The Missionary Review of the World — December 1936

1936

A Young Church in Old Egypt E. E. Elder What Results in Central Africa?

Virginia M. Clarke The Evangelistic Value of Medical Work Rolla E. Hoffman Wanted, A Demonstration of Unity John J. Banninga Sen Lai Tsang, Missionary to Korea Mrs. C. S. Deming Home Missions in Modern America E. D. Kohlstedt Roman Activity in Pagan Africa Kenneth G. Grubb 25 Cents a Copy $2.50 a Year

to Remember CHl1Rc:H Here Is t:he

M"N"GEMENT> Christ:mas Present: for Your December 9-11 – Biennial meetiDg, Federal Council of Churches, As- Past:or and Missionary bury Park, N. J. '::~::."~: ,. ~~: :.W GIVE him a year's suhscription to Church Janu.ary 4-6–Committee on Women's Management. A hright, dynamic profes- Work of the Foreign Missions Con- ference of North America, Asbury sional magazine for clergymen which keeps Park, New Jersey. them in touch with the newest developments January 6-8-Foreign Missions Con- ference of North America, Asbury in the home field. Park, New Jersey. A recently added "Minister's Wife Department" brings in material January 11-14, 1937 – Annual Meet- on programs and methods for the women's activities in the church. ings, Home Missions Council and The Council of Women for Home $2.50 per year; $1.25 for six months Missions. Asbury Park, N. J. (We will send an attractive gift card to your heneficiary if you so request) February 8-13-International Council of Religious Education, Executive CHURCH MANAGEMENT Committee and Associated Meetings. Chicago, Ill. Auditorium Building :: Cleveland, Ohio NATIONAL PREACHING Presbyterian Board of Foreign Mis- Mrs. A. L. Wiley, Presbyterian MISSION sions. For almost 60 years, Dr. Mc- missionary of Ratnagiri, India, on Afee has maintained some form of June 23, received the Kaiser-i-Hind Nov. 29-Dec. 2-Philadelphia. official connection with the foreign medal, third class, in recognition of Dec. 3-6–Boston. missionary enterprise of the Presby- her faithful work among the children Dec. 6-9-New York City. terian Church in the U. S. A.-first as in that area. Many tiny tots have Foreign Missions chairman of his grown to Christian manhood and FLORIDA CHAIN OF MISSION- presbytery and then, in succession, ARY ASSEMBLIES synodical chairman, Board member, . womanhood under her care. October, and for the past six years, one of its January 16-19, 1937-Jacksonville. 1936, marked the end of 41 years of January 19-20–Lake City. • • • secretaries. service which she has given in India. January 20-22-Daytona Beach. Dr. John A. Rodgers, Secretary January 20-22-DeIand. for Annuities and Special Gifts on the … … January 23-27-Miami. Presbyterian Board of National Mis- January 26-27-Ft. Lauderdale. sions, retired on October 1. .T~e Rev. Charl~s Hodge Corbett, January 27-29-Palm Beaches. mInIster of educatlOn of Bay Ridge January 30-February 2-Orlando. ••• Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., February 2-4-Winter Haven. has been elected to succeed the late February 4-5-Ft. Myers. Dr. Edmund B. Chaffee as editor of February 4-5-Sarasota. The Presbyteri4n Tribune'. He was a February 6-11-St. Petersburg. missionary in China for seventeen February 7-1o-Clearwater. years, teaching in the North China February 10-12-Tampa. Union College. He returned to Amer- February 13-16–Tallahassee. ica in 1925.

Dr. Charles E. Maddry, a secretary of the Southern Baptist Foreign Mis- Personal Itellls sion Board, is home after a tour of Rt. Rev. Frederick Rogers Graves, the Board's missions in South Amer- ica. of the American Episcopal Church, • •• has been asked to continue hiB service in China where he has been for fiftyfive years. He had submitted his Mrs. A. K. Reischauer, of the Pres- Obituary Notes resignation because of advancing age byterian Mission in Japan, has been (now 78) but the House of Bishops awarded a special diploma for distin- The Rt. Rev. HoefnrMy eDxaicmo,eredlieAdveis~ asked him to hold on until the general guished service to the deaf. She was retired Bishop the pioneer in introducing oral educa- Houston, Texas, September 20, in his • • convention. • tion for the deaf in Japan, and 83d year. He had retired in 1928 founded the deaf-oral school, "Nippon Working quietly and steadily for 20 Geo. Evangeline Booth left Lon- Rowa Gakko," in Tokyo. years, during a period of one revoludon in November to undertake a world campaign, calling first at Port Said .::sFREE FOT tionary ~risis after another, Bishop to inspect one of the newest Salvation Min;"eT. Aves guIded the struggling missions Army centers. She expects to spend of the Episcopal Church in Mexico more than a month, including Christ- Why God Used D. L. Moody isnatmoestoilmidearmitiyniasntedrinsgtretnogtthh~' at the mas, in India, and conduct no fewer By R. A. Torrey British than sixty-five public gatherings at and American colonies in the critical various centers. The General will The Shorter Life of D. L. Moody years when open warfare was an al- Itllend six days in Ceylon, thence to By Paul R. Moody and A. P. Fitt most constant threat. Java, Singapore, Hongkong, Shanghai and Peiping. She will go on to Th_ two hooks will he given [0 the fint 1000 * … … Korea, reaching Japan on March 10, miniatere who will agree to conduct a "'Moody Day" and return to England across the lervice on Sunday, February 7, 1937, and win Dr. Bruce Kinney, recently retired preach an appropriate message in oheenance of the as on!! of the representatives of the United States. .> . . CeDtenary of D. L. Moody's birth. ~merIc~n ~aptist Home Mission So- CIety, dIed In Cleveland, Ohio, on Oc- Dr. Cleland Boyd McAfee reached W,.ite A. F. GaylorJ. Director tober 15. He was for 43 years a minhis 70th birthday on September 26, D. L. MooJy Centenary Celebration. ister .of Christ and 38 years ago was and on that date retired from the secretaryship for Japan, Siam, Chosen The Moody Bible Institute of Chicago w: appomted as a frontier missionary in and the Philippine Islands under the 153 INSTITUTE PLACE CHICAGO. ILL. the e~ whe!e he was superintendent of mISSIons In Utah and Wyoming (Concluded on 3d CO'IJer.) REVIEW OF THE WORLD High Speed DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor at Low Cost VOL.LIX DEC., 1936 No. 12 Speed is often so important when crossing to the Orient. That's-why Publication and Business Office– busy travellers go by Empress. You Third and Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. go faster . . . in maximum comfort . . . and at surprisingly low cost. Editorial and Executive Office- 156 Firth Avenue, New York City. Only 10 days to Yokohama by Entered as second-class matter at Empress of Asia or Empress of Russia. Or via Honolulu in just 3 Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under days more by Empress of Japan Act of March 3, 1879. (largest, fastest liner on the Pa~ific) or Empress of Canada. 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. low round-trip fares . . . First, Publlsbed monthly, except August. Tourist and Third Class. All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1935. British agents – Marshall, Morgan and Scott, 12 Paternoster Buildings, When your Call London, E. C. 1 shilling per copy. 10 shillings a year.

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by Willard

LISTENING TO THE GOSPEL ON THE BANKS OF THE NILE (REV. OSCAR BOYD PREACHING FROM THE IBIS) Photograph by Willard Price EAGER LIDARNERS IN THE BOYS' SCHOOL, ALEXANDRIA BUILDING MATERIAL FOR THE CHURCH IN EGYPT

NARY

REVIB ORLD VOLUME LIX AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER 12 DECEMBER, 1936 Topics of the Times THE CHRISTIAN MESSAGE OF PEACE sponsible for the war spirit. Russia, the commu- nistic Union of Soviet Republics, denies God's au- Thousands of sermons will be preached in thority and ideals and depends on armaments to Christian pulpits on Christmas Sunday, advocat- maintain peace with neighbors and within her own ing "Peace on earth, goodwill among men." But, borders.. Japan, the militaristic monarchy, seeks while God is the God of Peace, and the Gospel is to attain her ends by regimentation and force of the Gospel of Peace, Christ distinctly said, arms. Germany and Italy, the fascist totalitarian "Think not that I am come to send peace on earth; states, declare for an "armed peace," with their I 'came not to send peace, but a sword." This armaments able to defy all antagonists. Even startling statement has been proved true, for England and America are joining in the race. strife has characterized national life during the There may be an armed truce, and a restraint whole Christian era-though war is contrary to from active warfare, but it is due to fear of force Christ's mission of peace. and not to the spirit of friendly harmony which Look over the world. Never were nations so fe- underlies all true peace.

verishly arming themselves and preparing for war What then is the Christmas message of peace?

as they are today; never was so much spent on It is that Christ came to proclaim God's love and armaments and war materials; never have there His desire that men should cease from rebellion been so many wars and rumors of wars-political, against His will and should be at peace with Him.

economic, social and religious. This is in spite of This is the only effective basis of "peace among the influence and ideals of Christ and the peace men." The sword of strife will be sheathed, or propaganda and pacifist movements. There can turned into a plowshare of peace, when men join be no doubt that Christ desires peace, but if He in allegiance to Christ and yield their wills and came to establish general peace among men and their lives and their possessions to the Will of nations, there does not seem to have been much God. There is no other way ; all peace movements progress toward reaching His objective. Never- promoted on any otlier basis are futile. As long theless God is the God of Peace; Christ preached as men fight against God they will naturally fight peace and bequeathed His peace to His disciples, against one another, if they can and dare. "There and they "preached peace by Jesus Christ" (Acts is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked." God 10: 36). and the State cannot both rule supreme over men's What, then, is the answer to the present prob- wills; neither can both God and self be supreme.

lem ·of disunity and strife in the world? The an- The most effective emissaries and promoters of swer is that there is only one basis of human peace on earth today are not "pacifists" who decry peace and that is "peace with God." The reason all conflict, or social workers who merely seek to for the "sword" that divided households as the bring about better living conditions. but they are result of Christ's coming to earth over nineteen the peacemakers who are recognized as "children hundred years ago-and that still divides families of God"; they are the Christian missionaries and and nations-is the fact that men are out of har- others who are seeking to win men to Christ and mony with God., We have neglected the one neces- to a life in harmony with God's will. Christ came sary basis of unity. As long as we-as individuals primarily to save men from sin-the sin of disoor as nations-are each seeking selfish ends, so bedience to the Will of God. He proclaimed for- long will we fear one another and put our trust giveness and peace by His sacrifice on the Cross in armaments. No one form of government is re- and so opened the Way of Life in God.

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Christmas is a time to preach peace, but only ity, must be taught in the home, the school, the the peace of God based on loving obedience to His church and the place of business. Law must be revealed will and manifested by love to our fellow shown to be not an enemy to liberty but a protec- men. It is love that brings peace because love tion and an ally to progress.

works no ill to one's neighbor. The Star of Beth- (7) Belief in God as a loving Heavenly Father, lehem and the Cross of Calvary are both the Chris- . and the just Ruler of human affairs, must be tian symbols of peace. taught to children from their earliest years. The movie and the streets often make crime seem easy, STILLING THE CRIME WAVE pleasant and profitable. Self-control and rever- ence for God must be shown by precept and ex- The government, social reformers, parents and ample as the Way of Life that brings happiness Christians everywhere are greatly disturbed be- and success. cause of the extent of crime and its spread in all Public libraries must be purged from unwholeparts of the world. The cost of crime in the some books and newsstands must be cleared of United States is estimated at thirteen billion dol- papers that present low ideals and lawless heroes. lars a year, seven times as much as we spend for Good reading is more influential than most forms education. The number of condemned criminals of good advice. It is a matter of record that only in penal institutions runs into hundreds of thou- two per cent of criminals!, when brought to trial, sands and lawbreakers out of jail are even more have been active members of any church. numerous. The worst feature of the situation is that youthful criminals are increasing. In Great As the basic cause of crime and lawlessness is Britain, a recent report states that forty per cent sin, so the only cure for these evils is a. turning of the crimes were committed by persons under to God and an intelligent regard for His laws. twenty-one years of age; and the situation is even The New Testament gives us three definitions of sinworse in America. The chief causes of crime and lawlessness are (1) "Sin is transgression of the law"-a posi- tive disobedience to the revealed Will of God. idleness, ignorance, lack of high moral standards, broken homes, a desire to obtain money for power (2) "Whosoever knoweth to do good and doeth and: self-indulgence, and· an antipathy to all re- it not to him it is sin" ;-it is failure to follow the straints. But the basic causes of lawlessness are light we have. selfishness and a disregard for God as the Heavenly Father and Lawgiver. (3) "Whatsoever is not of faith is sin"-it is doing what we believe to be wrong, and failure What then is the cure for the present-day law- to live in harmony with faith in God as He is relessness and crime? Prof. Robert H. Miller of vealed in Jesus Christ. Manchester College, Indiana, gives a seven-point program: It has been the experience, both of individuals and of communities, that when the Gospel of Christ is accepted, and men take Him as their (1) Increased appropriations for education. Saviour and Lord, crime and lawlessness disap- Chicago has established a special school for "in- pear and men become good neighbors and good corrigible" boys-a school that instructs and citizens. This is evidenced in the word that has keeps them busy with wholesome technical train- recently come of the transformation of a very ing and recreation. . primitive, lawless people of Papua (in the South (2) Keep young folks busy. Do not let them Seas) . These people were sorcerers and took a be idle and out of work. Six million between the pride in murder. Their women all refused to acages of sixteen and twenty-one are now out of cept a man as a husband until he had murdered school and out of work. someone. They were superstitious and ignorant (3) Vocational training-teach every child to in mind and filthy of body. They were shiftless use his or her hands and mind in some useful em- and poor, and filled with fear and enmity. The ployment-something creative in which he or she Australian Government attempted to control. to can find satisfaction. discipline, to cajole or to punish offenders but (4) The Church must increase her ministry to without success. All the men served jail sentences youth-in the home, school, church and business. and then returned to their old life. Then came Environment must be improved and leisure hours messenger§ of the Gospel of Christ-people of occupied to profit. their own race who had experienced Christ's (5) Punishment for wrongdoing must be made transforming nower. These messengers did not more sure. swift and fitted to the crime. Senti- begin by teaching the savages to build better ment must not interefere with justice. Youth houses and to make better gardens, nor did they must learn that crime does not pay but that crimi- begin by teaching them the evils of crime and adnals do. vantages of law observance. They simply told (6) Respect for law, and for those in author. them of their own experience of Christ, the Son

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

of God, who so loved them that He came to give 800,000 people in Travancore moving Christward. His life for them; they revealed the effect of His The leaders express a desire to see their whole love and His power in their own lives by their un- community embrace Christianity and a large selfish, joyful service. The pagans were astound- body of Indian Christians have offered to give ed at this new way of peace and power and they their services as volunteer evangelists and teachresponded to the teaching. Before long they de- ers for this ingathering. The difficulty is to care stroyed their paraphernalia of sorcery, gave up for their transportation and training. "Hundreds their evil ways and began a new life. Crimes of of villages are crying out for teachers and tens violence and theft and sins of impurity have now of thousands are seeking Christ." The awakening been discarded. Of their own accord whole vil- is reported also in the Punjab, the United Provlages now rise early in the morning, go for their inces and elsewhere. The Bishop of Dornakal bath and have their "quiet time" to learn God's estimates that in his district alone one million will. They have discarded fighting and send their people are moving Christward. children to school; some have built new, clean villages, with communal gardens, and live as one The opportunity and challenge is likely to grow great family. during the coming months as the disillusioned Untouchables seek some escape from the oppres- Here is an example of the natural fruit of Chris- sive bonds of Hinduism-already they are turntian teaching, without any attempt to coerce or ing to Christ and asking for baptism at the rate persuade the people to accept any specified rules of 15,000 every month. This is influencing the or regulations. These former savages are al- caste Hindus also as they see the new birth and ready an example to civilized America and the re- new life of those whom they have despised. sults have astounded government officials. Where are teachers to be found to train these "Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is lib- open-minded seekers? The Indian churches are erty." He who stilled the stormy waves on the poor and the mission boards are still short of Sea of Galilee is the One who can still the crime needed funds. There is still money available for wave today, if men will but obey Him, as did the the things men want most. The boards at home winds and the sea. might unite in presenting the facts to Christian stewards at home and offer, if suitable teachers MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF INDIA are found who will volunteer to give their time, to finance one-half the expense for their board Because of its ancient culture, the number of and travel for a five year campaign if the Indian religions, the size of its population and the multi- churches will care for the other half. The mistude of its unevangelized villages, India presents sionary forces in these areas also need strengtha peculiar and powerful challenge to the Church ening- and new vernacular literature must be supof Christ. The first Christian testimony is re- plied for the growing churches. ported to have come to India nearly 1900 years ago and Christian missions have been carried on It would be unwise for American and British there for the last six hundred years. Protestant Christians to assume the whole financial responsiwork began in 1706 and the first British mission- bility and control but they can still act as true aries entered one hundred and forty years ago; partners of the Indian churches in the work of yet today not more than one in one hundred of winning and training these under-privileged the people are even nominal Christians and the classes for Christ. Prayer circles should also be number of non-Christians is at least double that started in churches at home and in India. The of 100 years ago. The encouraging fact is that National Christian Council and the National Misthe knowledge of Christ and His teachings has sionary Society of India might be the clearing permeated India and the general attitude of the house for a united campaign that will be cooperapeople has changed from one of bitter hostility tive and will avoid waste and overlapping effort. to one of respect and inquiry. "The task before the Church in India. is tremen- dous," says the Bishop of DornakaI. "It will tax Christian missions are largely responsible for all our available resources; but God is our partner the development of modern education in India, and will not fail. In the work of His Kingdom for the advance in modern medical service and nothing is impossible." for the elevation of women and children. The British Government has promoted peace, justice, DISAPPOINTED CANDIDATES education and economic betterment. Candidates for political office are not the only Great mass movements toward Christ have been ones who suffer disappointment when election reported in many places during the past fifty time passes. Missionary candidates are also too years, with whole villages of the Depressed often disappointed-sometimes even after their Classes ready to come under Christian instruc- election, but more often because of failure to be tion. Today the Rev. T. G. Stuart Smith reports selected and given a field of service.

Among the elect some are disappointed when mission field. One applied who had nursing qualithey reach their field, because they find that they fications, but not the spirit Of Christ. She was are not adapted to the work or field assigned. sent at large expense but within one year had In spite of carefully prepared candidate papers to be recalled after having done harm rather than and examinations, their physical, mental or spir- good. A lesson was learned. When a doctor apitual equipment may be inadequate. Others, who plied for the same field, a frank letter was sent have an ambition to devote their lives to preach- to him, setting forth plainly the difficulties of ing the Gospel to the unsaved, are sometimes pioneering without much modern equipment; he called upon to fill vacancies in schools or colleges was warned of the financial sacrifices necessary, to teach purely secular subjects-and little time the problems involved in living in a small intimate and strength is left for evangelism. One mission- circle, the need for vital prayer life and Bible ary in India bewailed the fact that an under- searching, and the fact that evangelism by word staffed teaching force in the mission college neces- and life is the primary work of the mission in sitated his being called to teach and to neglect which all were expected to take a part. That evangelistic work for which he had volunteered. doctor went prepared for what he was to face. Or the business or executive end of the mission may be so absorbing that there seems little or no Disappointments of candidates and in canditime for purely Gospel work. dates, and disappointments on the mission field and at home cannot always be avoided but they Disillusionment also sometimes comes because can be greatly lessened by greater care in the of false ideas of missionary life gained from ro- study of the fields, more frankness in dealing mantic authors and speakers who present the with candidates and more earnest prayer and cause at home. The needs, opportunities and sacrifice, with a determination to know and follow rewards, of field work are sometimes so attrac- the spirit and mind of Christ in the work to tively presented that young men and women vol- which He has called us. The missionary enterunteer who are not ready to endure the hardness prise is not a human undertaking but a divine of pioneering, who do not realize the difficulties calling to follow a divine Leader. No man or of the field to which they are going; they are woman, called of God to work for Jesus Christ in not prepared for the disappointments due to work- the salvation of men, need be idle or disappointed ing with and for uncongenial and unresponsive because of lack of support and opportunity. Even people, or to live without the comforts and cul- invalids may have a great part in the work tural opportunities of the homeland. through prayer and gifts and personal testimony wherever their lot is cast. "For if there be first Other disappointed candidates are those who a willing mind, it is accepted according to what never reach the field because no one will take the a man has, not according to what he has not." responsibility for sending and supporting them. But at times general appeals come from the field D. L. MOODY CENTENARY which arouse interest that cannot be harnessed to action. A recent article appeared in THE REVIEW The life of D. L. Moody, the famous Evangelist, which told of the religious destitution in many finds its lengthening influence in the Moody Bible districts, in Maine. Two missionary-minded Chris- Institute of Chicago, founded by him fifty years tian teachers wrote to the author of the article, ago. The year 1937 will witness a world-wide offering their services freely to conduct summer celebration of the centenary of the birth of the Daily Vacation Bible Schools. The reply failed great Christian evangelist and educator. His to mention any needy towns or any way of serv- ministries in Great Britain and America added ice. Disappointment and failure was the result. many thousands to the ranks of those accepting A similar experience is noted with regard to of- Christ as Saviour and awakened sleeping profers to help other churchless communities in the fessors of the Christian faith to vital action. United States. The Hartford Band has offered to go to any needy field but no one is ready to On February 2, 1936, nearly six hundred send them. churches in the United States and six other lands, celebrated "Moody Day" with heart-kindling serv- What is the remedy for these disappointments? ices that resulted in the winning of many to Christ Is it not first to be found in accurate information? and in aw!kening or deepening interest in the The fields must be studied in detail, as Robert study of the Word of God, and the winning of Arthington studied them, so that the facts will souls. Another "Moody Day," with a much wider be known; the candidates must be studied indi- observance, will be celebrated on the centenary vidually as to fitness and they must be fully in- of Mr. Moody's, birth, February 7, 1937. It is formed as to facts. There is no excuse for hoped that more than a thousand pastors and knowingly sending out unqualified candidates churches will join in prayer and action for the merely because a place needs to be filled. One spiritual good of all who participate. case in point-a nurse was sorely needed on a

A Young Church in Old Egypt*

By the REV. E. E. ELDER, Cairo Missionary of the United Presbyterian Church T HIS young Protestant Church in Egypt, the Christian church as the ultimate aim. The city cradle of one of the oldest civilizations, has of Assiut, 250 miles south of Cairo, and a strong passed its seventy-fifth birthday on April 13, Coptic center became his base of operation. A last year. The first American missionaries ar- number of vigorous churches sprang up in the rived in Cairo a little over eighty years. ago. In southland and by 1885, a year before his death, five years portions of Arabic Scripture and reli- there were in all Egypt nineteen organized con- gious books were dirstributed, a few mission gregations-six of them having pastors of their schools started and religious services organized. own. Most of these congregations were in the In September, 1859, the Lord's Supper was first immediate vicinity of Assiut, although there were administered by missionaries using the Arabic also mission workers in Alexandria and Cairo.

language and the first four converts were received The total membership was about 1,700.

into the evangelical fellowship. These included During the second quarter century many other a Coptic monk, an Armenian, a Syrian and an towns and villages further north in the neighbor- Egyptian. The first Evangelical congregation hood of Minya and al-Kom al-Akhdar, towns midwas organized in Cairo in 1863 and that- same way between Assiut and Cairo, were opened to year the Presbytery arranged for training classes evangelical preaching. The number of missionto prepare young men for Christian service. aries connected with the American Mission in- From these small beginnings, three-quarters of creased about threefold, some of them being loa century ago, there has de,veloped a church which cated in the great unevangelized centers of the numbers over 21,000 members, meeting in 143 Delta where more than half the population of organized congregations and 201 unorganized Egypt lives. Struggling churches, dependent circles. Of these congregations 114 have their largely on the encouragement and guidance of the own ministers; fifty-nine are self-supporting, and missionary, were organized in the provincial capcontribute to the general work of Synod. itals. A few months ago the editor of one of the prom- During this middle period the number of stuinent religious weeklies of America visited the dents in the Sunday Schools grew steadily until seminary for the training of pastors and was in- in 1910 there were almost 17,000 enrolled. At terested to learn that the building was erected al- the turn of the century the presbytery was dimost entirely from funds collected in Egypt by vided into four presbyteries and they in turn were the Egyptians. He was happily surprised to find organized into the Synod of the Nile. From the that the inscription over the building did not read, very early days of the American Mission's efforts, "The Seminary of United Presbyterian Church of Egyptian cooperation and leadershiJf had been the North America," but "The Theological Seminary longed for goal. By the close of these twenty-five of the Evangelical Church." years a plan had been formulated looking to finan- The seventy-five years of the Evangelical cial independence of the EgYl>tian Church. Church's history may be roughly divided into By 1910, seventy-two organized churches with three equal periods. During the first twenty-five many other centers could boast of more than years the dominant figure in the development of eleven thousand members. Twenty-two were self- Evangelical Christianity was Dr. John Hogg, a supporting.

Scotchman who believed that the method of win- The third quarter of the church's history conning the Moslem population to Christ was to evan- tinues the increase in organizations in the southgelize the Coptic Christians. Often a stumbling- land, but the remarkable growth again moved block to Moslems, they had long since lost under northward. At the opening of these last twentypersecution any incentive to preach the Gospel. To five years there was but one ordained Egyptian gain Egypt for his Lord, Dr. Hogg thought not pastor in Cairo. In March, 1912, just seventeen only of converting individual souls but of planting years after his ordination, another minister was an independent, self-sustaining, self-propagating called to become the pastor of a second congrega- • See Frontispiece. tion in the capital city. In March, 1929, the Prot- [567 ]

estant leaders of Cairo were gathered for the or- pose for His Kingdom knows no boundary of dination of another Evangelical pastor over a geography or race of social position or former church newly organized. One of the speakers re- religious loyalty. Facing the 13,000,000 Egyptian minded the audience that during the seventeen Moslems, we know that the work is far from be- years seven more congregations had been organ- ing completed. Just now the great problem of ized. If one is surprised at the remarkable our American economic life is the reemployment growth of these seventeen years, he may be of people without work. No one would consider amazed to learn that in the six years that have that the problem for 13,000,000 unemployed was since elapsed five other congregations have been solved by putting a meagre 50,000 to work. The formed, thus bringing the total of Evangelical present Evangelical Church in Egypt is only the congregations in Cairo and suburbs up to four- "seed corn" of an abundant harvest.

teen. All but four are financially independent. The young church, with all its strength and One of them, in addition to supporting the usual leadership, is still weak because of the conditions church work of a city congregation conducts a that surround it. Christians in America, although thriving day school for girls, and gave in 1934, largely outnumbering the Jews, have had little $850 to the mission work of the Nile Valley. success in persuading them to acknowledge and Many movements in the Church show that the follow as Lord One who was of their own race.

aim of the early missionaries for a self-govern- In Egypt the small Evangelical Church, drawn ing, self-propagating church was being realized. largely from the ancient Coptic race, is confronted A Laymen's and Elders' Society, organized in with an overwhelming Moslem majority whose 1918, contains the following paragraph in its first history is full of bigotry and persecution. How annual report: much more difficult is it to persuade members of The work in the cities and districts has steadily pro- a proud majority to accept teaching presented by gressed. There have been fruits of a spiritual awakening, a vigorous yet suspicioned minority of a despised the grace of giving, and"the spirit of brotherhood. May we not be able to prove to America that we are a worthy people. It is hard to find a strong enough analogy child able to carryon the plans of the church by the to picture the extreme difficulty of winning Mosstrength we have gained from her. Our Egyptian Church lem Egypt to Christ. Imagine what would be the now spends $75,000 annually on its work, why should it situation in America if the Negro population were still continue to beg $5,000 from the church in America commissioned to win the white people to a differfor the work of Synod when by fostering the Laymen'~ ent religion than that which they now profess. It and Elders' Movement we may be able to arrive at self- would be twenty times harder if only one in support and progress towards the greater work of reach- twenty of the Negroes had even a slight conceping the millions of unsaved in Egypt for the glory of the Lord. tion of the reality of their commission. Add to In 1926 the Synod assumed full responsibility that what would be the case if the convert must for the education of its ministry and the new not only change his religion but his social posi- Seminary building was occupied. One of the tion, his family relations and even his race. We missionaries has acted as chairman of the faculty might say, "We know the Negro has deeper reliand another serves on the Board. In Basil Mat- gious emotions than white men, but must we bethews' "Forerunners of a New Age," an inter- come Negroes in order to follow his religion?" pretative report of the 1934 Conference on Train- The thinking Moslem may admit the excellence of ing of the Ministry of the Younger Churches, he Christ's teaching, but very often he questions its expresses an fdeal that fits the situation in Egypt. application to him.

The real shaping of the life of a seminary-if it is to Missionary retrenchments and withdrawals of produce a life-giving ministry~must be in the hands of workers have led the young church in Egypt to the people of that lang. The control must be national. wonder how keenly America appreciates the crit- But to concentrate on control as such is not the Christian ical situation in Moslem lands. The attitude of way, for fellowship is the root of the ministry, and fellow- Americans seems often to be expressed: "In sevship transcends the chasms of East and West. enty-five years a church should reach maturity.

In spite of its seventy-five years the Evangelical 'It should now be left by itself to finish the work Church of Egypt is a young church. The task so well started." The ministers of the young of bringing the teeming population of the narrow church, almost to a man, believe that foreign mis- fertile valley of the Nile and its delta into fellow- sionary help is needed to complete the work so ship with Christ, the Saviour, has only begun. well begun. The Cairo Ministers' Association On the other hand a church with a community of gave to a missionary going home on furlough the 50,000 members and adherents, with an educated following message for the church at home: "Sup- ministry and its own church buildings, is well ad- port your work abroad; send out more mission- vanced towards the Christian ideal. Christ's pur- aries."

Results in Central Africa?

By VIRGINIA M. CLARKE, Bolenge, Africa Teacher in the Congo Christian Institute JOHN A. MACKAY has said that, "the evangel- brotherhood, a deepening of their characters and, istic task is, therefore, to make infinitely above all, a growing church which is rapidly be- meaningful and inescapable the heart of the coming more truly indigenous and has a real con- Gospel, God's revelation of Himself in Jesus viction of the need for a continued spread of the Christ in such a way that personality in its whole- Gospel by means of a more adequately trained ness shall respond to God." Innately religious, Christian leadership. the African has responded to the stimulus of God's love by becoming a Christian who is con- In the Mondombe field Bontamba Mark was scious that his whole life should be influenced by sent as an evangelist to a remote village. After Christ's principles. The Bible has become for only one year the things he had accomplished were him an inspired Book, guiding his thoughts and very evident. Seventeen new houses of better conactions through every hour of every day. This struction and with more adequate ventilation had consciousness of the impelling power of God's been built in the Christian village, sanitary con- Word has resulted in many changes in the Afri- ditions were improved and a clean water supply can's heart, character, attitudes and environment. was assured. A new church building had been erected, two schools were flourishing and fifty- The particular Africans whose progress we are three inquirers were ready for baptism. In the now considering belong principally to the Bank- Bolenge Christian village a number of wells have undo tribe dwelling in the Belgian Congo along been dug, many of them with good clear water. the equator where the Congo River crosses it for New little houses are being built of brick which the second time, in a territory which extends east each home builder has shaped and burned himfrom four to five hundred miles, and reaches self. An ingenious method of building is often north and south about two hundred miles. Living followed. While the family continues to live in grouped together in villages ranging from two the old mud house the brick walls are erected hundred to a thousand people, these Congolese are around the house. When the new roof is in place hearing the Gospel story from teacher evangelists the old home is torn down and the new house entrained in one of the six principal mission stations closes the family. Mark Njoji, the pastor of the which are seeking to serve this great field, Bo- Bolenge church, has just completed a fine brick lenge, Coquilhatville, Lotumbe, Monieka, Wema house, well pointed with cement on the outside and Mondombe. Although many of these evan- and the inside walls smoothly plastered with white gelists have received as yet only a quite limited clay. There he can shelter the many friends and education, their few months or years at the mis- relatives who seek his "house by the side of the sion station in close contact with the missionaries road." and other leaders have resulted in a zeal to win their people for Christ, a desire to improve their In Congo from time immemorial the birth of moral, physical and economic conditions, and a twins has necessitated a complicated ritual, but feeling of brotherhood with all rather than with one year twins were born to a. Christian couple just one closely affiliated group, such as the family attending the Congo Christian Institute at Boor clan. lenge. The parents were brave enough to disobey the heathen superstitions. The mother went to Because of the consecrated efforts of the mis- the mission hospital for the confinement. and sionaries and the native Christian workers rested quietly in bed for ten days instead of takthroughout more than thirty years of this mis- ing a twin on each hip and dancing the length of sion's existence some very definite results of the the village the day after their birth as custom dicimpact of the Gospel on the lives of these particu- tated. These twins were bathed and fed like reglar Congolese are now becoming evident. These ular babies and were not forced to fast at interresults encompass the whole life of the people, for vals. Each baby had a basket bed covered with a we are finding not only better homes, hygiene, piece of mosquito netting. The father actually sanitation, gardens, but also an increasing respect continued to go to school and to study as though for womanhood, a larger measure of charity for he were the father of only one. those outside the family, an expanding feeling of In addition to these exterior aspects of better [569 ]

hygiene and better homes there are more subtle "The women here are the rej oicing of this changes. There is a growing companionship be~ church!' That is very unusual praise for a tween husband and wife and a mutual respect for Congo man to give to women and so marks an each other's personality. One elder in the Lotumbe advance in the men's attitude. As a result of the church and his wife always begin and end the day continued spread of Christian ideals throughout by praying together. Numbers of young couples the Congo its womanhood is being gradually en- are learning through their association in the Sun~ nobled.

day school class, known as the Brave Hearts, to In a heathen society the Congolese feel no reeat together and to share their joys and problems sponsibility for those outside their own immediwith each other. No one who has not known ate families. But after they have heard the story Africa intimately can realize how radical is this of Jesus they learn to care for others. As a change in attitudes and customs. The establish- church or as a missionary society they share troument and development of the Christian home, as bles of their members and try to help them. The the parents learn to nurture their little ones in church at Lotumbe took up a collection for some the faith, is one very outstanding result of the of their members whose houses had burned down, Gospel in Central Africa. they paid for medical treatment and finally burial What About the Women? for a friendless old man who had wandered into town; they brought food and clothing for a sick Someone has said in substance, that no nation and crippled woman who was without a home, and can rise higher than its womanhood. In Congo they gave money each week to a former evangelthe woman's place has always been a degraded ist of the despised Batswa tribe who was ill with one. She is considered a piece of property, a tuberculosis. These are only a few of this housekeeper, a gardener, the bearer of children, church's charitable deeds, and they might be dubut never as a loved companion to be respected plicated in every church in Congo.

and cherished. A Congo proverb says, "To eat The Women's Missionary Society of the Bolenge with a woman is to eat with the devil himself." Church decided to give some gifts of food to one In spite of these traditional attitudes, Christ's of their members who had recently been left a love and principles are resulting in an increased widow with nine children. They brought live fish, respect for women, their personalities and abil- dried fish, manioc, onions, plantains, palm nuts, ities. Manners and little courtesies are often in- two kinds of cakes made of sweet manioc, corn dicative of an inner spirit or attitude, as in a and other food as well as a money gift of fifteen situation which occurred at Lotumbe two years francs (about fifty cents). On their regular meet- ago. A number of the young married couples had ing day the women gathered at the church with just finished a feast in the open air. The Sunday their gifts in large baskets and basins and went vesper service was soon to be held there. Before singing to her home. She had been warned in ad- the meeting the young men were sitting together vance so was wearing a clean dress for the first visiting while the women were putting things time since her husband's death. The house was away in a nearby house. When the women came freshly swept and the children were clean. One out of the house most of them took places some of the women made a little speech presenting the distance away, but the wives of the graduates of gifts and two others prayed. The widow was the Congo Christian Institute came over to where so moved by this expression of their Christian their husbands were sitting. There were not love that tears came to her eyes. The women had enough chairs so those husbands stood up cour- to explain to her that these were outright gifts teously and gave their chairs to their wives. Of and no one expected to receive anything from her, course that little incident doesn't sound a bit for in Congo a gift means that something must strange or unusual to the American woman who be given in return.

is accustomed to every courtesy, but for a heathen The Gospel has meant to the Congolese that in- Congo woman-well, it is simply unheard of. stead of being members of many unrelated tribes Some missionaries were going up the Ubangi with fierce jealousies, hatred and strife predom- River on the mission steamer, "The Oregon." They inating, they now belong to one fellowship with reached Bobolo, where there is an evangelist and love, loyalty and mutual helpfulness as their a good church. Captain John Inkima told them watchwords. This idea has been very aptly ex- about the church there and how the women had pressed by the students of the Congo Christian In- done most of the work of building it. He said stitute, a secondary school established seven years that at one time the men all went back to heathen- ago at Bolenge for the training of a higher type ism, but some of the women kept the church go- of Christian leadership. To that school come stu- ing. Later an evangelist was sent to them and dents of many tribes whose fathers and grand- the church reawakened. Then Captain John said, fathers were traditional enemies. In one gradu-

WHAT RESULTS IN CENTRAL AFRICA?

ating class of fourteen there were nine distinct ries on the affairs of the church with only occatribes represented. From the beginning of the sional counsel from the missionary. To attend the school they have marveled at the strong bond of Sunday morning service at this church is a real Christian love which bound them together and experience; for the pastor, the choir of ten male made them as one tribe. One student in writing voices and the audience join together to make a home to his parents said, "Here we do not belong truly inspiring and reverent period of worship, to different tribes, but to one tribe-the tribe of of which the celebration of the Lord's Supper is God." made the climax. Churches like this one are being duplicated by the score in many outstations This unity was put to the acid test when the throughout the Congo. very first Batswa students entered the school. The Batswa constitute the semi-pygmy slave tribe of Fortunately many government officials realize Congo which for generations has been despised the importance of the Christian evangelist and by the Bankundo and with whom no social inter- give him their support. One government official course was possible. But when these Batswa stu- after visiting with an outstanding evangelist of dents stepped off the boat they were greeted as the Lotumbe field aoout how best to stop some long lost brothers by those in the upper classes. objectionable heathen practices, said to him, Later when one of the Batswa wives was ill and "After all, one of you evangelists can accomplish could not go to the garden and prepare food for more than many soldiers because the people have her husband and four children one of the Bank- learned to respect and love you." Undoubtedly undo women volunteered to help her. She had a the lives and work of some of these earnest nabusy day, for there was water to carry from the tive evangelists, as well as the growth and despring, cassava to dig in the garden, bread to be velopment of the Christian Church in Congo, are made, and greens to be prepared. Having finished outstanding results of the Gospel in Central the household duties she sat down and visited Africa. with the sick mother, telling her all that had been done in school that day. What a revolutionary In the final analysis the very finest results of thing it was for her to have such close contact the Gospel are to be found in the changed lives with a woman of the Batswa tribe! The Gospel and characters of the people who have been message is being exemplified in these young folks' touched by its power. It is impossible to mention lives as they daily practice actual Christian all of the splendid Christians whose lives have brotherhood. been an inspiration to others, for their number is legion. Elima Salome is a deaconess in the Lo- A Phenomenal Growth tumbe Church. Her husband, Mbomba David, is an elder. For years they have kept their Chris- Thirty-one years ago an early missionary of the tian light shining before all people. Elima is a Disciples of Christ Mission, who was leaving leader among the women and was president for a Congo to go on furlough, left one mission station, long time of the Missionary Society, which sup- Bolenge, and about two hundred Christians. To- ported an evangelist in a distant village. She is day there are six stations and over forty-two thou- a Sunday school teacher as well, giving every Sunsand Christians. In the whole of the Congo the day of her radiant personality and Christian ex- Protestant Christians and adherents number more perience to the little ones of Lotumbe. Visiting than a million. All of these, of whatever mission, the sick, sharing with others her food and her belong to one church, L'Eglise du Christ au knowledge of Christ's love, Elima Salome exempli- Congo. This forward step has meant a great deal fies what a true Christian should become. to each individual Christian, for now each one feels more closely bound to his brothers in Christ Among the graduates of the boys' boarding throughout Congoland. This union has likewise school in Bolenge in the early days was Mpoku been a challenge to the Christians to continue Enoch. Early in 1908 he became a Christian and their efforts for a more truly indigenous Church has never once wavered in his faith since that in the Congo. day. A week after his baptism he went to a dis- tant village as a school-teacher. The next year At Coquilhatville, one of the provincial capitals he returned to the mission station and learned to of the Congo, there is a splendid Protestant set type and finally became foreman of the mission Church group which is an inspiration to all be- printing shop. Later Mpoku became enamored cause of the fine way these Congo Christians are of machinery and spent several years as an enconducting the work of their church. The board gineer on river steamers. When he returned to of elders, deacons and deaconesses called as their Bolenge in 1920 he was made a deacon of the pastor Bokomboji Pierre, a graduate of the Congo church. Then while acting as foreman of the Christian Institute, who is one of the five ordained sawmill he was chosen as assistant pastor of the ministers in the Bolenge field. This church is Bolenge Church and in 1927 was ordained to the now self-supporting, and the board of elders car- ministry. While continuing his pastoral duties

he attended the Congo Christian Institute and There are many more in this fine company of graduated in 1933. Since his graduation Mpoku's Congo Christians. There is Lokofe Moses and ministry has been continually blessed. He travels his wife, Weci Marie, who are both supervising for months at a time through the back country schools in Lotumbe; there is Imbanda Joseph villages, strenthening the churches, encouraging who, although holding a government position, is the evangelists, preaching the Gospel and building finding time to build a church in a village where churches. Everywhere Mpoku Enoch goes his there was none; there is Litele Samuel, who is winsome smile, his loving character and powerful the first traveling Sunday school secretary of this words bring many of his brothers to Christ. particular group of churches; there are innumer- able others, men and women, preachers, teachers, A young school-teacher, a graduate of the nurses, carpenters, brick masons, mechanics, Congo Christian Institute, went home and began hunters, fishers and clerks who are living changed his work. Perhaps he expected to find conditions and more abundant lives because of the redeeming very different, for he wrote the following to his power of Christ's Gospel. However, these Congo white teacher: "I am weary in spirit because I Christians and their missionary leaders have a wanted to begin teaching and preaching at once. certain worry deep down in their hearts as they see the present shortage of missionary funds with r find there is no house in which I may live, no its corresponding shortage of both missionary and native leaders to guide the ever increasing numchurch in which I may preach, and no school in ber of young Christians along Christ's difficult which I may teach. Now I must start right at the path. One of Congo's proverbs is, "Bambola very beginning. I have labored in the forest itswa, ioiya, wijima." (Light the lamp, put it bringing in poles for building, and I have cut out, darkness.) The Church of Christ has lighted boards for blackboards. I can't open my school the lamp of God's love in those hearts. Is the materials for there is no place to keep them, and Church in America going to let them drift into they would soon be spoiled. How much there is darkness again for the lack of sufficient guidance to do! We write the lessons on the sand of the and counsel? Or will the Church at home supply village path." What a strong spirit that young the lamps to enlighten Africa? teacher must have! Although he is disappointed in his situation, he is going to work to do and dare for Christ whom he serves.

Into the Forests of Central Africa* What a Pioneering Trip Means to a Missionary REV. A. G. MILL and his wife have lived in his wife have held this fort. Several times a year the Upper Congo for the last twenty-six he makes long trips into the dense forests back years as respresentatives of the English of the river. In a recent letter to his sister he de- Baptist Missionaty Society.. Fifty-five years ago scribes one of these journeys: ThOl:'):las J. Comber and George Grenfell started "As you know there is no summer and no winter in Africa in the generally accepted sense of these work'on the mighty Congo. In his little steamer terms. We made preparations for our tour in June when the intense heat is tempered by the the "Peace," Grenfell explored the Congo Basin heavy rains. We had no road maps to consult and wd~ the discoverer of the great Ubangi trib- since there were no roads. We lra-d no worries about taking dress-up clothes since we would have utary.N'o;wmission .stations, not only of the no social functions to attend-no grand churches in which to worship and no high-class hotels to English Baptist Society but the Disciples of patronize. All our baggage must be carried on the bare backs of the natives and our meals found Christ, the Atnerican Presbyterian Church South, as we went through the forests. We were going back from the great river highway-back into the the Methodist,(:Episcopal Church and the Congo hinterland tribes, some of whom had never seen a white man. Balolo Mission, are working harmoniously. "My wife and r went on bicycles and the na- Mr. Mill is Ideated at a small village situated at tives on foot. Back there tucked away in the the confluence of the Lomami and Congo Rivers. jungle are people with no civilization and with- About ten years ago he asked leave to push for- ward one hundred miles and plant an outstation at Yalikina, his preseJltstation, ,He realized that this was a sttategic lotation if the peoples on the banks of the great !Lomami were ever to be reached with th~ Gospel. Single ,handed he and . t! 1 '. '" .'.

• A letter seDLly, Aofrs. Cla,ra.' Anna Sinclair, of. Caldwell, Kansas.

INTO THE FORESTS OF CENTRAL AFRICA

out knowledge of the heavenly Father. Our faith- started out, the traveling adding to the pain of ful boys led the way, carrying packages. Soon the the injured wrist. road became narrower till only a path was left. Camping for the night under our mosquito net- "On our arrival at the appointed meeting place ting, we were up bright and early the next morn- we found the doctor had not come. We waited all ing. We traveled for several hours when the that afternoon and till the next morning. Our winding trail suddenly became a steep descent. supply of provisions was exhausted by this time Not only so but the ground under us turned into and we were obliged to eat the native roasted loose sand and before long my wife was going monkey and cassava. Suddenly the steamer headlong down the incline gaining momentum at rounded the curve of the river and our hearts every turn. She was thrown forcibly from the leaped for joy. The doctor advised that my wife machine at the foot of the hill, saving herself go back with him. At my wife's request I resomewhat by throwing out her arms as she was frained from going with her, but put her on board pitehed over the handlebars. As I picked her up in the care of our best boys, and with a prayer I could see that her wrist was limp and knew my left her to be taken down river to the mission fear of a fracture to be confirmed. The pain was hospital at Yakusu, 150 miles south, while I reconsiderable. I tried my best to knit the bones traced my steps. With a lonely feeling I ate supbut was not successful. Where should I turn for per and retired, giving instructions for the mornhelp? Behind us there was no doctor for the gov- ing's march. We were plunging into dark forest ernment doctor had left for the upper river some land and soon came to the first of the isolated vildays befoJj'e. Before us there was less hope. The lages. The sight of a white man terrified the only· thing I could think of to do was to send out natives and,· my wife not being with me, made it S.O. S. messages to the government doctor by a harder to reach them. Like frightened children few trusty native carriers. they had to be coaxed out of their grass huts. God's palaver was explained to them and the chief "Off they went while our caravan waited; my passed on the message as he alone knew the trade wife in great discomfort. After five long days language. the messengers returned with the news that the doctor would meet us at a certain point on the After three months Mr. Mill returned to his river in two days. Taking two boys with us we station to find his wife recovered but with a more or less crippled hand.

AN ADVANTAGE OF THE NATIVE PREACHER The color of the preacher weighs far more with the native than we realize. Even in the .. mind of the best natives, even in the hearts of those most warmly attached to us, there is a definite though perhaps often subconscious prejudice against our color; I know of many in- stances where a message full of urgency and power has produced very little effect from the lips of a missionary while that of a native has produced immediate results. A native listen- ing to a moving and powerful address from a white man can quiet his conscience and harden his heart simply by saying, "That's all very well, that's a white man's point of view. It may .0 impress you like that but it is not what we blacks need." But when he hears a black preach with conviction, he is driven from this refuge and has to face the message on its own merits.

Again and again I have come across instances where the final link in bringing a native to Christ has been supplied by a native. He has listened to the white man for years and seemed little affected but one simple remark from a fellow native has gone home like an arrow. I would not belittle the white man's influence but it is unquestional;>le that the native evangelists have advantages over us.

Native preachers are often greatly improved and their value added to by thorough train- ing. In my experience this has been under the three headings: Bible knowledge, general knowledge, the missionary's example.-Rev. W. Singleton Fisher, in Congo Mission News.

