of the committee was there is no resisting Him. There is to make the inspirational address, and no man living who can resist the it was for me to organize the church power of the Holy Spirit if He mani- on the general lines of the plan which fests Himself in the heart and in the I had adopted in my own church. In life of the individual. All we need to spite of the storm, there was a good do is to open the heart of the balky congregation. After a masterly adpastor, that the Holy Spirit may use him. He needs a new sensation; he dress, every man in the audience who needs a fire under him and in him, to was ready to do something that would work through him, so that he may take time, grace and energy was asked join in the prayer and mean it, "Thy to meet us after the meeting to orkingdom come." ganize the church for foreign mis- sions. Fourteen men, some elders of There is another way. The mis- the church, some trustees, responded. sionary church that has a balky pastor I outlined the scheme, and gave them and can not give him a new sensation, the details. We had a plan that I or kindle a fire under him, would bet- thought was going to sweep that ter get rid of him. church through and through. The church needed it. The five hundred If the laymen take any interest in members had the year before delibermissions, they must let their pastor ately given $9 to foreign missions. We know it, for no pastor can long be reckoned that if the members averbalky if the congregation want to make missions go. aged but five cents a week, it would amount to $r,250 a year. The Balky Church Then the pastor came home-the BY REV. GUY L. MORRILL, MOOSIC, PA. unfortunate part of it. About two months afterward the chairman re- There is no such thing as a balky ceived a letter asking him if he could missionary church. There may be not come down and give him another ehurches' which do not know what missionary talk. Last year that their duty is toward the work of Jesus Christ in this world. A pastor may church gave $r8. The trouble was think he has adequately informed his with the pastor. church about foreign missionary matters, but my experience has led me to A church will measure up to the the firm conviction that wherever a pastor's own personal interest. The church is not doing its full share for church that does not find that its pas- Jesus Christ in the foreign field, it is tor, from the beginning of the year because that church has not been to the end, is heart and soul in the adequately touched by mIssIonary world-wide work of Jesus Christ, will spirit and purpose in its pastor. not follow that pastor anywhere.

PERILS IN PERSIA *

BY REV. J. H. LINTON, SHIRAZ, PERSIA Missionary of the Church Missionary Society We started about eleven o'clock as the news that I was to have a from the Gari Khaneh and began by guard had got about. When we had running into a string of donkeys in fourteen persons on board I protestthat narrow bazaar. There was not ed and refused to travel if any more room for both donkeys and gari were a,llowed on. (carriage), and the donkeys suffered badly. A little farther on we We got to Yazdikhast that evecame into collision with the grave- ning and to Hadjedad next day at yard wall. It was a case of give and 3 P. M. I was anxious to get on to take, the wall lost its "rough corner" Ghaderabad that night, but as every and the gari lost its wheel-guard! one else was opposed to it, and the There were nine of us on the gari villagers vowed there were robbers from there onward, and I felt it was on the way, I gave in. I felt we more or less fortunate I had prac- were just as likely to be robbed by tised the art of sitting Persian fash- day as by night, but Yusuf's wife ion. There was no room to stretch began to weep, and said if we were one's legs. But I am bound to ad- robbed, and stript, by night, we mit it would tax the most ardent imagination to describe the gari as should perish with the. cold, wherecomfortable. I never seemed able to as we could keep ourselves warm in get away from that double iron the sun. However, we stayed there chain, and for variety had a man's the night. I had a strange feeling knees digging into my ribs. And that I was in a trap.

the jolting! I had my lunch at 4 VVe started off about 7 A. M., P. M. "Afternoon tea" at I A. M., sit- changed horses at Didagung and proting on the gari in the moonlight. ceeded. When we had gone about This consisted of bread and no tea. a farsaq I pointed out some objects Dinner I had at 7 A. M. on Friday. which seemed to be moving on the hill opposite. One guard had a field- I found my sleeping propensities glass, and he looked and said I saw stand me in good sted. When I only stones. When we had gone got sleepy my head began to wag about a mile farther we received a about for a pillow. I felt some one royal salute. Bang! bang! The take it in his hands and lay it down "stones" ran down the hillside in the in his lap. I did not resist and I form of robbers, firing all the time. slept there all night. In the morn- The bullets whizzed past us too ing when I awoke I found my head close to be comfortable. The in some one else's lap, but I did not "guard" turned and fled. We jumped remember the change taking place. out of the gari and took shelter in- side it. A bullet struck the ground We traveled night and day to at our feet. We called on .the rob- Abadeh. It was very cold at night. bers to stop firing, it was too hot! We reached Abadeh on Saturday morning about six o'clock and were We were then driven up a valley met by Mirza Yusuf. He had heard off the road and the gari was empfrom Alexander, the telegraphist, tied. I was asked to give up my that I was to have a guard, and so helmet, but said the sun was too decided to travel by gari. I felt it hot, and to my amazement I was was a shame to make a woman and allowed to keep it. Then I was four little children travel so, but asked had I any spectacles? but I they thought it would be safer. did not care to understand this! I There was a great run on the gari, superintended the unpacking of my goods, so as to save the holdall, etc., * From The Church Missionary Gleaner. t Mr. Linton was journeying from 15pahan to Shiraz to undertake sole charge of the work in that town-the sphere of Henry Martyn's labors.-ED.

from being cut open. The Persians When the robbers went away all sat with their heads between everyone seemed in the dumps. I their knees; my servant was begging suppose they had fairly good cause, me to sit down, but somehow I felt but it was no use crying over spilt most perfectly safe. I think I have milk. Yusuf was in a state of colnever before realized what "the lapse! So I first of all suggested peace of God, which passeth all un- having something to eat. Yusuf derstanding," really means. When had a small cooking-pot, a jug and our "guard" fled, it was a very real a bowl left. I had some bread and "guarding of heart and mind" that the remains of a fowl, and a small one experienced. bottle of milk. The latter was use- ful for the kiddies, and the bread The first robber threw my suits and fowl we shared out all round, away-to my joy! Just at the last and we all-fourteen of us-drank moment another picked up the our tea out of that one bowl. Talk bundle and threw it on the horses of picnics! Then I got as many as as they were going off-to my sor- would to come up on the hill, and row! I had a camp mattress of cor- we played games there all the afterrugated cork. They thought it was noon. When it was getting near money and ripped it up; out tumbled sunset we followed St. Paul's exchips of cork! I was busy explain- cellent example and "gathered a ing the mysteries of a clinical ther- bundle of sticks." We had not mometer to one robber when another much left in the way of bed-clothes, put his rifle to my head and de- but I had my water-proof groundmanded where my money was. I sheet, and tho there is not much was not paying any attention to him, 'warmth in it, it kept off the wind. as owing to his mask I did not real- We had an old Hadji with us. It ize he was talking to me. But the was rather an interesting testimony postman, seeing my danger, told from him when he said, "Say what him I did not understand Persian. you will, the Christian is kinder than the Mussulman." Not wearing a watch-guard saved my watch. My fountain-pen they About five o'clock I gave a tip to rejected with scorn 1 They pulled the groom to go to the next village one board off my case of books and and get us horses. He was not very saw only books. They pulled up a willing to go, it was right in the line few books, and still saw only books. of the robbers, but eventually he If they had searched sideways they went. We all fell asleep round the would have found a pair of boots, fire, having eaten the remains of our slippers, some underclothing, etc., food. It was getting on for ten used to pack up the top of the box. o'clock when I awoke, thinking I The Christian Missionary Society heard horses. The question was mafrash (package) they took bodily, whether it was robbers or friends. including all its contents-rugs, As soon as I was certain, I aroused overcoat, etc. Then everything was the others. It did not take us long packed on the post-horses, the driver to load the gari and turn it round, blindfolded and led away. My cam- and soon we were off on our way, era was fortunately left, tho I frank- as merry as children returning from ly said what it was. While the rob- a picnic! Half-way we were met by bery was proceeding, one robber ten of the villagers, all armed, who stood behind us with his rifle at our came to protect us. They were rol- licking fellows and kept the place heads, while the others rifled our ringing with their shouts. When goods. Meanwhile, remembering the road was good they all came on Mrs. Rice's example, I took a snap- to the gari-a crush ! We got to shot. But a rifle behind, and the sun Ghaderabad at midnight and needed in front, plus a guessed focus, were no rocking. not propitious circumstances, so the photograph is not very good.

WHAT A BIBLE CAN DO

At Kavamabad we heard that the Shiraz-also robbed! (It is said that road was stopt and we could not get the robbers have threatened to rob through., so we sent a messenger to every European they meet until the Sivend to telephone to Shiraz for in- European powers compel the Shah structions. We were to get the reply to grant a constitution.) on our arrival at Sivend next morning. When we got there, the reply Nothing further of incident haphad not come, and the town was in pened, and we reached Shiraz on such a shilluq (turmoil) that we de- Thursday about one o'clock, where we termined to go on and take the risks. reported the whole proceedings to the Wernet there the up-post from governor. There is little hope, how- ever, of any action being taken.

.

WHAT A BIBLE CAN DO* A young widow, Mrs. B- of Dublin, have it back in a few days; it is the a Roman Catholic, very conscientious most precious thing I have." and uniform in her religious practises, but continually in unrest on account of For the next few days everything her burden of sin, confided to her con- else was forgotten; the Light shone fessor her inward troubles; and, after into her understanding; the burden trying other expedients, he urged her long weighing on her conscience rolled to divert her mind by going to hear a away, and the Peace of God filled her humorous and entertaining performer, heart and mind. at the Dublin Rotunda, even securing for her tickets for the entertainment. The time had come for the Bible to be returned; but deep in study and Mrs. B- both mistook the hour and engrossed in thought, she did not nothe place, and got into one of the tice when some one entered her sitsmaller halls in the great public build- ting-room and her confessor stood being, stumbling upon a Protestant de- fore her! He noticed both the embarvotional meeting instead. She could rassment in her manner and the restful not get out without attracting much calm in her eyes. notice, and so stayed long enough to hear prayers that surprized her by "Vhat has happened to you?" said their simple approach to God, and to he. "I haven't heard how you liked hear a passage from Hebrews x., the entertainment, and as I didn't see 1-18, which unfolded a new doctrine you at mass last Sunday I thought you as to the forgiveness of sins, accom- might be il1." panied by a luminous exposition and application, and fortified by parallel She had meant to keep the matter references from other New Testament secret for a time, at least, but now, off writings. All this was the opening of her guard, she told the whole storyan absolutely new door of faith and her mistake as to the room, the athope, and left her amazed and com- tempt to leave, the words heard, the forted. book lent, and, last of all, the joy and peace that filled her heart. When the little meeting broke np, she summoned all her courage, and When she glanced at his face, it went up to ask the speaker what book was black with rage! "Give me that he had been reading from. Finding book!" he cried. that the lady had never possest a Bible, "I wi111end you mine," he said; "It isn't mine!" she answered. "read the marked passages, but let me "Give it to me," was the reply, "or your soul will be damned eternally; that heretic has nearly got you into hell, and neither he nor you shall ever read the book again," and, seizing it, • This narrative is authentic, and is vouched for by Rev. Dr. J. H. Townsend, who has issued it in a tract fprm, through the R. T. S., of London.

he thrust it into his pocket and strode message? It was one of those mysout of the room. teries which could never be explained. "Why," she said to herself, "should a She sat, as if paralyzed. That aw- God of love do this ?" ful look searched her through and through; only those born and brought At this moment the servant ushered up in the Church of Rome know the into the room a lady, closely veiled, nameless horror which the power of who stood for a moment irresolute. the priesthood can inspire. Then she Before Mrs. B- could speak, the thought of the man who had lent her other said, "You do not know me in his Bible; his address was in it, but this dress, but will soon recognize she could not remember it and knew me." She lifted her veil, and revealed not where to write. the face of the nun who had delivered the message of cprsing as they stood Days passed by, but her confessor, by the open coffin. once so welcome a visitor, but now so dreaded, did not return. After a fort- Mrs. B- started back, not knowing 11lght or more, Mrs. B- ventured what might happen next, but her visiupon a visit to him, and to make an tor calmed her fears, adding, "I have effort, if not too late, to get back the two things to tell you, and I must be book to restore it to its owner. very brief, for I am in haste. First, forgive me for that awful1ie of mine; Father John's house adjoined a con- I have asked God's forgiveness, but I vent where he was father confessor. beg also for yours. Father John died, blessing you with all his heart. The The door was opened by a nun, who, day before his death he charged me to being asked if the priest were at home, tell you that he too had found forgiveimmediately replied, with frigid man- ness for his sins by that book, and that ner, "Yes, Father John is at home," throughout Eternity he would bless and, as she spoke, she half pushed the you for having brought him to the lady into a room opening off the hall; knowledge of his Savior. I felt the but as she entered she saw there an strongest desire to read what he had open coffin, in which was the lifeless read, and after his funeral I could not resist looking into the book for myform of her confessor. serf; I was fascinated and read more Before she could recover from the and more, and I too have found par- don and peace in my Savior. I have shock, the nun hissed into her ear been studying the Bible for weeks, and these words: "He died cursing you; now here it is"-producing it as she you gave him a Bible, and he told me spoke. "I have escaped from the conto tell you that he curst you with his vent this evening and will cross to last breath; now go!" England to-night, but I felt that I must come here to return this Bible, Several weeks elapsed. One eve- and to tell you that all my life I too ning Mrs. B- was sitting alone, pon- shall bless you for having through it derIng over the events of the previous taught me how to get forgiveness for three or four months. The joy of my sins. Good-by! God bless you! pardon was in her heart, she had We shall meet in heaven." bought a Bible for herself, and had read it daily, and the old errors in A little worn Bible lay on the table which she had been brought up had before Mrs. B-. That little bookbeen one by one renounced; but there without a living voice to expound its was a sorrow which could not be ef- teaching, in two cases, had brought faced. How ineffably sad the brief three precious souls out of darkness illness and sudden death of that young into light. Imagine the feelings of its priest! His last look! His last words! owner when it was restored to him with this wonderful record! That terrible message! She had been so blest, brought into the haven of peace, filled with heavenly joy, and he-why should not the same words have brought him a like

EDITORIALS

AFRICA CAN BE CIVILIZED. HOW? comin gin contact with a root or large The most potent factor in the true stone, I was either thrown some ten civilization of any heathen or pagan feet ahead of the plow or had my ribs country is the missionary. severely bruised against the plow- "Bula Matadi," the "Breaker of tails. At such times, had it not been stones," aft~r visiting many missions for my previous Christian teaching, it in Africa, after being in close contact truly would have "been no place for a with one of the grandest missionaries preacher's son." The plow has its the world has ever known, after study- place in civilizing methods, but God ing their ways with the natives-with- does not send the Holy Spirit through out one word of criticism gives to the its tails, but through the Bible. A world their character as a standard of heathen can plow his best, his straight- what a practical missionary should est furrows only when his head and be-Hone who can teach the people heart belong to his Master. This is how to become Christians, cure their true of other than heathens."

diseases, build houses, understand One must be thoroughly conversant agriculture, turn his hand to any- with the surroundings and character thing." of heathen men before condemning A missionary to the Kongo writes them as lazy.

that after a residence of ten years in In accordance with their religion, if Africa, seeing many missionaries of we may so call it, the women do all the all denominations, his experience is hard work-and they are not lazy. A that the great majority of them reach man thinks it beneath his dignity to up to, and in many instances surpass, work-he has been taught this through even this high ideal. Even denomina- centuries. "That's a woman's work,"

tional differences, except when vastly has been times without number the different, as between Christian and answer to a request for a man to do Mohammedan, have been overcome by a certain work. The missionary has their love and tact. the power to compel the men to work.

These missionaries have kept ever Shall he force him to the labor? But to the front their high calling-the the church bell rings, the every-day, discipling of the people. Appreciating noon-day service begins, "My Father the fact that the native at the begin- worketh hitherto, and I work." He ning can understand only the simplest preaches on the dignity of labor. A of religious ideas, they have taught month later the native takes the hoe them, and so thorough have they or the ax or a spade, and without other become in this that it is a very force than that which comes from his common criticism against the home- own aroused subconscious self, he coming missionary that "he can not works-and better than the woman.

preach, he's too simple." The fault, Again, give him an incentive for work if any, lies not with the missionary, and he works. Hitherto his women but with the too learned critic. Christ have done all the work and have pro- so preached that "the common people vided him with all he wanted. Now heard him gladly." he sees gaily printed cloth, a knife, The missionaries in Africa are beads or salt, none of which his women almost without exception, practi- can grow.

cal men and women, men and women Offer him these for work and work who believed in giving industrial edu- is done. As he grows under Bible cation-but giving it in connection teaching, he feels the need of better 'With spiritual teaching. Doctor De clothing, better houses, and that need Witt says: "I recall my university leads him to work, and to faithful days, when my vacations were spent work.

on my grandfather's farm. There I "Forced to work! !!" Are there learned how to plow and also learned any three words that "stink in that there were times when, the share the nostrils" of men more than these

three? The whole Kongo horror the missionaries' children, but by recrises up before us as we write them. ommendation of the Government ex- No! no! not forced to work, but pert, will be the only Government taught the Bible-then work follows Protestant school for the next two naturally. Again our missionary years, or until they shall be able to writes: "I have had thousands of men erect buildings and start their work. to work for me in the heart of Africa, Mr. Roosevelt seemed to be greatly and never forced a single man to his work. This, of course, does not mean imprest with the work the missionaries that each one did splendid work-we were doing, and spoke as follows in have exceptions even in this enlight- his brief address: ened country." "I am glad to have the chance of And now a word as to the teachings being present to-day to assist in laying of the missionaries. What is more the corner-stone of a building which I simple than the religion of Jesus believe will be associated with far- Christ as taught in the Bible? Why, reaching and permanent good· to the say, "A simple, understandable Chris- people of East Africa. tianity-it's tautology? Weare told that "faith in its true sense, he (the "Your primary work is among the native) knows nothing of." Are we natives, and I am particularly pleased to teach him that with a plane? or that you have devoted yourselves so hammer it into his head? Hark! "It much to the industrial training which is the gift of God." must necessarily be the basis of per- manent ethical and spiritual uplift Will God withhold it from the Afri- among tribes such as those by which can because he does not know how to you are surrounded, altho, of course, build a house? "Faith cometh by hear- there must ultimately also be a gening, and hearing by the word of God." erally diffused rudimentary scholastic But many natives do have faith glori- education. ous, grand, true faith. "He can't understand the doctrine of the Trinity"; "I am also glad that you are not tryneither do we. Does the clerical critic? ing to turn the natives merely into imi- We had no trouble in making them tation or make-believe whites, but are comprehend the fact of the Virgin striving to fit them to go back among birth. If anyone should have asked their own people and themselves act as me, "How can we believe that a child leaders in the uplift of their race. was born without a father?" we would have told him, "You need not." As a "I believe that you have accommatter of fact, the question is never plished and will accomplish much. Of asked-they know there was a Father. course, you recognize the fact that The trouble lies in not understanding there can be no sudden transformation, how a child is born with a father. that many agencies must join in the work of improvement, and that the Finally, we believe most earnestly utmost patience must be exercised, for that Africa, as a whole, is becoming the process will be very, very slow; Christian through the conscientious while cool-headed, broad-minded sansowing of the seed by the noble band ity and acceptance of facts are as imof faithful missionaries working there, portant factors in achieving success as slowly but surely. the most disinterested enthusiasm. THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE "It is our plain duty as members of AFRICA INLAND MISSION a great leading race, to help upward a backward race; and the part the mis- On August 4, ex-President Roose- sionaries play in the movement is of velt visited the Africa Inland Mis- the very highest importance. Moresion at Kijabi, B. E. A., to lay over, I am particularly pleased at what the corner-stone of the new school you have done with your schools for building. This school is primarily for your own children and for the chil- dren of the white settlers round about. The missionary must remember his duty to the white settler as well as to the possible aid of one of our missionthe black man. He should strive con- aries. Our usual estimate of ordinary stantly for justice and fair treatment goods sent from New York City is for the native, and he should no less 75 per cent to roo per cent of the make it his constant endeavor to be of original cost for freights, customs and use and of service to the settler. You inland transport. Sometimes it falls can, of course, do most in this way a little short of this and sometimes exthrough your schools, but you can do ceeds it. much, and I am glad to say you have done much, through medical work; "We need thoroughly qualified and I hope also that wherever the op- workers who may undertake at once portunity occurs, you will encourage the work for 80,000 people on one isthe building of some little church or land and three untouched tribes along meeting-house where the settlers, and the shore, as well as for the five or six especially their womenkind, can at stations that are needed at once among least occasionally go to hear service. the Unyamwezi tribes. Mr. and Mrs. I have heard more than one settler's Sywulka are now at Nase and write wife express the earnest hope for such most enthusiastically of their new an opportunity. field. The Government has granted us two of the five stations for which we "I earnestly wish you well in your asked and no letter has come from work. All missionaries who do hon- the Provincial Commissioner at Taest, practical work, whatever their bora to whom we wrote about the creed, are entitled to the heartiest other three. support and encouragement. It will be a great pleasure to me to report to "Word has come that $800 is on the America what is being accomplished way toward building up the work in by this interdenominational mission." that district and God is signally bless- ing both this and the work of Mr. Mr. Charles E. Hurlburt, the super- Stauffacher, who is visiting the colintendent of the mission, writes that leges at home, and we earnestly hope since taking on the new territory the day is not far distant when we transferred to the mission from the may push on beyond the Uganda to Church Missionary Society,* a boat the tribes in the eastern Belgian and seems imperatively necessary. He French Kangas. says: "We are just now joining in special "The plans approved are for a 40 ft. prayer for an unusual spiritual equipboat, capable of carrying about ten ment for all our workers on the field." tons, large enough for our coast trade, and of such a model as would Since the above letter reached us, give the greatest possible speed con- word comes from the boat-builders sistent with the utmost safety. The that the cost for such a boat as is deengine will be made to burn wood, and sired, complete and packed for export the boat will be fitted to carry a few at Bay City, would be $r,230.00. passengers and such freight as is needed for the mission's use. From -EDITOR. estimates now at my command, the cost, apart from freight by ocean and DR. MABIE'S NEW MISSION railway to the lake, would be in the neighborhood of $r,ooo or $r,200. The "The Faculties' Union," an organtransport would probably come not ization representing the Baptist theofar short of this amount, and the cost logical seminaries, has entered on a of putting the boat together a further new departure as to a lectureship on sum, how much I do not yet know. I missions. At a meeting in MacMaster should expect, however, to do most of University last spring, they invited the work myself with native help and Dr. Henry C. Mabie, for eighteen years the home secretary of the Amer- * REVIEW, September, pages 699, 700. ican Baptist Foreign Mission Society, (hitherto known as the American Bap- tist Missionary Union), to undertake the new lectureship. He has accepted, and already com- IS. America as the Propagating pleted the course at Rochester on "The Bed for World-Missions. Basic Principles and Practise of Missions." The lectures have been re- 16. The Task Worth While and ceived with much enthusiasm. His Missionary Competency for it. next course was at the University of Chicago, on "The Place of Missions in THE MOODY BIBLE INSTITUTE WORK the Modern Church," and other seminaries follow: Colgate University, This Chicago enterprise reports a MacMaster, Toronto, Kansas City, year of marked advance and blessing. Baylor University, Waco, Texas; Cro- But of a budget of over $67,000, only zer and Newton, and others probably $1,100 is lacking. New buildings, inlater. cluding men's dormitory and gymna- sium', and women's building, are Dr. Mabie is to remain in residence well under way, and the money for at each institution for from two to their erection in sight; 1,323 students, four weeks, for public lectures and for the larger proportion being men, have special conference with students. been enrolled in the various depart- ments, and represent 31 denomina- We hope this precedent may be very tions, every State and Territory in the widely followed. To take men, who Union, and 19 foreign countries. have long studied missions thoroughly During the year, 70 have completed and practically, and especially on the the two years' course and have gradfield, as Dr. Mabie has, and put all uated. The students are expected to this special knowledge and experience engage in religious work, and 2,918 at the disposal of young students, is meetings have been conducted in the a master-stroke of wisdom from which city in connection with the practical great results are likely to follow. work department, and 3,196 persons have profest conversion. A new de- From the following topics, selections partment has been added for weekly will be made at the various points, as systematic training in methods of needs seem to require: Sunday-school work, under the per- sonal direction of Mr. Marion Law- I. Christianity the World-Religion. rence. 2. Missions Organic to Christianity. We rejoice in this institution of 3. The Fortunes of Missions from which Rev. D. James M. Gray is dean, the Apostles to Carey. and where the old book is reverenced, and the old Gospel magnified. It is a 4. The Missionary Achievements of theological summary of the practical the Last Century. sort, where all knowledge acquired is put into practise in actual work for 5. The New World Consciousness souls. and the Kingdom. THE CHRISTIAN PRONOUNS 6. Present-day Forms and Factors of the Missionary Enterprise. The lesson of unselfishness is the most important, yet the last to be 7. The Regulative Principle in the learned. Missionary Consciousness. The Bishop of Cambridge once put it 8. Providence in its Influence on to his pupils in the form of Christian Policies. grammar: "We have learned to say, First person, I; second, thou; third, 9. The Language Element in the he. But to put it right, we must turn Cosmic Plan. it upside down: "First person, He; second, thou; third, 1. 'He' means 10. Christianity as Related to Eth- God, the First Person in the first nic Systems. place; 'thou,' my fellow man; and 'I,' myself, comes last." I I. The Missionary's Personality, Call and Message.

12. The Distinctive Functions of Missions-Home and Foreign.

13. The Place and Service of Missionary Organizations.

14. The Pastor and the Making of a Missionary Church. .

MISSIONARY

AMERICA Evangelistic Committee of New York Conference on Missionary Education The Evangelistic Committee of New York carried on work during the past In New York City, on December summer, in tents, open air, and shops. 8th and 9th, an important conference The meetings were held in 57 centers, will be held to discuss the various 10 tents, 24 shops, 20 open-air, and 3 phases of missionary education in the halls, also hospitals and prisons. The home Church. Secretaries of Home meetings were conducted in seven lanand Foreign Mission boards, and guages: English, Spanish, Italian, Bo- Women's Home and Foreign Mi~sion­ hemian-Slovak, Hungarian, Polish and ary societies; secretaries and officers Finnish-Swedish. There was a total of national and State organizations of of 1,907 meetings held, at which there Christian Endeavor societies, the Ep- was an attendance of 287,260. worth League, and other national young people's organizations; secre- The cooperation of the young peotaries and officers of the International ple's organizations and brotherhoods Sunday-school Association, the Sun- of the churches was most hearty, and day-school Editorial Association, and several of these organizations susthe State Sunday-school associations; ti}ined open-air meetings in various representatives from the Student Vol- sections of the city. unteer Movement, the Laymen's Missionary Movement, leading pastors, Laymen as Christian Workers Sunday-school superintendents, and other practical missionary workers A most interesting and stirring conamong men, women, young people, ference of laymen, under the auspices and children are especially invited. of the National Bible Institute, was This important conference will open held in New York, November 3d-5th, at II A. M.} Wednesday, December for the purpose of arousing Christian 8th, with an address on "The Past and laymen to a deeper sense of their duty Present of Missionary Education." to do evangelistic work. Many stir- The afternoon session, from 2 to 5, ring addresses were given and it is will discuss "A Comprehensive Plan hoped that the outcome will be more for Missionary Education in the Local wide-spread and definite evangelistic Church." The evening, from 7 :30 effort. The Spirit is calling Christian to 9 :30, will treat "Education in Mis- men everywhere to bear their testisionary Giving." The morning ses- mony to Christ. It is not sufficient sion on Thursday, from 9 :30 to 12 :30, that we pray, "Thy Kingdom come" will be given to "Missionary Educa- any more than that we should pray, tion in the Sunday-school," and the with hands folded, "Give us this day afternoon session, from 2 to 5, to our daily bread." Christ would have "Methods for the Extension of Mis- us make His kingdom the paramount sionary Education." The evening ses- concern of our lives. "Seek ye first sion of Thursday will be left for sub- the Kingdom of God." If we might jects that seem most to need further catch a glimpse of the need, see the discussion. awful havoc sin is making, and look upon the possibilities of an abundant A registration fee of $1.00 will be harvest, our prayers would become charged. Copies of the report will more fervent and persevering for the be sent as soon as published to all who advancement of the Kingdom of God. have paid this fee. Your name has been suggested as one who would We can not look to the trained minprobably be interested in attending istry to carry forward the whole of the this conference. Send names, together conflict of the Christian Church with registration fees, to Mr. H. W. against evil. Hicks, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The National Bible Institute's School for the training of Christian Workers is designed to help men and women to a clearer conception of the

Gospel message and to combine prac- $30,000,000, or about $10.00 per capita tical methods for Christian work, with for its entire membership of over careful study of the Bible. 3,300,000. The scope of the school has been enlarged to embrace several new de- The time is come when this great partments, including courses: Church must take up more seriously the question of world-wide evangeli- 1. For lay evangelists. zation if it would save itself from de- 2. For those wishing to study the Eng- cay at home. In 1908 the Methodist lish Bible. Episcopal Church spent for foreign 3. For those desiring to prepare them- missions $2,015,775, about 60 cents per selves to teach the English Bible in capita-ten dollars per capita for Sunday-schools, Y.oung Men's Christian home missions and 60 cents per capita Associations, Young People's Societies, for the whole foreign world. Is the and Bible schools. proportion equitable? – World-Wide Missions. The courses of study will include addresses by leading pastors, Bible Many Smaller Gifts Needed Teachers, and laymen actively engaged in Christian work. An analysis of the highest 100 gifts to the $320,000 recently pledged to The sessions of the school were the debts of the congregation boards opened in November. For complete is suggestive to those who may be catalog address 156 Fifth Avenue, called upon to lead in similar under- Room 1201, New York. takings in other churches. The sub- scription was led by an individual gift Methodists Studying Missions of $10,000. Nine persons gave $5,000 each, one $3,000, three $2,500, four Nearly 12,000 classes, enrolling $2,000, three $1,500, and twenty-five 141,000 Methodists, young and not so $1,000. There were but four subyoung, have pursued mission-study scriptions between one thousand and courses within a decade. Every year's five hundred. Forty-six persons subenlistment records an increase over scribed each the latter sum. Less the preceding registration. The rea- than one hundred persons gave in son is not far to seek. The managers the aggregate $128,000. The reare providing more attractive books; mainder, $200,000, was given mostly from experience they have learned in small sums by nearly 10,000 indihow to train leaders, and the successes viduals. The great gifts are helpful, have made the cause of good repute. but it is the multitude of smaller gifts One who enters a mission-study class that brings success in any such unis sure to read at least one good book. dertaking.-Christian Advocate. His horizon will be broadened, and he Two Churches in the Forward Movemen of can scarcely fail to become acquainted The First Presbyterian Church, with some the leaders of the race.- Wilmington, Del., which last year Christian Advocate. reached $19 per capita, and is support- ing a whole station in China, publishes A Clarion Call to Methodists weekly in the church leaflet latest news from their station with the result Through the board of home mis- that the very names of the native sions and church extension all may go workers and of the street chapels are into every destitute rural region and household words to this congregation. into every great city in the home land, This church, not yet satisfied, is planand through the board of foreign mis- ning a canvass to reach every member. sions into every heathen, pagan and The smallest subscription received is Mohammedan land on the earth. The two cents a week. Methodist Episcopal Church has gone into all parts of the home land and has In a Texas church a young ladies' driven the frontier across the continent society of 27 members had never given into the Pacific Ocean. It has established itself in every rural region and in every town and city. In 19o8 it expended in the United States more than

I909J GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

anything to the cause. They decided Our Hebrew Fellow Citizens that 27 of the members should be givers. At 6 P. M. the following day It is said that the total number of pledges from the 27 members had Jews in the United States is now not been secured, varying from 2 cents to less than 1,600,000, and may reach a 50 cents a week, totaling $150. The total of 2,000,000. There are about largest pledge was made by a seam- 1,000,000 Jews in New York City, stress. 180,000 in Chicago, and 100,000 in Philadelphia. Several other Ameri- Apportionment Plan Succeeds can cities contain from 30,000 to 80,- 000 Jews. Throughout the South in The Episcopal Mission Board re- the largest towns the Jews are coming ports the succeSS of the plan of appor- to exercise no mean influence as factionment in its financial system. May I tors in the business world, and the pothe increase was but $7,700, but by sitions of influence occupied by many June 1 it had risen to $27,000, July 1 of the people gives the race a power to $73,000, and August 1 to $97,700. far beyond what might be indicated by The increase is from all sources; $50,- its numbers. It is said that there are 000 from churches, $20,000 from the about 3,000 Jewish lawyers and 1,000 "Voman's Auxiliary, $12,000 from the Jewish physicians in New York City. Auxiliary's united offering, $9,000 Jews own some of the greatest daily from Sunday-schools and $8,000 from papers in the country, such as the other sources. Philadelphia Public Ledger, The New York Times, World, and Press, The Baptists Give Ear! St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and the Chat- tanooga Times. Enclosed in a red-and-white striped Chinese envelop, a petition comes A Call for Volunteer. from the Chinese Christians of Rangoon. It is addrest thus: To the Student Volunteer Move- ment has come the call for 351 mis- Letter please give America, Boston, sionaries. The appeal is made by 38 United States, Baptized Union (Gather- societies representing almost every deing of Pastors and People), from Burma, nomination. Among those needed to Rangoon, sent: Dear Brothers and Sis- fill the positions are ministers, phyters: Grace and peace to you from God sicians and teachers (both men and the Father and Jesus Christ the Savior. women), nurses, printers, carpenters, stenographers and busi,ness men. China The Chinese Christians thank the needs 120 workers; India 60, Japan American Baptist Mission for all the 56, Africa 19, Turkey and Asia Minor help given us from 1899 until now-ten years. All Chinese Christians here num- 14· ber 64. In Rangoon are 16,500 Chinese, of whom 4,000 are women. In all Burma Southern Presbyterians Astir about 83,000 Chinese, of whom 20,000 are women. These Chinese now do some The Southern Presbyterian Church, like English people do, but not come with contributions for foreign mis- Christians yet, but do not hurt Chris- sions last year of considerably over a tians now. In Rangoon three boys' dollar for each member, apparently Chinese day-schools, and one girls' day- stands second only to the Moravians school. The Chinese Christians every in the scale of its missionary giving, day very sorry because few Christians and yet it is by no means content, but are not strong. How we Christians proposes to increase by nearly 50 per all pray to God for a missionary from cent the scale of its work next year. the Baptist Union of America. If this This year, the contributions were year the missionary come, good. If mis- $412,000, a gain of $88,000 over last sionary not married, good; if got wife year. The Assembly, which recently very good, because very plenty Chinese met at Savannah, has asked the Southwomen got here. ern Presbyterians for $600,000 next year. Twenty-nine new missionaries God Father, God Son, God Holy Ghost give blessing to you. 1909 year, July 4 day, Sunday, from Burma, Rangoon Chinese Mission.-(Signed) Pastor and Six Members.

were sent out during the year to for- Laren, who has just returned from eign fields. The Southern Presbyte- Scotland, engaged about twice that rians maintain work in the Kongo number to come out to labor in the Free State, in Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, mission fields of the West and North. Japan, China and Korea. He interviewed a great many young men and chose these. They will give An Apostle of the Lumber Camps a year or a year and a half to home mission work, and will then carryon Harper's Magazine for July gives their studies at Winnipeg or Vancouthe place of honor to an account by ver, with mission work between terms, Norman Duncan of a minister to the until they complete their course for the logging camps of Minnesota, under ministry. They impress one favorably the title, "Higgins-A Man's Chris- as good, earnest young men, who wiIl tian." The hero is a Presbyterian give a good account of themselves in preacher who spends his life in the future years. service of the lumbermen, visits them, preaches to them, writes their letters, There are great opportunities, both fights for or with them, as the case at home and abroad, never were greatdemands, pulls them out of the hell of er, for men who wish to invest their their own unbridled indulgences, and lives where they will count for most. opens heaven to them on their death- -Presbyterian Record. beds. The sketch well deserves wide reading. It brings warmth of heart A Disciples Centennial to know that such a witness for Christ is busy in the camps. Nor is he the The Centennial Convention of the only one, tho God does not repeat His Christian Church in Pittsburg, from messengers, and there is probably no October 11th to 19th, was an impressone just like him. But in Mr. Dun- ive assemblage of fifty thousand peocan's search for contrasts to heighten ple. A communion service was held the lights and shadows of his picture in the open air for over twenty-five he goes not merely to the dives and thousand people. This denomination saloons of the villages to which the to-day includes some two miIlion ad- "lumberjacks" resort after their pay- herents. day, but also to the city pulpits. "One inevitably wonders," says Mr. Duncan, When Alexander Campbell, a native "what would happen if some minister of Ireland, came from Glasgow to of the cities denounced from his pul- America, he found that his father, who pit in these frank and indignantly had preceded him, had been disciplined righteous terms the flagrant sinners because, as minister of one brand of and hypocrites of his congregation. Presbyterian Church, he had invited What polite catastrophe would befall to the communion table Presbyterians him ?" The best city ministers are no of another brand. Alexander Campmore cowards than Higgins-the bell had already been animated with man's Christian. Sin is not flagrant, the intention of spreading the spirit of however much it may be deep, in most liberty among the churches, and he of their congregations. There Hig- found his father ready to join him. Togins has the advantage for plain speak- gether these two Campbells urged ing. We share to the full Mr. Dun- among the Presbyterians the adoption can's admiration for such a man as his of a platform accepting "the Word of hero.-The Congregationalist. God without note or comment," and the adoption of the name "Christian" .. Harvesters" for the West without qualification. Because Alex- ander Campbell and his colleagues did Not harvesters of wheat but of men, not find in the New Testament any 20 of them, passed through Montreal command establishing infant baptism, to-day, 27th September, on their way they insisted that the only valid bapto the Northwest. And there are tism was adult immersion. more to follow, for Dr. E. D. Mc- The term "Christian" or "Disciple," once adopted as a protest against sec-

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

tarianism, has, by force of circum- EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN stances, become the name of a very distinct and powerful denomination, Strain on Missionary Fund. and immersion, adopted as a liberalizing practise, became in time a bar- It is instructive to note the reminder rier against others who were equally given in the newly-published report of entitled to the name Christian. the London Missionary Society that the present severe strain on the funds The fact that the days of sectarian practically constitutes a parallel to the warfare are passing is due in no small state of affairs thirty years ago. The degree to the influence which Campbell fact that now the income is twice as set in motion, and to the existence of large as it was in 1879 shows how the denomination which, tracing its de- completely the difficulties then experiscent from him, has existed for a hun- enced were overcome, and affords endred years without a formal creed and couragement to hope that brighter with remarkable freedom of organiza- days and forward movements are yet tion, combined with striking unity of in store for the society. Further, it feeling. is to be noted with deep satisfaction that the drastic measure of seeking to Presbyterians in Porto Rico retrench on expenditure during the current year to the extent of 15,000 Rev. C. L. Thompson writes in the has been rendered unnecessary, tho Assembly Herald: the prospect that a reduction even larger may be necessary during the Within the last eight years we have year 19IO-11 has not been removed.- built 8 churches, costing from three to London Christian. ten thousand dollars each, and several chapels varying in cost from two to The Oldest Society Still Vigorous eight hundred dollars each. We have also erected 7 manses, 5 hospital build- At the last annual meeting of the ings, and purchased a large and commo- Baptist Missionary Society it was redious building for a girls' school. The ported out of debt, and the receipts value of our property much exceeds showed an increase of $10,000 above $100,000. Our organized churches now the year preceding. The reports from number 26, with a membership of about the Kongo showed 467 baptisms. 2,600, and our missionaries are preach- Search is being made for a place to ing the Gospel at nearly 100 stations. establish a mission in Brazil. The The Woman's Board maintains 7 schools, fields in which the society is interested one of them the Colegio Americano, a comprize a population of 54,000,000. school of eight grades and reaching with The society estimates that it needs Gospel truth many of the influential fam- 1,080 ordained ministers, and that its ilies of Mayaguez. This board also main- annual expenditures should be $2,700,- tains the Presbyterian Hospital at San 000. This was the one hundred and Juan. seventeenth annual meeting.