Evangelistic Value of Medical

By ROLLA E. HOFFMAN, M.D., Meshed, Persia, On the Staff of the American Christian Hospital DURING my first years on the mission field I they have been reached? "Medical missionary was expected to draw large crowds of pa- work," said Dr. Dugald Christie, of Mukden, "is tients and friends of patients to whom our no mere adjunct to the work of preaching, but is senior clergyman could sell Scriptures and preach an essential and integral part of the work of the the Gospel. This was in the most fanatical Mos- Church." Our Presbyterian Board Manual says, lem city of Persia. The best strategy seemed to "Medical work is not merely a key to open the door be to push forward the medical work and to ac- into non-Christian communities, but is an integral company it with as aggressive preaching as the part of the missionary enterprise." people would tolerate. I was expected to draw the crowds, and the evangelistic missionary was to We have been thinking of the medical work too preach to them. He was treasurer of our little much in its relation to outsiders. We must realize hospital and I occasionally preached and led daily that its usefulness to professing Christians should prayers so that our pioneering went on happily. be no less, especially in the midst of a non-Chris- tian society. Even after fanaticism is dead, and Later the clergyman died, the medical work in- the church has become popular and men flock into creased and a second doctor was sent out. One of it and want to be known as Christians, medical our clergymen expressed the hope that instead of work will still be needed as an integral part of the taking on more patients, the medical staff would work of the church, as a continuous expression of now do more evangelistic work. Instead of that the healing love of our Lord. The new church will we find that the medical work has more than be far stronger, more practical, truer to Christ, doubled, so that now a third doctor has come. The more useful to the nation, if it grows up in close clergymen have most faithfully carried on evan- cooperation with a genuine Christian medical gelistic work in the hospital; the church has been work, which becomes more and more a part of the born and other openings for evangelistic work work of the Church. Perhaps a medical man's have thrust themselves forward. Finally we are antipathy toward doing more "evangelistic work"

advised that "the entire work of healing, both arises from holding to the old idea that it is to conphysical and spiritual, should be carried on by the sist in spending an hour or more a day reading the doctors and their assistants." Scriptures to and haranguing men, pleading with them to "flee from the wrath to come," and, since While this view may not quite represent the our time is limited, neglecting medical treatment attitude of most of our clerical missionaries, it has rather depressed me to realize that our hos- to do it! pitals are looked upon as not such alluring places We might analyze the function of medical misto work. As one of the missionaries puts it, "Given one hundred well men as against one hun- sion work, as composed of its influence upon undred sick men to preach to, I would choose the evangelized outsiders, and its influence upon the well men every time." The preaching mission- members of the church; but after all these ex- press to man the love and spirit and healing of aries' task is to build up the church and more and our Lord, and so bring them to the knowledge of more of their attention is demanded by the prob- Christ. The medical work reaches people who are lems of the growing church and the instruction of not touched by our schools or "direct" evangelistic inquiries. For the rest, the Gospel can be preached workers. They come from conservative Moslem openly through the land; the day of pioneering families, driven by pain and despair; also from has past. Yet at the meeting of medical workers the ultramodern class, who have lost faith in all some years ago in Teheran, protest was made religion. – Men who would never darken the door against the failure of our clerical brethren to ap- of a Christian school, or of a clergyman's house, propriate the .fine opportunity for evangelistic lay aside their pride and come pleading and be- work in our hospitals. seeching for that which they believe Christian doc- What is the exact purpose of our medical work? tors are able to give. It is true that they are in Is it merely a means of attracting people within spiritual need also, and no doubt doctors often range of the Gospel message, or is it useful after miss the underlying spiritual disease, and give [574 ] cascara when what the patient really needs is a with a course in chemistry; an essential part of "mental cathartic." No doubt we often fail to the course, a place where the things explained in add to our medicines the skilful spiritual touch lectures are actually carried out in life. that would remove the real cause and bring a per~ manent cure. We are apt to think too closely merely of the evangelistic effect of our medical work upon pa- For some have more sin than fever, tients; it should be looked for rather in the com- And some have more grief than pain. munity. The great spiritual value of our Lord's healing did not come to those actually healed, but God help me make whole both body and soul to the healthy who beheld the Power and Spirit of Before they go out again. what was done. Men who come to us for physical healing are not often seeking spiritual healing. We must remember that a host of Christian For this reason the work seldom yields spiritual t~rms carry to the Moslem mind a far different results in proportion to the effort expended. The meaning from what we intend. If, as we are fact that our hospitals render a valuable physical sometimes urged, we "joyfully give to them the service in the spirit of love, which requires no mamessage of eternal Life in Christ, through whom terial reward, not even gratitude, shows the peoalone they can attain to perfect harmony and ple that this is Christianity in life, and that Christ health," we shall be merely casting our pearls be~ is not a dead prophet but a living force in the fore swine, with the usual result. How will they world today. This is a very important factor in understand our earnest evangelistic appeal? The the Christianization of the land. It furnishes a man whose disease has not been entirely cured good background for the preaching of the Gospel will put us down as charlatans, trying to cover up in reading room, chapel, school and private conour inability to cure him by introducing another ferences. It softens hearts, not so much the hearts subject! Many a one who has been healed will of the physically ill as the hearts of the commusay to his friends: "Bah! Sons of dogs! These nity's healthy, thinking men. They thus come to Christians treat the sick, but why? They first see the religion of Christ as something living, cure your disease to put you under obligation to vital, essential to their own welfare. Let us emthem, then they insult you by insisting that you phasize anew our real evangelistic task. ought to turn your back on Islam and the greatest of the Prophets and join them with their corrupted Indispensable Elements and altered gospel, with its talk of three Gods, the Son of God (Who begets not, neither is begotten, There are three definite and indispensable elepraise His Name!) and other notions as ignorant ments in a hospital as "an integral part of the and ridiculous. They want to foist on us their missionary enterprise" – efficient medical treatpig~eating and wine-drinking, their immorality of ment, including good nursing; the spirit of Christ women who go about half dressed and with shame- throughout; the simple verbal explanation that less open faces, their money-worship, and denial this is Christian, that He is our strength, and that of the oneness of God !" He is to be praised and thanked rather than the doctors. Is this out of date? Not at all. This is true of many who find their first Christian contact in our With the rapid advance of Persian standards of hospitals. Any attempt to force spiritual results medical work and the passing of the pioneer stage, here results often in the enmity of the patient and we need improved equipment, better laboratories, his friends. Seed sown upon hard, impermeable better assistants; and must limit ourselves to ground will not grow. One task of our hospitals fewer patients. The standard for the hospitals of is that of ploughing, breaking up hard clods, win- Syria has recently been suggested as thirty outning confidence by deserving it. Persistently urg- patients and twenty in-patients per doctor! ing men to become Christians carries to their minds the suggestion that we are getting paid so Our hospitals must be different from the govmuch per head by our government or supporting ernment hospitals, in the Christian love manisociety. Our definite contribution is to bring men fested among ourselves and our helpers. We to the knowledge of Christ; not to persuade them must be the fathers and mothers of our helpers, to become professing Christians. and must teach them Christian principles of life and work. They must learn to serve the poor as In our treatment of professing Christians, it is well as the rich, to be careful, thorough, truthful, our task to lead them to a better knowledge of the sympathetic, clean, patient, cheerful. We need to riches of love in Christ Jesus. We must do a lot develop helpers who are not only efficient in medof teaching and explaining; but we must avoid ical technique – a formidable task in itself – but mere "proselytizing." We need more faith: hav- who will enter into the Christian spirit of the ing ploughed, and sown a little seed, we must work. From the time when a patient enters our await the harvest, not trying to force it. The hospital until he is dismissed, we must make all medical work is like the laboratory in connection contacts with him courteous, patient, Christian.

To this end some form of daily "family" prayers individuals, and the nurses would do more and is essential, when all the hospital force come to- better religious talking with the patients. gether, preferably in the morning, for a few minutes of quiet thinking and worship. Most of our Copies of the Gospels should be available for the Presbyterian hospitals in Persia do not have daily patients to read in the language they know. Often prayers of the whole staff. one man will read to a room full which may be better than for an outsider to do much reading. This is not enough. While showing men the We have found a small cupboard useful as a de- Spirit of Christ, they must be told that this is pository for the books along with various other Christianity. Otherwise this fact, so obvious to books in charge of the senior ward nurses. If the us, will not occur to them at all! Obviously, their Christians are nurses and reasonably intelligent, preconceived ideas of Christianity are not very they will explain passages as patients ask quesfavorable, else many of them would already have tions. The doctor also may occasionally explain a been Christians. Here careful definition is neces- passage. sary. Our task is not to persuade them to become professing Christians, in order to "flee from the A certain amount of social service work is wrath to come," by the magical Name of Jesus, greatly needed, and it sometimes seems that spebut they must learn that it is He who has equipped cial workers ought to be available for it. Without and empowered us for this task. In all fairness this, the medical work often fails to do quite we must give Him the praise and glory for what enough. For example, a young, illiterate daywe are able to do, as much for the sake of our own laborer suffered from a broken leg when a wall integrity as Christians as that they may thank fell on it. He was in the hospital seven weeks, Him for their cure. making a satisfactory recovery. He was well fed and nursed and heard the Gospel explained daily; As to the technique of this, opinions will differ. but he seemed depressed and apathetic. Some- We must appear frankly and openly before our thing else was needed that the hospital was unable helpers and patients as Christians. We may lead to supply. The meagre family income was suda prayer service, preach occasionally, make it a denly cut off and his wife and two children were practice to have a word of prayer before each op- destitute. When he went home he found that one eration, or in other ways reveal our dependence on of the children had died, and his wife had wan- Christ. But in praying for patients we should dered away to another city with the other child. avoid praying before them that they become He was unable to work for a week after his dis- Christians. That will spoil things and lead them charge, as the leg was stilI weak. Had his family to think that after all we are not so much inter- been relieved during his illness and had he been ested in healing their diseases as in trying to given some hand work to do to earn a little money proselytize them for the sake of the bonus that while recovering, and had he been taught to read, our government gives us. This was reported in using the Gospel of John as a textbook, he might Meshed a few years ago to be $400 a head. We have been definitely enriched instead of embittered should pray for their recovery; that the blind eye toward life. Here is a problem that frequently may be made to see, the pain and disease removed, presents itself in a land where the wolf hovers too and the heart made perfectly happy by finding near the door. What a service the Persian Church real peace. might render the community by tiding such folks over their time of need! A clergyman should be connected with each hospital, for several reasons. The teaching possi- In every station where there is medical work bilities of our hospitals have been largely lost there should be a committee on evangelistic work sight of because too much time has been given to in the hospital, consisting of the medical staff and trying to "win" men to an open profession of a man and a lady evahgelist to plan the work and faith. This teaching work is properly the task of draw the general picture. The medical workers the clergyman who should plan it and carry out should be members and attendants of the local a schedule of addresses, lantern talks, etc. He church. A clergyman and a lady evangelistic could profitably make rounds with the doctors worker should be assigned to evening work in the once a week, thus appearing before patients as hospital on a more definite schedule. The evanone in real sympathy with them. He would thus gelistic work should consist in instruction rather keep in touch with the medical work, see any of than "proselytizing," and special care should be his friends who happened to be patients, see the exercizea. to avoid injuring the sensibilities ef even Christian members of the staff at work, and keep the most fanatieal patients or their friends. The the evangelistic side of the work regularly before whole missionary effort should be directed toward .the doctor's mind. He should also stand ready to making the medical work genuinely and wholly talk with any who ask for him. The doctor would Christian, in spirit and in fact, an "integral part have occasional suggestions to make about certain of the missionary enterprise," and a part of the coming Christian society in Persia.

Are Jews! *

The Challenge of American Jewry to the Church By the REV. JOHN STUART CONNING, Secretary of Jewish Evangelization, Board of National Missions "WHY, they're Jews!" was the astonished What America Means to the Jews exclamation of an urban pastor when re- America, however, has spelled more than oppor- tunity to the Jew; it has signified a new environ- minded that he had probably several ment and all the things that go with it-adapta- tion, modification, change. Things are not as they hundred members of the race of Jesus living in were among the Jews. The traditional Jewish life of Eastern Europe has gone beyond recall. Under his parish to whom he might be spiritually help- the constant pressure of American industrial and commercial life, traditional Jewish customs are ful. Another pastor,. in response to the same re- generally disregarded, while the acceptance of modern scientific and philosophical concepts has Tmhineydegr~ said: "We have no contact with Jews. robbed the ancient faith of its sanctions. The their way and we go ours." A third re- Saturday Sabbath no longer dominates Jewish communities. The dietary laws are less and less plied: "Really, I 'have never thought of that!" rigidly observed. Inter-marriage is on the in- crease. And what is giving Jewish leaders grave And this last reply is doubtless the reason so many concern is the disspiriting drift from the syna- gogue. Rabbi Goldenson, of Temple Emanu-el, pastors and churches are not Jew-conscious and New York City, recently expressed his disappoint- ment that in a city with two million Jews, not have not sought to share with their Jewish neigh- more than fifty thousand were in regular attend- ance at synagogue services. bors the spirit and faith of Jesus as Saviour and Side by side with these trends away from the Lord. And this is the reason also why there has ancient Jewish heritage and the decline of the old reverences there has been observable in many grown up in this country a Jewish situation that areas of Jewish life a real yearning and search for spiritual satisfaction. The Jew today is openchallenges the best thought and statesmanship minded as he has not been for generations. He will listen to anyone who offers surcease from perthat the Church can command. sonal or social ills. Christian Science has won so large a Jewish following that a movement within The situation has grown upon us so gradually. Judaism called "Jewish Science" has been devised to stay the drift. Socialism with its doctrine of The few thousand Jews in America at the middle human brotherhood and practice of social equality has enlisted in its ranks tens of thous'ands of of the last century have increased through immi- young Jewish working people. Every modern cult has a Jewish following. gration, mainly from Eastern Europe, until ~o~ay Christianity, too, has its chance. There is a we have in the United States nearly five mllhon spirit of inquiry among Jews which is leading them by thousands to read the New Testament, Jews, about one-third of all the Jews in the world. visit Christian churches, listen to sermons over the radio and give consideration to the claims of New York, with its two million Jews, is the larg- Christianity. There is an encouraging response of Jews to the Gospel when presented with symest center of Jewish life known to history, while pathy and understanding. The neighborhood house approach has been found particularly ef- Chicago has more Jews than Warsaw, and Phila- delphia than Vienna or Kiev. And here the Jews have prospered phenomenally. They have taken commercial and educational advantages to the full and have come to the fore in many de- partments of our American life. The clothing, jewelry, tobacco and other industries are largely in their hands. Their influence is felt in the pro- fessions, in law, medicine, education, journalism, art, literature, wherever the call of opportunity appeals to their eager, restless spirit. The amuse- ment business, as represented by the theater, mov- ing picture, and radio are largely controlled by Jews. And when we look at our public life and think of such names as Lehman, Morgenthau, Brandeis or Cordozo, we realize the high place occupied by Jews in national affairs. We have here not only the largest Jewry in the world, but the most influential. What happens to the Jews in America will effect every Jewry on the globe. Is not this a challenge to the Church?

• From The Presbyterian, Philadelphia. fective. When Jews are dealt with as friends and [577 ]

neighbors with whom it is a privilege to share the way of Pharaoh and Haman, of deTorquemada through the fellowship of daily association the and Pobyedonostev. But it is not the Christian Good News concerning God's love in Jesus Christ, way. His Son, there are spiritual results that gladden the hearts of all who are concerned for the re- The challenge to the Church is clear. Christians demption of Israel. Not only rabbis and orthodox must rebuke racial prejudice and create Christian Jews, but atheists, radical socialists, and commu- attitudes toward the Jewish people. We have in nists have come under the spell of Jesus Christ our hands the key for the solution of the Jewish and have yielded their lives to Him as Saviour problem. It fits every ward of the complicated and Lord. lock. We possess a Gospel, born of infinite love for all mankind, which can subdue prejudice and The First Hebrew Christian Church, of Chi- ill will and conquer all aversions and hatreds. To cago, organized last year, is a demonstration of apply that Gospel to the healing of the world's the fact that Jews can be reached with the Gospel sorrows is the task of the Church. It must be and that they are willing to share in the extension applied to the healing of the age-long sorrows of of the cause of Christ, not only among their own the Jew. The place to begin is in the Church itpeople, but throughout the world. The minister, self. Little progress can be made in commending officers and members of this church are all Jews, the faith of Christ to His own people if those who as are the officers and teachers of the Sunday are its witnesses deny its fundamental ethic. school. Each individual has come into the church through a definite religious experience and can This is a time of crisis for the Jew. It is a time bear personal testimony to the reality of the faith of testing for the Church. If the Church awakes he has confessed. to its unparalleled opportunity a work may be done here in America for Christ's own people far There are many pastors who have discovered transcending anything that has been attempted that Jews are not only approachable, but respon- since the days of the Apostles. sive to the claims of Christ when presented with a loving heart. More than two thousand mem- "BY HAND PICKING" bers of the Hebrew race are now connected with the Presbyterian Church as ministers, mission- There is much significance in these sentences aries, church officers, and members, loyal in her from Bishop John M. Springer's account, in The service and generous in the support of her work Christian Advocate, of recent widespread converat home and abroad. The fact that there are sions in Africa: over 3,300 Presbyterian churches alone that are located in places where there are Jews, and have "All we students at the theological seminary the opportunity to render them service, calls us recently went to Maranke for ten days, and there to accept this God-given opportunity to share we had a wonderful time in our camp meeting," with our Jewish neighbors, as with other unevan- Demas Chama, of the Congo, student at Old Umgelized people, the Gospel of divine love, God's tali, Rhodesia, wrote me recently. answer to the cry of every human heart. Demas continues: "Then we went to Gandan- Not the least part of the challenge that comes zara, where we had another chance, and spent ten to the Church in relation to the Jewish people is days preaching to them the word of life and the the rising tide of anti-semitism in America. Hith- everlasting Kingdom. . . . We all came closely to erto, this country has been singularly free from Jesus, our Saviour; the people numbered 2,500. organized anti-Jewish movements. What little we have had has been short-lived. Prejudice has ex- r saw an old woman stand up and begin to preach, isted, but has found little expression beyond the utterances of individuals. Now, however, anti- and another old man did the same, till all the semitism has become a menace, not only to Jews, camp meeting became on fire for God the Father but to American ideals and the peace and harmony of all nations. There were three great chiefs, of our people. Jew hatred that has spread its Gandanzara, Mukahanana, and Chikuruwo. These blight over Germany, Poland, and other Euro- Christian chiefs stood and said that their feelings pean countries has made its appearance in our were no more as great men we call chiefs, but as own land. Nazi propaganda has planted its cells the servants of Jesus Christ." … in many American cities. Other anti-semitic movements bear the brand, "Made in America." It is During the past five years, in spite of the wholesaid that no fewer than six hundred centers of sale depression which the French more aptly call .anti-Jewish, propaganda exist to foster prejudice :;tgainst the Jews and impose upon them racial a La Crise, there has been what might· well be 'disabilities. It is the old, old way of meeting the Jewish problem, the way of hatred and oppression, termed "mass movement" of converts to ·Christ in all of our African Conferences. But it has come about in the natural way prescribed by our Lord: the going out by the converts to tell the good news to others. This great harvest has not been brought about by a windfall but by hand picking.

Catholic Activity I•n Pagan

I By KENNETH G. GRUBB, Survey Department, The World Dominion Press, London -··~t I ~========================~ THE Roman Catholic Church has been giving in the Belgian Congo, speaking reeently at Leo- constantly increasing attention to missionary poldville, said: expansion. The Church is no longer content to remain within traditional bounds, if she has The Catholic Church is not Belgian, or French, Eng- lish, Italian or American; it is Catholic; Belgian in Bel- ever been. The passing of centuries has witnessed gium, French in France, Italian in Italy…. In the Congo the stay of the advance of Islam in Europe. The it must be Congolese; in the construction of sacred ediweakness of the (Greek) Orthodox Church has fices, in the manufacture of objects for use in liturgical long been apparent. The Protestant churches functions, lines and colors and all the elements of Congo- lese art must be scrupulously observed. . . . When the have been hampered by the catastrophe of the natives are in church they must not feel that they are in World War and the limitation imposed upon Ger- a strange house; they must feel that they are in their own man missions for economic and political reasons. church.

The chaos of the times has thrown into strong The year 1936 marks the tenth anniversary of relief those advantages which accrue to central- the publication of the encyclical Rerum Ecclesiae,: ized control, while concealing the disadvantages. in which world-wide evangelization was stressed, Under these circumstances the Roman Catholic with special emphasis on the training of native· Church in recent years has rightly seen an un- clergy and a general "indigenous" policy.

precedented opportunity for expansion. The The Propaganda controls considerable financial whole administrative machinery of the Vatican, resources. The financial settlement which was a headed by the Pope, is known as the curia, the part of the Lateran Treaty in 1929 between the highest body of which is the College of Cardinals. Italian State and the Vatican involved the pay- The political affairs of the curia are handled by a ment to the latter of about $87,000,000, and it is Cardinal Seeretary of State, and the spiritual af- understood that the greater part of this is to be fairs by eleven congregations or councils. One of devoted to missions. As Catholic clergy areceli- the latter is the Congregation de Propaganda bate the expense on personnel is relatively light.

Fide, known as the Propaganda. It was organ- Extraordinary efforts have been made to arouse ized in the seventeenth century, reorganized in the interest of the faithful in the cause and thus 1908, and is the missionary arm of the Church. to gain their support. The union of clergy on It meets twice a month and has charge of those behalf of missions has been recommended in the regions where the hierarchy is not established. most authoritative quarters, and regional con- Its auxiliaries, or mobile forces, are the various gresses are held to concentrate attention on the religious orders, and it has its own funds. appeal and the opportunity. Along with "Catholic The first advantage possessed by Roman Cath- Action," the mission field has been the cause olic missions is unity of control or direction, in- which has most often been kept before the troducing co-ordination into the work of the re- Church.

ligious orders which otherwise would consume These considerations naturally constitute a their energies in mutual jealousies. It is quite background to all Roman Catholic expansion in possible that a certain amount of flexibility and the mission fields of the world. In reeent years spontaneous spiritual impulse is lost through this especial attention has been given to Central unity of direction, but its advantages must be ad- Africa. Of the funds which the Propaganda con- mitted. Not the least of these has been that the troIs about one-quarter has been devoted to Africa well-known missionary interest of the present -equal to the amount allocated to China, and Pope has been reflected in an increase of activity. twice that given to India.

The Roman Catholic Church is also following The expansion of Roman Catholicism in Cen- a policy of "nationalization" designed to harmo- tral Africa has been great, although it would be a nize the development of the Church with the cul- mistake to exaggerate it. It is helped by certain ture and outlook of each land. A number of in- powerful factors in the political situation. In digenous bishops have been consecrated, although British Africa the Roman Catholic missions are not, as yet, an African. The Apostolic Delegate on the same footing as other religious bodies; [579 ]

they receive, for example, educational grants-in- frequent. But Protestanism rarely benefits to aid, provided their schools reach the requisite any great extent from a political hostility which standard of efficiency. Their standing before the is directed primarily against the Catholic Church.

law is the same as that of Protestant missions; Governments should treat all churches alike under they are treated with s.crupulous fairness and a legislation which is really intended only to re- impartiality by administrative officers; and it strain offenders. If, therefore, Protestants do not should also be added that the fact of the Anglican suffer from political pressure on the accusation of Church being an established Church in England "denationalization," they are apt to be ground brings no appreciable advantage to Protestant between the nationalist policy of governments and missions. No discrimination is made against mis- the interests of the dominant Church which are sionaries of any religion on the ground of their opposed to it.

nationality, now that the postwar restrictions Italian Africa against German missionaries have been removed. In January, 1936, the departure of the last of the Swedish missionaries from Eritrea was an- It is unfortunate that, in the colonies of powers nounced. Their home going was undoubtedly acwhose religious traditions have been molded by celerated by the international situation; but for the Papacy, the same fair treatment has not al- many years it had been clear that, unless the sitways been given to Protestant missions. Roman uation changed, the work would be closed. The Catholic spokesmen have sedulously inculcated the Swedish Mission was founded in 1865, before idea, in season and out of season, that Catholicism Eritrea had come under Italian control. The early is the hallmark of good citizenship; and that, as Italian governors viewed the mission with favor a consequence, not to be a Catholic is to fail in and benevolence. A church with a Christian comloyalty to the State. Telling examples of this in- munity of some ten thousand souls was built up; sidious propaganda are given below. Thus Prot- a notable literary activity was developed, to which estant missions are attacked on the grounds that the native Christians made a solid spiritual and they "denationalize" the native, and pressure is intellectual contribution; and a chain of schools exerted to compel local administrations to impose was established. But these very activities, linhampering conditions on their activities.

Moreover, the colonial policies of Great Britain guistic and educational, provoked official hostility.

and of the Latin nations are different in their gen- They were precisely the activities which, from eral outlook. The "Dual Mandate" fostered by one point of view, hindered national assimilation, Britain in Africa, and so successfully tried out in placing membership in the Kingdom of God above Nigeria, provides for a proper recognition of the' that in the Kingdom of Italy. About 1917 the constructive ideas in native social customs, and Italian attitude to Protestant missions changed; encourages the use of native languages when they missionaries on furlough could not return and are widespread and obviously of general utility. new recruits were not admitted. The Italian The policy of assimilation followed by most Latin Franciscans were able to strengthen their staff, governments, notably the French, Italian and and Roman Catholic propaganda increased.

Portuguese, is inimical to the perpetuation of Portuguese Africa tribal identity, and seeks to supplant native cus- toms and languages by those of the colonizing For a long time a systematic attempt has been power. Protestantism, with its emphasis on the made in both Portugal and its African colonies Word of God, has tended in its mission work to to discredit Protestant missions. The Angola make much use of the presentation of Christian press, especially in Luanda, is constantly publish- truth in the natural language of the people. The ing articles setting forth the necessity of Catholi- result is that Protestant missions in the colonies cizing the colony. Statements, manifestly devoid of "Latin" nations are open to a double attack. of foundation, are continually made in Portugal The Roman Church attacks them on the ground to the detriment of Protestant missions, and the that Catholicism best ministers to the religious widespread medical, educational, social and evan- and cultural traditions of the State; political gelistic work done by the Protestant missions is pressure is apt also to bear adversely on them on completely ignored. Here is a recent example.

the ground that they are instruments of "dena- At a pub.Iic meeting on colonial questions, on Feb- tionalization." When, therefore, the interests of ruary 20 of this year at the Geographical Society Catholicism can be made to agree, if only tempo- of Lisbon, which was reported at length in the rarily, with those of nationalism, as in Portugal papers; the lecturer opened by quoting the Min- today, Protestant missions are faced with a grave ister of Colonies in 1935 to the effect that Prot- issue. Nationalism, however, is fundamentally in- estant missions were working against Portugal, compatible with the ideals of Roman Catholicism, whereas the pupils of the Catholic schools of Ben- and clashes between the Church and State are guela were proud to repeat, "Weare Catholics and

ROMAN CATHOLIC ACTIVITY IN PAGAN AFRICA

'Catholic' is synonymous with 'Portuguese.'''* Christ. On the outcome of this struggle will de- This kind of thing could be multiplied indefinitely, pend the type of Christianity which is to prevail with examples from both the East and West Afri- in this great area of Central Africa.

can possessions of Portugal. In 1934 121,109 adults were reported baptized Roman Catholic baptisms in Angola numbered in Catholic missions. There are 805 foreign and 43,000 in 1934, and the number of adherents is 37 native priests, in addition to numbers of lay put at 425,000. The figure of 291,000 was given brethren and sisters. The total missionary force in 1931. If these figures are accurate, it is evi- already numbers over 2,000. From one boat dent that a notable increase has taken place. The which arrived at Matadi in November, 1935, 80 prelature of Mozambique, which owing to special disembarked, representing 19 orders. Over 1,200 circumstances does not depend on the Propa- young native men are in training for the priest- ganda, but on the Congregation of Extraordinary hood. Pupils in Catholic schools number 454,969.

Foreign Affairs, reports only 9,250 Catholics in Ruanda Urundi is mandated territory, where 1932. The subsidy of approximately £40,000 is conditions are somewhat different. Article 8 of given to Roman Catholic missions in Angola, with the Mandate binds the mandatary to ensure "comprivileges, such as workers' exemption from cus- plete freedom of conscience and the free exercise toms dues and hut taxes. No subsidies are given of all forms of worship which are consonant with Protestant bodies. public order and morality." There has been some Belgian Africa controversy over the nature of the rights thus guaranteed, and the question was recently raised The difficulties of the last few years in the at the Permanent Mandates Commission in Ge- Congo have received much attention, but the pres- neva. The Governor-general of the Congo has ent Governor has shown himself well disposed to decided on a policy which should insure to Prot- maintain the provisions of the Colonial Charter estants the liberty to which they have a clear title.

and the Convention of St. Germain-en-Laye, guar- Spanish and French Africa anteeing freedom of conscience and the free exer- cise of all forms of religion. In recent years The trend of events "in this limited sphere illusgrave cases of abuse have occurred, whereby trates the other tendency, namely, the determina- Protestant natives have been subjected to unfair treatment, and even physical violence. But the tion of the government to limit some of the pre- tensions of Roman Catholic missions. A o.ecree real question has been educational. The situation was issued in 1935 in Madrid which has also limis peculiar in the Congo inasmuch as all education ited the activities of some of the Protestant misis left in the hands of missions. There has been sionaries. But as some of these questions are now no legislation against Protestant schools, but no being considered, it is not wise to discuss them government grants have been available for them, and few, if any, government posts have been open in print. to their graduates. The educational system set up in 1927 recognizes. only "national," which in There is evidence to show that, although in cerpractice means Roman Catholic, schools, and con- tain regions of French Africa the Roman Catholic fines all government eoucation to Roman Catholic Church is making great efforts, its success will teaching orders. Any capitulation to the threat depend on the legitimate use of its own energies contained in this situation on the part of Prot- and resources. If local authorities show bias, or estants would have the effect of leaving all educa- favoritism, this is generally due to local circumtion in the hands of the Roman Catholic missions. stances, and receives censure rather than en- dorsement from higher officials and from the colonial ministry when the circumstances are ex- The Annuaire des Missions Catholiques au plained. Nevertheless, perhaps in. no part of Congo Belge states that Catholics in the Belgian Africa is it so necessary that missionaries should Congo and Ruanda Urundi now number 1,232,018, have an adequate knowledge of the language of and catechumens 1,032,660, making a total of over the governing power, and a proper acquaintance two and a quarter millions. In another article in with the colonial traditions which have molded this report it is shown that there are about a mil- French policy in Africa. For this reason all mislion Protestants in the Congo; three and a quar- sionaries are advised to study in Paris, if possible ter million Christians therefore exist in the region for two years, and certainly not for less than six today, among a population of some fourteen mil- months. A more detailed discussion of consideralions. Ten and three-quarter millions are still tions which affect all intending missionaries and in paganism, and the struggle which lies ahead all secretaries and board members of missions will be an effort to bring to these spiritual life in which carry responsibilities in French territory • As reported in the Diario de Noticias. Lisbon, February 21, may be found in a paper by M. Leenhardt, of 1'936. Paris, Initiation des Missions Etrangeres en

Colonie Fran~aises. The essential points raised ture will lie in one or other of these directions. by M. Leenhardt are being set out in the review, This article should not be construed as a po- World Dominion. lemic against the Roman Church. That Church Although we may consider that Catholicization has every right to use all the legitimate means is a superficial form of evangelization, and is, within her power to advance her cause and the therefore, of little importance to us, its impor- Christianization of pagan peoples. But it is evitance arises precisely from its superficiality. The dent that the Protestant and Catholic communions point at issue is, whether we shall regard the hold ideas of liberty and tolerance which differ in evangelization of Central Africa as that of a theory and clash in practice. Further, to the expagan people whose grosser superstitions are tent to which modern governments are influenced bound in any case to disappear; or must we, in by these ideas, to that extent do they embody a years to come, contemplate a Catholic-pagan pop- broad-minded or a narrow policy in colonial legulation and expect either a Reformation such as islation. It may yet prove possible to resolve Europe experienced in the sixteenth century, or some of these differences in a spirit of Christian the type of evangelization that now characterizes charity. In the long run, however, it is as well Latin America or southern Europe. If we con- to remember that Christian love alone can claim sent to the present rapid spread of Roman irresistible power; without it the attempt to move Catholicism in Africa the prospects of the fu- mountains by faith is but wasted labor.

What Christ Has Done for Banyankole ANKOLE is only a small district of the Uganda who still follow that custom, but there are many .r. Protectorate, and the writer belongs to this Christian men having each but one wife who are living pure lives. Children who used to grow up country. The Banyankole, the inhabitants in their heathen homes and so learned all the evil of this district, are divided into two tribes: Aba- of such homes are now taken to school and are hima, the cattle-people, and Abairn, agricultur- taught about Christ and His love. ists. The former is the ruling tribe. To estimate what.Christ has done and is doing for my people, As already stated, Ankole is only a small dis- I must touch nearly every department of their trict of Uganda Protectorate, and there are many lives, and compare it with the pre-Christian state such districts in Uganda. There used to be conof things. The government used to be despotic. tinual wars and disputes between the various dis- The king had all power in his hands, and had some tricts, and even among the people of the same chiefs under him. Most of the kings were cruel district. The Abahima despised the Abairn and tyrants, and the chiefs who ruled under them were could not even eat with them. Now the love of very much influenced by their king in the way Christ has been shed in their hearts and the wars, they treated their people. One is likely to at- disputes and all other things which separated peotribute the good government of the country, since ple are ceasing. I am writing this article while Christianity came, and the peace and satisfaction on a mission of preaching the Gospel with a team in the people's hearts only to the British govern- of friends, some of whom have traveled over three ment. There is much truth in that view, but it is hundred miles, and the team is made up from difnot the whole truth. I know that the rulers have ferent tribes, a thing which my father some forty feelings of their own, influenced by their belief in years ago would not have dreamed of. Christ. Now there is still a king who rules the country, but not despotically, and he and the chiefs Several things are greatly needed for winning are quite different from their predecessors. There Africa for Christ. We need keen missionaries, are many chiefs who are honest, truthful and just, men and women who are out and out for Christ and who sympathize with their poor people. and the Africans. We need money to help with the work. People have not yet learned to give as The next thing to consider is the religion of the they ought, and in many of the districts of people. In olden days they worshiped the evil Uganda- people are very poor. But I think the spirits and the spirits of their ancestors, and were greatest need is to get Africans who are really very superstitious. Today there are thousands who converted and on fire for winning their brother have become Christians, and to these the time of and sister Africans to Christ. These would know spirit worship and superstition has passed. the difficulties of their' people, and they could deal with them and show them how they themselves In home life Christ has done and is doing much have been helped to conquer those same difficulties. for the people. Men used to have several wives, and even today there are many of the Christians REV. ERICA SABITI, Ankole, Uganda.

I Am a

By FLORENCE WALNE, Shimonoseki, Japan T o STAND at a crossing where all the road- full measure of the skepticism which has this peo- ways of the world come together to follow ple in its grip; a meeting of mothers who have them with the mind to those far corners to no conception of the meaning of a home with God which they lead-across the shining waterways in it (though gods they may have a-plenty!); an of the earth-to lands unseen and peoples unmet: organization of young girls so apt to go adrift to know, somehow, that one of those roads is with nothing by which to steer their course. I yours; to definitely set your face in the direction stand before them with the Bible in my hand- in which it goes; to companion by the way with mine the privilege, mine the sacred duty, mine Him who said, "Let us cross to the other side," the high honor of interpreting the Message of all and to find at the end that one service you were men's Father to these His children who know Him put here to find I-Who but a foreign missionary not. Mine the Bread of Life to give, mine the Liv- can know what it is like and what foreign mis- ing Water, mine the Abundant Life which comes sionary can really tell anyone about it? with the possession of Christ. Like Frederic My- "Why do you do it?" an English neighbor in ers' Paul, Shimonoseki (Japan) used frequently to ask me. Then, with a rush, the intolerable craving The question was accompanied by a deeply puz- Shivers throughout me like a trumpet call, zled look which indicated the sincerity of the ques- and the desire to give them something, something, tioner's desire to know. She was a former actress before they go away-some of them never to reon the London stage, whose life had held no place turn-amounts to a passion terrific and exhaustfor religion in any form, and in Japan only be- ing. cause her husband was in business here, chafing constantly at the necessity which kept her in this And how could I tell of that joy,-surpassing part of the world. My being here as a matter of other joys in depth and solemnity-which comes deliberate choice was something utterly beyond with the knowledge that God has let me lead one her grasp; how could I tell her so that she could of His seeking children to where He might be understand? That understanding in some meas- found. The illuminating effect, in one's own spirure, did come to her, as she told me in a letter after itual life, of such an expe~ience is beyond the moving to another town. "I went to a reception power of words to convey. I never felt this more recently," she wrote, "and met only one woman strongly than when one of our loveliest girls died, whose face attracted me. I was not surprised a little over a year ago, very soon after she had when I learned that she was the only missionary found Christ.

present that night. I think that before I left Until a few short months before she died, Shimonoseki I got a glimmer of why you are over The Christ to her was all unknown. here and why you are happy to be here and no But she made such haste to open wide where else." How that glimmer reached her I do Her heart, and sweep it clean of faiths outgrownnot know, for truly one does not, cannot, speak Legacies of a pagan age, far past and dim, of the great forces which wrestle with one's soul Of quests for the truth her forbears sought to knowwhen once the hand of God has fallen upon it. And give all its generous room to Him, Whose beauty in that first hour filled her so. There is the silence of a spiritual crisis, That when (so soon it seemed to us) there came Through which your soul, exquisitely tortured, That last great call from Him-to leave all on earth Comes with visions not to be uttered And earth itself-it was with just that same Sweet readiness, that quick response to worth Into a realm of higher life. Revealed in Him-the Bridgegroom of the soul- That she obeyed. And tired young body all forgot, How could I, for instance, ever communicate Pain all forgot, in garments, shining, whole, that feeling which comes over me with a rush Bride-like, her spirit went to Him, tarrying not.

some ntiomnebse1wl· ehveenrsI -satacn1dasbsefoofreyoaugnrgoumpeno,f Japa- While I, who on a darkened way nese eager Sought to give a fellow-traveler light, and thoughtful regarding life, but endowed with a Sharing the strength of my own dim ray, [583 ]

Find the road grown luminous and bright ,happy, beyond words, that it led me to Japan. I With a radiancy which far outshone have found, I know beyond all doubt, my service My own! here. The sense of belonging is so complete and satisfying. There is no question of sacrifice. That Not that a missionary is a constant dweller on would come in having to go away, leaving my task unfinished. To retrace one's steps over one's road, rarified spiritual heights! I wonder if it is possi- away from "that one service" in which one found so much joy-that would be a sacrifice which I ble to imagine blacker des-pair than I have known pray may not be asked of me.

in hours of questioning my fitness for the task to When Time's little day has slipped away into the shadows of a forever-closed past-when the which I am committed? I heard Dr. Speer say, endless Tomorrow has dawned for souls at home with the Father, I fancy that a large company at a Student Volunteer Convention many years will gather about the Master, and, just as the dis- ciples did on their return from missions upon ago, that a missionary's preparation for his work which He had sent them, they will tell Him, each one, of what happened on the one road each had consists in getting possession of the Gospel Mes- taken, of what each had seen, and felt, and said, and done! How free then will be the talk-of forsage. (1) In his mind, "he must know what he is est trails and lonely huts in Africa, and of black men joining the "Tribe of God"; of how India's to say and be clear that he believes it, for the day many faiths and creeds gave way before "The Christ of the Indian Road"; of how China broke will come when he will stand with it,all alone, through a fog of bewilderment and uncertainty, superstition and strife, to the light shed by the speaking to men who are absolutely secure in their personality of the Prince of Peace; of how all the many "systems" in Japan-the social and indusposition of challenge and of doubt." (2) In his trial, educational and religious, bec'ame permeated with the spirit and thought of Jesus; of how He life, ". . . for the people to whom he goes can- was made to walk again in Bible lands, under- stood, received and adored; and so on around the not see a Christ who is not incarnated for them." world which God so loved that He gave His Son to save. How easy it will be then to break the Doubt as to whether one has the first of these silence of years and how sweet the understanding and fellowship! I would rather have a seat in two qualifications may, perchance, never trouble that gathering of "returned missionaries" than a throne in the greatest kingdom on earth! one, but how often the doubt as to whether one "PRAY ONE FOR ANOTHER" can lay claim to the second requirement brings JAMES 5: 16 on sleepless nights and hours of agony! If we I cannot tell why there should come to me missionaries were only more completely in pos- A thought of someone miles and miles away, session of the Message in our lives, the peoples of In swift insistence on the memory- Unless there be a need that I should pray. these lands to which we have come would not be Too hurried oft are we to spare a thought, so long in opening their hearts to receive the For days together, of some friend away, Christ whom we preach and then deny! Perhaps God does it for us, and we ought To read His signal as a call to pray. Another difficult but, to my mind, very essen- Perhaps, just then, my friend has fiercer fight, tial thing in a missionary is the ability to give his Some overwhelming sorrow or decay life to the people and to the particular task to Of courage; darkness, some lost sense of right; And so, in case he needs my help, I pray. whom and to which it has been dedicated and, at Friend, do the same for me! If I, unsought, the same time, keep a place in his heart for fields Intrude upon you, on some crowded day, and phases of missionary endeavor other than his Give me a moment's prayer, in passing thought, Be very sure I need .it: therefore, pray. own. A missionary should be the most broad- MARIANNE F ARNINGHAM. minded, the biggest-hearted, the most widely and deeply sympathetic man on God's earth. How can a true missionary be otherwise? The missionary vision must necessarily include a world won for Christ. The Master's thoughts were never only for those to whom He happened to be ministering at any particular time, but "other sheep have I which are not of this cfaorled,"trHemeesnadi~dusalnYd embraced all in His love. To about the world, even as P·aul, and Livingstone, and other great missionary souls have done! "Read your home letters first," said Stanley. "You must be impatien.t for them." "Oh," said Livingstone, "I have waIted for years for letters. I can wait a few hours longer. No, tell me first, how's the world getting on?"

Forbes Robinson, in his Letters, s'ays that his father on his death bed cried, "If I had a thousand lives to give I would give them all all to the min- istry!" If I had a thousand lives to give I believe I would want to give them all to missionary work for Christ. But since I have only the one, and so could follow only one of the many roads, I am

Christ Found Me in

The Story of Ajitadass, Translated by MASON OLCOTT, Vellore I WAS born a Jain in Banyan Village, six miles shady place where with great joy I prayed, was from Tindivanam, South Arcot District. My quiet and read my Bible. I carried my school family are the strictest of vegetarians, eating textbooks outside of my Bible and used to read no meat, eggs, onions or radishes. They never eat them when anyone came near. During the year I after dark and strain all they drink, so as not to used to walk every Sunday to attend the mission kill any animal life, however small. They gave church, six miles each way. I made no distinction me the name Ajitadass, Servant of Ajita, the Un- in my treatment of Untouchables and was deconquerable, the second of the great Jain saints. spised for doing this.

I was scrupulous in performing all my religious The following June I was allowed by my family duties. to return to Tindivanam and went regularly to Up to the third class I studied in the Banyan church. One Sunday I decided to remove my Village school. Then I was sent to live in the Jain caste mark and sacred thread; even when the Dis- Hostel at Tindivanam where we learned Sanskrit trict Educational Officer came to our hostel, I reand studied the sacred books of my religion. At fused to wear a caste mark. For this the J ains that time I joined the Arcot Mission High School. troubled me. Once I returned late from a Chris- I now rejoice that I had this chance to study Eng- tian meeting and ate food after dark, for which lish and hear of Christ. But for years it was only I was severely reprimanded by the hostel superin.. out of compulsion that I studied the Bible. One tendent. Cast out by my own people, I went to day when I made up my own verses and pretended live with a Christian teacher. The Jains tried to they were from the Bible, I was severely punished put me to shame but I took courage to read the because I had failed to study Christ's words. Bible in their presence. I failed in my college entrance examination partly because of severe iB- When I was in fifth form, my Bible teacher was ness from typhoid fever two months earlier. I Mr. Sundaram, the Headmaster. At 11 o'clock on went to Madras where I completed my eighteenth the morning of September 24, 1932-1 was fifteen year and the next few months were spent at Katyears old, and I remember the time since it was padi and Chittoor. Then I wrote a long letter to the turning point of my life-he told us how Jesus my family explaining why I had confessed faith was scourged 39 times, was spat upon, tortured with· a crown of thorns and nailed to the cross. in Christ. He also read Isaiah 53: 4-7; "He was wounded In September, 1935, Mr. Archibald's Gospel adfor our transgressions. . . . By His stripes we are healed. . . . When he was afflicted, He opened dresses in Vellore made me want to hear further, not his mouth." so I went to Trichinopoly. Missing the train and being delayed, for two days I went without food; When I heard this, tears came to my eyes and but Christ sustained me and gave me peace. On my heart was deeply stirred. Without speaking to hearing Mr. Archibald speak on Jesus shedding anyone, I returned to the Hostel stunned, not his blood to give us the Water of Life, my heart knowing what to do. As I read frOom the Bible, was broken and I found fuller peace and joy. This peace came to my mind. I spent so much time on was the second great change in my life.

the Bible that I neglected my other lessons, about Later, going to Madl'as, I preached Christ to the which the Headmaster warned me. Two mOonths despised and neglected, going to the Outcaste later I went secretly to him and said that I wanted quarter with Christian friends. Hindus started to become a Christian. He replied, "You are only to insult and stone us, and I underwent other per- 15. Wait for three years until legally yOou can secutions, having my box, some books and my make your own decision. Then we shall see. In Bible fOorcibly taken from me. A preacher sent the meantime, don't tell anyone." Before I was me to Chittoor by a roundabout way and there I 18, Mr. Sundaram had died. Gradually the Jain coached some Christian young men in the songs religion lost its hold Oon me. Many noticed this for a Christmas drama at Katpadi, and gave a but of the inner change of faith they did not know. kalatchebam (songs and explanation) on "The . The next school year, my uncle took me from Other Wise Man." Thank God for giving me His Tindivanam High School to shield me from Chris- joy, courage and power of speech.

tian influence. But every day I used to go to a In January, 1936, false charges were brought [ 5851

against me but I opened my Bible and read the to identify the guilty person and their description words, "The Lord is my light and my salvation, did not at all fit me. Because of the delay in my whom shall I fear?" Several police officials came reaching Trichy the end of October, I had not to the house to take me in a car to the police sta- been there when the forgery was committed. tion. Before leaving, I prayed in their presence. Thus God guided me and delivered me from these They accused me of having obtained Ros. 250 on false charges. false pretenses from a Jain abbot and of having forged a police inspector's signature. They asked Going to the Bible Training Centre of the Interme to admit this crime and promised that, if I did Varsity Fellowship in Madras, I awoke at 4: 30 so, my uncle would come to my rescue and pay the one morning for my devotions, and was in the money. I asserted my innocence and when they courtyard when two rowdies broke in and put a asked me to go back to the Jain religion, I an- cloth round my neck. I said, "If you do me no swered that I had come to Christ trusting Him, further harm, I shall go with you." They covered and would not leave Him, even at the risk of my face and' put me in a jutka and took me death. They kept me locked up from 4 p. m. on through the streets for two hours. When day beone day until 10 p. m. of the next, asking me many gan to dawn they took me out and walked by my questions, mostly about my personal life, to which side. When two motors passed, the men crossed I answered nothing. I spent my time reading the the road, and I was able to escape from them. I Bible and praying. There were no bounds to my stayed in a mango orchard until noon and finally joy, for like Paul I was considered worthy to suf- was sent back to the Training Centre. Next year fer for Christ. Men came later from Trichinopoly my hope is to study the Word of God, for I have learned that He alone is the Unconquerable.

Wanted, a Demonstration of Unity By REV. JOHN J. BANNINGA, D.D.