A Plea for a Mexican School The Fruits of Hudson T~lor's Toil Catholic husbands for Christian In the China Inland Mission, which girls will never rest in evangelizing in was commenced forty-four years ago, this generation the 500,000 souls in there are now 928 foreign missionaries Mexico for which we are responsible. residing at 210 stations. During the Without the Boys' School our Mexico past year, 45 new workers joined the boys must finish their education at mission, 3 missionaries died, and 14 Catholic schools. That will mean retired. Since the commencement of Catholic men, and our Christian Mexi- the mission, 30,000 Chinese have been can girls selected by them as wives will received into church fellowship, and of also unite with the Catholics; $4,- these, more than 21,000 survive. Dur- 853.21 of the $IO,OOO needed for the ing the year 1908, 2,507 were received Boys' School has been received. When into fellowship. the Christian religion changes Mexi- can boys from bartenders to evangelists, should we not give them at least $10,000 for a boys' school ?-Presbyterian of the South. New C. M. S. Missionaries the Lutheran Church in that country was frozen with formalism, but the The Church Missionary Society is time came when it was the subject of sending out during these months no a blest revival, and now it is, like the less than 175 missionaries, and to 17 Lutheran Church in Denmark, with its foreign fields, 40 going out for the famous "Indre Mission," or Inner first time. All but 17 are "own mis- Mission in many of the congregations, sionaries"; i.e.) are supported by in- not only tolerant, but even propitious dividuals or individual churches. to Nonconformist movements.-Hom- iletic Review. For Special Work Among Moslems Norwegian Bequests to Missions The Church Missionary Society is now expending about $175,000 in The Norwegian newspapers chronpurely Moslem lands, and besides, not icle a large gift to missions. Comless than $100,000 in India for work mander Foyn, who in his lifetime was which is mainly among Moslems; a a generous supporter of foreign work, total of $275,000. And still further, it has in his will given the sum of three seems likely that a special Moslem million kroner (about $800,000) to fund will be started, to be employed in home and foreign work. The daily carrying the Gospel to the stony press grumbles because so large an hearts of the 200,000,000 followers· of amount is to be sent out of a poor Mohammed in Asia, Africa and Eu- country for Quixotic purposes. rope. Teachers Organizing for Mission Work THE CONTINENT The Swedish women school-teach- Toleration Coming to Scandinavia ers have a missionary union of 943 members, all teachers. They have As remarkable as any of the relig- their own work in Lapland, where they ious changes chronicled during our have built a home for a Bible woman. own time on the continent of Europe They are planning to support a woman is the rapid progress of the Free missionary in South Africa, and are Churches in the northwest of Europe. collecting funds to establish a semi- The Salvation Army, the Baptist, and nary in China for training native the Disciples have all found a free teachers. field during the past generation, and have energetically availed themselves In Berlin also a teachers' missionary of the new religious liberty granted in union has been formed consisting of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The between 800 and 900 members. Such Disciples have secured much success unions are spreading rapidly through during the past twenty years in Copen- Germany. Thus, in the little district hagen and in various towns in the of the Brecklum mission there is alsouth of Norway. General Booth is ready a teachers' missionary union of always accorded an enthusiastic wel- 230 members. Similar organizations come in Stockholm. But the most suc- have sprung up in connection with the cessful evangelical work in Sweden Barmen and Leipsic societies. These has been that of the Baptists. The teachers are chiefly in government Methodists from England commenced schools. operations first, but they were not successful. Indeed, their leader was sent Light Breaking in Russia back to England. The American Baptists, however, started work and se- One of the most hopeful things cured toleration. Baptist progress about Russia is that so many spirihas been of late years phenomenal, for, tually-minded colonists have settled in whereas in 1855 there were only nine the empire during the last two cenchurches which excited powerful op- turies. These have come chiefly from position from the Swedish State Germany. Pietist, Mennonite and Church, there are now nearly six hun- Nonconformist colonies have been the dred in Sweden. Half a century ago source of evangelical movements in South Russia and the Caucasus. Be-

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

sides the Lutherans of the Baltic prov- for its Turkish missions and a meminces, there are 479 evangelical Lu- ber of the International Relief Comtheran colonies in 15 different Russian mittee, cabled last week that "sixty provinces. There are, further, 272 thousand dollars additional to the ut- Mennonite colonies and 20 others of different connections. most that the Government will do is needed to carry the people through the Russian BaptUts Much Alive winter. Many will die of sickness, ex- posure and starvation unless relief ar- Says a recent writer in the Baptist rives soon. All funds are exhausted and we are appealing to all countries World: to help us." The Board indorses this The Baptist Church in Russia has appeal and will forward all contribuproved her vitality. Not only has she tions received for aid of sufferers in survived the systematic and long-con- Cilicia. tinued persecution of both Church and State, she has done more-has grown Troubles Brewing for the Pope strong, and diffused herself throughout the vast Russian empire "from the glow- Says a recent dispatch from the ing plains of Colchis to the bleak rocks Eternal City: of Finland"; from St. Petersburg across the snow-covered deserts of Siberia, to All indications point to the fact that Amour and Manchuria. If a man should the extremists in Italy are determined to travel from Odessa to Tharbia-a month's undertake an anti-clerical campaign, more journey by rail-he would find even in vigorous even than that in France. This the latter remote town a little body of is being directed by the Freemasons, Russian believers. whose grand master has issued a most violent manifesto in behalf of Ferrer, Help the Starving Armenians recently executed, and against the Church. The manifesto says: The massacres instigated and carried out by the Turkish Government "Sacerdotal tyranny, still vermilion under the now deposed Sultan are fol- with Italian blood, imposed and obtained lowed by their expected dismal after- through the fright of a boy and the math in the region about Adana and cowardice of the government the slaugh- Tarsus. The new Government has ter of an innocent man, who was not provided some measure of relief for judged but murdered. the survivors whose husbands and fathers were murdered by thousands. "Italy, which has seen scaffolds red- But those on the ground who are in- dened, fire applied to the stakes and the terested in caring for the destitute are slaughter even of unarmed women and agreed that the money received from children ordered by the Church, must all sources is utterly insufficient to understand its duty. Rome, which has avert the starvation of multitudes un- inside its walls the Vatican, that for cenless further relief comes. Dr. Shep- turies has supported all tyrannies, from ard, head of the American Board's which to our shame the slaughter of hospital at Aintab, to whom the Gov- Barcelona originated, must decree that ernment has intrusted the distribution the last crime will not remain unpunof its appropriation for rebuilding ished." Christian homes in one part of the field, reports that beside the direct An international subscription has been consequences of the massacres, polit- opened for the purpose of collecting ical disturbances have been ruinous to funds to establish, in the Piazzo of St. trade. Men and women have no work. Peter's facing the Vatican, Ferrer's mod- Wheat is $1.60 per bushel, and prices ern school, which was supprest in Barof all kinds of food are excessively celona. high. All classes, Jews, Gregorians, Protestants and Moslems, are in The Massacre Order for Syria wretched want. At least 80,000 persons in Cilicia require relief, of whom Writing from Sidon, June 16th, 5,000 are orphan children. Mr. W. W. Mrs. George Ford says: Peet, treasurer of the American Board At Beirut, the Governor received his orders from the old Sultan to- order a massacre in the district, which includes Sidon. The (iovernor, putting the order in his pocket, declined to obey. At Da- mascus it was the same, only the guns had been turned on the city and the com- mander wished a massacre, but the Gov- ernor compelled him to give up his order.

Within a few hours the Sultan was de- approval, the reply was: "You are a posed. Thanks be to the loving Father! Protestant? Well, take the whole shop." -Woman's Work. A well-known Young Turk leader ASIA-MOSLEM LANDS upon a recent visit to Smyrna accepted an invitation to speak in a Protestant Bright Side of the Turkish Situation church, which was crowded to hear him. He spoke of the American The Sheik-ul-Islam, the head of the schools as models upon which the new Mohammedan religion, has issued a parliament would shape the system of ukase ordering all the priests to im- education which it proposes to instipress upon all true believers that their tute. A great revolution has' taken religion requires them to respect the place; the clock of destiny has struck; freedom of conscience of men of other it is a crisis involving great opporfaiths. The Young Turk government tunities,-Missionary Herald. has told the priests that this ukase must be obeyed or they will be pun- The Berlin Jerusalem Society ished. There are many indications of a bright future for Turkey. The annual report of the Berlin Jerusalem Society shows that after America's Opportunity in Turkey fifty-six years of faithful and arduous work fruit begins to appear in the five Dr. George Washburn, president of stations among the Arabs in Syria, in Robert College, I870-I903, writes in increasing measure. The native con- The Sunday-school Times: gregations are growing stronger in numbers and in spirituality, while the It is a great opportunity, a wonderful schools are surprizingly well attended opportunity, and it is a calJ especially to by Arab boys and girls. The income Americans. They believe in us now in of the society from all sources was Turkey. They trust us. There is nobody almost $47,000 in I908. The considthey believe in and trust as they do erable deficit from former years was Americans in Turkey. They know that wiped out by special gifts, but a new we have no selfish ends in view there. one of $2,650 was incurred. We do not want any of their territory; we are not going to try to overthrow the It is of especial interest what Mis- Turkish Government; and they under- sionary Albers in Bethlehem has to say stand fully that what we are doing there concerning the influence of the giving we are doing for their good. They may of a Constitution to Turkey has had think we make mistakes, but they know upon missionary work among Mohamwe are honest, and they know we are do- medans. To him the chief advantage ing it for their good. They trust us as seems to be that the missionary has a they trust nobody else, and consequently little more liberty in delivering his it is a great opportunity, a wonderful op- message, but he warns against the exportunity, for us to go on and to try to pectation of an immediate great admake these people understand who Christ vance in the work, because the chief is and what Christ is to the world. difficulty in the way of the Gospel has not been removed. This chief difficulty in Protestant Christians Turkey is the bitter persecutions from his own kindred and friends from which every The Prudential Committee at a re- convert from Mohammedanism to Christianity suffers. The new consticent meeting welcomed Rev. J. P. Mc- tution can not do away with them, be- cause they are always caused by pri- Naughton, of Smyrna, who spoke vate citizens, and the Government, briefly of the Board's work in the instead of trying to suppress them, Turkish empire. The Protestants of perhaps encourages them silently. In Turkey, with their 60,000 church- the schools the same difficulty threatmembers, 20,000 pupils in 330 schools, ens which caused such a disturbance and over 3,000 in the Sunday-schools, have made a name for themselves. They have given to the Mohammedans their first real contact with evangelical Christianity. A Moslem was heard to remark that if ever his people became Christians they would be like the Protestants and not like the Catholics. When a missionary asked permission of a shopkeeper to take goods home on

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

in Beirut, the leaders upholding that who has now reverted t(oprhiniscefo).rmTehr etitsliel~ no pupils of any school can be forced Mohammed Ali Mirza to attend religious exercises of any kind. Thus, the new Constitution has ver decorations which the late Shah connot proved an especial blessing to the missionary work in Syria. ferred on his soldiers a year ago are now A Bible Colporteur in Palestine sold in the bazaars at half their cost In Palestine the Turkish authorities price, which is about the bullion value. have for many years forbidden the distribution of the Scriptures, except When the Shah triumphed over the among the Christian or European population; whenever attempts were Majles a year ago all the 40 odd newsmade to carryon colportage, severe persecution and imprisonment of the papers which had sprung into life during colporteur invariably followed, and in some cases he was even sent into the two years of the liberal movement exile. A few months after the proclamation of the Constitution of the Ot- were supprest. No sooner was he detoman Empire, Mr. Hooper, the Bible Society's representative in Egypt, paid posed than a number of them began to a visit to Palestine in order to experiment in active colportage among the be published again. towns and villages. For this task Colporteur Vartan was selected, who has Persians Hungry for Knowledge had wide experience in Bible work among Moslems in Lower Egypt. He This active desire for education is commenced operations at the end of January, 1909, making the society's favorable to the development of misdepot in Jerusalem his center and base sion schools, and Persians (Moslems) for supplies. He records with grati- are attending in increasing numbers tude the marked kindness shown him by the missionaries and Christian aiming to acquire the learning of workers with whom he came in contact upon his joumey. Among the Western lands. In Tabriz we are preplaces which he visited were Jaffa, Bethlehem, Bethsaida, Hebron, Sama- pared from a good vantage-ground to ria, Nazareth, Cana and the Sea of Galilee. His sales amounted to 1,771 improve the opportunity. From the volumes, the major part of which were Gospels or other separate por- point of view of missions, it seems tions of the Bible, in 13 different languages, over two-thirds being in Ara- truly miraculous that in the fanatical bic. These were sold mostly to pil- city of Tabriz we have over 100 Mosgrims. lem youth uansdwerelCl harsisbtioayns,inasntrducstoiomn~ A Year's Changes in Persia even girls Rev. S. M. Jordan writes in the As- as boarders, eating the Christian food sembly Herald: which by tradition is an abomination.

The eleven-year-old Shah of Persia on One of them is the son of the govbeing informed that he was to succeed ernor of the province.-REv. W. S. his deposed father exclaimed with' delight, "Now I shall set the styles in VANNEMAN. clothes as King Edward does." Who can say that Persia is not making strides in INDIA civilization! Sultan Ahmad Mirza has become Sultan Ahmad Shah in place of Hindus Alarmed and Astir his deposed father, Mohammed Ali Shah, Hinduism is awakening to the fact that if the great sub-strata of Hindu Society known as the deprest classes be raised by Christianity, the whole structure of Hinduism is threatened with overthrow. This awakening is being followed by efforts in various parts for the improvement of these poor people. The latest is a move- ment in Ahmedabad. In that city, on August 29th, a meeting was held at which the attendance of the deprest classes was encouraged and in which they were allowed to sit beside caste people. Resolutions were passed for the formation of a Central Hindu As- sociation, which should have for its objects the raising of the deprest classes and their readmission into Hinduism after being converts to for- eign faiths. As to the means to be adopted for realizing these objects, the following suggestions were made: (a)

Starting schools, clubs and associa- Over Four Hundred Baptized tions; (b) establishing preaching mis- Rev. J. Wilkie, of the Gwalior Missions; (c) publishing papers, periodi- sion, Jhansi, U. P., has sent out a cals, magazines and leaflets; (d) per- small leaflet in which he tells of the forming the Prayaschit ceremony; (e) baptism last year of over 400 persons, adopting such other means as may be largely heads of families. He says: conducive of the above objects. "As far as we are able to do so we re- A Union Theological College ceived none but those who seemed to us to have sincerely repented of their Dr. J. H. Wyckoff gives, in The sins and to believe truly in Jesus Christ as the only one who can save them Harvest Field for September, some in- from their sins. That means that they teresting details concerning a union gave up all caste relations and also all theological college for South India connection with their old faith." In and Ceylon. Four missionary socie- this leaflet Mr. Wilkie makes an appeal ties "have definitely resolved to co- for Rs. 4,000 to purchase a village of operate in the conduct of the college, 508 acres about six miles to the north and provide means for its develop- of Jhansi for some of his Christians. ment. The London Missionary So- The grass of this land has been anciety has set apart Rev. W. H. Campbell for the work, and will contribute nually sold for Rs. 500, and Mr. Wilhis entire support, besides :£r,500 for kie considers that a very much larger buildings. It is understood that a con- revenue can be obtained when the stituent of the same society has given land is under cultivation. It is the £r,ooo for students' scholarships. The intention of the missionaries, who have Wesleyan Missionary Society has for- evidently studied mission colonies, to mally indorsed the movement, will ap- guard the mission against loss. point a professor to the staff, and pro- vide a sum for buildings. The home Over Five Hundred Baptized board of the Arcot Mission has voted We were not at all satisfied with the iloo, and the Foreign Mission Com- work done last year on our field, and mittee of the United Free Church of therefore asked God to give us health Scotland £45 per annum, toward the and strength to go out among the peogeneral expenses. Another large and ple. During the months January-April influential body has also the matter un- we could do much touring. We der consideration, and it is hoped will prayed the Lord to give us 500 souls give the services of a professor. in this time, before the heat would Native Christians Liberal Givers make touring impossible. Hallelujah!

Many instances are given of the He has heard our prayers and we were liberality of native Christians in In- permitted to baptize 542 happy be- dia. A year ago the Tamil Christians lievers in Jesus. We followed the in the north of Ceylon sent a birth- leadings of God's Holy Spirit and I day gift of £250 to the British could write a volume about our ex- and Foreign Bible Society. Six years periences during these months. It ago some of the Christian coolies on was a wonderful time. Other hun- the Kandyan estates sent as a cen- dreds are coming. Pray for us.-G.

tenary offering to the Church Mission- N. THoMssEN, Bapatla.

ary Society 125 guineas. The boys of A Miracle Indeed Kandy College maintain their own college mission, and send workers to From a mission station in Rahuri, outlying villages. The girls of a West India, comes the story of a boarding school recently gave up meat Christian woman, who, when talking and fish and lived on rice for a fort- to the women about her on Christian night in order to send .£5 to themes, was interrupted by a Brahman.

the Bishop of Calcutta toward the In- He had listened to her words and dian famine fund. thought to confuse her in argument.

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE 95

"In the ancient days you speak of," A Union University said he, "there were miracles; show Rev. Joseph Taylor, in the Baptist me one of these and I will believe." Missionary Magazine, writes from Whereupon she an"vvered: "See me! Chentu, West China: I am a woman of low caste speaking It is at this city that the four mis- to you, a Brahman, these wonderful sions uniting in higher education have words of life! What greater miracle decided to found a united Christian unican there be? What more wonderful versity. These four missions are the work can you ask to see than this?" Methodist Church of Canada; the Methodist Episcopal Church in America; Tamil Missionaries to Telugus the Friends' Foreign Missionary Asso- ciation of England, and the American We rejoice to read of the blessing Baptist Missionary Union. They have that attends the work of the Indian Missionary Society, which the CM.S. bought a tract of land outside the south gate of Chentu and are preparing to erect college halls. The students will come congregations in Tinnevelly formed in from the middle schools of the province 1903. Its sphere of work is the Man- and will receive instruction in common ukota Taluq in the Nizam's dominions, class-rooms. near the Khammamett district worked by the C.M.S. Telugu Mission. Its Union Medical College first missionary was sent out in 1904, and now it has 12 workers. The It is proposed to establish a union fruits gathered are represented by 94 medical college for East China at Nanbaptized converts, and there are over king. This has been recommended by delegates from the Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Quaker missions, 250 under instruction for baptism scat- and others are invited to unite in the tered in 14 villages. Members of a scheme, the instruction to be imparted curious class of gipsy people, whose by means of the Chinese language, tho language is called Lombadi or Lab- the English language will be used to hani, have lately come under the in- some extent. fluence of their mission. They are The religious life of the young men found in different parts of India, al- will be cared for by their own college ways erecting their huts on the out- authorities, but there will also be a skirts of villages, each collection be- common service for all students once ing under a hereditary headman. a week. This effort is in the right Their number is about 765,000, of direction. If the individual missiOlli: whom over 174,000 are in the Nizam's had each built their own colleges apart, dominions. They have so far been the forces of men and money put into very slightly affected by the gospel, them would have been dissipated; but these Tamil missionaries have whereas, under this plan, these forces reached them, and some families are are combined in one center.

preparing for baptism, and one or two A Union Woman's College boys of the tribe are in the mission This institution, located at Peking, schooL-Co M. S. Gazette. is truly a union school, representing, CHINA as it does, the American Board, which sends about two-thirds of the students, Progress in China the Presbyterian Mission, London Writing recently in the Presbyterian Mission, two Swedish missions in Record, Rev. P. W. Pitcher, of Amoy, Shansi, a German Mission in Hupei, names these eight indications that the and the Canadian Presbyterian Mis- Celestials are moving forward: De- sion, with a few girls from non-Chrismand for a constitutional government, tian families.

opium reform, new journalism, in- The Missionary Led the Way crease in the number' of post-offices, Tien-Tsin is a Chinese city in which railroad extension, currency reform, Methodism has many lines of interest.

idolatry lessening its hold, and in the We have had an intermediate school educational field. there since 1890, and for ten years it

stood alone for the advancement of his work entitled "China's Only Christian and general Western learn- Hope," a work which in China had a ing. Note the change of a decade. tremendous circulation. In it he ad- The latest government statistics of the vocates reform, education, travel, and number of students of the Western general progress as the only hope for learning in Tien-Tsin are as follows: China. In 1900 he showed his wisdom by preventing the Boxer crisis spread- Students ing to the Yangtse Valley, for which 1 University ……………… 98 fact alone he merits the esteem of all 1 Provincial College ……….. 207 Europeans.-China's Millions. 12 Industrial Colleges ………. 1,612 Power of the Christian Press Middle grades ………….. 892 2 Upper Normals …………. 935 Thoughtful observers of conditions 98 Lower Normals …………. 3,148 in the Orient state: 230 Upper Primaries ………… 10,599 864 Lower Primaries ………… 148,397 Within a quarter of a century the 121 Half-day Schools ………… 2,971 Christian press in China and Japan has 121 Girls' Schools …………… 2,623 overturned the mythologies of paganism, taught a higher morality, changed fiction -Christian Advocate. for fact, symbol to reality, and in so do- ing has mortified the pride of paganism, con- Missionaries Barred from German School in founded its learning, revealed its absurdi- ties, and ruined its credit. One singular China and startling result of the diffusion of modern ideas is the establishment of at The German-Chinese High-school least one journal in everyone of the at Singtau, German China, was opened twenty-one provinces of the Chinese Emwith 110 students on October 25th. At pire. Each of the most important centhe same time the corner-stone was ters-Peking, Shanghai, Tien-Tsin, and laid for another building to be finished Canton – possesses at least a dozen next year. The school which is to ac- dailies, nearly all of which are printed in commodate 250 pupils finally has been the spoken vernacular. For the first time established by the German Govern- in the history of the most venerable of ment. A cablegram from China an- empires, the masses of the people can nounces that no missionaries will be become immediately acquainted with curmembers of the faculty, a rather rent events.-Morning Star. strange announcement in a daily paper. Chinese Christians to the Fore Death of H. E. Chang Chih-tung The Chinese Recorder ca11s atten- tion to the fact that in a recent re- By the death of H. E. Chang Chih- vival, "it was a Chinese minister who tung on October 4th, the Chinese Gov- began and conducted the meetings ernment has lost one of her most able which resulted in over 100 Chinese and venerable statesmen. For many students offering. themselves for the years he has been China's leading ministry"; and that during the late scholar. His career dates back to Christian Endeavor Convention in 1863, when he was graduated Tertius Nanking two Chinese members were at Peking, and his first post was Gov- far-and-away the most acceptable ernor of Shansi in 1882, when he speakers. and their speaking was on a manifested the energy so characteris- par with their modesty and good sense. tic of his whole official life in rooting up the poppy crop in that province. Chinese Students in the United States He has since held the vice-regal post at Canton, Wuchang, and Nanking, as Mr. H. F. Merrill, speaking of the well as many high offices at Peking. educational reform in China, says: During his office at Wuchang he in- The reform originated in the consciousaugurated the Hanyang Iron Works ness that the Chinese officials of to-day and erected various factories and need a different equipment from that promints, boldly pushed forward railway vided by the old classical system. New enterprise, but all the while strictly on schools therefore must be established. the lines of "China for the Chinese." But teachers are wanting. Therefore He is best known in this country for provincial governments have sent young men to Western lands to obtain instruc- tion. The number of these coming to

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

America promises soon to be materially Korea, for which land he was sacri- increased by the s-.'nding hither by the ficed. Of unknown parentage, the Imperial Government of 100 students adopted son of a member of the Samu- every year for the next four years, and rai class, he went to England as a a minimum of 50 students each year common sailor, and on his return ad- thereafter, Ul? to the year 1940, the vised his countrymen to adopt the students thus sent to be supported out methods of Europeans. When only of the portion of the Boxer indemnity about twenty-seven years of age he be- returned annually by the United States came governor of a province in Japan, to China. There are at the present time and from that time his advance in in- 395 Chinese in our schools. fI uence and official position has been continuoqs. He has been identified KOREA with the wonderful progress of Japan during its entire history since Commo- Christianity Very Much Alive dore Perry arrived there in 1853, and has been five times its Premier. He Mr. Frank G. Carpenter, foreign negotiated with Li Hung Chang the correspondent of a daily paper in Cin- treaty concerning Korea, which cinnati, writes most encouragingly of formed the basis of Japan's justificamissionary work in Korea. Among tion of her war with China in 1895. other things in a long, interesting ar- Strongly opposed to the war with Rusticle he says: sia, he held no public office during that period, tho he was often consulted and You remember the wonderful work did important service in bringing the which was done by Edward Everett war to its conclusion. At its close he Hale's plan of "Ten times one is ten"- was sent to Korea as Resident-Genthe endless-chain principle-in which eral and made a prince, and for two everyone engaged to interest ten others years he did much to lift it out of in making the world better. The same chaos into an orderly government as thing, altho not on a numerical scale, a dependency of Japan. He resigned is going on in Korea; The converted his position as Governor of Korea at natives are different from us in that as the beginning of the present year, and soon as they adopt Chri:.;tianity they go out was at Harbin on an unofficial mission and try to convert their friends and neigh- concerning the relations between Rusbors. You religious drones of the United sia and Japan with reference to trade States, who stay at home from church relations with China, in which our and prayer-meeting whenever it rains, country is also interested. His loss to should come out to Korea to learn what his own country and to Korea is great; live Christianity means! and it seems probable that he sought to promote the peace of the world as A Union Theological Seminary truly as the prosperity of Japan-Con- gregationalist. For a number of years the four Presbyterian missions in Korea have JAPAN cooperated at Pyeng-yang in a school for the training of native ministers, The Progress of a Half.Century where they have already about 40 students, and where they are likely to This summary of a half-century's have at least 100 within the next two achievement is most impressive and years. most cheering: "There are nearly 800 missionaries, about 80,000 Protestant The Northern Presbyterians have Christians, upward of 1,300 Japanese already put up quite a large building, pastors, evangelists and Bible women, which was the gift of Mrs. McCor- and about the same number of mick, of Chicago, and are asking in churches and chapels, with property their 1909 budget for money for an- valued at $800,000, and raising, apother building. The other missions proximately, $150,000 annually for concerned are asked to contribute their proportionate part for the permanent equipment of the institution.

Murder of Prince Ito The assassination of Prince Ito in Harbin, Manchuria, October 26th, by Korean conspirators is likely to injure

Christian work. The whole Bible is Evangelized. but Not Christian translated into the vernacular and sold freely in book-stores throughout the Rev. J. D. Davis, D.D., of Kyoto, is country and is being distributed among authority for the statement that at the people, either in whole or in part, least 30,000,000 of the people of Japan and mainly by sales, at the rate of two have never heard of Christ except in to three hundred thousand copies per the most general way. There are year. The Christian hymn-book of three provinces containing 3,800,000 several hundred hymns and tunes is of people without a resident missionone of the most popular publications ary. One province of 800,000 has but in circulation, there being a great de- one missionary, and there are four mand for it even among non-Chris- provinces with an aggregate populatians. There are 186 schools of all tion of 4,000,000, with but two misclasses and grades holding property sionaries in each. valued at $1,500,000, 7 Christian publishing houses issuing 70,000,000 pages Writing recently about Japan, Rev. annually, and 51 Christian orphanages, homes, hospitals and industrial estab- J. G. Dunlop, of the Presbyterian lishments, representing the benevolent and practical side of the GospeL" Board, says: Again the Briiht Side A general feeling of discouragement. . . . pervades the Church in Japan at Th; Japanese Church began the present. We are passing through a recelebration of the fiftieth anniversary action such as has not been felt in a of the introduction of Christianity into dozen years. In several departments of Japan, not by great meetings and the central government a dead set is eulogies of leaders, such as Dr. Hep- being made against Christian work, notaburn, Dr. Brown and Dr. Verbeck, bly in the department of education and who did so much for Japan in the in the army, and the Church is feeling earlier days of Christianity, but by the the effects. Everywhere it is harder to gathering of Japanese Christians in get people to listen to Christian teachconvocation, to pray and to plan for ing, and weak-hearted Christians are fallan evangelistic campaign whose object, ing out of the ranks. The victory of an as stated in the meeting, was that by eastern nation over a western has given March, 1910, the entire membership to many a new faith in the East and its of the Japanese Church should be ways and beliefs, and we are witnessing doubled. At the close of these re- revivals of Buddhism, Shinto, and Conmarkable gatherings a Japanese pas- fucianism. Meanwhile, the growing sustor arose and said: "What we must picion and hostility of the West toward preach is Christ-the living Christ, the Japanese is driving the latter back Christ incarnate, Christ crucified, upon themselves. Christ dead and buried, Christ risenthe Uving Christ, the only hope of AFRICA Japan." At this meeting a young Japanese who had spent ten years in Missionary Work in Africa China and knew the language offered to go to China as a missionary, and Marvelous progress in the Christhe leaders of this great gathering de- tian conquest of Africa is being made, clared that "As Japan had sent her but great as the progress is, it is only missionaries to Formosa and to Korea a tithe of the work that must be done and to Manchuria, so, altho the Chi- before the continent is finally evangelnese have been our enemies in war and ized. The Christian Express brings are hostile in race, we must show that together some facts in regard to Afriwe love them and want them to love ca which are quite impressive. Acour Lord and Master." cording to this article, 104 Protestant missionary organizations are at work in the continent and are using the Word of God, which has been trans- lated in whole or in part into 117 lan- guages or dialects. In the line of edu- cation there are 8 colleges, 59 theo- logical training schools, 83 boarding and high schools, 63 industrial institu- tions, 2 medical schools for training nurses, several kindergarten and some

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

thousands of primary and village the number of illegitimate bastard schools. In the line of medical mis- children is contmually increasing. Lesions there are 43 hospitals and 107 gally these children are natives, blacks, dispensaries, where on an average but the natives do not recognize them 150,000 patients are treated each year. any more than their white fathers. There are 3 leper hospitals, 23 homes There are no schools for these chilfor rescued slaves and 13 orphanages; dren, but the Government has left there are 33 mission presses and 31 them entirely to the care of the mismission magazines. sionaries. Therefore the Rhenish So- ciety has founded two asylums for Africa Waking Up them, at Okahandja and at Keetman- shoop, but, while the German Govern- The Dark Continent is being grad- ment aids all other schools, it does not ually enlightened, and the so-called aid the schools for bastards. As the "eye-sore of the world" may yet be- numbers of these bastards increase, come the glory of the nations. The and the missions become unable to Colonial Office Report for Sierra take care of them, they become a dan- Leone, just issued, contains matter of ger to the country. much interest. The Governor declares that it is no longer "the white man's ISLANDS OF THE SEA grave," and maintains that this graveyard metaphor should itself be buried. A Plea for MaJayia Thanks to Moslem as well as Christian missionaries, there is a remark- Rev. F. B. Meyer, in writing to his able decrease in the consumption of friends through the London Christian, spirits. As regards the price of labor, speaks with enthusiasm of the exone element exists which is almost un- quisite beauty of the Federated Malay known in Europe-the "personality" States. He regrets the alienation and of the employer. A hard employer is estrangement of those who "profess unable to find a single satisfactory to be redeemed by the same blood and workman; but a kind master will al- energized by the same Spirit." He ways be amply supplied. Another fea- continues: ture is the complete absence of pauperism. A native, on being informed Too late in life I learn what I have that in Europe men have died of star- missed in not being a missionary. It is vation, greets the assertion with in- a great and profound miss, that in my credulity. Under the tribal system the case can never be undone; but here at aged· and poor are well cared for, as least the fields are white. Vast centers are the infirm and imbecile, and in of population are growing up in the most cases those suffering from in- Straits Settlements, urtder European fectious diseases are isolated. Such (i.e., British) control, where, notwithtidings are very welcome. In God's standing the noble efforts of the Methodown time (which is always the right ist, Episcopalian, and Presbyterian time) Africa will be delivered from churches, little or nothing is done for the its thralldom, for the mouth of the crowds of Chinese immigrants pouring Lord of Hosts hath spoken it.-Lon- in from their own country. Whatever don Christian. perils or hardships exist in Inland China, there are none in Malaya. To evangelize A Shame in Southwest Africa the Chinese here would be to send tides of native missionaries throughout that Articles in German missionary mag- great country. Oh, why is the Church of azines call our attention to what the God in Great Britain so slack to go up Secretary of the German Colonies, Mr. to possess thIS great land lying at her Dernburg, has called "the monuments doors? This is going to be the rubber of German shame," viz., the asylums land of the future, and that means more for bastard children in German South- and more voluntary Chinese labor. The west Africa. Marriages between white openings for British enterprise are limitand black are legally prohibited, but less, and so are they for Christian enter- prise; but the laborers are few!

Heroism in the Philippines We hear often of the noble conduct of our brave soldiers in the Philip- pines; it is good to hear also, now and

then, of the bravery and nobility of for, to have general charge of the our Filipino brothers. Here is a quo- stationing of ministers, while the contation from The Mindanao Herald, gregational right of call is retained. which is worth printing in large let- The ministerial term of local service ters in every American newspaper, is to be without time-limit. and placing before the children on the walls of every American schoolroom, OBITUARY and reading from the pulpit in every American church: General O. O. Howard The action of the Magay Moros who General Howard, who died on Octoput out to Santa Cruz with cholera ber 26th, at his home in Vermont, was aboard rather than take chances on in- a national figure. He was a gallant fecting this city should be published to general, who deserved the successive every native on the island with suitable promotions which he won. But the appreciation of the high-minded al1d he- end of the war was but the beginning roic conduct of these men. To steer di- for General Howard of equally conrectly away from their homes and friends scientious and untiring service in the and from medical aid with their dead field of civic life. His look was always lying in their boats, for the sake of the forward to the things that yet recity, reveals a measure of heroic self-sac- mained to be done. Of late much of rifice than which the most enlightened his energy has been given to establishpeople can boast of no greater. These ing firmly the Lincoln Memorial Unimen should be given gold medals lettered versity at Cumberland Gap, Tenin their own language that their fellows nessee. The last Sunday of his life he may know the esteem in which we hold spoke in its behalf in a Canadian city, such conduct. This episode furnishes an returning to his home in Burlington in eloquent comment on the work of in- apparently good health. So the old struction that has been going on since hero of many a campaign, who had the epidemic of 1902. faced the belching cannon of the enemy in many a hard-fought engage- India Sends Missionaries to Fiji ment, passed away almost painlessly, while sitting in his chair.—The Con- Three years ago-during the India gre gationalist. Jubilee celebration-a farewell meeting was held at the Bareilly Theo- Albert A. Btlnnett. of Japan logical Seminary on the occasion of sending one of its students, Uclai Rev. Albert A. Bennett, D.D., the Singh, to the Fiji Islands as a mis- senior missionary of the American sionary. During the early part of this Baptist Missionary Union, recently year two Wesleyan missionaries from died in Japan. Doctor Bennett was Fiji visited the seminary and made a sixty years old, and had been a misstrong appeal for helpers. As a result sionary for thirty years. He was staof their work, as well as of the in- tioned in Yokohama, where he became terest created by the letters of Udai first president of the Baptist Theolog- Singh, five men offered themselves as ical Seminary, and was still a member missionaries to Fiji. Two of these, of the faculty at the time of his death. with their wives, not long since sailed from India. Thus is India, too, beginning to heed the "Go ye" of Christ.