M.issionary of the American Board, Pasumalai, South India T HE Church of Christ throughout the world should have churches expressing their faith in desperately needs an actual demonstration of Chr,ist in their own national ways. what union in spirit and service can do for the extension of the Kingdom of God. In a mul- Especially since the Great War, these Christitude of ways the Church seems to have reached tians have realized that Christianity is not. the a deadlock in spiritual power, in social activity, product of western civilization, but that Jesus and in world fellowship. Something desperate Himself was born in Asia and that therefore the needs to be done to break this deadlock, or correct people of Asia need not go to Europe for their this atrophy. On the foreign mission fields the Christianity but that they can go straight to the work has largely been carried out by division of New Testament for it. Perhaps a new, direct apthe territory into mission areas so that each proach to Christ, by those who have not been Church has practically had a field to itself. bound by all the graveclothes of European tradi- tion, may enable them to follow Him better than Bishop Azariah, of South India, saId at the they would if they followed European churches Lausanne Conference in 1927, that most Indians first and Christ second. are members of one Church or another, not because of theological opinions, but because of geo- India has been cut up into innumerable divigraphical location. He said, "I am an Episco- sions by all the forces that have entered that counpalian in the first instance because my father and try. Not only has the caste system divided India mother lived in a district where the Church of into very throughly segregated groups, but her England took up work. Had they lived one hun- religiol!s differences, even within Hinduism, have dred miles further north I would have been a made them go further in those separations. In member of the American Congregational Mis- South India the division of the followers of Vishnu sion.'" Since that is true the Indians, as well as into the Cat-doctrine and the Monkey-doctrine the Chinese, Japanese and other national Chris- schools has brought great bitterness. Even at the tians, feel that they should not take the denom- annual festivals at Conjeeveram the followers of inationalism of western countries but that they the one doctrine are ready to fight those who hold the other for the honor of certain positions near

WA.NTED, A DEMONSTRATION OF UNITY

the temple car as it is dragged around the city. others see it. We are wrong in our differences Denominationalism is known within Hinduism and separations. We will find ourselves more and this gives all the more surprise to the Hindu nearly right in our agreements and in our unities. when he finds the same in Christianity where he expects to find unity and peace because of the his- For some fifteen years the churches in South toric character of its Founder. Not a few Chris- India have been working on this problem and tian converts today are hesitating to join any they have evolved a scheme which seems pracchurch because they say that by joining one ticable to the representative Committee. Each church they cut themselves off from communion group have given to the Scheme what they thought in another. They feel that the followers of Jesus best in their experience. The Methodists (for- Christ should all belong to one great fellowship, merly English Wesleyans) have insisted that in and that a Christian in one place should be wel- all parts of the Scheme and in the duties of all its officers and church bodies the spirit of winning comed as a: Christian in another. When one really men to Christ (Evangelism) must be dominant. The Presbyterians have said that, in their expericomes to look at it, how terrible it is that we fol- ence, the position and work of the Presbyter (or lowers of Christ have such exalted opinions of Elder) and that of the Presbytery have been of ourselves and our ancestors that we think we great value to the Church. The Episcopalian says have the real truth in Christ while all others have that throughout their history the position of the at most only partial truth. Would it not be much Bishop, as the Father in God of the Flock and the better if we all would unite into one great body leader in spiritual and administrative work, has and recognize each other as fellow-Christians, fol- brought unity within and effective work without lowers of the one Lord, and sharing with each the Church. While the Congregationalis:ts have other the gifts that God has given each of us. felt that Christian forces can best work when each What a rich body the followers of Christ would local group find themselves free from all outside be if they would share their visions and their ac- authority and carry the full responsibility and encomplishments with each other. The prayer of thusiasm for founding the Church in that locality Christ would then be answered soon, "that they and there setting forth Christ as the Saviour of all may be one – that the world may know that men. In this South India Scheme these various Thou didst send me." elements 'have been brought together in a plan that the Committee believes to be harmonious and And why does each denomination assume that well-balanced. No one of the elements of the it is right and all others wrong? I recognize that uniting churches has been taken over in its origithat feeling is slowly dying out, but there are still nal form, but each gift from the churches has many who essentially hold that they are right and been so modified that it fits into the whole Scheme. that, therefore, all others are wrong. What is the basis for such a feeling? It seems to me axio- There are still many minor details that must be matic that worked out and time and again the Scheme has been submitted to the governing bodies of the 1. All denominations are essentially equal in intellectual churches concerned; then it has been brought back to the Committee for rewording or rewritability. ing, It is hoped that no Council will repudiate the Scheme or vote to stop negotiations. It is 2. There is no essential difference in the denominations in recognized in South India, as well as in other parts of the world, that there must be a definite setting their loyalty to Christ. . forth in actual practice of what can be done to bring the separated branches of the Church of 3. All are practically equal in their spiritual insight and Christ closer together.

their resultant devotion to God through Christ. The Next Step 4. All denominations try to work out practically in their What then should be the next step in the Church Union movement? It seems to me that the thing daily lives what they have seen in Christ. we all want is some actual demonstration which will reveal to us what is possible in this great There is no great difference between the Evan- movement. We have so long lived in our separagelical denominations in intellectual, moral, so- tions that we scarcely believe that union is poscial, or practical understanding and application sible. In the San Francisco Bay, engineers are of the principles of Christ. Why then should any building two great bridges across the waters. denomination assert that their interpretation of After the engineers had prepared their plans and a particular doctrine is the only one that is cor- estimates, after all their scientific research work rect. The very fact that other intelligent, devoted had been done, neither they nor the general public Christians can interpret some doctrine differently from the way I interpret them gives me pause in asserting my interpretation. Perhaps there is something that I have not yet fully understood and perhaps I ought to fellowship more with those who differ from me in order that I may learn from them. The trouble is we have all built fences around ourselves and have carefully protected ourselves and our followers from seeing truth as

were willing to go forward with this work until perfect the Scheme are satisfied that they have models had been made to show how the bridges found a way in which this work can be begun. would look and how they would be able to stand They all agree that great improvements are still up against the weather, and the traffic that would possible in that experiment, but they also realoperate on them. When these models and experi- ize that something must be done besides Wk. ments had been completed, then construction on There has been plenty of consultation and discusthe bridges themselves began, with the absolute sion. What we want now is something that we assurance that the bridges would accomplish the can see with our eyes and handle with our hands purposes for which they were built. -something that will be really a working model. If that proves successful, well and good, others In the same way we need an experiment in can follow its example. If it proves faulty then Church Union. We need to have a model set up, changes can be made and failure prevented. so that we can see what it would look like, how it While unions have succeeded where there were would work, and what may be wrong with it. similarities in polity and doctrine, we must now Then larger and better models can be built until go further and unite those that differ in these the fundamental laws of such union are discov- things, and by actual union we will learn how to ered and we can go ahead and complete the great unite, until all Christians can again live together work. in one family. Yes, that is a hard task. That is an impossible thing for men. But it is not im- South India seems nearest ready to adopt such possible when the· Spirit of the Almighty finds a model. Both the Christians who are directly concerned in that union in South India and all men and women that are willing to be led into the those in authority in the home churches of which fulness of His truth. He cannot have two truths these mission churches are offspring, should feel or two interpretations of truth. But He can show the great responsibility that rests on them and forth a great spirit of love that will level all should endeavor to consummate the present move- roughness, and straighten all crooked ways. ment. Those who have spent years in trying to Missionaries as Seen by a Zulu By JOHN L. DUBE, Founder of Ohlange Institute, Natal U P TO the present time the missionary in nomic resources of a State. It provides larger this country has taken upon himself the markets and greater skilled labor. task of educating, civilizing and Christianizing the Bantu. This race looks upon the mis- Some races are inferior, but their inferiority sionary as Christ's messenger, and not only the is a matter of comparison. Missionaries are not teacher of the people but as a father in whose frightened by theories of inferiority, for their steps they walk to the enlightenment which is his work among primitive races has borne good fruit. through Christ. Missionaries educate and Christianize all races, for they have been charged to "go and teach all Although missionaries work under different nations." To them primitive races and those comgovernments they have a brotherhood which is paratively in a lower state of civilization receive not subject to the State government. The law greater sympathy because they deal with all men and example of Christ are theirs, and this is the not according to nationality, but as followers of basis of the stability of their policy. They are Christ. not obsessed with a fear complex, for they know that even primitive people, under good intl.uence The hardships missionary work has to encounand guidance, can reach a state of responsibility ter, with the meager support it gets, are well and peace to all men. known, but undaunted the missionaries have pressed forward, opening schools and churches Christianity raises the status of a man, and in and repdering sacrificial service to the people. this manner increases his needs with regard to There is a great need of this spirit among our health, food, occupation and recreation. It, there- own people, for the time is ripe when the Bantu fore, cannot be regarded as endangering existing should shoulder greater responsibility in Chrisgovernments by inj uring their economic resources tianizing and educating their own people. The by raising an inferior race to the plane of a need for the extension of missionary work within higher; but it increases and stabilizes the eco- the Union of South Africa and the Protectorates is great.

Memories of Jean

Mackenzie =M=C=CL=E=AR=Y===~II~- -•..efI.!I;;I===B=y=M=R=S=.C=HA=RL=E=S=W=.

T HERE was great rejoicing in our West into practice. Meeting a native boy she innocently Africa Mission when in 1904 we learned of said, in a friendly way, "I am going to hell, will the appointment of a new young woman mis- you walk with me?" The affrighted boy said, "No. sionary to our field. One of the senior workers, I refuse to go with you." Somewhat puzzled at having just returned from furlough, recalled this attitude, she reviewed her words and found meeting her in the United States. She had ap- the mistaken name of the place she intended to proached him with questions about the work and visit. When this was corrected the boy gladly had expressed a desire to join us. In time Jean joined her and they journeyed together to the town.

Mackenzie came and began her Adj ustment to the food of a work for Africa. Since then new country is always difficult she has been a blessing to two and the new missionary missed whole continents. Trials as her American favorites. Coffee well as her joys began imme- was felt to be a necessity and diately upon her arrival on on a long "bush" trip, when shore. Her trunk was wet with very hungry, she espied a sea water and we all knew the trader's house and shop on the results that would follow. The top of a high hill. We remem- colors of a little silk American ber how she wondered audibly flag that a friend had given her whether he might have some ran through her wardrobe, coffee. The house cook was with the result that African wont to tell us how fond she women received gifts of the was of his cookies. I remember variegated cloth. Jean took her a time when we were rooming disappointment as a part of together that I was awaked by African mission life. Jean one night asking if I sup- Being assigned to the first posed we could find something inland station, she made the to eat. A midnight prowl re- jungle-trip by hammock and sulted in a "find" in the host- afoot, and then settled down in ess' cookie jar.

one of the tiny rooms of a bark- Jean once told of a long, walled cottage. Here she be- weary day in the jungle, when came intimately acquainted Bachrach physical strength was over- with the family and loved them JEAN KENYON MAOKENZIE taxed. Upon reaching her desdearly. When some sympa- tination she called for a pan of thizing friends in America offered to sponsor the water, removed her shoes and stockings and building of a little house for her to occupy alone plunged her poor, aching feet into the water, and she realized that this sacrifice would involve a in her own words "wept into it too."

sac:dfice of time needed for the evangelistic work At one time she was assigned to one of the coast and she dismissed it with the same fortitude that stations where the contact .with the white man she had shown in the loss of her clothing. had changed the people from the ignorant type of Jean Mackenzie began immediately to adapt bushmen. She spent long hours with the old herself to the place, the customs, and language of pioneers gaining folklore and many reminiscences.

the people and spent many hours in visiting huts She had remarkable ability to construct most in- and villages where she acquired the language teresting stories from a little material. She con- firsthand. How the people learned to love her! fided to us one day that sometime she would write One day, after having spent hours in language a book. Faithfully and well she has used her won- study, she sallied forth to put her new knowledge derful talent as the Church at home well knows.

[589 ]

Her story about writing her father's biography to see her "walk and not faint." Surely the words is unique. She quietly questioned him at inter- of her Saviour to Mary of Bethany may be said vals about his early life, he never suspicioned her of our Jean, "She hath done what she could."

motive. One day when the Atlantic Monthly came Jean Kenyon Mackenzie – Interpreter* to her father's home she saw him don his glasses to read it. Covertly she watched him from behind Jean Kenyon Mackenzie was for eleven years a her book, saw his gaze at the title-"The Story of missionary in Africa. a Fortunate Youth"-scan it a minute and then She was born in Elgin, Ill., the daughter of began to read. With riveted and dilating eyes he Scottish parents, Rev. and Mrs. Robert Macread and then began to frown, smile, chuckle, and kenzie. Her school years were spent in San Franfinally he called her a rather uncompli.mentary cisco, and later she studied at the Sorbonne, in name. Their love and mutual understandmg were Paris. Her father, who came to America when he great, and finally they had a good laugh together. was nineteen years of age, became pastor of Rut- When the monthly mail steamer arrived in West gers Presbyterian Church in New York, and dur- Africa everything else gave way to the reading of ing his pastorate his daughter volunteered for home letters. How she did enjoy them and the service as a missionary in West Africa under the magazines! Some will recall Jean's style of pen- Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. . manship, with her broad pen and lines written at In 1904 she went to what was then the German wide intervals on thin stationary. Once when colony of Kamerun (Cameroun), where she saw visiting a neighboring station, she sat by a co- service for the next ten years in four different worker and both were busily engaged in writing for the outgoing mail. Suddenly Jean paused and stations, all but one "bush" towns in the interior. Thirty years ago this equatorial section was still asked, "When your letters arrive home,. do .y.our "darkest Africa." Gorillas and elephants were people send them over the country to mqmrmg friends?" Upon being answered in the negative, common, travel was on foot or by canoe, or at best in the one-wheeled chair called a "push-push," or she said: "Well, mine do but they will not do so with this one." Then taking her blunt pen she in a hammock swung from a pole borne by porters. printed across the page in a horizontal line, in In 1914, because of ill health, Miss Mackenzie large letters, a slang word sufficiently prohibitive retired from service in Africa and devoted herself to writing about that part of ,the continent which to prevent broadcasting. . is still so little known. After the outbreak of the World War, however, and with the capture of We ever marveled at her self-control; but once, Kamerun by French forces, her return was asked by the mission staff. In the transfer of property when overexasperated at a coworker of the sterner and the establishment of missionary work under a new regime, Miss Mackenzie's fluent French sex she shook her little fist at him and said, "I and her experience on three continents would be of value. The submarine danger was at its height, am'very angry at you." The argument closed im- but by going via Spain and the Canary Islands she made her way eventually to the African coast. mediately. Perhaps the brightest spot in her fir~t This emergency year of service ended, Miss term was the visit of Dr. A. W. Halsey and hIS Mackenzie returned to New York, settling down to a career of writing. The vivid recollections of wife to our field. This was our first secretarial her experiences in Africa resulted in a series of articles and essays in the Atlantic Monthly. She visit and we all greatly enjoyed his season with also wrote several books: "Black Sheep," "An African Trail," "African Adventures," "African us, but no one so much as Jean. Clearings," "The Story of a Fortunate Youth" (an account of the early life of her father), "The . Great was our sorrow when she returned home. Venture" (poems.), "Friends of Africa," "The Trader's Wife." Later how deeply we appreciated her heroic and In 1923 Miss Mackenzie was elected a member brave service as she again heard the call to Africa of the Board of Foreign Missions, and three years later was appointed as its speci.al representative and answered it during the World War. She told Le to the international and interdenominational conus of being alone in the lower part of that big ference held in Zoute, Belgium, which discussed ship, in the submarine zone, and we knew that the future of mission work in Africa in view of only He whom she served had kept her for us.

The results of her services are written in our Mission's war history. When she again left us, she explained that she had promised her father that when he called her she would return, and the time had come. But orice when I was on furlough she confided to me her great desire to return to the field. Each time she followed a company of coworkers to the steamer to say "Good-bye" her streaming eyes followed the boat, as it wended its way Africaward.

. The home Church and literary world knew how, in the words of the Prophet, she "mounted upon wings" but to us who knew her there, it was given • Condensed from Women and Missions, October, 1936.

INTIMATE MEMORIES OF JEAN KENYON MACKENZIE

rapidly changing economic and social conditions realm of human nature. We often saw through over the continent. Here her gift of understandingall sorts and conditions of people came into a her eyes and felt drawn with her nearer to tpe full play. Out of this conference grew many of the most valuable modern developments in African mind and heart. No one else served Christian work in Africa, including the founding country or people more wholeheartedly, or re~­ of a committee to provide Christian literature. Miss Mackenzie died in New York City on Sep- dered more acceptable service to her Lord and tember 2d of this year. Master, than did our coworker, Jean Kenyon Mac- Recollections of a Fellow Missionary kenzie. (MRS. W. S.) ANNA M. LEHMAN. Of the many high recommendations proffered at the time of Jean Mackenzie's 'appointment to A Tribute from a Friend the West Africa Mission, one given by her own father spoke of Jean's "adaptability." Jean Mackenzie was the gifted daughter of a gifted Scotch "domsie," a real child of the manse. Traveling with her down the West Coast, trek- She was as Scotch as if she had been born in king through the bush for days in the rain, living Thrums. Her father never outgrew the traits with her under the same leaky roof, experiencing which made him so definitely a Scot, and Jean intogether a smallpox epidemic, only served to illu- herited from him his rare and delicate humor, his minate her many choice characteristics and to keen insight and lofty imagination, his deeply make us value more and more our new friend and spiritual nature. They looked alike and thought fellow worker. Sympathetic and understanding alike, and in her later years, as she grew older, she was, practical and efficient, ready to share she had so perfectly his ruddy color, his round with black or white not just things alone but her face crowned with soft white hair, and his serene philosophy and attitude toward life, her friends blue eyes, that the resemblance was very striking. and family, and her findings in the African heart Her "Story of a Fortunate Youth" is a beautiful and forest. All who have read her writings know tribute to him. how keenly observant she was, and how much she got as well as gave during her sojourn in Africa. When she came back from Africa on her first furlough, in the fall of 1906, she, who was never Arriving at her station, she gave herself scant very strong, during that winter in New York she three days to unpack her small iron trunks, to establish herself at a rough homemade desk and JEAN MACKENZIE TOURING IN AFRICA arrange her belongings in a third-hand chest of drawers. In the cramped space of a 10 by 14 did a good deal of work and speaking. Among room, she allowed herself but one or two at a time of her treasures and bits of art, living through other duties, she taught a class of girls in the Sabthe calendar with now a brass bowl, next a "Boy and Violin," or some hand-catved panels. bath school of Rutgers Church. It was a rare Self-discipline ranked high in her catalog of privilege for those girls to have such a teacher! virtues. She disciplined herself to a routine of hours and days, sometimes stepping out and fac- One can easily believe that the fascination, the ing "right about" in an opposite direction from that in which the precious monthly foreign mail charm, the devotion of that frail, earnest young was expected. What a wealth of love and friendship, of warming one's self at ,the home hearth woman lent a compelling force and an unforgetthere would be in store for her, with the opening of that tin hamper of mail from across the sea! table impression to the message she taught, which One has only to read her "Exile and the Postman" to know what it meant to her. Yet we saw her has had an influence beyond computation in that deliberately walking away from it, to return only after her self-appointed task of the day was done. mission in Africa. She always schooled herself to the more difficult way. If perchance there was some individual We of Rutgers Presbyterian Church had the who just naturally "rubbed the wrong way," then it was her practice to make an especial effort to rare pleasure of seeing her frequently as she came be friendly or do a favor for that one. to the meetings of the Women's Guild, and other She was a sharer of good things-as much as one can share of family, privilege, appreciation of church services during her first, second, and third beauty, and happy discoveries one makes in the furloughs. She brought the story of God's love to eager listeners, and through her the Sun of Righteousness began to shine in many darkened hearts and home1l ' ..

Of all the missionary speakers I have ever His love, gentle in her own indescribable way, cheerful as she made her efforts for the happiness heard, no one has ever so moved me with the feel- of others, but above all, as a creative mind at work, enriching and interpreting human life. ing of the world's need and the power of God's "The Word of God is a real word," she would love. With such extraordinary gifts of mind and often say. She heard it in the creative process of the natural world, for her it was hidden in the heart and tongue, it has been hard to understand course of things. She heard it in her girlhood, in the African forest, in her home in Riverdale. She why she was not given commensurable bodily recognized the word of God in the Bible. "I found in the Biblical stories, while at work in Mrica, the strength to use her powers to the utmost. She actual word of God to those people,"· she said.

always worked to the limit of her strength, and She shared the sufferings of the Master. When she was writing the devotional studies for Women when she found herself unable to do much speak- and Missions, she worked in great weakness and almost continuous physical discomfort. She ing she gave herself to writing as long as she would come down the stair, obviously pale and worn with her wrestling in prayer. There was in could. A large audience, in secular and religious her studies, in consequence, an almost angelic tenderness and heroism. There was in them the magazines and in her books, have felt the spell adoration of one who had met the Lord in the flame, and been marked with the secret fire. of her pen. GEORGE M. DUFF. In her the natural body could change to the spiritual body with less change than for most of us. (MRS. JOHN H.) MARTHA B. FINLEY.

A Word from Her Pastor Jean Mackenzie meant to the Church what high talent dedicated to a high task can mean. During the more than twenty years that she lived in Riverdale after her return from Africa, she appeared as a shining being amid the daily round of duties-reticent as one truly absorbed in God and Signs of Progress in West Africa By REV. R. S. ROSEBERRY, Kankan, French West Africa "CUT her throat! Cut her throat!" was the ered by this account, namely, Senegal, Guinea, command of the slave driver more than a Sudan and Ivory Coast. These colonies have a hundred years ago, as the long caravan of population of approximately ten million people.

slaves wended its way across the Sudan to Prior to the forward movement of missions, Gambia. The little slave girl could no longer keep Mohammedanism had captured the territory along up with the caravan that Mungo Park was ac- the banks of the Niger westward to the Atlantic.

companying on his return trip from his first visit Entering this region from the north about the to the Niger. The slave girl's throat was cut, and eighth century, they had hundreds of years to the scanty clothing that covered her body sal- press their conquest before the advent of the mis- vaged. It might be said that Mungo Park's first sionary of Christ. Rome had also followed closely trip to the Niger was the beginning of the over- the French conquest and was installed in a num- throw of the slave traffic in West Africa. The ber of pagan centers.

advent of civilized government accomplished it. The great Harris mass movement had stirred The hinterland was held by powerful Mohamme- the southern part of the Ivory Coast, carrying dan war lords who did not yield without many a everything before it like a hurricane. Pushing battle. The closing years of the nineteenth cen- back from the coast about three hundred miles, it tury saw these conquered and the land opened to had turned many people from their fetish wor- commerce. ship, leaving them, however, with very little con- French West Africa, a colonial empire of vast ception of real Christianity. In many places extent, borders the Atlantic Ocean on the west where instruction failed to arrive in time they and stretches east to the Egyptian Sudan, reach- drifted into other forms of paganism.

ing from the Mediterranean on the north to the In 1918, at the close of the World War, the Gulf of Guinea on the south. Only four of the evangelical advance into the interior was begun.

colonies comprising French West Africa are cov- A line of stations was opened from Faranah, near

SIGNS OF PROGRESS IN WEST AFRICA

the source of the Niger River, down to Timbuctoo books which mean to them a new life. They in and across the buckle of the Niger to Gao. This turn become teachers to help others. The call move placed us in strategic centers, giving us a comes from far and near for help to reap the har- working base in at least twenty-five of the more vest. In order to meet the emergency workers than one hundred tribes in this territory. The have been shifted from less responsive Mohamme- number of tribes, increased the usual language dan tribes to the awakened areas. This has some- barrier. Here were many distinct languages, times meant leaving good buildings vacant, but some of them subdivided into dialects, a decided what is a building in comparison with an oppor- obstacle to rapid evangelization. By evangelizing tunity? The missionaries are willing to live in we do not mean proclaiming the message in a ter- grass hut training camps that they may teach the ritory once or twice and then passing on to the needy ones. What a pleasure it is to visit these next district. True evangelization raises up and same sections where the devil reigned so long, and establishes groups of believers who can carryon meet earnest followers of Christ who sit by the for themselves. This was the New Testament hour and listen to the Word! Oftentimes many method. It is not the drilling of men and women tribes are represented in these gatherings, all in a creed with the hope that they will gradually meeting at a common mercy seat.

develop into a Christian community. Evangeliza- Pagans and Ohristians tion means the transformation of men and women by the direct power of God. Anything short of The way has not been easy. Persecution has this is a waste of time and money. broken out which has shown the intense hatred Fortunately the major part of the societies that that always follows a real work of God. The entered this territory belong to strong funda- pagan forces have rallied in some sections to drive medal groups, with a resulting unity of program out the native workers. In one town especially which greatly aids in the evangelization of the their hatred became so intense that they not only territory. Beginning with two workers in 1918, drove the native teacher away, tearing down his the Christian and Missionary Alliance, before the house, but even threatened the missionary with close of 1928, had placed a force of sixty on the violence. The native teacher was not to be so field. Other societies soon entered, so that now easily set aside and returned again and again more than one hundred and thirty missionaries until they beat him severely. He told them that are at work, representing at least eight societies. a beating on the left side was silver money, on The larger language groups have been entered, the other side, gold. He became rich in that kind and much has been accomplished toward giving of money before they grew tired and let him go. them the Word of God in their own tongue. His face shines with an inner light as he tells of Translating has been, for the most part, pioneer his experience. work and consequently has required much time and persistent effort. Into at least four of these In order to encourage these tried ones, conferlanguages the entire New Testament and a part ences have been convened in different districts of the Old Testament have been translated. Other with profit. This affords them an opportunity to pagan tribes have one or two Gospels and the get together and talk over their difficulties and story of some of the Old Testament portions. recite their victories over sin. It shows their strength as a body of believers and encourages After ten years of plodding and sowing the them to press forward through trials and suffergood seed the awakening came. It swept almost ing. It also provides an opportunity for Bible inlike a wave over the entire field. Section after struction and prayer for the isolated ones who section reported a turning to God from dumb do not have the privilege of a great center where idols. Paganism began to break and crumble on continual instruction is carried on. In a recent a wide front until it became exceedingly difficult conference the Spirit came upon those gathered to care for the instruction of inquirers, and many in prayer until strong men called aloud upon God fine opportunities were lost for the lack of to have mercy upon them. It is in hours of this reapers. kind that a new vision is imparted that gives the In order to take advantage of the movement, work new vigor and strength. Many of these training camps have been opened in many parts simple-hearted folk travel miles to attend such of the field to teach the people to read the Word gatherings. The Christians are encouraged to of God. It has been no small task to teach grown bring a love offering, which provides for those men and women from illiterate, pagan tribes. who are called of the Lord to go as evangelists After a busy day on the farm they come from and teachers into the district. The offering con- their fields to study the simple primers printed sists of grain, peanuts, and cowerie shells, which for their benefit. Their goal is a New Testament take the place of money in the more backward all their very own. How they treasure these districts. Many of the Christians are very poor,

and consequently their offerings are not large j did not grasp the message until I heard the Evan- gelist Bokari." This fiery evangelist makes Christ but they are a great help to their spiritual life. real and causes them to fear the wrath of God that will come upon them if they do not repent. No man can make progress in his spiritual ex- In order to get a sick man to a recent native con- ference he loaded him on his horse while he perience who does not bring an offering to the walked beside him, footsore and weary, over the hot, sandy trail. To hear him pray, "Lord, call Lord. forth shepherds to feed the sheep; call them, Lord, black or white! the sheep are many, but the Our hope for every town is to get at least one shepherds are few," is an inspiration indeed. One can well understand the burden that rests on his man to stand true to his faith. He becomes a heart.

rallying ground for others who perhaps are weak- While the results among the Mohammedans have not been as great as those among the pagan er in faith and not so courageous. The great work tribes, yet, strange to say, our foremost evangel- ists, men who have been trail blazers among the of the missionary at the present time is the train- pagans, were formerly bigoted followers of the false prophet. Is there not a lesson in that fact ing of native men and women as leaders. A cen- for us? The strongest fortifications once won in turn make the best strongholds. The Touaregs tral Bible school is being erected in the Sudan for and Arabs on the borders of the great Sahara, the pagan cliff dwellers of HabM land, the Bambaras this purpose. This will not replace the short term and Miankas with the Black and Red Bobos, the great Mossi tribe of the central Sudan, with the Bible training camps already established, but will Kissien, Toma, Gberese, Baouli and other tribes of the forest country, are forming to raise a supplement them. It is not proposed to give them chorus of praise to the Lamb of God who has re- deemed them. These delegations will hail the a higher education, which often seems to unfit King's arrival. Faithful God-ealled men and women are on the march over the burning sands men and women for real village work. Rather we of the desert, on the great open plains of the Sudan, in the somber forests, ever going forward would that they have a thorough knowledge of the to reach the last tribe with the message. Toiling on translation work at night, teaching men and Word of God, with a heart set on fire by the women to read, helping to build houses and chapels, bridging streams, opening new roads, Spirit. . slowly and oftentimes with breaking hearts, the Gospel army presses on to a sure success. The second session of one of these Bible train- ing institutes in HabM land was convened from March 24 to April 19 in 1936, with an enroll- ment of thirty-five regular and eight special stu- dents. Thirty-two of this number took the ex- amination at the close of the session. The course was not conducted without opposition from Satan which threatened at times to disrupt it altogether j but prayer prevailed, and not one left until the close. One can understand the urge that seizes the native to go back to his farm when a heavy rain falls and prepares the soil for sowing the seed.

Only the Lord can impart faith on these occasions and cause them to wait a little longer at the Mas- ter's feet and learn more of His Word.

A true and loyal native worker is a priceless boon to the missionary. The only hope of West Africa is men and women of this type. Again and again we hear the testimony of the natives: "I A TRIBE OF GOD In his letter to the Romans Paul writes, "And it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my children; there shall they be called the children of the living God" (Romans 9: 26).

This prophecy is surely coming to pass in Africa. For many generations her people have been abused by all other nations. They have been harassed by merciless slave traders, ex- ploited by ruthless traders and industrial organizations, and divided up among the various nations of Europe. With the downfall of Ethiopia, Liberia is the only bit of independent ter- ritory in all that great continent. But God has blessed the Africans with a spirit of hope and optimism so that they have endured persecution and oppression, patiently awaiting the day of deliverance. That day is dawning now, for out of every tribe in Africa God is calling forth a people for Himself and through these people Africa will be delivered out of her age-old bondage. One old woman made the remark, "A new tribe is arising in Africa in our day- the tribe of God."-Clarence E. Carlson, in Gems of Cheer.

Lai Tsang, Missionary to

I _oo-lflf By MRS. C. S. DEMING, Seoul, Korea I fB.- ~==========================~ SOME years ago we first made Mr. Sen's ac- I thanked God, and took courage. Then it quaintance. Our little mission to the Chinese seemed not right to send a young man like that in Seoul had been opened only two Sundays alone into a hard place, for the Lord sent out the and, when passing through town on his way to disciples two by two. I prayed that some Chris- the steamer at Chemulpo, he came to morning tian might be found at Chemulpo, who would be a service. He was a member of Dr. Mateer's church help to him. The very next prayer meeting night, in Shantung, and had been engaged in a little a young man appeared in foreign clothes who said bakery, but as business was bad he was returning that he had served his apprenticeship at Chemulpo home. Just a young lad, insignificant looking, we as a tailor, and then returned home to Shanghai.

did not expect to see him again. His family were all Christians, and he became a Years passed. Our hearts became heavily Christian also, and had been baptized. Hearing burdened for Chemulpo, the nearest port to Che- that we had started a church in Seoul, he had foo, China, with its large Chinese settlement, for come to join us, having returned to Chemulpo nothing was being done for them. We had to start in business for himself. He told us that neither man nor funds to start this new work, but the other half of the house he occupied was vawe had God who hears and answers prayer. It cant, and that we could probably get it for our was not long before I saw Mr. Sen at one of our work. We went to Chemulpo the next day, had a evening prayer meetings in Seoul. He had just re- time of prayer in the tailor's shop, then rented the turned from China to try his hand at the bakery next door place for a little church. business once more and he was asked to bring a It was wonderful to see how the children flocked around Mr. Sen. He taught them to pray word of greeting from the home church. sentence by sentence, and got them to pray at It was a remarkable story he told. On going to home morning ar..d evening and at their meals, out China, he had met with a certain evangelist who loud so as to influence their parents. The children had been in an important position in a consulate spent so much time at the mission that the schoolbut reading the war news in the papers, felt con- teachers complained that they were neglecting vinced that it was one of the signs of the Lord's their lessons. Mr. Sen told them to come to the speedy return. He gave up his post, and set him- church after school and he would help them preself to do the work of an evangelist, trusting en- pare their home work, after which they had their tirely to the Lord to supply his wants and those daily Christian Endeavor service. He taught them of his large family. Mr. Sen joined him and in to pray over their lessons, so that one boy who preparation for his work, spent hours studying was bad in arithmetic, got 100 in his examination. God's Word and praying for the baptism of the Holy Spirit. Before long the answer came and When the influenza epidemic was about, Mr. the evangelist went out to do a great work for Sen was taken sick. His friend the tailor was God. away at the time and there was no coal. The weather was bitter and he was too ill to move. After speaking, Mr. Sen led in prayer, the most The children came and found the doors locked. wonderful prayer I ever heard. As he was pray- Mr. Sen called to them that there was no coal, so ing, the Lord said to me, "He is the man I have they would not have their r.egular meeting. When sent you for Chemulpo." they came the next day, and heard the same thing After the service, I asked him, "Are you will- they knew that something was wrong, and asked ing to go and start work for God in Chemulpo?" him why he was not up. When he told them that It was a hard task. He said, "I will pray about it, he was too sick and could not move, one of the and see if it is the Lord's will." The next week boys climbed to a second-story window and man- he told me that the Lord had appeared to him in aged to get in. Some of them went to their homes the night, telling him to be strong and of a good and brought wood and coal while others brought courage,' that He would stand by him and food. Others carried water, as he had had noth- strengthen him, and that he had called him to this ing to drink. Some mothers came around also work at Chemulpo. and cared for him.

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Mr. Sen spent his mornings visiting in the Korea to our knowledge, when marriage brought homes and places of business, preaching Christ a China missionary to Korea. His prayers that everywhere. There was no place in Chemulpo someone might come and start work among his where the name of Mr. Sen was not known and people in Korea were answered by our coming, loved. The girls and boys would go out with him, and I believe were the cause of it.

preaching after school hours or on Sunday after- Through the years, Elder Chee, and Mr. Sen are noons. They became splendid little workers and the two men who have felt the burden and re- then the parents began to get interested. One sponsibility for the whole Chinese work. Every whole family was won through him and many week the officers of the church would meet with others. them. Down on our knees, we would each one Mr. Sen had great power in prayer, and a pray in turn over the matters coming up for de- simple childlike faith in the power of God. There cision, so in an unusual way felt we had the mind was a young man in town who had terrible pain of the Spirit,because of our unity. Shoulder to in his ear for a fortnight and could neither eat shoulder we have carried the burdens and re- nor sleep for the pain. He went to the hospital sponsibilities in a fellowship that has been most but could get no relief. A church member, a young precious. We have sorrowed together, and re- blacksmith, said, "I will take you to Mr. Sen and joiced together. In time it was felt that Mr. Sen he will pray for you and you will be healed." He should be ordained, and at the request of the went to the evening service with the man, but Union Chinese Churches in Korea, now grown to found that the tailor was about to conduct the five in number, the Synod of the Union Chinese service. He had come in and found Mr. Sen over- Christian Church of China ordained him in Mouk- come by the fumes of the charcoal stove he was den. Having started the work in Chemulpo, he using to cook his food. He was lying unconscious became its pastor, but was later called to the pas- on the floor. The tailor put him in bed, with torate of the Seoul Chinese Church, where he is plenty of fresh air in the room, but Mr. Sen was now carrying full res.ponsibility together with El- too sick and weak to move when it came time for der Wang.

meeting. The blacksmith came and said, "I have In the fall of 1929 we were transferred to North brought you a man who is sick; we want you to Manchuria, the mission field of the Korean Meth- pray for him to be healed." Mr. Sen replied, "I odist Church. It was hard to leave the fellowship am too sick to get up." Then it occurred to him of the churches in Korea, but Miss Quinn who how foolish he was not to trust God for his own retired from work in China had been asked to healing also. He asked God to heal him, so that help with the work up the east coast, and was he might go upstairs and pray for the sick man. asked to reside in Seoul, and help all the Chinese Immediately the sickness left him and he went up churches. Pastor Sen worked with her loyally for and knelt beside the sick young man in prayer. five years, during much of which time her work When the young man went home, the pain had had to be done from her bed.

gone. He had a good night's sleep and in the The young Chinese carpenter has developed morning a great abscess burst in his ear and he into Manager Wang of the Gospel Building Com- had no further trouble with it. pany, started to help support the church. Ten Mr. Sen used to get up at five in the morning per cent of all profits go to the church. He is now to study the Bible. While we were on furlough Elder Wang. Recently in building the Music he studied for a time in the Korean classes at the Building of Ewha College, he found he had over.

Pierson Memorial Bible School. A letter from estimated the cost of the building. An improved Mother who visited him, reported that he had price of building material had reduced the cost.

started a Bible class with his classmates, a per- Without being asked, he returned several thou- sonal work prayer group, and an evangelistic sand dollars, which were more than legitimate band. A man who was won by him was a young profits.

carpenter named, Wang Kong En, who suddenly Miss Quinn died on August 31, 1934. That day came under convicti6n of sin as Mr. Sen was ill health necessitated my starting for America.

praying, and gave himself to God. Standing on the platform at the station among Later Mr. Sen went to Nanking, and after Chinese, Korean, and foreign friends, Pastor Sen graduating at the Theological Seminary, returned and Elder Wang stood as the two pillars of the to be the Chinese evangelist for the whole of Chinese Church, clergy and laity. The two moth- Korea. He opened the work in Pyengyang, and ers of the church had been removed by God. The in Fusan also. churches could walk alone, under the direct guid- Thirteen years. have passed since the above ance of the Spirit. Thank God for both these men.

story was written. Sen Lai Tsang has proved Dr. Chee retired to Peiping. Pray for them as himself indeed called of God. Dr. Chee, a Chinese they carryon, and send them help for entering herb doctor, was the only Chinese Christian in new areas when God so guides.

HOIl1:e Missions' in Modern America*

_.46t Ii By the REV. E. D. KOHLSTEDT, D.D., Philadelphia I Secretary of the Board of Home Missions, Methodist JB- Episcopal Church I~==~======================~'

T HE United States of America is an excep- sions, than to develop constructive citizens. tional field for Home Missions. No other Specialists sustain our contention that, without nation can duplicate the intricate, exacting discounting the effectiveness of what Government task that confronts organized Christianity in this men were doing toward the suppression of crime country, with its unique historical heritage, reli- and criminals, the cause and cure of crime in the gious background, territorial expansion, govern- United States is a matter of more immediacy; mental development, racial mixtures, cosmopolitan that preventive rather than punitive phases of sopopulation, changing economic and social situ- cial service demand major emphasis; that Chrisations. Constructive statesmen remind us that no tianity has no more imperative obligation than a nation can hope to withstand the test of time that faithful ministry to child life. lacks at least three fundamentals to perpetuity: The late Senator Long said, concerning the solu- A capable foundation of race; tion of criminal problems: A high standard of private and public morals; A spirit of fidelity to tried and long-established institu- "I understand that crime is costing our country $12,000,000,000 annually. We spend about $40,- tions. 000,000 a year on the prosecution of federal crimes alone. The approach to this problem of Despite gratifying gains, Christian constitu- reducing crime should begin with childhood, in our encies record a disproportionate ratio of our total public and private schools, where children should population. Mindful of the variable value of sta- be taught a greater respect for law. There should tistical summaries, we marshal the most depend- be a revival of religious training in the home, a able data available, as a reasonably reliable yard- reorganization of our correctional institutions, stick with which to measure religious progress, with a revision of our judicial methods. We want and to determine the validity of missionary re- to punish, rather than to correct conditions by sponsibilities. using common sense in administering justice."

Missionary Review of the World (June Issue) Home Missions and National Life 1935: Present population of the United States …. 134,000,000 Secretaries of American missionary agencies Pre-High School Group, no Church Contacts 13,400,000 record seven facts that magnify Home Missions: Non-Church Members, including children … 75,000,000 1. Democracy may be a promise or a peril: without reli- The International Council of Religious Educa- gion, a peril.

tion estimates our United States youth population 2. The utter failure of substitutes for religion. (ages 5-17) to be 30,034,308, and the number in 3. Applied Christianity solves social problems. that classification unreached by the Christian 4. Increasing recognition of the Christian Church. church, 15,000,000-a tremendous challenge to 5. The national significance of Home Missions. 6. The challenge of unmet missionary needs in America.

Home Missions! If the Federal Government 7. Christianity's ability to survive depressions.

deems it advisable to spend millions of dollars on Home Missions and Social Safety emergency education and student aid, the Chris- tian Church must undergird that program with an Economic security and social safety are the adequate religious ministry. rightful heritage of humanity. The supreme pur- Social education and crime prevention was the pose of our Master's ministry to mankind was "A theme for a series of discussions in the White more abundant life." A progressive realization House at Washington, May 17-18, 'participated in of that objective is one of the major responsibiliby 75 mission and social agency representatives. ties of Home Missions. Methodism's ministry to Juvenile delinquency is a social problem that can- the masses has always been characterized by a not be solved by punitive methods; such a pro- tender solicitude for their physical, social and cedure is more likely to engender antisocial obses- spiritual welfare. Her concern for the totality of life is convincingly stated in a challenging docu- • Condensed from The Pastor's Journal, January. 1936. ment: The Social Creed of the Church!

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Sincerely appreciative of Federal Administra- relief work, care of the handicapped and unfortunate, will tion efforts to stabilize chaotic conditions in this be greatly expedited by sympathetic encouragement on the country, and with absolutely no thought of any part of the great body of the church who, I believe, are political emphases, the results fro~ several.years for the social gospel, if they can see that its feet are on of experimentation ought to convmce well-mten- practical ground. tioned economic experts of the futility of a philosophy of scarcity that involves: the destruction The Consumers' Cooperative movement, conof food stuffs and supplies in certain sections, for cerning which much has been written, is based want of which humans are suffering in other parts upon these principles: a democratic organization of our fair land; substantial subsidies to a selec- of economic processes; an unrestricted membertive list of actual and absentee agriculturists as a ship; a limited rate of return on caI;>i~al inve~t­ reward for nonproduction, while grain, meat and ments; one vote for each member; dIVIdend dISmilk-product imports show percentage increases; tributions, determined by patronage. The Coopthe twofold delusion of drinking and spending erative League.of the U. S. A. claims to have 6,600 ourselves into prosperity, regardless of social lia- societies; 1,800,000 members, and an annual bilities. Our Government's main problem is not business of $365,000,000; to reverse our economic the disposition of a bugbear surplus, but a justifi- order by paying profits to the buyer, producing able allotment of the available necessities of life. goods in the interest of the consumer, instead of the promoter, taking out of business the elements Federal Social Security legislation embodies of speculation, in the hope of eliminating peaks several humanitarian proposals, which merit sym- and depressions, the despair of our present syspathetic consideration. tem.

The Social Security Bill is the first law of such scope to Every major Home Missionary project in our be enacted in this country, although Great Britain, Ger- program is an attempt to meet urgent needs in many, France, Austria, Bulgaria, Irish Free State, Italy, some actual area of human life: ministries to neg- Poland, Russia and Switzerland have long had some such lected or underprivileged communities throughform of protection. out Continental United States; in allocated sec- tions of Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the The bill includes these items: Dominican Republic; specialized evangelistic and social services to bilinguals, Indians, Latin Amer- Old-age Pensions, Unemployment Insurance, Dependent icans, Migrants, Mormons, Mountaineers, Ne- Children, Health, Clearance of Slum Residence Areas, and groes, Orientals, Polyglots. Share-Croppers Rehabilitation. Methodist social service proposals must, of The Exaltation of governing principles is a mat- course, accord a primary place to that outstanding ter of moment to the Christian ministry; the busi- humanitarian enterprise initiated thirty years ago ness of blueprinting procedures belongs to special- by Dr. E. J. Helms, founder and director of the ists, who have earned the right to be heard and heeded in this phase of civic responsibility. That Goodwill Industries fact stresses the significance of services that ought to be rendered in the field of statesmanship by which furnish a fine foundation for the developthoroughly equipped churchmen. But direct hu- ment of cooperative economic and social life, man contacts in the realm of religious activity particularly among groups that have much in comought to enable discriminating ministers to say something tangible about the application of Chris- mon, whose interests readily respond .to constr.uctian principles to the business of life. United annual conference sessions afford a real opportunity tive efforts toward economic and soclal securIty. for joint appraisals of economic and social situa- This Christlike project is a convincing, composite tions. expression of practical Christianity.

The Gospel of Christ proclaims a complete sal- The Quadrennial report: vation: enrichment of life in all of its essential relationships-physical, social, spiritual. Scores For opportunity wages to handicapped people, of sincere lay leaders are as anxious as any of us Goodwill Industries paid $1,628,486.11; for servto find a satisfactory solution to this intricate ice wages, $392,920.97. The following service has problem, but cannot see the advantage of tearing been provided: down the superstructure in order to make needed repairs. Different persons employed ……………. . 46,510 Hours of employment ………………… . 6,580,495 Senator C. O. Holmes of Gary, Indiana, says: Sales in Goodwill Stores ………………. . 3,315,376 Goodwill bags filled ………………….. . 2,733,709 The church must make greater social contributions than Homes from which bags and furniture came .. 1,333,642 ever. Some of the success that ought to be made possible Aggregate attendance daily Chapel service … for social security measures in State Legislatures, for in- Adults enrolled in community service activities 545,596 telligent use of employment exchanges in coordination with Children enrolled in community service activities 5,862 12,306 Superintendent R. E. Scully says: "Everybody knows that only by the help of the Board of Home

THE HANDWRITING ON THE WALL IN JAPAN

Missions would we have been able t'O continue the were effected between the colonial settlements of religi'Ous work in the Cincinnati Goodwill Indus- Salem and Plymouth, characterized by divergent tries." creedal concepts, local leaders discovered the real- ity of a practical basis for Christian fell'Owship. Social situations in America threaten the de- Puritan Governor John Endicott wrote to Pilgrim struction of fundamentals to the perpetuity of our Governor William Bradford: national life. Christianity is challenged by: a slump in ethical ideals; an indifference to cardinal God's people are all marked with the same mark; they virtues; the propagation 'Of pagan phil'Os'Ophies have the same heart, guided by the same spirit of truth; 'Of life; the ravages of an uncontrolled, federally where this is, there can be no discord, but sweet harmony. fostered liquor traffic; the menace 'Of m'Ovies that May we, as Christian brethren, be united by unfeignetl persist in the unpatriotic pastime of disc'Ounting love, bending all our hearts and forces in furthering a their country in the eyes of the world by mag- work beyond our strength. nifying the worst features 'Of American life, idealizing crime and criminals, caricaturing Christian Federal Church and Home Missions Councils leadership, c'Onfusing the ethical ideals 'Of impres- were organized in 1908, when a new spirit 'Of cosi'Onable children; the divorce evil, with its tragic operation among our evangelical communions and trail from Reno to Hollywood and Washington. their respective missionary agencies began to reg- ister. We have witnessed practical applications Cooperation and Church Comity of the principle of cooperati'On until office files are cluttered with c'Onvincing cases 'Of progress. More Christian cooperative movements in America has been accomplished during the past twenty are a fulfilment of early ideals. When contacts years than in all the earlier years of American church history.

The Handwriting on the Wall in Japan A Story Told by A. E. AURELL, Tokyo Agent of the American Bible Society T HE following story is told by a Japanese "Come unto me all ye that labor and are heavily young man who was discouraged and planned laden and I will give you rest."

to commit suicide. Those gr·acious words of Christ made me recon- N'Ot being able to see eye t'O eye with my father sider indeed and almost unbeknowingly my feet there was often strife leading to divisions in my began to take me to the Christian church, the home. In moments of quiet reflecti'Ons it did seem address of which als'O was given on that wall. awfully regrettable that a son should be so obstinate.. It was ruinous not 'Only to me but to the Upon arrival at the church I was kindly welwhole family and an annoyance to the neighbor- comed by a man 'Of G'Od, and, to make the story h'O'Od. One day in desperation I decided to run short, I was born again! What an experience! away from home and day after day without rest It seemed to me I had awakened from a bad and sleep I traveled afoot till I reached Atami, dream! By the P'Ower of the Holy Spirit obstinacy the place widely known for "casting away 'Of life." and wickedness were removed from my heart. For a few moments bef'Ore taking the fatal jump Bitterly crying over the good-for-nothing past into the deep water at the f'O'Ot of the famous cliff life I repented fr'Om my innermost being, and the s'Omehow I was able t'O control the terrible feel- bright star of hope shined forth on the pathway 'Of ings of excitement of my heart while I took paper life. and pen out of my pocket to write a farewell note. In anguish I flung my head back and what should I was awfully ashamed 'Of the way I had treated happen but that my eyes fell on the words written my parents, and at once I set out 'On the way home on the smoothly cut mountain wall to the very detouring a bit to see an uncle in Tokyo. Finally, right 'Of me: in true humility and shame, in torn bodily garb, I "Wait a m'Oment! Reconsider!" returned t'O the presence of my longed-for parents. Reading those words again I read what followed I had run away hoping to wash out sin and un- righteousness in the ocean waters at Atami but them. instead of that mistaken attempt I met J €Sus Christ who renewed and clothed me with the robe

of His salvation. What a joy has come into my Word of God, written on the above mentioned heart! wall about twelve years ago–rewritten many times since-by an elderly Japanese man of God. "Next I called on the pastor of the church in His implicit confidence in the saving power of the our community and met with wonderful kindness. pure Word of God has been abundantly honored Now I am praising God for the power of the Gos- and he and his wife have had all they could do pel of Jesus Christ which was first brought to in dealing with the lost who have come to them my attention on the mountain wall at Atami." for instruction and guidance into the restful peace of Christ which He promised in Matthew 11: 38. This is one of hundreds of similar stories of lives that have been saved by the reading of the Korean Christian Te'stimony By F. S. MILLER, Chungju, Korea W HEN one of the Korean evangelists was interest in the Bible, their Sabbath observance working among Chinese across the border and their zeal for souls. in Manchuria, a Chinese woman asked: The Korean Presbyterian Mission in Shantung "Are you preaching what these Koreans be- Province, China, has helped to change the neighlieve?" borhood and has proved that self-support will work in China as in Korea. Reports come also "Yes, the same Jesus." that Korean Christians who migrated to Mexico have wielded the same helpful influence there and "Then I want you to tell me more about it. I a missionary in India recently translated and have been to their church to find the secret of their printed stories of Korean experience to stimulate happiness and peace but I cannot understand the Christians of his own province. what they say."

After listening to the Gospel she started home- A former Jewish rabbi writes in a recent book ward. The evangelist visited her on the following that one day he entered a store in Philadelphia and day when the woman gathered all the family to saw two Koreans in very earnest conversation.

listen to the Christian message. He asked what the trouble was and was told of In the early colonial days in America, the the struggle of the Koreans for freedom. The story won his sympathy and he invited the Ko- Scotch-Irish scattered through the forests of the reans to his home to talk further over the matter. new territory built churches and schoolhouses When they met, one of the Koreans said, "Let us everywhere. In the same way the Koreans are pray first." As the rabbi listened to that prayer scattering their churches and schools over Man- he became convinced of the power of Christ even churia and East Mongolia. As in America, many in the non-Christian world and eventually gave leading men in business, politics and the profes- himself to the Master. sions came from those little log churches and schools so we confidently expect that the young The Korean Christians take their new faith now being trained in the Christian churches and seriously and simply. Prayer is a real and regschools of Manchuria will take a leading part in ular part of their lives. They have their faults, the development of Eastern Asia. Some years ago and we missionaries, with thirty generations of a young Korean who moved to Manchuria from a Christianity behind us, may expect too much from Choong Chung church became a magistrate and first generation Christians, but we thank God for boys reared in the first Christian schools of Korea their genuine qualities and for their widening inhave become physicians in Manchuria. fluence. The story of what Christ has done in Korea has given new faith, courage and hope to As God chose little Judea, set in the midst of Christians scattered all over the world. what were then the world's largest nations, to be The results of Christian missions in Korea are His seedbed from which He sent evangelists to all the fruit of conservative, spiritual Christianity the known world, may He not have chosen Chosen which accepts the Bible as the Word of God, beto be His seedbed for the Far East? Japan has lieves in the miracles as the workings of an everalready felt the influence of Korean Christians and present and active Creator, and is convinced that Japanese Christians say that they have something there is "no other name under heaven, that is to learn from the Korean Church – from their given among men, wherein we must be saved" prayerfulness, their liberality, self-support, their than the name of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.