Church Union in South Africa Dr. Stursberg, of Germany The pending negotiations for church From Java comes the distressing union in South Africa embrace the news that Mission Inspector Sturs- Baptist, Congregational, Methodist berg of the Neukirchen Missionary Soand Presbyterian Churches. A sub- ciety, who was engaged in a visit of committee's report on statement of the fields of the society, has fallen a faith has already been approved by victim of the pernicious fever on Octhe General Committee having the tober 3d. He was a very prominent subject in hand, and a report on polity missionary worker, writer, and speaker has likewise been favorablv acted in Germany. upon. An executive head is provided

THE MISSIONARY

THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE KEY TO Samaria. We need but revive those Messianic communities to reestab- ITS SOLUTION. By Max Green, M.D. lish the Jewish Apostolic Church- Second Edition. pp. 146+42+8. 25 or shall we call it synagog?" (p. cents. The same. Yiddish Edition. pp. 193. 25 cents. George W. Jacobs & Co., Philadelphia. 1909. 143). Thus by the preaching of the The author of this little book is a gospel, the ceasing of Gentilization Jewish missionary, who, being a of the Hebrew Christian and the re- Jew, loves his people and desires to establishment of the Jewish Apos- see the missionary work, in which tolic Church, the Jewish question he himself has been engaged, reach will be solved.

a state of greater prosperity and We believe thoroughly in the so- success than he has been able to dis- lution of the Jewish question only cover. The book breathes love for by the preaching of the gospel, but the Jew throughout. Therefore, it we are under the impression that makes interesting reading to both the author is not clear what he un- Jew and Gentile, whether or not derstands under "Jewish Apostolic they agree with the author. Church." In the English edition, The argument is based upon the he states, on page 14I, "Until all post-millenarian interpretation of Christendom shall attain to the Scriptures, and apparently accepts unity of the faith, there will be the doctrine that the Jews, after Anglican Christians, Lutheran Chris- their conversion, are to return to tians, Roman and Greek Christians, Palestine. The author, therefore, and many other kinds of Christians; looks for the conversion of multi- and until then we can be and re- tudes of Jews, for the launching of main Jewish Christians." His plea a Messianic movement among them, there is apparently for a new (or an- and for the springing up again "all cient, but now extinct) denomina- through Jewry, as in the early Chris- tion, and will be gainsaid by many tian centuries," of communities of Christians. In the Yiddish edition, Jewish believers in the Messiah. pag; I53, we read, "Until then (i. e., Not being able to discover such until Ephes. 4: 13 is fulfilled), encouraging things now, he pro- Christendom (i. e., Gentile Christen- nounces Jewish missions barren and dom) will remain divided into Eng- sterile, and practically fruitless, and lish, German, and many other kinds comes to the conclusion that the of followers of the Messiah, and fault must be in the method em- until then we can be and remain ployed. Jew-followers of the Messiah." This He believes that the Christian latter plea, clearly for a national or Church hitherto has demanded the racial separation of churches, is dif- assimilation and Gentilization of all ferent from that in the English edi- Jews who have accepted the Lord tion and will meet with little or no Jesus Christ and joined the Church. difficulties, tho it does not tell us He argues that Gentilization must how to unite the Russian, the Polish, cease, and that it must be made the German, the Chinese, the Black clear to the Jews that assimilation Jews, the Bene Israel, and the Fala- is not demanded, and that they can shas, or those who were oxthodox and must remain Jewish Christians, and those who were reform Jews, as even within the fold of the Christian Germans or English are united. In Church. "In order to accept Jesus a book of the importance of that as their Messiah, the Jews need not under review, the author should at all close their own synagogs" have told us what he understands (p. 143). "In the age of the apostles, under the Jewish Apostolic Church, communities of Jewish believers in and clearly defined her distinctive the Messiah peacefully thrived principles.

throughout all Judea and Galilee and We do not agree with the author's view that Jewish missions are heroes of American history. His life sterile, barren, and fruitless. Re- was full of hardship and adventure, of liable statistics show that they are noble endeavor and self-sacrifice, in at least as fruitful as missions which his wife abundantly shared. among the heathen, if carried on as Doctor Myron Eells has gathered tosanely and soberly, tho we do not gether the letters, diaries and records fail to perceive that Jewish missions of the pioneer journey across the could and should be improved great- Rocky Mountains when the first ly. We do not look for the launch- wagon was driven to the Pacific Coast; ing of a great national Messianic he has given some new material in movement among the Jews at pres- the Whitman controversy as to the ent, but believe that this is the time saving of Oregon to the Union, and for the gathering out of the "rem- gives a full account of the Whitman nant" only. massacre. The story is full of interest and historical value, but there is not SATAN. By Lewis C. Chafer. 12mo. 75 the judicious selection of material, or literary sense in its presentation that cents. Gospel Publishing House, N. Y. would have made a thoroughly read- 1909. able biography. Many letters and ex- tracts from diaries are admitted that This book is a careful, Scriptural have no proportionate value to the examination of the question of the space they occupy, and there is not the arch-adversary of God and man-his skilful selection and arrangement of reality and personality, his greatness material that would have given this in original dignity and power, his biography a preeminent place in mismethods of working and the hierarchy sionary and historic literature. of spirits subject to his sway. The volume is, nevertheless, valuable To many readers it will be a sur- for its amount of first-hand informaprize and a revelation to find how tion on the history of Oregon, and the much is to be learned, through the in- early days of missionary work among spired Word, of the character, career, the Indians of the Northwest. and consummate strategy of this general-in-chief of the army of evil. LIFE OF GEORGE GRENFELL. By George Hawker. Illustrated Map. 8vo, 587 pp. It is not an attractive task to attempt $2.00, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New such a biography. Many far more York. 1909. winning subjects might have been chosen. But next in importance to a Dr. Grenfell was honored as a misknowledge of the person and work of sionary and an explorer, for he made the Son of God do we rank a thorough extensive and valuable contributions understanding of the whole system of to the geographical knowledge of the lies, wiles, counterfeits and gilded Kongo. He was a man of energy, but shams of which Satan is the head and of extreme modesty, and never sought master. How can we appreciate the the honors that came as a result of "advocate," and "vindicator," if we do his work. He never allowed his geonot understand the "adversary" and graphical labors to interfere with his "accuser"-or Him who is the Way, missionary work, but made the former the Truth, and the Life if we do not contribute to the success of the latter. understand him who is the betrayer, He was one of the missionaries in the liar, and the destroyer? favor with the Belgian administrators of the Kongo State, and for some time The chapters on Satan's modern de- remained silent in the controversy; but vices and the believer's present posi- before his death he denounced in no tion and victory will be found specially uncertain terms the abuses that he helpful and instructive. had become convinced were ruining the land for which he lived and died. MARCUS WHITMAN, PIONEER AND PATRIOT. The present story of Dr. Grenfell's By Rev. Myron Eells, D.D. 8vo, 349 pp. $2.00, net. Alice Harriman Co., Seattle, Washington. 1909.

Marcus Whitman is one of the life is full of interesting anecdote, and Of hope drove surging through me. gives the inspiration of a noble ex- Blind! 0 God 1 ample and Christian character. The letters give graphic descriptions of He can not see, he can not see Thee. hardships, adventures and successes. Blind- The book is valuable for its biographic interest, its historic facts, and its mis- AndoalGl oTdlhy beauty missed. 0 God I sionary stimulus. AUNT AFRICA. By Georgina A. Gollock. FROM ZOROASTER TO CHRIST. An autobio- Illustrated. 12mo, 248 pp. 2s. Church graphical sketch of Rev. Dhanjibhai Missionary Society, London. 1909. Nanroji. Introduction by Rev. Dr. MacKechan. 12mo, 93 pp. 2s. Oliphant, Here is a story with a purpose-but Anderson & Ferrier, Edinburgh. 1909. the purpose is much stronger than the story. By means of an aunt who is The story of the first modern con- expecting to go as a missionary to vert from Zoroastrianism to Christian- Africa, the boys and girls are led to ity could not fail to be of interest. Mr. take an interest in missions, to see the Dhanjibhai lived in India, being born great truths of human brotherhood, in Gujarat in 1822, and died at the age the failure of non-Christian religions of 86. In childhood his father died, and the need of sending the Gospel to but he was taught that in God is the regions beyond. The book is not so Maker of all, but did not wish to be- successful as a story for children as it lieve in Him. The young boy was sent is suggestive to parents and teachers to an English school in Bombay, and who are looking for ways by which to there memorized the whole of the sec- interest young people. ond chapter of Matthew. Every time he had to perform Zoroastrian cere- DECISION OF CHARACTER. By John Foster. monies, he repeated this in place of the Introductory note by John R. Mott. prescribed prayers. Later he attended 8vo, 60 pp. 35 cents. Student Volun- Dr. Wilson's school and was after a teer Movement, New York. time converted. He suffered much persecution and became a devoted na- No man is a success whose charactive preacher. Mr. Dhanjibhai was a ter is weak and undecided. He may remarkable man, 'and this brief sketch have strength of body, brilliancy of inof his experiences is well worth read- tellect, large fortune, world-wide fame ing. and even Christian faith, and yet be a failure as a man. John Foster's es- A HEATHEN. A poem by Lois Mathild say is clear and forceful. John R. Buck. 12mo, 42 pp. 50 cents, net. Matt says that it has exerted a greater Eaton & Mains, New York. 1909. influence on his life than anything else he has ever read or heard. That Miss Buck was the daughter of Dr. should be enough to recommend it to and Mrs. P. M. Buck of India, who the attention of every young man. It herself returned to the land of her is full of suggestion and inspirations. birth as a missionary after completing her studies in America. THE WORD AND THE WORLD. By Martha T. Fiske, M.A. 8vo, 68 pp. 40 cents. As a composition, the· poetry is Student Volunteer Movement. 1909. subordinated to the moral purpose, but there is nevertheless considerable These eight outline Bible studies, merit in the treatment of the theme- each in seven sections, are based on the shining of the Light of God on the typical passages of Scripture showing heathen in his blindness. the fact that God's salvation is in- tended for all the world. Beginning 'Twas then I learned that he was blind, with the Old Testament, we have stone blind, God's promises through the patriarchs and the prophets and the psalmists, Born blind! blind! At this a cry filled then His revelation through Jesus full Christ and his Apostles and their wri- tings. The studies are simple, but My throat and wrenched it, breaking up thoughtful and convincing. across The lips; with it I fled and left the man, And bent my being to the sobs that loss

NEW BOOKS KARMA AND REDEMPTION. By A. G. Hog~ M.A. 12mo. Christian Literature So~ FIFTY YEARS IN CONSTANTINOPLE AND REc- OLLECTIONS OF ROBERT COLLEGE, By George ciety, London, Madras, and Colombo. Washburn, D.D., LL.D. Illustrated. 1909. . 8vo, 316 pp. $3.00, net. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 1909. THROUGH UGANDA TO MOUNT ELGON. By THE SOUL OF A TURK. By Victoria De J. B. Purvis. Illustrated. 12mo, 371 Bunsen. 8vo. $3.50. John Lane Co., New York. 1909. pp. $1.50. Houghton Mifflin Co., Bos- tun. 1909. HOME LIFE IN TURKEY. By Lucy M. J. THE CRIME OF THE KONGO. By Sir Arthur Garnet. 8vo. $1.75, net, Macmillan Conan Doyle. Pamphlet. 8vo. 6d. Company, New York. 1909. Hutchinson & Co., London. 1909.

THE REPROACH OF ISLAM. By Rev. W. H. LE KONGO FRANCAIS: LA QUESTION INTER- T, Gairdner, B.A. 12mo, 2S, net. L. M. S., NATIONALE Du KONGO. By Felicien Chal- 16 New Bridge St., London, E.C. 1909. laye. 5 francs. Felix Alcan, Paris. THE RELIGION OF ISLAM. By the late Rev. 1909. F. A. Klein. 7S, 6d. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 43 Gerrard St., LES MISSIONS EVANGELIQUES ET L'ETAT DU Soho, London, W. 1909. KONGOS L'AFFAIRE MORRISON-SHEPPARD.

UNDER THREE TSARS. By R. S. Latimer. By Dr. H. Christ-Socin. 75 centimes. 12mo. Morgan & Scott, Ltd., London. Foyer Solidariste, Saint Blaise. 1909. THE ENSLAVEMENT AND DESTRUCTION OF A JOURNEY IN SOUTHERN SIBERIA: THE THE BAKUBA. By Consul Thesiger. MONGOLS: THEIR RELIGION AND THEIR Foreword by E. D. Morel. Pamphlet. MYTHS. By Jeremiah Curtin. 8vo. $3.00. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. 2S. 1909. THE MASSACRES AND TORTURES IN THE COURT LIFE IN CHINA. By Isaac Taylor MONGALLA. Foreword by Rev. Wm. Headland. Illustrated. $1.50, net. Flem- Forfeitt. Explanatory note by E. D. ing H. Revell Co., New York. 1909. Morel. Kongo Reform Association, London. JOHN CHINAMAN. By E. H. Parker. 12mo. $1.25. E. P. Dutton Co., New York THE SLAVERY OF TO-DAY. By Charles A. 1909. Swan. 12mo, 2s, 6d. Pickering & In- glis, London. 1909. EVERY-DAY LIFE IN CHINA, The New Mis- sionary Cantata. Pamphlet. 4d. Lon- THE NEGRO AND THE NATION. By George don Missionary Society, 16 New Bridge S. Merriam. 8vo, 436 pp. $1.75, net. St., London, E.C. 1909, Henry Holt & Co., New York. 1909.

THE ORIGINAL RELIGION OF CHINA. By THE IMMIGRANT TIDE. By Edward A. John Ross, D.D. Illustrated, 12mo, Steiner. Illustrated, $1.50, net. Flem- 327 pp. 5s, net. Oliphant, Anderson ing H. Revell Co., New York. 1909. & Ferrier, Edinburgh. 1909. DAVID ZEISBERGER AND HIS BROWN BRETH- THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA. By William REN. By Rev. Wm. H. Rice, D.D. Il- Edgar Gei1, F.R.G.S. Illustrated. 8vo. lustrated. 12mo, 64 pp. Moravian Pub- $5.00, net. Sturgis & Walton, 31 East lication Concern, Bethlehem, Pa. 1908. 27th St., New York 1909. MEXICO. By William E. Carson. Illus- MEN AND MISSIONS. By William T. Ellis. trated. 8vo. $2.25, net. Macmillan $1.00. Sunday-school Times Co., Phila- Company, New York. 1909. delphia. 1909. GUATEMALA AND HER PEOPLE OF TO-DAY. By EDUCATION IN THE FAR EAST. By Pres. Nevin O. Winter. Illustrated. 12mo, Charles F. Thwing. 8vo. $1.50. Hough- 307 pp. L. C. Page & Co., Boston. ton Mifflin Co., Boston. 1909. 1909.

MISSIONARY MISSILES, or, SHOT AND SHELL SICILY, THE GARDEN OF THE MEDITERRA- FOR THE MISSIONARY CAMPAIGN. Com- piled by A. W. Roffe. 10 cents each, NEAN. By Will S. Monroe. Illustrated. 12 copies for $1.00. Christian Worker 12mo, 405 pp. $2.25, net. L. C. Page Publishing House, Toronto. & Co., Boston. 1909. POMEGRANATE: THE STORY OF A CHINESE CANADA'S MISSIONARY CONGRESS, 1909. 8vo. SCHOOL GIRL. By J enni Beckingsalee. $1.00. Canadian Council, Laymen's Illustrated. $1.00. Northfield Press, Missionary Movement, Toronto, Can- Northfield, Mass. ada. 1909. PUCK, M.P. By Irene H. Barnes. 12mo, 206 pp. Is, 6d. Church Missionary So- COMPARATIVE RELIGION. By W. St. Clair ciety, London, E.c., England. 1909. Tisdall. 12mo. 40 cents. Longmans, Green & Co" New York. 1909. A CERTAIN RICH MAN. By William Allen White. A novel. 12mo. $1.50. The SOCIAL RECLAMATION. By Malcolm Spen- Macmillan Co., New York. 1909. cer, M.A. 12mo, 178 pp. Student Christian Movement, London. 1909. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR.

Bureau of the Census. S. N. D. North, Director. Bulletin 103. Religious Bodies: 1906. Pamphlet, 91 pp. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington. 1909.

The Missionary Review of the World — November 1908

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11111 f'r Court D i ning-room Studen t's n OO 11l T H E YOUNG MEN "S CHlt ISTlAN .'SSOC IATION HOSTE L I N TO EYO, J ,PAN-[Sec page RSJ I

iiMissionary CJ?.eview

of the Worlel VOL. XXXI. No. II NOVEMBER, 1908 VOL. XXI. No. I I Old Series New &ries ·~ubli8hed lfy Funk ok Wagnalls Company, 44~to K ::!3d St., N.Y, Isaac K. I.+~unk! Pres" A. W. Wagnalls, Vice·Pre8. and Tress" Robt. Scott, See'y SIGNS OF THE TIMES CALLS TO PRAYER with them the names of two hundred PAGE Great World Movements ………… 801 and sixty men, including thirty Tibet- The Coming World Conference …… 802 ans, who express a desire to become Results of the Revival in India ….. 802 disciples. The number of baptized Religious Liberty in Russia ……… 806 Christians in the mission increased last Politics and Missions in Persia ….. 806 year by more than fifty per cent. Encouragement in West Africa …… 807 The Mormon Question………… 808 Again, some Koreans were brought Home Mission Problem in Canada 830 over to Japan, during one of the wars, GREAT WORLD MOVEMENTS to teach pottery. Word reached the The day of opportunity seems to .missionaries last year that all the peo- have dawned throughout the world, ple want to hear about Christ, and a but especially would we again call at- Japanese evangelist began to hold reg- tention to some recent developments in ular meetings, and' later ort Miss Coch- China, Korea, India, and Turkey. rane went over to conduct women's For instance, in China in the Lien- meetings, with large results. In nearly chow district, where last year a seri- every home the idols were destroyed.

ous riot endangered the lives of most The people of the villages, being Shin- . of the missionaries of the Church toists, are not amenable to the influence Missionary Society, not only has quiet of Buddhist priests, who in Japan, are ensued, but the people have been found so often successfully hostile. These most friendly, and Messrs. Blanchett & facts, above narrated, concern a village Vicks have been able to sell almost about twenty miles from Kagoshioma, 1,000 Gospels and Scripture Portions. in Kiu-Shiu.

In western China, a deputation of six As to India, in the Telugu country, men, the headmen of one village, in which has, for more than fifty years, the Chong-pa district, came to Mr. been the center of a great religious Callum, begging for a teacher and movement, during 1907 more than stating that there were hundreds of 2,000 persons were baptized, and at its .

families who, from high motives, close 5,000 inquirers were still on the wished to embrace" Christianity; and roll. Since then 3,000 new inquirers three evangelists, who were sent to the have been enrolled in two districts village, were received with open arms, alone, of whom 1,300 are caste people.

and kept preaching from morning to In one month requests for teachers night. They sold 13,000 copies of the were received from 29 fresh villages, Scriptures and tracts and brought back and in other parts the people are flocking to the churches. In one district of gree among those who preach the comthe Punjab, 1,500 inquirers have been mon salvation which comes through the enrolled in two years, and these are but Word of the Lord. . . . It is an age specimens of facts whic'1 might be of. combma.tlOn, and if we are to accommultiplied. plish anythmg of value we must all strive togeth.er for a common end. If your Bishop Peel, after completing a tour committee can lay the foundations broad of the Church Missionary Society enoug~ and deep enough to induce represtations in German East Africa, writes ~entat.lves of Christian bodies to take part that there is a marked anxiety for m thiS great ecumenical conference at teachers. A number of men and Edinburgh far-reaching good can not fail women have learned to read, and Sun- to result. day by Sunday journey for hours to attend religious services. Miss Hol- The work of the committee which brook writes that there ar~ open doors is to prepare for this great meeting is in every direction. but some of them divided among commissions made up are beginning to close, and she repeats of leading men all over the world. the message left for his African helper These commissions will report in detail by the late Graham Wilmot Brooke as on such subjects as: first, The Misto the course to be adopted in the event sionary Agencies and Distribution; of his death at Lokoja: "Tell the second, the Native Church; third, Ed- Christians to work while it is day; for ucational Missions; fourth, the Misthe night cometh, when no man can sionary Message; fifth, Preparation of work." Missionaries; sixth, the Home Base of Foreign Missions; seventh, Mis- THE COMING WORLD CONFERENCE sions and Government; eighth, Coop- ON MISSIONS eration and Unity.

The next great Ecumenical Confer- These reports are to be printed and ence of Christian missionaries is to be will form the basis for discussion. It held in Edinburgh in June, I9IO, and is a significant sign of the times that is being planned for with statesman- the World Campaign of the Christian like skiII and labor. President Roose- Church is coming more and more to velt, in a letter expressing his interest receive the attention it deserves and in the movement, says: is being directed by men and women of brains and energy as well as with spiritual power and purpose.

It seems to me that the effort to bring A RESULT OF THE REVIVAL IN INDIA together missionaries from all parts of the world and from every body of Chris- One of the definite results of the tians represents a movement of deep im- revival in India is that Christian young portance and singular impressiveness. men are coming to realize their re- The purpose of the conference is tIrst, to sponsibility for the evangelization of India. "Scores of young men and concentrate the attentIOn of the entire young women," says the Indian Chris- Christian world upon the vast mass of tian Messenger, ,"have consecrated human beings who have never yet heard themselves for the Master's service the Gospel; and second, to permit free during the past two or three .years."

consideration of the best methods of At the students' camp at Etawah, obeying the command to preach the Gos- held last October, a session was de- voted to the presentation of the Napel to all the world. Surely we have a right to expect that the capacity for forethought and cooperation; that is, the capacity to look ahead and to unite to accomplish objects seen from afar-one of those high powers peculiar to civiliza- tion-shall be exhibited to a peculiar de-

OF THE

tional Missionary Society. There been perhaps the most ardent in the were present over sixty choice young pursuit of this union. They have men from almost all the Christian col- shown a willingness to sacrifice much leges in these provinces. After the in behalf of this Christian ideal, and addresses a heart-searching appeal was have allowed nothing to stand between made to these young men, and it was them and the consummation of this asked who among them felt that they purpose. were responsible for the evangelization of India, and who, if the Lord should The name chosen for the new body call them, would obey His call. :rhere is "The South India United Church." was not one young man present there The General Assembly of the Preswho did not raise his right hand to byterian Church of all India sent its indicate that he felt God had shown delegates with a special request that him his responsibility, and that he the new organization enter into negowas determined unreservedly to obey tiations looking to federation, if not a Him. closer union. Delegates were also present from Wesleyans, Methodists UNION OF MISSIONS IN SOUTH INDIA and Baptists, asking for closer fellow- ship and common activity on lines of The churches in India are setting federation. Christians in America a noble example. Dr. J. P. Jones sends the details of the A CHINESE PROCLAMATION AGAINST transaction which transformed into IDOLATRY one body no less than six missions belonging to four ecclesiastical organiza- The proclamation against idol procestions of the United States and Great sions, issued in July by the Viceroy of Britain: the Free Ghurch of Scotland, the province of Fuchau, is of far more the London Missionary Society (Inde- significance than the casual reader in pendent), the Reformed (Dutch of foreign countries knows. The native America), and the American Board. Christians of China at large have had These include 118 churches, 22,000 to appeal more frequently throughout communicants, and adherents to the the country from persecution because number of more than 140,000. Dr. they could not, as Christians, contrib- J ones says that the union meeting was ute to idol-worship than all other one of unbroken harmony and of much causes combined. The strongest oppoenthusiasm. There were more than a nents, even Christian missionaries, hundred delegates, of whom about could not say more against the system three-fourths were Indians, while the of idol services than is here said by the rest were missionaries. Two features Chinese official of Chekiang and Fuhin particular have characterized the kian. The proclamation prohibits solicmovement from first to last:. a most itation to all su~h services and procesgenuine desire to eliminate as far as sions under severe penalties. The possible everything that is distinctly charges made against the seekers of 'vVestern, and to give to the movement contributions to processions of idols in a thorough Oriental complexion, so the country is downright and plain. as to make the United Church an This is now in force over 48,000,000 Eastern Church. Presbyterians have people in these two provinces. The Viceroy has not chosen to say that Christians m:ly not be reqUIred to pay

idol money, but without mentioning tants. A report of the Japanese Gov- Christians at all, has gone thoroughly ernment gives the number of all Chris- in the matter, and forbidden the tians as 131,614, or a higher figure than holding of such services altogether. the missionaries give, but even thus He has thereby also looked into the one out of every 400 inhabitants of question of the lawfulness of such and Japan is a Christian. The larger num- has forbidden their being observed ber of these Christians is found in at all, not raising the question of the great cities, while the smaller their support with or without effort. towns and the country districts are This cuts at the root of the matter. In in sore need of aggressive missionary localities all over the country Chris- effort.

tians were beaten, their crops de- A peculiarly encouraging fact seems stroyed, their cattle killed, houses to us the statement that while the inlooted, chapels destroyed, the people crease of congregations during the ten driven away from their homes and na- years was only 20 per cent. (from 378 tive places, because they would not to 453), the increase of self-supporting contribute to these idol services, ex- congregations was 70 per cent. (from emption from which is secured to them 67 to II 5). But, after all, there IS by all treaties made by China with the much work to be done yet in Japan. foreign powers. Never until the pres- ent time has there been such a sweep- CONTINUED GROWTH IN KOREA ing prohibition issued anywhere in The American Presbyterian Mission China. station at Chong' J u, Korea, is in the midst of a population of 1,200,000, and THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY' is the county seat of a county contain- IN JAPAN ing 900 :villages. On market days In one of the German missionary 6,000 men gather there and on holi- magazines we find a most interesting days 12,000, "Recently," says the article concerning the growth of the Presbyterian Bulletin, "8,000 leaflets Protestant Church in Japan. We have were distributed in one day. There published the statistics before, so that are already 44 groups of Christians, we need not repeat them at this time, 102 baptized members, 'and 260 cate- but we want to draw the attention of chumens. The people contributed last our readers to the comparison made year $408.63 gold, or the equivalent of by the German writer between the state 2,724 days' work, or eight days' wages of the missionary work (Protestant) for each member and catechumen. A in Japan at the close of 18g6 and of new missionary to Korea writes that 1906. During the ten years the in- he "could not help being imprest by crease has been as fohows:· church- the hunger for the Gospel which these members 26,250, or about 70 per cent.; people show."

congregations 75, or 20 per cent.; bap- At Chai Ryong, another Presbyterian tisms 3,952, or ISO per cent. station, a year ago there was a congre- In 1896 there were 52,177 Roman gation of 500, now 1,000 gather weekly Catholics and 38,63 I Protestants, but for Christian worship. Over 800 men in 1906 there were only about 60,000 and women attended the Bible Study Roman Catholics and 64,621 Protes- classes on a single Sunday.

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

THE OUTLOOK IN TURKEY preached among the subjects of the Thus far the revolution in Turkey Ottoman Empire.

has progressed with almost no blood- ' SPREADING INFLUENCE OF THE shed and with highly satisfactory re- TURKISH UPHEAVAL sults. There are misgivings, however, lest there be a reaction. The Sultan, The results of the revolution in the greatest representative of Islam, Turkey seem to be spreading to the can not grant religious liberty without surrounding nations. Nat only have opposition from all the strongest civil and religious liberty been prom- leaders of the Mohammedan world. ised to the subjects of the Sultan- Also, those who have been in power including Macedonia, Albania and for their own profit will continue to Armenia-but the situation on the Per- intrigue for a return to the old regime. sian frontier has become more peace- The principal points of the new con- ful. Now Bulgaria has taken advan- stitution are: Personal liberty, no tage of the transition period to throw punishment without trial, religious tol- off the nominal allegiance to Turkish eration, a free press, equality of all sovereignty under which they have Ottoman subjects, security of prop- been for thirty years under the pro- erty, inviolability of domicile and abo- visions of the Berlin Treaty. War has lition of torture. The General As- been threatened as a result, but the sembly will consist of two chambers, question will be discust and probably the senators, to be chosen by .the be decided by a Conference of the Sultan for distinguished services to Powers.

the state; tne deputies, to be elected Another indirect result is the absorp- in the proportion of one for each tion of the provinces of Bosnia and 50,000 inhabitants. Following the Sul- Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary and tan's irade ordering the dismissal of the consequent preparations for war by spies, these abhorred persons, who for- Servia on the ground that Austria- merly haunted all the public places, Hungary's action is a breach of the have completely vanished, The news- provisions of the treaty and hostile to papers are freely indulging their new- the interests of Servia. The prince of found liberty and are expressing the the little neighboring country of Mon- people's joy over the granting of a tenegro has also issued a proclamation constitution, (October 7) against Austria-Hun- Missionary work among Moham- gary's action, declaring that his medans in Turkey has until recently country is henceforth free from the been forbidden, as has been the sale provisions of the treaty which restrict of controversial books. Montenegro's entire independence.

A Moslem might be cast into prison Next Crete has taken advantage of the simply for visiting a missionary's situation to declare a rejection of its house. Now there is in Turkey more tributary obligations to Turkey and for liberty for Christian propaganda than union with Greece. Towns were be- is allowed to missionaries under Brit- decked with flying colors, salutes were ish rule in Khartum and the Sudan. A fired and there was a great demonstra- door has been opened, and for the first tion in favor of the union.

time the Gospel will be freely The outcome of these disturbances

of the status quo in the storm center of took place down the blue Danube to Europe is as yet uncertain. The ex- their Siebenburger brethren in Tran- cited attitude of the people must for a sylvanian Hungary. But as the hymn time make missionary work more dif- of an exiled countess exprest it, the ficult, but there can be no doubt that power of God could ordain that death the outcome will further the interests itself should be powerless to slay. New of the Kingdom of God. Testament Christianity is springing up THE NEW AUSTRIAN REFORMATION again in all parts of Austria, the c:hurch at Aussee being but one of When the Jesuits started in' to crush hundreds. Protestant Christianity out of Austria nearly the whole population was evan- RELIGIOUS LIBERTY DELAYED IN gelical. After the Thirty Years' War RUSSIA was over and the peace of Munster signed, Protestantism had all but dis- The Russian Government is still appeared in the general ruin of the backward and fears to grant religious country. liberty lest people take advantage of it to leave the Church in larger num- Now, in the beginning of the twen- bers. Rev. Samuel Wilkinson, of :'vIildtieth century, Protestant churches are may Mission, writes that the Gospel again being built in all parts of the meetings for Jews in Odessa have been country. Places without evangelical stopt by order of the governor of service since the end of the sixteenth that city. This is after many months century now have their modest chapels. of undisturbed gatherings, in which many Jews have found Christ as Aussee, in Steiermark, is a charming Savior. Extensive alterations of the resort not far from Ischl, the famous premises had been made to accommosummering-place of the Hapsburg date larger audiences and a school was Court. The sturdy Protestant chaplain opened for the children of converts. at lschl opened preaching services Xow comes the order to close the there in 1899, The little interest has meetings! developed steadily. There are now regular services, a good income, a This and a similar prohibition at church and land for extension. All the recent Stundist Conventior. at the work of construction has been done Kieff indicate that, tho there is inby Aussee people, the architectural creasing liberty for Gospel testimony plans having been presented by the in Russia, the era of true liberty has Gustavus Adolphus Society, the ~orth not yet come. German Protestant Society which fosters and develops Protestantism i:1 MISSIONS AND POLITICS IN PERSIA Catholic lands. The parish is composed chiefly of workpeople employed A cablegram from Persia an- nounces some striking items of in- terest: in the imperial service. Circumstances have changed for the The persecuting edicts drove, as worse, There is much suffering. Early relief is greatly needed. The country is Cardinal Klest confest, "love, property in a state of unrest, but the people are and many souls from the country." as ready as never before to hear the To the middle of the seventeenth cen- Gospel. In a 45-day journey from Te- tury ever new flights of Christians heran a Presbyterian missionary and his

OF THE TIMES

helper sold many Bibles and Portions of and women finished reading the Gospel; Scriptures. He writes: "We have no way 80 more are struggling with charts and of determining the number of persons simple stories. A teacher's training class who have heard the Gospel or the num- each morning; 28 candidates; rapid deber of hours spent in giving our mes- velopment. "Palaver" house built entirely sage; but it was about as many as there by native Christians. First night 100 are in 4S days, except those that were carriers heard the Gospel in the house. necessary for other things. We preached Truly this is encouraging. the Gospel and read the Scriptures to men, not less than six, eight or ten hours There are great calls to open a new a day, and often more." station near Metet, 100 miles northeast of Elat, among the Makai. The funds At Hamadan, Persia, during 26 years, are pledged and people all along the road 11,937 copies of the Scriptures were sold urge missionaries to stop and tell them and to-day the demand is increasing. At a few words about God. In two months Teheran five years ago the Girls' School fifteen of the school boys held 197 meethad 66 pupils; last year there were 137 in ings and spoke to 13,000 people. In the attendance. The Boys' School had 20 five territory of the new station, cannibalism, years ago; and this year 236 are enrolled. ignorance, superstition, are as prevalent Tuition paid this year amounted to $1,000. as they were at Efulen fifteen years ago. A new woman's hospital was erected Now is the day of opportunity. last year as a gift of a Persian woman of high rank, and was "Dedicated to her In Lolodorf another station, at the sisters in Persia, and to the relief of the !spring communion held in the new suffering." "Persia calls," says the church (the gift of the native Chris- Presbyterian Bulletin. tians), there were 1,000 present. The membership has doubled within a year. In the meantime the unrest continues. The Shah has regained control A missionary writes: "There is someof most affected districts and has called thing about the situation here in Africa a new parliament to be composed of not altogether unlike the overturning of "pious men." The Kurds have con- the people in Korea." Pray and give for tinued to attack Christian villages Africa. around Urumia and have caused much suffering. Many refugees have fled BELGIUM TAKES OVER THE KONGO to the missionaries and the consulates STATE and have been helped with food and clothing. It is understood that orders l.ing Leopold has relinquished his have come from Constantinople to hold of the Kongo Independent State Takir Pasha, head of the Turkish and Belgium is now responsible for its Commission, to put a stop to the Kur- good government, its financial obligadish raids, and the result has been a tions and the fulfilment of its internagreater degree of quiet and security. tional relationships. This is the result of the agitation waged for years by the ENCOURAGEMENT IN WEST AFRICA Kongo Reform Association against the cruelty and greed which have marked At Elat, in the West Africa Mission King Leopold's exploitation of the of the American Presbyterian Church, country and people. The conditions of on Communion Sunday recently there the transfer are not ideal but form a were 1,292 present. The Bulletin an- basis for hope. Leopold II is connounces: demned by the civilized world. He keeps his wealth but has lost all honor. "There are 460 enrolled in the station school; 500 lU village schools; 40 girls Whether the annexation by Belgium will prove a permanent relief from the evils of Leopold's rule depends on the

amount of Christianity and civilization CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE INDIANS in Belgian hearts and ability in Belgian The growth of Christianity among leaders. It is devoutly to be hoped that American Indians is seen in the re- contract slavery, oppressive cruelty and ligious gatherings in Dakota, Okla- unfair discrimination will be brought homa, Indian Territory, and elsewhere to an end and that an era of liberty when large crowds of Christian In- has dawned on the Kongo as well as dians gather in conventions. Immense in Turkey. canvas tents are used and the Indians THE MORMON QUESTION camp round about. Recently a news- paper reported: "Ten thousand Chris- The power of Mormonism in Utah tian Sioux are camped on the Santee and the surrounding States must be reservation in attendance upon the an- reckoned with. It is an issue in the nual Convocation of the Nebraska present political campaign at several Deanery of the Episcopal Church. It points. It is involved even in Illinois, is the largest number of Christian as it entered conspicuously some time Indians ever gathered together."

ago in South Dakota. A pro-Mormon These camp-meetings indicate a con- campaign is apparently being con- siderable growth and spread of Chris- ducted with some breadth in the gen-' tianity among the Indians. Some eral press of the country. The central allowance may be made for the appeal issue in the Id<l;ho campaign is the to the spectacular, for the opportunity Mormon dominance in the State. offered for sociability, and for indul- "There never were before so many gence of the nomadic habit.