Missionary and His Native

FIFTY or more years ago it was comparatively His own people are beginning to attain to easy to lead and guide a people newly con- heights in education and scholarship which were quered, not only in warfare and material regarded by his forefathers as only the rights of things, but also in those deeper spiritual beliefs the white man. He is therefore becoming very which had been there since time began. The white conscious of these achievements and is beginning man and his science had brought doubt to the to wonder if he really needs the white man to minds of even the most conservative as to the work out his salvation, whether the trust he has reality and truth of his own magic, his religion, placed in him so long has not been in vain, in the and his ancestor worship. The white settler be- real things of his everyday life. He is beginning side him was uninfluenced by his superstitions; to look to his own black fellow men for guidance he prospered in spite of his unbelief and his jeer- and help, and the white man at the head becomes ing at the much feared witch doctor; his cattle a mere figurehead to whom only certain things increased; his fields were fertile; his children can be told and the rest left untouched. He is lived and were healthy, without his depending in literally becoming "difficult." He is learning every any way on those things on which his black neigh- day to be like his white fellow worker, outwardly bor depended. This was bound to affect the Bantu polite and civil, hiding a great deal of what he adversely and make him doubt very seriously his thinks of him, but nevertheless seeing through a own background and his ways of living and think- great deal and despising much, thus creating a ing, and an almost complete lack of confidence in state of affairs in which real harmonious and cohimself and his fellows was sure to take place. operative effort is an impossible task. He and his fellows discuss fully what they think of their The missionary, in his most admirable zeal and white colleagues, their work amongst them and ardor to civilize and Christianize, helped to in- their influence, but it is in very rare cases that crease this doubt, and in breaking down as savage the Bantu worker will be frank enough to tell his and barbaric all native institutions and customs, white fellow workers what he and others of his helped to increase this ever growing lack of con- race really think. They have found to their sorfidence in what belonged to the people and was row that such frank declarations on their part are part of their life. This process has gone on for greatly resented. They are considered inferior, over a hundred years in some parts of South and any suggestion of criticism of their superiors Africa. But now the Bantu has got used to the is considered altogether presumptuous. The relanew ways. Many of the young people of today tions between the two parties are therefore so have grown up knowing no other life but that strained and stiff that very seldom do you find which the missionary preached so well to their real intimate friendship existing between white great-grandfathers and their sons. He has grown and black in our native missionary schools and up with a clearer vision of what life really is and churches. If this state of affairs is as I have has been able to view his white neighbor, not as pictured it and as m~ny others know it to be, the some wonderful god who knows all, but as a inevitable question amongst Bantu youth workhuman being with faults and misdeeds like his ing under such conditions is, UApart from his own. Hence the old state of worship of the white man because he is white is fast dying off, and the academic qualifications, which he uses within the Bantu is becoming more critical and ever so much precincts of his classroom and therefore to a very more "difficult to manage." He is becoming mis- limited group, what is the gain in having white trustful of even the best .amongst his white friends teachers in our native schools? Is it not far betbecause he has so often trusted and been disap- ter to have men of our own race, perhaps not so pointed. He is suspicious, and is more confident well equipped academically, but yet giving of their in himself and in gui'ding his own life. His secrets all, being one with their fellow workers and with are now his own and not to be shared with the the students and making life much more natural missionary who used to be his father's trusted and easy, as the Bantu like it to be." This quesguide and helper. He is becoming race conscious tion will have to be faced more and more in fuand nationalistic, nor does he now hide his head ture and resentment on the part of either white in shame when the "immoral customs and habits" or black over frank discussions of some of these of his race are mentioned, because he has learned topics will only help make the situation more that such customs and habits are to a greater or lesser degree the heritage of all people, his white acute. neighbors included. MRS. F. Z. MATTHEWS, a member of the Xosa race, wife of a native professor, and her- self a teacher.

[601 ]

Ways of

'rested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA S. AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO World Peace and Evangelism results, this statement is ac- feres with missionary endeavors. cepted by many as even more Thinking Christians are aware Never before was the subject true than it was fifteen years of Peace and War so integral a ago. If there ever was a time that the last war dealt a severe part of the Christian program when warfare was necessary or blow to the churches and mission for World Redemption as now. desirable, that time is now past. work. How can we, as disciples The testimony of missionaries is The peoples of the world are of Christ, send the Gospel of love universally to the effect that ov- waking up to the fact that twen- to other peoples and at the same ergrown nationalism and its off- time condone and support the spring – the war spirit – are tieth century warfare no longer destruction of our neighbors and well-nigh insuperable obstacles exemplifies the spirit of glory, of ourselves by prejudices, lies, to progress in spreading the Gos- discriminations and violence? It pel of Christ, the Prince of patriotism and supreme sacrifice is difficult to conceive of a more Pe'ace. Without exception the that has characterized past wars insincere or two-faced situation. missionary plans and literature of humankind. War today is a of the denominations that have "racket"; and the sins of greed, It was proclaimed that the sent material for use in this de- falsehood and suspicion, hatred World War was going to make partment give a prominent place and murder are its very lifeto endeavors for shaping up the blood. If wars are still inevita- the world more "safe for democ- Peace Mind. It is especially fit- ble it is because people are unting that in this month which racy," but the opposite has been commemorates the birth of Je- willing to abandon selfishness, or proved more nearly true. Not sus Christ and echoes the An- are blinded by greed and profit, gels' Song of "Peace on earth: or crazed by racial prejudice and only have dictatorships flourgood will to men" we should pre- false propaganda, all of which ished since the conflict but relisent materials majoring upon gion itself has been jeopardized. that great theme. Your Depart- are at variance with Christian In addition, nationalism with its ment Editor's earnest injunction teachings. The time has come is that every reader should do deification of the State is becomsomething to stimulate the pur- when the Church must choose ing so nearly a substitute for repose and forward the plans of between Christ and Mars, for the Mind for Peace. We are glad war is everything that Chris- ligion that, if it continues, govto present herewith an article ernments will take precedence written especially for the depart- tianity is not. over the claims of conscience and ment by an outstanding leader in The deep abiding spirit of this line. of faith in God. Christians must Christ and His way of life is ex- not allow patriotism to degener- CHRISTIAN RESPONSIBILITY FOR pressed in the word "love." It includes not only love for God ate into selfish, un-Christlike na- PEACE and love of neighbor but love for tionalism.

Fifteen years ago the former one's enemies. Out of this fun- We should be reminded of the American Chief of Staff, Gener- damental spirit of IQve spring existence of a peace movement al Tasker H. Bliss, said: "The within the Church. Three deresponsibility is entirely on the two Christian concepts: first, professing Christians of the belief in the supreme worth of nominations-the Church of the United States. If another war every human being; and, second, B ret h r e n (or Dunkards) , like the last one should come faith in the brotherhood of man they will be responsible for without regard to race, color or Friends and Mennonites are every drop of blood that will be known as the historic "peace shed." Now that we know more political state. In contrast war churches" because from their beabout how wars are made and ginnings they have opposed" war, understand their far-reaching thrives on hate. It violates hu- man personality and regjments upheld freedom of conscience and have placed allegiance to human beings. Because of the new hatreds and new problems God above allegiance to ea.rthly it creates, war is the relentless rulers. Members of the s e foe of human brotherhood. churches who refuse to partici- pate in war are called "consci- Not only must followers of entious objectors." Very reluc- Christ oppose war because of its repudiation of His teachings, tantly other denominations, in- cluding the Methodists, Congre- but because it seriously inter- gationalists and Christians and [ 602] the Unitarians have asked that

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

the same exemption from com- tion, not a decision, and often that several were on their feet to batant service be accorded their achieves its results better by be- speak simultaneously until time conscientious objectors. The ing an indirect appeal, in the had to be called and the meeting spirit of the early Church, up- form of a discussion among a closed. The participating panel- held by the small historic peace platform group, talking as if ists then took their places at a churches during centuries of spontaneously a m 0 n g them- peace literature table and dis- strife and persecutions, bids fair selves. Sending for an abund- pensed free leaflets and pamph- to become the prevailing force ance of varied peace literature, lets and recommended pay ma- of modern Christendom in its organizing and assigning it to terials to an eager throng. In turn toward the nonviolent way several good woman speakers at the foregoing, the speakers had of Christ. the Lakeside, Ohio, chautauqua, notes (but no manuscript) con- With the coming Christmas last August, the Editor led such cealed beneath the fancy work season it is incumbent upon a panel after this fashion: in their laps. Comments and re- churches and missionary organ- Everything was carefully pre- marks were made all through izations everywhere to make pared but not memorized or redefinite provision in their pro- cited as in a dialogue. Five the talks but not in such a way grams for the proclaiming of women entered and sat down in as to throw the speakers off their a living room scene to do fancy line of thought, as, "I believe Christ as the Prince of Peace. work under soft shaded lamps that too"; "I don't quite agree Every church should have a with you"; "That looks feas- peace committee headed by a while they talked as if sponta- ible," etc. wide-awake, interested chair- neously. The leader explained man. Encourage your paster to her motive in calling these The following literature is preach peace on Armistice Day friends together to counsel with recommended: Sunday, Christmas, Goodwill her on the peace-and-war situa- Day and other appropriate tion, expressing her own trou- The W. I. L. discussion group out- bled confusion of mind. She line, "World Peace the Responsibility dates. First there must be the called on Mrs. A- to give the of the Church," with study packet, will for peace. If your church gist of a private conversation 35 cents. they had had the other day, and has been slow in teaching peace, the latter responded in an eight- "Publication List with Prices," free. minute talk covering the peace "World Citizenship and the Relistrive for an impressive Christ- educational plans mnd methods. gious Program," free. mas program on international "Women's International League for goodwill and for at least one Mrs. B- breaks in at a pre- Peace and Freedom – Programs and program on peace each quarter arranged point and says that is Policies," free. all very well but something more The foregoing may be ordered from during the coming year in the p r act i c a I – something with The Women's International League, 1924 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. church school. The young people "teeth" in it-must be done. She "What Can Christians Do for talks for another brief period on Peace?" by Theodore A. Greene; a will enjoy giving one of the many auxiliary political, legislative sylla.JUs prepared for use by church and organizational methods. discussion groups. 25 cents. excellent peace plays now avail- "Is War the Way?" by John L. Mrs. C-is so full of enthusi- Lobingier; a six-session course for inable. If the will for peace is well asm she can hardly wait to tell dividual reading and church study established in your congregation, of ways for attacking the subject groups. 25 cents. from the purely religious side. then embark upon a plan of ac- "Proposed Roads for Peace," by tion. Study groups are recom- The leader then asks Mrs'. Richard M. Fagley; adult education mended among young people and D-, who has been listening in- series. 35 cents. tently and taking notes from adults to make clear the social time to time, to give the group Order the above three from The Piland economic causes of war- the benefit of her tabulative, sys- grim Press, Boston, Mass. fare and suggest peace action tematic mind; whereupon Mrs. programs and projects. The D- partly talks and partly "The Price of Peace," by E. Guy reads a well organized outline Talbott; a handbook on America's need is great for intelligent international relations. 25 cents. Na- Christians to pioneer in this vi- tional Council for Prevention of War, tal and urgent field of goodwill 532 17th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. among nations and help the idealistic lovers of peace to keep "Thinking It Through," by Evelyn R. their feet on the gI'ound through Nicholson; a discussion on World practical achievements. Peace. 10 cents. Methodist Book Concern, New York. MRS. OLIVE SMITH BOWMAN, of the things churches, young people's groups, Sunday schools, "Youth Action in Building a War- Pennsylvania State Chairman of women's missionary organiza- less World." 15 cents. International Religious Contacts Committee, Council of Religious Education, 203 Women's International League tions, clubs and community citi- N. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. for Peace and Freedom. "What Shall We Do About War,"

zens in general can do. by Sherwood Eddy and Kirby Page.

The leader then rises and ad- 15 cents. Eddy and Page, 347 Madi- son Ave., New York. dresses the audience for the first PLANS AND MATERIALS time, asking them f,or their re- List of Material and Suggestions The Department Editor has for Exhibits, free. found the panel discussion one "Peace Action" – a monthly paper of the best ways of arousing in- action upon the subject. giving news and suggestions for prac- tical action. 5 cents per copy. Order the above two, also a variety terest and spreading informa- The Lakeside audience as rep- of plays and pageants, from The Na- tion. This form of discussion resented in the women's club, tional Council for the Prevention of aims at education and inspira- was so enthusiastic and eager War, 532 17th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.

"Suggested Selections for Programs Prevention of War (address as pre- God's great gift to us. (The use of a for Armistice Day, Good Will Day viously given). Christmas tree on which each story- and Other Peace Days," for Sunday "Christ Is Born in Bethlehem"- teller places a large gold star to repschools, elementary schools and high beautiful nativity play introducing resent her field adds to the interest.) schools, free. American Interracial prophets, shepherds, kings, angels and For a woman's missionary meeting. Peace Committee, 20 S. 12th St., Phil- a chorus singing familiar carols. Open meeting by singing "Hark, the adelphia, Pa. Three scenes, 16 or more characters. Herald Angels Sing," followed with 50 cents. Woman's Press, 600 Lex- prayer. Christmas carols played on Much is being attempted by ington Ave., New York. "Eagerheart"-Christmas play suit- the Qrgan are echoed to adjoining lec- able for use on Sunday evening. Fifthe Youth Division of the Emer- teen or more characters. 1% hours. ture room where audience is seated. gency Peace Compaign, in which Chappel and Co., 41 E. 34th St., New Devotional period culminates in cornet solo, "Silent Night." Van Dyke's more than 225 college men and Christmas story, "Let Us Go Even women spent two months last York. unto Bethlehem," is told or read; summer organizing, instructing "Long Ago in Judea" -unusual then a mother holding her baby reads working over of the Christmas nar- a Christmas poem. At this time the and stimulating people all over rative. Two scenes. Seventeen char- room is darkened and a star shines the U. S. to work for peace. acters. 30 cents. Samuel French, 25 out revealing the spirits of Christ, They tried to "strengthen the W. 45th St., New York. Love and Service bringing gifts. A pacific alternatives to war, make Similar list of 60 good Christmas lighted cross brings to view a small political and eoonomic changes dramatizations, also lists of Easter, Christmas tree covered with tinsel but Children's Day, Thanksgiving, tem- no ornaments. During singing the necessary for a just and peace- three spirits distribute to audience ful world order, and unite in one perance, stewardship, Mothers' Diy, tiny white stockings. Place offerings dynamic movement all those in- Home and Foreign mission and gen- in these and marching to the tree, dividuals and organization.s will- eral plays and pageants in a pamph- hang stockings on it, thus decorating ing to work against war . . . tree and receiving the offering. A SQ- let entitled "Catalog of Plays and cial hour mav follow. They plan to work on 1,000 col- Pageants," a veritable treasure house lege campuses in the U. S. Twen- of usable material. 10 cents. Send "Christmas Around the World." to The Baptist Board of Education, This program consisted of tableaux Department of Missionary Education, behind a large veiled frame, giving the ty-five field secretaries covering 152 Madison Avenue, New York. appearance of a picture. A chorus of every state in the union will re- women sang the accompanying carol . cruit volunteers for next sum- Program Suggestions: while tableau was being shown and mer's program – peace patrol between tableaux. (1) Carol, "God "The Life of Christ in Song." teams to do work in the commu- Hymns and songs given by young Rest Ye, Merry Gentlemen." Tableau, nities surrounding the colleges." people, with appropriate Christmas (Woman's Home Missions.) Try readings between each two numbers. six carollers grouped around tall Eng- lish lamp post, holding books and ap- "Tuning in on Christmas." Plat- pearing to sing. (2) Carol, "Tannento have your church young peo- form arranged to represent broadcast- baum." Tableau, The Home of the ple link themselves up with this ing studio with microphone, etc. Christmas Tree. A little German boy Leader taking part of announcer and girl, each with a toy, stand near promising movement. stands at microphone as program be- lighted tree, a table, chair, etc., add- PLAYS AND PAGEANTS gins, her opening announcement in- ing home touch. Joy is the theme. cluding call letters suitable for the (3) Carol, "Silent Night." Tableau, particular group and statement that a Among suitable plays and pa- Christmas program is about to be A Christmas Eve Midnight Service in geants for Christmas meetings broadcast from the studio (place of France. An altar with cross and are the following: lighted candles in center of picture meeting) . As each number is an- suggests cathedral interior. Worship- nounced the person taking the part pers kneel in prayer. (4) Carol, "A Christmas Car 0 1" – original should be ready to step to the micro- "While Shepherds Watched Their dramatization of Dickens' charming phone that there may be no awkward Flocks by Night." Tableau, Christstory portraying the true Christmas pauses. Announcer reminds audience mas in a Chinese Mission. American spirit. 20 characters. 1112 hours. 35 at the start that there can be no missionary seated holding open Christcents. Christmas obt':ervation where the mas box from which she is handing Christ story is unknown and that the out gifts to Chinese girls grouped "Christmas for All Nations"-intro- program will bring messages from around. Use Chinese costumes, furducing children of all nationalities our representatives who are telling nishings, curios. Fine for stressing who describe their customs and be- the Story around the world. (This White Cross gifts. liefs. 15 or more young folks. 40 plan fine for incorporating material minutes. 25 cents. (5) Carol, "Up on the Housetop."

Order these two from March from THE REVIEW and denominational Tableau, Christmas in the U. S. Little Brothers, 208 Wright Ave., Lebanon, missionary magazines.) boy and girl in night clothes peek Ohio. "The Real Christmas Tree" (Tree through door watching Santa Claus "A Christmas Mystery"-finest of of Life). Its branches spread over empty his pack in front of fireplace. Christmas songs and carols sung by all lands and its leaves are "for the Lighted tree at side. (6) Carol, "The audience while Christmas story is healing of the nations." After song First Noel." Tableau, Unity in presented in pantomime culminating service of the familiar music, read Adoration. Manger scene. Carol is in final tableau. 15 cents. Isaiah 9: 6 and the Christmas story sung as introduction preceding show- as told by Luke, followed by the sing- ing of picture. When curtains are "At the Door of the Inn" – good reader and 30 or more characters. ing of "Hark, the Herald. Angels drawn at close of scene, audience joins 1 % hours. 20 cents. Sing." Leader points out that as our in singing "In Him There Is No East Order these from The Pilgrim missionaries tell the Christmas story Nor West." Press, Boston, Mass. . they see the fulfilment of the promise, All the foregoing suggestions are "Around the World with Santa "light and life to all He brings." Sev- taken from "Progr~m Pointers," a Claus"-American boy and girl per- eral members then tell (not read) mimeographed sheet issued monthly suade Santa to take them on his jour- stories of the work at home and by Miss Elizabeth I. Fensom, Program ney around the world, a typical scene abroad (see THE REVIEW and denom- Secretary, Baptist Council on Finance in each country thus visited being inational leaflets). Close with hymn, and Promotion, 152 Madison Ave., shown. Four adults, 10 or more chil- "In Christ There Is No East nor New York City. Subscription price, dren. 10 cents. National Council for West" and prayer of gratitude for 25 cents per year.

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BULLETIN OF The Council of Women for Home Missions ANNE SEESHOLTZ, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, 105 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK Bring an Old and Crippled Prayer home life, why Mary and the Child '!When wilt Thou save thy peo- angels sang, why the Shepherds ple, Lord?" When we behold and wise men came bringing Alfred Noyes in "A Spell (An gifts. May no Christmas gift of Excellent Way to Get a F'airy)" the wonder of the Christ-child, ours to the children be unworthy leads one through man's various born among good, poor folk and of thee, the gift from God. For attempts to capture the quality the sake of the little children of in life often symbolized by "a outside an inn, and consider the world, help us to consecrate fairy." Each unsuccessful trial, what the life of our Lord Jesus ourselves to Thee and thy Way he concludes with the words, Christ has meant to us and of Life. Amen. myriads like us, and then re- If this fail, at break of day, member before thee, our sin Call to the Twelfth Conference There remains a better way. against thy love and sin against on the Cause and Cure of War our fellowmen – yea, neglecting The "Spell" is concluded by The Twelfth Annual Conferwords, the wisdom of which even the little ones of our own neighborhood, we cry for thy cannot be escaped, and the coun- loving kindness! "Be merciful ence on the Cause and Cure of sel of which few persons accept unto us, and bless us." War will take place in Chicago, lest someone call them "foolish!" Cause us to see and serve the at the Palmer House, January But during the "Christ-child" children, Lord, not only those of 26-29, 1937. The theme will be festival, we seem more free than our own household but even "Today in Peace and War" and at other times. Our hearts are these little old ones who are crip- delegates from the eleven namore gentle and our wills are pled and wizened at seven. Keep tional organizations of American more swift to perform lovely us from shirking our responsi- women participating in the Conacts. The poet in his "Excellent bility for these hurt children. ference will consider the barriway to get a fairy" suggests that Make us see the futility of bring- ers to international cooperation, we act so- ing children into the world only and the building up of effective Bring an old and crippled child to spoil and despoil them. Help peace machinery. Some of the Ah, tread softly, on tiptoe!- us to do what we can to feed highlights will be the "Interro- them-clothe them-leave them gation Luncheons," the Univer- Tattered, tearless, wonder-wild, "for an hour alone." Teach us sity of Chicago Round Table, and From that underworld below, how to tell them aright the the Marathon Round Tables Bring a wizened child .of seven meaning of this saying, We will luncheon. The number of dele- Reeking from the City slime, Out of hell into your heaven, Set her knee-deep in the thyme. listen, Lord. Thou art the Way gates allocated to the church Feed her-clothe her-even so! -the Truth-the Life! Thou groups, is only two hundred. Set her on a fairy throne. hast said we all must be more Register early. The fee is $5.00 When her eyes begin to glow childlike in order to enter payable at the Conference. For Leave her for an hour-alone. Heaven. Teach us the stories of the first time the Conference is And then Noyes concludes "A the Christ-child, of his early to be held in the Middle. West thus enabling many Spell" with the assur- ance that women to attend who Though her head have been unable to be old and wise, got 0 Washington.

You shall know Please write immedi- that she has ately either to the For- seen them eign Missions Confer- By the glory in ence, 156 Fifth her eyes. Ave., New and that ….. ———– York, N. Y., or When she lifts her THE ONLY CHIUSTMAS THIS MIGRANT FAMILY WILL HAVE The Council of head and sings, ., Women for Home Mi s- You shall h ear sions, 105 East and un der- 22d St., N. Y. stand.

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Introducing Miss Lowry old friendships strengthened. remedied the difficulty or made And I thank you one and all. On October 15, your editor the matter understandable as a "The work lies in what I call closed gently the doors on the the religious-social area, diverse part of the process of growth last five years of "life and work," enough in factors and flexible and turned toward the new paths enough in form (although thirty and change. True, there has not ahead. Of first importance is years old) to be considered a the remarkable fact that on the genuine 'laboratory' for effective been eough financial resources to same day Miss Edith E. Lowry, Christian service. In this area my associate in the work of the of service are definitely new care for advance in work which forms of cooperation among Council of Women for Home quite different church groups; seemed essential. That has MissioLs, became Executive Sec- also, there are unified programs retary, and the new Editor of caused the Executive Secretary the Bulletin, and Miss Charlotte EDITH E. LOWRY Mary Burnham became 'concern' both in the general and Associate Secretary. secured through the coordina- tion of varied social skills and the Indian work. Nevertheless, What may be called resources, and other programs in the making; and the cowork- each year has seen advance in "full tide of life" moves ers are consecrated Christian through all the work of leaders. If asked to do so, I the conception that this interdethe Council of Women for could make specific the descrip- Home Missions. It seems tion of the area just given. nominational work is denominato the Editor, signs of tional responsibility. Many good health that her resig- "The program of work places nation could take place in ~ clear emphasis on the functions -, of you receive me as a June, that a Committee on of the Christian Church _with a program rather than per- mission to proclaim the Gospel member of your own de- of the true way of life. Organi- nomination, reporting to sonnel was named, that zational difficulties, personality the new Executive Secre- clashes, financial worries, have your membership either tary could accept a ready during the years found secondadjustment to be made in ary emphasis, except occasion- in person at Annual Meetthe set-up of the work ally, and then the good spiritual ings or Institutes, or by (Miss Lowry continues to health of the whole work SDon direct the Migrant Work) written reports. And this and that the farewell has greatly helped in the luncheon was also the wel- work of the Council .of come luncheon to the newly elected secretaries. Women for Home Mis- The last days were like a sions. prolonged festival wit h friends – flo w e r sand "The work is one of ingifts, laughter and tears, creasing com i t y among and altogether of more significance t han words the Boards. It was thrill- ing to come into a work can tell. In response to the gra- which was closing a Five- Year Period of Survey cious and witty expression of appreciations at the Luncheon and Adjustment (and adfollowing the last Administrative j ustments had actually Committee meeting, your Editor gave briefly an explanation of taken place); and now to her personal satisfaction in the have participated in a secresponsibilities that had been ond period of five-year hers since January, 1932. planning known as Strat- In introducing Miss Edith Lowry to you, the brief explana- egy and Planning for adtion is again given on request: vance on the whole task "The work of the Executive of the church. Then, too, the beginnings of coordi- Secretary of the Council of Women for Home Missions has nation in pro g ram of been one of teaching, preaching, w r i tin g and administrative four interdenominational work, both on the field, as we bodies as shown in the acsay, and at h e a d qua r t e r s. tive Inter-Council Fie I d Through this work, many new friendships have been made, and Committee indicates, at the very least, the will to good spiritual health of Protestant church forces. And this took place when national life was characterized by what we call 'the depres- sion.' " You will find the Editor at home, The Westchester, 4000 Cathedral Avenue, Washington, D. C. ANNE SEESHOLTZ.

*** The Annual Meeting of the Home Missions Council and the Council of Women for Home Missions, including the National Conference on the City Church will be held at the Berkeley Carteret Hotel, Asbury Park, New Jersey, January 11-14, 1937.

World–wide

A Missionary Newspaper of Current Events EDITED BY MRS. HENRIETTA H. FERGUSON, XENIA, OHIO NORTH AMERICA single persons; and single lower Scripture Hunger in Virginia Cutting Suicide Rate than' widowed or divorced per- A group of Christian workers last year opened a Sunday school Some one in the United States sons. -Literary Digest. in an abandoned church near commits suicide every half-hour. Beldor, Virginia, in the Blue Annually, for thirty years; 20,- Boys' Gospel Team Ridge mountains. Last May, ac- 000 persons have taken their companied by a minister, they lives; 40,000 more have tried The Asheville Farm School for held a service at the mountain and failed. But The Spectator, Boys has a Gospel Team. Five home of a cripple, when 66 were insurance agents' magazine, es- active, and eleven associate present. This cripple promised, timates that suicides had ebbed members have divided into three if he knew when the minister to 17,000 in 1935, lowest number groups for the work for the fol- would return, to have 100 presin ten years. Next to economic lowing month. One group is ent. Two weeks later, 104 came. upturn, the chief factor in this working on the morning devo- The next visit, a week later, was decrease is the National Save-a- tions program, the second group rewarded with an attendance of Life League. Ministering to 400 on the program for the young over 150. People came from would-be suicides. a month, Doc- people at Marshall, and the third various directions, while only tor Harry W. Warren, the presi- on the program for the mission- one house is visible from the dent, has saved 30,000 persons ary society at Farm School. The place where the meeting is held. since he founded his organiza- boys have set a definite goal to tion thirty years ago. work toward, and are trying for One family living more than vast improvement over last year. four miles away has not missed Some cases require medical or a service since the work began. psychiatric treatment; others -Owl and Spade. The parents and two of the chillegal or financial aid. Last year, dren walk, while the three staff workers called on 1,387 Helping the "Share Croppers" smaller ones are placed on an old Greater New York homes where mule, which the father leads. suicide had been committed, Moved by the suffering of the 1,991 homes where it had been "share croppers" in the South, The best pew is a flat board attempted. Sherwood Eddy, from funds about six inches wide, and many raised by appeal, purchased over in the audience are seated on Dr. F. L. Hoffman, statistician 2,000 acres of rich delta land in round poles about six or seven attached to the University of the State of Mississippi, and has inches in diameter. The work- Pennsylvania, has clipped sui- invited dispossessed families· to ers say they have never seen cide items for 25 years and come and settle, in cooperative such a hunger for Scripture makes the following deductions: communities. These poor peo- truth. the west coast had a rate nearly ple, largely Negroes, who have double that of the New England cultivated small sections of land -Moody Institute Monthly. states. of large owners under a share system, have been so systemati- Increased Gifts Suicides, depressed by winter cally ground by the owners that discouragements, tend to pick they have joined hands in self- For the first time since 1929, summer and late spring for their defence, and have as a result one year's contributions of the acts. been evicted from their tenan- local churches of the Presby- cies. The whole South seems to terian Church in the U. S. A. Men make up three-quarters be suffering from the evils of showed an increase of more of the deaths. Main cause: busi- this sharecropping system, and than $1,000,000 during the year ness failure. But girls, more this effort to help them on a ending March 31, 1936. The often than boys up to the age of large scale on a cooperative plan 8,975 local churches contributed nineteen, take their lives. Main is described by one expert as $36,801,474. This is a gain of cause: unrequited love. Up to "on the verge of the biggest $1,082,943 over the preceding thirty-nine, only one-half to one- thing in human welfare in this year, which had registered an third as many women commit country. The possibilities of increase of $421,304 over the suicide as do men; beyond forty, this constructive program are year ended March 31, 1934. only one-sixth. Married people staggering." From 1929 to 1934 an annual show a lower suicide rate than decrease had been reported. -United Church Review.

[607 ]

More communicant members bution of higher education un- paths to that highway and the were added during the year, der Christian auspices to such outside world. There are almost both on profession of faith and conservation; the responsibility no doctors, only a few schools, on certificates of transfer from of the Presbyterian Church in and only six churches, three other churches, than in the pre- the U. S. A. to play its part in Baptist and three Catholic. Lack ceding year. Additions on pro- making this indispensable confession totaled 78,207 and on tribution to the conservation of of Christian education have left certificate 43,940. these spiritual values." these people debased and degen- erate in the extreme. Of the $36,801,474 contributed -Presbyterian Banner. by the local churches, $25,539,- -So S. Times. 999 was used for local congregational expenses. Gifts to benevo- A "Million Unit Fellowship" Moody Still Speaks lence causes made by living givers amounted to $4,852,481. The Methodist Episcopal About forty-two years ago Per capita the church gave for Church, comprising 4,000,000 Dwight L. Moody founded the all purposes $19.18, which is 62 communicants in the U. S. and Bible Institute Colportage Assocents more than during the pre- I,UOO,OOO in 40 mission fields, ciation of Chicago. The extent ceding year. is launching a new movement to which this service of the to be known as the "Million Unit printed page has grown is shown -Presbyterian Tribune. in the latest annual report of the Fellowship." Plans for Presbyterian association. During the past fis- Centennial The purposes are: (1) the in- cal year, the association has pub- spiration and renewal of per- lished and distributed no less On June 24th the Presbyterian sonal devotion to the ideals, life than 4,184,357 copies of its own General Council, meeting in pUblications, (a gain of nearly Philadelphia, adopted several and social standards of Christ; basic principles to be followed (2) to mobilize the resources of 450,000 copies over 1935), bein the raising of $1,000,000 or sides the sale of thousands upon less for the world-wide work of the church for study of, and ac- thousands of Bibles, books and the church and $10,000,000 or tion· upon, the social and eco- magazines printed by other less for Christian higher educa- nomic problems of the day; (3) evangelical publishers. All this tion; among them the following: the stabilizing of Methodist literature was dis t rib ute d opinion in support of the "Chris- throughout the United States (1) That the centennial cele- tian Way" and (4) the renewal and several foreign countries as bration of the Board of Foreign of personal devotion among a missionary effort. Those re- Missions is primarily inspira- ceiving free literature include tional and educational, and that Methodists to the world mission prisoners, patients in federal, the financial aspects of the cen- of the church. state and city hospitals and santennial will be subordinated to atoriums, children in mountain these primary purposes. (2) Bishop Frederick T. Keeney, and pioneer schools, seamen on That during the calendar year . ocean vessels, young men in CCC 1937 the Board of Foreign Mis- who is Director of the new Fel- camps, and the neglected peoples sions in presenting its financial lowship, says: of Alaska, Africa, India, Latin program will make reference to America, the Philippines, Spain the "Capital Purposes Fund" of "So far as the 4,000,000 comthe Boards of Christian Educa- municants of the Methodist and French Louisiana. Teachers tion and National Missions Episcopal Church are concerned in 115 mountain counties rewhich is to be raised in the three ceived during the year 210,696 following calendar years, 1938- and three to four million other copies of the Gospel of John 40. (3) During the calendar persons who are the natural conyears 1936 and 1937 a publicity stituency of our church, we are approach to the church will be going to try for the spontaneous, made by the Boards of Christian creative and internal type of or- Education and National Mis- dered living." sions in reference to the "Capital Purposes Fund" which is to The Sabine Field (with helps) for their scholars, be sought in the three years fol- together with 82,881 colportage lowing. This approach will be against a background of "con- An area known as the "deep books and 72,858 Evangel book7 servation of the spiritual values woods of the Sabine River bot- lets, and to those scholars who which are necessary to the pres- tom," lying between Louisiana read the Gospel of John and ervation of American democ- and Texas, has a population al- memorized selected passages, racy; the free church in the free most as needy as the dwarfs of 47,561 New Testaments and state; the indispensable contri- darkest Africa. On the Texas Pocket Treasurys were given as side of the Sabine River the rewards. These teachers re- Spanish language is spoken; on port about 250 conversions, and the Louisiana side there are some many others have been estab- 6,000 people speaking English. lished in their faith.

They are a people apart. The Gospel car "Evangel" has There are settlements in the visited sixty-seven cities and "deep woods" that are only fif- towns of Florida, Georgia and teen miles from the highways, the Carolinas during the year, but in which are men and women traveled over 5,000 miles, and who have rarely, if ever, ridden participated in 238 services.

or walked through the wood -The Presbyterian.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK '609

Carville Leper Hospital Weare not faced with illiteracy- and asked for prayer that they nearly all can read. TJley seem to Dr. H. E. Hasseltine, Director have learned to read in some extraor- may find Christ. of the Leper Hospital at Car- dinary way – how, I do not know. -So S. Times. ville, La., says that a leper can Weare working among a people who come anonymously, change his cover an area greater than that of Seven Year Campaign name while at the Hospital, and, the British Isles, where there is only if cured, leave the place to re- one Mission Station working among The Latin American Prayer sumehis real identity, his ex- two or three thousand people, the maperience never to be known out- jority of whom are inaccessible. Yet Fellowship is undertaking to side of the hospital's secret a large proportion of them come to records. When patients wish to the Mission Station at least once a place a Gospel and a tract in conceal their identity, the hos- year when in the city to obtain suppital authorities cooperate. plies. Then we bring to them the every home in Mexico, in a syste- Word of God. We do not yet have the Since. the founding of the in- whole Bible in Eskimo. . matic house-to-house visitation. stitution, 1,130 lepers have been sent (or gone voluntarily) to They expect to complete this Carville. The inmates are :from 37 states. Four states have each task within seven years. The furnished more than 100. These are: Louisiana, 507; California, work began with three weeks of 158; Texas, 121, and New York, LATIN AMERICA prayer and preparation. One 10l. SJnce 1921, 196 lepers have leader tested the plan in the been paroled, apparently well. Conversion of a Merchant fanatical town of Patzcuaro. Thirty others, also apparently cured, remained voluntarily. Of Don Feliciano is a general In two days over two hundred these.;sent out apparently well, Dr. Hasseltine said, 23 have re- merchant in the Indian village homes were visited, and men and turned with active leprosy. women gladly accepted the Since 1921, 235 have run away. of Cacahuatepec, in an isolated Eighty-five of these are recorded Word. -So S. Times. as still "out," Dr. Hasseltine section of Oaxaca, Mexico. To said, although it is known that some of them have died. get needed medical treatment he Ingathering in Guatemala traveled by airplane and bus to Marked advance is reported in the work among the Quiche Puebla, and during his stay Indians of Guatemala. Las t February there were twenty- started reading a book that eight professions of faith. Two weeks later, at Huehuetanango, gripped him. After returning more than fifty Indians joined the church. During the week home he wrote to Dr. F. L. preceding Easter nineteen more Meadows (medical missionary, became active Christians. In May there were thirteen at in Puebla), asking for a copy Barillas, twenty-one at Retal- hulen, and seven at the dedica- of this book. It was a transla- tion of a new chapel. In three tion of Paul Kanamori's "Three months Rev. Paul Burgess saw 167 publicly dedicate themselves Hour Sermon," which covers to Christ. His own congrega- tion, at Quezaltenango, became the whole scheme of salvation. so large that a new church edi- fice had to be built. Other books followed this one. -The Presbyterian. Czechoslovak Center-Chfcag9 He wrote that he had been a slave to his own ignorance, but At the annual Czechoslovak that now he was free and could Baptist Con v e n t ion of the talk to others on religion. A United States and Canada, held year later Don Feliciano re- in a Czechoslovak church in Chi- turned to Puebla, and on a Sun- cago, several thousand dollars day night in the Baptist church were collected for missionary publicly accepted Christ as his work which the Convention is Saviour. He has now asked an un~ertaking in America, Can- evangelist to come to his little town. -Missions. ada, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Evangelical Work in Paraguay This meeting commemorated 40 Hopeful Signs years of Czechoslovak Baptist It is hoped that the end of the Senor Gonzalez, the secretary Chaco war will allow Christian work in America. to President Cardenas, in an enterprises to go forward un- open letter to Mexican Catholics, hamperea, but the chan,ge to Chicago is a great Czecho- insists that the Catholic clergy military government may cause are inconsistent in demanding some embarrassment to evanslovak center, as 300,000 Czecho- liberties that they cannot, ac- gelical missions, and there is a cording to their dogmas, grant possibility that the religious slovaks live there, and there are to others. He says: "The gov- question will be handled after ernment guarantees to every- the Mexican model. On the seven Czechoslovak B apt i s t body the free exercise of his re- whole, 'however, Evangelicals are ligious beliefs." satisfied with the favorable aschurches, with eleven meeting surances that have been given -Missions. Christian work is now permit- them. Evangelical work in places. ted among "the 5,000 prisoners Paraguay is limited in extent, of the penitentiary in Mexico. but that among the Indians in In Baffin Land One visitor has a list of 120 who the Chaco has acquired :awide have 'accepted 'Gospel potitions, Baffin Land, probably the northernmost of all missionstations, is one of 128 countries to which tl1eScriptureGift Missitm has sent the Bible. Speaking of Scripture distribution there, Mr. Duncan says:

reputation. Evangelistic effort, eign territories, notably in Sene- mit. In these there are more social activity and a mission gal, New Caledonia, Tahiti, than 1,500 scholars, and over among lepers are all represented, and the Loyalty Islands in the 150 teachers.-The Christian. and the International College in South Seas, where, as in Madathe capital is one of the best of gascar, it took over the missions Protestants in Bulgaria such institutions in South Amer- founded by English, American ica. and Norwegian Societies. After Protestantism is stronger and the War, it shared with Amer- more progressive in Bulgaria Vital Work of Bible Societies ican missions the German mis- than in any other Balkan state. sionary work in the mandated The Bible School grew out of a The British and Foreign Bible Cameroun territory. Some of Bib 1e Conference supported Society has been at work in its missionaries labor in Togo- annually for twenty-five years Chile for almost a century; the land and on the Ivory Coast. by the Bible Lands Missions' Aid American Bible Society joined Society. It has two sectionsthem later. Their remarkable -The Life of Faith. one for the training of Biblecirculation of the Bible has led women (some of whom are pasa zealous priest, the Rev. Cosme The Bible in Germany tors' wives); and a three-year Julien, to urge the Archbishop Biblical Theological Seminary of Chile toward a nation-wide The German Bible Societies course for pastors. In the five campaign of preaching based on had a remarkable year in 1934. years of its history, fifty-five stuthe Bible. A Chilean correspond- Persecution has driven the peo- dents have enrolled, and many ent for the Presbyterian Banner ple to the Scriptures. In face of are now working effectually for says: "I have just received a repressive measures of the Hit- Christ as ordained pastors, itin- Roman Catholic edition of the ler regime on churches and the erant evangelists, or lay workfour Gospels which bears the ministry, the Bavarian Society ers. imprimatur of the Bishop of issued 15,269 Bibles as against Argentina. In the introduction 11,970 the preceding year; the There is an annual summer to this attractive little Biblical Saxony Society, 46,994 against school, to which over 100 pasmanual the Bishop writes: 'To 31,062; the Prussian, 169,762 tors and Christian workers make the reading of the word of 'againist 138,990, and the Wurt- gather for a season of Bible God easy is to prepare the way temberg, 844,383 against 715,- study and Christian fellowship. of the Lord. Heaven grant that 542. -Christianity Today. it may reach the hands of the -The Christian. people and great numbers of The Church in Poland them. There is no other way of Polish Jews' Demands reconquering the w 0 rid for The annual conference of mis- Christ.' " sionaries and delegates from the The Jews of Poland have re- indigenous churches in Poland, cently made ten demands of the EUROPE connected with the Russian Mis- government. Among these de- sionary Society, was held this mands are (1) That the name Paris Evangelical Society year at Lutsk. "Christian" shall not be used in any inscription where Jews and For the first time in thirty The conference, which is held Gentiles live side by side; (2) years, with the exception of as much for the teaching and in- that the Jewish Sabbath shall be 1915-16, the Paris Evangelical spiration of the workers, and for officially recognized and that the Foreign Missionary Society has the preaching of the Gospel, as Jews shall have the right to conclosed a year without a deficit. for the conduct of business, cov- duct their businesses on Sunday Pastor Andre Monod writes: "It ered a full week. as if it were a workday; (3) is no longer a question of ampu- that schoolbooks objectionable tating our work; we are able on The record showed that over to the Jews shall be prohibited the contrary to send out all our thirty mission stations had been from the schools; (4) that the missionaries on leave and to send opened during the year, and that title "Christian" as applied to out the indispensable reinforce- there were thirty-four new land, nationality, or church shall ments." workers. The total membership be totally prohibited. is now over 9,000, and the num- This Mission has a long his- ber of evangelists, preachers -World Outlook. tory behind it. At a time when and workers is about 250, most Protestant missions were for- of whom are supported by in- AFRICA bidden in French Colonies the digenous churches. During the Society, founded in 1822, was year these raised a large sum of Cooperation in Egypt given an opening in British money for the support of the South Aft;ica, where it estab- workers, and the maintenance of Rev. E. G. Parry, of Cairo, lished stations in Basutoland, the girls' orphanage at Constan- writes in the C. M. S. Outlook and later in Southern Rhodesia; cin. Sixty-nine Sunday schools that churches in Egypt are beand when the way was open, are now established, but there is coming more and more unity started missions in French for- need for many more, which can conscious, and that so fal:! as pos- be opened as soon as funds per- sible the two great missionary societies in Egypt, the American

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Presbyterian Mission and the Literacy-Test of Progress further training before being C. M. S. have so arranged their in Egypt placed in little churches in the work that there shall be no over- Illiteracy in Egypt is slowly district." -C. M. S. Outlook. lapping. decreasing. In 1917 the census The E gyp tInter – Mission showed that less than 10 per cent New Church at Nshinga Council, formed in 1920, has of men and only 5 per cent of done most valuable work and, women could read. Ten years Christians of Nshinga, Portuthrough its Committee on "Mis- later (1927) the census showed guese Congo, now have their sions and Government," has that 17.5 per cent of men and 2 own substantial house of worbeen able to present a united per cent of women were literate. ship. In 1932 there was but one front on many questions. Today Egypt has a national Christian there; today there are eighty-eight loyal followers Under the inspiration of the An- school system largely through of Christ. At the first service in glican Native Church, effective work the new building four hundred is being undertaken with members of the generosity and interest of the late King Fuad. Thirty-nine and fifty people were' present to the Coptic Church among both Moslems, and Copts. This is chiefly a lay dailies and 257 journals are pub- share in the dedication of this movement, led by the Secretary of the new church. Several incidents C. M. S., an Egyptian priest and an lished. A new book comes off gave the occasion special signifievangelist from Old Cairo Hospital. the press every day. Illiteracy is A group of Anglican and Coptic lay- not an unsurmountable bar to in- cance. A boy of about twe!ve men are being trained to preach and struction, for, as in seventeenth- recited the whole of the Scripto conduct services in village homes ture lesson faultlessly in excelin districts where there is no church century Eng 1and, the fluent lent Portuguese, and a woman within close distance. The work is shared with four men in the extending, and there is a children's reader reads aloud to illiterate singing of a special hymn. meeting run by English and Egyp- groups in coffee houses, shops, private houses, or even in the tians from the Old Cairo Hospital. street. The desire for general The service was not without literacy is growing, and Egyp- its touches of African humor. Fellowship of Unity tian women are demanding The paramount chief was pres- It is some seventeen years schools, equal educational privi- ent, and expressed in a speech leges for girls and marriage re- the joy of himself and his people since the Fellowship of Unity forms. The Egyptian Univer- at possessing at last a prayer- sity has 2,500 students; Govern- house of their own. "But our was inaugurated in Egypt as a ment secondary schools, 16,000 bell is cracked and won't ring. students; high schools, 4,100 What about a new one?" he means of cooperation for the students, and Al Azhar Univer- asked. Quite determined to members of all the Christian sity, 2,600 students. strike while the iron was hot, a communities. It has regularly little later he preferred another -World Survey. request. "What about a docheld services where all the Chris- tor?" He seemed to' think that tian churches, with the exception A New Opening one could produce a church bell of the Roman Catholic, have and a medical man at will. worshiped together. Three years New work has been opened up in Kibondo, an isolated place -C. M. S. Outlook. ago the united service was cele- about 150 miles from Kigoma. brated in the Armenian Church The people are primitive, but Quick Results in Nigeria in Cairo, in 1934, in the Greek ready to listen to the Gospel. Orthodox Cathedral and in No- The ruler of the district is a A native evangelist has revember, 1935, in the Coptic Or- woman, very intelligent, and cently started work among the Eggon people in the district thodox Cathedral of St. Mark. No less than eight Archbishops and Bishops were present on this last occasion, and clergy from French, Lutheran, Anglican, friendly towards the mission- around Lafiya, connected with American, Greek and Scottish aries. She and her husband are the Sudan United Mission. One Protestant churches. The Cop- Moslems; but she is a "hearer," of the first results appeared tic Choir opened with a hymn, although her husband at present when a great man among the which together with the thanks- shows no interest in the Chris- fetish worshipers cam e, and giving prayer that followed, de- tian message. One of the work- with his wife asked the evanlivered in Arabic by the Coptic ers writes: gelist to help him to burn his Bishop of Beni Suef, are from "We have many out-schools idols. After this open profession the ancient Coptic Liturgy. All with African teachers in charge, of faith in Christ, the convert joined in the Lord's Prayer, and we are hoping to train asked that his son-in-law, who made unusually impressive by young evangelists each year. lived two days' journey away, the unique appeal of French, Only this week eight young men might be visited and told. As a English, Armenian, G r e e k, have been placed with good result he, too, asked that his Egyptian and German spoken teachers for twelve months' ex- fetishes should be destroyed, simultaneously. The address perience, after having had three while yet a third idolater folwas given by the Wakeel of the months' training. When they lowed suit. In this district a Patriarch on the subject of the have gained this practical ex- number of raw pagans who are reunion of Christendom. perience they will come in for being trained by the Government

as schoolmasters, are attending the spiritual life inth~ . whole enable the Protestant churches the missionary meetings. sec t ion has been. g rea t I y strengthened and· enriched ; to present a united front in their -The Life of Faith. many have been restored and many: others have been encour- governmental and other public Appreciation of Missions aged· to desire to return to the relations, and to unify the treat- Lord. -Congo Mission News. ment of legal matters. In eccle- The Governor General of the siastical and doctrinal matters Belgian Congo has expressed his WESTERN ASIA the different units composing the sincere appreciation of the excel- synod will retain independence. lent work performed by Prot- Christian School Contacts estant missions, and emphasized Social Changes in Iran the importance of their medical Two of the six members of the work done in cooperation with graduating class at Aleppo, Mrs. Cady Allen, Presbyterian the Government. He thanked Syria, Presbyterian High School missionary in Kermanshah. tells missions for the service they are girls. This may not seem how radically social life has were rendering to the colony, worthy of mention, but probably changed in Iran. and commented on the fine no, other high school in Syria Christian character of many of can make the same boast. Also, Men and their wives call and rethe Congo converts. He further two are Moslem boys; both will ceive callers to gether. At first it all assured the Council that no con- be speakers on the commence- seemed delightfully new and interestfessional discrimination would ment program, one in Arabic and ing, out I soon began to realize that be exercised in the choice of can- the other in French. Th~ father the men made most of the conversadidates for the medical schools of one of· them was a prisoner tion, the hostess was always too busy at Leopoldville or elsewhere, and during the recent nationalist serving the guests to sit down and Protestant boys attending these demonstrations in Syria. The really visit with us. Lately I have schools would be able to follow other is a nephew of one of the been to several parties where just their own religious instruction. high officials in the Department ladies were present, and they have all of Education. One of the great- seemed to enjoy the greater freedom The Governor does not con- est. ~periences these two Mos- and informality, for as yet they are sider the Evangelical Church in lemboys have ever had is their not at ease in mixed crowds. I am the; Congo strong enough to being in a class with two very glad for the removal of the veil be– $tand on its own feet. If, for nice Christian girls. cause I have felt quite a change in aIiy reason, the missionaries some of my friends-it seems as were recalled at this time to Moslem Morality League though they feel closer to us, more their own countries, leaving open and ready to take us into their their converts to struggle alone, A Morality Lea g u e, with lives, more ready to share with us native Christians would not long branches in the towns and vil- their problems. When I visited one withstand the backward pull of lages of Palestine, has been of my veiled friends, or walked with paganism. formed by Moslems under the her on the street, however near and name of "Do and Don't," to dear we might be to each other, there Church Discipline in the Congo maintain the purity of public was a difference. But now we visit morals and insure proper be- each other, or walk together on the Perhaps if the church at home havior in public. The league has street – the difference has disapwere as strict in discipline as the asked the Palestine Government peared. Congo .Church there would be to ban immoral theatrical perfew left on the roll. Native pas- formances. Doctors Go to Church tq1".S and elders are even more s~yere in such measures than ·:",Toward a United Front Here is a church with 10% of are the missionaries. its membership in the medical A plan of organization has profession. In Hamadan, Iran, Because of these very strict been agreed upon by the is a Protestant church with 150 rules about Christian life and churches at work in Syria. members, including Iranians behavior there are necessarily Churches affiliated with the who were former Moslems, Asmany backsliders. At Luebo, a British Reformed Presbyterian syrians, Armenians, Americans personal workers' class has been and the American Reformed and Jewish converts. Fifteen of organized, and each week every Presbyteri3n . miss ion s, the the members of this church are worker is given a list of five or Frie.nds' Yearly Meeting, the doctors and three of the four ten people to hunt up, talk with, Damascus Church of the Irish elders are doctors. This is partly pray with and endeavor to bring Presbyterian mission, the Lu- explained by the fact that in the back to the Lord. Responsibility theran churches connected with earlier years of medical mission for a neighbor's spiritual life is the Danish Mission to the Orient work,; before there was a gova new idea in the Congo, but it and the Evangelical Synod, are ernment. medical school, ambiis growing, and young men, represented in this move toward tious. young men were taken into working with pastors and .evan- unity. The chief purpose is to the mission hospital, and trained gelists, have Peen literally comb- as physicians by the medical ing Luebowith the ,result that missionaries. Most of· these young men, through their Chris- tian contacts and training, be- came earnest Christians them- selves, joined the church, and take an active part in the vari- ous departments.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

INDIA tian children, making it possible lems of Christian literature in Oonverts Among the Bhils for rural children to attend India is that of distribution, and school. Opposition has arisen to do this more effectively vari- The Bhils of Central India of- to the use of this grant and the ous experiments have bee n fer special opportunities for Legislative Council has voted to tried; among them is a motor evangelization. Their homogene- suspend all payment under the caravan provided by friends in ity and, comparative isolation present terms of the resolution. England. Throughout 1935 the make less difficult the spread of the Gospel; their concepts seem The fear has been expressed that caravan was touring India. It to have no subtleties that re- it would operate as an induce- started in the Madras Presidenquire explaining away before ment to members of the De- cy in January and during its they can accept the truth in pressed Classes to become Chris- two-and-a-half months there it Christ, and they respond eager- tians in order that their children sold 10,369 Scriptures. It spent ly to the Gospel. Furthermore, might receive a grant. Under April in the Mysore State, with the acceptance of Christ means the present agitated state of af- a circulation of 2,694 portions. no very great change in their fairs in India regarding the con- Then during May, June and general life. Simplicity is the v e r s ion of the Depressed July it was in the area of the order of their being. A change Classes, it is easy to understand Bombay Auxiliary, finishing in of religion is mostly a change that both Hindus and Moham- the Central Provinces. It was of loyalty; there is no social up- medans would oppose such a hampered by monsoon condi- grant. tions both in actual traveling heaval. and in its selling work, but 7,529 It is characteristic of the At present Hindus and Mo- portions were sold. It then hammedans are receiving over spent August and September in Bhils that so many new converts a hundred thousand 'l"Upees a the area of the North India Auxare eager to carry the message year in the United Provinces for iliary, with sales of 9,155 porto other members of their fam- the support of their communal tions. During the last quarter ily scattered over the villages of schools. -Indian Witness. of the year it was in the Punjab. the area. The need for arousing interest no longer exists; but Triplets in India One Ohamar's Witness teaching is required. The arrival of quintuplets The C. M. S. Outlook has an Where the question of a school would not have been welcomed account of a Chamar, who, two building has been raised, the at this Chamar home where a years ago had been led to Christ people themselves have come Bible woman reports that when through a Christian sweeper, triplets came the caste relatives and started a movement among forward with an offer to erect said: "No woman should have his own class. Through this it, and plans are being made to triplets. The mother must be man's testimony, C ham a r s secure a group of promising punished." The babies all died from neighboring villages be- Bhils who will be fitted to give in a few days, yet the punish- cause inquirers. A group of ment was given. The mother about fQrty";men and women elementary education. S u c h was ordered to bathe in the from two, villages expressed teachers will serve a group of sacred Narbudda River in order their desire to become Chris- to help atone for the sin she tians. Later, fierce persecution villages. must have committed in a past from the caste people partially At a conference, arranged by incarnation. The Panchayat stamped out the movement; but (council) of five demanded during the past year it has rethe Mid-India Christian Coun- twenty rupees, which the family vived and has spread from vilcil, it was decided to make an was too poor to pay. Then they lage to village. ' put the mother on a donkey and effort to secure the cooperation made it run to the home of its Many new Christians are of all Missions working among owner, a washerman. The par- learning to pray; the few who ents were informed that the bai can read are not only feeding on Bhils, with a view to coordinating methods of work, pooling experiences, and establishing common centers for training along special lines, wherever this may prove possible.

-National Christian Coun- could be rescued by the payment the Word of God themselves, but cil Review. ' of any amount which the wash- are teaching others; they are erman demanded. That, too, learning to give t,o God's work Rural Education Problem would be difficult. In vain the out of their, ,qeep poverty, to Bible woman tried to make them The Christians of India are stand persecution, and to win, greatly concerned because of the see the Christian ideal. difficulty in providing primary -World Call. others for Christ. None of them has yet been baptized, except education for the rural Chris- Literature Oaravan' the original Chamar. tian community. In the United Provinces the Government set The year 1935 brought a new Lucknow Ashram aside a sum of ten thousand venture in the work of the Brit- The latest development of the rupees (about $3,300) to be ish and Foreign Bible Society work, which Dr. E. Stanley used as scholarships for Chris- in India. One of the great prob- J ones has been doing among ed'-

ucated Indians for 22 years, has asked to be supplied with equip- Ohefoo School for Deaf been the founding of an Ashram ment for home treatment. This at Lucknow, from which medi- gave the missionaries the idea Those who contributed to the cal, educational and social work of establishing clinics in various Chefoo School for the Deaf have of various kinds is carried on. districts. Twenty of these have made it possible to keep in lt grew out of the Ashram which been opened, all under the super- school fourteen children from he had founded in the Himalayas vision of former leper patients, destitute homes, ten 0 the r s where some 200 people live to- treating more than 500 patients. whose relatives cannot pay more gether in Indian fashion. They The only cost involved is that of than five or ten dollars towards include, he said, Europeans and medicines, but no medicine is food, and fifteen who cannot pay Indians, Government officials given any group which fails to more than one-half the cost of and ardent nationalists, funda- report monthly on the number food. Fifteen of the children mentalists and modernists, con- of injections given. Practically come from homes where one or servatives and radicals, high all clinics show increased at- both parents have died. Fiftycaste and low. "Leave behind tendance, in some instances over five deaf children, eleven girls all race and class distinctions, 100%. and forty-four boys between the all ye who enter here," is one of ages of seven and seventeen, the mottoes on the wall. "Chris- One of the most important have made satisfactory progress tianity has many critics," says and encouraging features of the in learning the language neces- Dr. Jones, "but no rivals in the work is the evangelistic oppor- sary to communicate with their work of human redemption." tunity offered by these estab- home people. lished clinic groups. All the pa- Under the supervision of Dr. tients come from non-Christian An hOUl; and a half is spent on E. Stanley Jones and those as- homes, but the majority, upon Saturday mornings in preparing sociated with him in the Ash- leaving, have accepted Christ. for the Bible lessons which they ram, a series of pamphlets and Christian centers have thus been have on Sunday. One little boy tracts on the Christian message established and two churches from a very poor home in the is being prepared for mailing, have been built. country asked for a Bible when month by month, to the leaders leaving for vacation. As he had of the Depressed Classes and the -Siam Outlook. been in school only two years, aboriginal tribes of I n d i a, his ability to read it was quesgroups numbering perhaps 70,- OHINA tioned, but when by the use of 000,000 people. speech, writing and pantomime, Successful Preaching he made it plain that he would Among the first materials not knock his head to idols and printed and mailed are: the Rev. R. W. Porteous, of the he wanted to learn how to pray Gospel of St. Luke, with helpful C. I. M. Bible Training Institute to the true God in Heaven, he comments and the story of Ditt, at Nanchang, reports that a new was given a copy of the Gospels, a humble Chuhra convert, who Gospel Hall has been opened and and his delight was unbounded. refused to be segregated in the a chapel seating 200. The Gosmission compound, and led, un- pel message has been delivered -Chefoo School Report. der God, a mighty movement of there to attentive crowds almost his former caste fellows into the every night for four months and OhTist Speaks Through the Christian Church. hundreds have indicated their East desire to accept Christ as their -Christian Advocate. Saviour. This provides oppor- An American woman who has tunity for students to do per- lived fifteen years in China, Leper Olinics in Siam sonal work. Two student bands Miss Helen W. Dutton, testifies were assigned to evangelize two to the contributions which that Various estimates of the num- neighboring markets and as a country has made to her life; ber of lepers in Siam have been result several families destroyed best of all, she says, her discovmade from time to time, but their idols. ery of the Christ of the East, none of these is accurate. Fear the Jesus who bade men go the of discovery, leading to ostra- Mr. Porteous writes: second mile; who bade men forcism, persecution, and much give their brother unto seventy suffering, causes large numbers God has been doing a great work times seven; who told men to to go into hiding or to cover all among the wounded soldiers in the love God and their neighbor as signs of their affliction as long military hospitals in the city. Many themselves, who told the rich as possible. However, an esti- have responded to the Gospel appeal, man to sell all his goods and feed mate of 20,000 is approximately though quite a number who, we be- the poor if he would gain the correct. lieve, were saved, did not have an Kin g do m of Heaven'; who opportunity to De baptized before sou g h t the lost sheep and The number of patients being they were called to rejoin their regi- brought it to the fold again; who treated at present in leprosy ments, be discharged. or return to bade men lose their lives for hospitals in Siam is less than their homes; we had, however, the others that they might save 1,000, or only 5% of the esti- joy of seeing 114 baptized in the them – this Jesus the East unmated leper population. For C. 1. M. Church. These have all left derstands and will accept. "The the past three or four years for other provinces or different parts most of the patients on leaving of Kiangsi, and some to their homes, but each with aNew Testament or Bible in his kit.

-The Christian.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Oriental is truly a literalist," Christian training to the chil- Chinese democracy, which is so real as to be unconscious, all meet together says Miss Dutton. "He expects dren and youth of China. Their not only for service but enjoy meetto see in an individual who calls pupils represent 950,000 Protes- ing afterwards, and do so with great himself Christian those qualities tant Christian families. savoir taire. The group is often which Jesus called 'blessed.' Let Sir Frederick Leith-Ross, in joined by lamas, some of whom come him exemplify those traits in his his report on financial conditions from very distant lamaseries in Tibet.

daily living-he will have no in China, fully corroborates the Students' Problems substitute. . . . I see more of report of the American Econom- the gentle, patient Jesus in these ic Mission that "a vast change Prof. D. L. Phelps was recent- Eastern friends of mine. I am is coming over China, a modern- ly asked to address a mid-week glad for my years in China, ization that as compared with assembly at West China Union where I have come to under- ten or even five years ago marks University, Chengtu. He asked stand bet t e r the Oriental many centuries." This opinion the students to send in questions -Advance. is confirmed by those familiar about religion in advance, and Christ."

Child Slavery Today with conditions in widely sepa- in the hour allotted, attempted rated provinces; beyond ques- to answer them. So many ques- It is thirteen years since Mr. tion, China's youth is in the fore- tions were handed in that Prof. Winston Churchill told the front of the struggle for prog- Phelps was given the following House of Commons that he in- ress. week's assembly hour.

tended to abolish child slavery The determined attack upon Dr. H. Bruce Collier of the in the British possession of the opium scourge is part of this faculty analyzed these questions Hongkong within one year-and effort for national salvation. and found that they could be distill the evil continues. A spe- Mr. Hoo, the Chinese delegate vided into five groups: funda- at Geneva, stated last May that mental questions of God, prayer, cial commission has now been nearly 1,000 drug addicts, and meaning of religion, 29 per cent; sent out from England to look drug traffickers were shot in doctrines, miracles and superinto the whole problem. It is China last year. The life of the stitions, 23 per cent; personal doubtful whether there is any- Chinese nation, he added, de- relations to religion, and personthing within the realm of slave pended upon victory in this fight systems so revolting as child again opium. -World Survey. al benefits, 20 per cent; necesslavery-the sale of thousands sity of religion, and uniqueness of little girls say of five years of "Central Asia Trio" of Christianity, 14 per cent; poage, at half-a-crown apiece- litical problems, 14 per cent.

bought for "appreciation" – The British Weekly publishes The largest percentage related bought for sale again at eight to to the nature of God and prayer. ten years of age, for drudgery- a letter from Miss Mildred Ca- Typical questions were: ble, written July 1 from Kansu or worse, without the glimmer province, where she and her col- "Why do you believe in God 1" of an understanding of what leagues, the Misses Francesca "What is the real meaning of awaits them. The cruelties im- and Evangeline French, have prayer?" "Can religion really posed upon them are of such na- arrived after their journey ture that pUblication of them through the Gobi desert. She discover the 'way out' that is the would be prohibited in the Brit- goal of all life?" There were ish press. writes: several very searching ques- tions: A wealthy Chinese gentleman, We have left the "great and terrible "Jesus said that 'whosoever desert" behind us for the fifth time. shall smite thee on the right who has decided to devote his As Christ's ambassadors we have been life and means to the abolition able to tell the Good News in every cheek, turn to him the other alof this gigantic evil, declares oasis on the main trade route. We so.' Now Japan has occupied by that there are more than 4,000,- have had a most touching welcome force our three eastern prov- 000 pitiable little slaves within everywhere. The people last saw us inces ; should we not take the China proper; probably there hurrying away from the "Thunder- five northern provinces and give bolt" and his troops, and many saw are about 10,000 in British me on that same journey with my them to Japan, too?" And "The head bandaged, after the bad kick Powers of Europe and America Hongkong and Malaya. It is which a donkey belonging to a Moslem the job of this new commission gave me. The fact that we have re- are nations that worship God. turned after all this has made many Why, then, are they guilty of to discover their numbers and whereabouts, and to propose to realize. the urgency of our commission. acts of aggression toward the Weare now once again in Tunh- weaker nations?" the government means for put- wang, the City of Sands, and have ting down the unholy traffic go- been able to revisit the beautiful Lake The experiment revealed the ing on between Chinese in China of the Crescent Moon and the Cave of type of religious problem wmch and Chinese inhabitants in Brit- the Thousand Buddhas. occupies the student thought.

ish territories. Every afternoon we hold a service -United Church Record. -The Chronicle. in the large room of our rented house Difficult Mongolia -we call it the Blue Palace. You Changes Show Progress would be interested in the crowd which Seventy-nine missionary soci- gathers there. It always includes a Work among Mongols was strange variety of listeners, from beg- started about a century ago, and gar maids to the wives of the prineties are engaged in giving cipal military officials. Thanks to taken up afresh by James Gil-

mour in 1885. A little over a prohibition was continued for blow to the propagation of civic year ago the new capital of In- another five years, which came idealism; but many older, exner Mongolia was opened at to an end on March 31, 1936. perienced missionaries hold that Pailingmiao formerly a caravan During that period it is esti- "preaching, teaching and philancenter, but nothing more. Mis- mated that the village has saved thropy" sum up the missionary's sionary work had never been 173,000 yen, although most other whole duty, and they disapprove carried on there, but Prince Teh villages have "gone into the all activities capable of arousing Wang granted permission on red." Of this sum, 45,000 yen political suspicions. this occasion. The opposition was spent on the new school, from the lamas caused the lib- 50,000 yen on new homes, 74,000 -New York Times. erty previously granted to be re- yen was invested in cooperative stricted, but good s e r vic e s associations, and 4,000 yen in Rural Newspaper Evangelism among the Mongols, and much the postal savings bank. In adinterest in the Gospel are re- dition, the mayor proudly re- Dr. Daniel C. Buchanan of ported. For several months a ports that the children of the vil- Kyoto finds a wide field for rural Bible Class was carried on lage are better fed and clothed, new spa per evangelism. He among government secretaries, that the children's death rate as writes: and medical treatment has been well as the general death rate given. Today, Pailingmiao is has decreased, that the number The personal interview is the methdeveloping rapidly and boasts a of persons seeking medical at- od par excellence in our work of newstemple, with more than 1,000 tention has decreased 40ro, that paper evangelism in rural districts. lamas. lawsuits, illegitimacy, crime, If a member lives in another part of gambling, police court cases and the Empire, too far away for us to JAPAN election offenses have been done call on him when the time seems away with. propitious, we send his name and ad- "Year of the Monkey" dress to the nearest missionary or -Japan Christian Quarterly. Japanese pastor with the request that Once every twelve years comes he call on the inquirer and try to get the "Year of the Monkey," when American Missionary him linked up with some church. young people ask "whom shall I Excluded Those members who live in our field copy this year?" with a some- we try to call on as often as possible. what sincere belief that thus The refusal of the police to We also encourage them to come to they may improve. The seventy- readmit into Japan Rev. Dr. J. our office whenever they visit the city, five children in the Morning Spencer Kennard, American Thus we have found that the best Star Kindergarten at Yamagu- Baptist missionary, is in the na- way to win a man for Christ is to chi do not wait for the twelfth ture of a bombshell. It is have heart to heart talks with him, year. When they "play kinder- thought there may be a blacklist pray frequently with and for him, garten" there is the piano teach- of other American missionaries and love him into the Kingdom. er, the teacher who leads the cir- suspected of anti-war or labor cle hour and the one who con- sympathies. These missionaries Newspaper evangelism is es- 'ducts the prayer period. The do not expect to be deported, but tablishing groups which willlatlittle mimics do not forget to be fear their next furlough may er develop into churches. The gentle and smiling; the three terminate their careers in J a- work is carried on through ad- 'real teachers looking on are pan. They are social workers of vertising in newspapers and struck by the skill in mimicry, Kagawa's type, but the police mag a z i n e s, correspondence, smiling as they see themselves draw a distinction between a na- monthly magazines sent free of so perfectly portrayed with all tive, like Dr. Kagawa, and for- charge to all members of the their little mannerisms. It is eigners who come on what many church and for three months to not to be wondered at when they Japanese consider the superflu- all inquirers who have not joined say to one another. "Well, if ous mission of bringing Japan a the church, by tract distribution, they copy even us as closely as new religion. and through a loan library, as that, we'll have to see to it that well as through the use of sterewe lead them to copy in all seri- There is no fear that any mis- opticon and moving pictures, ousness the One who is Best." sionaries will run personal risk and personal interviews. or find their freedom of preach- A Model Village ing interferred with, but in the Christian Literature future they will have to' avoid . .A notable experiment in tem- quasi-political activities, such as A group of far sighted misperance was made by the village the propagation of peace or in- sionaries and Japanese Christian of Kawaidani. In 1925, the ternational idealism of the type leaders began in January, 1935, mayor proposed that the village represented by the Fellowship of as one of the activities of the "go dry" for a period of five Reconciliation and kindred or- Christian Literature Society, a years in order to rebuild the vil- ganizations. They may preach Central Christian Library to lage school, which had been de- their faith and teach English, house a collection of Christian stroyed in a fire. So successful but nothing more. A number of books, especially those published was the plan that the term of younger missionaries regard the in Japan since the beginning of police action as a shattering Protestant work. About 4,000 columes have been purchased or received as gifts to date and cat- alogued, the expenses being met largely by Japanese Christians.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Some of the books assembled are voted to intensive. teaching of safe now," but really because of records of martyrdoms, others what the Christian life means. their deep-rooted pagan fear tell of methods of expressing the that if they move away, the spir- Gospel. A reading room well – Watchman-Examiner. supplied with reference books in its of the 73 who were killed will English for the use of clergy, ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC pursue and punish them. Bible students and evangelists; commentaries, dictionaries, etc., Samoan Schools Due to the perseVerance of and a loan library by mail for the Rev. Clifford Nobes, the prodistant workers is part of the For nearly a century the peo- vincial government has taken a ultimate plan. ple of Samoa have been able to hand and by the latest report read and write their own lan- has given the people thirty days Another timely piece of work guage, through the untiring ef- to move away, promising help in Christian literature is the ag- forts of their own Samoan vilgressive program of the five- lage pastors, who have acted al- in moving expenses and in getyear-old Brotherhood of St. An- so as village schoolmasters. In ting new land. The situation is drew in Japan. More than 22,- addition to ordinary school sub- really perilous for there are big 000 copies of the Forward Move- jects the boys are given practiment booklets, adapted and cal training in agriculture, car- new cracks in the mountainside, translated from the American pentry, music and craft work. waiting for a typhoon to start series, have been printed and It is the secret desire, however, more slides. distributed throughout the 271 of nearly every schoolboy to beparishes and missions of the come some day an ordained pas- Protestant Strength in Episcopal Church. tor. Philippines -The Living Church. There are two schools for The National Christian Coun- girls; the one at Papauta ac- cil of the Philippines gives the Result of Teacher's Testimony commodates 150, who enter only on recommendation of village following numerical strength of Mr. Sakata, Principal of the pastors. The school itself is a Protestantism in the Islands: Mary L. Colby School for Girls village where all food supplies in Yokohama, arranged a series are grown on the hillside planta- United Evangelical Church 42,910. of evangelistic meetings with tions and the girls take their (including all members in 82,910. Mr. Kimura. Thirty-five years part in caring for the gardens. regions w her e Presbybefore, Mr. Sakata, a young sol- All practical training can be car- terian, Congregational and 18,0.0.0. dier about to be called into serv- ried out by the girls in their own United Brethren mission- 15,0.0.0., ice, was converted by Mr. Ki- homes when they leave school, 10.,0.0.0. mura and made up his mind that after four or five years' resi- aries are serving) …… . 8,0.0.0. instead of spending his life kill- dence. Methodist Episcopal …… . ing people he would spend it 2,50.0. showing them how to live. Al- Atauloma school has the three- Iglesia Evangelica Metodista most immediately he was called fold aim of helping the students, en las Islas Filipinas …. 250. to Manchuria and was there for finding ways for them to help the ten years. When he came back school and of keeping in touch Iglesia Evangelica de Cristo he trained himself to become a after they leave. Graduates Christian teacher. work to give financial aid. By Baptist ..•……….•….. bazaars or direct giving from Mr. Kimura told of going to their funds they have raised Disciples of Christ ……. . see the young man off when he enough to give four Aladdin was about to leave for Man- lamps for the main hall, £14 to- Association of Baptists for churia. He clasped his hand, ward other improvements. Evangelism in the Orient never expecting to see him again, but God had work for him -L. M. S. Chronicle. Philippine-Borneo Faith Misand brought him back. sion …………..•….. Typhoon Damage The effect of this story was Total …………….. 179,570. direct and fruitful. Almost the With the return of typhoon whole school stood to indicate season in the Philippines, it will "God Hath Spoken" that they too wanted to follow be recalled that last year a great Christ. Mr. Sakata had them landslide buried 73 people in the In a letter received recently go to their class rooms and town of Balogang, near Sagada. from a worker in the Philippine there, if they so desired, they At the time and ever since then Islands, the following story is were to write out their decision, the missionaries at Sagada have told: signing their names. When they been trying to get the remaining were counted there were 307. people of the town to move to a "Soon after our arrival here Committees set to work imme- new site, but the old men, domi- we came across a young man diately and the result is that nating the situation, have re- who had no other book except there is one period a week de- fused, ostensibly because "it is the booklet 'God Hath Spoken.' In all his conversations with his friends he always tried to find God's guidance in this little book, so much so that his friends gave him the nickname An Dios Nag- yakan. Needless to say he soon became an Evangelical Chris- tian, and the proud possessor of aNew Testament." This booklet is issued by the Scripture.Gift Mission in many languages.

-Life of Faith.

MISCELLANEOUS pointing out that the Bible is not those in Japan, Canada, Aus- Faith Missions· merely a Protestant book, as so tralia, South Africa and other often alleged. The remarkable countries. A large proportion A recently published pamphlet thing is that her work is com- of the South African police are summarizes the service of pop- mended by the Cardinal Arch- members of the Association, and ularly called Faith Missions. bishop of Paris. The movement about 1,000 joined last year, The Interdenominational For- had its origin in Italy, where a while more than that number of eign Mission Association of Waldensian pastor describes it New Testaments were circulated North America was formed in as a real Reformation within the among the men, besides thou- 1917 by a group of foreign mis- Catholic Church. Roman Cath- sands of tracts and leaflets. In sionary societies that were not olic writers have also been draw- Japan the work has gradually denominationally related, but ing attention to archreological been becoming more difficult, which held identical doctrinal discovery and its bearing upon chiefly because the police are convictions and adhered to sim- the truth of the Bible. under the military authorities. -The Christian. Each week Captain Gerrard ilar missionary principles and visits the Tokyo Police Training practices. Prayer fellowship, Jews of the World School, where he distributes conferences concerning mission- tracts and Testaments among ary policy, and united appeal for Jews throughout the world to- 200 men. When the men leave world evangelization are aims day number 16,291,000 as com- they are often drafted to remote of the organization. pared with an estimated 4,200,- country villages, and may be the 000 in 1850, according to a sum- only possessors of God's .Word Listed in the order of their in the place. inception, the sixteen societies mary of the work of the noted Jewish statistician, Dr. Erwin There is also a work for wives that are now members of the Rawicz, appearing in the C.-V. of policemen.-The Christian. Association are: The Woman's Zeitung, of Berlin. The rapid Union Missionary Society of America, the China Inland Mis- increase coincides with the A Century's Achievements sion, the India Christian Mis- emancipation of the Jews in sion, the South African General most European countries and the The American Baptist For- Mission, the Central American growth of industrialization, it is eign Mission Society sums up Mission, the Sudan Interior declared, following a heavy de- its achievements of the past cen- Mission, the Ceylon and India crease in the Jewish population tury in a comparison of figures General Mission, the Africa In- in the previous twenty or which include the work of both land Mission, the Bible House of twenty-five centuries. Since the General and the Women's Los Angeles, the Inland South 1800 the general population of Societies: America Missionary Union, the Europe rose from just below Number of missionaries 1836 1935 Bolivian Indian· Mission, the 190 millions to some 500 millions on the foreign fields. 46 590 today. The summary shows Number of organized 3,226 North East India General Mis- 352,413 sion, the Evangelical Union of that there were about three Jews churches ……….. 9 South America, the American per thousand in 1800, about Members of churches abroad …………. 888 European Fellowship, the Ori- seven in 1900, and about eight Number of schools of all 4,372 in 1935. grades ….•…….. 11 noco River Mission and the 10,529 The Jewish population of Number of native work- 32 Latin America Evangelization Great Britain, according to the Campaign. ers ………..•..•. Number of hospitals .. , '" The pamphlet contains a list survey, is 340,000. The Jewish NumiJer of dispensaries … 55 of the officiary of each Mission, population of Germany is given Patients treated …… '" 344,560 and a brief statement concern- as 400,000, compared with an The number of baptisms by ing each society's origin, aim estimated 550,000 at the time of decades indicates the steady and ministry. Copies of the Hitler's advent to power. Jews growth on the mission fields: pamphlet may be secured with- in Palestine numbered 395,000 in 1935-1844 ………•……. 6,653 out cost from the headquarters 1855-1864 …•………•… 12,617 1935. By continents, there were 1875-1884 …………….. 42.,762 of the various mission agencies 1895-1904 …………….. 68,375 listed, or from the Secretary of 9,736,000 Jew in Europe, includ- 1915-1924 …………….. 125,743 the Association, George H. Dow- ing Turkey in Asia and Russia; 1925-1934 …………….. 187,536 knott, 113 Fulton Street, New 560,000 in Africa; 936,000 in York, N. Y. Asia; 5,031,000 in North and Many churches have developed -The King's Business. South America; and 27,000 in their own leadership; among Australia and New Zealand. these are the Chekiang Shang- Bible Reading for Catholics hai Baptist Convention, East A "back-to-the-Bible" tend- -The Jewish Chronicle. Japan Baptist Convention, the Convention of Philippine Bap- International Christian Police ency is noted among Catholics. Founded 53 years ago the In- tist Churches, Inc., the All- A noted archreologist's wife- a ternational Christian Police As- Burma Baptist Convention and Roman Catholic-has published sociation is now world-wide in the Bengal-Orissa B apt i s t some booklets, commending the its activities, and binds the Yearly Meeting. -Watchman-Examiner. reading of the Word of God, and Christian police in England with Our Missionary Bookshelf Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information Indian Thought and Its Development. its world- and life-negation in If we must look for another, By Albert Schweitzer. Translated its later development. The book by Mrs. Charles E. B. Russell. pp. is thought-provoking, and is what about the thought of Jesus 272. Price, $2.50. Henry Holt and Company. New York. 1936. packed with accurate informa- Christ? Paul's philosophy was tion regarding the philosophy Dr. Schweitzer has distin- and history of Indian thought. based on it and is still valid and guished himself as philosopher, musician, and doctor in the equa- We believe, however, that the potent. S. M. ZWEMER. torial primeval forests of Africa. author does not place due em- He tells us that Indian thought phasis on the debt of Western Levucka Days. By C. W. Whonsbon attracted him from his youth, es- thought to Christianity. The er- Aston. pp. 95, Paper, 40 cents. pecially through the writings of ror of Hinduism and Buddhism Society for Promoting Christian Schopenhauer and his conviction is not world- and life-negation Knowledge. London. that Indian ethics were con- only, but the denial of worldcerned with the behavior of man and life-reality. In Jesus Christ This small book recounts the in relation to all living beings we have both the affirmation and experiences of a clergyman of and not mer~ly to his fellow negation. His disciples are not the Church of England who man. to be taken out of the world, but spent three years in the Fiji to be kept from the evil that is Islands. The Bishop of Polyne- He speaks of in the world. The Son of Man sia writes a commendatory in- came eating and drinking. The troduction. The narrative illus- "the difficulty of describing defi- world and life in the New Testa- trates the various interests and nite lines i)f development in a ment are not maya, illusion, but problems which face a missionphilosophy which possesses in so re- a great reality. We are not to ary in a field which includes numarkable a degree the will and the leave the world, but to overcome merous islands separated by ability not to perceive contrasts as the world. Weare not to sup- broad ocean spaces in which such, and allows ideas of heteroge- press life, but to seek its fullest navigation is rendered dangerneous character to subsist side by side development. The things that ous by currents and coral reefs. and even brings them into connection are seen are real, but they are with each other. But I believe that also temporal. The things that A. J. BROWN. we, the people of the West, shall only are not seen are real and eternal. rightly comprehend what Indian There is only one reference to Korean Young Folks. By Frederick thought really is and what is its sig- Paul's philosophy and ethics, and S. Miller. pP. 189. $2.00. Fleming nificance for the thought of all man- the author always uses the word H. Revell. New York. 1936. kind, if we succeed in gaining an in- Jesus, not Christ, when referring sight into its processes." to our Lord. These glimpses of life in Ko- rea are not dry descriptions but Beginning with a comparison At the close of the preface the are a series of interesting of Western and Indian thought, sketches of real young people. Dr. Schweitzer sketches the rise reader is told that neither in With such quaint names as of world- and life-negation in Western nor in Indian thought White Dragon, Great Mountain, the Vedas, the teaching of the Seven Stars, Jewel and the like, Upanishads, the rise of Jainism, do we find the ideal or the final- these young folks figure largely Buddhism and its later develop- ity. in the stories of country and vilment outside of India. There are lage life. The reader learns also chapters on present-day "For there must indeed arise a about rice farming and fuel cut- Hinduism, the Bhagavad Gita, philosophy profounder and more liv- ting, paper-making and house and modern Indian thought. ing than our own and endowed with building, how candy and puffed greater spiritual and ethical force. In rice are made and how kites are The basic distinction between this terrible period through which flown; about weddings and fu- Western thought and that of In- mankind is passing, from the East nerals and ancestor worship. dia is that the former makes th~ and from the West we must all keep affirmation of the world and life, a lookout for the coming of this more We read about Seven Stars while the latter makes its nega- perfect and more powerful form of who butted the goat; about Pigtion. This negation, he holds, is thought which will conquer the hearts gie who rolled off the bridge in void of ethical value, and there- of individuals and compel whole peo- his sleep; about Skylark the donfore Hinduism itself, and more ples to acknowledge its sway. It is for this that we must strive." key who could bray noiselessly especially Buddhism, modified and helped distribute tracts by holding them in his lips; about Any of the books noted in these columns will be sent by the RllvIllW publishers on receipt of price.

[619 ] Kim the gambler and how he ficial relationships brought him ger. It is a true picture of that knew he was a Christian; the into contact. ARTHUR J. BROWN. heroic type of work which has narrow escape of Pak who wouldn't hit back, and a score of Christian Giving. By Clarence Ed- been done in Brazil for more than ward Macartney, D.D. 15 cents. other stories of humor and Zondervan Publishing House, Grand half a century. The author, Wilpathos, rascality and heroism Rapids. 1936. liam Anglin, himself a legiti- mate descendant in the long line and victorious Christian living. Children and adults alike will This is a sermori-;nd – the of missionary pioneers, has writ- ten these simple stories of conread with profit and pleasure preacher being Dr. Macartney- version to give a fresh sense of how a missionary works, how the saving grace of our Lord and Gospels and tracts are distrib- it is in approved sermonic style, the wonderful power of His Gosuted, how Christ changes lives, pel. It will inform, and inspire how Christians testify to non- Scriptural, clear, cogent. It is the reader and stimulate a great- Christians and how and why the er missionary passion. Gospel spreads in a foreign well that it has been published, land. J. E. MORELAND. so as to reach a wider audience. Those who have been enter- Ethiopia. By John H. Shaw, Consul tained and instructed by reading Giving is, of course, only a seg- General of Ethiopia. HOur Korean Friends," by the same author, a veteran mission- ment of the circle of Christian This paper-covered booklet on ary in Korea, will need no urg- Ethiopia, comprising ninety-five ing to secure his new book. Stewardship which Jesus pre- pages, is, as the author states ir his Introduction, an attempt "to WALTER C. ERDMAN. sented whole in his teaching, but portray an honest, truthful pic- ture of this comparatively un- Across the Years. By Charles Sted- giving is the trait Hlikest God known Christian empire, with a man Macfarland. An Autobiog- short outline of the historic raphy. pp. 367. $2.75. The Mac- within the Soul," and it deserves background, the natural re- millan Company. New York. 1936. sources, the people, the govern- to be stressed in "at least a ser- ment, and some of the undercur- Dr. Macfarland was for sev- rents that have led to the preseral years secretary of the Fed- mon every year," as Dr~ Mac- ent difficulties." The aim is too eral Council of the Churches of broad to be carried out success- Christ in America, a post to artney plans, making this the fully in so short a volume and which he was called from a Con- the book as a result is very gregational pastorate in 1911, first of the series. D. McC. sketchy. when forty-five years of age. The Federal Council was then a new A Story of Child Life in Old Peking. The author is very open in his venture, small, weak and with By Margaret Rossiter White. pp. pro-Ethiopian sympathies and no dependable revenue. It was 91. $1.0Q, cloth. Fleming H. Revell makes many statements highly strenuously opposed by some de- Ci. New York. 1936. commending the Emperor Haile nominations and by many min- Selassie The First. Had it been Every child who likes a good story will find this one of the best. In picturing the home life of a well-to-do Chinese family the author gives the pattern of Chinese culture and civilization in a way that the grown-up, as well as the child, will find inter- esting; and the result cannot but develop a bond of under- standing between the races.

H.B. F.

isters and I a y men in the Stories From Brazil. By William possible for the author to place churches which gave it scanty Anglin. With eleven illustrations. this book on the market before support. But its secretary 96 pages. $1. Pickering and Inglis. proved to be a born promoter, London, Glasgow, Edinburgh. the cataclysmic downfall of the: Ethiopian Empire the book and was strongly reenforced by In Brazil there are two dis- would have filled a greater need the growing demand for unity tinct types of missionary work. than at present. Events moved and cooperation in Christian The first is carried on in the so rapidly that even this booklet, work. By his energy and execu- great centers of population and published in 1936, is out of date. tive ability Dr. Macfarland de- at certain points along the At- The predictions made, such as veloped the Council into a large lantic coast where civilization "this nation of warriors would and influential organization. and customs are only slightly fight to the bitter end. The After twenty years, he retired dissimilar to those of North Ethiopian Empire can only be in 1931 as Secretary Emeritus. America. The second is being subdued by killing every man Now, at the age of seventy, he carried on, for the most part, and woman in it" ,have proven reviews his life's work, describ- among the more backward sec- false and the author is no doubt ing his early career and varied tions of the population. as keenly disappointed in the personal experiences, and the These "Stories from Brazil" unexpected collapse of the mocontroversies in which he and relate distinctly to the second rale of the Ethiopian army and the Federal Council were often type. They bear the authentic the flight of Emperor, and as involved. Of special interest is stamp of pioneer missionary ex- disillusioned in the outcome of his account of the various inter- perience, including travel after the struggle and the altruism of denominational and internation- the most primitive fashion and protector nations, as is the al movements of recent decades preaching the Gospel to under- writer of this review, who has and the eminent men in America privileged people, despite 'Perse- himself spent five years in and Europe with whom his of- cution and ever imminent dan- Ethiopia. STUART BERGSMA, M.D.

Booles Popular Commentary on the Interna- An Unusual New

tional Sunday School Lessons. As I Saw Africa. Eva Alice Springer. 1937. 90 cents. 224 pp. Revell. MY BELOVED ARMENIA 243 pp. }>owell & White. Cincin- New York. By MARIE S. BANKER nati, Ohio. . The King's Palace. Pen Pictures A thrilling testimony of her jrirlhood days Almanacs-Daily Light, 13hd.; Our from Ephesians. H. E. Anderson. in the caves of Armenia hiding from the Home, 1d.; Bible Almanac, 2d. 125 pp. 18. Pickering & Inglis. Turks, the suffering of her people in the Pickering & Inglis. London. London. deserts, her remarkable escapes from death, her perilous trip to Smyrna at the time of China Year Book. Edited by H. G. With Christ Into Tomorrow. Hunter the World War, the loyalty of her parents Woodhead. 510 pp. North China B. Blakely. 1GO pp. GO cents. Pres- to Christ, and the persecutions whIch the Daily News and Herald Co., Uni- byterian Committee of Publication. Armenians endured even unto death. Cusversity of Chicago Press, Chicago. Richmond, Va. toms of the Turks described and their hatred of Armenians revealed. Remarkable an- Christians in Other Lands. Compiled China Calling. Frank Houghton. 200 swers to prayer recordet!. How Got! supby Dorothy M. Horne. lB. 6d. pp. $1.00 cloth; 50 cents paper. plied her needs folt!. S. P. G. in F. P. London. China Inland Mission. Philadelphia and Toronto. Intensely Interestln,. and unusually Informing. True to life but reads Calendars-Daily Meditation~ lB. 6d.; The China Inland Mission. like fiction. Stimulatinl to faitb and Golden Grain, lB. 3d.; Golaen Text, By Love Compelled. The Call of the Christian fortitude. lB. 3d.; Daily Manna, lB.; Grace & Trust, lB.; Young Folks Calendar, China Inland Mission. Marshall Beautifully bound in blue cloth ,gold letter- lB.; Pickering & Inglis. London. Broomhall. 12G pp. 85 cents. China i1B, tinted edges; attractive two-color jacket; Inland Mission. Toronto and Phila- illustrated; photo of author; 208 pages; The Church and the Churches. Karl delphia. $1.25. Barth. 92 pp. 75 cents. Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., Grand Rapids, Obituary Not.. YOU WILL APPRECIATE THIS Mich. OUTSTANDING BOOK!

THE BIBLE INSTITUTE COLPORTAGE ASS'N 848 N. Wells St. Chicago, Ill. David and Jonathan. Lucy Laing. (C01UJluded from sd cO'IJer.) 9G pp. lB. Pickering & Inglis. and director of Indian missions. He Dr. William S. Bovard, Secretary London. was the author of "Mormonism, the of the Methodist Board of Education from 1924-1932, and since then the Golden Grain Almanac. Small-type • • • Islam of America" and other books. head of the Board's promotion work edition, 2d. and Gd.; large-type Bishop Wilbur Patterson Thir- until his retirement last June, died at edition, ~d. and lB. Pickering & kield, retired, of the Methodist Epis- Sierra Madre, California, on Septem- Inglis. LI. ~don. copal Church, leader in Negro educa· ber 16. tion in the United States, died on ••• Golden Grah'. Diary. Vest-pocket November 9th, after several months' edition. lB. to G8. Gd.; Standard Hon. Hampei Nagao and Rev. M. Edition, lB. t<. GB. Gd. Pickering & • • illness at 82 years of age. Inglis. Londoh. Akazawa, two Japanese Christian • High Lights in the Near East. leaders, died recently. The former Reminiscences of nearly 40 years' Col. George Wingate, the founder used his political influence to further service. Abdul-Fady (A. T. Up- of the Central Asian Mission, and a the temperanee cause; and the latter son) • 128 pp. 28. 6d. Marshall, highly honored Christian and promot- was Bishop of the Methodist Church. Morgan & Scott. London. er of Christian work, died recently in England at the age of 84. He was Mexico Today. Col. Irving Speed a member of the board of the Regions Wallace. 364 pp. $2.00. Meador Beyond Missionary Union. Pub. Co. Boston. JUST OFF THE PRESS! My Robber-Captain. C. G. Kilpper. 166 pp. $1.00. Wm. B. Eerdmans The Presbyterian .!,mn~ Pub. Co. Grand Rapids.

New Testament Principles and Mod- A weekly religious newspaper in of tbt ern Missions. By a Missionary its lo6th year of continuous pub- Secretary. Gd. 22 pp. World Do- (!Cbri~tian minion Press. London.

New Testament Commentary. Edited lication under the same name. 1Lift by Herbert C. Allerman. United Lutheran Pub. House. Philadel- It is conservative and evangel- ell BOOK of worship in song, com- phia,l'a. ical, gets its news by telegraph bining a hymnal for general and keeps abreast of the times. church use, and a song book for evan- Portuguese East Africa-A Study of gelistic purposes. Owy songs sound Its Religious Needs. Eduardo Mor- It goes into every state of the in the faith and inspirational-in char- eira. 104 pp. 28. Gd. World Do- Union, the District of Columbia, acter included•••emphasizing Evangel- minion Press. London. and U. S. possessions. ism, Missions, and the Deeper Life. Many of the new._.the best of the old. Reftections of a Pioneer. W. R. S. It goes to Asia and Africa, South Miller. 58. 22G pp. C. M. S. Lon- America, Canada and New Zealand don.

The Silent Oak. Armine Gabriel. 298 pp. $2.50. RevelL New York.

What Maurice Found. Laura A. and into twelve countries of Eu- Barter-Snow. 189 pp. lB. Gd. rope. Pickering & Inglis. London. 504 Songs Responsive Readings Why Quit Our Own. Geo. N. Peek, Subscription Price, • • .' $2.50 Samuel Crowther. D. Van Nos- Ministerial Rate, • • • $2.00 Topical Index Gold Embossed trand Co., New York. Published in round notes and Roxite cloth Christmas in Other Lands. Compiled 50e. extra..·Canadian postage by Dorothy M. Horne. Illus. 63 $1.00 extra•••foreign postage edition only at $65.00 per lOQ….·an especially pp. lB. Gd. S. P. G. in F. P. Lon- low price. Single copy, SSe. postpaid. don. THE PRESBYTERIAN Write todal/ fOT .etumable sample cop, 11'11 Through the Eye to the Heart. 1217 Market: St:reet, Philadelphia, Pa. j Edited br Hy Pickerin~. 28. 1G4 CHRISTIAN PUBUCATIONS. pp. PIckering & Ingbs. London. INCORPORATED Third and Reily Streets Harrisburg, Pa.