Mormon missionaries at work in this But the real significance of the country as to-day," says one in a posi- growth of Christianity among the In- tion to know. They are to be en- dians, says the S outhern Workman, is countered almost everywhere. The not so much in the camp-meeting as leader of the propaganda in the South, in the message of White Bull when he where it is claimed more than 2,000 said: "Tell your people we are trying converts were secured in two years, to live as Christians; we are trying to has just now been transferred to the be kind to one another, especially to Mormon headquarters in New York the poor and sick, for there are many City, where his energies are to be de- among us who are sick and many who voted to the larger and more congested are lame and paralyzed, and we min- field in that center. Hundreds of mis- ister to them and wash their feet."

sionaries are being sent to Europe, The spread of this "living" Chris- Asia, and the islands of the sea-not tianity does not come through camp- to bring converts to America as for- meetings, altho they may pave the way merly, but to establish colonies in their for its approach. It comes only own countries. through the personal example and in- Testimony conti~ues to show that dividual teaching and preaching of polygamy is still sanctioned by the patient, devoied missionaries. Chris- Mormons and practised in Utah, tho tianity among the Indians will increase secretly. Christians should not close only as the ullselfish efforts of such their eyes to Mormon claims and ideals missionaries 111crease the missions 011 or the menace of the Mormon system. the reservations.

ACCIDENTS" AS A MISSIONARY

BY REV. D. L. LEONARD, D.D., OBERLIN, OHIO Professor Seeley affirms that the the world over. It was even thus, in phenomenal expansion of British this incredible and unthinkable fashdominion, especially in India, is not ion, that a sixth continent was added to be attributed to British earth- to civilization and' Christianity, and hunger or lust for dominion, but was is now covered by six federated and achieved "in a fit of absence of mind" ; prosperous commonwealths. that is, it was the outcome of unforeseen circumstances. A similar state- I. Societies Formed by .. Accident .. ment may be made concerning a multitude of incidents attending the ex- The evangelizing zeal of the Mopansion of the kingdom of God. Not ravian Church is in various respects a few of the most significant events a veritable world-wonder; but this were not in the least the result of was kindled in a way most illogical human design, but were what are and baffling to reason. Two circumusually termed "accidents" connected stances combining proved the tiny with efforts put forth to further very spark which kindled the enduring different schemes. Thus, Columbus flame. In 1731 Count Zinzendorf had sought to reach the Orient by sailing occasion to journey from Herrnhut to the west, and stumbled upon two to Copenhagen, to attend the corona-. 'Continents; and a new hemisphere tion of King Christian VI. While was discovered. Captain Cook was there he "happened" to meet two perdispatched to the South Seas with :l sons who had been born heathen party of astronomers to Tahiti to but had become Christian-a spectake observations of the transit of tacle he had never before witnessej. Venus, in order to calculate more ac- One was an Eskimo from Greenland, eurately the distance of the sun from and the other a negro and ex-slave 'the earth. The men of science from the West Indies. The latter blunJered, and introduced new errors told him of the horrors of slavery, and into the problem; but during the long in particular of his sister still in bondvoyage Australia and New Zealand age, adding a fervid appeal that were incidentally touched, and the something be done in her behalf, es- British flag was hoisted, thus taking pecially by carrying the Gospel. The possession in the King's name. Then Count was Jeeply moved, and returnit occurred to some daring intellect ing home reported what he had seen that there, away off under the South- and heard, asking for volunteers. At ern Cross, was an ideal dumping- once two young men offered themground for all the human refuse with selves for St. Thomas, and soon after which the British jails were overflow- two more were ready to set forth for ing; and for a full half-century Bot- the arctic regions. The flame of z:eal any Bay and Van Diemen's Lawl so strangely kindled has bur~ecl ~Q were synonyms for unutterable gross- this day with steady flame. ness and depravity. Next, gold was discovered, and ten thousand gold·· When little Mal"Y Jones, of Waleq, seekers poured into Atlstralia from all made her famous but fruitless jour- ney in search of a Vvelsh Bible, and Rev. Thomas Charles, hearin~ of lIer-

bitter grief, made a journey to London both reached the same conclusion– to see if this need could not be met, that immersion was the true form of and called some clergymen together baptism. Arriving in Calcutta, they for consultation; the organization of met, compared notes, were immersed a society was soon considered, and by Carey and resigned their commisfound such favor that immediate ac- SIons from the American Board. tion was proposed-looking, however, Rice returned to America to make an merely to supplying that tiny corner extensive campaign to arouse the of Great Britain with the Word of Baptists, with success that was Life. Then, just in the supreme phenomenal, so that in 1814 the moment, the very nick of time (by American Baptist Missionary Union inspiration from above), the question was formed and began its notable' was asked: "If for Wales, why not career. for the whole kingdom, and why not for the world?" As a result, the A few years later it "happened" British and Foreign Bible. Society that in Marietta, Ohio, in a fit of come into existence, and is by far the desperation, a drunken negro started greatest instrumentality on earth for for the river to drown himself. On translating and printing and circu- his way, passing a Methodist meetlating the divine message of salvation. ing-house, he was arrested by the shrill voice of the preacher, went in A few years later, S. J. Mills to listen, and was soundly converted. and his companions, meeting in a Moreover, not long after, in a dream, grove for consultation and prayer, he heard a command to tramp through were driven to a haystack for shelter the wilderness to an Indian reservafrom a shower; before the rain tion located in the northwestern porceased, under a fervid assurance, tion of the State and proclaim to "We can do it, if we will!" they took the savages the message of salvation. action which led straight to the or- He obeyed, with considerable success ganization of the American Board, attending his efforts, certain preachers the first foreign missionary society in the region lending their assistance. in the New World. By a remarkable The story presently reached New coincidence, Andover Theological York City, and created a great stir. Seminary "happened" to open its Dr. Bangs and other prominent doors, at this time, and a petition was clergymen took counsel together as sent to the Massachusetts General they had never done before as touch- Association to constitute the society. ing the duty of their denomination toward the world's redemption. Four years later the Baptists, by Thus, in 1819, the Missionary Soa remarkable providence, were stirred ciety of the Methodist Episcopal to lay similar foundations for world- Church began to pray and give and wide work. Judson and Rice were toil that the universal reign of Christ among the first evangelists commi'l- might be hastened. sioned by the American Board, with India designated as their field. Dur- When the London Society aping the long journey it "happened" pointed Robert Morrison missionary without the least conference, sailing to China, the East India Company as they did on different vessels, that was a determined foe to missions, and

"ACCIDENTS" AS A MISSIONARY ASSET 8I1

no British vessel would allow him Cape Colony. But to the conservato take passage thither, hence he must tive Boers his plans of preaching to needs reach Canton by way of New the despised Hottentots were most York. While in that city for a few objectionable, and he was bidden to days, waiting for his ship to sail, he take his departure. Instead of givvisited in a certain Christian home, ing up and returning to England, he where a little girl listened to his con- concluded to migrate to the far versation, and received an impression northwest, beyond Boer dominion, that was never lost. The full sig- across the Orange River. Providing nificance of that chance meeting did himself with oxen and wagons, he. not appear for more than half a cen- and two others set forth with their tury, when, in 1861, the Woman's families, servants, supplies, etc., and Union Missionary Society came into journeyed twenty-seven days, over existence (the first organization of three hundred miles. One night a the kind in America) , with Mrs. party of Hottentots was discovered Sarah Platt (Haines) Doremus, once near their camp, and the missionaries that little girl, as the founder, and who learned to their amazement that this remained president to the end of her band of heathen were on their way life. to Cape Town in search of a mission- ary to teach "the Great Word." Had 2. Fields Occupied by Accident either party started a day sooner or later, they would not have met! As far back as 1786 Wesley ap- Suffice it to say that they went on pointed Dr. Coke master-builder for together to Great ? amaqualand, Methodism in America, and with sev- where Wesleyan work met with large eral assistants he took his departure and lasting success. vVho can fail for Nova Scotia. But a furious to put this "accident" side by side storm, which lasted for several days, with that famous one of Philip's meetswept them as far south as the West ing with the Ethiopian eunuch "on Indies. Landing on Antigua early the way that goeth from Jerusalem Christmas morning, a great crowd unto Gaza, which is desert!" was seen assembling for worship. Joining the multitude, he was invited When Judson had turned Baptist to preach. An audience like this he he severed his connection with the had never seen, being composed society which had sent him out, and mainly of negro slaves. So deeply thus was left far from home with no was he imprest with their need, and constituency, either for cooperation or their evident hunger for the Gospel, support, tho he hoped that through that the Nova Scotia work was in- the endeavors of Mr. Rice the Bapdefinitely postponed, and his assistants tists would eventually accept his servwere set to work in this and neighbor- ices. Being ordered by the East ing islands, including the Bahamas, India Company to take his departure, Barbados, and Jamaica. Thus was he first made his way to the Isle of laid the foundation of Methodist work France, and then concluded to return in the West Indies, which ever since to 1vIadras, hoping that he might be has been extensive and of great value. allowed to remain. Hardly had he landed before the authorities made him In 1814 Barnabas Shaw was sent to South Africa to begin work in

understand that his presence would About the same time the expectanot be tolerated. The only ship soon tion had become current, in certain to sail was an old tub scarcely sea- circles, that the Jews were soon to worthy, bound for Rangoon, Burma. return to Palestine, in fulfilment of Making a virtue of necessity, he took prophecy, and it was deemed emihis journey thither. Here Judson nently fitting to reintroduce the Gosconcluded to remain, with years ahead pel into the Holy Land in preparaof long waiting and terrible suffering, tion for their arrival. In due season but he was also permitted to be the representatives of the American founder of one of the largest and most Board appeared in Jerusalem to successful missions in the world. locate. But various troubles soon en- sued, and finally war broke out, com- A century ago fields for evangelis- pelling their departure. Beirut was tic endeavor were few indeed and finally selected as the seat of the mishard to find. The Hawaiian Islands sion; where schools were started, were occupied in 1819 by a curious one of which has since developed into combination of circumstances. Un- the famous Syrian Protestant College, der the spell of a boyish craze to see among the chiefest centers of light the world, Obookiah had left home in all the East. Later still the in a whaler, and later was set on Oriental churches were found to shore in New York City. He made offer a needy and inviting field, and his way to New Haven. By this time for work among these Constantinople he had heard something of the Gospel, was taken as a center. The outand had caught a glimpse of what come of the "Palestine" mission apeducation was worth. One day upon pears to-day in the four Turkish the steps of one of the college build- missions of the American Board; so ings he was found weeping; and later large and flourishing as to demand explained that his people were very and receive one-third of all its inbad, and he desired to learn in order come, and one-third of all its mlsthat he might go home and teach them slOnanes.

religion. S. J. Mills, hearing this Once more: During the last dec- ade it happened that a long rebellion story and finding a few other Ha- was in progress against Spanish waiian lads, with the assistance of tyranny in Cuba; and one night the friends opened a school in Cornwall, war-ship Maine was sunk in Havana Conn., for the benefit of these and harbor; just why and by whom is not others in preparation for service. In yet known. War soon ensued bea few months Obookiah died, nor did tween Spain and the United States, the school long continue; but the in- with a famous naval battIe fought alcident just related led to the found- most at once, as an echo, on the oppoing of the Sandwich Islands mission site side of the globe. When a treaty in 1819. As the climax of marvels, of peace was signed, nothing was left it occurred that upon the arrival of of Spanish dominion, either in the the first party of missionaries they West Indies or the Philippines, where found idolatry had recently been for' four hundred years, with Rome abolished by the king's command, so in absolute religious control, the that here was a people without a religion, and ready to receive one!

"ACCIDE.NTS" AS A MISSIONARY

Protestant bith had been tolerated consecrated endeavor. Of him it not in the least degree. But now a has been truthfully affirmed: "For population of 10,000,000 is accessible combining natural talents, extensive. to the Gospel, including civil liberty, learning, elevated piety, ardent zeal, popular education, and Protestant disinterested benevolence, unshaken Christianity. Tho all an accident, perseverance, unfeigned humility, and surely this is the Lord's doing and is primitive simplicity, Dr. Vanderkemp marvelous in our eyes. has perhaps never been equaled since the days of the apostles." 3. Missionaries Ma.de by Accident . Robert Moffat, passing along the street one day, saw the notice of a Long centuries ago one of the missionary meeting soon to be held. greatest of the Hebrew prophets ex- Tho the theme was one to which he claimed: "0 Lord, I know that it had never given any especial thought, is not inman that walketh to direct he attended the service, listened also intently, and with such profound a his steps." Thomas Kempis ex- impressions resulting that before re- tiring that night he prayed that, if presses a similar conviction: "Man it were God's will, He would send proposes, but God disposes." Dr. him forth to preach the Gospel to the Bushnell prefixes this title to one of heathen. When but nineteen years . his most famous sermons: "Every of age he offered himself to the Lon- man's life a plan of God." don Society for service. It should, however, be added that in early years John T. Vanderkemp was the son his mother had taught him the Bible, of a Dutch clergyman and a nominal and besides had often told him about member of his church, but was deeply the Moravians, and their zeal for the affected by the infidelity of the times. evangelization of the wretched ne- He served in the army for sixteen groes and Eskimo. years, rising to the rank of captain, and then studying medicine, rose to Mills, while yet a child, once heard fame for attainments in both science his mother say to a neighbor that she and the modern languages. While "had loaned him to the Lord." out sailing one day, the boat was Those words, and the fact for which capsized by a suclde.n squall and his they stood, he never forgot. From die wife and daughter were drowned. time of his conversion the desire was By this crushing calamity, from a cherished to devote his life to toil for deep sleep his religious nature was the salvation of the millions dwelling almost at once quickened to the ut- in the lands of darkness. He it was most, nor was it long before he of- who, under the historic haystack, fered himself to the London Society; suggested to his companions that with South Africa as the field desig- they could and should undertake to nated, whither he was sent in 1799, carry the Glad Tidings to the ends with some hundreds of jail-birds as of the earth. Tho it mysteriously his fellow passengers bound for Bot- "happened" that he never went any Bay, upon whom he also lavishd abroad, yet such was his activity in his sympathy and Christian counsel. the missionary realm that President While life lasted the degraded Hottentots (among the very lowest of humankind) were the subjects of his

Griffin could affirm: "From Mills were sent to South India, where they arose the American Board, the Ameri- toiled for a third of a century. Their can Bible Society, besides all the im- spirit was also imparted to their pulses given to Home Missions, to descendants, so that in all, to date, the Colonization Society, and to the more than thirty Scudders have given general cause of benevolence in both unitedly nearly six hundred years of hemispheres. " service to the kingdom in the foreign field. Verily, the reading of that Judson, even before entering upon tract may well be set down among a Christian life, while in the midst the great occurrences of the nineof a tremendous struggle between un- teenth century. belief and Christian faith, received a great impulse toward a missionary This is how the Rev. H. H. Jessup career from reading "The Star in happened to become a missionary, acthe East," then recently published, cording to his own statement: "The from the pen of Rev. Claudius thought had never entered my mind; Buchanan, a chaplain of the East but when I went to Boston to see the India Company, and relating to the Prudential Committee .of the Amerisore religious needs of southern can Board, Dr. Anderson placed an Asia. Nobody now reads the book, envelop in my hand and said': 'Go but it came under his notice in the into that room and consider this for "psychologic moment" and affected half an hour.' It was a plea for rehim profoundly. It was also just enforcements from the Syrian Misthen that he joined Mills and his sion. When he asked, 'Will you go?' companions in Andover Seminary. I said, 'Yes.' I thought it was the So was determined his life-calling, voice of God, and still believe that and he was among the very first to it was." offer himself to the American Board for appointment. 4. Life-work Determined by Accident Dr. John Scudder was a physician Rev. J. E. Clough, not in the least in New York City. Calling one day upon a patient, while waiting in the knowing the significance of what he anteroom, by accident he took up a did, as a part of his education took tract entitled "The Conversion of a course in civii engineering; and in the World; or the Claims of Six 1865 was sent to India by the Bap- Hundred Millions, and the Ability tist Society to labor among the and Duty of the Churches Respecting Telugus in the Ongole district, one Them." The theme to him was a of the most discouraging of field,. novel one, but at once. took a firm For thirty years almost no progress grip upon mind, conscience and had been made, so that more than heart. He spoke to his wife of what once the project had been seriously he had read; and pondering, they discust of abandoning the work. were presently convinced that they But when he had toiled nearly fifteen had personal responsibilities in this years, through severe drought, a terrigreat matter. Against great opposi- ble famine befell, and a great host were tion, application was made to the in dire peril of starvation. The gov- American Board, and in 1819 they ernment started extensive irrigation works to supply labor, and with food

"ACCIDENTS" AS A MISSIONARY ASSET

as part of the wages. Dr. Clough known. It was the interest excited took large engineering contracts, by a pamphlet relating to this dis- thus employing and feeding the needy covery which led the society to send thousands; of course, also, with his Morrison to begin work for the evan- associates, he ministered to the sick, gelization of the Celestials. Tho the and numerous religious services were empire was closed against the en- held. And this was the direct out- trance of all foreigners, the East come for the kingdom; nearly IO,OOO India Company had a factory in Can- were baptized and thus received into ton; while also in Macao, not far the church, 2,222 of them in a single away, the Portuguese were in pos- day! session, so that the laying of Gos- Carey's heart, by reading the ac- pel foundations might possibly be count of Cook's voyages in the South begun. And, by faith, the stupen- Seas, had been turned toward the So- dous endeavor was made.

ciety Islands, Tahiti in particular, as Livingstone spent his life in Africa, the most inviting field for work. The altho he had chosen China instead, Baptist Society had been formed and by the London Society had been through his agency, but as yet no mis- commissioned to go thither. But, sionaries had been sent out. But ju,;t before he could sail, it happened that in the time of decision Dr. John the Opium War broke out, so that for Thomas, from Calcutti, a surgeon of several years nothing could be un- the East India Company, appeared dertaken there. Meantime, also, in London in eager quest of Christian from Robert Moffat a call had come toilers for that most needy region. for reenforcements; and thus it was Carey was soon asked to be the pio- that Africa gained its master-mis- neer, and gave his consent to an ap- sionary. With not the least intima- pointment; thus also making his life tion of the peculiar and amazing tell, not upon a few thousand savages, work to which he had been called, but instead upon hundreds of millions for ten years he strenuously endeav- in southern Asia. Among other most ored, but in vain, to find a field i!1 valuable forms of service, through which he could settle down to or- his phenomenal ability in certain di- dinary evangelizing work. By the rections, he was able to translate the jealous Boers, repeated droughts, the Bible, wholly or in p<:rt, into no less tsetse-fly, etc., his plans were baffled.

than twenty-seven languages or It was searching for a location for dialects. work which led him to the discovery The attention of the London So- of Lake Ngami; and while in that ciety's officials, and of Morrison also, desert region an invitation came from was turned toward China as a pos- still farther north, Sebituane, prom- sible mission-field by the recent dis- ising a welcome and hearty coopera- covery in the British Museum of a tion.. But within a month of his ar- literary curiosity; to wit, a Chi- rival this chief died. Being now nese manuscript containing a Har- near the Zambesi, he concluded to mony of the Gospels, the Acts, the visit that stream; and finally, sending Pauline Epistles and the Hebrews, his family to England, descended it, made when or by whom was then un· astonishing the world with his dis-

coveries. It was plainly an inspiration the true God," and d'etermined to from above which led to the devotion know more about Him. He learned of the thirty remaining years of his that the hook containing those words life to the uncovering of the Dark came from America, and therefore to Continent to the knowledge of the America he must go. In those days civilized world. This herculean task for a Japanese to leave his country was performed, first, last, and all was treason, with death as the penalty. along, only that thus the reign of Being without money, he stole a pasrighteousness might the sooner begin. sage to Shanghai, and frem that place All was done in perfect keeping with worked his way upon a vessel bound his declaration: "I view the geo- for Boston. This vessel happened to graphical exploration as the beginning belong to the merchant whose wealth of the missionary enterprise." was to be wholly for the Lord's uses. The two met, Alpheus Hardy and 50 Two Accidents in Cooperation Joseph Xeesima, and, of course, be- came friends, with the very best Two or three generations ago it educational advantages bestowed happened in X ew England that a upon the runaway from Japan. In young man consecrated himself to the sixties a Japanese embassy visited the Christian ministry, and entered this country !lnd needed an interupon a course of study in preparation. preter, and Neesima's services were But presently his health failed so com- sought. He informed them that he pletely that he was compelled to aban- was an outlaw, but was promised a don his design. At first he was pardon, and so in their service a tour greatly cast down by what seemed a was made from ocean to ocean. At serious failure; but at length decided length he was ready to return home, to enter a business calling, and if pos- having meantime formed the design sible to accumulate wealth to be em- of founding a school of higher ployed for the advancement of the learning for the benefit of his people. kingdom. He became a Boston mer- In due season he was able to do this, chant, with large business done in dis- with the generous cooperation of tant lands. American friends whom Mr. Hardy helped to secure. And thus came During the same years, in a Chinese into existence the famous, and thorbook a Japanese lad had come across oughly Christian Doshisha University these words: "In the beginning God in the city of Tokyo. created the heavens and the earth." He also said to himself: "This is

N BU ILDI N G F OR HI GH ": !.: Im UCATI O N

On the site of the Old Examination Stalls FIFTY YEARS AGO AND NOW IN SOUTH CHINA BY REV. R. H . GRAVES, D.D.

The g reat changes that have been catching rain water to eke out -the transforming China have been grad- supply. ual, but 1861, when the present treaties were made with W est ern na- To-day, when we travel in steamers tions, has been considered the divi- of from 18,000 to 27,000 tons and ding line between the old and the new. make the voyage across the Pacific in The yea rs of the twentieth century less than a month, the fare is like that since the Boxer outbreak have been of a first-class hotel, with fresh meat productive of more changes than twice and fish, kept on ice or in cold storage, the number of years preceding. three times. a day, with fr uit and de,,- serts, including ice-cream, condensed Communication. milk and cream daily. Now the pas- sengers are numbered by the score; I came to Canton in 1856 in a bark while pianos and organs furnish muof some 600 tons, sailing around the sic for all who wish it, and a library Cape of Good Hope, in a voyage of provides books for those who prefer 114 days. There were but three pas- reading. sengers besides myself. Our fare was ship biscuit (hardtack), potatoes, and In 1856 our mail from America C05t salt beef and pork. Occasionally we 42 cents a letter, and came by way of had some light bread and tinned England, thence by steamer through meats, which were just coming into the Strait of Gibraltar to Alexandria, use. We had no milk in our coffee from there on camel-back to SueL, and tea, and dessert only on Friday and then by steamer to India and and Sunday. We ran short of water H ongkong, or by sailing-ship round in the tanks, and had to depend on the Cape. Now a letter is sent for 5 cents, and comes from New York

across the continent by rail, and from crowded streets. Some of the mer- the Pacific coast by steamer, often chants whose business was connected reaching us within a month from date. with the shipping (ship-chandlers, Besides this we get our news by tele- etc.) lived on what were known as graph, and by reading the papers we "chops"-an old vessel with the learn one day what occurred the masts removed and the decks covered day before in Europe and America. in, making a store and dwelling.

Truly "many run to and fro and These floated with the tide while knowledge is increased." As to local anchored in one place, and were very news, we may have daily telegrams healthful, as they had plenty of fresh from Peking, Shanghai and other air. They were chiefly at Whampoa parts of China. As to newspapers, we and Hongkong, where the shipping- formerly had two weekly papers in was anchored. The missionaries Hongkong, upon which we were de- usually lived in the second story of pendent for our news. Now there are the house, while the lower story was four daily papers in English, while occupied as a Chinese warehouse or there are numbers of Chinese news- for servant's quarters and kitchen.

papers both in Hongkong and Canton. None lived in houses erected as for- China is no longer isolated, but be- eign dwellings.

gins to take her place among the com- Now almost all are housed in buiJrl- munity of nations, and the people are ings put up for dwellings like those beginning to realize that they are but occupied by the merchants. The3e a part of a tremendous whole of which are either in compounds or separated, they formerly had no conception. and are much more comfortable and Changed Condition. healthful than those formerly occupied. As to food, Canton has always had If communications with the outside a fine fruit market. Oranges, bananas, world have increased, so have condi- laichee, mangoes, pineapples, pume- tions changed. When I came, the mer- loes, peaches, and melons are abun- chants had a concession, known as dant in their seasons. But as to the the "Foreign Factories." Here they supply of foreign food there has been had their dwellings, godowas (ware- a great change. Now we can get houses), an English church, a garden flour, butter, condensed milk, cereals where one could take a short walk, of all kinds, preserves and canned.

and a boat-house where they kept vegetables of all kinds, whereas for- their boats and canoes for exercise on merly few of these things were ob- the river. Some lived in Chinese tainable. Rice has always been a houses outside the walls, as did all the staple article of diet.

missionaries. All were confined to There were no stores in Canton the suburbs, as no foreigner was where ladies could go shopping, and allowed to enter the gates of Canton few where foreign clothes could be city. The missionaries lived in native obtained; everything had to be bought, houses at different points along the cut out, and made up by a Chinese river, as it would have been very in- sewing-woman. There was a tailor jurious to health to live in the low who made men's clothes. Now we Chinese houses on the narrow, have shops where almost everything

YEARS AGO AND NOW IN SOUTH (;HINA

may be bought in the line of dry passage-boats to the river towns. goods and groceries. Then the police-boats, with their banks of oars, frequented the river, The appearance of the river is dif- whereas now we have steam gunboats ferent from what is was fifty years and launches, which serve as revemte ago. Then there were many enor- cutters and police-boats. mous, big-eyed Tien-Tsin junks, which made the voyage up the coast once On land we have telegraph lines and a year, going with the southwestern telephone and electric-light poles, and monsoon and returning with the north- lines of railroads running or projected. west wind in the fall; then there were smaller coasting-vessels and numerous The watchmen and patrols are now superseded by regular uniformed po- THE NEW GOVERNM~NT EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS IN CANI0N CHINA 1 passenger-boats going to numerous !icemen, with their batons instead of towns in the interior of the province, the old swords and rattan shields. and the swarms of sampans or little boats that may still be seen. We had The Chinese People a steamer a day to Hongkong and one every other day to Macao. Now To turn from progress in external we have some fifteen steamers leaving things to the people themselves, there daily for Hongkong, not to mention have been marked changes. While a railroad under construction. The much of the old-time self-conceit, coasting trade is carried on in steamers self-satisfaction and self-reliance still of which there are usually three or remains, in many respects the feelings four in port, while smaller steamers of the people have decidedly altered. go into the interior or tow the Formerly the scholars greatly affected the long flowing gown, immense

goggles and spectacles and a leisurely of clocks and watches have quickened walk, whereas now they are fond of the pace of the people and tended to a military costume and air, brass but- habits of punctuality. tons and a brisk walk. This is especially true of the pupils in the gov- Chinese contempt for and hatred of ernment schools. The ruling motive foreigners has not ceased, but maniwith the Chinese to-day is to cultivate fests itself in a different way. Inthe martial spirit, that they may be stead of the cries we had to endure prepared to resist foreign aggression in the streets formerly of "Kill," and assert themselves as the great, "Beat," "Kill the foreign devil," etc., populous nation which they are. This we have the boycott, and public exis the secret of the desire to give up pressions by the press or by mas,- the use of opium. They have always meetings and addresses. In gener:!l regarded opium-smoking as a vice, but there has been an improvement in the only recently have they come to realize feelings of the people as the result of that it is sapping the foundation of commercial intercourse and the work the people physically, mentally and of the missionaries, but the Oriental politically. The example of Japan has masses are excitable and ignorant, and had an immense influence over them. it is not difficult for designing men While the scholars and rulers were to create mobs and popular disturbespecially addicted to the use of ances such as the Boxer outbreak. opium, it was by no means confined These outbreaks are often the result to them. The civilization of China of real or fancied encroachments or has reached the stage of the reign of assumptions. On the whole, the force which has so long characterizel} statesmen and the more intelligent the civilization of the West. May classes are beginning to understand they soon reach the higher stage of the foreigner much better than they law and brotherhood and peace, which did, and the masses of the people are seems to be dawning in the West, as better disposed. indicated by 'Fhe Hague conferences, and some of the' socialistic movements Education and Mis.iol1J in Europe, as well as by the growing influence of. Christianity. It is in this respect that the great- est changes have taken place in Chim. The masses of the people are chan- Perhaps the most marked change of ging as well as the higher classes. late years has been that effected by Instead of the old-fashioned cue and the change in the system of gQverngown, many, especially of young ment education. The old system of China, have cut off their hair and wear having the students pay exclusive atthe close-fitting foreign clothes. For- tention to Chinese history and literaeign caps with brass buttons and ture has been superseded by a broader a shade for the eyes are superseding one. Geography, physics, mathemathe round skull-cap with its crimson tics, chemistry and other branches of knob, and leather shoes for those of "Western learning" have been included felt and cloth. in the curriculum, while much atten- tion is paid to athletic exercises. Travel by steamers with their fixt In some schools the New Testament hours of leaving and the common use has been introduced as a text-book on morals; in all, Sunday has been given

I908 ] FIFTY YEARS AGO AND NOW IN SOUTH CHINA

as a holiday. Still much emphasis is Shanghai, Ning-po, Fuchau, Amoy placed on the worship of Confucius; and Canton, and a thirty-mile radius the pupils are required to bow before around them. In Canton we were his tablet on certain days, and he has not permitted even to enter the city been elevated in the Pantheon by Im- gates, but were restricted to the outperial decree, so as substantially to skirts. Now what a change! All make a trinity of Heaven, Earth China thrown open to missionary enand Confucius. While teachers are terprise, not a province unoccupied not required to render the act of by missionary workers, and the numhomage, Christianity is discriminated ber of Chinese converts increased from against, so that it is very difficult for 600 to I75,00. All barriers have a self-respecting conscientious Chi- been broken down, and instead we nese Christian teacher to maintain his have "open doors." position in a government school. In this season of unrest and of stiil There has been a marked growth impending change, the prospects for in mission activity and influence. To the future are most encouraging. The primary schools have been added Gospel alone can bring that peace those of higher grades so that we now for which China longs. Then there have Christian colleges as well as are the by-products of Christianity; theological seminaries. A more solid the demand for more popular freeeducation may be acquired here th:1I1 dom, the waning of foot-binding, in the newly fledged government the increasing freedom for women, high schools and colleges. In the and other new forces at work here. highest examinations recently organ- To God be all the praise. ized in Peking, a larger relative proportion of Christians than of heathen A CENTURY OF PROGRESS IN CHINA have succeeded in passing. 1807 As to Christian literature, flourishing publishing houses have been estab- One Protestant Missionary, lished in Peking, Hankow, Shanghai, Not one Protestant Convert. Foochow and Canton. Bibles, Tes- Bible Unknown. taments, tracts and other Christian No Hospitals. books are published in large numbers, Opium Trade Unmolested. and have an increasing circulation Footbinding general among Chinese women. year by year. Colporteurs carry this Western Learning Unknown. literature to all parts of the empire No Daily Newspapers. and find an increasing demand for it. No Railroads. If missionary education and literature have made such progress during fifty 1907 years, what shall we say of evangel:- zation? In I856 our operations were More than 3,000 Protestant Missionaries. confined to the five open ports of ~fore than 150,000 Protestant Communicants Es. timated. New Testament studied with the Classics in the Government schools in some of the Provinces. More than 300 Hospitals. Use of Opium to be abolished in ten years. Foot-binding custom under the ban of the Em- press. New system of education established in each of the 18 Provinces. Daily Newspapers ill every important city. 9,000 Miles in operation or construction.

"THE UNCROWNED KING OF CATHAY"

WHAT SIR ROBERT HART HAS DONE FOR MISSIONS IN CHINA BY REV. JAMES JOHNSTON, A. T. S., BOLTON, ENGLAND There is something of romance and and distinction. Nor has he failed in pathos in the home-coming to Great that position as has been truly said Britain of Sir Robert Hart, from to be the permanent trustee of foreign China, with a record not easily to interests in China. be matched by any other chronicler in history. This sparsely built man, His achievements have been varied, with thin gray hair, speaking modestly wonderful and singularly far-reaching with a strong Irish accent, and con- in the development of China's comscious of the fact that he is "old, very mercial, financial and administrative old," has been aptly described "as the methods, and in securing for China peaceful conqueror of the Far East, more consideration from Western the uncrowned king of Cathay." nations. When first Sir Robert Hart put his hand to the plow in the year Some fifty-four years ago, Robf'rt 186r, only three treaty ports were in Hart, a lad of nineteen, the son of a existence, whereas they are legion to- Scotch-Irish mill-owner, of County day. At the present hour the number Armagh, went out to China in the of employees controlled by the Cus- British consular service, and im- toms Inspectorate stands at II,980, of mediately began to organize a cus- whom 1O,636 are Chinese and 1,344 toms department for the Empire then foreigners. The postal system which just waking out of its long sleep. he organized has helped to link to- The story of his life is the story of gether the many and varied peoples the open door in China, and of a of the Empire in the most remote unique personality impressing itself parts, while Peking itself has now on the impersonal "power behind the eight deliveries daily. Altho Sir throne." There must have been Robert has never exprest faith in some peculiar Oriental charm about a rapid evolution of China, he is not the young European who, at the less confident that it will depend upon age of twenty-six, after a mere seven commercial progress rather than upon years of work as a consul in the land military or naval developments, hence of suspicion, had so won the confi- his devotion to this method of pacific dence of the Chinese Government as agency in order to combat the inertia to be placed at the head of the customs of prevailing conditions in China. system of that vast country. Two years later he was appointed Inspect- It is, however, as one of the "heroes or-General of Customs in China, and of the mind" that Sir Robert will be subsequently has been the man to remembered by later generations. be finally reckoned with in all matters Throughout his long and stirring concerning the relations of China with career in the Far East he has never the outer world. What he has wavered in his regard for the missions achieved meanwhile is writ large in of the Protestant faith in China. It the last half-century' of China's annals, is on this account that British Meth- <ccording him world-wide recognition odists so gladly add his name to the list of its great sons who have rendered conspicuous service to the State at As may be supposed, Sir Robert's home or abroad. Sir Robert, it is in- views on the opium traffic are pro- teresting to note, spent his early years nounced. He says that the Chinese in an Irish-Methodist school, and are in dead earnest respecting the there received inspiration which he evil. They wish to put an end to it, has not failed to make felt in the dis- and their action against the use of tant realm of the Flowery Kingdom. the drug is prevailing. The authori- He has been worthily designated ties have checked it by already clo- "the greatest and most sympathetic sing many dens, tho the habit is link between East and West," and, difficult to fight on account of its informally, he has strenuously es- subtle temptation; and, further, where poused the work of missionary it takes a strong hold upon the victim agencies. he does not find it easy to give up the A characteristic story is told con- habit. Sir Robert adds: "It may, in cerning the earlier days of this vet- the circumstances, be necessary to eran peace-maker in China. In the allow it to continue to exist during the course of a few years after his ar- present generation of smokers, but rival in China he was offered an the action of the Government against important post in the Imperial Mari- it is so decided that I have little doubt time Customs, then being started, the next generation will be non-opium concerning which he was greatly ex- smokers."

ercised. Failing to satisfy himself, he Of Sir Robert Hart's private rela- asked three of the leading Chinese tions with missionaries, Dr. Fowler, missionaries, whose acquaintance he of the London Mission, who is (July, had formed, to pray for three days 19o5) on furlough from the London over the matter and only then give Mission Hospital and Leper Home, him their advice whether he should Siao Kan, Hankow, Central China, enter the service of the Chinese Gov- . has given a remarkable testimony.

ernment or join a mission staff. The Speaking at the Mission House in three divines did not require the time London, the Doctor said that in his he gave them, and all sent back the labors on behalf of the leper com- same opinion-that they saw no call in munity, Sir Robert had been one of him to be.a missionary. his best friends. "Over and over,"

In the course of his prolonged resi- said the Doctor, "I have been brought dence in Peking, he has sought by to the verge of despair. Sometimes various means to advance missionary there has even been no prospect of aims, one of the most valuable oppor- another meal for the people. But tunities being his weekly garden- just at the psychological moment, as parties in the capital, which have been you call it, money has come, and in for many years the most delightful three cases when I was in despair I feature of the colony's missionary, received from Peking a check for iroo commercial and social life in Peking. ($500) on the Bank of England from On these occasions, too, his passionate Sir Robert Hart. I have never asked interest in music has been in striking him for money, but led, as I believe, evidence. by God, the money has come. I could

tell you stories without number show- lieves it desirable to have Englishmen ing how God has blest the work and to superintend Chinese workmen, "to provided for it," It appears that Sir form the buckle to the belt,. as it Robert has given assistance both were," so he maintains the same views timely and frequently, altho his respecting European and American method is eminently Scriptural, not direction of native teachers. In other letting his left hand know what his words, China must be evangelized by right hand does. When such gifts Chinese agents. Given 40,000 native have been made they have invariably pastors, each one having on an average been accompanied by letters full of a parish of 7,500 souls, the enormous good cheer and kind wishes. In his task of covering China with Christian sympathies he shows the widest pos- agencies enters within the bounds sible view. Medical missions, es- of possibility. To effect this a con- pecially work among lepers, medi- siderable increase in effective Western cai schools for Chinese, Tract Society missionaries would be necessary if, and Bible Society operations, have say, within ·the next ten years the called forth his valued aid. Any- complexion of the religious problem thing, in fact, which has tended to of China were to undergo an absolute the uplifting of China has made change.

strong appeal to him. He has freely Sir Robert urges missionary so- given of his best for China, and his cieties, wherever possible, to increase help is correspondingly forthcoming the number of medicaJ missionaries for any cause which makes for the and trained nurses; to open more betterment of China's children. schools and colleges; to develop the With regard to missionary pros- work among women and girls; to pects in the Celestial Empire, Sir establish more philanthropic agencies Robert Hart takes optimistic and to help the blind, deaf and dumb statesmanlike views. He appreciates foundlings and lepers, and to set up highly the character and devotion of new orders of missionaries in the Christian missionaries, and the un- capitals, in contact with the literary told benefits, social and moral, which and ruling classes, whose influence Christianity has brought to the East. would be further accelerated through China, he declares, has been for some lectures, literature and friendly inter- tens of cycles living her own quiet course. With such forces in combina- life in seclusion from the rest of the tion, the Christianizing of China world, developing in a sort of family need not remain a futile dream.

circle; but it has been full of life, and "Until now," Sir Robert Hart ob- the events of years to come would serves, "we have been merely feel- show that energy and vitality had ing the way and preparing founda- been stored up to meet the new en- tions; but now the new generation is vironment. Just as in material con- going to build, and China's pagoda cerns and progress Sir Robert be- wiII tower high among the nations."