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The Missionary Review of the World — October 1936

1936

THE AFRICA NUMBER Progress and Challenge in Africa Alexander Mcleish An African View of Indigenous African Religions Donald G. S. M'Timkulu The Gospel Among Primitive Peoples John S. Hall Revival in Central Africa Andrew MacBeath The Gospel and the Women of West Africa Jewel H. Schwab The Church of Christ in Uganda J. J. Willis Material Progress and the Africans John M. Springer The PrintedWord Among the Bantu Robert H. W. Shepherd A Medical Missionary on Tour Albert D. Helser The Unoccupied Fields John Steytler Africans on the Witness Stand Various Authors 25 Cents a Copy $2.50 a Year

to Remember executive secretary of promotion. He International Dollar

will serve as chairman of the joint October 12-18–International Con- staff of the missions council and pro- Approved by Women's Boards of For- vention of the Disciples of Christ. motional units of the American Board eign Missions to meet the Grave Emer- Kansas City, Mo. and the Home Boards in the Congre- gency caused by decreased appropriations gational Church. for Vellore Missionary Medical College October 14-15 – Annual Meeting, for Women. Unless friends will help American Mission to Lepers, New The Rev. Gr*ant* K*. Lewis, Secre- quickly through the York City. tary of the Home Department of the Good Samaritan Dollar Bonds October 21-24–National Council of United Christian Missionary Society Young Men's Christian Associa- of the Disciples Church, has resigned. Dr. Scudder must close some of the work tions, Cincinnati, Ohio. Dr. G. Orissa*Ta*ylo*r, born in India, and turn away eager Indian Christian stu- November 17-19 – National Confer- dents who long for training as doctors. ence on the Rural Church, Ames, has been appointed deputation travel- Already one Roadside Clinic is closed. Iowa. ing secretary of the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission. Dr. Taylor worked One Hundred Million Indian November 23-24 – United Steward- at Chittagong Hill, India, as a B. M. Women ship Council Meeting, Dayton, Ohio. S. medical missionary, was invalided ho~e, and for twenty years was su- will die without medical or spiritual aid CONFEREI'TCES AND SCHOOLS permtendent of the Islington Medical unless we meet the need quickly. Send OF MISSIONS Mission. Then, five years ago, he and for free literature and Bonds to Mrs. Mrs. Taylor went back to India again Henry W. Peabody, Chairman, Beverly, Affiliated with the Council of Women to work with the Nilgiri Medical Mis- Massachusetts. She will also send Prize for Home Missions and the Com- sion. Offer for those who will sell Bonds. mittee on Women's Work, For- eign Missions Conference Dr. Harold A*. M* oo*dy, of London, A Superior Education Houston, Te~a8 – September 28 – Oc- a Jamaican Negro, took office last Offered by Calvert Courses tober 2. month as president of the British Dean – Mrs. A. B. Hynes, 618 Christian Endeavor Un ion. Dr. FOR CHILDREN Highland, Houston, Texas. Moody is a practicing physician and founder and president of tbe League More than 50,000 children have ac- Warren, Okio–October 6-7. for Colored People of England. quired a superior elementary education Mrs. George Konold, 814 Scott . . . in their own homes • . . in this St., N. E., Warren, Ohio. Obituary Note. interesting and simple way. Recommended by Mission Boards, Edu- Baltimore, Md.-October 19-21. Fred B. Smith, author and former cators, State Department, and Army Mrs. David D. Baker, 410 N. Cal- moderator of the National Council of and Navy Officials. houn St., Baltimore, Md. Congregational Churches, died at his Daily lessons, selected books, stationery, home in White Plains, New York, on special materials and personal guidance Personal Items September 3d, at the age of seventy … by mail … from our prominent years. He was born in Lone Tree, and successful private day school in Dr. C. T. Wang, former Foreign Iowa, and spent one year at the State Baltimore. Minister, has been named Ambas- University of Iowa. After his con- Write today for illustrated catalog. sador to Washington to succeed Dr. version at the age of twenty-five he Sao-Ke Alfred Sze. Mr. Wang is a entered Y. M. C. A. work. He was M~!.~~~~~.!i~~~~~me , graduate of Yale, and was at one chairman of the World Alliance for Instruction time a Y. M. C. A. secretary. He is International Friendship and chair- 1810Tuscany Road, Baltimore, Md. now a member of the ruling Kuomin- man of the religious committee of the tang party's central executive commit- Y. M. C. A. during the World War. Planned along ad. tee. He is fifty-four years old. He is survived by his wife, two sons vanced peda;ogical Unes and three daughters. to provide both Home and Cia.. *** for the pupil. Varied (Continued on page 449.) such as Quizzes, Reading Tests, True Mr. John H. Reisner is spending False Test.. and Completion Tests, eight months in Africa under the LET YOUR GIFT the pupil to work out each lesson from auspices of the Agricultural Missions PAY YOU Bible for himself. Foundation and the Rural Missions Cooperating Committee. His itinerary A LIFE INCOME Interesting -:- Inspirational -:- In.hu"H",. includes Gold Coast, Nigeria, French Cameroons, Belgian Congo, Angola, I YOAUNR~UGJITfTY OPLNANTHE ~ SeM 8c in .bmp' lor curr_t in". Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rho- – will provide b you Sample. oj Oour S,.II'1d..y School pubhc.Uon••nd desia, Nyasaland, Portuguese East lind your dependeab Africa, Union of South Africa, Kenya Bible CO&rae.lor YCNRV People', Societi.. and Uganda. He expects to reach I.~' UlIChAanSau{unr8e aInd~ Mnt ft.. Oon ,,,,,,,••t. New York about January first. fully guaranteed by ~ serve funds required by EST.ISBS The Rev. W.*Y.*Ch*en has been ap- – New anYnourikt·ie"sjiIta.p.teromlaWptllloy All CHRISTIAN PUBLICATIONS.lN<! pointed General Secretary of the Na- paid "Inee 1876. tional Christian Council of China, By your CIft 700 Wlll 1502 N. Third St., Harrisburg, Pa. succeeding Dr. Cheng Ching-yi, who stiare tn world-wide resigned in 1984 to become General Christian work of the Secretary of the Church of Christ in ChurCh•. China. I'Dr ",,1 ialDriuIloII fWIu *** ~….:t~1~~ The Rev. Leonard M. Outerbridge, formerly a missionary of the American Board in North China and recently Associate Secretary of the American Board, has been appointed

MISSIONARY How African Evangelists are

REVIEW OF THE WORLD Trained, by L. Paul Moore, Jr. High Speed DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor What Christ Has Done for Afri- at Low Cost cans, by Bernard Molaba. VOL. LIX OCT., 1936 No. 10 Speed is often so important when Pioneering for Christ in Africa, crossing to the Orient. That's why Publication and Business Office– by Herbert Smith. busy travellers go by Empress. You Third and Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. go faster … in maximum comfort The Greatest Need of Africa To- . .. and at surprisingly low cost. Editorial and Executive Office– day, by S. S. Tema. 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Only lQ days to Yokohama by Entered as second-class matter at We deeply appreciate the general Empress of Asia or Empress of cooperation of missionaries and other Russia. Or via Honolulu in just 3 Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., unde, friends of Africa in the preparation days more by Empress of Japan Act of March 3, 1879. of this special number. Busy workers (largest, fastest liner on the Pa<:ific) have freely given of their valuable or Empress of Canada. 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. time to record the progress and prob- Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. lems of missions in Africa as they Low round-trip fares . . . First, Published monthly. except AUghst. have seen them. They throw much Tourist and Third Class. All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1935. light on the Africans themselves, both British agents – Marshall, Morgan Christian and non-Christian and de- Regular sailings from Vancouver scribe the methods and difficulties met and Victoria in Canada's Evergreen t~~d~~~t~. 1~. p~te~~~~~~~ ~~;ld~~;:: in the work. Weare especially glad Playground. Orient fares include to have a large number of African passage from and to Seattle. If you 10 shillings a year. Christians contribute articles on what sail from California, connect with an Christ has done for them and for Empress at Honolulu. Orient ports- MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- Africa. This is a most fascinating of-call: Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki, LISHING CO" INC. field, immense and varied in its ex- Shanghai, Hong Kong and Manila. BOARD OF DIRECTORS tent but very fruitful in the results • World Tours . .. $579.90 up, that have followed the faithful wit- Combination of Classes. Write for ROUERT E. SPEER. l'r" .•ident nessing for Christ. folder of six most popular routes. A. L. WARNBHUIB. Vi06-Pre8ident Vv· ALTl<~R MCDOUGALL, '1'rew.;urer Obituary Notes Booklets, information from YOUR DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary AGENT or Canadian Pacific: New (Continued from second cover.) York, 344 Madison Ave.; Chicago, SAMUEl. MCCREA CAVERT 71 E. Jackson Blvd.; San Francisco, Mrs. Calvin Mateer, who, fifty- 152 Geary St.; and 38 other cities WILLIAM I. CHAMBERLAIN seven years ago, as Miss Haven, vol- in the United States and Canada. D. J. FANT unteered for missionary service in MRS, OHI<lN R. JUDD China, died in Peiping on August by WM. B. LIPPHARD first. She was born in Brookline, Mass., in 1850, and later married Dr. ~(fa4c ERIC M. NOR'fH Calvin Mateer, a missionary of the SAMUEL M. ZWEMER Presbyterian Board of Foreign Mis- EMPRESSES sions. Mrs. Mateer taught in mission Editorial Chat high schools, prepared textbooks, and translated a numoer of volumes into We would express our sincere grati- Chinese. Later she taught in the tude to Mr. Robert M. Kurtz for Women's Bible Training School in kindly undertaking to put through the Peiping, and after her honorary relast of the September number and for tirement in 1924 continued teaching his effective editorial work on the and writing. present issue of THE REVIEW. This is especially important as it is the mis- *** sion study number on Africa and will be widely used in mission study Missionary Muller, of the Hercircles. Already our extra edition of mannsburg Mission in Gallaland, the June American Negro Number West Abyssinia, lost his life at the has been entirely sold out. It will be hands of rioters and robbers who inwell for those who desire extra copies fest that section. He thus becomes the of the October REVIEW to send in their first martyr of this mission in that orders immediately so that they will area, which, because of its remoteness not be disappointed. from the capital, has not yet been placed under military law. *** *** Owing to limited space and to the failure of some promised articles to Miss Grace Stephens, Anglo-Indian reach us on time, a number of articles missionary, who began work among planned for the October number must the women and girls of India fifty be held over until later. Some of these years ago, passed away May 30, in the are very important and we expect to Ellen Thoburn COWen Hospital, Kolar, print them in November and Decem- India, at the age of eighty-five. At ber. They include the following: one of her zenana parties in 1892, where four hundred women had gath- Roman Catholic Activity in Pa- ered and were seated about on the gan Africa, by Kenneth G. floor, she stealthily sent for Bishop Grubb. Thoburn. When he appeared, many of them, purdah women and Brah- Hindrances to Christianity in mans, looked askance, but after a Africa, by C. S. Jenkins. time more than a dozen women pushed through the crowd at Miss Stephens' The Influence of White Men in invitation and shook hands with the Africa, by Oscar Emil Eman- bishop. It was a considered a great uelson. triumph and no unhappy results fol- lowed. The Progress of Islam in Africa, by Samuel M. Zwemer. (Concluded on page 512.) Missionary Work as Seen by an [449 ] African, by John L. Dube.

Achievements in West Africa, by R. S. Roseberry.

Some Results in Central Africa, by Virginia M. Clarke.

Missions in the Congo BeIge, by Thomas Moody.

q l ' "fJ~ ." ~~"- M8eizD erli f 2- ~

T&Il&,ie ..R.ut:i.j..a Or ~~ ..f '" s asta ane"tt& -.— usa f' ' ,. Casablan 0 SF.. '~A Con&ta"oBiskra I UNI _,,. eo <f A • M.kirl!l • L G E R I A. l.'T Sf" .~"..•'.'-''.y ", ._.thardaia,.. 0 MOROCCO Gabes • Morocro .r;' .. .' Agadlr – – -) Colomb • • ___ – Bechar ~:hadames ,._.J RlODEOJ !' . LIB Y A , . o Murzuk I Kh"gaO ) , .J. ,'— ~ ~. "' . , L'.-._.-.A-sw.a~,.. W.dyH,lfa ( " Oongof,o Port Sudan FRENCH WE S T AFRICA < "("'> Dakar Timbuklu O JI..::U "Kayes °Sinder • ."- "'."……–..~ ~< EIObel Kuka aBamako I i oW.gadugu 0 Abeshr. SUDAN Ko . " ,. _ . ,• J.:.. I. anD .Yakuba ( ..: 1 Kon~o i !? ,,' N I G E R I A " 0:: ·1-..I. JS ,.)' r I /GOLD . 🙁 IOHesha @B K l a . ~ …… /Kumassi Q • "'fbada" '.. '. (ETEI1 J'IA) • Cd'AST • oAsaba , "'sagmo _ _ _'!"'oo&..;A;;;k",k~~~~ ; ; Bangui . ___~ ~ ·(Bra~n·o~'~.~r<?~!¥' ~ .' 0 Upolo ~~.. ir '"– ._., .-) '·…. :~4J Ynd 0' ~ au ~~DA) " (.:.' ._. ~nteb~{>"~BRITISH ~" ,! StanleyvilleO * – Vir/orio ~ 4. J'/ BELGIAN . 'E'A0~ °l am, oKindu '

B"Z"'~ CON G O . TAGANYlKA ' I N DI A N ~a CABIXDAl • .wl~ A T LA N T I c ,'-'-''l Kongotoo • oc EA N EAN 0 0 ' ( . ~ ••…1•…, "-·'~.1 ~ loand. Cassani' j • ~ Matanle '> ' – – . "flit"ab.!.~Y/~eo · A No G 0 L A ,….,I' ~. ~E v ;''I f~.;z. 4J Bihe . 'l or-:: I NORTHEll~', "-c-~ .0;.. …B.la.nt~ yr,~.olombal).'" Mossamed •__. _ ~ . i il2M ' " , "" ~ I • .-…… …..,lSOUTHERN . v r ' – ' , RHODESIA ~ G,.,gtfont.in j " 'r' ' SOUTH WEST BECHUANALAND' 0 Bulawayo. 0"'l 01" r-s '!@.dh~ Palapye '~. o I O ~./ ;;; /. ~,{TRANSVAA~ I loh/a'n;l..l.e'.iy?~JI,'~~: '. ouren'" nhambane I" ~ ~q~ II ~ &..,.,," t… " _/'Gf.~"'r."'.p '",•..,' B..Kciomnbsefrt"eyl~~,~"~~"~.:N;" oLJdysm,ih oPrelirmantzbu'g o Paas,i o0~~Be~au'fco-rt"~.~~~~~'a/s.t;Londonurban ~~ CLEARTYPE ~oo,~ .., '1A/f'fd i'lizabeth II.. u.s. " •. 0#.

Principal Cities Map of *KEY TO POPULATION NOTICE Over 100,000 nlth ……¥~h.od_… n.. …. ~"" …. AFRICA S 20,000 to 100,000 ;::-:::::::::'COZ'"::t.":i.i;!;~ o Less than 20,000 MAP No. 966 Capitals of Countries (underscored) Scale of Miles COfJ)Tialu 200 Amuican Mao Company. '"e.• N .Y ..- 8392. . ORLD VOLUME LIX AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER 10 OCTOBER, 1936 Topics of the Times WHY STUDY AFRICA One answer, or rectification rather, to that question is that no great human agency is any There appears to be a special opportunity and longer justified in attempting to maintain bounduty before the Christian Church to study Africa. daries between "home" and "foreign" needs. What is done about American race relations will In a sense, not true of any other great world profoundly affect Africa. What is done about unit, human or geographical, there is no one, any- African economic questions will continue greatly where, effectively to think and plan for Africa as to influence American living. And so throughout a whole. Africans cannot do it yet. Eight hun- the earth. dred languages, as many tribes, a millennium of almost complete tribal isolations prevent. The six But the basic reply to that question is that the European powers governing in Africa, and the problems in many of their aspects are universal, one striving to return there, will not do it. One and that Christianity has the answers to them need only name them-Britain, France, Italy, wherever they occur. They are by no means con- Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Germany-to make fined to America or to Africa and those nations clear the improbability of their presently agree- which have given themselves burdens in Africa. ing on anything, much less on the future of the They are universal. And the Church, by its very Africa which is so rich in raw materials and claim to universality, or better, by its very unihuman power as nearly to have precipitated an- versality, finds itself sharing those burdens. other great war this past year, when the world was crying out against all war. The "gratuitousness" of the Church's continued and increased intervention in African affairs is No, there is no prospect of unity of thinking thus also answered, with the added observation about Africa-unless it be that the Church shall that, in practical human relations, mere political do it. Therein lies a great challenge and oppor- control of a territory has seldom operated to pretunity, not only for performing a beneficent serv- vent ideas and pressures from nations other than ice for Africa and the world, but for exercising the one in authority entering and influencing the and strengthening within the Church those quali- country, sometimes very deeply indeed. ties of spiritual and moral leadership which remain so often latent and are. yet so sorely needed In the case of Africa, for example, where the in the world. United States has not a mile of territory and but relatively small financial investment, American Many American Christians may feel that it is education, American philanthropy, American gratuitous, even impossible for the Church, of medicine and methods of public sanitation, Amerwhich they are a part, to project its thinking and ican agricultural experience, American transporideals concerning a future Africa into those quar- tation material, American accounting devices, ters within and without Africa where that future American mineralogical engineering, Americanwill be determined. the list could be continued in a well-nigh exhaus- tive enumeration of human experience-have al- How can a church, some will ask, which has not ready affected fundamentally nearly every part yet achieved a common front on such "domestic" of Africa. The precedent is abundantly fixed for fields as race relations, cooperatives, public own- American participation in African matters. As ership, economic security, armaments, class ex- for the Christian Church, probably no single inploitations, hope to attain such on a "foreign" field?

[451 ]

fluence has thus far been greater in transforming strengthened. And, beyond the slightest doubt, the internal life of Africa. the animistic Africa of today can be transformed into the Christian Africa of tomorrow. What is now needed, besides the continuance of that internal transformation, and what is posted EMORY Ross. as a great challenge to the Christian international, is the forming and directing of world policy THE GODLESS MOVEMENT concerning Africa, and in Africa, so as best to aid Africa and the African to develop in both in- In this country until lately many remembered ternal and external relationships. World policy the atheist as one of the local "characters" of their is certainly not so directed now. Correctly speak- home town. He might make a professed convert ing, there is no world policy regarding Africa, now and then, but he seldom greatly disturbed the unless indeed it be expressed as universal white religious life of the community. But now atheism, domination. like all sorts of propaganda, has become an or- ganized and aggressive foree, not only national, In some respects it would be ruinous for Afri- but international, in scope, another of the world's ca, and in other respects it might well prove dis- great evil forces that challenge the right of the astrous in world relationships, for the sum of Church of Christ to live. One wonders at the present policies toward Africa to continue. singular mentality that can become so hostile to the preaching of the Gospel-which no one is Within Africa, they have already set up in many obliged to accept or even to consider-as to make places such strains, racially, economically, social- of him a monomaniac. Indeed, whether one bely and in some cases religiously, that the structure lieves in a personal devil or not, when he exbeing creakingly reared threatens even now to amines the activities and sacrifices of organized fall. anti-Christianity and hears or reads its blasphe- mous utterances, it seems as if the idea of Satanic Outside Africa, the world's attitude and actions leadership is the simplest and most logical. extouching Africa have on at least four occasions planation of these manifestations. The Presbybetween 1897 and 1935 nearly resulted in armed terian has republished this item, credited to I. C. European clash, plus the tragic African events of P. I. S., Geneva, which gives some idea of the zeal 1936 which appear to have resulted in the post- that is going into international atheistic work: ponement and increased preparation for war, rather than in averting it – just as in 1911 the The periodical, Antircligio'snik, published in the U. S. Agadir crisis was adjourned to 1914. . . . S. R. by the Central Council of the League of the Fight- ing Godless, includes in a recent issue an article on the There is in all this need the possibility of an then impending international congress held in Prague. unique and inestimable service to be rendered by In this article, the task of the Free Thinkers' Internathe Christian Church to Africa and the world. tional is put forward as that of fighting for democratic To render that service, or even intelligently to rights and freedom of conscience, for economic and culargue against the possibility of its being rendered, tural progress against clerical reaction, and for the cothe Church must study Africa. ordination of the godless all over the world. The article further states that in regard to the colla'Joration of the In America not without reason is Africa various Free Thinkers' Associations with the Godless thought of, more than any other continent, as Movement, and in relation to the struggle against Fascism, "mysterious," "darkest," "remotest," "unknown." war and clericalism, fundamental agreement has already It is unknown in many of its elements. We are been reached. Similar views have been expressed by the generally quite unaware of how profoundly Africa League of the Fighting Godless, in the A'pril issue (page already affects our life. Still less are we conscious 2) of Bcsbcschnik, published by the Soviet Union. In the of the inevitability with which it will continue meantime, the fusion of the Brussels Free Thinkers' Inand increase its influence in the whole range of ternational with the Proletarian Free Thinkers' Internahuman affairs. How widely is it realized, for ex- tional has taken place, thanks, not least (according to ample, that in certain important and real senses, "International Correspondence" of May), to the active Africa is the richest continent, the most produc- collaboration of the Soviet delegation, which was composed tive continent, the coming continent? of Professor Lutaschewsky, representing the League of the Fighting Godless in the U. S. S. R., and Professor Let us study this continent, not only during the Savadowsky, President of the Ukrainian Godless League. months just ahead of what we call mission study, The reports of these members of the congress "made an but in the days beyond that when Africa and its essential contribution to the clarifying of the basic quesneeds will continue to grow and its influence con- tions of the Free Thinkers' Movement." Professor Savatinue to mount, voluntarily and involuntarily, for dowsky, it is further stated, declared in his address that good or for evil in world relationships. "it is only today that it is possible, with the union of the two Internationals of Free Thinkers, to estimate the whole If we study, and are convinced, and act, the value of the assistance rendered by the liberated science "African problem" can be solved, and with it will of the U. S. S. R., to the ideological struggle of the Free be solved many other problems, now fearfully con- Thinkers against Fascism and clericalism." The merging fronting individuals, nations and the world. Our of the two Internationals of Free Thinkers is not to be own Christianity can thus be expanded and regarded as an aim in itself, but as a means of coordinat-

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

ing "the best forces Qf progress and of science in the after commenting on harvest conditions as he had noticed them when crossing the country: struggle for Socialism." R. M. K.

MILLIONS OF SHEPHERDLESS SHEEP May r remind you of another kind of harvest which seems to have been shunted into the background? r am The anxious demand for economic security is speaking to you as a fellow American who during the at the bottom of the prevailing social unrest. This social conflict differs notably from the age-old last two decades has spent most of his time outside the struggle for political freedom. The latter was the concern of citizens within a nation. In one coun- borders of our country on duty in Europe and the Far try they might enjoy a high degree of political liberty, while those of a neighboring state were East. Each return to America reveals marked changes greatly oppressed. But now the world has been so brought into communication that the strife not only in the physical appearance of the country but over social and economic theories has overflowed boundaries between nations, and great interna- in the mental and moral climate which show now and tional groups are beginning to overshadow the old national parties. When the masses come to think, again a spiritual drought of wide areas of American life. and act, internationally the world has reached a critical point in its history, and one which the r find myself especially impressed by the fact that you Church cannot ignore. and others, who are my countrymen, are placing undue But the Christian Church will not meet its op- portunity and accomplish its appointed work by emphasis upon the lifting of the standards of economic entering any heated secular debate. It can fulfill its Great Commission only by bringing men to life. Weare being told on every hand that we need to realize that they live not by bread alone. It is quite evident, from the present emphasis upon the seek economic security and that when that is achieved all "social gospel," that the central Christian message . of redemption through the Cross is not very popu- will be well. I find myself definitely calling in question lar, but that is no reason for neglecting to press it upon men's attention. Rev. Dr. D: E. Hart- that conclusion. Davies, of Edinburgh, Scotland, in a sermon re- cently delivered in New York, put the situation in We have lifted the standard of economic security very these words: much in the last few decades, but we definitely lack ·that something which can bring peace, prosperity and happi- ness. There is need for much further planting of spiritual seed in the hearts of men so that along with the harvest in the fields there may be likewise the harvest of cultural and spiritual gifts and graces. This, and this only, will lead the people of America intQ that quest of real life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. R. M. K.

The world of humanity may be likened to a vast Oriental THE CHURCH AND THE YOUTH wilderness upon which millions of shepherdless sheep are MOVEMENT grazing. One of the phenomena-perhaps, rather, one of the symptoms-of our times is the prominence of I never go into a big city like London, Glasgow, Bir- youth, to the extent of almost making them a dis- tinct social class. This is very naturally leading mingham, Chicago or New York without feeling my own youth to take itself with exceptional seriousness, so that in its mass expression it is inclined to put helplessness as I look upon the masses of the people close in "a very large order." An instance is this stateup. Though their aims are manifold, there is an intensive ment from a declaration of rights adopted at the passion for leadership. Meanwhile, the Son of God has third American Youth Congress, held last July in Cleveland: appeared and made the great claim of the ages, "I am the light of the world. He that followeth me shall not walk "Our generation is rightfully entitled to a use- ful, creative, and happy life, the guarantees of in the darkness but shall have the light of life." which are full educational opportunities, steady employment at adequate wages, security in time Your eternal salvation and mine depend ultimately upon of need, civil rights, and peace."

this one simple thing: the personal appropriation of the Excepting infants, people of any age are right- fully entitled to much the same things. The sad Son of God as the shepherd of the soul. R. M. K. thing about this rather complacent claim upon life is, that it is stained with the blood and tears of OVEREMPHASIS ON ECONOMIC many generations of men who have demanded of STANDARDS life just such benefits, only to find that, taken to- gether, these boons spell Utopia, the undiscovered One who visits a country at intervals of years country. What life really gives is discipline, now has unusual opportunities to observe and appreci- more severe, now less, but discipline always. Beate various changes. They are presented to him cause youth is proverbially hopeful and the dewith a vividness that the citizen who has seen the pression has so blighted youthful hopes and gradual progress of things fails to sense. Such thwarted youthful ambition they need all the an observer is Bishop Edwin F. Lee, of the Meth- sympathy and help that their elders can offer. odist Episcopal Church, who has charge of its However, that does not mean that sound judgment work in Malaysia and the Philippines. In a ser- should give way to an emotional attitude that may mon delivered in New York last August he said, mislead considerable numbers of young people into thinking that somehow the working of eco-

nomic laws can be modified to suit their very real everywhere else, it will seek to win the youth, we needs. Of course, this is a weakness not confined to the young, but marks people of all ages who have an added incentive to bring young people the have never become mature enough mentally to save themselves from social and political dream- world over, as well as at home, to know their ers and false prophets. The truth is, that unnumbered thousands of youth, unknown and unsung, Lord and to see human life in all its interest as have always had to face such difficulties in their individual lives as trouble millions today who find He would have them see it. R. M. K. a bond in their common sorrows and their united efforts for betterment. NO MERE ACADEMIC MATTER The problems of these millions will be met much There is a disheartening amount of adverse as those of the thousands before them have been. Faith in God, patience, perseverance and the criticism of the present condition of the Churcn, other virtues can win comfort and peace-though some hopes will fade. But unsound theories, even from within, and it is to be feared that much radical mass movements and ill-advised revolutions are not going to change human nature or the of it is well founded. How can things be made underlying principles of things. Of course, we must recognize the evidence of a changing social right? They say that one of the best ways to order, apparent at home and abroad. To natures that are well-balanced this means a time for cau- learn is to teach, and that one of the best ways to tion and careful study. But it also means the great opportunity for the social and political ex- keep one's body in trim is to engage in active tremist, who finds valuable allies in discontent, discouragement, and despair. work. Teach and work. So, then, how can the But another serious factor is beginning to be Church renew her life and power in any better noticed among the more than six million unemployed Americans under twenty-five years of age, ways than by teaching-and so relearning-the and that is a disposition to refuse the responsibility for improving things. More than this, much basic truths of her faith, and by energetically radical propaganda that appeals powerfully to young people of unfavorable background, does not working to put them within reach of all men seriously seek real improvement of the economic order. Instead, it proposes the appropriation of everywhere who have never heard them? the best material advantages in the present order for the less fortunate. Hence the demands for In our generation there is an appalling lack the confiscation and redistribution of wealth. These disturbing tendencies are becoming more of knowledge, or else only the vaguest knowledge, and more evident in America, but they are present the world over wherever youth finds it~ way of the meaning of such mighty terms as "incarnablocked by general conditions. tKiionn~daotmonoefmGeondt,." redemption, regeneration and The Church cannot settle the economic prob': But knowledge of thel'le things lems the times present for youth. But it can and must boldly urge the high moral claims of Chris- will never come by sermons and study cOurses tianity which include the cultivation of that very sense of responsibility just referred to. It was and programs that deal with everything save the intended in the moral economy of God that men should regard themselves as their brothers' keep- Church's supreme concerns. If the Church has ~rs. It is this moral responsibility that is to be laid upon the hearts of youth. But the particular any great service to render to the world it is to political or social systems or methods or schemes by which this obligation is to manifest itself is deliver to all men everywhere the good news not the burden of the Church. the Lord has given her for them. What is more Now, since we are finding that such anti- Christian agencies as communism are invading necessary for the Church than to be made to realeven the great mission field of Africa, where, as ize her responsibility for obeying Him in this matter? How men can be lifted out of the selfish- ness that is threatening civilization is shown by contributions to this issue of THE REVIEW.

But the Church's lessened vitality, serious though it be, does not reveal how critical the situ- ation really is. Weare not experiencing merely an ecclesiastical depression; the Church is ap- proaching a great religious crisis, of profound im- portance to civilization itself. Dr. Samuel Henry Prince, Professor of Sociology at King Univer- sity, Halifax, N. S., while preaching in this coun- try last summer, observed that religion had "con- tributed mightily to the survival of the individual and the human race, and a failing Christianity will presage a decline of the West." And he con- tinued: "The decline of the West is no longer a matter of mere academic consideration, of interest to the followers of a Spengler. It raises the whole question of the factor of religion in social con- tinuity. Whether Christianity shall be allowed to collapse or shall reconquer the Western mind and redeem it of its secularism, megalomania and self- complacency is a greater issue than an American labor schism or a Spanish civil war." R. M. K.

and Challenge in

By REV. ALEXANDER McLEISH, London, England Survey Editor, World Dominion Movement T HE hope of the Church in Africa lies in its and medical work missions have also pioneered becoming a truly indigenous African Church. the way for governments which are rapidly tak- Let us glance at the Protestant occupation ing over these responsibilities. Evangelistic work of Africa in its main geographical divisions. carried on for more than fifty years has resulted Ohristians in the creation of the largest Christian community Mission- Per in any mission land, now numbering, according Population aries Ohristians Million 676 48,150 1,528 to the latest computation, 7,904,514.3 North Africa .. 31,503,298 East Africa … 25,935,548 824 172,302 6,643 The Moslem infiltration from the north con- West Africa .. , 44,463,884 1,140 1,130,529' 25,425 tinues, but has been held up by the Coptic Church Central or Equa- of Abyssinia, by the great progress of missions in 24,439,048 1,479 739,379 30,254 Uganda, and by the chain of mission stations torial Africa. 20,460,759 3,473 4,000,000' 173,408 stretching across the Sudan. Along the old slave South Africa ..

146,802,537 7,592 6,090,3612 38,448 route in Tanganyika, however, Islam is extending The slow progress in Moslem North Africa is its influence again as well as along the coast as far south as Lourenco Marques. at once apparent, and becomes more striking when Roman Catholicism has launched a new and it is remembered the Christians are drawn mainly vigorous campaign for the conquest of Equatorial Africa. The ambition of Cardinal Lavigerie has from the Copts of Egypt. been largely realized and one of the greatest con- solidated spheres of Catholic missions has been If this occupation be distributed under the vari- built up, stretching south from Anglo-Egyptian Sudan to Northern Rhodesia, and west from ous governments it appears as follows: Tanganyika through the Belgian Congo to French West Africa. Rome claims over four million Cath- Ohristians olics in Africa, more than half of whom are in Equatorial Africa. Mission- Per aries Christians Million Africa, however, has proved the most respon- Population sive to Protestant missions of the great world British …….. 4,820 4,564,602 ' 73,347 French …….. 56,225,671 720 933,930 24,359 38,351,128 Portuguese …. 342 285,000 33,290 Belgian ……. 8,561,545 Spanish …… . 13,328,601 1,012 221,000 16,582 .. Italian …….. 1,678,846 22 1,399 834 2,534,814 International 33 3,110 1,226 51,000 Independent … 26,070,932 16 20 392 627 81,300 3,310 fields. David Livingstone, dying upon his knees, 146,802,537 7,592 6,090,361 2 38,448 is forever the symbol of a church sustained in The impact of the European powers has had many an hour of persecution and difficulty by tremendous repercussions in Africa. The recent divine power. Madagascar, Nigeria, Uganda and centenary (1933) of the abolition of slavery in South Africa show the most remarkable progress. the British dominions is a reminder of a hundred The tragedy of North Africa is its vanished years of steady transformation. Native opinion Church. That Church was without an equal in in the south has been profoundly stirred over the Christendom from the second century to the fifth.

color bar legislation. In other parts of the conti- Even in the fifth century, though already in denent the years since the War have seen an increas- cline, it still numbered over 500 dioceses. Its decay ing sense of trusteeship among foreign govern- was due to three significant things: The Scrip- ments, which, however, has received a severe blow tures were never given to the great Berber nation in recent days. Governments have dealt more ade- in their own tongue, the missionary spirit graduquately with educational and social problems. ally faded away, and the Church itself ceased to Four-fifths, however, of the education of the Afri- be truly indigenous and became dominated by can is still in the hlmds of missions. In social Greek and Latin theologians. Therefore it de- clined, and the Moslem invasion of the seventh 1 The British (and the Dutch) have been the only Protestant colo- century completely destroyed it. The Coptic nizing powers in the continent, and it may be seen how predominantly the Protestant Church is established in those territories where 3 This does not include the Coptic Church of Abyssinia and Egypt they have held or still hold sway. Comment is needless. or European Christians scattered over Africa.

2 This number (1936) is now 7,904,514.

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Church of Egypt, however, which had given the does the evangelization of the land of Simon of people the Bible, survives to this day. Cyrene hang!

Throughout the Dark Ages and until today the A few years ago, out of the population of thir- Moslem has been the religious dictator of North teen million in Egypt there were nearly a million Africa. The Crusades did not shake him, and Coptic Christians, 66,000 Protestants, and 117,000 almost the only missionary was the lonely but un- Roman Catholic and Uniat Christians. The daunted Raymond Lull, martyred in Algeria in Christian population chiefly resides in upper 1315, and who ever was true to his own motto, Egypt. Between Cairo and the Mediterranean, "He who loves not, lives not." The millions of among six million people, there are only one-quarthese regions still unevangelized remain a per- ter of the Protestant Christians. The Coptic petual challenge to the Christian Church. If to Church is one of the ancient Christian churches, this be added the other Moslem populations of very similar to the Greek Orthodox. Since the Africa, we are faced with almost half the total British occupation of Egypt (1914) the Copts population for the most part still unreached by have mingled much more freely with the Mosthe Evangel. lems, and not a few have gone over to Islam. The Coptic Church does not view with favor the work The partition of North Africa 4 began in 1830, of Protestant missionaries. The Moslems number when Algiers fell to the French, who today govern ninety-one per cent of the population of Egypt. Tunis and the Protectorate of Morocco also. Spanish Morocco is relatively small. Italian Trip- There are about 440 missionaires and 20 misoli and Cyrenaica are vast, but sparsely populated. sionary societies in the country. Forty per cent French administration has been enlightened and of the missionary force is in Cairo, and there are thorough, but it has not helped to solve the reli- 33 other missionary residential centers. Much gious problem. Illiteracy throughout North Africa evangelism' has been carried on among the Copts amounts to about ninety per cent among the men, since 1859, and a very large part of the Protestant and is almost universal among the women. Church has been built up from among them. Progress among Moslems' has been exceedingly Roman Catholic Christianity in North Africa slow, but the present situation is viewed hopefully. does not really assist the Moslem to accept Christ; Many social and educational reforms are being its ceremonies and images are foreign to him. carried out in the country today, but there are Protestant missions, most of which are interde- powerful elements which view with apprehension nominational, were started about fifty years ago. any weakening of the traditional Moslem position Their work is threefold: that among the Jews, and prestige. of whom in Tunis and Algiers alone there are over 200,000; that among the European colonists, Turning to East Africa,5 let us consider the French, Spanish and Italian, in some cases also situation in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.6 The numerous; and, finally, that among Moslems. River Nile is the unifying highway of the Sudan. The tribes have no affinity, either racially or tem- Work among Moslems has been, and is extraor- peramentally, with the peoples of Egypt. The dinarily difficult. The number of missionaries country is today experiencing a new development. considerably outnumber the number of converts. The future, in the material sense, would seem In Morocco, for example, out of six and one-half promising for the Sudanese. As for the Christian million persons, five and one-quarter million live Church, there are about 100 missionaries and sevoutside the centers of missionary occupation. eral thousand communicants. Six provinces with Evangelization does not really depend upon more a population of over 1,200,000 are practically unforeign missionaries, but upon the sacrificial touched. There has recently been considerable prayer of Christians everywhere and the emer- progress in numbers and influence, and in Bible gence of Spirit-filled indigenous evangelists. The translation, and in the pagan parts of the south work must be largely that of men, but at present many have been pressing into the Kingdom. Conwomen workers predominate. Of the total work- siderably more than half the population is pagan, ers in Morocco, three-quarters are women. For and only the few mission stations oppose the onthose who know the constitution of Moslem society ward march of Islam. The southern Sudan may this needs no comment. well be one of the desperate battlegrounds of the future between Christianity and Islam. The occupation of the field, too, is unequal. In all Tripoli and Cyrenaica there is only one medi- Abyssinia, or Ethiopia, has a population of from cal missionary-in Tripoli city. The Italian gov- eight to ten millions, of which probably one-half ernment had put severe restrictions on religious are pagan and the remainder equally divided beliberty. Two very small groups of Italian believers have been organized. On such small threads 6 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Abyssinia, Somaliland, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanganyika (area, 2,267,708 square miles; population, 25,727,684; 4 Modern Populations: Tangier, 51,000; Spanish Morocco, 720,273 ; density, 11.3). French Morocco, 4,500,000; Algeria, 6,553,451; Tunis, 2,410,692; Lybia, 719,663; E'gypt, 14,217,864. • Area, 1,008,100 square miles; population, 5,728,551.

PROGRESS AND CHALLENGE IN AFRICA

tween Islam and the Abyssinian Church. The over two million Moslems, but many think that the last few years saw a great advance in the work number of real disciples is not more than 300,000. of Protestant missions. A new spirit among the What is certain, however, is the rapid superficial priesthood, a general readiness to hear the Gos- increase. Roman Catholicism is represented by pel, and the printing and publishing of the New about 700 workers and 200,000 Catholics. It is Testament by the government press were out- pursuing an active and aggressive policy, greatly standing facts. This progress has been arrested hampering the work of Protestant missions. meanwhile, and it is not known what the future of Protestant missions will be. Missionary work There are 13 Protestant missions and a Chrisdates from 1830, and before the recent war there tian community of 125,826. The German miswere eight societies, with a staff of about 200 sions, excluded in the Great War, were permitted missionaries. to return in 1925. Probably the areas of least progress are in the Eastern and Western prov- This will remain for long a very needy area and inces. The former borders the Indian Ocean, must be included in the unevangelized area of and among its half million people there are under Africa. Missions may be able to continue their 1,500 Protestant Christians. The latter lies along work in cooperation with the Waldensian Prot- Lake Tanganyika. The Lake Province, the most estant Church of Italy, which views with sym- populous, contains a large number of unevangelpathy and concern the condition of the Evangeli- ized tribes. It is important to note that no defical Christian communities in Ethiopia today. nite steps have yet been taken for the evangeliza- tion of the Moslem populations. Eritrea (Italian) and the SomaIilands (British, French, and Italian) are grouped around Abys- The history of West Africa 10 has been marred sinia in the "horn" of Africa. The population, by slavery. Slavery is still said to survive in which is Moslem, is small.7 Moslem bigotry pre- Liberia. Missions and governments are now desents special difficulties in the way of missionary voting all their energies to native interests. Islam work. Only in Italian territory has evangelism has made great inroads from the North. In many actually been carried on by the National Evan- villages, formerly pagan, the call of the muezzin gelical Missionary Society of Sweden. This work floats from the minaret. Yet the Church has has now been suspended. made much progress, particularly in British ter- ritory. In British West African colonies there are Kenya 8 is a young country. Thirty years ago some 252,000 Christians, and in Nigeria nearly a Nairobi, the capital, was an experiment in tin million. All this ground has been won at great shacks; today it is an up-to-date city. Its high- sacrifice, in the loss of missionaries by sickness lands are suitable for white settlers. The difficul- and in the sufferings and persecutions of the naties between them and the natives have been tive Christians in the past. greatly exaggerated, and even the trouble with the natives over the discovery of gold in 1932-33 has The task of Africa's evangelization is not only been satisfactorily settled. There are eleven mis- that of the foreign missionary. The Church has sionary societies in the colony, and much progress not been without its own leaders, and in more rehas been made. The territory is fairly divided cent times "prophets" have arisen here and there. between these bodies, and the unoccupied fields Some of these have been men of little worth, but are to be found mainly in the north where, how- one deserves more than a passing reference. The ever, the population is not dense. Work has re- "prophet" Harris was a Liberian of the Grebo cently been begun in these regions. The unhealthy tribe. As a young man of twenty-one he felt the regions of the coast have still many neglected call of the Holy Spirit. Of his early years of groups. In the west the influence of the great ministry little is known; but in 1913, when he work that has been done among the tribes of was about sixty, he came to the Ivory Coast, and Uganda has been strongly felt. God began then to use him in a remarkable way. His message was simple, his life apostolic, and he Since 1920 Tanganyika Territory 9 has been ad- was undoubtedly taught of God. A Bible and a ministered by Great Britain under a mandate of bamboo cross were the insignia of his mission. the League. The administrative reconstruction of His converts on the Ivory Coast are variously the region has been carried out with special ref- reckoned up to a 100,000. Persecution fell on the erence to the welfare of the native peoples, and Christians, but the majority refused to comproseeks to stimulate native authority. A living issue mise. Harris himself was deported in 1915 to in the religious field is the progress of Islam. Liberia, where he later died. Zanzibar and the East African coast are almost completely Islamized. The last census records Nothing was known of this to the missionaries at this time. Strange stories came to them of a 7 Eritrea, 621,776; Somalilands: British, 344,70'0; French, 68,965; Italian, 1,010,815; Island of Socotra (British), 12,000, 10 French, British (InclUding Nigeria), Spanish and Portuguese territory and Liberia: Area, 2,458,745 square miles; population, 8 Area, 224,960 square miles; population, 3,091,064; density, 13,5. 42,432,017; density, 17.3.

o Area, 366,632 square miles; population, 5,022,640; density, 13.7.

work in the interior which passed human analysis, are only one or two stations. Most of the mission- of fetishes destroyed by thousands, of churches ary effort in the vast stretches of the interior is which had never seen a missionary. When in- very recent. The Christian and Missionary Alli- quiry was made it became clear "that right along ance has taken a considerable share in pioneering, the Ivory Coast, and up into the interior, there but the six societies in this large region today had been such a mass movement as had never been have only 30 stations. French West Africa is, to heard of in the history of modern missions." a large extent, still spiritually destitute.

With all its inadequacies-and they were many- Of the population of the interior fully forty per here was a stirring in the African soul which cent are Moslems. The most important tribes are came from God. In recent years the Methodist probably the Fulani and the Mosai, numbering Missionary Society has taken over the care of about two million. In the past the Fulani influ- large numbers of the "Harris Christians." ence has been the stronger, and they were the A few figures must suffice to describe the situa- chief bearers of Islamic culture. On the great tion in West Africa today. Let us take British bend of the Niger stands Timbuktu, long since territory first.ll Nigeria ranks third in popula- shorn of her former glories. West and north in tion in the Empire, after India and Great Britain. the desert live the Veiled Folk, the Tuaregs, once Of the 899,000 12 Christians of Nigeria, 188,000 perhaps a Christian people. Wide indeed is the are Roman Catholics. The enormous majority of field here and vast the task to be undertaken!

the Christian community is in the Southern prov- In Spanish 14 and Portuguese15 territory in inces, nearly 700,000 coming from the lbo, West Africa there is a small work on the Cape Yoruba, and Ibibio groups alone. The north is Verde Islands and a station is projected in Portu- less occupied, and here Islam is strong. Christian guese Guinea.

schools in the south enroll 176,886 scholars and The independent state of Liberia is about the in the north, 5,969. Moslem school enrollment in size of England, and is a member of the League the north is 183,374, and in the south nil. of Nations. It was founded in 1822 by liberated The Northern provinces are of great interest. slaves from the United States, who were assisted Roughly seven and one-half millions are Moslems by American philanthropists. Today there are and about four millions pagans. Up to 1901 there about 10,000 Americo-Liberians, 60,000 others was only one mission station established; now who are civilized and also use English, and about ten societies are at work, reaching over 160 tribes, 200,000 who are partly civilized. The remainder totaling some 3,000,000 souls. What is needed is of the estimated population of a million are il- not so much the advent of new bodies, but the ex- literate. Many missions, mostly American, have tension of existing work. The unreached popula- worked in the republic, and the Christian commu- tion is mostly in the Mohammedan emirates. For nity is over 30,000. This is practically confined a long time, evangelization was prohibited in these to the English-speaking population. Very little is areas by the government, but this prohibition is being done to reach the population of the interior, now removed. On the whole the outlook is en- and the state of many of the existing churches is couraging; in 1932 the whole Bible was published very low. One authority writes: "There is no in Hausa, one of the most widely spoken languages vision, no discipline, no authority in the churches."

of West Africa. Four stations have recently been opened in the As for other British territories: In Gambia hinterland, and the churches are being encour- there are some 2,000 Christians; in Sierra Leone, aged to support themselves and to evangelize their about 40,000; in the Gold Coast, 200,000; and in fellow countrymen.

British Togoland, about 10,000. The hinterlands The Union of South Africa presents many prob- of all these territories are still largely unoccupied lems. In the provisional census of 1936 there by missions. were over 6,529,784 Bantu, 755,282 "colored," and French West Africa 13 is an immense territory, 215,529 Asiatics. Europeans numbered 1,979,390.

equal in area to India. Of the 60,000 Christians, The native population has increased by thirty-nine 45,000 are in the Ivory Coast, the fruits of the per cent since 1921. Afrikaans has become the long unknown labors of the "prophet" Harris. common language.

Nearly all the remainder are in the coastal ter- The Bantu are unquestionably a people with a ritory of French Togoland and Dahomey. In great future, and today they are combining with.

Mauretania there is no work, and in Senegal there the "colored" folk in defense of their rights.

About 2,000,000 are still living the tribal life. The 11 Nigeria, 91,928,171; Gambia, 20'0,000; Sierra Leone, 1,768,479; present land policy, as seen in the allocation of re- Gold Coast, 3,040,446; Togoland, 293,714. 12 Census, 1931. serves to the natives, has not given very satisfac- 13 Population: Mauretania, 323,819; Senegal, 1,584,273; French 14 Rio de Oro and Adrar, 495,000; Ifni, 20,000. Sudan, 2,853,655; Upper Volta, 3,000,243; Niger Territory 15 Portuguese Guinea, 364,929; Cape Verde Islands, 153,70'0. 1.542,714; French Guinea, 2,236,968; Ivory Coast, 1,866,316: Togoland, 750,065; Dahomey, 1,112,000.

PROGRESS AND CHALLENGE IN AFRICA

tory results. Of the acute race problem and the of missions followed, and today there is a Protescolor bar legislation all that can be said here is, tant Christian community of over 120,000. The that nothing would so much contribute to its solu- Presbyterian work has grown steadily and has retion as a deep and widespread revival movement. sulted in the formation of a Central African Na- tive Presbyterian Synod. It is interesting to note The leading church among the whites is the that, in contrast with Rhodesia, Islam has spread Dutch Reformed, with nearly a million adherents. widely in Nyasaland, the Moslem population being A very large number of denominations and mis- reckoned at 73,000. sions work among the Bantu and colored peoples; and this "fragmentation" from abroad is outdone Portuguese East Africa 20 lies adjacent to by native enthusiasm. "Separatist" movements Nyasaland and South Africa. There are large are many and frequent. In Johannesburg alone stretches of entirely unoccupied territory in the there are said to be 121 denominations among North, for the missions are almost all in the South. African Christians, and in 1932 Professor Brookes Special conditions attend missionary work in these compiled a list of 326 native sects. Notwithstand- Portuguese colonies which need careful study being this, there has been much real progress. About fore new work is begun. There are about 20,000 2,500,000 Bantus are Christians, and there are Protestant Christians in the colony. some 40,000 Bantu workers. In some churches Bantus have a large share in church government.16 In the history of African missions few stories are so stirring as that of Madagascar. The Lon- A,r,eain Popula- Density Protes- don Missionary Society founded a station there in tion 1818, and the witness rapidly spread. By 1834 Sq. Miles 48.8 tants there were 30,000 pupils in its schools. Then ter- 571,600 0.5 rible persecutions fell upon the Christians. Mis- Basutoland ….. 11,716 160,000 140,000 sionaries were driven out. Men and women were Bechuanaland … 275,000 123,320 18.3 16,000 slain by the spear, hurled over precipices, sawn Swaziland …… 6,704 27,000 asunder, burned in the fire, or sold to slavery. And yet persecution stimulated the growth in Basutoland and Swaziland are, relatively speak- numbers, so that by 1861, on the death of the cruel ing, the most occupied regions of Africa, while queen, the Christians had increased tenfold. At substantial progress has been made in Bechuana- last in that year freedom was proclaimed.

land. The reconstruction began in 1861, and the work Southwest Africa 11 is administered by the has continued ever since. Difficulties have been many, but the triumphs have been an abundant Union under a mandate of the League of Nations. reward. Widespread and rapid church building Of vast size, but very sparsely populated, it is one has been a keynote of the work. In one period of of the most fully occupied mission fields of Africa. ten years since the war over a thousand new Christians number 85,000, of whom about 10,000 churches were organized. Today there are some are Roman Catholics. There are 381 missionaries 720,000 Protestant Christians.21 More than oneper million people, or 910 when Roman Catholics third of the total number of churches in Africa are found in this island. are included. Rhodesia 18 is a vast territory, as yet thinly Any reference to Central Africa may well begin with Uganda.22 A long line of remarkable names populated. The pacification and evangelization of marks the progress of the Gospel there. H. M. the natives, together with the colonization of the Stanley, the explorer; Alexander Mackay, the country, forms one of the romances of African pioneer; Hannington, the martyred bishop; Pildevelopment. Today the administration faces kington, the brilliant linguist; and many others questions of land, color, and industrialization, but are among them. When King M'tesa heard from it has the experiences of South Africa from which the first Church Missionary Society missionaries to learn. The number of African Christians in the name of Jesus, of whom Stanley had previ- Southern Rhodesia is only 86,000, of whom nearly ously spoken to him, he caused a salute to be fired 30,000 are Roman Catholics. In N·orthern Rhodesia the total is 142,000, and of these somewhat .0 Portuguese East Africa: Area, 297,657 square miles; populamore than half adhere to the Roman communion. As there are 14 missionary societies in the North tion, 3,995,831. and 15 in the South, there is no call for additional organizations. The evangelization of the country ., Roman Catholic adherents number 460,000. It is worth noting awaits the extension of the e~isting work and the that the Comoro Islands (population, 130,253), adjacent to Madagasgrowth of the missionary spirit among the Afri- car, are unoccupied.

can Christians. Reunion (French): Population, 197,933. The population Is Roman The land around Lake Nyasa 19 :was first ex- Catholic. There is no Protestant work.

plored by David Livingstone. The establishment Seychelles (British): Population, 27,786. Two missions are at work. 16 Basutoland, Bechuanaland and .swaziland are native protectorates. Mauritius (British): Population, 400,904. Christians number 122,836, of whom only 5,345 are Protestant. 11 Area, 322,394 square miles; population, 273,876; density, 0.8. 22 Uganda: Area, 94,204 square miles; population, 3,584,758. 18 Northern and Southern Rhodesia: Area, 438,744 square miles; 1.population, 2,502,340; denSity, 5.6. Nyasaland: Area, 37,596 square miles; population, 1,609,915.

for joy. Under M'wanga, his son, the Church was spiritual desert, and around them a thirsty land baptized with fire, but stood firm. The threat of where many tribes know nothing of the Light.26 Islam and tbe strife with Roman Catholicism were challenges she was called on increasingly to meet. Remarkable progress has been made in Angola27 But today the Church of Uganda is a mighty (Portuguese West Africa) jn the face of many Church. There are well over half a million Chris- difficulties. One mission alone witnessed 900 tians today, and, although there is some discrep- church members increase to 9,000 between 1921 ancy in statistics from different sources, they seem and 1931, and there are today eleven missions to be about equally divided between Evangelicals with 240 missionaries at work in 51 centers. and Roman Catholics. Catholics in the same decade increased from 77,000 to nearly 300,000. Yet both in the North- Belgian Congo23 is a vast territory, nearly east and South of the colony there are populous eighty times the area of the home country, but tribes and large areas still untouched. The Protwith a relatively small population. Its past has estant Christian community numbers 240,000, of been melancholy, but today roads traverse its ter- whom nearly 3,000 are Christian workers. ritory, mines penetrate its ground, and the government is making increasing provision for the The whole situation today in Africa may be welfare of its native peoples. The jubilee of Prot- summed up briefly. The Roman Catholic populaestant missions in the Congo was celebrated in tion of Africa amounts to about 4,304,222, in the 1928, and the picture was a very different one proportion of 4 to North Africa, 22 to Central from that of the days when George Grenfell con- and West, 8 to East, and 9 to South. The Protstructed his little steamer, the Peace, with his own estant population is 5,638,252, in the proportion hands, the two Scotch engineers having died be- of 0.5 to the North, 18 to Central and West, 2.5 fore reaching Kinshasa. Today there are some to East, and 35 to South Africa. From this it 43 societies with about 900 missionaires in this will be seen that the Catholics are strongest in the field, and between 1920 and 1930 church members Central, East and West, and the Protestants in increased from 55,000 to over 200,000. Many un- the South. The Christians number 10,000,000 or evangelized regions still remain, but they consti- about 7 per cent of the total population. This is tute a challenge to existing bodies rather than a 1 to every 14 people, which may be compared with call for new missions. Catholics are variously China proper, where there is 1 to 500 people, or estimated from half a million to two million, and India, where there is 1 to every 56 people. There the sudden growth and influence of Catholic mis- are over three times as many missionaries to every sions is seriously embarrassing the evangelization million people in Africa as compared with India, of the colony. but, owing to its large area, only one-seventh the number to each 1,000 square miles. Out of Ruanda Urundi/4 with its small area and dense Africa's 65 territories, 42 are inadequately occupopulation, became a mandated territory of Bel- pied, 23 are adequately occupied, but 15 of these gium after the War. A Belgian mission has taken are excessively occupied if 1 missionary to 20,000 up part of the former work of the German mis- people per 1,000 square miles be taken as the sions, and the Church Missionary Society has been standard. extending its work southwards from Uganda. With the addition of two or three small Protestant Whereas there are 15 missionaries to the milmissions this is the extent of Protestant effort in lion people north of 10° N., there are 148 south one of the least occupied areas of Africa. The of 10° S., and between 10° N. and 10° S. there Roman Catholic missions are making great prog- are 50. The missionary occupation is, therefore, ress and aim to capture the whole area. very unequal, being three times more in the South than in Equatorial Africa, about 10 times more in French Equatorial Africa and Cameroon 25 to- the South than in the North. gether comprise an enormous area of over a million square miles with a scattered population. It The same is true of the distribution of the stretches from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan to Lake Christians, who are in the proportion of 146 in the Chad, from Libya to the Belgian Congo. Only South to 28 in equatorial regions and 1 in North in the south (Gabon and Cameroon) are missions Africa. at all well established, and even there much remains to be done. For the rest a few lonely pio- These facts reveal at a glance the regions of neer stations appear on the map as oases in the greatest need, and should determine all plans for the evangelizafion of Africa. 23 Belgian Congo: Area, 918;000 square miles; population, 9,485,091. 2. Rio Muni and F'ernando Po are Spanish colonies. Rio Muni: Area, 10,036 square miles; population, 140,000; 2< Ruanda Urundi: Area, 20,550 square miles; population, density, 13.9. 3,500,000. Fernando Po: Area, 795 square miles; population, 23,846; density, 29.9. 2r. Area, 1,078,538 square miles; population, 5,477,236. The Methodist mission works in Fernando Po and a live develop- ing work exists in Rio Muni under the American Presbyterians.

27 Angola: Area, 323,295 square miles; population, 4,141,730,

PROGRESS AND CHALLENGE IN AFRICA

South Africa is fully occupied, and for our pur- Sudan call for reinforcements, and on the West, pose has ceased to be a foreign mission field. The Belgian Congo and French West Africa, owing to activities of its 3,547,892 Christians should cover their large areas, are still very needy. the unreached sections of the population, which should be regarded as their home mission field. The great Moslem countries of North Africa must still be considered as the most needy part Basutoland and Swaziland, which fall within of Africa. this area, are excessively occupied as mission fields. The first has 67 missionaries to 571,600 British territory, owing to greater facilities people, of whom 136,332 are Christians; the sec- available, is now probably adequately occupied, ond has 80 missionaries to 123,320, of whom and attention should increasingly be given to the 25,818 are Christians. Southwest Africa is in territories of the French, Portuguese and Belgian much the same position with 105 missionaries to colonies till these also are evangelized. 267,905 people, of whom 73,412 are Christians. Bechuanaland, with 17 missionaries to 160,000, This in a word is a bird's-eye view of that great and 15,200 Christians is too well provided for. continent which only sixty years ago was indeed the Dark Continent, but which today is well on A move northwards of a large number of the its way to becoming the most enlightened of all. foreign missionaries to the unoccupied regions of The great cleavage at the heart of the enterprise Portuguese territory, East and West, to Ruanda between Roman Catholics and Protestants casts a Urundi seems called for. The Rhodesias, Mada- dark shadow over the landscape, but the virility gascar, and Nyasaland are probably as well occu- of African Christianity and its power to organize pied as the situatian calls for. On the East, itself along its own indigenous lines promises well Tanganyika, Abyssinia, and the Anglo-Egyptian for the future when Africa shall have become, as it certainly will, a Christian continent.

ST. PAUL'S CATHE'DRAL. MENGO, UGANDA, LOOKING EAST (See page 478)

African View of Indigenous

Religions * By DONALD G. S. M'TIMKULU New Haven, Conn.

To THE ordinary man who has heard about same way as I would behave to my own brothers . Africa the phrase, "African religions," con- and sisters. In this way the family circle is ex- jures up a confused mass of superstitions and ceedingly increased, and the kindred are bound curious beliefs which seem to him very childish, together in a very close and intimate way. In if not entirely foolish. To some it might even most African societies, however, preference is seem like straining the connotation of the term given to one set of kin at the expense of another; unduly to call this hotchpotch religion. It is not L e., either to the mother's people or to the fa- necessary here to prove that suclJ. opinions are ther's people. This is the basis of the clan, or sib, the results of generalizations based on very inade- which is a strong group of people claiming to be quate data. Those who have tried to understand intimately related either on the mother's side or the Africans and to see life as they see it have on the father's side.

found that they possess not only well developed The clan is not only the most important group religious systems, but a religion which enters far in the African kinship system, but also the pri- more into their day by day conduct than is the mary religious group. Since all members of the case among the peoples of the West. clan are linked together through their ancestors, In spite of the vast expanse of Africa and the the ancestors come to take a most important place variation in cultural features presented by its peo- in the life of the group. They founded the clan, pIes, it is still possible to speak of the country as gave it life and made it what it is. The present a whole, on account of a number of fundamental generation, therefore, owes all that it has to those principles which underlie the social structure of who have gone beyond. The ancestors are thus the whole of tribal Africa. This is particularly as much a part of the clan as the living; they. are true of the Bantu tribes, and it is with the religion as interested in its welfare as those who still walk of these peoples that I mean to concern myself in thIs earth. For, according to African belief, "the this paper. dead are not lost to society, they are merely in- A great part of the religious life of the African itiated into another part of the society, the spir- centers round the worship of ancestors, but such itual unseen part." Thus the clan with its begin- a statement needs some elucidation. To under- nings far in the dim past can only make secure stand truly what the cult of ancestors means to provision for the future by consulting and work- the African we must probe deeper into his social ing in harmony with those whose wisdom is un- background. The social and economic unit in doubted, and who now can tap sources of power Africa is the individual family. To bind the fami- which are not available to mortal man. The es- lies together in a larger social unit, the intimate sence of ancestor worship lies in the effort on the and binding family ties are extended outside the part of the living, by various acts of remem- immediate family. .For instance, my father's brance, to maintain friendly relations with those brothers are my fathers; I call them so, and I, who are now of the spirit world, and thus to se- behave to them in the same general way that I dq cure their help and guidance.

to my own father. Similarly, my mother's sisters True enough, fear enters into the worship of are my mothers, and their children are my sisters ancestors, the fear of consequences that will fol- and brothers; I behave to them in exactly tlie low any failure_ on the part of the living to per- • Donald G. S. M'Timkulu Is the son of a well-known Methodl'st form their pious duties. But we would be greatly' in error if we assumed that the religious motive in pastor in Durban, South Africa. He received his high school education at Adams Mission and at Lovedale before proceeding to Fort faenacre.stoTrhewoArfsrhicipanisreaallll ysupmutm' s ehdIS up in the word Hare College, where he received his B.A. in 1927, securing a "double trust in the anfirst" In English and ethics. On the strength of this he was awarded cest ors, and h"IS f al"th I"S a 1IV""lng everyday fal"th" a university scholarship (the first of his race) to read for his M.A. The Afr"Ican a1so be1 lev"es"In a great "Sp"lrItua1 (English), which he received in 1931. Since then he has been power, a Supreme Being, more or less personified, teaching at the Healdtown Missionary Institution in the Cape Province and at Adams College in Natal, where he is now head of the high school department. He was editor of the (Jape African Teach– e,rs' Association Journal until his resignation to come over to Yale University, where he now holds a FellOWShip in Race Relations.

[462 ] who made the world and created all living things, illness by manipulating the all pervasive "Pobut has since had no direct dealings with man. tence" against him. For the African believes that Now and again one may hear his angry mutter- some people are able by long training to make use ings in the roar of the thunderstorm, as he hurls of this spiritual power in the universe either for forth his thunderbolts at some individual who has good or for evil. This is the basis of the Afriangered him. can's belief in witchcraft and the efficacy of charms. For to protect myself against the machi- Among some of the southeastern tribes, how- nations of the wizard, I must have some object in ever, he is regarded as a great chief of the spirit which is concentrated a stronger power than that world, Unkulunkulu (the greatest of the great), which the wizard can direct against me. Without who is so great that ordinary men cannot ap- this I am at the mercy of my enemies. Thus the proach him for any favors. Amongst these tribes African has ever haunting him this fear of unseen the ancestral spirits have come to be regarded as powers working around him, and perhaps against mediators at the court of the Great Chief. Those him; for this reason he clings tenaciously to his who were great in this life, the chiefs, are much witch doctor, who is the only man who can give more likely to be in the inner circles of the Great him sufficient protection to make life worth living. One, and thus can do more for the people by pleading with the Great One in the traditional manner Let us next consider how far these beliefs and that marks the successful and polished councillor. practices are influencing the lives of native Chris- In times of calamity, therefore, the spirits of the tians in Africa. While it is no doubt true that the greatest chiefs of the tribe are invoked to help form that the Christian Church in Africa will ultheir children and save them from disaster. These timately take depends, in the last analysis, on ceremonies are always conducted by the para- what the Africans themselves make of it, it is mount chief of the tribe, in whom, by reason of none the less also true that Christian Africans his birth, is concentrated the highest spiritual must accept the fundamentals of Christianity unpower man can have, and who is the recognized diluted, as it were, if they are going to live Christintermediary between the people and their most like lives. As Archbishop Temple says, it is futile powerful spirits. The power of the chief, there- to consider whether the message of the Gospel fore, is based ultimately on religious sanctions. suits the African or not. If the Gospel is true, He is not merely the political head but the high then it is true for all men, be they black or white. priest of the tribe, and thus the dependence of the If one, however, is thinking of Christianity mere- African on his chief is a very real one. ly as a drug for the curing of social diseases, then one might well ask if it suits the African. If, on Apart, however, from this belief in a first cause, the other hand, Christianity is a Way of Life for the Africans believe in a Potence, an Energy, that all men, then we must recognize the fact that is imminent in all things, intangible and yet all- there are certain fundamental beliefs and points pervasive. While drawing itself into a focus in of view in African religion which are incompatible certain objects, it is, at the same time, sensitive with the Christian spirit. These must be shed, if to human conduct, so that irregularities in the Christianity is to mean anything for the African. world of men react immediately on the world of nature. In African societies, as Mrs. Hoernle While thousands of true and fervent Christians says, "events in the world of nature are inter- are to be found in most parts of Africa, it is neverpreted entirely from the point of view of their in- theless a fact that for many other thousands fluence on the life of the society; the world of Christianity is no more than a veneer, a top dressnature and the world of man are one, changes in ing, which peals off just when it is most needed. the world of man are inevitably accompanied by In the real crises of life they turn to their beloved changes in the world of nature, and vice versa, ancestors in whom they still have the utmost faith, and the laws governing the one world are con- although outwardly adopting the forms of the ceived of as being the same in the other." If, for Christian religion. Many a Christian family when instance, the harvest is poor, it is because the in trouble will secretly sacrifice a beast to appease proper rites have not been performed, or because the injured spirits, so that they may remove the someone has sinned or done wrong, and his wrong curse and establish friendly relations once more actions are somehow preventing things from tak- between the dead and the living. ing their proper course. There are other Christians, however, who have Because of this firm belief the African can definitely set their faces against the old tribal rites hardly conceive of anything happening naturally, and ceremonies; but this is about all they have i. e., uninfluenced by the actions of men, either liv- done. In these lives Christianity has only replaced ing or dead. If a man gets sick, for instance, his one set of taboos by another. This attitude has sickness is either the result of his neglect of some not been a little encouraged by the numerous customary ritual or some duty to the ancestors, "don'ts" which have formed the greater part of or else some evilly disposed person has caused the the "Christian message" of some missionaries.

The Christian in Africa has thus become a man the machinery of Western civilization, whose ex- who does not do a great number of things. The ponents are out to get as much as they can from African can understand such a religion, for it is the dark races.

just his old religion with the dire consequences On this account they have dubbed Christianity made a little less immediate. "the white man's religion," and they will have But the real persistent evil in the African Chris- none of it. This conviction is not lessened by the tian Church is that old belief in the powerful fact that many white missionaries identify their mystic forces of the universe which are ever ready strait-laced Christianity with Western civilization.

to do men harm at every turn. Accusations of The African is continually being told how lovely witchcraft and sorcery are not uncommon even in and beautiful everything is in the white man's our oldest mission stations. Venerable old preach- garden, and how weedy and ugly his own is in ers or deacons will tell you of one of their number comparison. The disillusionment that follows, of who keeps a baboon on which he rides out every course, is not very pleasant either for the mission- night to do his nefarious work. Many a fond ary or the African.

mother, for instance, will not dare to bring her The criticism of the unbrotherly attitude of the child to church for baptism, unless he has been white Christian gains more point when it is lev- thoroughly "doctored," lest the influence of some elled against the missionary himself. It is no other child who has been "doctored" cause a fis- doubt true that the spirit of Christian brother- sure in her child's skull which inevitably brings hood which characterized the life of the early mis- about his death. sionaries is slowly dying out. Social snobbery The old beliefs in witchcraft, therefore, are not and a certain irritating aloofness is not uncom- only still with us, but the practice of witchcraft mon among modern missionaries. In traveling is thriving under new forms showing an excellent round the mission stations one hears such signifi- adaptability to new conditions. Witch doctors cant remarks as this from the old people: "Oh, are doing a better trade today in the towns than we do not knock at the front door of the mission they ever did before. The old technique of try- house now, we have to go to the kitchen door."

ing to pooh-pooh these ideas and laugh them out One hears also of missionary teachers who fail to of court is futile. These beliefs are deep rooted recognize their fellow African teachers as soon as in the African, and now he not only feels he has they are outside the bounds of the mission station.

Biblical authority to support him, but also a fund These may seem like trivial considerations, but of anecdotes in which Christian ministers have they are just full of meaning for the African- been worsted in the fight against the wizard. The they are the straws in the wind. Is it any sur-, missionary, therefore, must concentrate on chang- prise, then, to find that the African in the older ing the African's unscientific view of the world. missionary fields is gradually losing his confidence "Nothing less will do than the gradual revelation in the white missionary?

of the complexity of the universe. Let the Afri- And yet all thinking Africans deplore this can once realize that the universe runs its course tendency; first, because it does not take into ac- by immutable laws which he cannot alter, and he count the great contribution that missionaries will be relieved of an incalculable burden of the have made and are making to African welfare.

spirit." Without this changed outlook the Chris- Second, and perhaps more important, is the fact tian missionary will be building his house on sand. that there is a danger that, with this loss of con- There is a new threat to the life of the Christian fidence in the white missionary, the African may Church in Africa, to which we now turn. In those also lose his hold on Christianity. For, as we parts of Africa where the natives come into very have sought to show, Christianity is still very close contact with the whites there is growing up, much of an exotic plant in Africa.

among some of the leaders of the people, a spirit The present tendency, therefore, among some of revolt against the Church. These men feel that missions to root Christianity in true native soil the Church is not living up to the spirit of Christ's has great possibilities for the future. For, it teaching in its attitude towards the race question. seems to me, the very highest ideal that missions They declare that color bars are rigidly enforced can hold for the future of Christianity in Africa even within the very precincts of God's house; in is the creation of a truly native church, "whose many churches the African clergy are merely the motivation will be emotional rather than mainly "boys" of their fellow white clergymen; some of intellectual, which will take cognizance of native the white men who stand high in the Church are psychic and mystic experience, whose forms and in no way different in their treatment of Afri- functions will be rooted in native life, background cans than any other white man. In these and in and environment, and whose leaders will be true many other ways, they declare, the Church has natives, integrally a part of the community and shown that even within its fold there is no broth- not mere preachers cut in the image of white mis- erhood for the black man. It is merely part of sionaries."

Gospel Among Primitive

By REV. JOHN S. HALL, I Sudan Interior Mission, Kaltungo, Nigeria 1)1- ~==========================~ THE country of the 40,000 Tangale-speaking to another man, that we may feast upon another people is in Nigeria, West Africa, inland one goat." Farthest reaching of baneful practices thousand miles northeast of Lagos, chief sea- was that of the parents, who threw the children of port of Nigeria, which is an important Protector- both sexes together for immoral purposes, all with ate of Great Britain and boasts a population of a view to enlisting the boys for labor on the farms twenty millions. The Tangales had their first of the girls' parents.

sight of the white man only thirty years ago, and A corresponding situation was to be found in their first contact with the Christian missionary the religious sphere. The Tangales' spiritual ten years later. The white ruler's advent ended heritage is cumbrous. Recognition is made of the a strange age-long cycle of seven years of inter- Supreme Being, Yamba, but no worship offered to tribal war alternating with seven years of peace, him. All shrines and altars are dedicated to other and ensured the gradual extirpation of cannibal- spiritual beings-demons, ancestors and haunting ism. Cloth was rare. Leaves sufficed for cover- human spirits. The primitives may not be so ing for the women, while the men used little cov- lacking in many things as superficial observers ering beyond occasionally wearing tanned hides say, claiming that they are without this, that and of animals hung by forelegs from the neck. the other, but omitting to observe that they have Their story is interesting, especially regarding powers that with us are dormant or dead. They Christian missions, and the fact that the condi- are, however, without the most satisfying and en- tions obtaining among them are typical of those nobling of human wants. For they have no hope among all primitive peoples. Illiteracy prevailed, and are "without God in the world." With no with the absence of books and the arts of reading books, they have not the Book, with its Messianic and writing. Their difficult and wonderful lan- light and life in prophecy and history. They are guage had only oral use. The world for them did without the dynamic of the preaching of the cross not exist beyond the extremities ofa fifty-mile and of the Spirit. The emotional reactions to the line, where heaven met earth and was upborne by spiritual environment are those of uncertainty strange, conveniently dwarfed beings around the and dread.

meeting line, holding sky-supporting sticks aloft. Sent by the Sudan Interior Mission, C. G.

With limited horizons of knowledge, the tribe Beacham and the writer settled among the Tan- moved as one man in a narrow orbit, unprogres- gales in February, 1917, and began to learn their sive, static. language. Three years later the Gospel of Luke There was that in their "moral" codes which, in Tangale was in print, published by the British without elevating or quickening the tribe, pre- and Foreign Bible Society. Successively, till served it as a unity, with a sturdy sense of iden- 1930, ten more books of the Old and New Testa- tity and independence. Marriage by uniform pur- ments were translated and in use in print, to- chase was recognized and was made honorable gether with the complete New Testament in by laws of legitimacy and inheritance. Laws ap- Tangale in manuscript. The British and Foreign plying to consanguinity and incest assisted in up- Bible Society undertook the cost of an edition of holding marriage and maintaining purity of tribal 2,000, so that the complete printed New Testa- stock. Over against these helpful things lay many ment in Tangale was in circulation in 1932. To antisocial habits. The bonds of marriage were date half of the edition has been sold, and as only uncertain, owing to the polygamous tendencies of readers, professing Christians, buy the book the men and women, and from easy temporary unions reading public in that once totally illiterate tribe and prevalent promiscuity. Illuminating is the amounts to a thousand, and the Lord's following prayer always made when the large goat from the reaches the same number.

bride-price payment was being eaten by the men School work, simply the teaching of reading of the maiden's hamlet in the sacred grove: "We and writing in the vernacular and of the Scrip- have just begun to eat her [i. e., the woman was tures, was begun only after two years. The en- an occasion of feasting]. Incline her soon to run rollment for a year thereafter was two. The next [465 ]

year it increased to three, and the following year by the young people themselves, who follow them. to eight. The enrollment now is 2,000. The first The Gospel was made for that kind of situation, seven years passed before any girls of the tribe where it can be trusted to be God's power unto came to school. Now the enrolled women and salvation. Moreover, the Africans can be trusted, girls nearly in number equal the men and boys. having "received Christ Jesus the Lord, to walk Of necessity at the first the teachers were the mis- in him, rooted and built up in him, and stablished sionaries. Now the teaching of reading and writ- in the faith, as … taught." To withhold from ing is left to the Christian natives, of whom one them that confidence or to make concessions to . hundred are 'under regular appointment to super- supposed weakness or peculiar wants injures and vise, in thirty-eight "schools," without remunera- slanders them and dishonors Christ and His Gos- tion. With a speeded-up farming schedule and a pel. The privilege and duty rather are, to uphold great saving of time formerly given to growing the New Testament demand and standard as re- much grain for beer, they follow their accus- gards purity and spirituality, together with an in- tomed farming, devote certain time to systematic tensive New Testament indoctrination. It is a Bible study and, with regulated substituting ar- senseless, heartless procedure to ask monogamy rangements, see to the manning of these teaching or one-until-death unions from people whose codes posts. . To evangelize farther outposts, ten mar- never included these conceptions, unless New ried couples in fellowship standing in the churches Testament doctrine and dynamic are intensively gave up home and farm and went where taking imparted and fully conveyed. Hence the Bible root afresh would be slow and toilsome, where schools, with their whole-church enrollment and privation would sometimes be their lot, and where systematic opening of the Scriptures. Hence the their only, but most glorious, reward would be magnifying of the church, the local assembly, as souls won for Christ. the school, the home of the saved community as a community, the sphere of mighty movings of God R. J. Campbell, in his Life of David Living- and the birthplace of saving outward movements stone, mentions the attraction his lantern lecture of wide reach. Hence, too, the simple and ex- was to the Africans, and adds that that was the clusive character of the mission's principles re- only Christian propaganda Livingstone was ever specting "education," with a nonsecular program asked to repeat. The Tangales have not yet seen and curriculum best fitting and generally lantern views. God's Word has been put into strengthening the believers for every spiritual their hands, and they have built two Bible schools and secular contact. where they gather to study the Scriptures. When we saw these buildings rise and asked, "What To an extent not always realized social pressure time will you give to the study?" the whole read- and safeguarding rules assist straight living any- ing, godly community of men and women enrolled where. In Tangale teaching is shaped and rules for regular attendance through nine months of framed to induce the right social pressure in the the year, every Monday and Tuesday mornings Christian society. Some of these rules are, that from 9 to 11, with daily sessions through a period boys may not meet with girls anywhere at night of four weeks twice a year. or in enclosed places, as huts, through the day; and that every Christian is responsible for rebuk- This spring we had the third of these four-week ing and reporting breaches of that rule and will periods in the two Bible schools, the average daily be held by the church as culpable as the offenders attendance being 525. The Epistle to the Hebrews if he does not meet this duty. Sense of personal was taught, with analytical outline, careful exe- and mutual responsibility and keenness of pergesis and application. Blackboard and notebooks sonal and social conscience are developed in this were used, and examinations given. The enthu- way. siasm and the mental and spiritual growth accom- panying that daily work within the cool, spacious In Tangale, as has been mentioned, the girls did grass-roofed buildings, with the high sun's heat not come to services or school until the seventh outside, cannot be computed or verbally conveyed. year of the work. The young men who came, Under what a spell the mystical Melchizedek held besides adjuring the practice of early sexual rela- these black students until, as they gave earnest tions, were taught to wait for domestic partners heed to argument, warning and entreaty, he to until they and the partners-to-be were baptized. their view dissolved into the Divine Prophet- Some did not wait; others did, and gave a noble Priest and they were strengthened and rejoiced lead. One of these first ones waited seven years to follow Him! "The Word to us is mother's from his first confessing Christ to gain a girl nurse," they cried. "Give us more; you stop too baptized one week before their marriage. An- soon! Hurry back!" other, a big muscular fellow who had waited five years from his first testimony, was similarly I have already alluded to the moral situation united then to a baptized Christian maiden. These created by parents in their handling of youth and

THE GOSPEL AMONG PRIMITIVE PEOPLES

weddings had profound effects; as from that time tian lives and their own Heaven-blessed home. the marrying age among believers advanced con- Then there is Shebu, who was living with an siderably, and the stability, security and satisfaction of marriages of baptized to baptized became unmarried woman and had a child by her. Both manifest. began to confess Christ through the testimony of a volunteer teacher. We said they should sepa- The case of one Shombo is interesting. He had rate and prove Christ singly, looking forward to two wives. They all heard the Gospel from an their Christian marriage duly. They stayed apart early convert. Shombo and his second wife, whom twenty months, were instructed and grew in grace he liked the better, came under conviction and and knowledge of Christ, then were baptized and began to confess Christ. They rightly reasoned came together through a Christian marriage. Shombo should have just one wife, and she the one first wedded, no matter that she seemed the THREE COUPLES IN CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE ON THEIR least attractive and had no heart for Christ. It WEDDING DAY. LAYUNGDUNG AND HER HUSBAND took a struggle, but they parted, and the young AT LEFT woman, Layungdung, went to live with her "problem" and her testimony at her brother's. After Glorious results followed in the domestic sphere. some days, finding her brother's wife vexatious, Shebu's mother, sister, two brothers, an aunt and she quarrelled with her, and she, her brother and a cousin all sought the Lord and were baptized. sister-in-law came together to us with their trou- The cousin and the sister have married Christian ble. We were from 7 p. m. till 1 a. m. smoothing men; the two brothers remain unmarried until it out. We counselled forbearance and forgive- they can be suited with baptized wives; Shebu's ness, which Layungdung thought too hard, but at boy, happily named Paul, is choosing wisdom's 12 : 45 a. m. we knelt together and praised God ways; a considerable group in Shebu's hamlet, for victorious grace. Layungdung returned and old and young, and among them an old blind lived with her brother and sister-in-law, till she woman, have been baptized. And Shebu and his saw them confessing Christ and, with herself, wife also serve Christ freely now in a needy out- post. baptized. Pagan men, who could not endure seeing a young woman unattached, pestered her for Christ's Gospel has given to a multitude in marriage, until all attempts ceased because it was Tangale newness of life, a new orientation of publicly known that they had failed. She was mind, soul, spirit and social life and habit. waiting God's time and for a baptized companion. God's time-though after two years-came, and also the companion, a young widower faithful in witness. And these two are one of the couples who, with their family, have sacrificially migrated with the Gospel to an outpost.

Shombo himself now loves his first little wife, who has received salvation and baptism. Both his mother, a former spiritist medium, and his influential seventy-five-year-old father are baptized and in the Church, as is also his younger brother. His children, also, two dear girls, are readers of the Word and happy confessors of Jesus. And in Shombo and his wife we have another couple who have given up all and have gone to an outpost, 20 miles distant, to serve souls with their Chris- A NATIVE EVANGELIST'S APPRECIATION "There are many things that tempt a servant have good chairs to sit on, not just boxes. As a of the Lord," said a native evangelist one Sunday rule they have good looking wives and children. in his preaching to the other evangelists. "For Often they have a horse or a bicycle, too, and yet us black people the spirit of pride is a great dan- with all this you cannot find any pride among ger. However, when I look at the white mission- them on this account. They are just as pleasant aries, then I can't help but thank God for them. and friendly. Yes, I have noticed that the more They may have two or three coats to put on and they have of such things, the more kind they are more than one pair of shoes. Sometimes they to share with us black natives."-Reported by L. have both a sun hat and an ordinary hat. They A. Tweiten, in The Missionary Broadcaster.

in Central

By REV. ANDREW MacBEATH, B.D. I Ii- Baptist Missionary Society, Bolobo, Belgian Congo THEY say that the darkest hour is just before locusts. We turned once again to the Book of the dawn. When things are at their very Joel and read of the locust hordes, and our read- worst we have the more reason to expect a ing took us on to the promise of the outpoured change for the better. January, 1935, certainly Spirit. Little did we realize how near the fulfilwas a dreary, almost a desperate, month in Bo- ment of the latter promise was. The floodtide of lobo, Belgian Congo. Our deacons had sought to blessing began to come in February. resign in a body, and the monthly communion service was suspended until some better under- A young carpenter in mission employ read a standing and confidence was established between little booklet, in the middle of 1934, which told of Sammy Morris, a Kru boy from Liberia, who the church members and their missionaries. Sus- traveled to America with a hungry, overmastering picion and bitter criticism were rife. How was desire to taste the full life that God offers in the it that things had reached this point of strain? Holy Spirit. The story of that boy's hunger for For several years our hearts were burdened the living God, and the brief but glorious course with the low spiritual level of our church fellow- he ran as a fervent evangelist to others, fired our ship. There were twelve hundred communicants, young carpenter's heart. He saw that God does but we felt that very little of sterling quality could not need to wait for worldly advantages of breedbe claimed for their Christian faith. Every ing, wealth or education. Wherever He finds a month a saddening list of names was read out, man ready to concentrate on God and give Him a the names of church members being suspended highway through his life, God has His chance. from fellowship because of some serious moral Our young carpenter brooded over giving God lapse. The white missionary who sought to know such a chance in his life.

the inner side of village life came to feel that there At Christmas a missionary pageant was prewas an impenetrable wall of secrecy which dea- pared by the school children, showing the condicons and deaconesses made it their business to tion of children in many lands. The lads from maintain in front of their white missionaries. At the Pastoral Traini:ng School represented scenes last, in October, 1934, a conference with native from the life of William Carey, showing his paschurch leaders was arranged. It was hoped that sion to take the Gospel to India. The theme song the frank interchange of opinion about the exist- around which the action was grouped was the ing state of things in the church would arouse missionary hymn, "Far, far away, in heathen them to a sense of their responsibility and fur- darkness dwelling." The effect of this missionary ther the cause of cooperation. From the very pageant on the soul of the young artisan dreaming beginning of that conference, the indigenous lead- dreams of serving God with all his powers was to ers met their missionaries in a spirit of antago- bring him to the point of crisis. During the weeks nism. A questionnaire had been prepared to of January an intense inward conflict developed.

stimulate their reflection on some of the unsatis- He dreamed of making Christ known to the farfactory elements in our church life, elements of off heathen, but God told him first to be reconciled evil which quite paralyzed the effectiveness of our to his own father. The struggle robbed him of witness among the heathen. Instead of giving sleep, but he could get no peace until, down on his calm or prayerful thought to the questions at face with tears he promised to buy his father a issue, church leaders and church members turned blanket as a reconciliation present as soon as dayround and told their missionaries some of their light came. The flood of joy that burst over the outstanding failings. young man's heart, once he had given up his con- After that conference three more months troversy with God, knew no bounds. passed, the road winding "uphill all the way." Meanwhile the situation in the church had been Then in January came the ultimatum of resignation from the deacons in a body. And in the end growing almost desperate. To make confusion worse confounded, swarms of locusts were all of January our district was invaded by hordes of around us, wearing us out with the effort to keep [468 ] them from alighting on our gardens. And then The preacher, exhibiting the dinner knives and the young carpenter asked permission to speak in later showing the absurdity of toiling away with public. He was given permission, but the experi- a mere ax head in the hands, showing too the long ence of which he tried to tell was too great for wooden handle inserted in the ax head that enhim. He could not articulate the story. At his sures swift and powerful strokes, was that mornsecond telling of it, he began an exposure of the ing convincing the reason and firing the imaginasecret sins that were destroying the church's life tion of his audience. They saw the truth. And and sapping the vitality of the community. the climax came when he used a pictorial phrase which put his closing appeal in a nutshell. "God A few young men gathered round him in pri- gave each of us two legs," he said, "but we have vate to learn more of what had happened to him. been stupid enough to suppose that with two legs Older men were skeptical and superior. They de- we could travel at the same time on two roads. rided him, especially because his new walk with We church members have had one leg on the way God made it necessary for him to do his daily Heavenward, and with the other leg we have been work conscientiously. Many declared that his traveling the world's way." brain was decaying or that sleeping sickness had him in its grip. Long ingrained habits of secrecy One could almost hear the strokes of a scythe and deceit made our people construe as madness that was gathering in golden sheaves for God's any willingness to admit a fault and confess it. granary. There were over thirty young people One deacon thought he had effectively vanquished who went forward at the close to occupy these the young man's crusade when he showed, as a empty forms on the platform, to signify that they stalwart Protestant, that confession of sin was a were out for the consecrated life that has given peculiarly Roman error! up half-measures and hypocrisy.

But the ferment had been thrown into Bolobo's From that moment we knew that harvest time life. The unheard of began to happen. People had come. We had heard the sound of a going in were disturbed in their dreams or kept from the tops of the mulberry trees, and we knew to sleep by the accusing voices of their sins. Young bestir ourselves. When the men gathered in large men, gathering round our splendid native pastor, numbers in their afternoon service, the appeal were looking up in the New Testament what God was made to the older men and deacons to range had to say about their sins, and the way of release themselves alongside the eager young men who that He offers. On February 24, the church was were pressing forward, and the question was put packed when the morning service began, and we in this form: "Shall the Isaacs offer themselves noticed that the native pastor had arranged some willingly and go up the Moriah road, but shall forms behind him on the platform. These forms Abraham hold back?" The older men explain that remained vacant during the service, and we real- the putting of that question roused them from ized that they were not placed there simply for sleep. At first it puzzled them. What more reuse in case of overcrowding. We had never dared mained for them to do? Were they not church to try an upstanding appeal amid an African members? Had they not been baptized? audience, nor had they ever seen a penitent form. Yet the pastor's inner ear had been prepared to They remained to an aftermeeting, and after hear, and he had come to preach that morning that the group went to the preacher's house, resure of results. Had he himself not come through questing that it be made plain to them what furthe Holy Spirit's searching scrutiny, and found ther gift God was offering them and what further how He burns up all our refuges of lies? Never claim He was making on them. At last hearts did anyone wield more effectively the rapier of were open and ready to take in the truth. God's the Spirit than he did that day. It pierced to the gift of fulness of life in the Holy Spirit was set dividing asunder of joints and marrow. It dis- forth. From that time onward never a day passed cerned the thoughts and intents of many hearts. but souls were coming through crises and conflict to freedom and fulness of joy. Their faces told Showing in one hand a rust-corroded knife and the story before they reached the missionary's' in the other a shining knife of stainless make, the presence. Going to the hospital that night, one pastor asked his audience what kind of Christians heard the sound of weeping in the doctor's private they wanted to be. Bringing out an ax head from room. One of the native male nurses had come under his table, he asked the woodcutters present to confess that he had pilfered medicines from the if, when they felled giants of the forest, they dispensary, and he had brought 25 francs in paywent at their work merely clutching the iron ax ment. People who had been living in enmity were head between their hands; "Hasn't God in His humbling themselves in seeking reconciliation and Holy Spirit offered us a helve for our ax head forgiveness. Stolen articles began to come back which will put force into all our labor in the in a stream. tangled forest of sin that we are to clear away?" A testimony meeting was held Monda.y evening,

and there the thoughts of many hearts were re- transformed by the love of Christ and sitting bevealed. The truth was out, told by black people fore His table to partake of their first communion, themselves. Their sins were finding them out. was to feel that Heaven had come down to earth, Meanwhile prayer and supplication became a and that grace had swallowed up sin and death mighty stream. All who had realized the ending in victory. One could not but think of the aged of life's discord began to pour out their hearts in Simeon and his satisfied request for removal; he intercession for their friends. One knew at last could depart in peace, for his eyes had seen God's what God-inspired prayer is, and how irresistible salvation. With a score of such new-born souls in its sweep. Two missionaries had met with the before us, we realized anew what it means to "denative pastor every morning for two years to pray part in peace." For them Jesus has robbed death for revival, but they were amazed to see how, of its darkness and robbed it of its sting. when revival came, they themselves were carried along as on a mighty stream of prayer. Much more remains to be told. Other mission- aries would learn much if one told of the prob- The evangelistic and missionary passion of the lems and difficulties that the revival created, as young carpenter's heart was communicated to all well as of the marvelous doors it opened and the who tasted the Heavenly gift, and folks in the opportunities it brought. Yet mention must be villages of the hinterland became aware that made of one result which will prove of far-reachsomething had happened because, as they them- ing importance. The revival brought out the censelves put it, young fellows who had formerly trality of the cross as the core of our message. been chiefly interested in swaggering about town It made prayer and Bible study the very breath on a Sunday afternoon in showy clothes and were and daily nourishment of Christians. It brought quite incapacitated for'life by their own conceit, the promise of the Holy Spirit out of the dim and suddenly seemed to feel concern for other people hazy background of truth right into the center of and took the trouble to walk through the forest life as a throbbing reality. And, quite decisively, to other villages to proclaim the good tidings..The it made the triumph of the Resurrection stand out impression was immediate and widespread. There as the corner stone of a Christian message that is was a common impulse to relieve the burdened to win Africa. conscience and the uneasy mind by public confession, and the crowds frequenting the services In the early days of the revival a Christian made it necessary everywhere to enlarge the vil- died, and the way in which the Christians made lage chapels. that funeral a triumph will never be effaced from memory. The problem had hitherto been to per- One of the most wonderful events of all has just suade church members to cut adrift the old had its sequel, a year later. Once the church heathen mourning customs, and we had failed. members cleared their lives of deceit and sham, Wailing and noise and confusion seemed inevitathe heathen became uneasy and stirred in their ble, till on one glorious day the Christians rose sleep, and awoke. The old people, the people most as one man and said, "Never again." That tristeeped in heathenism, began to "ask the way to umphant funeral of a believer has set its seal on Zion with their faces thitherward." Once they the community's life. Now the women gather in had seen fellow villagers who had been reputed to their, brightest clothes, sit in rows around the be Christians really making a clean break with house and sing hymns. Some stay to uphold the witchcraft by bringing out and casting away their chief mourner when the corpse is removed, and secret fetishes, the heathen opened their eyes and all the others follow to the place of burial singing opened their hearts. The story of their awaken- hymns. Who told them to do this? "They shall ing is a constant source of wonder to us. It was be all taught of God." Things we had labored marvelous to see great-grandfathers and great- to .instill into public opinion by preaching and grandmothers in inquirers' classes where the teaching became a public possession overnight. story of Jesus was told to them "simply as to a We who had formerly felt so conscious of labor little child." and sorrow, who had called ourselves workers for God, realized that we were but spectators. "What On Sunday, March 1, the first of these aged hath God wrought!" folks from the town of Bolobo itself were baptized and received into the fellowship of the Into Africa went the Christ twenty centuries ago, when' Church. They numbered twenty. A great crowd gathered on the beach when they were baptized, his own folk sought to slay him. for it was a wonder of wonders to the natives. To see the women who had been most prominent Out of Africa came the Christ, sheltered and safe, to at all heathen funerals and the most adept in all mourning orgies and dances, and well acquainted live his mission and die his death, that the world might with palm wine or sugar cane beer drinking, be saved.

Into Africa may he go again, proclaimed by eager and impelling disciples.

Out of Africa-may Christ come, with a continent fol- lowing after. EMORY Ross.

on the Witness

WHAT CHRIST HAS DONE FOR ME are set forth on a new path of righteousness and By REV. JAMES J. R. JOLOBE, B.A., devotion to higher things.

A survey of the influence of Christ in Africa Presbyterian Church of South Africa cannot, however, be complete without mentioning PERHAPS to one born in a Christian home it education. We owe a debt of gratitude to the may be a little difficult to appreciate fully missionary enterprise for the enlightenment what Christ has done for one; but the life which is rapidly helping us adjust ourselves to from which the Christian religion has helped us modern conditions and to civilized standards of to emerge may help one to realize in some meas- living. It is true there are some who would have us develop along our own lines. If this means ure the gains brought to Africans by embracing preserving all that is good in our past we welcome the Gospel. In the primitive stage of our exist- it. But if it means that we should be content with ence, neutralizing the good things which were a the old primitive life, in other words to be misfits blessing and should be preserved, were attendant in an advancing world, inefficient in an efficient evils ingrained in the social system which, though in a way supporting it, threatened to undermine the vitality of the race mentally and morally.

Among these was superstition. It is only when one actually comes into contact with those en- thralled by this evil that he can appreciate fully what Christ has done and is doing for our people in connection with superstition. The constant fear of imaginary harm, the suspicion engendered against innocent people, and the unwarranted hate against supposed agents of witchcraftthese and many others were the things which were not conducive to the growth of personality.

Christ has liberated us from this bondage and set Africa free to develop to the highest degree with- in her reach.

Again, Christianity has enhanced the value of human personality. On the whole, among our peo- ple life was sacred and the individual had a cer- tain amount of value as a member of a tribe, but REV. JAMES J. R. JOLOBE, B.A. this new religion intensified and widened this conception. In a practical way this was achieved by denouncing polygamy and proclaiming in no un- society-if it means this, we emphatically refuse certain voice that a man should have only one to accept the idea of developing on our own lines. wife. With us, in some cases, several women We feel we have benefited by the assistance of were permitted to one man. This new teaching Christianity, which has helped us, through edu- not only raised the status of woman, but it was cation, to emerge from primitive ideas to a civi- also a blessing to a people who were soon to be lized outlook. We are told, and we see it for ourlaunched into a whirl of economic conditions selves, that it is the fittest that survive under under which a man with a very large family, as modern conditions, and to be fit our race must in polygamous society, would succumb. avail itself of all the best, materially, mentally Africans are human, and being so have their and morally, which mankind has gained down the full quota of the frailties which bring guilt to the ages. Education is doing this for the African, soul, which guilt can only be removed by the for- and we thank the missionaries upon whom this giveness offered man by God, in giving His Son duty devolved for many years past. Even if the to be a propitiation for our sins. Christ has met idea of developing in our own lines were taken in the supreme need of Africa-a Saviour. By the its best sense, we claim that we have a right to cross many are being raised from a low life and know first the universal standards in order that [471 ]

even what is distinctly African may be governed ences, and most unfortunately Africa has im. by them in order to be recognized by the world. proved upon the original. This has resulted in arresting the real work of evangelization, while a I believe the summary of the influence of Christ great deal of energy is being wasted in petty camin Africa is after all a summary of individual ex- paigns of mutual proselyting. Church loyalties periences. If there is an indigenous church grow- are taking the place of loyalty to the Founder of ing up in Africa it is because individual souls the Church. A united church would, I believe, have been touched by the healing hand of Christ. eliminate this, and besides would have greater May I give this witness? I recognize Christ as power and prestige in the eyes of the still nonmy Saviour. He has given me a purpose in life Christian Africa. Moreover, by pooling its reand strength to struggle towards the attainment sources it would be better able to meet the extenof that purpose. Moreover, I am of that class of sion of the rule of Christ. our people which is in the transition stage. These people have inevitably severed their connection But, great as is the need for extensive work, I with many of the old customs and traditions and think the need is greatest for intensive cultivation consequently have lost the salutary restraints de- in church work. The victories won must be solidirived from these, because they were upheld by fied. It grieves one to find that sometimes in old unconvincing sanctions. It was therefore oppor- mission stations, after the second or third gentune that, when these restraints were beginning eration of Christians, a reaction to the old life to be shaken, Christ came and furnished us with sets in. This seems to point to the need of more restraints supported by higher and better sanc- intensive work. To gain this end I think Sunday tions. This saved us from drifting aimlessly. school facilities must be exploited to the full in The best of our people realize more than ever to- Africa. The preparation of candidates for the day that our only salvation as a race and our only full membership of the Church must be long and condition of progress lies in accepting the new thorough, and in the services the preaching must restraint-Christ. In one word, therefore, Christ be more instructive in tone. When people have is my anchor, and not only that, but also my been converted their question naturally is, "What haven, and the wind to help me sail toward that must we do?" The preaching in the churches haven. must seek to answer these questions intelligently and convincingly. From this we can see that, But when we have mentioned all that Christ though it is true that Africa must be evangelized has done for Africa, we find that a great deal still by Africans, she needs a fully trained and well remains to be done. It is true that in Africa educated ministry. Christianity has produced some men of sterling Christian character and women of outstanding In closing may I say that the period we are witness, but the gains registered must be multi- passing through as a people is a difficult one, and plied throughout the whole race. Vast numbers it will take a strong and efficient church to tide of our people live and die without Christ, and this us over it. Our people are rapidly leaving behind points to the need of more extensive evangeliza- the old primitive life. Christianity, education, tion. As the result of missionary activities in- and contact with civilized races are responsible digenous churches are rising up in Africa, but the for this change, and we welcome it. We, however, work still to be done is greater than these bodies regret that with the old order go also the recan accomplish without outside assistance. I be- straints which were furnished by old customs and lieve there is still room for the mother churches traditions. Under these circumstances, therefore, to work among us by guiding the infant churches our hope lies with the Church of Christ. The and by continuing financial help to maintain full- task is big, but we believe that if she addresses time workers in heathen areas. It is just here that herself to it with faith, courage and intelligence our indigenous churches fail. Their funds are she can cope with it. Christ, the Redeemer of the sufficient only to keep going what has already world, is equal to any situation, in any race, and been done, and that with difficulty. They lack the in any age, as He is the same yesterday, today surplus funds for launching aggressive campaigns and forever. of evangelization. Whatever work of this nature is done by them is only on the fringes of their WHAT CHRIST MEANS TO ME pastoral charges. – By BOKARI SABA, However, even with sufficient funds, I believe that the task of evangelizing Africa is beyond a Sangha pres Bandiagara, French Sudan, divided church. The need for union is urgent in French West Africa this country. Europe has rendered us great service by bringing us the Gospel, and we are thankful I AM a fisherman. For years I walked in darkfor this; but with this she has bequeathed to us ness, offering sacrifices to the Water God and a bitter legacy in the form of religious differ- praying Mohammedan prayers, but that did not help me to get rid of my load of sin. One day

AFRICANS ON THE WITNESS STAND

I heard the Word of God-one cannot accept Saviour of the world. Whosoever believeth in God's Word until he hears. I believed that Jesus Him shall not be destroyed, but whosoever does Christ was my Saviour. My load of sin fell off, not believe Him the wrath of God abideth upon and I entered into light. During the first year, him." however, I did not have much strength and still continued to fight with people. Because of this I The commander asked me who was my witness. fasted and prayed. God filled me with the Holy I did not have anyone with me, so I replied, "Com- Spirit and gave me power in my life. mander, I am doing the will of God. I have no witness here, but God is my witness. He sees my I returned to my father's house, and my people work." The commander bowed his head for a wanted me to join in sacrificing a black goat to time and then replied: "I do not see any lie in the Water God as is their custom. I told them you, but I cannot let you go as you have two witthat Jesus gave His life for the world and we nesses against you. I will give you five days in should not offer sacrifices any more. They said I prison." I prayed to God that He might give me would not gain any fish. I replied that I knew wisdom to look to Jesus, and He helped me in a that He whom I follow would help me. However, wonderful way. Good food was sent in for me, my heart was burdened as I had been away from and He caused the guard to trust me, putting me my country for some time and was no longer over several other men during the working hours. skilled in spearing fish and drawing in the net. But best of all I was able to preach to the other We began to fish. I fell into the water three times, prisoners, and two accepted Christ. I was reand they all laughed. I prayed to God and asked leased after five days, but returned once more to Him to give me sense. I did not fall into the the prison to further testify about Jesus to those water again, and before morning my boat was full who had accepted Him. of fish. Everybody was astonished, as I had gained more than they all. I went back to my father's house during the rice harvesting season, and while there received a My arm became swollen, and everybody said it letter asking me to come to Sangha. From the was because I had not made a sacrifice. I said, beginning of my life I had always been near the "Jesus, Thou art my doctor. Here is my arm." water and now I was asked to go away from the It healed quickly and did not hinder me from river, to the rocks of Sangha. I said, "God, let working at all. Thus God strengthened my faith Thy will be done," but Satan tempted me, saying, in Him. "How will you, a fisherman, live if you do not get any fresh fish." When I prayed, God said to me, One day I received a letter requesting me to go "Look at the cross of Jesus, how He died for you." to the San district to tell others about Jesus. I At that time I worshiped God for thus showing prayed for three days and God showed me that me the love of Jesus, and my heart was at rest. He had work for me there. With my wife, Pali, Here at Sangha I do not get any fresh fish, but and two children I went to San, about 250 miles joy is in my heart always. God has blessed me from my home. There my little boy, Mousa, be- among the rocks and in the plains. In numbers came very ill. I prayed and said, "Lord, let Thy of villages there are those who have now heard will be done, not mine." We took the child to the the message of salvation and have repented, burndoctor and he treated him, but the third day the ing their Mohammedan and fetish charms. I child died. The tears flowed, but God lifted the thank God that He helped me, in the Name of the burden so that I could say, "Thank God, Thou Lord Jesus. who has given hast taken away. Bernde am woyi konno bernde am dyalli." (My heart cried, but At Sangha, too, we have had our testings, but my heart laughed). I knew that my Lord had God has given deliverance time after time. One given His life for me. My heart was sweet for I day a Mohammedan teacher from Mecca, and knew God was the rewarder. To this day the greatly revered, passed by our house. When he Lord is blessing mightily in that district, and saw that my wife was pregnant he said, "Take s,cores of souls have found Christ as their Sav- out a sacrifice and give it to me or your wife will iour. I know it was not by my power or thought, 'die." I replied, "I will never take out a sacrifice but by the power of the Holy Spirit. Before I again, for the Lord Jesus is my sacrifice." Anleft this place God had given me another child. other Mohammedan teacher came, and in my ab- sence gave a charm and holy water to PalL When Later I was sent to the Dedougou Circle to I came home she showed them to me and I said, testify. Here Satan caused two men to tell lies "This is Satan's work." I tore the writing and about me to the French commander. One Sunday broke the bottle. I prayed to God to give me while I was preaching a guard came and seized power over Satan. I called the Mohammedan and me. I did not know what I had done and was talked with him, and the next day he left the coundeeply burdened, but I was conscious that Jesus try. One Sunday morning while I was preaching was with me. The commander asked me what I I asked the people to pray for PalL Before the was teaching, and I said: "Jesus is the Lord, the

service closed a Christian woman came with the At the time of my birth my father and mother news, "Praise God, Pali is delivered." All were were in the Catholic religion. I was also baptized surprised, saying, "Even before we finished in that faith and received the name Augustine.

speaking God worked." All the town who knew When I grew up and saw their works I perceived about the prophecy of the big Mohammedan that they had very many objects of worship, teacher marveled and came to greet Pali. Thank Jesus, Mary, Peter and many like them. They do God, I know that His blessing is with me at not give God's Word to men. And also, I was Sangha, and this increased our faith in Him. taught that one can give money to "the father,"

The Habbe people of Sangha as a tribe are who is able to grant him a period of time in fetish worshipers, and they too tempt us. Last which he may commit any sin he likes and he will month, as their big yearly celebration drew near, pray for him. A religion like that does not save their representative, Antando, met me on the one. I forsook that forever.

path. He said, "Bokari Saba, I have come to ask After that I entered Mohammedanism and re- you something hard, but something easy." mained in it for seven years. I saw in that also I said, "Is it peace?" that one could commit any sin he liked, just as He replied: "Peace. We have inquired from long as he was faithful in doing the salaams five the sacred fox, and he says that a fisherman is times a day, facing the East. Why? Because to open our celebration this year. If you will kill there is a stone in Mecca which is the big Moham- the chicken as a sacrifice and walk around our medan object of worship, and Mohammed's grave.

idol three times we will give you grain and They give one a charm called lisimoun, to put on chickens. " for a protection. When I heard the Word of Light I said: "Antando, if I could I would break and took account of my ways, I saw that we wor- down your idol to say nothing of worshiping it. shiped nothing less than Satan and idols, and bur- Do not talk to me again about this matter. I am dened ourselves with much we could not carry.

a fisherman, you a Habbe. Weare sister tribes. Mohammedan teachers also say that we must not Anything in my house that you want you can observe their works, but believe the word of the come and take, but do not speak to me about hon- Koran only. Why? Because their works are evil.

oring your idol. If I have my way, I will destroy There is no end to secret matters with them in it." such a religion of deception. I forsook that for- Praise God, I will not approach a fetish again ever. It does not save one.

with a sacrifice, for I know that Jesus Christ, I saw truth and love in Jesus, which are not in whom I love, is my sacrifice. I need chickens any other road. What is God's will? "And this and grain, but God gave me strength to refuse is the will of my Father, that everyone that be- them when offered in this manner. holdeth the Son, and believeth on him, should Pray much for me that I may not look at the have eternal life; and I will raise him up at the things of the world. I do not have any strength last day" (John 6: 40). I also saw that trouble of myself, but I know God will give it to me as I and persecution were with Jesus on earth.

pray to Him. He has given me His promise that "Verily, verily, I say unto you, that ye shall weep whatsoever I ask in the Name of the Lord Jesus and lament, but the world shall rejoice: and ye I shall gain. The promise stands true. God has shall be sorrowful, but your sorrow shall be given me the witness in my heart. Praise God turned into joy. A woman when she is in travail because of the blood of Jesus, for the blood of hath sorrow, because her hour is come; but when Jesus took off the old garment of sin from my she is delivered of the child, she remembereth no neck and gave me a new garment of righteous- more the anguish, for the joy that a man is born ness. I want to go forward doing His will till into the world" (John 16: 20-21).