AND RELIGION IN

BY PROFESSOR W. 1. CHACVIBERLAIN, PH.D., NEW BRCNSWICK, N. J.

Former President of Voorhees College, India It is quite impossible to gain any- of the people. It suffices that we thing approaching a correct view of should recognize that through the what constitutes the education of a whole system of Vedic literature and people without putting before the mind thought there runs one general gov- an idea of that people's civilization; erning idea, the omnipenetrativeness and civilization resolves itself, for edu- of the Deity, as it has been termed, cational purposes, into the religious or an indefinite, impersonal, spiritual and moral conceptions of a nation and pantheism. The practical effects of its consequent social and political or- this pantheistic temperament were ganization. conspicuous in the fact that the high- What is true of the development of est aim of the Hindu is abnegation the German school system in more re- of life with a view of the absorption cent times is' also true of the devel- of the individual into the "All."

opment of the educational system of Transmigration was only a step in India in past centuries: the due is to the process of absorption. Before the be found in the religious ideals as tem- All-One the individual IS of no pered by the prevailing social and moment. Such an idea, if rooted into political influences. Indeed, it has al- the nature of a people, is an effective ways been true that the presence of check to all self-reliant activity, a dominant force in the life of a na- weakens all sense of individual re- tion is seen to bring about some change sponsibility, and destroys the ambition in the educational system, making for for excellence. Ascetic contemplation the permanence of the existing ideals, becomes the supreme virtue in reli- or their expulsion, according to the gion and in life. Thus the ethical aims of the leaders of the movement. virtues of a people, whose deepest con- And never have forces been found vIctions are pantheistic, and whose 50 dominant, or so calculated to take highest hopes are personal absorp- a deep hold upon the life of a people, tion in the universal, are such as as these conditioned religious ideals. patience, .docility, gentleness and resig- This recognition of the religious nation. These are naturally accom- element among a given people must, panied by politeness, respect for of necessity, be followed by an exami- parents and elders, and obedience to nation of the means which the State, the powers that be, both civil and ec- or the people, has, more or less con- clesiastic. AI! these are excellent, so sciously, adopted to bring up its chil- far as they go. But duty in the old dren with a view to maintaining its Greek sense, or in our Anglo-Saxon ideals and its national life, in so far commanding sense of the word, and as its records make this possible. It the virtues flowing from a strong, is not necessary. however, for our virile personality, which controls cir- present purpose to enter upon a de- cumstances and shapes the life, were tailed study of those means, so far as not to be expected, nor were they they have been present in India, in found.

the molding of the educational ideals The educational significance of

this religious and ethical system, ually and which claims to be as old dominant in India for so many cen- as the Vedas. Throughout the long turies, lay in the fact that it was. the story of the study of letters, and of natural expression of the real Hindu the preservation of culture in India, mind, which was dreamy and meta- we must recognize the presence of the physical. It is, however, worthy of permanent' influence of this Brahman note that Hinduism was not, in its caste system. It determined the char- origin and essence, a religion of mere acter and the area of education.

externalism. It was the inner life of While its origin may have been based the soul that was of moment, and upon social conditions, it came to have when this was lost sight of Buddhisrn a religiot;s sanction, and its observance arose. When sacrifice and ceremonial became largely the religion of the began to supersede the intellectual and people.

ethical elements of Brahmanism, the The Bri;ish System of Education reform that Buddhism attempted fol- lowed. Having placed before ourselves the But the effect of E.uddhistic teach- predominating religious ideals of the ing on the Hindu mind was not an past, and the consequent educational awakening of the individuality; for, system among the people of India, we while the God of Brahmanism was a are now prepared to enter upon a brief union with the absolute Being, not to consideration of the development of be distinguished from absorption, the the modern British system of educa- God of Buddhism was extinction of tion which has been superimposed the individual, not to be distinguished upon the ancient indigenous system, from non-existence. In both cases in- so long-lived and so wide-spread in dividuality was gone. India, and so religious in its origin While Mohammedanism, on the and ideals.

other hand, was more individualistic To those who are within, and who in its teaching, and certainly more are so personally concerned with the practical in its general effects, and introducing of the new and with the altho the ::Iussulman power was domi- conserving of that which is useful of nant in India during so many cen- the old, serious questions have been turies, the Islamic faith was so foreign presented, as numerous as they are to the country, and so iconoclastic in perplexing. For those men and for the its relations and c~ntact with the splendid courage and fine spirit they Hindus, that Mohammedanism never have shown in meeting their heavy became a force in the social and edu- responsibilities and in carrying for- cational life of the people, notwith- ward so successfully their stupen- standing the fact that its followers dous task of putting new wine into constitute one-fifth of the population old bottles without doing violence to of India. either, the writer, after personal ex- In approaching this subject of edu- perience with them and a knowledge cation in India we are met also by of their achievements extending over the great, all-influencing socio-relig- a number of years, has only the great- ious and anti-individualistic fact of est admiration.

caste, a system which grew up grad- From the standpoint, however, of

I908 ] EDUCATIO~ AND RELIGION I

cne who is studying from without see the working of two diauletrically this striking experiment, whereby the opposed policies. In the foriner, renewest European methods are being ligious instruction is as definitely applied to the reorganization of a long prescribed by law as in the latter it stationary Asiatic society, and who is is proscribed. This may not be so looking for the lessons that may be surprizing as these nations repreuseful in the development of an edu- sent two different races, which have cational system still more controlling always been, more or less, in antagthan that in India is to-day, the prob- ol11sm. But it is not so with Great lem of our thesis, the right relations Britain and the United States, who are of education and religion in India, still people of the same race. And yet remains unsettled. here, again, we see wide differences of policy. For, in England, educa- The place of moral and religious tion has always been largely carried instruction in a state system of edu- on under religious auspices, and, at cation has always been a question of the present time, the controversy over deep concern and of difficult solution. the participation of' the Church in It has led also to the adoption of education is a dominant political issue. widely differing policies. In the United States, on the con- trary, there is a complete separatioll In ancient Greece and Rome religion of the Church and State, and the pracbecame a function of the State, and tical exclusion of definite religious inclosely allied with their educational struction. systems. In the Middle Ages the Church and the State coalesced, and vVe may say, in general, that the formed so intimate a union that the secondary aim of education in Europe domain of each was entered by the has been to produce gentlemen and other. During nearly I,5<)O years, the Christians. In India religion has, for religious influence was above every twenty-five centuries, sanctified the other. Religion taught the other pursuit of knowledge, as the path to branches of civilization to speak its liberation from the world and absorplanguage. Philosophy, Science, Art, tion in God. When the English unand Politics were all permeated with dertook the education of the Indian religious terminology. Their motives people, the unwisdom of government became religious. But, finally, a dif- interference with the religion of the ferentiation took place. and men began Hindus was generally conceded, and to distinguish between the things of they bound themselves, by repeated Cesar and the things of God. The pledges, to the maintenance of religschool, which throughout the Middle ious neutrality. This principle, as- Ages was the creation of the Church, serted by all the great Governors of has, in most countries, passed into India, solemnly proclaimed in the the control of the civil government, famous Director's Dispatch of 1854, and there has been a consequent de- the great Charter of education in clension in the emphasi~ placed upon India, and reiterated in the Recomthe religious element in education. mendations to the Education Commis- sion of 1882, was regarded by the The attitude of the present day to- Hindus as the great safeguard of their ward religious instruction is very divided In Germany and France we

liberties. But the principle cut both the present, as constituting the "Three ways. Stript of all secondary and Rotten Cultures" of history, ulterior aims, government education was confined to the primary object The religion of the Hindus is, for of conveying knowleuge. the educated, a philosophy, and, for the ignorant, a system of observances. If education is training for com- They have no definite scheme of morals pleteness of life, one of its primary and no religious books in which the elements is religion. If an educational moral element holds the highest place. system be established on a basis which Custom is the sole support of morality, excludes this religious element, the result will inevitably be a deteriora- The Need of Religious Instruction tion of the highest national type, and the loss of the finer qualities which Along with the dissolution of many are the safeguards of purity and un- ancient customs which English rule s~lflsh conduct. Education can never and Western learning brought about, grow weary of the assertion of the the customary morality received a truth that nothing has so m'uch value grievous shock. To learn that the as the will guided by the right, or world was not made exclusively for by a sense of duty. The education the Brahmans, that the earth was not which trains the mind is eminently made of concentric rings with India desirable, but that which forms the as the center, and that it does not rest character, which is the actualizing of on the back of a tortoise, could not duty, is absolutely indispensable. but have the result of shaking belief in many other vain theories of the And right here, what we believe to world and of life. Elementary science be an entirely sound educational taught that whatever might be the theory has its application to the sys- power of the Brahman he could not tem adopted in India. The elevation make water boil at any other temperaof the Hindu character is admitted by ture than that at which it naturally all intelligent Hindus, no less than by boils, and that a million repetitions Englishmen, to be a prime necessity. of the names of their gods will not The failure of the present educational keep epidemics away from unsanitary system in India to do this, to instil houses. This decay of old influences in her people a commanding sense of has led, among the classes affected by duty, to lead them to the practical contact with the English, to a ceradoption of the virtues of morality, tain weakening of the moral sense, in a word, to give them such moral such as it was. The result is that instrength as is possest by the na- tellectual progress has outstript moral tions of Europe and America, after progress in India, and that the bonds long centuries of reEgious instruction, of ancient tradition and of religious this failure gives countenance to the sanction have been abruptly snapt. famous classification by the London Generations of young men are grow- Spectator of the culture of the Ben- ing up in th;rt country who have no gali Babu, along with that of the deep religious convictions, no fixt Roman nobles in the period of the em- moral principles, no well-defined rules pire and ot the Chinese Literati of of conduct, "no landmark on earth,

AICD RELIGlO~ .IN"

and no lodestar in heaven." The an- looking only to the quality of secular cient Hindu ideals exist no longer, if instruction, should assist such of them they ever did, as a moral dynamic in as ask for assistance." ordinary life. It is philosophy, but it is not food. The press of India informs us that the present Governor-General has also A keenly intelligent and observing been drawn into this discussion and Englishman, who has spent many years into the recognition of the need of ill India, recently sent out this warn- religious instruction along with secuing: "Our Indian education is crea- lar education. In .March of this year ting ~n immense class, for whom it has the ~Iaharajah of Darbhanga, accomlargely loosened the authority and ob- panied by a deputation of the Hindu ligations of the past, and who, with Religious Society, presented to the quickened intellectual capacities, crave Viceroy, on behalf of the body, an for a career which we can not afford address, the signatures to which were to open for lack of that moral fiber representative of leading native States with which we have failed to sup- and of three great religious shrines in ply them, in the place of hat they India. The address stated that the have lost. Such a situation is charged society was a primarily religious and with peril; and it can not possibly non-political one, and that their main stop there. We must go on to furnish object was to secure the imparting of those moral and spiritual forces which religious with secular education. The alone can supplement 'and justify the Earl of Minto, in his reply, sincerely education." welcomed the distinguished deputation and exprest complete sympathy with Those in high places of authority the aims of the society. in India have also recognized this need. The governor of one of the Missionary Education provinces said not long ago, in his address as Chancellor of Allahabad The best answer, however, to this University: "I agree with those who great need has been fOUlid in the sothink that education should, from the called ~lissionary Educational System, beginning, be combined with religious so long and so widely established teaching; but the difficulty is to effect throughout India; and this need has the combination in India. The Gov- been met, in part, by the large numernment must observe an attitude of ber of schools and colleges maintained strict neutrality in all religious mat- by Christian religious societies, which ters, and it would be impossible for its form so important a part of the edueducational officers to impart relig- cational system of India, and wherein ious instruction in its schools and religious instruction is an essential colleges. The only satisfactory solu- feature of the daily curriculum. That tion of the problem lies in the exten- this demand for moral training exists, sion of the principle of grants-in-aid, and that this opportunity for it is apthe establishment by indcpendent preciated, is be"t attested by the fact managers and associations of schools that these tTIlSSlOnary institutions and colleges in which religious instruc- are so largely attended by non-Christion can be freely given hand in hand tian Hindus, notwithstanding, and with 5ecular education. The State, possibly, ill part, because of the defi-

nite daily instruction in religion with de5tructive and constructive. Which' the Bible as text-book; and this when it shall be depends largely upon the ample opportunity is afforded for at- Christian people of England, with the tending schools under government and cooperation of those in America. Hindu auspices, where no religious instruction is given. Whatever may be the future of the English connection with India, it is, Thus it is that the whole history at any rate, certain, to use the words of British education in India is not of the great religious reformer, Wilwithout large interest and deep sig- berforce, that "by planting her nificance. The reaction of the West language, . her knowledge, and· her on the East and the revival of peoples opinions in her Asiatic territories, she everywhere visible, in India, in Japan, has put a great work beyond the reach and in China, is a phenomenon as re- of contingencies." markable as any in modern history. In India, where a social order has been The ideas which have been introbased for 2,000 years on a deep phi- duced into India, ethical and moral losophy, the study of this revival can as well as political, can not be innot be without attraction for those who effective among a people so interested are observing the tendencies of the in intellectual and religious questions time. A primitive society has sud- as are the Hindus. They can not but denly awakened to find itself face to germinate, and finally change the face with an enemy it is powerless to whole face of Indian society. The resist. The modern world, where it present is strong and practical, as does not absorb, destroys. In the East well as distinctly religious. The fu- British education is an agent at once ture 111USt share many of its char- acteristics.

THE HOME MISSION PROBLEM IN CANADA HEV. J. H. HOBERTSON, B.A., B.D., KNOX CHURCH, REVELSTOKE, B. C.

The churches in Canada are to-day the east to British Columbia and the face to face with the greatest Home Yukon on the west-a continental ex- Mission problem of any Christian panse of nearly 5,000 miles. From country in the world. This problem south to north this field stretches from is being faced with courage and de- the forty-ninth parallel and the United termination, and the eyes of the Chris- States boundary line to the northern tian world are watching with prayer- Herschell Island within the arctic ful sympathy that the problem' may be circle. solved with honor to the churches and blessing to the people of the Do~inion. This field embraces not only such regions as the northern stretches of I. The Field Quebec and New Ontario, of the great Western prairie provinces, of the The field where this problem is be- coast bounds of British Columbiaing worked out stretches from the regions now being opened up by rail- Atlantic to the Pacific-from the ways and the inflow of immigration; Maritime provinces and Labrador on but also contains great stretches of

THE HOME MISSJON PROBLEM IN CAI;ADA

the least known and least explored re- being put to the test as never before. gions of the earth: such as Ungave, It is this increasing tide of immigra- Keewatin and lV1 ackenzie Districts. tion that constitutes the crisis of the And yet there are Christian mission- I fome Missionary problem, as may be aries along the bleak Labrador coasts, indicated by the following: Immigraon the ,shores of C"ngava Bay, on the tion in I900 was only about 24,000; in east, south and west coasts of Hudson I904 it was nearly 150,000, while in Bay, and at Fort McPherson and 1907 it reached nearly 300,000. The Herschel! Island within the arctic great majority of these are being setcircle. tled in far-flung communities through- out the Western prairies and the prob- This field is the vision of the Cana- lem of the Church is to follow them dian churches. vVhen Cartier with his with the missionary and the Gospel I20 brave mariners first stood on the ordinances. This problem looms large show; of Gaspe Point in I535 they when we remember that this immigraraised a cross with the arms of France tion movement is proportionately the to symbolize possession by the King of largest of any country in the world. K111gS and by the King of France. In Immigration to the United States the passing of French regime from never passed beyond an increase of Canada part of that vision has been one anc! one-half per cent. of the poplost, but the othel part remains and is ulation, whereas that to Canada h:ls to-day the vision ot half a continent. already reached fully three and one- The Canadiall churches have resolved half per cent. It is well known that that throughout this great field no the problem was almost too large for community shaD be without the Gospel the churches in the United States, and minister and the Christian Church. the seriot1~ question is vill it be too And this i,. no mere empty dream. It large for the churches in Canada? i., being realized. The Presbyterian "Ve have hard work to do and loads General Assembly rejoices that there is to lift." n,-, community in Canada to-clay where a dozer, Presbyterian families can be "11 important feature of this immifounl~ but has a Presbyterian service, gration question is the variety of naand this io largely true of other tionalities and languages, and the COI1churches as well. sequerit variety in national moral and religious ideals. These people repre- II. The People sent almost every country in Europe and Asia. Some thirty languages are The population of Canada is about spoken in Winnipeg. Large numbers 6,000,000. As a people Canadians are a few years ago came from Central a church-going and Sabbath-keeping and Southern Europe, tho this immination. Good foundations were laid in gratton is being discouraged. Weare the past amid suffering and sacrifice, now seeking the best immigrants poswhen the increase in population was sible and it is good to see that in I907 slow. Thus good quality was estab- more than half our total immigration, lished before quantIty was enlarged. VIZ., I60,000, came from the British This has probably been great gain. Isles. Another army of 50,000 good farmers came from the United States, The flow of immigration, however, has now come and the churches are

~[lSSI()~ARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD [ ~ove1l1ber

and also increasing numbers frolll stood. ::-;ot since the migration of the Scandinavia, Holland and nthn north children of Israel from Egypt to Ca- countries. naan has there been such a migration A few examples will set forth the of a whole people from one land to variety and magnitude of this aspect another. These people, because of long of the problem. There are nearly oppression, are also very ignorant and IOO,OOO Ruthenians (Galicians) now poor, but they are clean, indestrious in the vVestern provinces. Iecause of and religious. Their fanatical religious oppression they are with us, and con- pilgrimages have widely advertised sequently they are ignorant a1ld poor. them, but by wise and careful treat- They are suspicious of governments ment at the hands of both government and regardless of education, but not and Church these pilgrimages are pass- irreligious. They stand in close rela- ing away, and the work of education tion to the Greek and Roman churches, and assimilation is well under way.

but because of past oppression are dis- One of the most serious problems trustfuf of both. The effort of the is the Mormon community of about Roman Catholic Church to enfold them 10,000 in southern Alberta. They are, all within its care has not been alto- of course, under pledge to the Govern- gether successful. They have organ- ment that polygamy will not be prac- ized an Independent Greek Church of tised in Canada, but whether that Canada, which is not only Protestant in pledge is faithfully observed is by no spirit but Presbyterian in form. About means certain. Certain it is that their one-third (30,000) are already within teachings are not changed, and that the membership of this new Church, their political aims are the same here and their numbers are rapidly increas- as in Utah. It is probably a national ing. Mission work among these Gali- mistake that they are tolerated in Can- cians was very slow for some time be- ada at all, but since they are here they cause of distress, but the medical, hos- are to be regarded as part of our pital, and educational work carried on Home Missionary problem. The pol- among them, especially by the Presby- icy of the Presbyterian Church in terian Church, gained their confidence, planting missions right in their com- and hence their approach to the Pres- munities is probably the wise thing, byterian mission and college authori- for while small results are seen in the ties in Winnipeg for guidance in way of conversions it is the necessary orgamzing the Independent Greek antidote to a very vicious disease.

Church. There is a training class for Probably the most serious matter Ruthenians in Manitoba College, vVin- facing us at the present time is the nipeg, under the care of Principal Pat- sudden influx of Asiatics into British rick, for the purpose of training minis- Columbia. The deplorable riots in ters and teachers for their own people. Vancouver last fall brought th'is whole Mr. Michael Sherbinin, their wise and matter into the lime-light view of the good leader in this country, takes part whole country. There are now be- in this educational work. tween 30,000 and 35,000 Asiatics in Then there are nearly lO,OOO Douk- British Columbia, namely, about 18,000 hobors in th( Western prairies-a peo- Chinese, 12,000 Japanese, and 2,000 ple now widely known but little under- Hindus. In the House of Commons,

T908 ] THE HOME lflSSIOX PROBLEM 1X C.XAD

Hon. Lemieux stated that in I3rit- aela. 'C find a s()lid body of Roman ish Columbia there are 25.0():) Ori- Catholicism. and the Home l[ission ental male adults and 75,000 white work here goes ullder the name of male adults-i.e., in every four men in French evangelization. By this we British Columbia one is a yellow man. mean that the Protestant Church takes Unless this immigration is soon limited a proper advantage of every open door it will become a most serious problem, to introduce the Bible into the homes both for Church and State. They do of the people, to provide a higher not assimilate and they are heathen. Christian education open to Catholics, The Methodist and Presbyterian such as the Point Aux Tremble schools Churches have carried on work among carried 011 by the Presbyterian Church them, but with little success. It is at an annual cost of some $20,000, and easier to evangelize the Orientals in which has good success, also to estab- their own country than in ours, for lish missions among the few Protes- various reasons. This may be our tant communities in the province. This shame, but 'tis true, and true in the evangelical and ecucational work costs same way as the work of Geddie, Gor- the Presbyterian Church about $45,000 don, and Paton in the New Hebrides pcr annum, Other churches do similar was greatly hindered by the vicious work.

sandalwood traders. The Home Mission work in Ontario Space forbids our dwelling further is of much the same character as that on this aspect of the problem, tho it in the Maritime Provinces. New On- would be interesting to take a look at tario to the north and west has recently the 32,000 Mennonites, the 25,000 Ice- opened a large field for work in lum- landers, the Barr colony of 2,500, the ber and railway camps, in mining and Scandinavians, Hollanders, Germans, agricultural districts. The Reading Austrians, Hungarians, Poles, etc. To Camp Association, under 11r. Alfred Canadianize and Christianize all this Fitzpatrick, has done a noble work varied mass is surely a serious prob- among these camps, lem. The three prairie provinces-Mani- III. The Survey toba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta-pre- Taking a brief glance a few words sent aspects in common. Those prov- will indicate the special Home Mission inces embrace the greatest and most features of different parts of the field. compact grain-growing region in the The most serious aspect in the Mari- world, being 900 miles in length and time Provinces of Nova Scotia, New over 400 miles in width. Into these Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island provinces the great flood of immigra- is the migration of a number of fam- tion is flowing. Here are to be found ilies and many young people to the nearly all the foreign immigrants-the Western provinces. Thus the strength Ruthenians and Galicians, Doukho- of the larger congregations is weak- bars, Mennonites, Icelanders, Mor- ened in their support of Home Mission mons, Swedes, Norwegians, Holland- work, and the smaller congregations ers, Germans, Danes, Austrians, Hun- do not gain the strength to pass be- garians, Poles, Laplanders, etc. Also yond the Home Mission stage. the great bulk from the British Isles Coming to Quebec, or French Can- and the United States are flowing

here. Here is to be seen the mar- cording to Ilumerical strength are the velous expansion of Home Mission Roman Catholic, :1ethodist, Presbywork as represented by lOa new mis- terian, and Church of England in the sion fields per annum by both the order named. The Roman Catholic Presbyterian and Methodist Churches. flock is about forty per cent. of the Here is opening up the most stupen- entire population, the Methodist dous and inspiring Home Mission seventeen per cent., the Presbyterian problem of any Christian country in sixteen per cent., and the Church of the world. England thirteen per cent. And it is interesting to note that this relative British Columbia and the Yukon position and strength have remained have the special features incident to almost the same for the past fifty years. the nature and industries of the country. Home Mission work here lies Some peculiar features will inclicate among the thousands of homeless men the special Home Mission aspects of in lumber and mining camps-work each Church. The llethodist Church that has been immortalized by Ralph is numerically the largest Protestant Connor in "Black Rock." Also many Church in Canada. For the past hunrailway camps and the toilers of the dred years she has prosecuted her missea, and an enlarging work among the sionary work with great vigor, and her growing ranching and agricultural early labors among the lonely comcommunities. And here in British Co- munities in forest and by lake and river 111l11bia is the great problem of nearly gave her a place yhich she still holds 35,000 Orientals, which is a distinct of being the leading Church in the challenge to the Church and the most country districts of Ontario. She is difficult work Christians have yet un- to-day doing a splendid work on the dertaken. vVestern prairies, reaching forth to every community. To the Methodist Before closing this survey mention Church belongs the chief honor of must be made of the 112,000 Indians, h3.ving no State Church in Canada. scattered on their reserves from east to The famous Dr. Egerton Ryerson was west. Whatever history says of the the successful champion of the free past, or oracle speaks of the future, the voluntary Church in this country. stated fact of the present is that in This Church carries on the largest Canada to-day the Indians are not a work among the Indians and is second dying race. Thanks to a wise Gov- only to the Roman Catholic Church in ernment and a heroic Church, the re- this work. The Government gives her proach of the past is being removed some $50,000 per annum to help prosand there may yet be a future for these ecute this work. For aggressive Home heroic "Lords of the North." In 1907 and Foreign ::Iission work she now their numbers increased by 1,000 souls, raises nearly $500,000 per annum, and and all the churches are engaged 111 is planning to raise $600,000 during evangelizing the Canadian Indians. this year.

IV. The Churches The Presbyterian Church, tho a little smaller numerically, is the run- The churches provide the resources ning mate of the Methoclist Church. by which the problem is to be solved. In the early days she laid strong re- The leading churches in Canada ac-

8 ] THE HOME MISSION PROBLEM IN

ligious foundations in the Maritime of Hudson Bay, and away to the Provinces through such men as ::lc- northern districts of Rupert's Land, Gregor and McCullough. The Hugue- Athabasca and Mackenzie districts. nots were also Presbyterians. The Her most heroic mission is now reprechapter in her history on Dr. Dlack sented by such work as Dr. W. Grenand the Selkirk Settlers at Kildman fell is doing among the deep-sea fisheris one of the most inspiring on record. men on the coasts of Labrador, by the Here is the Westminster Abbey of the work in the arctic circle at Fort Mc- Canadian vVest. Her pioneer work on Pherson and Herschell Island, and the the prairies, led by that greatest of medical mission work of Rev. John missionary statesmen, Dr. Robertson, Antle among the camps on the coast has given her first rank as a Mission of British Columbia. Such names as Church. By her medical, hospital and Bowpas, McRae, Loftus, Grenfell, and educational work among the Galicians Stringer add luster to any church. she guided the movement to organize The great mission work of the Church the Independent Greek Church, by has been greatly aided by support which already 30,000 are saved to from the Society for the Propagation Protestantism. She also has led the of the Gospel in England, which has work among the Mormons. She has contributed no less than $10,000,000, done most of the hard work in the and which is raising $IOO,OOO now Yukon and is the strongest mission for immediate needs of her work in Church in British Columbia. She Canada. raises over $500.000 for missions. Other churches, such as the Baptist, The Church of England has no State Congregational, Salvation Army, etc., standing in Canada, which is proving are numerically small in comparison a blessing in disguise. The spirit of with those other churches, but are voluntary support is developing her doing just as faithful and heroic work life and work. She has first honor in according to their strength. having sent her missionaries to the farthest posts of settlement in Canada. The problem looms very large as the This mainly through the channel of the popUlation increases, but the churches Hudson Day Company. Thus we find are nobly responding to the urgent her work lung established among the call. So far we have no serious alienatraders and Indians in such regions as tion of the masses to deal with, and we Ungava Bay, by the Whale River, at are likely to keep our Christian Sabeast of Hudson Bay, Moose Factory bath. We are thus with faith and and Fort Albany on James Bay, Furt hope prosecuting one of the most in- Churchill and York Factory on west spiring Home Mission problems in the vvorld to-day.

BEACON-LIGHTS IN MODERN MISSIONARY

WILLL~l C.REY, THE l'I1ISSIOKARY TRAKSLATOR EDITORIAL One name stands out boldly in that shoemaking has given to the missionary history as a light on a "orId more eminent men than any headland. It is the name of William other craft. Carey, the great translator of the Dible in whole or in part into twenty- This was Carey's second school. four different languages. But it is to be feared that his mind was little given to his trade, and that In some respects, Carey's career has he would never have attained eminence been without a rival in its remarkable as a cobbler. On the bench beside features. The story of his life is him, even while he plied his tools, familiar, but never grows wearisome. lay such borrowed books as Cook's "Voyages Rounel the W orld." Work Born at Paulerspury, August 17, often halted while his mind was ab- 1761, Carey was contemporary with sorbing a knowledge of those facts, Thomas Scott, Andrew Fuller, John whose language to one who can in- Sutcliffe and John Ryland, afterward terpret it is so unmistakable, and intimately linked with his life work. whose logic to one who will follow His father, a journeyman weaver, it is so irresistible. became in 1767 parish clerk and schoolmaster in the parish, a com- Among Nichol's books he spied a mon combination in those days; New Testament Commentary, where and this was the providential provi- he first met Greek letters. Curiosity, sion for vVilliam's simple schooling. always alert when language pre- But for this, the poor boy might have sented its mysteries, led him to a got no training. lea,rned weaver, from whom he ob- tained the key to unlock the mystic The child proved father of the meaning of those hieroglyphs- ~an, having' a decided bent for another step in the career of transnatural history, botany, and partiCll- lator. larly language. His little room became a miniature museum, and his Up to this time, grace hael not mimI a treasure-house of word-Cll- touched his wayward heart, and he riosities. He 110t only eagerly read was guilty not only of lying, but of books of history, science and travel, theft, and was exposed to his master and "Pilgrim's Progress," but while as a culprit. Through the influence still a mere lad he memorized of a fellow apprentice, he was led Dyche's Latin Lexicon! How ob- to see his sin, and, after vain attempts viously the boy at school had started to establish his own righteousness, on his pilgrimage to the unknown submitted himself to the righteousness goal as leader of missionary transla- of God. The law became the third tors! At the age of seventeen, Carey of his schoolmasters-to lead him was living at Hackleton, as an ap- to Christ. He was helped by a folprentice to Clarke Nichols, a shoe- lower of William Law, and more by maker, and later to Thomas Olel. He Scott, the commentator, whom he thus illustrated Coleridge's maxim met at Mr. Old's house, and who was WIL LIAM CA RE Y AN D HIS TEACHE R TRANSLATING THE BIBLE drawn to him with a lifelong interest, sig n-board, yet to be seen at Regent's and afterward called hi s shoeshop P a rk College in London- ''Carey's College." "SECOND HAND SHOES He became id entified with a small BOUGHT A N D – -" body of dissenters at Hackleton, and married Dorothy Plackett before he the last word is partially obliterated, was of full age-a step that proved but was probably " SOLD." far from happy or helpful. ·When Mr. Old died, he put up a modest At the association meetings at

Olney he met Andrew Fuller, and Captain James Cook, the famous was encouraged to undertake preach- navigator, had in 1768 set sail, in the ing in an occasional ministry of Endeavor, in command of an expediabout three and a half years. At the tion to Tahiti, in the interests of asage of twenty-four, he was formally tronomic science, to observe tIle set apart, in 1785, to the work of the transit of Venus. He visited also Gospel and was called to Moulton. New Zealand, New Holland-now His stipend of fifteen pounds ($75) Australia-New Guinea, voyaging by a year would not keep body and soul J ava, Batavia and Cape of Good together, and, he sought to eke out a Hope. Then, in 1772, he undertook subsistence by teaching. But his at- a second voyage, for the discovery of tempts as a pedagog were never a the Terra Australis Incognita in the success. He confest, "When I kept Resolution and Adventure. school, the boys kept me." He then contracted with a party at a "Cook's Voyages" thus came to have neighboring village to make boots, not only a scientific value, but a roand once a fortnight trudged to and mantic and pathetic interest, especially fro with his bag to carry his wares to young and somewhat curious and or bring supplies. adventurous minds like that of Carey.

In 1789 he was called to Harvey It was just about the time of his in- Lane, Leicester, where Fuller, Sut- quiry after a better life that this cliffe and Ryland were again present story of world-wide travel fell under at his induction. Even here an inade- his eyes. As he now began to see quate income compelled a resort to that Christ was the Savior of sin- n~rs, he also saw that the world was teaching.

All this belongs to the preliminary full of sinners needing just such a and preparatory period of Carey's Savior, and that in those lands visited life work. The peg had not found by Captain Cook, millions of human its hole, and would neither fit nor fill beings lived and died in the most the hole it was in, nor stay where it awful death shade, not even knowing was put. God had another sphere for of this salvation. And from his this journeyman shoemaker, unsuc- shoemaker's awl he turned to this fas- cessful schoolmaster, and second-rate cinating portrayal of the sin and need preacher. of a race; and William Carey could His true career pivoted upon a not rest. While he was musing, the missionary passion that could not rest fire burned that consumed selfishness without a missionary sphere. and carnal ease.

It is interesting to note the simple A second step, so far as can be steps by which he reached this fore- traced, was that very natural one- ordained work and preeminent success. "then spake I with my tongue." He First of all, he was brought face could not keep silence-the speech be- to face with the facts of a world's came vent for the flame. He began need, which to a truly converted man to talk to his brethren about the sub- make their own appeal. Facts, to ject of missions, as Mills and Judson such a soul, both start a fire and then and their fellows talked twenty years feed the fire with fuel. later at Williamstown; and others

BEACO" LIGHTS I~ .MODERN MISSIONARY

caught fire b} contact with a man said, "There is one thing I can do: yhose soul God had set aflame. I CAN PLOD."

The third step appears to have been Before the end of 1786, at a min- the reading of Jonathan Edwards' ister's meeting in Northampton, Carey "Call for Extraordinary Prayer" for submitted the practical question, the effusion of the Spirit in all lands. "Whether the command of Christ This .had been issued at Northampton, were not binding," etc, and was Mass., in 1747, and fell into Carey's met by the reply that nothing in the hands. It was republished in 1orth- way of a world's evangelization could ampton, England, about 1783-and be done without a new Pentecost was God's provocative to both prayer with its gift of tongues! This is and organized work; and an} one who probably the true version of the "sit reads it will not marvel-for it burns clown" story so frequently told. But even yet with the fires of God's altar. Carey could not keep silence. Again, five years after, at Clipstone, he was And now other steps followed in urging the formation of a missionary too rapid succession to be individually society, and at Nottingham, preaching traced. The:orthampton Associa- from Isaiah !iv. 2, 3, he gave to the tion set apart the first Monday of Church that motto of the modern miseach month as a "concert" of special sion century: prayer. Andrew Fuller's "The Gospel worthy of all acceptatioti" was Expect great things from God; another inflaming message to Carey's Attempt great things for God! soul. And at the close it was determined 1feanwhile he had taken a very im- to formulate a plan at Kettering, in portant stride forward in making for 1792, which was done. The Baptist himself, out of the crucle material that :;Iissionary Society was born in a shoeshop would furnish, a map of Widow Wallis' parlor, and its swadthe world, on Mercator's projection. elling-clothes were a paltry subscrip- He pasted together sheets of brown tion from thirteen Baptists, of .£13, paper, and with a brush and shoe- 2s.,6d. maker's ink, he drew a picture of the world's need that would keep facts The next step was inevitable. The before him. Every leading nation flame within demanded a self-surrenhad its visible area, and figures care- der, and Carey with Thomas sailed as fully recorded, population, religion the first missionaries to India in 1793. and other statistics that needed to be borne in mind. All this is of inten- It was a step not easily taken. Mrs. sest interest as showing what a poor Carey refused at first to go and this man will do who has no access to complicated matters, but he dared not large libraries, no scholastic culture, look back. His hand was on the no pecuniary means, simply by plow. Even after boarding the Oxdint of resolution, earnestness and ford, the outgoing missionaries were perseverance-those three guardian ejected for lack of a license from the angels that are at the beck of us all. East India Company, and but for a He always disclaImed all genius-and Danish vessel might not have got to India. But the delay had secured

Mrs. Carey's consent to join the party He faced hostility so VIOlent, at of eight, who landed in Calcutta five times, that the whG'le work was in months later. peril. But God helped. Carey's The devil was not dead, and once duties took him regularly to Calcutta, and again he hindered. Attempts at so that he did no little preaching, settlement were again and agam but his grand work was neither to baffled, until finally Carey found be found in pulpit nor professor's employment as superintendent of an chair, but in translation, to which all indigo factory at J1 udna Batty, mean- else was secondary and subsidiary.

while plodding at Bengalee, so that Before 1796, Carey had started his in August, 1794, he was already trans- Bengalee grammar and dictionary.

latillg. The workman and his fore- In 1797, had almost completed the ordained work were dovetailing! New Testament and Pentateuch; in In 180J, we find him at Serampore 1809, the Bengalee version was com- -a Danish settlement, where for plete.

many years was to be the mission As early as 1804 he contemplated componne!, and where :larshman and translations into seven tongues, Ben- VVard and other:; joined him, forming galee, Hindustanee, Orissa, Mahratta, a sort of community, on New Tes- Teluga, Kurnata and Tamil. In tament principles, with all things 181 I he resolved to prepare a gram- common, and no work engaged in but mar of all the languages in which for mutual benefit. Five years later the Word of God had been or might their unity found expression in an be translated. In 1812 fire wrought "agreement," which was read publicly havoc in the printing-house, entailing thrice a year-a model document, a loss of f IO,OJO. But no hindrance apostolic in tone. could hinder such a man. On he Three events mark the early resi- plodded toward his goal. At the time dence at Serampore-Krishnu Pal's of his death, the Scriptures, wholly baptism, as first convert, the issue of or in part, had been translated by him the first Bengalee 1ew Testament, and his associates into forty languages and the appointment of Carey to his or dialccts! In nine years, 90,000 vol- professorship in Fort vVilliam Col- tunes, with 31,oOO,OCK) pages, had lege. The man who had had no univer- passed through the Serampore press.

sity training became a teacher of Ben- Villiam Carey, the translator, was galee, and later of Sanskrit and the bcnefactor of India. The humble Mahratta. boy of Paulerspury has left behind Mark the self-denial of this pio- him the footprints of one who was neer missionary. Vith an income "called and chosen and faithful."

that rose to iI,Soo annually, he, like Few young men who.read these pages Wesley, limited his wants, reserving or peruse his life story have a chance but some forty or fifty for family so restricted as his. It was a heart uses, all the rest going to the mission. aflame with zeal for God and love for He held his post till 1830, within four men that burned its way through years of his death, and property gigantic obstacles that would only valued at upwards of f16,o00 was. have filled less resolute souls with dis- finally passed over to the Society. may and despair.

IN SOUTHERN

BY REV. C. E. SMITH On the 15th of October, twenty- stand in amazement at what mission- four years ago, four missionaries aries of fifty years ago put up with. sailed on the bark Cardenas from Our conveniences and our opportuni- N ew York to West Africa. There ties place upon us greater responsi- were no other passengers, as very bilities, and we ought to accomplish few people traveled on sailing vessels, greater things. The foundations have and we were sent tint way only be- in a great measure been laid, and we cause it was much cheaper. build upon other men's foundations; it behooves us to look well how we Forty-two days aftn leaving New build. York we reached :'Ilonrovia, West Africa, having seen land but once, The next part of our trip was far when we passed within ten miles of from monotonous, as we had conone of the Cape Yerde Islands. stant views of country, town and vil- lage fro111 the ship, and daily there The ocean voyage was a continuous were the busy doings and strange spell of monotony, without there be- scenes in connection with landing ing even a good-sized storm to make cargo fr0111 the ship to shore, from it memorable. Vords can scarcely one to three miles distant. This is express our joy all first see111g done ill large surf-boats paddled by "Afric's Sunny Shore," and all land- nearly naked natives, who show much' ing on her "Golden Sands." skill in hal1dling and landing their boats through the dangerous surf. Our destination Vas Lagos, I .000 After about two yveeks on the steammiles southeast frol11 :[onrovia, and ship we landed in Lagos the 15th of as our ship was to spend some weeks December, two months after sailing trading on the coast, we were trans- from New York. krred to an English steamship, which arrived outward bonnd at Monrovia Lagos is on an island in the lagoon the same day that we went on shore. at the mouth of the OgL111 River, and This steamship was very inferior to is inward about five miles from the those which now sail those waters, beach. .cr05s the mouth of the harbut to us it was a magnificent palace bor there is a sand bar, with about compared to the sailing vessel we had twelve feet uf water, and the breakers just left. I have made the round formed by the sea are often very trip to Vest .-frica five times, and dangerous and always unpleasant. such has been the improvement in these Ships anchor about five miles out at steamships since r884 that they are sea, and passengers and cargo are now little inferior in appointment and carried in on lighter-draft steamships comfort to the Atlantic liners of to- a distance of ten miles. At one time day, and are the equal of and in some this was done in surf-boats paddled respects superior to the Atlantic liners by natives, and many stories are told of 1884. When I think of the won- of overturned boats and natives eaten derful changes in travel and in com- by the sharks in those days. Even fort on the mission field that have now we have to be transferred from c;ome about in twenty-five years, I

ship to ship in these boats in a rolling that it was unsafe for anyone to go sea, a most uncomfortable experience. far from home. vVe often paid $25 When we reached the mission- for the mere privilege of passing house at about dark, great was our through a territory thirty miles wide.

joy to hear some native young folks N QW there is perfect safety and free- singing native hymns set to familiar dom everywhere. Mails were for- Christian tunes in the schoolhouse merly brought by private carriers opposite. Twenty-two years have once a month, or in nearer places been spent in this work, and many once a week. Now the mails are de- . incidents of later date have been for- livered at our doors two or three gotten, but not these early experiences. times a week, and in many places Soon we were hard at work trying every day. Then it was a month or to learn a very difficult language, and more before we had any news of the tho after the first year the language world. Now, by cable and telegraph, was more and more in daily use, one we may know important news in a never ceases to be learner as well few hours. It costs less to communi- as teacher. The natives speak it cor- cate by telegraph in Africa than it rectly, and understand its use, but does in America.

few of them on teach it. Twenty- The climate is tropical and enerva- two years have been spent by the ting for white men, and the loss of writer learning, teaching, guiding, missionaries by death or broken preaching in a s~range tongue, open- health has always been large. The ing new work, training native treatment of tropical diseases is far workers, and as fast as possible throw- better understood now, so that while ing the work on to natives. losses are still large, we can combat In these years there have come disease and meet conditions much bet- great changes, not only in the mode ter than formerly.

of travel to Africa but in the conti- It is encouraging that a far better nent itself. For years after I landed, class of white mcn are going to there were nothing but narrow bush Africa now than formerly, tho mis- paths through dense timber or more sionaries still havc much to contend dense prairie grass. These paths with on their account. A traveler were often washed into deep gullies, seldom hears to-day the vulgar talk only a few inches wide at the bottom. about mISSIOns that he used to N ow that part of Africa is intersected hear. But as a rule government with good roads, in some cases suffi- white men only favor the educational cient for wagon travel. A railroad side of missionary work. By tact and is being built through the country, kindliness a missionary can to some over two hundred miles being already extent disarm criticism and opposi- in use, and there is an automobile tion on the part of government men.

service to large towns where the rail- They are nearly always unspiritual,.

road does not touch. Where a trip if not wholly irreligious, and are sel- formerly took a week or more it now dom more than nominal Christians.

takes only a day or two. They can not therefore be expected There used to be constant war and to view the work from the proper strife among the various tribes, so standpoint.

Southern Nigeria, of which Lagos as a foreigner can not know them, is the capital, occupies the territory is usually able to preach far more in the lower circle of the Kiger River. effectively. The training of native Like northern Nigeria, it is entirely Christians as preachers and leaders under the British Government and is is a most important part of the mIs- being improved, but is largely ruled sionary's work. through native chiefs. There are many large towns, having populations The American negro can not take from a few hundred to 200,000 in- up the full burden of the work in habitants. The town where I have Africa. Whatever his duty may be, labored for eighteen years has a popu- this does not in the least release the lation of about 75.000. Three white man from his obligation. So Protestant societies work in the coun- far as customs and language are contry: the Church Missionary Society, cerned, the American negro would be which is doing the largest work; the at the same disadvantage as the white Wesleyan Society, also doing a very man. The native looks upon them large work; and the Southern Bap- both in much the same way, and any tist Convention, whose work is en- difference is to the advantage of couraging but small. There are the white missionary. The colored about 15,000 church-members in all, foreigner may possibly become accliof which the Southern Baptist Con- mated more easily, but he too will vention have over 1,000, and the have much sickness. But the native, Church of England 8,000 with 30,000 who already knows his language and adherents. There are also many more customs, can be trained and kept in native Baptist Christians who work the work for one-fifth or one-tenth independently. of the sum that it costs for the for- eign colored missionary. Missionaries sometimes make the mistake of trying to keep the work All the societies in that part of entirely in their own hands too long. Africa have training schools for I t is diffic111 t, especially for new mis- training native workers, and at the sionaries, to feel that it is safe to place same time other educational work 1!J the work in native hands. Of course, not neglected. these natives should be trained, and the churches should be trained also. Under present policies God is This should be a large part of the greatly blessing the work of all these missionary's work. The zealous mis- societies, for we are reaping the fruit sionary wants to be preaching the of much patient sowing by former Gospel, but he should remember that missionaries. trained natives, called of God, knowing their language as a missionary Missionaries in the field are feeling can never learn it, and knowing the more and more the need of greater customs and feelings of the people reliance on the Holy Spirit. May He continue His great work of gath- ering out His people from among the nations.

SULTAn DRIVING TO THE MOSQUE AFTER THE PROCLAMATION OF THE C011'STITUTION

For the first time in three years (since the attempted assassination), an immens~ crowd witnessed the ceremony THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF THE CHANGES IN TURKEY BY R.EV. H. S. BARNUM, D.D., CONSTAX':INOPLE, TURKEY The political changes which have so Turkey will hereafter celebrate July taken place in the Turkish Empire 24th as the birthday of their liberty. were as great a surprize to us who dwell here as they were to the world The significance of the change was outside. When the papers of July 23d too great for the people to grasp it announced the fall of the Grand Vizier immediately, and the deceitful and and the appointment of Said Pasha to oppressive. course of the old regime succeed him, this seemed an impor- had made them suspicious of everytant event "Little Said" had not been thing done by the Government. For in favor at the palace, and at one time years every change, without exception, had taken refuge at the British Em- had been in the direction of a further bassy. But more startling was the an- restriction of liberty, and of placing nouncement, on the morning of the an added weight on the shoulders of an 24th, that the Sultan had just issued overburdened people, So, Thursday, an irade, restoring the constitution the day of the proclamation, passed which had been suspended for thirty quietly, as did Friday, when the Sulyears, and ordering the election of a tan went to mosque with the usual Parliament. Now, say the Turkish military display. But on Saturday, as reformers, as the Americans celebrate those of us living in the suburbs stept July 4th, and the French July 14th, from ferry-boats to enter the city, everywhere there were evidences of

THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF THE CHANGES IN

a new and hopeful spirit. The streets of power and able to wreak terrible were gay with flags, groups of men vengeance on those who sought to opwere engaged in animated conversa- pose or expose them, the longing of tion, and before the day was over pro- the people for liberty was like that of cessions paraded the streets with music a starving man for food. When the and with banners, and the word "lib- day came there was a celebration conerty"-the public utterance of which tinued through many days, fortunately would have been enough to send a without the cannon crackers and man into banishment before -was on other abominations of the American every tongue. Then began the days Fourth. Excursion boats with bands A DEMONSTRhTIDN A'r TI-IE PROCLAMATION OF TIIE CONSTITUTION IN CONSTANTINOPLE of rejoicing, the like of which Turkey of music and gay with flags and has not seen during the present reign branches of evergreens went up the of thirty-two years, and probably not beautiful Bosphorus, and in the evein the memory of the oldest man liv- ning colored lights dotted the hills ing. Americans love liberty, but we along its shores. Bands of singing and have always enjoyed it, and we con- shouting men and boys paraded the sider one day enough to celebrate in streets. Crowds collected and were its honor. But in a city where 40,000 addrest by some representative of the spies were employed by the Govern- new regime. ment, and no one knew whom to trust, where men were arrested on the slight- The press was quickly called into est suspicion and banished or thrown use. Badges were printed, having in into prison, where the press was silver or gilt letters on a red ground the muzzled, and Turkish citizens dared words "Liberty, Justice, Equality, Franot be seen reading foreign papers, ternity." When it was said to one where the worst men were in places of the Young Turks that they had adopted the French motto, he replied,

"Oh, no! The French had no justice." piece of the opprest people and said, The number of new papers is large "There must be a change," there was and for a time the demand for them no alternative. It was the whole peowas so great that some of them were ple for whom they spoke, for in some printed on brown wrapping-paper, or ways the Moslem population suffered any other available material. Comic quite as much as the Christians, and papers have sprung up, a class of pub- perhaps more. Just how the new ideas lications before unknown. Many cari- were propagated, sometimes by pedcatures are sold which hold up to dlers, sometimes by physicians, someridicule spies, the late palace favorites, times by women, is too long a story and the other representatives of the to tell in detail. But the flower which old and detested regime. A march has so suddenly appeared is from a has been composed and called "The root which has been striking deeper :larch of the Constitution," which is and deeper for years. very popular and is played by the brass bands and sung to patriotic The revolution has been almost words. Red and white have been bloodless. A few agents of the old adopted as the colors of the constitu- regime were killed in Macedonia, but tion, and are worn by many as rosettes that was perhaps necessary in order or neckties. to set the reform in motion. Fehim Pasha, a detestable brute, who was How the Change Was Wrought formerly at the head of the depart- ment of spies, was killed in Broussa, The triumph of the revolution to which city he had been banished, seems sudden, but preparation for it but that was after he had said, "Wait has been going on for years. Men a little and we will have the old regime of liberal tendencies, some of them restored," and had fired his own reamong the oldest men in the land, have volver at the crowd which threatened been banished from the capital to in- to mob him. There has been no bloodterior provinces. Many were im- thirstiness. The restraiut imposed prisoned, but others were left com- upon themselves by the Young Turks paratively free, and some of them in this matter is most commendable, held government offices. They were and so is the wisdom and moderation watched by spies, but found opportu- they have shown in many ways. nities to scatter their ideas in soil ready to receive them. Two years ago when But they have been very thorough the writer revisited his old missionary in their efforts to reform the Govhome at Van, near the Persian fron- ernment. Said Pasha was not fully tier, everywhere the whole population trusted, and especially when in drawwas found longing for a change, ex- ing up the Hatti Humayoun for the cept some of the official class. The Sultan's signature, he placed the apsentiment of the people became the pointment of the Ministers of War sentiment of the army recruited from and Navy in the hands of the Sultan the people. So long as the army was instead of the Grand Vizier. This led loyal to the old regime, the Govern- to his downfall, and Kiamil Pasha, ment could defy popular discontent. a more trusted man, was put in his But when the army became the mouth- place. Gradually aU the secretaries and other palace officials were changed,

and the Cabinet officers removed, until reformers, and perhaps the most ima Cabinet was secured all of whose pressive of all, is its breadth and members were in full sympathy with catholicity. They say, "As Moslems, the Young Turk party. It is the "Com- Christians and Jews we have our difmittee of Union and Progress," ferent religions, but we are all alike representing the Young Turk party, Osmanlis. In national matters there which is now the power behind the is no distinction. According to our Cabinet, and not the Sultan. It is relative numbers, we will have the in their name that statements of pol- same share in the government and we icy are published in the papers. All will alike join the army in the defense officials and all the soldiers of the of our common country." Constanti- TH E INVESTITURE OF THE NEW GRAND VIZIER IN CONSTANTINOPLE army swear allegiance to the consti- .nople is to be represented in the new tution and to the Sultan so long as he Parliament by an equal number of is loyal to the constitution. :Yloslems and non- ~loslems, tho the former probably constitute more than A recent correspondence between half of the population. This spirit of the Minister of Ports and Telegraphs unity is shown in many ways. A and the Grand Vizier shows that the body of Young Turks attended a Government does not wish the palace memorial service held for the Arto have a private cipher for telegrams. menian victims of the massacres of This means that the Sultan is to 1895-96, and made addresses in which communicate with his ambassadors they spoke of those victims as martyrs and with foreign sovereigns through who suffered for the cause of liberty. his Minister of Foreign Affairs, as The Armenians held a service in comevery constitutional sovereign should memoration of the Moslem victims of always do. the old regime, some of whom died Another item in the policy of the

in exile, and some were taken out by plant which the European Powers are night and drowned in the llarmora. trying to make take root here. The Will the New Regime Succeed? reformers know that they have the sympathy of Europe, and that this But will the reformed and consti- sympathy is strongest ill those lands tutional Government be a success? We where the highest degree of liberty must wait and see, but many things is enjoyed. They know that so long give us hope. One is the wisdom and as they follow the path of reform and self-restraint which have so far been of constitutional government they will displayed. The young army majors, be free from interference, that the Niazi Dey and Enver Bey, are now the way to realize their ambition of national heroes, because they were the "Turkey for the Turks," or for the first to raise the standard of revolt "Ottomans," is to follow on in the against the old absolutism. Their path they have entered, while a re- grateful admirers started a subscrip- lapse to the old state of corruption, tion for two cruisers to be added to absolutism and racial strife would be the navy and called by their names. sure, sooner or later, to end in Euro- :-iiazi Bey wrote that it would be bet- pean intervention. They have, as a ter to name them : rielhat anel Kemal, people, tasted too deeply of the evils after l1idhat Pasha. the original au- of the old regime to wish for its re- thor of the constitution, who died in turn. Ve believe that such a return exile, and Kemal Bey, the favorite is impossible, tho, of course, there are poet, whose play "Vatan,'· tint is, those who for their own interests .. fatherland,'· is now being performed wltlld welcome it.

before crowded houses. :Vhen the ()f conrse, in a country wholly un- great fire occurred in the capital these accustomed to liberty, ana with no ex- t',o officers asked that the money g·ven perience in constitutional government, for the cruisers be used for the relief a country whose inhabitants are made of the sufferers. All the publi,hed np of different races between whom in utterances of these two young officers the past hostile feelings have existed, (Enver Bey is only twenty-seven and yhich differ in language and reli- years of age) have been discreet, and gion, there are dangers, and it would so almost uniformly have been the be folly to ignore them. But all has speeches of all the representatives of gone well so far and our hope will be of the committee in Constantinople. greatly strengthened should the Par- They have urged the people to modera- liament be as wise in its financial legis- tion, to industry, and to union. The lation as has been the Committee of committee, tho so powerful, is hardly Cnion and Progress, which may be re- known, and does not seem to be seek- garded as an ad interim Parliament.

ing office or emolument, but to guide It is said that under the old regime the ship of state safely through this the expenditure for espionage in the transition period until Parliament as- capital and near districts was 300,000 sembles. liras ($r,32o,000) per month. All Another ground of hope is the fact this is saved by the abolition of the that the reform springs from the peo- system. There are hosts of super- ple themselves, and is not an exotic numerary officials, and almost the only

THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF THE CHANGES I N

duty of some of them seemed to be eous way and used for worthy ends, to draw their salaries. These have it will do much toward endearing the been dismissed, in some departments new Government to the people. not more than one-tenth of th e officials being r etained. The immense The Meaning of the Changes to Missions salaries of some high in office hil.Ve been much reduced, and the salaries But what do these changes mean of policemen, common soldiers, and for gospel work? They mean the other se rvants of the Government of opening wide of new doors. The lower grade, left unpaid, sometimes Christian press has a new opportunity. Hitherto everything had to be sub- A NEW UNITED TURKEY: TURKS, ALB,'N I ANS, BULGARIANS, ARMENIANS AND GREEKS F ormerly at enmity, now on friendly terms for years, the committee propose to mitted to the censor, and there were pay regularly. Some of those who annoying delays, often words, sen- fattened by bribes and by an iniquitous tences or paragraphs were stricken . perversion of their official authority, out, so as to greatly modify the mean- have been arrested and thrown into ing, and some subj ects on which it prison, and have paid into the treasury seemed desirable to write were wholly a portion of their ill-gotten gains. forbidden. Now .the censorship is The Sultan, who is immensely wealthy, removed and we can publish what has come to the aiel of the Government ' we will. No wise Ch ristian worker by passing over to the treasury prop- wishes to publish attacks on the other erty which brings in an income of faiths of the land, each of which is 400,000 liras ($ 1,760,000) yearl y. If sacred and dear to its followers, but the people a re freed from unjust taxa- we wish freedom to point out faith- tion, if taxes are collected in a right- full y "the truth as it is in Jesus," and

the duties and privileges of the servant This fact, together with the valuable of God. In this we are now limited services rendered to many individual only by lack of funds. Hitherto there lIoslems by Christian schools and has been great difficulty in securing hospitals, will establish a basis for im- permission to erect churches and proving the friendly relations which schools. The Langa Church in Con- already exist in many cases. In this stantinople has been seeking permis- way the influence of the Gospel and sion to erect on a suitable site pur- of godly lives seen at close range will chased thirty years ago, and has sought help to transform the nation. Ve do in vain. We expect that now these not look to see great and sudden difficulties will disappear. Permission changes. The Moslem is usually to travel and to gather for ecclesiastical warmly attached to his religion, and meetings has been difficult and some- Christianity, as illustratecl by the lives times impossible to secure. That hin- of many of its representatives in the drance no longer exists. Protestant Orient, does not appear to him a bet- preachers who left the country in ter faith. But some have already seen the time of peril because they were the wiele difference between the Chris- marked men are now free to re- tianity of the New Testament and the turn. The greater prosperity for Christianity of most of those who pro- which we look will enable us to urge fess it. The circle of such will widen, our churches on more rapidly in the and no doubt will widen more rapidly line of self-support. We trust that because of the great changes which are more of our young men of talent will taking place.

find the Christian ministry an attract- But perhaps our faith is too weak.

ive and hopeful calling. Astounding political changes have We look also to see a much larger taken us by surprize. Who knows but number of the boys and girls of our equally great religious changes will Moslem friends and neighbors com- come as suddenly. Certain it is that ing to our schools, and the circulation doors, for the opening of which Chris- of the Scriptures and good books will tian workers of earlier days in this be more unrestricted. No foreigners land prayed and saw not the answer are now held more in favor than the to their prayer,;, are now open, and English and the Americans, because invite us to enter. :.'.Iav the Church their lands are regarded as the homes of Christ have grace to make full use of the highest degree of civil liberty. of the new opportunities.

OXFORD AKD CAMBRIDGE HOSTEL, ALLAHABAD

MISSION HOSTELS IN INDIA * BY THE REV. W. E. S. HOLLAND, M.A. '-Varden of the Oxford and Cambridge Hostel, Allahabad This is the day of hostels in India. more unfortunate. An Indian bazaar Everywhere their value and impor- provides little in the way of respecttance are recognized. They are the able lodgings. The student makes for newest and most marked development the cheapest he can find: not seldom of the Indian educational system and that means the least reputable. There of the modern missionary enterprize. is no licensing oflodgings, no tutorial system, no censorship of unattached Vith a few exceptions, the Indian students. There, often amid most deuniversities and colleges are non-resi- praved surroundings, the student may dential. The former are almost ex- spend his time as he likes, unshepclusively examining bodies, granting herded, uncared for, away from the degrees, and affiliating colleges whose ken of any for whose good opinion teaching equipment comes up to stand- he cares. And he is often a mere boy, ard. The college is little more than seldom more than sixteen years of a group of lecture-rooms and labora- age when he matriculates; a boy untories which the students attend for protected by any previous discipline four or five hours dailv. For the rest in a boarding school away fr0111 home. the students may Ii~e where they please and do as they choose Higher Further, the division of Indian soeducation in India consists of little ciety into an infinite number of waterelse than instruction by lecture (which, tight compartments, by the rigid barexcept in mission colleges, must be rier of caste, makes the introduction exclusively secular) and examination. of a common social life as intensely Its other elements-and they are desirable as it is difficult of attainment. among the most important-are al- Away fro111 home, and so cut off from most wholly lacking. The special cir- the society of all but a tiny circle of cumstances of India make this the his own caste-fellows, the student """ Condensed from The East and The "Vest, Loudon.

lives a wholly selfish life, receiving in, or adjoin, the quadrangle. If he none of the liberal influences of as- has lecturing to do, it is for one or sociation w.ith men of widely different two periods daily at the most, so that thoughts, interests and environment. he shall be free for informal inter- He learns nothing of the privileges of course and personal interviews in the citizenship, or of his duties and re-' out-of-college hours. . . .

sponsibilities to the social organism. The ideal position for a hostel is as A strong and liberal social life among part of a mission college. It is here the educated men who are, for good that it can attain its highest useful- or ill, her makers, is a prime condition ness, the hostel missionary having the of nation building in India-and it added influence which belongs to the is difficult to see where this is to teacher or professor. There are few spring, unless it be from a residential mission colleges in which the staff system in the Indian universities. is not kept at the minimum consistent Caste on the one hand, and on the with passable teaching efficiency. The other the absence of any gospel or consequence is that the missionary pro- message that can really help and lift, fessor, burdened with the preparation have made the Indian strangely lack- and delivery of four or five lectures ing in the sense of responsibility to daily, and with a mass of administra- bis neighbors and dependents, to the tive work besides, has neither time poor, or to his nation as a whole. nor strength for that personal and in- Again, nowhere is it more imperative, formal contact with his students which nowhere more difficult, to bridge the is his greatest missionary opportunity.

gulf between teacher and taught The result is that the large expendi- than in India. Without a residential ture of money and men involved in system it becomes well-nigh impos- running a mission college is often sible. The value of what the English robbed of the greater part of its evan- teacher has to give is only matched gelistic force and value. In view of by the width of the gulf that divides its unique missionary opportunities, him fro111 his pupil. The successful the writer would urge that, not the teacher must be always a learner and college, but the hostel be made the a revenent learner in the school of unit in educational missions. Let his pupil's thought, life and charac- every missionary professor reside in ter; and if Vest is to impart to ( or, if married, adjoining) a hostel East all her rich and varied heritage, or quadrangle which is to form his the two must draw close enough in special sphere of work. Let the size intercourse for the one to understand of the hostel and the college be de- how she may teach and for the other termined strictly by the number of to become willing and eager to students who can be effectually learn. . . . reached by personal influence through A wide extension of the hostel sys- the available staff. The adoption of tem has thus come to be recognized this policy will in many cases mean a as the 1110st urgent need in Indian cutting down of the number of stu- higher education. And ever since the dents admitted to the college; but it need was emphasized by the last Uni- will also mean an enormous increase versities' Commission, the Indian Gov- in its missionary efficiency.

ernment has endeavored with a lavish In government and similar non-re- hand to foster and encourage their ligious colleges it is obvious that the development. hostel forms the most direct basis for Missionary societies have entered missionary effort. It is a far less the hostel field with alacrity because costly form of mission work than the it seems to provide an absolutely maintenance of a rival college. Once unique opportunity for their work. the buildings are erected, the hostel The missionary lives with his men- pays its own way, and costs the so- it is a sine qua non. His rooms are ciety nothing except the salaries of its

HOSTELS IN JAPAN

missionary staff. And, after all, the the normal missionary method for case of a student of a mission hostel reaching the students of government in a neutral college corresponds closely and neutral colleges. In large cento the conditions of English univer- ters the new policy of wise missionsity education. Then the lecturers are ary strategy will be cooperation. Our generally as free of religious tests small, isolated and undermanned colas are the members of the Indian leges will give way to a group of well- Educational Service; and we are ac- manned hostels, provided by different customed to look, not to professors, missions, each self-contained in regard but to the conditions of life within the to its religious teaching amI atmoshostels and halls of residence for di- phere, but combining to supply the rectly religious training and influence. staff of a thoroughly equipped cen- tral college. Such a college will out- The position urged is that, alike on distance in educational power all rivals. grounds of missionary efficiency and And it will do so at a minimum.of cost economy, the hostel shall become the i'.l men and money to the several misunit of our missionary educational sions. policy. Hostels will in that case be ASSOCIATION HOSTELS IN JAPAN* BY C. V. HIBBARD, TOKYO, JAPAN One purpose of the association in preparation for the severe competitive establishing hostels in Tokyo was to examinations of the higher governprovide good homes for a limited num- ment schools. During this time of ber of students. In Japan it has al- preparation and of waiting, many are ways been considered becoming for without supervision either by their men eluring their unproductive stu- parents or by the school authorities, dent clays to maintain a modest and not a few succumb to the allurestandard of living. Even in the man- ments of vice as pandered by unscruner of wearing the hair and in the pulous keepers of lodging-houses. material of the clothing this idea is It is then an important achievement apparent. So it has come to pass to have provided a wholesome moral that in the student lodging-house the environment for even a limited numfood is of the poorest, the students ber of these students. :nother purare crowded together, often two men pose of the Association in establishing in a room nine feet square, with in- these model hostels is to raise the ferior sanitary provisions. As a standard of all student lodgings result of the extreme frugality of the throughout the city. This is 1110re student standard of living and of the readily possible in Japan where people general rise in the cost of provisions, are so responsive to any improvement, it is impossible for the proprietor of especially on matters pertaining to one of these lodging-houses to make education. any considerable legitimate profit. Thus he is tempted to betray his lodg- A third object is to give to the ers to extravagance and vice. In Japanese public a practical example of T okvo alone there are not less than what the religion of Jesus Christ really 50,000 students living in public lodg- is. The people of Japan are peculiarly ing-houses of whom nearly 20,000 sensitive to any demonstration of are young boys who han, graduated Christian supremacy in the realm of from the regular government middle practical conduct. These homes, where schools and are spending from three 111en are protected from temptation months to a year or more in speCIal and strengthened for more efficient service 111 the affairs of life, appeal "* Condensed from The StHd~nt ~f'orld" New York.

to non-Christians as well as to practical affairs, broaden and correct Christians. the student thought and prove an in- The control of these dormitories valuable stimulus both to the intellec- is vested in the board of directors tual and spiritual Ii fe. .

of the Tokyo Young Men's Christian It was not without some hesitation Association. The directors appoint that this plan of Christian hostels a committee fronl their own number, was adopted since, of necessity, it in- to which they give authority to ad- volved the withdrawal of the Chris- minister the affairs of the hostel, and tian students from the lodgings which choose a suitable person, usually one they shared with non-Ch ristian stu- of the secretaries, to reside on the dents whose need for moral help is premises and supervise each hostel. intense. But just as it is impossible This resident secretary, in con5:1lta- to kindle a fire ,rithout first Ctssembling tion with the committe~ of the direct- scattered sticks, so it was impossible ors, appoints a clerk, and secures a to maintain the fire of Christian en- woman of mature Christian charac- thusiasm among students widely scat- ter to act as house mother. It is the tered and chilled bv the unmoral duty of the house mother to look after and evil influences o( their surround- the home comfort and welfare of the ings. N or was the Association, tho students in the dormitories.' a pioneer, without precedent in en- Good food and lodgings at low tering on this plan of Christian work.

rates, together with the personal in- The hostel established for the students fluence of the house mother, contribute of the Imperial University was prob- toward making men feel that the hos- ably among the very first experiments, tel is their home and that each one but, from the beginning, the mission is himself an integral part, bound up schools have recognized the essential in the life of the household. Bible importance of withdrawing their stu- classes both in English and in Japan- dents from the deadening influence ese are attended with interest and of their old life and bringing them usually every student whether a Chris- into lodgings under Christian in- tian or not attends the early morning fluence. 'Within the last few years prayer-meetings. That these exercise influential men from a number of the a powerful influence on the lives of provinces, moved by the old feudal the students is shown by the external loyalty to their native place, have evidence of changed habits and by the formed provincial societies and estab- confession and testimony of the men. lished hostels for their fellow coun- That the students may g'et something trvmen. These, however, have lacked of the best from Occidental student the self-sacrificing motive of "the life it ha~ been the policy wherever Jesus religion" and have not been uni- possible to secure the residence in the formly successful. It 1l1ay indeed be dormitory of a recent graduate of one too early to estimate the full value of of the Western universities. These the Association hostels, but the older Europeans have no authority in the University hostel number s among its control of the dormitorv, but live beneficiaries men who have attained there as the Japanese' themselves, high place in professional life amI sharing in the life and coming into are well known for their stanch the most intimate and sympathetic Christian character; while the number touch with the personal problems and of men who have united with the difficulties of the Japanese. Aside Church of Christ and entered on prep- from the influence of the house mother, aration for the Christian ministry as the foreign resident, and the resident a result of the influence of other hos- Japanese superyisor, eminent men tels, which have been in operation a both Japanese and foreign who are year or less, is sufficient guarantee that called in from time to time to address their importance has not been over- the studen1s, by their experiences of estimated.

LIBERTY IN PERU *

BY THE REV. J. L. JARRETT, AREQUIPA, PERU Ve have lived to see religious gated by the priests, has almost Iibertv in Peru. X ot that is has been broken through the line of soldiers actuaily proclaimed, as in Bolivia, in their rush to get at us. No! these where, by altering one word in the have been difficult situations, but thev Constitution, the law which once pro- have neither moved nor troubled u's hibited, now permits the public ex- one tithe as much as the scenes we ercise of all religions. :Leither have have witnessed when our loved ones we liberty as in Ecuador, where ten have been caught in the grip of some years ago such a radical change oc- dread disease, and we have been com- curred that priests were expelled and pelled to watch the struggle between Church property confiscated, altho life and death. Never shall I forget previously the Bible had been held the last scene in the life of dear Henry in the Custom-House and forbidden Backhouse, in Callao, nor when, alone entrance to the countrv. But in Peru in La Paz, I closed the eyes of Robert we are working towa;d a full recog- Lodge; nor those heart-breaking days nition of our rights and a position of when my own precious little girl, disequality and freedom in a way that figured by smallpox, kept calling us is better than in either of these C0U11- to her bedside to say, "Come near tries; and liberty, when it is at length to me. I can't see you, but I want declared as a legal fact, will come as to feel your faces"; and, when she the result of agitation on the part of was well we saw our boy smitten the majority of the people, thus effect- down in the same way, and had to naily preventing the serious reactions fight death night after night for his which haye taken place and hindered possession. No, when these experithe progress of the cause in Bolivia and ences have been faced for the sake of Ecuador. Let me briefly sketch the Peru, faced alone with God, and the development of liberty in Peru. assurance of His presence given, when the smiting hand has been seen to be e1) II issionaries have there, as in nail-pierced-even a howling mob of a thousand priests crying for blood will otLer countries, the liberty which fail to move one's heart to fear. comes from the knowledge and experience of the presence of God. The (2) Already in Peru there is the element of personal danger docs not liberty which comes from knowing and affect us now in this work. We are testing the law. The letter of the law often asked if we do not fear the is formidable, but it has been our lot pnests, if we are not afraid of their to test it at almost every point, and to violence, but I can only reply in the receive from the highest court in the negative. True, the priests are power- country decision"s which usually helped ful and in manv cases malicious; they us, or, even if adverse, enabled us to are often l1nsc;l1pl1lol1s, but we have see clearly how far we might go. never suffered from personal violence, nor dreaded it verv much. The dark- At first, our very presence aroused est hour of our lif~ has not been when a storm of indignation among the attacked by priestly slander, nor when priests, but they thought they had only hid1l1g ill a munastery garden in the to draw the attention of the authorinight while searched for by a mob ties to the fact, and to quote Article of pnests; nor when, with troops 4 in order to have us immediately exguarding the street approaching our pelled. This actually happened in house, the cry of the 1110b has rung Cuzco in 1895. The Bishop quoted Qut-"Death to the heretICs !"-and the law to the Prefect, said our presthe infunated, drunken crowd, insti- ence was a menace to the Catholic <II Conden::.ed from Regions Beyond.

Church, and called upon him to pro- authorities have subjected Bible-selltect it by expelling us. The Prefect ers, native preachers, school-teachers, complied, altho having no precedent etc. During the last five years these in the history of Peru to act upon. difficulties have occurred in all the Later, the Supreme Court of Lima important towns of Peru. But in decided that, as no public propaganda every case brought to its notice, the had been proved, the expulsion was Government has censured the local auillegal. An indemnity was paid, and thorities or the priest, and its official we returned to Cuzco. Then came the organ has said: "These are not the question of Bible-selling, and the an- days for such action. Let all men nouncement of our meetings by hand- speak. Let there be liberty. Let bills, posters, and in newspapers. This us learn from other countries, and trv surely was public propaganda, and in not to compel belief or to stifle libsome cases it was prohibited by the erty of speech amI thought." local authorities. However, the press took up the matter, and the highest Another indication of this attitude legal authorities declared that, hav- occurred when the President visited ing permitted the Bible to come into Arequipa less than two years ago. the country, its circulation could not He was waited upon by a commission be hindered in any way. As regards which complained of our presence the advertising of the meetings, they in the city and asked for our expulwere not neces'iarily for worship, and sion. A long address was presented only public worship was prohibited and read, and afterward published. by the law. The request was evaded in the reply, and when the commission had retired, Then the question of schools came the President turned to one of the up, and in this perhaps we are still gentlemen with him and said, "What more handicapped than in any other would you do in the matter if you were direction. The Minister of Instruc- in my place?" "Laugh over it!" was tion decided that, without diplomas the reply. It is recorded that they granted in the country, we could not both followed the suggestion. conduct a school under government inspection, neither could we do so with- A Mistaken Application out following the plan of instruction which includes Catholic re- In December of last year, the Minisligious teaching. In Cuzco, the ter of Worship passed the following }Iinister ordered our school to be note to the Archbishop, who had reclosed, and censured the local au- quested that certain meetings by an thorities for consenting to its exist- ex-priest should be prohibited: ence. Recently, in Arequipa, attention was drawn to -a little night-school we The considerations relieve me of the were conducting, and the Inspector necessity of a detailed refutation of the of Instruction for the department reasons given in your note, particularly came to see me about it. After taking those which refer to your mistaken aphim over the school, he said it was plication of the Fourth Article of the very good indeed, and so long as there Constitution and the decree of the Penal were not more than twenty scholars it Code. It is satisfactory to me not to did not come under the law in any way. have to enter in detail into these points, Therefore, so long as we restrict the for the Government of which I form part, numbers, our course is clear. and myself in particular, have a lively interest in maintaining the cordial rela- (3) Again, there is the liberty which tions with the Church, and we do not comes from a determination on the desire to be compelled to make evident part of the Government to move with that the measures you insinuated, which tend to restrict liberty of speech and the the times. right of public meeting, are contrary to It is impossible to enumerate here our Constitution, and the advancement and culture of our country. the persecutions to which the local These things show that Peru is opening her doors and taking very im- portant stevs forward.

EDITORIALS

AN ERROR CORRECTE~ prove that this is commonly the dan- gerous age, as well as the unguarded Most of our readers have doubtless period of life; and that over children, noticed an unfortunate error in the at this transition time, unremitting vigbinding of the October number of the ilance should be exercised. It is the MISSIONARY REVIEW whereby page period of transition also between the 767 was replaced by another page of intuitive and the ratiollal in intellectual matter. We regret this mistake, and and moral life-between the time have reprinted pages 767 to 770. They when Opl11lOnS are imbibed from will be found bound in at the end of others and convictions are formed this number of the REVIEW and can from independent rational inquiry. easily be ipserted in the October num- The peril is that young people, conber. This is especially desirable for scious of being no longer able to hold those who are interested in Mr. Stead's some things they have been taught, article on "The Ali I1ahis of Persia," will recklessly cut loose from all and for those who wish to preserve parental teachings, and drift into utter their copies of the REVIEW for future unbelief and skepticism. Hence anreference. other risk of these "unguarded years."

THE UNGUARDED YEARS LITTLE WAYS OF HELPING MIS.

There have been some remarkable SIONARIES results reached in the report of the present commissioners of Scotland, Most of us have few gifts and modwho, from sixty selected convicts, have erate means, and the great things that tried to ascertain what they could as are done by great men make our work to the reason for their having gone seem insignificant. But the great wrong. It has often been said that things in the kingdom are made up of lack of education is a fruitful source a multitude of little things but for of crime; but, as only three out of the which the work would move on slowly, sixty proved really illiterate, this phi- and would at times come to a full losophy scarcely holds good. Of all stop. the convicts, one-third had apparently gone wrong from drink; but the most Speaking from an experience of conspicuous finding of the committee some sixteen years in connection with is that the greater number of them this great work of world-wide misall had been Sunday-school pupils in sions, I would like to suggest a few early days, but had begun to take a things that help and which even the decidedly vicious course between the weakest of us can do. Little practical ages of sixteen and twenty years, the touches here and there add much to very period which a member of the the happiness of the missionary's life British Cabinet has referred to as the on many a foreign shore where he is "unguarded years." This result of the in lifelong exile. These little touches Scottish Commissioners Inquiry is of show a sort of practical interest in the no little importance as a practical proof missionary life, and are greatly apof the necessity of providing for young preciated and help to keep the tempeople, at this critical age, spiritual peram'ent of the missionary up to a guardianship as well as moral re- happy level. straint, that is, at the time when young lads and girls are passing from the When the missionary would like to years of childhood to those of man- get away frQm his troubles and dishood and womanhood, and are a per- couragements, it is a .help to pick up plexing problem even to themselves. a fresh new copy of some current mag- We believe that a more complete ex- azine and run through its pages, and amination of this whole question would get some glimpses of the current life as at home. A magazine with plenty of pictures that one may show to Sf me

of the native friends, especially young that helps much when a sane individmen, is a good investment. The wri- ual sends a breezy sort of a letter to ter was able to .hold together a large a missionary on the other side. We class of young men in Japan by means have our Bibles with us and can seof the generosity of a friend in Amer- cure from them as many Bible texts ica who sent out annual subscriptions as anyone over here, so there is no to six of the leading American week- need of a great amount of Scripture lies and monthlies. This made a point quotation and pious and hackneyed of contact with the student class and phrases and, above all else, idealizing got them interested in coming to the the missionary and putting him on the missionary's house and eventually into pinnacle of an unattained heroism. his Bible classes. Good magazines Write to him and talk to him as you when read do not cost much for post- would to any human being in the age. homeland who understands every-day phraseology; it will be a help. Tell Books, also, are a great help, espe- about current events that are of com- . cially when a leisure hour comes and mon interest. Any new jokes will one yearns for a new intellectual stim- come in well to help out occasional ulus. social gatherings. I knew one mis- sion station where all the missionaries Current books that quickly finish gather once a week for a social hour their brief career in America may go together, and all try to contribute to the far lands and bring joy to the some of the most recent jokes from mission station. Last year a friend the homeland. There is much that sent a copy of "The Lady of the may be put into a letter other than Decoration" to each station in a cer- asking the missionary to write out your tain land. The sender would have felt own missionary talk that you ought amply repaid for the thought that to be preparing yourself. Write defprompted the gift if he could have inite questions and give the missionary heard that real heart laugh of the mis- some tangible notion of what you want sionary at ChristJpas-time. to. know, and do not simply ask, "Please tell me all about your work." About the end of November or the The missionary does that once a year first of December, if you would col- in his annual report to the mission, lect some pretty and attractive calen- which you may receive by applying to dars for the next year and mail them the mission board. to missionary friends in the far interior, they would come in handy, and Send the missionary ladies occaif they are characteristically American sional suggestions as to how to keep they will bring a whiff of the home in good form with their dresses. atmosphere. The calendars cost noth- Send them some new patterns, and a, ing, and the only expense will be the neat and pretty new collar enclosed in postage. a nice little note to a missionary lady will be appreciated. Many beautiful Sunday-school illustrated lessons, used in the primary Make up an occasional missionary rooms, that are thrown away and torn box with all sorts of little attractioY{s to shreds after the little folks are done for the young and older missionaries, with them, come in useful on the other and especially for the missionary chilside. I know missionary ladies who dren, and send it out by some missiontake them and mount them on a cotton ary going to the field. It will be less backing, and take off the English expensive that way. Send along words and substitute native texts and with it enough money to cover all the verses, and use them as a means of expense of getting it there, including attracting the wee ones. They are a the duty. Some boxes from home cost great help in work among little and us more than they did you! Please larger folks over a mission field.

Then there is the personal touch

remember to put enough postage on have become so defiant and lawless whatever you send through the mail, and the ruin wrought by them so co~ else we have to pay double the defi- lossal, that they have evoked a resistciency on the other side. We some- ance almost as thoroughly organized times dread the coming of the postman, as the evils themselves.

especially when Christmas draws near It would thus seem that, at last, the and the mails are extra heavy. Some eyes of men are being unveiled to the kindness is a mild form of cruelty. fact of the incalculable devastations of the liquor traffic, and that strong drink Beyond all else, give a few spare moments of prayer to your mission- wrecks not only the lowest but also aries. Adopt certain ones as your the highest and best specimens of manyoke-fellows, and write and let them hood. Churches, legislatures, comknow that they are thus adopted. It munities are now moving and uniwill add a new stimulus to their work ting their forces, and the methods to know that they are individually sup- adopted are as varied as the forms of ported in prayer each day by particu- the evil itself. Measures, most com- lar individuals at home. I know one prehensive and radical, but made nec- woman who devotes the hour from es~ary by the appalling conditions, are five to six each day to intercessory bemg pushed with a wisdom, firmness prayer for her missionaries and native and unanimity ~el1-nigh irresistible'

Christians on the other side, and part and all this is a very great occasion £0; of that hour she devotes to personally thanks. Even the keepers of saloons writing letters to them, thereby form- have often been compelled to reform ing a strong bond of prayer. Ask their own business, or at least modify your missionary to tell you of special some of its most objectionable features needs and let you know of answered to save the trade itself from extinction.

prayer. This is the greatest possible We know of no one method of con- help to the lone worker, and in it there tending with the drink habit that has will be a great reflex blessing on your been more owned of God than the own life. Chester Crest Home for Intemperate Other practical matters will suggest men at Mount Vemon, N. Y. This is themselves to your mind as you think the one institute of which we know them over. The little things count and which boldly grapples the evil by the we need never be discouraged because use of spiritual means only.

we can not do the greater things. The beginnings of the institution CAMERON JOHNSON. coincide with the close of the Moody A UNIQUE METHOD OF DEALING and Sankey Mission in 1876, when the WITH DRUNKARDS home was first established at t-he cor- ner of Eighty-sixth Street and Madi- No one evil, in all civilized countries, son Avenue in New York. But it was has more seriously threatened the pub- soon felt that to do the work, to the lic weal than the drink habit. It has best advantage, there must be a house defeated the best statesmanship-both and premises outside the city-away in State and Church; but, at last, the from its peculiar life and temptations, community seems to be arousing to and with less crowded accommoda- the necessity of uniting to defeat this tions.

gigantic foe, and by varied forms of Twelve acres were purchased at activity Christian philanthropy is con- Mount Vernon, and new buifdings tending with this giant son of Anak erected which were dedicated on May with a power and promise unprece- 8, 1902. The buildings are in Colonial dented in history. style-elegant tho not sumptuous, and A wave of temperance activity and very attractive, insuring also best san- success is spreading just now over itary conditions. A central structure, both this country and Great Britain. flanked by two wings, constitutes the The liquor traffic and the drink habit main building, which is on an ample

plan with large piazzas and ample ex- slave of drink is received in a fra- posure to sun and air. There are thus ternal spirit, and with a warm wel- three departments, which afford ac- come, and all his physical, and social commodations for as many classes of wants are carefully met, and every inmates. There is the main building, condition of his environment studious- for those who have ample means, and ly adapted to his recovery, the main who may reside here-with all their reliance is on prayer and the teach- accustomed luxuries. The second de- ing of God's Word. Every evening in partment is for those who can pay the week, and on Sunday mornings, lower rates, but not quite so much, and meetings are held in the chapel, which their apartments, tho very comfortable, are attended by the men from the are not so luxurious as the former. three departments, and the Gospel of The third department is for those who Christ is preached to them with sim- are destitute and must be treated free. plicity, power and effect. The mes- T~e rate for board by paying patients. sages of the Gospel seem to draw the ranges from $20.00 down to $7.00 per men as a steamer does a smaller craft, week. But the fact is sixty per cent. in its wake. One hundred men are of all patients are received, housed converted on the average every year.

and lodged without money and with- The inmates of the home include out price. men of all classes: students, scholars, It is not our intention to enter upon actors, legislators, men high in me- the details of the institution. A beau- chanical arts and even in fine arts.

tiful pamphlet can be readily obtained, Mr. Avery does not conceal, or apol- upon application, informing any who ogize for, the downright wickedness wish to know as to further particu- of drunkenness. He causes those who lars. But we desire to emphasize the are enslaved by it to feel that they fact that, among all philanthropic and are sinners, who have wilfully yielded benevolent institutions of this sort of to the power of a degrading habit, which we know, the New York City which at the last lets men down to a Home for Intemperate Men at Chester lower than a bestial level. But, Crest is unique. The Rev. George S. while he preaches the guilt of drunk- Avery, at that time the pastor of Miz- enness, he inspires faith, hope, courage pah Chapel of Central Presbyterian and new resolve; seeking first to Church, N. Y., was called, ten years kindle a true repentance, and then lead ago, to act as manager of the home. to absolute surrender to God and de- So great has been his success that the pendence on Him. Gospel hymns take membership has increased from 176 to a prominent part in these services. No 450. This institution also embraces a patient is compelled to stay at the farm, fifteen acres being cultivated home any more than to corne to it. If scientifically. This gives wholesome, he is held at all, it is the attraction of out-of-door employment to the pa- the place which holds him.

tients, which is not only healthful, but So large a part of the work done diverting and uplifting. Mr. Avery's is of a benevolent and purely gra- expectation is ultimately to make the tuitous nature that it must needs de- farm pay for itself-and thus make pend upon contributions. Last year the institution, in part at least, self- many thousands of dollars were ex- supporting. Last year nearly one pended-a full account of which is thousand dollars' worth of products published, properly audited. Three were sold. hundred men were admitted last year But we have yet to approach the on the free list and there is a necessity most important feature of this work, for increased funds; at least $10,000 which is the absolute dependence upon will be required for the corning year.

God, His Word and Spirit, for the Mr. Avery will welcome visitors every reformation of the drunkard. While day except Sunday.

the weakest victim and most hopeless Chester Crest is reached by the New York, New Haven & Hartford Rail- eggs a year, and so they help the road to Mount Vernon, and then by farmer and the grocer. They main- trolley to Chester Crest. Visitors will tain free-lunch counters and so help not only be welcomed, but every op- the butcher and gardener. They are portunity will be given to investigate among the largest purchasers of the actual workings of the institution. crockery and glassware, soap and We can unhesitatingly commend this towels, gas and electricity, and aer- work to the support of God's people, ated drinks and ice. In dfeamc~tnsotnrattheids and we hope and believe that it will basis the saloon may be commend itself, by its inherent excel- to be among the benefactors of the lence and Scriptural character, to the commonwealth.

approval of those who love righteous- The indebtedness of the hospital ness and hate iniquity. and poorhouse, the jail and the A NOVEL APPEAL FOR CHARITY ~caffold, .to the. saloon is not brought mto thiS estimate. But society We have lately seen in a New must not forget any of its obli- York daily a very novel argument gations. Competent judges have told in favor of the saloon. An "expert" us that but for the saloon we should has informed the public that "every have little occasion for the police or twenty-four hours, five thousand dol- the reformatory; that most occupants lars are disbursed in charity by of the prisons, penitentiaries, orphan New York saloon-keepers and their asylums, and insane asylums are di- patrons"; in other words, a million rectly or indirectly the victims of and a half dollars a year! The ar- drink. Unhappily, arguments such as gument is based upon the fact that this would prevent all crusades the 8,000 or more saloons in the city, against vice in any form-as all in- representing many millions of dol- stitutions that wreck morals, like the lars invested, employ about thirty- house of ill-fame, support by ill-gotten two thousand men, most of whom gains their inmates and adherents.

are heads of households. Prohibition, If such reasoning is good all mis- it is said, would destroy this large sions at home or abroad are a mis- capital now invested in the liquor take, for where is the idol temple that traffic, throwing this army of 30,000 does not support its priesthood, or men out of employment, and entail the superstition that does not yield immense suffering upon at least six an income to its votaries and advo- thousand families. But even more cates? What a pity that the Mag-ians wide-spread disaster would ensue; of Ephesus should have been con- for many allied trades and trades- verted ! What a calamity such de- men indirectly depend on the saloon struction of rare and curious books- for business. Ergo, the anti-saloon valued at 30,000 pieces of silver!

crusade ought to cease, as it is And to deprive so many men of their destructive of a great charity or- sources of income, and make them a ganization-the liquor trade! These possible burden to the community- fanatics, who insist on banishing what a crime!

drink and drunkenness, are robbing Apropos of the foregoing appeal in poor men of work and poor families behalf of the saloon, it may be well to of trade. The 8,000 saloons of New look at the amount spent on stimulants, York are often most profitable patrons which is estimated at $18.63 per capita, of other trades. They consume, for or more than $93.00 for each family example, over a million dollars' worth of five. These are enormous totals- of bread annually, and so they help the aggregate consumption of liquors, the baker; they use three million dol- distilled and fermented, together lars' worth of cheese, and almost as reaching the immense sum of about much money is spent for milk and $r,500,000,000!

A MlSSLO N STUDY

Showing the distribution of physicians in the United States if this country were supplied in the same proportion as the mission fields GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE AMERICA in all parts of the world. Some of the fields to which they have gone are: A Striking Map for Mbsion-Study Classes China, Mexico, India, Japan, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Cuba, Africa, Korea, The above map of the United States Turkey, Philippine Islands, Egypt, has been prepared to show how many Persia, Chili, Assam, Malaysia, Bur- trained physicians (male) there would ma, Syria. Of these 275 volunteers be in this country if we were only as three were members of the Protestant well supplied as Asia and Africa. Episcopal Church. The returns from Each dot represents a physician, 33 in all the mission boards of the United aU between the oceans; that being the States and Canada show that 547 new number of physicians to which our foreign missionaries were sent out by population of 80,000,000 could resort them during 1907. O f these 332 were for healing in time of sickness or acci- student volunteers.-Spirit of Mis- dent, if capable Christian physicians sions. . were as scarce as they are in non- Christian lands. Two must needs suf- Per Capita Giving for Missions fice for all New England, three for New York City and State, three for The Board ~f Foreign Missions of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, one for the Southern Methodist Church has Georgia and Florida, one for Texas compiled a table of the contributions and Oklahoma, one for Colorado, of last year of ten leading denomina- Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, and tions in this country. It.is interesting ten for the entire region lying west of to note in this table that Presbyterians the Mississippi! are leading in per ca.pita gifts to for- eign missions-the United Presby- New Misaionariea Laat Year terians leading with $2.04 per member. The Southern Presbyte- A recent issue of The Intercollegian rians stand second in the list, .giving contains a list of 275 student volun- last year $1.56 per member, the Re- teers who left America in 1907 to formed Church in America following enter upon their missionary service in distant lands. They are now at work

GENERAL MISSIONARY

with $1.50, and the Northern Presby- 000,000 of non-Christians who constiterians with $1.08 per capita. The tute the field of that Church. largest total of gifts belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church, which On November 14, at Boston, the gave $2,063,345, but its average gift General Committee of the Laymen's was 68 cents. The aggregate gifts Movement, consisting of over 100 layof the above-mentioned Presbyterian men from all parts of the United churches just about equal the aggre- States and Canada, will hold its annual gate gifts of the Methodist Episcopal meeting. Many of the members of the Church.-Christian Observer. committee will remain to assist in the great interdenominational campaign Laymen's Campaign in Canada under t~e auspices of the movement, to be held ill Boston, November 15 to 22. A national missionary campaign under the auspices of the Laymen's On December 3-6, the first Interde- Movement is in progress at twenty nominational State Convention of the centers in Canada, from Sidney on the Laymen's Missionary Movement will Atlantic to Victoria on the Pacific. be held at Atlanta. All denominations The one question being considered at are cooperating to bring together their all of these centers is this: "Will Can- best laymen from all parts of the State. ada evangelize her share of the world?" The movement has now eight sec- retaries giving their time to answering In the places where campaigns have a fraction of the calls that come for been held, they have without exception the presentation of the work. been marked by intense interest. It is estimated by Canadian missionary Mr. J. Campbell White, the general leaders that the churches of the Dominion, numbering about 900,000 com- secretary, says: municants, should evangelize 40,- 000,000 of people in the non-Christian My confidence grows stronger as the world. The various denominations in Providential indications multiply, that Canada, and one city after another, are the greatest missionary development of seriously accepting their proportion of human history is upon us. It will be this responsibility, involving as it does accompanied by the greatest revival in many cases the trebling or quadru- which the Church has ever experienced. pling of their aggregate missionary By undertaking to save the world, the offerings. Church itself will be saved from material- ism, formalism, commercialism, and in- Coming Conventions of Men difference to the will of God.

In the United States, as soon as the The Florence Crittenton Mission election is over, the schedule of Laymen's Movement campaigns will be- The National Florence Crittenton gin. On November 10 and II, at St. Mission has recently held its twenty- Louis, the laymen of the Methodist fifth anniversary convention at De- Episcopal Church are gathering to troit. Who can measure the work that launch their denominational Laymen's this society has done for thousands o~ Missionary Movement, the object of girls and women in our large cities? which is to add a million dollars an- Mr. Crittenton has established some 70 nually for the next four years to the homes in this country and there are 5 foreign missionary offerings of that in foreign countries. More than 150,- Church. 000 girls have been reached in the last quarter of a century, and last year On November 12, at Chicago, the 18,000 girls and children were helped Baptist Brotherhood Convention will by this society. assemble, and one of their main themes is the relation of Baptist lay- Baptist General Missionaries men to the evangelization of the 61,- The American Baptist Missionary Union has followed the suggestion of the deputation which recently visited the mission fields, by appointing two general missionaries for the East, who

will visit the mission stations in their The End of Convict Sla.vlll'7 in"Georgia districts in order that they may become familiar with the problems and We have often described the evils of conditions at various stations, obtain the convict-lease system in Georgia, the views of workers on the field and and are 'now thankful to say that the report to the executive committee at State legislature has put a final end home. It is a means of bringing the to the cruel scandal. The leasing out missionaries and the churches into of convicts for private gain-especloser touch and may be expected to cially in a community where many of bring greater efficiency and sympathy them belong to a recently enslaved in the work. race-should be impossible for civil- ized states. The men appointed for this work are Rev. V. L. Ferguson, D.D., of "A modern civilized State must India, who will visit the stations in have regard to more than self-protec- Burma, Assam and South India, and tion by the detention and isolation of her criminal citizens," says the Con- Rev. J. L. Dearing, D.D., who will gregationalist; "she must try, at least, look after the interests of China, Ja- to bring them to a better mind and to give them a fresh start in an honest pan and the Philippines. Both men life. Work is as necessary for them are exceptionally well qualified for as for all of us, but it must not be this work by their experience, discern- slavery in isolated camps or under the ment and sympathetic spirit and be- control of selfish greed and irresponcause of the confidence placed in them sible overseers. As a picture of all by their fellow missionaries on the that a prison system ought not to be, field and by the officers and churches Georgia has made its contribution to at home. the science of penology."

Dr. Henry C. Mabie and Dr. Apple- Christian Sioux Conference garth have both declined reelection as secretaries of the Union and Rev. The annual mission conference of Marion D. Eubank, M.D., of China, the Sioux Indians connected with has been elected temporarily as acting the Presbyterian and Congregational field secretary. churches, together with their mission- aries, was held this year at the Stand- A Missionary Exhibit for Boston in 1909 ing Rock Agency, Fort Yates, N. D. The 400 tents and tepees that sur- Arrangements are under way for a rounded in an elliptical circle the great missionary exhibition to be held church and parsonage, the tabernacle in Boston in November of 1909, in and meeting-tent, on the old parade charge of the foreign missionary socie- ground, used when this was a military ties with offices in that city. Its object post, presented a most beautiful scene. is to arouse a deeper interest in the The number in attendance must have work of converting the world to Chris- been nearly 2,000, many of whom came tianity. Historical missionary pag- by team from IS0 to 250 miles distant. eants are, according to present plans, The veteran missionaries. Dr. Thomas to form part of the interesting pro- L. Riggs and Dr. Williamson, together gram of the fair, and a play is to be with a score of associates and Indian acted, showing the dramatic incidents leaders, led in the exercises. The popin the life of the missionaries. Then, ular discussions were by the Indians. too, it is proposed to reproduce Chi- with their accustomed zeal and oranese, African and East Indian villages, tory. As usual, the great meeting was so that the Americans may see under the Sabbath morning service, when the what conditions the missionaries have sermon was followed by the observance to work. If the Boston fair succeeds, of the Lord's Supper, in which more similar exhibitions will be given in than 1,000 Indians participated. other parts of the country in the furtherance of the purposes of the missionary societies.

GENERAL MISSIONARY

The Opportunity in Oklahoma These. priests will afterward, with the Oklahoma is often styled "the land authonty of their superiors, go into the of opportunity." All over the State different cities, towns and country places there are agencies for the investment where they may gain an audience and explain the tenets and teachings of the of the surplus money of the East. One Church, with a vi.ew to bringing back those for some tIme strangers to its town, for example, of 2,600 popula- teachings.

tion has one such agency for its every Protestantism in Mexico church. These are for investments in real estate. There are boundless op- One of the most notable features of portunities for investments in religious the present development of Mexico is influence. One correspondent names to the growth of religious tolerance. In the Baptist Board forty-two growing June over six hundred Protestants of towns in which there are no churches all denominations gathered in Guana- of any denomination. Your banks are juato for a Convention of Sunday- finding the best investments in Okla- school Workers and Young People's homa real estate. These are not even Societies.

safe without liberal investment in the Thirty years ago Protestant mission- churches of this home mission field. aries were stoned and driven out of What about the Kingdom of God in this same city of Guanajuato, and one Oklahoma? may still see the house in which they were besieged for a whole day and The American Medical Missionary College night before they were rescued by The Battle Creek Sanitarium, with government troops.

which this college under Dr. George While the convention was in session D. Dowkonitt is connected, has severed the visitors received courtesy on every its connection with the Seventh Day hand. The Governor of the State per- Adventists and Dr. Kellogg is no mitted the convention to visit in a body longer a member of that body. Last the historic old prison, "La Alhon- year four students were graduated, but diga," from whose parapets, ninety- already this year the college has be- seven years ago, dangled the heads of gun with forty students, including the patriots who fought with Hidalgo Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, for their country's freedom.

Congregationalists, Episcopalians, and The Governor also met and cor- others. The official organ is The dially welcomed a committee from the Medical Missionary, published at Bat- Young People's Societies, sending a tle Creek, Michigan. message to the convention, and ex- Is Rome to Rule America? pressing the desire to possess a col- lection of the essays and discourses Missions to Catholics are not new which might be presented during the under the sun, but missions to non- sessions.

Catholics, on the part of Catholics, are All of which goes to show that Prot- comparatively new; and, having lately estantism and religious liberty are ma- received the special benediction of the king great strides in Mexico. One of Pope, we may expect them to be pros- the potent factors in this progr~s has ecuted with renewed energy in the always been the work of the American United States. The Catholic Register, Bible Society.

in speaking about missions to non- Catholicism in Brazil Catholics, says: .

An outcome of this movement is the Millions in Brazil look upon the establishment of the Apostolic Mission Virgin Mary as their Savior. To them House in Washington, for which $250,000 Christ is practically numbered among have been contributed during the past the saints, and will do nothing except few years. To this House priests se- as His mother directs. A book widely lected on account of special fitness are circulated throughout northern Brazil sent by their bishop with a view to train- says that Mary, when still a mere ing for particular missionary labor.

child, went bodily to heaven and satisfactory answers being given to begged God to send Christ, through appeals now before the directors. An- her, into the world. Further on it says other subject which is causing arixiety that Mary went again to heaven to is the exceptionally small number of plead for sinners; and at the close men who are offering themselves for Mary's will is given, disposing of the service.

whole world, and God, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, the Trinity, act THE CONTINENT as the three witnesses to the will. How French Protestant Missions many good Christians at home think Brazil is a Christian country!-Rev. In a letter to The British Weekly, W. C. Porter, in THE MISSIONARY. Rev. Charles Merle d'Aubigne points EUROPE out that the French Protestant Church is a foreign missionary church, which Christian Workers in Great Britain IIInd has assumed responsibilities in the na- in China tional colonies of Tahiti, New Cale- Cbina's Millions for September con- donia, Senegal and Madagascar as well tains a map of the Celestial Empire as on the Zambesi and in Basutoland which gives the boundaries of each and he points with pardonable pride to one of the 18 provinces, its popula- the work in the latter field of Francois tion, and the number of missionaries Coillard. The record, for a church of (men, wives, and unmarried women), not more than 100,000 members, of a the figures being taken from the 1908 foreign expenditure of nearly $200,000 Directory of Protestant Missions in annually certainly does not show any China. Including Manchuria, Mon- marked absence of the missionary golia and Formosa, th~ population is spirit. Nor has the home work suf- 422,300,000, while the total of mis- fered, nor the work among the Frenchsionaries of both sexes is a little less speaking people of Belgium on the than 4,000, or about one to each northern border. 100,000 of the population. But England and Wales, with a population of But the chief evidence of the real 32,500,000, is supplied with ministers life of the French Protestants is found to the number of nearly 33,000. If in the courage and success with which no better supplied than China, the the churches have met the total cessanumber would be reduced to about tion of government support which fol- 1,000. Or, if China was supplied as lowed the passing of the law of sepwell as England and Wales, the num- aration. There was little complaint ber of ordained missionaries would and there has been no holdiwr back: need to be increased to about 400,000. "Not only have our home anl"foreign Therefore, there would seem to be a missions, our Bible, tract, Sunday school, temperance, young men's and clarion call for a forward movement young women's societies, our innumer- able institutions-for which we spend throughout Christendom! an aggregate sum of £200,ooo-con- London MbsionlU"Y Society tinued their work just as before, but The one hundred and thirteenth re- our people have added to that £80,000 port of the London Missionary So- in I907 for the support of their ciety which has just been issued is church."

full of facts and incidents calculated to The danger sign of the situation is make glad the Christian heart. The found in the decisive break between income of $755,645 showed an increase the liberal and evangelical churches, of $35,960. In view of calls for ex- which divides the forces at work and pansion everywhere, it is hoped that limits their fellowship. In spite of all the missionary campaign of the pres- defects the French churches are as ent year may result in fresh consecra- necessary for the future of France as tion of means which will allow of they have always been.

MISSIONARY

Rheniah Missionary Statistics ropean missionaries are aided by 78 native helpers. The number of bap- The number of native Christians tized persons is 1,482 ( 5I 5 children) gathered through the instrumentality and 196 persons are under instruction of the Rhenish missionaries is: in preparatory to baptism, while 56 adults Africa, 30,041 (communicants, 12,- were baptized in 1907. In the 26 mis- 958); in the Dutch East Indies, sionary schools, 1,065 boys and 136 94,705 (communicants, 43,290); in girls were taught. China, 1,833 (communicants, 1,299); and in New Guinea, 45 (communi- Leipsic Missionary Society cants, 38). This gives a total of 126,- 624 native Christians (57,585 commu- The great Leipsic Missionary' Sonicants), a net increase of 8,577 since ciety has as its fields of activity, India 1906. The gifts of these native Chris- and East Africa. Its 68 missionaries tians to the cause of Christ amounted 18 teachers (female), and 782 helpers, to $47,956 in cash during 1907. labor upon 53 stations, where the number of baptized members is now The Rhenish Society has 37 stations 22,935, 329 heathens having been bapand 23 out-stations with 67 European tized during 1907. In 335 missionary and 14 native workers in Africa; 72 schools 13,593 pupils receive Chrisstations and 407 out-stations with I I I tian education. The progress of the European and 65 native workers in the work in East Africa is especially en- Dutch East Indies; 7 stations and 20 couraging. The number of native out-stations with 24 European and 17 Christians there has increased to more native workers in China; and 5 stations than a thousand, of whom 478 (a most and lout-station with 13 European remarkable percentage) are able to laborers in New Guinea. It also has read. The work in India is that which medical missionary work at Tungkun, was formerly under the care of the China, and at Pea Radja, Sumatra, at Danish-Halle Mission. which places 4 European physicians and a number of deaconesses, together Statistics of Roml11 Catholic Missions with a corps of native helpers, are employed. The June number of the magazine Catholic Missiolls publishes the fol- Neukirchen Missionary Institute lowing statistics of Roman Catholic Missions: Total number of Roman On May 31, 1908, the Neukirchen Catholics in all the missionary fields, Orphanage and Missionary Institute 8,321,963; of whom 438,000 are Euclosed the thirtieth year of its ex- ropeans; missionary priests, 12,305, istence and the twenty-fifth year since of whom 5,369 are natives; lay the death of its founder, Pastor Lud- brothers, 4,863; sisters, 17,284; mainwig Doll. The brief annual report, and out-stations, 30,414; schools, published in Der Missions-und Heid- 17,834; pupils in the schools, 79°,878: enbote, states that the year has been The magazine adds that the eight rich in depressing and important millions of native Roman Catholics happenings, but that the Lord solved represent the fruit of modern missionall difficult questions and provided ary effort only, and that there are for every difficulty. The income from 6,700,000 Roman Catholics in the all sources amounted to $28,524, to Philippines, 1,038,000 in Angola, West which must be added $8,928 collected Africa, and 14,250,000 of the Indian by the society for aiding the Salatiga race in South and Central America Mission, whose headquarters are in and the West Indies. Thus there are Holland. The two fields of the society about 29 millions of native Roman are Java and British East Africa.. Iil Catholics scattered over the mission- Java there are 10 stations and 28 out- ary fields of. the earth, but, we add, stations in the Samarang, Pekalongan, many, many of them, are Christians in and Rembang districts, where 13 Eu- name only.

The Widely Scattered Moravian Church standard literature for the six million This organization, so little tho so Bulgarians, and its output should be great and honorable, has in its widely largely increased, in order to offset in scattered branches 526 congregations, . more adequate measure the flood of 64,575 communicants, and 241,247 translations of trashy French and affiliated members. Of these but Russian novels and skeptical and in- fidel books in the country. Some 6,197 communicants are in Germany, wise-hearted man or woman may 6,457 in Great Britain, and in the render an inestimable service to the United States 17,820. But in the for- Bulgarian nation by helping to extend eign mission field the many communi- the usefulness of this Press. cants number 32,748, and the adherents 101,483. The Government recently intro- duced English as an optional study in Hope Even for Benighted Austria the national schools, yet there is Protestantism is rapidly gaining no English~Bulgarian and Bulgarian- ground in Austria, the avowed num- English dictionary, the one published ber being larger by 42,000 than it was 47 years since having long been ex- eight years ago. In the first eight hausted. New missionaries are study- months of 1907, 1,950 new Protestants ing Bulgarian, and Bulgarians are avowed themselves such; 67 churches studying English, by all sorts of make- were built or in process of construction, shifts.

24 new parishes were founded, and These needs of the field make their regular services instituted in 200 own appeal. Five thousand dollars are places. The Roman Catholic Church needed to do the present work effect- is naturally offering active resistance ively.* to this movement, and a number of The RUilian Church Still Intolerant societies have been organized to op- pose Protestantism. The "Pious As- The Orthodox Church of Russia is sociation" was founded in 1906 to one of the most powerful of those vast subsidize the "good press," and has reactionary forces that once in a while collected hundreds of thousands of come so near undoing the whole emmarks for the use of the ultramon- pire. A sample of the methods of this tane journals of the empire, for the Church has just reached us in news distribution of tracts and the holding from Kieff, where the bishops have of public meetiflgs. The society al- been sitting in solemn conclave, deready has 320 local groups. Roman Catholic scholarship itself is not free vising plans for the crushing out of from the taint. The chair of canon all dissent. Two years ago an imperial law at Innsbruck, recently held by ukase granted freedom of conscience Professor Warhmund, has been de- to all Russians, but a little thing like clared vacant, and its incumbent trans- that does not matter to the bishops ferred to Prague, where he can be of the Orthodox Church. Their recmore closely watched, but it has ommendations are about as naive proved impracticable to replace him as recommendations can be. Memin the Tyrol capital, as all available bers of the Orthodox Church should candidates are suspected of modern- be forbidden to secede without the ism, or what is worse-Protestantism. consent of the bishop. Mixed mar- -Christian Work. riages between members of the Church of Russia and dissenting bodies are Good Literature for Bulgarian. to be forbidden, as also are all efforts at missionary work on behalf of every The Press of the European Turkey other creed. With great simplicity Mission, stationed at Samokov, Bul- garia, under the superintendence of * Mr. Frank H. Wiggin, Treasurer of the Ameri· Rev. Robert Thomson, is almost the only source of religious and other can Board, ]4 Beacon St., Boston, or Miss Ellen M. Stone, 157 Chestnut St., Chelsea, Mass., will gladly f::~h~ Ba,rt~~~S¥:id~o::~.forward contributions

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

these bishops want all ecclesiastical company were received by the acting affairs withdrawn from the purview governor, when a speech was made of the Duma, and recommend that the by a native minister of the Church land of all heretics be confiscated and Missionary Society. Religious bodies settled on Orthodox peasants. which had antagonized one another for hundreds of years exchanged A Russian Milsion Contra. friendly greetings. Jews shook hands with Greeks, Moslems embraced Ar- Ih the beginning of July a Russian menians, Catholics and Protestants of mission congress was held in Kieff, in various sects walked side by side under which representatives of the entire Or- the Turkish flag. A newspaper, thodox clergy together with the three printed in Hebrew and Arabic, began Metropolitans of St. Petersburg, Mos- to be published August IJ.-Congrecow and Kieff were present. The gationalis t. congress was not as the name implies so much concerned with missions to The Opening of Mecca the heathen as with measures for defense of church interests, especially Events move so rapidly nowadays against Stundism and other forms of that we have scarcely time to appreevangelical Christianity. What steps ciate the full significance of the most were suggested have not yet been re- startling changes. A decade ago the ported. Religious freedom decreed prediction of a railway to Medina and by ukase is already much pared down Mecca would have been received in in administration. The Russian cleri- the Moslem world with contemptuous cals are continuously petitioning the incredulity. To-day it is un fait acgovernment for fresh limitations. compli. In a few months' time a rail- way-station will be opened in the city ERNEST GORDON. of Mecca. So far from the project being received at Medina and Mecca ASIA-MOSLEM LANDS with opposition, as might have been expected, we read of the greatest en- J07 in Jerusalem thusiasm, and of speeches delivered by sheiks and others which make us The revolution in Turkey had an rub our eyes with astonishment. It effect in Jerusalem, when the unex- is evident that the Moslem world is pected and amazing news of the being pierced by modern civilization, change in affairs reached that city, and that fanaticism is retiring before reports of which read like the fulfil- the march of science.-London Chrisment of the prophecies of the latter tian. chapters of Isaiah. The Mohammedans held a thanksgiving service An Answered Pra7er with a sermon in a mosque within the Temple area. Armenian Christian Mosul is an outpost of the Church monks entertained Mohammedans at Missionary Society in the Levant, a garden party on Mt. Zion, serv- where work is carried on among the ing them with lemonade, coffee and villages about the site of ancient Ninecigarettes. Jews were entertained at veh. In the Society's plans for the the Orthodox Greek Christian Con- retrenchment which has been necesvent by the Patriarch of the Greek sary during the past year, it seemed Church, were sprinkled with rose best to abandon Mosul and a decision water and fed with sweets. Many of to that effect was made and anthem exprest their joy by processions, nounced. But while the committee with speeches thanking the Sultan for was deliberating in London, at Mosul liberty. There was a procession of the workers were spending a day .in Protestants headed by the Turkish fasting and prayer that the station military band, an address was deliv- might not be relinquished. Since ereq. by the native Lutheran minister then, through a train of events, it has of Bethelem, after which the whole

been made not only possible, but chism ~herever they carry their mer- strongly advisable, to retain Mosul, chandise. No sooner do they open and all who are concerned in the work a wayside shop in some pagan dis- are feeling deeply that God must have trict than the wayside mosque is built some great blessing in store for the by its side.

people in whose behalf he has an- S. M. ZWEMER.

swered prayer.

Mcnlems Coming to Christ INDIA A missionary writes from Teheran: Aasault on Lady Missionaries The work of the past two months has The Times of India tells of an outbeen full of encouragement. All the de- rage that was committed in August partments have been busy. More people . at Pandharpur, a town situated on have been attending the religious services this year than in any former year. the Barsi Light Railway, India. Pand- The school never had more pupils. Five harpur is chiefly known as the pos- Moslem converts have been baptized. sessor of a notable temple, dedicated to One of these is a prince, the son of a the god Vithoba, which is one of the lieutenant-colonel of cavalry in the most sacred shrines in the Presidency. army; another a graduate of the boys' One afternoon a large crowd of naschool, and now a teacher in it. Two tives of Pandharput, armed with of the others are women, one of them a pupil of the girls' school. The fifth is stones and lathis, suddenly surrounded a man who came twenty-two days' journey in quest of baptism and instruction. the Australian Mission buildings, A year or two ago he procured a Bible, which stand in an isolated position and by reading it repeatedly had ac-. about a mile from the town.

quired a wonderful grasp of Christian The mob attacked the main builddoctrines. It was almost startling to ing from three sides simultaneously, hear him explain spiritual truths with an understanding seldom found in maturer after first sending a lad into the com- Christians. pound to reconnoiter. Miss Steel, one The Moslem Laymen'. Movement lady who was seriously hurt, hearing the volley of stones, which shattered In Burma (where Indian merchants all the windows, ran out to pacify the are the Moslem missionaries) the Mos- crowd. Miss Parsons, one of her col- lem population increased thirty-three leagues, closed the iron doors of the per cent in the past decade. In the compound which surround the build- western Sudan and on the Niger ing. Meanwhile Miss Steel was set whole districts once pagan are now upon by the crowd and received a vio- Mohammedan, and this has been, to a lent blow on the head from a lathi and large extent, the work of lay mission- was stunned with a stone. Seeing her aries-merchants, travelers, and arti- bleeding profusely, the mob thought sans. that she was dead, and dispersed as For example, a pearl merchant, liv- suddenly as it had collected.

ing at Banrein, East Arabia, recently, The district magistrate was wired at his own expense and on his own in- for by the Mamlatdar, and the mission itiative, printed an entire edition of communicated with the assistant sur- a Koran commentary for free distri- geon of Pandharpur, who immediately bution. On the streets of Lahore and hastened to the assistance of Miss Calcutta you may see clerks, traders, Steel. The mission doctor was also bookbinders, and even coolies, who summoned. The district magistrate spend part of their leisure time preach- arrived next day, together with the ing Islam or attacking Christianity by Superintendent of Police, and started argument. The merchants who go to an investigation. Three arrests have Mecca as pilgrims from Java, return been made, and it is anticipated that to do missionary work among the hill the ringleaders will be punished.

tribes. In the Sudan the Hausa mer- Miss Steel was very seriously inchants carry the Koran and the cate- jured, but is progressing as well as

1908J GENERAL MISSIONARY

could be expected under the circum- read and write and knows Persian, stances. The mob which attacked her Arabic, Pushtu, and Urdu. Miss F. was entirelv local, but there is no E. Tunbridge, a nurse in the hospital, reason kno~n for the outbreak. writes to the Church Missionary Gleaner: The Gospel Exalting the Based He was a patient for some time, and The Baptist Missionary Magazine then we taught him and read with him prints a letter from Rev. M. C. Mason, and he decided to become a Christian: of Assam, which gives this statement, and could not understand why we could showing how the Gospel transforms not baptize him at once. He was bapbeings as utterly earthy and gross as tized on the first Sunday in this year, and the Garos. Work was begun among now we have kept him as a ward boy, them forty years ago, and presently and he is an active Christian and a misa church was formed with 39 mem- sionary to his brethren around. Praise bers. Of this number 33 have since God, he is not keeping his Christianity died, after living lives truly Christian. to himself. Four of our ward boys are Of the residue 3 were unstedfast; but Christians now, and it is so nice to see after dis.cipline repented, and only one them taking a spiritual interest in the fell utterly away. Since the first in- various patients who come into their gathering 830 have been received into wards. One great drawback to them is the Church. the language. Seven different languages we com(' in contact with in the work The Woful Lot of Indillon Girls here, which makes things very difficult; one is often tempted to denounce the A missionary writes from Kodai- Tower of Babel and its builders. Howanal: ever, we pray that God will help us, and I know He does. Mrs. Macrae had sad news about two of the girls in her boarding-school lately. Fruits Gathered in One Mission The mother was converted about four years ago, and baptized some time later. The South India mission of the She suffered much persecution, as the English Church Missionary Society refather is strongly opposed to Christian- ports that in the Khammamett disity. About nine months back the two trict of the Telugu country in the girls were sent to the boarding-school, twelve months ending March I, over and the elder one-about thirteen years 1,000 baptisms took place, and there of age-was very diligent in trying to are 1,200 Sudras under instruction, learn to read. One day the father sent and a very large number of Malas and a woman under a false pretext to bring Madigas. During one month recently the two girls home, but he met them requests for teachers were received half-way, took them off to a village from 29 villages. twelve miles distant, and married the elder one to a heathen man that very A Converts' Training Home night. He also made arrangements to marry the little one the following week. In Allahabad is located a converts' The next day, when the poor woman training home in connection with the came in expecting to see her children, she Zenana Bible Medical Mission. Miss found that both were gone. Weare Fallon, who is in charge of it, says: praying that the Lord will turn this evil into good, and that these girls may be It has been in existence for about sixthe means of telling the Gospel message teen years or more now, and over 140 in the places where they are. As, of women have passed through it in that old, God used the little captive maid, so time. This home is for the better class He can use these girls. of Indian women, high-class Hindus and Mohammedan women of good families. Working in Seven Languages Those who come are women who have been taught in their zenanas chiefly by Being a frontier town, bazaar some missionary or Indian Christian preaching is not allowed in Quetta, teacher. When the seed of the Word Baluchistan, but all who go to the finds a lodgment in the heart of one of hospital for treatment have the good these dear pupils, it means a severe tidings proclaimed to them. The mis- struggle. The relatives always turn her sionaries are rejoicing in a recent out of her home if she is determined Mohammedan convert, one who can to confess her faith in the Lord Jesus, and it is wonderful what some of thesee

women have braved. We then receive are, therefore? respo~sible fo: the. expo- • them for two or three years, and help sItIOn of theIr Lord s teachlllgs III the them in their Christian life, and train Onental way, for He was in His teach- them to be ready to take up work as ings, environment, customs, and expres- teachers or Bible-women. Some have sIOns an Onental-C. M. S. Gleaner.

been most disappointing, even going back to their heathen surroundings, and Swedish Missionaries in China this has caused us much sorrow. But . The Swedish ~Ii.ssionary Society by far the greater number have remained true, and many are doing good work in gIves a short statlsttcal report of its different missions. They come to us interesting work in China, where its from all parts of India and from all mis- missionaries baptized !O7 heathen sions, representing all the different Chinese in the year I907. On Janchurches. u.ary I.' 1908, it had 24 European mis- SlOnanes and 49 native helpers at Self.support for Converts The Basel Mission tile works are work upon its 25 stations. The 12 known all over India and Ceylon. schools were attended by 315 pupils, Last year 13,000,000 roof tiles, 500,- and the seed faithfully sown during 000 floor tiles, 500,000 prest bricks, the preceding years began to bear etc., were shipped to all parts of those fruit in most hopeful manner.

countries. The workmen are native F. S. Brockman on Change. in China. Christians, only the managers are German lay missionaries. The mission "The political changes that have looked upon it as their duty to pro- taken place within the past three years vide means of support for the natives even throughout the entire Empire of w.ho had left all for conscience's sake China are as profound as those that and to accustom them to steady work. took place over the whole of Europe The other industry successfully carried and America just about the time of on by the mission is cotton c1oth- the American Revolution. I can reweaving. member the time in China when lib- erty as we know the term was an CHINA unknown word and an unfelt need.

A Chinese Student on World Evangelization To-day, like a prairie fire, just as it The following extract from an ad- rushed wildly through France and dress by Mr. C. T. Wang at the Tokyo over America in the preceding cen- Students' Conference is taken from tury, the ideal of liberty has gone from The World's Chinese Students' Jour- one end of the Chinese Empire to the nal, a bilingual bimonthly. Mr. Wang other, and George Washington has been taken up as the idol of the peosaid: ple. From one end of the country The students of the Orient are respon- to the other, liberty, in the American sible for the world's evangelization, be- cause our Lord was an Oriental. This and European sense, is the watchword may sound a little strange in the ears of the people, and profound political changes are taking place, and even of Occidentals; but to Orientals a state- profounder ones being attempted." ment like that carries much weight. That Orientals have their own way of think- ing and acting is their singular char- • The Christian Devotion of a Chinese Woman acteristic. They do not readily take in things that are not Oriental, but among themselves they copy one another freely. The following quotation is from a Buddhism was introduced from India, missionary's report: yet the Chinese and other Oriental coun- tries have never regarded it as a foreign Leung Sz Po (one of our Christians) religion. Confucianism was taken up by has done very faithful service during the the Japanese and Koreans without even year. In fact, for over two years she a thought that it was a foreign religion. has, without any remuneration from the But Christianity is eyed with grave sus- Mission, been doing -the regular work of picion that it is a foreign or Western a Bible-woman, going daily from home religion. Much hindrance to the propa- to home, speaking the Gospel to the g;j.tion of the blest Gospel is the outcome women of the city. This service is a of this prejudice. The Oriental students great joy to her, and she is always cheer-

MISSIONARY

ful and happy in telling the story of the c. J. Garritt, professor of Old Testa- Savior's love. She has 110t much of this world's goods, and sometimes her rice- ment Literature and Apologetics, with jar gets pretty low; but she really puts Chinese instructors in Biblical studies her trust in the Lord, and He never suf- and history and music. Last year fers her to lack any good thing. In there were 14 students in the seminary telling of her work in the meetings she and 23 in the training school which is conducted in conjunction with the often weeps over the sins of the women seminary. This institution is centrally of China and the souls of her relatives out of Christ. One day, when out preaching the Gospel in the homes of located, and is growing in size and the women, she was asked: "How much do you receive for your work?" and her usefulness. '

reply was: "Nothing; I do it because I An Interesting Chinese M~azine love the Lord Jesus." Not a few will agree with her superintendent that such The Ta Tung Faa, a weekly publiservice is bound to make an impression cation for the leaders of Chinese on the minds of the heathen. thought and public Op1l11On, was Valid Evidence of Conversion started at the beginning of 1904 by A toiler of the Christian and Mis- Rev. W. Arthur Cornaby, of the Wessionary Alliance reports: leyan Mission, lent to the Christian Literature Society for China. It was The most striking conversion at one then a single-folded sheet, but has station was that of a lad, eighteen years of age, the nephew of a military official. since grown into a two-penny maga- Altho thus connected with an official of zine of thirty-eight pages. For some rank, the young man freely and boldly time it has had 2,500 subscribers confest Christ as his personal Savior, and among the Chinese officials; all the there is reason to believe that his tes- timony will be the means by which viceroys and governors of the provothers of his class will be led to Christ. inces have taken it in; and of late One of the converts at Wuchow took a months it has had a constant reader position as Chinese cook on a steamer in Prince Tsai Tse, cousin of the plying between that city and Hongkong.

The class of men employed on these Emperor, who wrote a letter to the boats is such that he found a strong editor (August I) for publication, en- "anti-Jesus" atmosphere in which to let closing his photograph to be reprohis light shine. He said: "These people duced as a frontispiece, and saying he just vie with one another to see who can invent the best plan to provoke me to had gained much instruction and inanger. They want to see a Christian spiration from its articles. And this lose his temper, and so have this to say in regard to a journal which, while against the Jesus doctrine. Only a few dealing with all general topics for the days ago I overheard several of them uplift of China, has published some talking together (they not knowing that very direct presentations of the claims I was listening to their conversation). of God and Christ. They were saying: 'It is truly strange that we can not make this Jesus-man angry.' Well, it is not 1, but Jesus and A Mandarin to an Archdeacon His grace that keeps me for His glory."

A Union Theological Seminary Just before Archdeacon Maule left China, a mandarin, who rules over The catalog of the Presbyterian 695,000 people came to him to say Union Theological Seminary, Nan- good-by. Altho he is not yet a Chris- king, China, has been received. This tian, he is 110t far from the Kingdom institution was founded in 1904, and of God, as the following conversation opened for instruction in 1906, by the will show: missions in Central China of the "Your Excellency," said the Arch- Northern and Southern Presbyterian deacon, "I have one wish for you far churches. The faculty consists of more than long life, far better than Rev. ]. W. Davis, professor of the- peace in your great district. What I ology, and Rev. J. Leighton Stuart, want for yot! is eternal life through professor of New Testament Litera- Jesus Christ ottr Lord."

ture and Church History, and Rev. "I know," the mandarin said, "you gave me a New Testament. I put it Yang, and is a Methodist preacher doing in the place of honor in my reception- excellent work. room. Be sure of this. It will be my care to watch over the little mis- Dr. Wells says: "This story is sion-halls and the little bands of Chris- strengthened by the exact way in tians you have scattered through my which we can trace it to its source, district. May I ask you to request and also in ascertaining that the man your pastors and teachers and alI the is now engaged in Christian work. Christians to be consistent Christians, not to return evil for evil, not to wish The gift of $ r5 will do more than for vengeance, but to be patient, and all do well?" merely reimburse the man, for I be- lieve that when it is known in the "Thank you, my friend," replied the districts where the man visits it will archdeacon, "I will pass it on." be a veritable cruise-of-oil sort of gift, and will be for the glory· of God." -The Missionary.

The Man Who Gave His Ox JAPAN A returned missionary from Korea A Jubilee Christian Conference in 1909 relates an incident of a devoted native Christian who, in order to complete a It is proposed to hold a jubilee church, sold his ox for 30 yen ($r 5), Christian conference next year to celand afterward the plowing was done ebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of Christian work in modby himself and brother drawing the ern Japan. It will be held under the plow, while the father held the han- joint auspices of the Japanese Chrisdles. Rev. J. O. Reavis, in an address tians, as represented by the Japanese in the First Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Alliance, and of the mis- Selma, Ala., related this incident, and sionary bodies, as represented by the it made a deep impression upon the standing committee of cooperating audience as a testimony of the desire Christian missions in Japan. Comof the Christians in Korea to help mittees of eleven missionaries as the general committee of arrangements themselves and to make sacrifices. for the celebration. With one excep- Following the SErvice a gentleman met tion the missionary half of the comthe pastor of the church on the street. mittee is exclusively American, the Giving him $r5, he said that he exception being Mr. Shortt, of the wanted that man to have his ox again, Canadian Church Mission (S. P. G.). and requested that the Korean Chris- The English Church missions are untian be found and given the money. represented. Mr. Reavis at once wrote to Rev. Christian Forces in Japan William M. Junkin, of Korea, and his There are now accredited to Japan reply enclosed a letter from Rev. J. 886 missionaries, including their wives, 404 Japanese ordained minis- Hunter Wells, M.D., superintendent of ters, and 6g8 unordained ministers and the Caroline A. Ladd Hospital at helpers ( men) , and 395 Japanese Pyeng Yang, which gives the informa- Bible-women. There are 64,62I Prottion that the man has been found. estant Christians, 59,437 Roman From Dr. Wells' letter we take the Christians, and 29,573 Greek Chris- tians in Japan. Young Men's Chrisfollowing: tian Associations, 69; Young Wom- en's Christian Associations, r3; Sun- The man, named Pai Ni II, lived in day-schools, 832, with 45,000 teachers 1900 in a community where the people and pupils in the same. were unable to complete the building of a church. It seemed impossible to get Ten years ago not a teacher in one the additional money needed. This de- of the large city schools was a Chrisvoted Korean Christian sold his bullock tian and the pupils were forbidden to to get the money, and the church was completed. Aft~r selling his ox h.e an.d his brother got Illto the traces, whIle hIS old father directed the plow, and so they tilled the fields. Pai Ni II now lives at a place about 250 Ii south of Pyeng

GENERAL MISSIONARY

attend Sunday-school; now five of Protestant Christians, some of whom those teachers are Christians and the have come up from Egypt in the govpupils are encouraged to attend Sun- ernment service, constitute a strong day-school. When two years ago a agency for reaching others. Four naunion hymnal was printed it was tive missionaries, supported by the thought that 50,000 would meet the Egyptian Church, are at work in this demand, but 150,000 have been sold, region. The board has received and another large edition has been is- $100,290 . sued to meet the constant demand. Coptic Clerics Receiving Bibles Royalty Giving to Christian Work A specially bound and inscribed copy of the Arabic Bible has been The value of the gifts made by the presented by the committee to his Emperor and Empress of Japan for Holiness the Patriarch of the Coptic various forms of Christian work can Church, and a similar Bible to the not be measured in terms of Japanese Archbishop of Behera and Menoufieh, currency. They have given IO,OOO who resides at Alexandria. Both these yen for the Young Men's Christian dignitaries gave a very cordial recep- Association tent-work in Manchuria, tion to the Rev. A. Taylor, secretary and 1,000 yen for the work of Mr. of our society, when he visited Egypt Hara in behalf of ex-prisoners, and early in the year. The Coptic Church promised 1,000 yen per annum for ten is steadily increasing in sympathy with years for the Okayama orphanage. Bible distribution, and the movement More valuable than the money is the inaugurated by some of the younger influence of the act upon the people, men to cooperate with the Bible Sowhose attention is called to the hu- ciety is being developed with enthumanity and benevolence of Chris- siasm and excellent results.-Bible in tianity. the World.

How a Japanese Became a Christian A Royal African School A new member of the Imadegawa Budo is noted for its long connec- Church, in telling how he became a tion with the kingship in Uganda. Christian, said: "I was an atheist, am- Here on the rising ground every new bitious, restless, discontented. I put king was seated and proclaimed to my boy into the kindergarten here have "eaten Buganda." Near by is from curiosity, to see what the effect the site of the king's house, and here would be on him. I watched to see. the kings formerly speared poor peas- He brought home queer ideas that my ants to show their power over life and habits of life didn't agree with, which death. To-day on this hill the young made me think. I concluded they Christian king of Uganda has opened would be good for my wife to practise. the king's school for boys. Here the Then I began to study the Gospel and Church Missionary Society missionto go to meeting myself; restlessness aries are training the Uganda lads in and discontent left my heart, and the ways of civilization and the Chrispeace came in. Christ satisfied me." tian life. This is one of the many He and his wife are happy, active signs of progress in Central Africa. Christians.-Florence H. Learned.

AFRICA Progress in Kamerun The Egyptian Mission The Basel Missionary Society an- nounces in its last annual report that The United Presbyterian Church in more than 1,200 heathen were bap- Egypt has had 954 accessions on pro- tized by its missionaries in Kamerun fession of faith-the largest number during J907. Thus the work in the on record. In northern Sudan the German colony in West Africa, tho chief work centers about the junction the youngest branch of the whole, of the two Niles, where a group of comes to the front. The report says

about Kamerun, "The schools increase Church Union in South Africa in number and are becoming better and better attended. The increase in An important Union Conference the number of pupils has been five or was held in Johannesburg on the 23d six hundred during the year. In the and 24th of July, when ministers and oldest part of our work, at Duala, at laymen b.eIonging to the Wesleyan, the Kamerun River, where the fruits Presbytenan, Congregational, and of the labors of the Baptist missionary Baptist churches came together from Saker are appearing, and which was all parts of South Africa. Dr. Mctransferred to our society by him, Clure, of Cape Town, presided, and there is coming a precious harvest. the spirit of brotherhood, and large- The heathen population is awakening ness of outlook was conspicuous and longing for the Gospel. Many throughout the discussions. The conbecome Christians there. In other dis- ference was called for the purpose of tricts we see an increasingly rapid ex- formulating a basis of union between tension of the work, as in Sakbayeme the four denominations, but the Weson the Sanaga River, and in Man- 1eyan delegates brought a resolution gamba. The work in the latter dis- which declared that the time was inoptrict has extended so much that the portune for action, an~ the Baptists opening of a new station has become declared that union was impossible eximperative." cept on the basis of immersion. Both Wesleyans and Baptists were sympa- Opportunity in Haula Land thetic, but they hesitated to make a decisive step in advance. British Sudan, northern Nigeria, or Rausa Land, covering 320,000 square ISLANDS OF TH~ S~A miles and containing a population of some 20,000,000, lies near the west Papua, or New Guinea coast of Africa in the basin of the upper River Niger. This region was This island has an area of over taken over by the British Government 300,000 square miles (equal to Texas in 1900, with Sir Frederick Lugard and Louisiana), and a population of in command of a military force, and nearly 1,000,000. It lies under the is divided into sixteen provinces. The equator and its native races are lower natives are far advanced toward civ- than the African, through the Ausilization, having walled cities, making tralian aborigines. The island is their own clothes, shoes, hats, glassware divided between Great Britain, Holand brassware. They have great herds land and Germany. of cattle, horses, sheep and goats; have their own teachers, lawyers and doc- The Commissioner for Lands retors. Tho the ruling class are Mo- ports on the total area of land granted hammedans, they are compelled to tol- for religious pnrposes, or held by the erate Christianity. Missionaries are societies, under fee-simple or lease. given free access, free land, no taxes, "The London Missionary Society has the Government also carrying them 223 blocks, with an area of 1.436 and their goods on steamers at ha1£- acres; the Roman Catholic Mission, fare. Work has been begun in six of 56 blocks, with an area of 1,354 acres; the provinces, the Sudan United Mis- the Methodist Mission, 124 blocks, sion working up the Benue; the with a total area of 780 acres (since Church Missionary Society north of this report was written a lease of 1,000 the Niger among the Rausas, while acres has been applied for); the the Sudan Interior and the Mennonite Anglican Mission, 41 blocks, with missions are located among the N upe. 2,958 acres." The Government Sec- Nearly twoscore men and women are retary, in his report on the various at work, and the first converts have missions, gives information as to already been baptized. spheres of labor, and the agents em- ployed. From this report we learn that in 1907 the London Missionary Society had 25 English missionaries, including wives, and one lady assist- lore. Dr. Duthie was greatly beloved ant; with ISO South Sea Islanders and and esteemed by his fellow mission- Papuans; the Roman Catholics, 68 aries in India and leaves behind him European members of the staff, from a great heritage in the college, the Prance, Germany, Italy, Belgium, catechists' class, the press, the reading Holland, and Switzerland, with two sisters only hailing from Australia; the rooms, and the Y M. C A. He was Methodist Missionary Society, 18 missionaries, wives, and sisters, with 70 also a vice-president of the B. and F. South Sea Islanders and Papuans; the Bible Society 'Auxiliary, a member of Anglicans, 23 from Australia, 35 the South Indian Missionary Associa- South Sea Islanders, and 17 Papuans. tion, and editor of the Gleaner. All unite to do him honor and give thanks DEATH NOTICES for his life and work.

Dr. F. F. Ellinwood, New York Rev. Dhm-njibhai Nm-oroji. of India Rev. Francis Field Ellinwood, D.D., One of the early converts of Dr. for 36 years Secretary of the Presby- John Wilson, who has been an orterian Board of Foreign Missions and dained native minister of the Free for some years Professor of Compara- Church of Scotland for sixty-two tive Religions at New York University, years, recently died in Bombay at the died at his home in Cornwall, Conn., age of 86. Mr. Naoroji's converof paralysis at 82 years of age. He sion in 1839 created intense excitement was born in Clinton, N. Y, in 1826 in the Parsee community and the miland was graduated from Hamilton itary forces were called out to preserve College, pmsuing his theological the peace and protect the life of the studies at Auburn and Princeton, and young convert. being graduated from the latter university in 1853. After pastorates in Sybil Carter, the Indian,' Friend the Second Presbyterian Church at Belvedere, N. J., and in the Central In the death of Miss Sybil Carter, Presbyterian Church in Rochester, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, N. Y, he was appointed Secretary of the American Indian women have lost the Presbyterian Board of Foreign a most able friend and advocate. Miss Missions in 187I, and remained in that Carter was enthusiastic and untiring office until a year ago. He was the in her work for the Indians and was author of "The Great Conquest," well known for her development of the "Oriental Religions and Christianity," manufacture and sale of Indian lace. "Questions and Phrases of Modern Missions," and other missionary books Mn. Muterman, of Jerusalem and pamphlets. It is with deep regret that we re- Dr. Ellinwood was a man of unusual port the death at Jerusalem of Mrs. ability as speaker, writer and director. Lucy Nazarina Masterman, the wife of He was highly esteemed and beloved Dr. E. W. Gurney Masterman, one of by those who knew him and by the the missionaries of the London Jews' large number of those who have been Society. Mrs. Masterman was the influenced by his words and his personality. The Chmch owes a deep daughter of the Rev. J. Zeller, CM.S. debt of gratitude for the self-denying and efficient service of this man of Missionary at Jerusalem, and grand- God. daughter of Bishop Gobat.

Rev. J. Duthie, D.O., of India Mrs. Lobenstine. of China Rev. J. Duthie, who for over fifty The Presbyterian Mission in China as well as the bereaved husband and years was a missionary of the London friends have been brought into deep Missionary Society in Travancore, In- sorrow by the death of Mrs. E. C dia, passed away on July 3d at Banga- Lobenstine, who went out to China in I902 and died on June 5th of this year. Her Christian influence was widely felt and abides after her de- parture. THE TRAGEDY OF KOREA. By F. A. Mc- among these Indians. It includes the Kenzie. Svo, 312 pp. Illustrated. $2.00. coming of Lewis and Clark in r80s, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 1908. the beginning of missionary work, the Whitman massacre, the great revi- The author of this very interesting val, wars, 'experiences in teaching and chapter of Korean history was the cor- on journeys and a record of the progrespondent of the London Daily News ress of civilization. The history is during the Russian-Japanese War, and worth recording and worth reading. by a subsequent residence in Korea became familiar with the situation. 'INNING THE Boy. Lilburn Merrill, M.D. The book is especially valuable as an Introduction by Ben. B. Lindsey. offset to the influence of Dr. Ladd's I2mo, 160 pp. 75 cents, net. Fleming volume on "With Marquis Ito in Ko- H. Revell Co., New York. 1908. rea," which presents entirely the Japanese view of the situation. Mr. Christians are waking up to the McKenzie confesses to disappoint- necessity of saving the boy in order ment at the outcome of the Japanese to save the man. We are also learnoccupation of Korea and very severely ing how to win rather than conquer criticizes the Japanese treatment of the him. Such a book as this throws a natives. He acknowledges the weak- flood of light on the boy problem, for ness of the Korean Government, but Dr. Merrill speaks from wide expehe sees that Japan is breaking treaty rience that has brought practical reobligations and is imposing on a sults. Judge Lindsey commends him weaker nation by cruelty, theft and highly, and the ideas and plans pregeneral disregard of Korea's rights. sented commend themselves for sanity, In an unusually readable style he de- humanity and Christianity. Moreover, scribes the main events of the past the stories of these boys of Denver twenty years that have led to the pres- are of fascinating interest-the weak ent situation. While not a missionary and the strong, the honorable and the book, it is extremely valuable for an vicious, are all boys and worth saunderstanding of the conditions that ving. Dr. Merrill not only presents face the missionaries to-day. facts and true ideals, but he gives many valuable suggestions as to work THE NEZ PERCES INDIANS SINCE LEWIS AND for the physical, moral and spiritual CLARK. By Kate C. McBeth. Fleming regeneration of "the kid." Read the H. Revell Co., New York. I90S. book for pleasure and profit.

The Nez Pei"ces-"the people of VERLING WINCHEL HELIN. A memorial the pierced noses"-are among the pamphlet published by the secretaries most interesting tribes of Indians on of the International Y. M. C. A., in the American Continent. The adven- Japan. Tokyo. 1907. tures and successes of missionaries among them in their home in the Here is a sketch and appreciation Northwestern Rockies have a rare of one of the modern Christian nobleinterest. It was they who sent the men who, at thirty-two years of age, delegation to S1. Louis to ask for the gave his life for Japan. It is a story "White Man's Book of Heaven." that will inspire any man who reads They were nbt naked savages, but it to do better work for Christ. wore skin dresses and many ornaments. By nature kind and gen- THE KINDERGARTEN IN AMERICAN EDUCAerous, they treated the whi.te man well TION. By Nina C. Vandewalker. I2mo, until driven to desperatIOn by the 274 pp. $I.25, net. The Macmilla.n Co., cruelty and avarice of the more en- 1905. lightened race. While this book is primarily a his- The story which Miss McB~th tory of the progress of kindergarten tells is an entertaining one of her hfe work in America, it has also a distinct missionary value in connection with the training of children and child races. Already the kindergarten ideas ports. These are intended to be read.

have had a marked influence on Chris- They are carefully edited, well illus- tian education in emphasizing the best trated, attractively printed. They ideals and methods for the natural and are not likely to be relegated im- healthful development of children- mediately to the waste-basket or the principles which should certainly be report file. Why is it that so many studied in religious as well as in secu- good books and papers are so uninter- lar education. The chapters on "Edu- esting or so unattractive that their cational progress," "Church work," interest and value are not discovered?

and "Temperance" will be of especial This report of the ·Sudan Mission value to church and missionary work- makes good reading. The Sudan is ers. a vast territory in Central Africa, north of the Equator, that has scarcely THE CALL OF THE WATERS. Katharine R. been touched. Crowell. Illustrated, 12mo, 157 pp. So cents, net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New LEADERS IN CONFERENCE. Suggestions by York. 1908. Katharine R. Crowell. Presbyterian Woman's Board of Home Missions, New Not a book on work among fish- York. 1908. ermen or the island world, but a study of the Western Home Mission frontier Here is a most useful handbook of America, work for immigrants in for mission bands, societies and study camps, mining towns and farm lands, classes. It is a mine of suggestions.

and the physical and social betterment CHINA AND THE GOSPEL. Illustrated Re- of children and laboring classes. Miss port of the China Inland Missions. Crowell describes briefly the conquest IS., net. London, Philadelphia, Toronto. of the West and what missionaries 1908. have had to do with it; she also shows clearly that there are new frontiers Popular illustrated reports of the which must be possest by the work being done on the mission field Church if our national life is not to are of great value to men and women become sickly and corrupt. interested in the stirring events and signs of progress in the Kingdom. PIONEERS. Katharine R. Crowell. I2mo, One who fails to read the reports has 89 pp. Paper. 2S cents. Woman's no idea of the number of striking facts Board of Home Missions; 156 Fifth and stirring incidents that are given Avenue, New York. 1908. from the history of the year.

Here is an attractive text-book for MISSIONARY CALENDAR-190;J. Compiled miSSIOn study classes glvmg the by A. W. Roffe. I2X16 inches. 25 cents.

history of the progress of home mis- Christian Worker Publishing House, sions in the United States. The most 274 Bathhurst Street, Toronto, Canada.

unique feature is the series of six Each month occupies a page on this bird's-eye-view picture maps showing new calendar and contains some in- the changes on the American con- teresting photographic illustrations.

tinent from the discovery of America Each day is marked by a choice quota- up to the present year. Churches and tion relating to missions or Christian colleges have taken the place of wig- life and service. They are worth wams and stockades, and steamships memonzl11g. Such a calendar is ex- and railroads have displaced canoes cellent for use in homes or in mis- and war-paths. sionary societies.

Is IT TIME ?-Annual Report of the Sudan THE SOUTH AMERICAN MESSENGER. A spe- cially illustrated number devoted to the United Mission.. Edited by Wm. J. Indians of Brazil, is unusually inter- esting and commands attention-show- W. Roome. Pamphlet. 6d. Marshall Bros., London. 1908. ing, as it does, need for Christian work among these neglected people. Many of the denominational mis- South American Evangelical Mission, sionary boards could take pattern 60 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, Engfrom new and independent societies in land. 1908. the attractive form of their annual re- MISSIONARY POSTAL CARDS. I1Irs. Thos. R. THE MOSLEM WORLD. By Samuel M. Staley. Bristol, Tennessee. 1908. Zwemer. I2mo, 239 pp. 50 cents. Young People's Missionary Movement, These are unique in representing New York. 1908. missionary facts rather than pictures. They are diagrams and cartoons show- TWENTY YEARS IN PERSIA. By John G. ing the increase in native Christians, Wishard. Illustrated. I2mo, $1.50 net. the relative sizes of China and Amer- Fleming H. Revell Co. 1908. ica, the religions of the world, the men and money now devoted to missions, a ANCIENT JERUSALEM. By the Han. Selah missionary thermometer, the relative Merrill. Illustrated. Large 8vo, $6.00 size of parishes at home and abroad, net. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1908. etc. They are well designed to impress striking facts relating to world- AN ApOSTLE OF THE NORTH: MEMOIRS OF wide missions. BISHOP W. C. BOMPAS. By H. A. Cody. Bvo, 386 pp. 7s, 6d, net. Seeley, Lon- NEW BOOKS don. 1908.

BISHOP HANNINGTON. By W. G. Berry. THE LIFE OF SHELDON JACKSON. By Rob- I2mo, 208 pp. Illustrated. $1.00 ltct. ert Laird Stewart. Illustrated. 12mo, Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 1908. $2.00 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 1908. THE JUNGLE FOLK OF AFRICA. By Robert H. Milligan. I2mo, 380 pp. Illustrated. THE HEART OF THE STRANGER. A Story of $r.50 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New Little Italy. By Christian McLeod. York. 1908. Illustrated. I2mo, $1.25. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 1908. THE TRAGEDY OF KOREA. By F. A. Mac- Kenzie. I2mo, 312 pp. 1llnstrated. JOHN JASPER. Negro Preacher and Phi- $2.00 net. E. P. Dutton & Co., New losopher. By W. E. Hatcher. Illus- York. 190B. trated. 12mo, $r.oo net. Fleming H. Revell Co., N ew York. 1908. THINGS KOREAN. By Horace N. Allen. Illustrated. I2mo, $I.25 net. Fleming AFTER PRISON-WHAT? By Maud Balling- H. Revell Co. 190B. ton Booth. Illustrated. 3d edition en- larged. $r.25 net. Fleming H. Revell PRESENT-DAY CoNDITIONS IN CHINA. By Co. 1908. Marshall Broomhall. lzmo. China In- land Mission. London, Toronto, Phil- LETTERS FROM A WORKINGMAN. By an adelphia. 50 cents. Fleming H. Revell American Mechanic. I2mo, 191 pp. Co. 1908. $1.00 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., ~J' ew York. 1908. THE NEW ATLAS OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE. 23 maps prepared by Edward Stanford. REAL LETTERS TO REAL Boys. By Charles lOS, 6d, net. China Inland Mission, Keen Taylor. 16mo, 78 pp. 50 cents net. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. London. 1908. 190 8.

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