He come. Amen. I saw another thing on the Jesus road which is not in any other road. If a person says to you, WHY I ACCEPTED CHRIST "Throwaway your coat," but does not give you By JEAN KEITA, a new one, will you not take the old one again? But if he gives you a new one, you will have no Siguiri, French West Africa use for the old one. Praise the Lord because He THE first thing I saw in Jesus was a revela- gives His own a new spirit and helps him to con- tion of myself. I saw that Jesus is the light, quer himself, Satan and the world, and enables· myself a sinner. The works of darkness him to walk with God. Otherwise none of us filled my heart; I did not know that I was so could walk God's road. "But ye are not in the wicked until Jesus showed me myself. After I flesh but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit of saw His love and goodness I earnestly desired God dwelleth in you. But if any man hath not Him, but I could not have Him until I forsook my the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his" (Romans own will and the love of the world. 8: 9). SOME TYPES OF WEST AFRICAN WOMEN The Gospel and the Women of West Africa By JEWEL H. SCHWAB Presbyterian Mission, Cameroun, West Africa I N ORDER to appreciate the changes the Gos- fear of malignant spirits always hovering about pel has wrought in the lives of the women of at the stream or in the forest at sundown, or at that part of West Africa with which we are midnight in the hamlet, waiting to seize her or familiar, a brief survey of their state before the her children; fear of childlessness, that she be "Words of God" came to them is essential. without anyone to care for her in her advancing years-fear might be said to have been the Zeit Significant are these words spoken by the at- motif of their lives. Also significant is the sobritendants when a girl child is born, U tan u tora, quet applied to a girl child in contrast to that of ba koba we u hemle, which translated means, a boy. The latter is known kek Ii njok, the molar "Deny, deceive, but if they catch you in the act, confess." A woman must always be on the de- tooth of an elephant-a prized possession; a girl, fensive, and so as one of her weapons she is ad- kop ba sem-a fowl to be sold or sacrificed.

vised by her sex from birth to admit nothing un- Thus was bred in Basa womankind an inferior- less actually found out. Fear of what might fol- ity complex, a secretiveness and a suspicion mak- Iowa confession of being the host of a witch, thus ing for a conservatism that has in the past acted unwittingly causing the sickness or death of hus- as a barrier to their acceptance of the Gospel. It band, relative or child; fear of consequences, such was youth, their sons, those prized possessions as wounds inflicted, being hung over the fire by who attended mission schools, who first success- the thumbs, if angering her husband; fear of be- fully broke down the barriers and won them to ing killed or buried alive if her husband died; the hearing of the Gospel and later the surrender- [475 ] ing of their hearts. A Basa boy's best friend is stretched, preventing them from going on. Her his mother; as the Basa proverb has it, "A son husband said to the apparition, "Are you blocking does not exchange his mother for the most beauti- the path because of my sins? If so, then let my ful girl," and so he wishes to share his "pearl of wife pass; her heart is cleaner." She went on, great price" with her particularly. As the "Good and the beauty of that better life was unfolded to News of the Words of God" became more widely her and the time when she would inherit it was known and accepted, women of their own volition revealed. Some time later Ngo Tjomp's husband began to follow the "path of God," making their died and was given a Christian burial, but the choice deliberately, confessing their sins openly fact that both she and her husband had been and fearlessly that they might begin their jour- Christians for many years did not prevent some ney with a clean heart, putting their trust in God of his relatives and friends from taunting her. that He would sustain them. A friend came to sit with her one day, as is cus- One such woman was cruelly beaten by her hus- tom during the nine-day period immediately folband. "Are you sorry you confessed?" she was lowing death, but instead of speaking words of asked. She replied, "My body is sorry because it comfort she accused Ngo Tjomp of desiring the is full of pain, but my heart is glad because for death of her husband, and even of being the cause the first time I have found peace." Her husband of it. Ngo Tjomp sat with bowed head, silent continued for a month or more to beat her each under the abuse, missing her husband, who altime she returned from attending service in the ways had been her helpmeet on the farm, and little chapel built on the outskirts of their village. shared the burden of carrying firewood and food over the long narrow path back to their hamlet. AFRICAN WOMEN ON THEIR WAY TO MARKET Months passed; then late one afternoon Ngo Tjomp appeared, her face radiating a new-found Daily he picked up the earthen pot containing tid- peace. "0 mother," she said, addressing her misbits she had prepared for him and smashed it to sionary friend, "Christ says, 'Bless those who perbits on the floor. He expected her to become secute you'; He has given me strength to follow angry, to refuse to bring him his daily food, but this teaching. Ngo Ngaga [the one who had she was silent and respectful always, each day taunted her] has an ulcer on her foot. She canbringing another pot or dish of well cooked food not leave her house. I gave her a copper to buy for him. Finally he succumbed. If her Christ medicine for it and prayed with her that God was able to· inspire such endurance and love in would bless and heal her." His disciples He must be worth knowing. Today this man may be seen coming out from under the Tjega stood tall beside his buxom little wife at overhanging eaves of his little brown hut, when the altar, each with a child in arm, a boy and a the call drum's clipped tones break the hushed girl, to consecrate the twins to the Lord. "We silence of grey dawn, together with his wife and have named the boy Moses," beamed the mother, children, to join the line of worshipers filing along "for we are giving him to God that he may lead the path on their way to morning prayers. Woman his people on the path that goes to our Father's is not only becoming emancipated from her fears town." Eight years previously Ngo MbOt had and developing a will and ideas of her own, but mothered another little lad, not her own, but a in this new freedom that is hers the heart of the weazened six-month-old starveling that had been Christian woman, bathed in the warm sunshine nourished on palm wine since the death of its of Divine love, is slowly unfolding, developing into mother. When he was brought to the mission staa sweet scented flower of wondrous beauty. tion a wet nurse was sought for the child in vain. Noone was willing to risk illness or death for her- Ngo Tjomp had a dream. She and her husband self or children, which is believed to be meted out were walking along a lovely level, grassy clearing to the foster mother by the angered spirit of the in the forest when suddenly an arm appeared, out- dead mother. Finally Ngo MbOt was approached. She replied, "I am in the Lord's hands. I do not fear. With His help I will care for the child as my own," and she took the child. A few months after this she became quite ill. Her neighbors predicted her death, and it was ,suggested that she return the child or refuse to nurse it. To all this. advice she merely said with unshaken faith, "God has put this child in my care. He will take care of all of us." And He did.

"I am going down to my son's town to die," as she hobbled along the forest path under giant trees, meaning she would stay for the rest of her

THE GOSPEL AND THE WOMEN OF WEST AFRICA

life. Her only child, a boy, she had left many girls sell food they have raised and prepare and years ago in the town to which she was now so carry palm oil and palm kernels to trading cen- eagerly hastening, when she ran off with another ters. man to his hamlet. So many years had rolled by since then that she had forgotten her misdeed and This new found freedom for women is a bless- thought only of the fact that she had a son, flesh ing only in so far as it is a controlled freedom, of her flesh and bone of her bone, who would care consecrated to the Lord. Only those whose lives for her in her last years. How her heart sang as have been given direction and an ideal for which she thought of the greeting awaiting her after to strive are going to be benefited by it. A girl this long separation! In anticipation she was from one of our Eastern colleges remarked that warming her stiffening joints at the comfortable she would like to go to Africa to do welfare work fire under the roof of her boy's home. How she among the women and girls, but it must be solely strained her eyes as she neared the town for a welfare work entirely divorced from religion. possible glimpse of him! At last she saw him in There has been a tendency to consider social servthe court of his hamlet. "0 my heart, my son, my son, your mother has come! Your own Courtesy of The Missionary Herald. mother who bore you, she has come! Myself, it is she !" Her son, grown to manhood, made sure he ice as sufficient to raise a people to a higher level had heard aright and then turned his back on the of living; but it has been our experience, and the approaching woman and entered his palaver experience of others who have lived and worked house. She had deserted him when he needed with African women, that it is the woman who her, now let her suffer. has been won for Christ first who is susceptible to suggestions and willing to improve her living Heartbroken, she threw her old wrinkled body conditions. Without the stimulation which comes on the ground and sobbed forth her disappoint- from a changed and purified inner spiritual life ment and humiliation. Soon a crowd gathered. she is not willing to defy age old customs and The son forbade anyone to take her home to care habits, be they ever so unhygienic. The African for her, threatening them with a heavy fine if they woman must first be led to the feet of the Master, did so. The Christian women in the community who alone can set all captives free, before she can tried to intercede for her. He was deaf to all en- help to win Africa for Christ. treaties. Finally they told him that, if he refused to care for her, they as Christians could not let her suffer. Suiting action to word they built a little house for her, carried firewood and food to her daily, succeeding at length in lighting the fires of another love, a greater love, in this African woman's heart.

Economically there have also been great changes. Laws governing marriage and divorce, the opening up of roads giving free communication and the establishing of courts with the final appeal to the European officer, who tries to decide cases justly, has made for a measure of freedom for womankind. But this freedom, unless controlled by inner promptings of the heart, is not entirely beneficial, as is indicated by the flocking of girls and young women to trade centers to become "company women"-prostitutes now licensed and inspected by the government. The young woman running away from home and husband, who greeted Miss Mackenize on the path one day with, "Mornin' Matches, I am flee!" was one of the many who are turning this freedom into license-freedom to flee from home and responsibilities. As women must pay a government tax as well as men, those whose husbands do not provide for them-and they are manymust earn money to pay it, as well as buy the clothes necessary for themselves and sometimes for their children. To do this the women and

Church of Christ in

By RT. REV. J. J. WILLIS Recently Bishop of Uganda; Assistant Bishop of Leicester THE story of Christian missions in Uganda is It was through the influence of Stanley that one of the best known of all the romances of Mutesa's famous appeal to Christian England the mission field. Few missions have, in their came to be written. The appeal, published in the early days, come nearer to disastrous failure; few Daily Telegraph in 1876, led to the sending out by have, in so short a time, achieved a more con- the Church Missionary Society, in 1877, of the spicuous success; few have exhibited on so large first missionary party, to be followed two years a scale the perils of an easy triumph; and none, later by the first representatives of the Roman perhaps, have shown more clearly the hand of God Catholic White Fathers' Mission. Himself guiding, preserving, and out of weakness making strong. The early effort came perilously near to dis- aster. Of the eight men who formed the original To Krapf and the pioneer German missionaries party at one time only one was left in Uganda. in East Africa, in the early half of last century, Under pressure from the Arab traders and his must betraced the impetus which led to the dis- own pagan and Moslem chiefs, Mutesa again and covery of the Victoria Nyanza, and, on its north- again wavered in his loyalty to the mission which western shores, the kingdom of Buganda. The had come to the country on his invitation and as first European traveler to enter Buganda was his guests; he remained on the whole friendly, Speke, in 1861. He was followed in 1875 by H. but never himself joined the Christian Church. M. Stanley. Both men were impressed with the When he died, and his son, Mwanga, reversed his outstanding qualities of the people of Buganda father's policy, and turned savagely on the deand the possibilities of their country. Brave, in- fenseless infant Church, when the missionaries telligent, highly organized and disciplined, they were expelled from the country, and the Chrishad long since passed from the patriarchal stage tians scattered and in hiding, it looked as if the to the monarchical. Clothed from head to foot, Christian effort were doomed to failure. If the clean, and with perfect manners, they presented hand of God may be seen in the discovery of a striking contrast to the surrounding tribes. Uganda and in the visit, at the critical moment Speke saw at once the possibilities of such a peo- of Stanley, it is seen even more clearly in the surple from the point of view of civilization; but vival of the Church, when, without European Stanley realized the possibilities of this dominant leaders, and with nothing more than a single Gosrace, led by a progressive and all-powerful king, pel, St. Matthew, to inspire, it passed through the from the point of view of the Kingdom of God. fires of persecution, and emerged a larger and a Such a people, brought under the obedience of stronger Church than at the beginning. "The Christ, would, he saw, be an incalculable influence bush burned with fire, and the bush was not conthroughout central Africa. sumed," because God Himself was in it.

Buganda, or in its Anglicized form, Uganda, Since those early days of persecution the was at heart pagan. But at the time of Stanley's Church in Uganda has passed through many vavisit a thin veneer of Mohammedanism had been ried experiences. Three religions have struggled, laid :<,)Ver the country. Arab traders had influenced as in so many parts of Africa, for supremacy, and the King, or Kabaka, Mutesa, and under his the victory of Christianity over its rivals has, to orders chiefs and people had hastened to declare all appearances, been complete. In Buganda today themselves Moslem. But all was as yet superficial; paganism is almost out of sight, and Moham- Uganda was still malleable, and had not yet hard- medans are a small minority. Christianity has ened into the bigoted hostility of a Moslem state; been divided as-a house against itself; Protestants but had Stanley come later, or had he been a man and Roman Catholics have fought one another in of a different type, the whole future of the coun- a war which was at least as much political as retry would have been strangely different. Stanley ligious. Again the "French" party, the Roman arrived at the right psychological moment, and, Catholics, have combined with the "English" by sheer personal influence turned the tide and set party, the Protestants, in common hostility to the it in the direction of Christianity. Mohammedan and pagan parties. At one time a [478 ] Moslem king, at another a pagan and at another missions are working independently over the same a Christian, has sat on the throne. ground. There are three strong Roman Catholic But steadily and increasingly Christianity has missions, a French mission, an English mission, won its way, and no one could question the domi- and an Italian mission. These divide up the coun- nant position it now occupies in the thought and try between them; but the native Anglican life of the people, not only of Buganda but of all Church organization covers the whole area, and the surrounding tribes, for a radius of hundreds the Synod of the Church is representative of every of miles. The first two bishops of Eastern Equa- part of the Protectorate.

torial Africa died before reaching Uganda. Bishop Hannington was murdered, in the time of the per- secution, in 1885, within sight of Uganda; Bishop Parker died of fever on his way to the country.

When the third bishop, Tucker, reached Uganda, in 1890, the adherents of the Church Missionary Society mission numbered a bare 200; when he retired in 1911 they numbered 70,000.

For years the work was confined to the imme- diate vicinity of the capital, Mengo (or Kam- pala) ; today the furthest occupied stations lie 600 miles away, in Belgian Ruanda and Urundi, and the whole intervening country is covered with a network of churches, schools, hospitals, dispen- saries and welfare centers. Great cathedrals, Anglican and Roman Catholic, crown the hill tops in the capital; Christian teaching permeates the thousands of schools which have brought educa- tion within the reach of practically every child in the country; Christian homes are beginning to make their influence felt in the new world which has been created. It is difficult to realize that Christianity is still such a new thing in Uganda and that men and women are still living who themselves passed through the furnace of perse- cution in the days of Mwanga.

It is worth while considering what it is to which, under God, this very remarkable change is due, for to Uganda has been given a success out- ward and visible not ordinarily given to missions.

1. The Kingdom of Uganda occupies a strategic position in Africa. Its people are a people of out- standing natural intelligence, a dominant race.

The seed was sown on fertile ground. TEACHING CHILDREN IN AFRICA 2. Christianity in Uganda was first in the field.

Western civilization, with its more materialistic 5. British rule, again, has created conditions al- outlook, followed later. European and African most ideally favorable to missionary work. Doubt- first met on the higher spiritual plane, a fact less Christians missions would have survived and which has colored all their subsequent relation- in the end would have won their way, but it would ships. have been impossible for the Gospel to advance 3. The Christian appeal was first made, as in with anything like the same rapidity had there England, to the king and chiefs. Missions en- been no British administration in the country.

tered Uganda on the invitation of Mutesa, and the Law and order, communications with the outside missionaries were there as his guests. Christian world by railway, internal communications by chiefs have been from the first the acknowledged road, active cooperation in education, the sympa- leaders and whole-hearted supporters of the thetic attitude of officials, general prosperity and Church in Uganda. Their influence among their industrial development have all contributed to- people has been a decisive factor in evangeliza- wards the progress of the Gospel. What the Ro- tion, in education and in medical development. man government meant to Christianity in the first 4. Uganda has been kept from those difficult century, as it swept along the highways of com- problems which arise when a variety of different merce and captured the strategic centers of civi-

lization, that, and much more, has British admin- of the Church. Indeed the whole history of that istration meant to the Church in Uganda. Church might be written around the names of its 6. The Bible has from the first held a pre-emi- leaders, some of them men of outstanding ability, nent place in the life of the native Church. It some men of no obvious importance, yet made was Stanley who first brought before Mutesa the great by the Spirit who dwelt in and inspired Book on which his own faith rested. Mutesa's them. And in that succession of leaders not the first question to the first missionary party to ar- least have been those saints and humble men of rive was, "Have you brought the Book?" Chris- God, as Apolo Kivebulaya, of the Pygmy Forest, tian converts have always been known in Uganda whose simple faith and utter devotion have been as "readers." From the time of Pilkington, in the very life blood of the Church.

1897, the Baganda have had the whole Bible in The natural advantages of the country, the con- their own vernacular. It has been translated in ditions created by a strong and sympathetic gov- whole or in part into at least ten languages in the ernment, the personality of the leaders, the policy Protectorate. No adult convert may be baptized adopted, all these have had their place in the prog- (unless manifestly too old to learn) unless he is ress of the Gospel in Uganda, but above all there able to read the Gospels in his own language. The has been the hand of God Himself, and few mis- Bible, read in the homes and taught in all the sions in the world have called forth more interest schools, is molding the character of the rising and sympathy and prayer than has Uganda; to generation. The voluntary abolition of slavery, that prayer is due whatever of the seeming suc- the social uplift of the women, the eager evangel- cess proves to be real and permanent.

ization of hitherto hostile tribes, the devotion and But rapid success carries with it inevitably its self-sacrifice shown in medical service, have all own dangers. An East African Bishop, visiting been inspired directly by the study of the Book. Uganda, summed up his impressions in the words The place given to the Bible goes far to explain of the Queen of Sheba: "'The half was not told the decisive influence of the Church Missionary me'; the best and the worst exceed all that I had Society in Uganda. heard." It is fatally easy, in our appreciation of 7. The Church in Uganda is essentially a native the success, to lose sight of the other side of the church. Very early in its history, when it was account. But when Christianity has become popu- still in its infancy, European leadership was per- lar, when a mass movement, led by Christian force withdrawn, and all through the dark days chiefs, is sweeping over the country like a prairie of persecution the Church had to depend, under fire, when a Christian name is almost necessary to God, on itself. Church councils have played a con- any social status; and Christian education is the spicuous part all through its history-parochial highway to promotion, it would be strange indeed councils, diocesan councils, synods, in all of which if Christianity kept pure. Like weeds, springing natives form an overwhelming majority. The al- up with the first rains, old superstitions and old ready existing native political organization, with immoral practices that had seemed dead spring its system of native courts and native chiefs, made again to life. Converts who have endured without the organization of a self-governing church a com- flinching the ordeal of persecution fail and dis- paratively easy matter; and Bishop Tucker's,,·su- appoint under the harder test of popularity and preme contribution was the organization of a prosperity. Familiarity with holy things may Church which was entrusted with real responsi- easily breed contempt, and a generation arises bility and was, to a marked degree, "self-sup- which is Christian not by conviction but by birth.

porting, self-governing, and self-extending." The further the boundaries of the Church are 8. The Uganda Mission has been blessed with a extended the more difficult becomes the task of succession of missionary leaders whose names effective shepherding. And, with the introduction have become household words; Bishop Hanning- of Western civilization, counter attractions mul- ton, the martyr bishop, who by his tragic death tiply, and temptations become inevitably greater.

on the threshold of his life work accomplished A church in its adolescent stage needs perhaps more perhaps than might have been effected in a not less, but more, care than a church in its early long life; Alexander Mackay, the Scottish mis- childhood; it is less interesting, but its position sionary, who was the life and inspiration of the is more dangerous.

Church in the days of its martyrdom, who worked A great work has been done in Uganda. The for fourteen years without once returning home Gospel has proyed its power in the face of bitter and died at his post; George Pilkington, who in opposition; it is left to us, in our day and genera-'

seven short years gave the Baganda the Bible in tion, to see that the ground so hardly won is not their own language, and when his life work was lost, and that the Church in Uganda is so trained done was killed in his thirty-third year; and many and equipped that it may fulfill in Africa the great another lesser known man and woman whose per- task that now lies before it, that the purpose of sonalities inspired and molded the growing life God in it and through it may be realized.

Progress and the

By REV. JOHN M. SPRINGER, D.D.

Bishop for Africa of the Methodist Episcopal Church I s MODERN material progress a bane or a into cloth, and molded clay into pots for cooking blessing to the African? Like so many other and for containers. The more skilful blacksmiths questions, the answer cannot be a mere un- attained the making of razors, needles and other qualified yes or no. Losses of one sort are bal- fine tools. Cotton was quite widely found and was anced by gains of another, and gains are balanced spun into thread, and here and there looms were by losses. A brief consideration of the typical vil- fashioned to make cotton cloth. Many different lage and economic life of the African is necessary musical instruments were made to express the inin order to come to a right judgment of the ques- nate melody of African souls to while away the tedium of the journey or of idle hours and to give tion. rhythm to the dance. But, nevertheless, the life The African maintained a fairly uniform and of the African was simple in the extreme. He sat on the ground, he slept on the ground, he ate from unchanged status of existence for undetermined the ground. His cattle, when he had any, were of generations. His was a self-contained economic little or no industrial use. They supplied meat for order; he needed no intercontinental or international commerce to supply his few necessities; they were obtained locally. The neighboring tribe in most cases was as far as he needed to go to barter for things he required. If no trader from outside his own community came his way, it usually did not matter much. His necessary tools were few, a hoe, an axe, a knife, the latter length- ened to a spear. His ancestors had come to a continent where iron ore is found in nearly all parts and in high and low grades. If some tribe chanced to settle where not even the low grade iron was to be found, necessity for tools would drive them to a tribe more fortunately situated. Or members of that more fortunate tribe or else professional traders would be stirred by the commercial in- stinct to wander afield with their wares. In the NATIVE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS village spaces. or at the recognized market centers Three primitive "pianGs" – marimbas with wooden keys and or by the wayside there would be dickering and gourds of various sizes bargaining, and the trader in due time would depart with a few goats or chickens, or with mats, his feasts and constituted units of value for marpots, and so on, made by local artisans. But to riage portions, to pay fines or to purchase articles. affect this exchange it was necessary as a rule to contact only a neighboring tribe. Was the African content with his mode of Africa is widely and, as a whole, abundantly existence? To many a passing visitor who saw supplied with raw materials, thus constituting a him in his casual, lighter moods and chanting in rich prize that Europe covets, has sought for and his moonlight dances he has seemed to be happy. is still haggling over. The African, though more But to those that have penetrated below the sur- or less belated in industrial development, has the face and have seen his response to a fuller life, rudiments of all the arts and industries in his ele- it has been revealed that deep down there was a mentary life. With his primitive tools, hoe, axe great restlessness and discontent. As a result, and knife, he has gotten his food from the ground with the early trader who penetrated Africa, bear- -not forgetting that in Africa it is the woman ing articles of trade – cloth, blankets, beads for with the hoe-his meat from the veldt, his honey ornament, mirrors, soaps, scents, modern hoes and from the hollow tree; he constructed his home, guns of wonderful power – there came to the vil- • prepared grass and other fibers and wove them lagers an urge to possess these things that started [481 ]

a procession of youths out from the villages. This grass or harsh bark cloth, and wanting clothing, change has come to be so widespread that it is the not only for comfort and utility, but for ornament rare village that has not contributed its quota to as well. The supporters of the second thesis of the modern army of industrial workers in Africa. the old time debate as to whether man first wore And it was not merely to secure these new articles clothing for utility or for ornament would in that Africans left the old life. In the cases of Africa find much to sustain his contention that very many there was an attraction and a holding the vanity of man has more than a little to do with power in the employment he found with the Euro- determining his attire. pean, in kitchen, on trek, on farm, in shop, that So there has been an enlarging number and held him through years of service. The dull and variety of articles of foreign manufacture de- nonprogressive round of village life had no fur- manded by the African, and notably by his wife, ther fascination for him. until today they are customers, not only in the Has the new day brought with it more of bane "Kaffir Store," the store for natives, but also in or of blessing? We need to consider this subject the stores kept primarily for Europeans, and the as it concerns not only the stay-at-home villager range, quality and extent of their purchases of arand the village life, but also the natives, including ticles of world production are limited only by the the women, that join the urban mining and indus- amount of cash in hand or by the credit they can obtain. As to tools, from using almost exclusively crude homemade ones, today in many villages it is hard to find any homemade tools, and the sub- stitution of imported ones is extending across the continent.

The sons of the Lomani blacksmiths who used to win their iron from bog deposits, transform it into steel in their crude furnaces and turn out from their very simply equipped smithies well wrought tools and implements are mainly the ones who are tending the blast furnaces at Lubumbashi and Panda. They are skilled in handling daily hundreds of tons of ore, instead of making the few simple articles that rewarded their labor of many OLD POTTERY, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE BASIN, days as they toiled with their fathers. The clay IN WHICH THE DAMP POT RESTS cooking pot has given way to the aluminum one, the earthen water jar is superseded by the enamel trial group. The two cannot be wholly separated bucket or pitcher, the grass basket is being rebecause of the constant movement back and forth placed by the wide enamel basin. And so has disof the individuals and of groups. appeared the demand for one native article after another. A missionary living close to the people Consider the village life first of all. The articles and who was keenly alive to what was happening of daily use have changed almost completely with- in village life stated that one art and industry in a generation. Europe not only wants raw ma- after another was rapidly being dropped and disterials for the factories manned by her teeming appearing entirely from the life of the people. populations, but she wants markets, and she seeks these markets keenly. To have these markets dis- Dame Fashion also steps in and holds sway in turbed and lost brings consternation, and some- Africa as among all other humans. When one times decisive action. For decades Italy supplied woman in a village becomes possessed of one of the larger portion of the fabrics purchased by these new and more desirable articles, a spirit of Abyssinians. A few years ago Japan invaded that envy is at once awakened in that community and market and largely captured it, as she has done continues until everyone has the same article. in other parts of Africa, to go no farther afield. Blue beads of a certain sort once ruled the day. Who will say to what extent the loss of this There was a change of style, and we not only market may have been a factor leading to Italy's found our stock useless for barter, but the dames recent decision and policy and the course she pur- and damsels of those interior villages, so remote sued? Think of a market such as Africa offers, that they were-"back of beyond," disdained to do' a hundred million and more people scantily more than glance at them and refused to accept clothed at best, many not clothed at all, but all them even as gifts. wanting clothing and blankets, and a goodly supply of all, and preferring to purchase the imported Not only in the industrial realm has life changed, but also in the tribal and social. The article as against the homemade fabric of coarse old primitive life was not wholly bad by a good

MATERIAL PROGRESS AND THE AFRICANS

deal. It is the rare tribe that has not had some edge and by the experiential mastery of forces good traditions and customs which were definitely and causes, will not do it. The instance is known taught to the youth, male and female. There was of a native who, unchanged as many are from an initiation which took place usually no later their old animistic beliefs, but skilled in detecting than during the age of puberty. Some features faults and frictions in very complicated machinof it were good, some decidedly bad. During re- ery and used to applying scientific tests all day cent decades it has been the rare youth who was to locate the trouble, returned to his hut one night in his village during this period, so, on his return to find his wife ill. What was causing her sickfrom industrial centers, he has been in no small ness? Not having accepted the Christian faith sense a stranger, unrelated to the community life he was stilI gripped by the old idea of spirit posand interests. So he has often made light of the session and, disregarding the medical service proold ways and customs and displayed his knowl- vided by his company, he sought out a witch docedge of the new ways of the town to advertise his tor, practicing secretly now, to smell out the witch own self-importance. In the old life there were that was causing the trouble. That is but a typirestraints generated by the fear of evil spirits, it cal case. is true. With those fears lessened or eliminated by new associations the individuals violated old The native woman joining the industrial group customs and codes. So was lost, in measure, re- is placed in particular temptation through the spect for elders, devotion to tribal affairs and in- transition from an economic order, in which she terest in tradition. Formerly thieving from strangers was approved, particularly if done so OLD S TAMPING MORTARS AND BASKETS. NOTE BICYCLE cleverly that the thief was not caught; but fear AND MODERN CLOTHES of known charms of alleged potency used by neighbors and the desire to live at peace in the was the main tiller of the soil, needing to grow home village largely worked for the protection of food for herself, for her children, and more or less property in the community. for her husband according to the number of wives he had, to the conditions obtaining in the Euro- As regards material blessings of this new age pean centers. Here, if married, she needs only to of industrial penetration of Africa, until the de- cook the meal, meat and other food rationed out . pression took away so largely, at least for a time, for her husband and his family. The firewood, the markets for labor and for produce, the Afri- formerly gathered mostly by herself, is generally cans were moving steadily toward a more abun- provided. Water is piped to near-by faucets, and dant life. The people, even the children, were she has a minimum of general work to do. "Satan being clothed quite generally, some of them elabo- still finds mischief for idle hands to do." And rately. There was developed a sense of ability mischief aplenty abounds in these centers. As for to do things, as the rawest villagers became with- the unmarried girl or woman, tired of the monotin a few years chauffeurs and machinists, clerks ony of village life, especially with so many of and telegraphers, engineers and medical assist- the men gone, and attracted to the garish centers, ants. That Divine discontent that drives men on where she becomes the concubine of a white man, to better and greater things has taken hold on with usually every want supplied, or plies her Africa. There is a growing and intense desire trade among men of her own color, she is a sad for education, and, on the part of many, for the object, at best, especially after a few short years highest. The educational value of work, of learn- when her charms are gone and venereal diseases ing to do skilled and more highly paid work, is have left their marks on her body. The natural seen to be a stimulus to general education. heart of the African man, and woman, as of un- The dead level of native life is being broken up and individuals no longer need fear to go ahead, to emerge above the crowd. The intermingling, through industrial life and wider travel, of the different cultures developed in the various tribes is producing new standards. Evil, too, travels and spreads as well as good and creates new problems. While lessening the old tribal control, the total process is .gradually cementing the different tribes into a new oneness and into a consciousness of being a common African people.

What will eliminate the gripping fear that controls so generally in native life? The scientific factor alone, as represented by the greater knowl-

regenerated man generally, is desperately wicked, control of enlightened, well disposed government, whether in the isolated village of the backwoods as in most parts of Africa today, and accompanied or in the pulsing industrial centers. Changes of by a presentation of the Gospel of God's love and geography do not effect changes of heart and life salvation from sin, it can be and actually is a great in Africa any more than elsewhere. benefit to the African.

What modern industry does to the African de- But it is not a case now whether modern induspends not a little on what sort of African is in- try shall invade Africa. That decision, whether volved, whether he is still gripped by the fears for good or for bad, was taken decades ago, and that have ruled society there for generations, or such a development was inevitable in a rapidly whether, having been delivered from that thrall- shrinking world. The entire continent of Africa dom by the new birth, he has now gained a knowl- is in the process of industrial transformation. edge of the Great Good Spirit that made the world Governmental activities control well nigh the full as being love, a faith in Jesus Christ and a heart one hundred per cent of the peoples of the contiso filled with love that fear has been cast out. If nent, all but the one million people of Liberia behe has had this new spiritual experience he faces ing under European governments. Industry dithe world and life with confidence and with a rectly or indirectly reaches on toward approxikeener outreach for increased knowledge. Indus- mating the same percentage. The Christian try in and of itself is not a spiritually transform- Church has enrolled approximately five per cent ing agency. It never was the Divine intent that only of the population and constantly or occasionit should operate alone. It is but one of the three ally contacts perhaps up to twenty-five per cent. major factors of religion, government and indus- When we shall discharge our obligation in reachtry found in every group of people the world ing effectively anywhere near the total group we around. Conducted alone, modern industry may believe that the modern industrial penetration of be and undoubtedly would be more a bane than a Africa, instead of being a bane, may and will be blessing to the African. Carried on under the a real blessing to the Africans.

The Printed Word Among the Bantu By ROBERT H. W. SHEPHERD Director of Publications, Lovedale, South Africa JUST over one hundred years ago the eastern nothing could be done, and after a stay of a little portion of Cape Colony in South Africa was in more than a year he withdrew. Some fifteen years a ferment. The Bantu tribes had pushed down later there arrived, as Vanderkemp's successor, from Central Africa, had ousted the original in- Joseph Williams, who is notable as the first man habitants of the south, the Bushmen and Hotten- to give his life for the evangelization of the native tots, and had advanced as far as the southern sea- peoples of South Africa. Following two brief board of the continent on its eastern side. Being years of labor Williams died through ill-health stopped by the sea they turned to go west, but and disheartenment. When, however, some five soon found their progress blocked by the advance years after, the first converts among the Bantu guard of European civilization spreading over were baptized it was found that they had been from the Cape. War succeeded war. It'is inter- won for God through the instrumentality of Wilesting now to note that the two races faced each liams. Few pieces of Bantu literature existing other in territory which includes the land on today are more noteworthy than a hymn composed which the Lovedale Missionary Institution now by one of Williams' converts. It is perhaps the stands. noblest of all Xosa (Kaffir) hymns and has been sung for more than a century by Bantu congre- . Early Missionaries gations. A translation may be of interest: Toward the close of the eighteenth century Dr. He is the great God in heaven. John Vanderkemp, a Hollander, acting as a mis- Thou alone art the Shield of truth. sionary of the London Missionary Society, came Thou alone art the Refuge of truth. as the first bearer of the Gospel to the Bantu. So Thou alone art the Hiding-place of truth. unsettled were the tribes, however, that he felt Thou alone dwellest in the highest.

THE PRINTED WORD AMONG THE BANTU

THE BOOK STORE', LOVEDALE INSTITUTION He is the Creator of life, He created above. few days after Ross' arrival, December 16, 1823, This is the Creator Who created, He created the Heaven. "On the 17th we got our press together; on the This is the Maker of the stars and of the Pleiades. 18th the alphabet was set up; and yesterday The star shot forth. It spoke to us. (19th) we threw off fifty copies." It was inevita- This is the Maker of the blind also; He did it of purpose. ble that the missionaries should begin with the The trumpet spoke, it summoned us. alphabet, for the Amaxosa tribe of the Bantu, He is the Hunter, hunting for souls. among whom they had settled, although speaking He gathers together the flocks that do not agree. a wonderfully flexible and expressive language, He is the Leader; He led us. had absolutely no knowledge of writing. He is the great robe which covers us. Thy hands are wounded. This early determination to provide the printed Thy feet are wounded. Word has been a marked feature of South African Why didst Thy blood gush out? history. Soon after the setting up of the press at Thy blood wast shed for us. Gwali, later known as the Lovedale Press, the This great price have we called for it? Methodists were operating a press at Mount Coke, This village here have we summoned it? about fifty miles to the east. The Paris Evan- gelical Society, which entered Basutoland in 1833, The Fi'rst Printing Press has made a special feature of its publication work. Other societies, such as the American Board, have In the early twenties of last century the London shown similar diligence. Dr. Westermann has de- Missionary Society, the Engli-sh Methodist clared that the literature of many African tribes Church, and the Glasgow Missionary Society of can be carried in a lady's pocket handkerchief! Scotland almost simultaneously placed mission- The charge cannot be levelled at South African aries in the field. The coming of the third of the missions. In the valuable "Bibliography of Chris- Scottish band is one of the romances of modern tian African Literature," published in 1923, with missionary work on the literary side. The Rev. its supplement of 1927, something like one hun- John Ross brought with him a printing press dred publications each are listed in the Xosa, which, after the voyage of 6,000 miles by sea, he Zulu and Suto languages, and about fifty in conveyed by ox wagon a journey of 600 miles Chuana. These are the principal languages of the more from Cape Town to Gwali, ten miles from southern end of the continent. . the present site of Lovedale. John Bennie, a catechist, who had arrived two years before, wrote a

The Bible Translated ants; wherever they lead he must follow. If my son is willing to go, I make no objection, for no The aim of the pioneers was not merely to pro- harm can befall him even across the sea; he is as vide as soon as possible some printed word, but much in God's keeping there as near to me." Tiyo the printed Word. Rev. J. W. Appleyard, a Soga, one of thirty-nine children of a polygamist Methodist minister, early translated the Bible headman, afterwards became the earliest ordained single-handed into Xosa, and his translation is missionary to his own race and did magnificent popular even today. A board composed chiefly of work. His translation of the first part of "Pil- Scottish and German missionaries produced a grim's Progress" is acknowledged to be a masterscholarly version in the same language. As to the piece of Xosa prose. The second part of the same other South African languages a similar story can book was translated into Xosa a few years ago be told. The work of the American and British by one of Tiyo Soga's sons, who has followed in Bible Societies deserves hearty acknowledgment. his father's footsteps by devoting a large part of Largely because of this determination to put first his missionary service to the production of literathings first the Bible remains the best seller in ture for the Bantu. the various South African vernacular tongues. The Position Today It is also the best evangelist, for it carries within its covers the very Gospel message and brings Today the tide of literacy is rising among the Christ to men and men to Christ. The British Bantu, and with it have come increased opportuand Foreign Bible Society and the Scottish Na- nities for the ministry of the printed page. Untional Bible Society have in recent years made it fortunately literacy is bringing also increased oppossible for a book caravan to itinerate through- portunities for appeals of a different kind, so that out the district which was formerly the scene of the situation is becoming critical. For example, the wars between the Bantu and colonists. The to the writer's desk there comes every month the driver-colporteur is not content merely to sell magazine of the Communist party directed to the books, but conducts services in three languages. educated classes among the Bantu, a pUblication The Scripture Gift Mission of London and the altogether true to type. While the Christian Lovedale Press have also been publishing tracts agencies are teaching vast numbers to read, it is in South African vernaculars, solely in the words our duty also to see that it is not left to the nonof Scripture. Christian and even anti-Christian elements to sup- ply the reading matter. We must supply more Religious Classics and better books.

As in many other parts of Africa, Bunyan's Thousands of Christians would find their faith "Pilgrim's Progress" was early translated, and deepened, love increased, and service made more the spiritual life of multitudes of Bantu Chris- effective if wholesome reading became part of tians has been nourished on this book. The Xosa their daily life. And beyond these stand hundreds version was admirably rendered by the Rev. Tiyo of thousands still unwon. The day has dawned Soga, the first ordained minister among the Bantu, for a forward movement in good literature whose history has more than usual interest. In throughout southern Africa. The situation calls 1846 war once more broke out between the Bantu for action and not merely resolutions. The Jeand the colonists. The missions lost heavily in rusalem meeting of 1928 said of the production, property, and Lovedale Institution, which had publication and circulation of Christian literabeen opened five years before, was turned into a ture : "It is generally recognized and admitted fort. Among the Christian refugees at another that this is the most neglected part of the missionfort was a godly native woman named Nosutu, ary enterprise. There is possibly no other miswho came with her son, Tiyo Soga, a pupil at sionary subject on which so many resolutions have Lovedale when the war broke out. In the dreary been passed and so few put into effect." The prosurroundings of the fort the lad contrived to pur- duction and distribution of books must have an sue his studies. Since he had no means of pur- increasing place in the thought and work of the chasing even a taper his mother daily collected missionary forces, especially in view of the rising sneezewood splinters to burn so that her boy tide of education and the anti-Christian propamight see to read his books during the long win- ganda being c!irected towards the Bantu. ter nights. This fact has been realized in recent years and Later it was proposed to Nosutu that Tiyo ac- some steps taken to meet the new situation. Those company Rev. Williams Govan, the first principal leading in the movement have been greatly heartof Lovedale, to Scotland and there complete his ened by the visit of Dr. John R. Mott, under education. To this the mother replied, "My son whose leadership the subject received considerable is the property of God; wherever he goes God attention. A South African Christian Council is goes with him. He is the property of God's serv-

being brought into being, one of the secretaries and in the day of his extremity this man was forof which will have this matter as his special saken by kindred and friends. By means of a charge. Missionary societies, American, British trick he was finally cast into prison, but through and Continental, will be urged to cooperate and all his faith 'remained undimmed and his deterto make arrangements to assure the production of mination unshaken. Today, some ten years later, the best literary work. Meantime several presses he remains a flaming evangelist among his people, are seeking to cope with the situation. One mis- adorning the doctrine of God, his Saviour, by his sion press last year published and sold 70,000 daily life. The significant fact is, that when encopies of vernacular books, besides innumerable quiry was made as to what led him to be at the pamphlets and books in English. church door on that first Sabbath morning it was learned that it was the Book. At school a brother Pressing Needs had been presented with a Bible as a prize. The reading aloud of the sacred page in the dark, mud- Some of the most pressing needs of today are walled hut at home became for the elder brother vernacular commentaries, Bible dictionaries, daily a life-giving ministry of the Word. readings, and other helps to the study of the Scriptures, including helps for preachers, Sunday In the press we have one of the most powerful school teachers and other Christian workers, at- of Christian agencies; and as education spreads tractive Biblical literature for the young, tracts that agency will become mightier. The missionary and pamphlets for evangelistic work, translations as a personal factor, the living voice, must always of religious classics, the wider use of newspaper be a dominant influence, but the printed word has evangelism, good recreational literature, such as its peculiar power and function. As Dr. J. H. inspiring stories, high class pictures, literature Ritson has declared: "It can be read and reread suitable for youth movements and a Christian and pondered over; it can reach a vastly greater newspaper. congregation than is to be found within the sanc- tuary; it can accompany the hospital patient to One of the encouraging present-day features is his home; … it can travel forth as the pioneer that many Africans are offering manuscripts for where the climate is deadly and the population is publication. These deserve encouragement, and sparse and conditions are unfriendly and hostile. advantage should be taken of their efforts to pro- The printed page alone is the ubiquitous missionvide facilities whereby they may influence their ary." fellow Africans for God. A BLACK FISHER OF MEN The Supreme Need In one of our conferences a young man stood But in all efforts to carry out a more masterly up to testify to the saving grace of God, saying, and united plan we must never lose sight of the "I am not as well educated as some of the rest of fact that our dependence is on the Holy Spirit you, but I can read that Jesus Christ died for my working in the individual heart. The Saviour's sins. I can also read that Jesus said, 'If you folhope for a redeemed world is through individual low me, I will make you fishers of men.' By God's men and women. A printing office becomes trans- grace I will be a fisher of men." figured only when we see its products owned and used by the Spirit of God. One Lord's Day morn- One March evening in 1927, I stood before a ing the writer went to deClare the Word of God group of people with this young man by my side. at an outstation in a remote part of Tembuland. The spokesman for the group said, "We believe Sometimes it was difficult to prevail on two or the words you have spoken to us, but where shall three to enter the little church building in that we find Christ? Show us the way and we will district. On the morning iIi question a man, clad follow." only in a blanket, the badge of heathenism, was lying at the church door waiting for it to be Turning to the fisher of men I said, "This is to opened. As the service proceeded no listener be your work. Can you lead these people to could have been more eager than this man on Christ?" whose countenance was stamped generations of paganism. Within a few weeks he confessed a "By God's grace I can try," was the simple desire to follow Christ, and thereafter every Sun- reply. day morning, and on many week days, he could be seen coming down the valley and entering the Five years later, March, 1932, I was back in little church that he might, sometimes all alone, this same village and with me again was this same converse with God. black son of God. He had called me to dedicate their first church, only a thatched roof mud-build- So complete a break with the customs of a ing, but nevertheless a house built for God by grossly heathen district could not pass unnoticed. those that he had led to Christ.-Clarence E. Carl- Persecution sprang up as if out of the ground, son, in Gems of Cheer.

A Medical Missionary

By REV. ALBERT D. HELSER, Ph.D. Kano, Nigeria, British West Africa, Missionary in West Africa Since 1922 W E ARE just back from a medical preach- rotting flesh and dead bone she groaned and called ing tour, on which Mrs. Helser and David, on God to help her bear the pain. Several men aged four, accompanied me. We went by who had followed me urged me to leave her and Ford, horseback and on foot. A man named said repeatedly, "Save us from the curse of a liv- Dankandi had invited us to visit him and to sleep ing death." As I told of Christ's love for her and in his house. The way was longer than we had of His power to help, a smile softened her tight thought, and it was dark when we reached the mouth and she said, "Will He not help me?" As home of this seeker after God. We had never I was on my knees dressing the foot the mother seen him, but the Eternal Spirit had been working knelt by me and said, "If you will be patient and in his heart and he wanted to be in his house with help my child, I will give her to you that where God's messenger. Before the camp beds and our you go she may go so that she may be like you." few belongings were put away, he whispered to Each week I go to this area some twenty miles his new friend, "Come with me into the stable, I away and as the great open sore heals her little have something to tell you." At first I was tempted heart thrills to the story of Christ's love for helpto say that we could talk the next day, but when less children.

I thought of the great first work of the Church We would like to enlist prayer helpers in the and saw Dankandi's eager face, I went with him. battle for souls here in North Central Africa. We saluted one another, and then ever so· tenderly Hundreds of men, women and young people are this bearded African told me of his love for Jesus, dying every day who have never had a chance to his Saviour. All he knew was that Jesus died for hear the glorious message of redeeming love. They him, and his face was aglow even in that dark have never had a chance to hear how God's own stable as he pressed closer to me and told of how Son went to Calvary's cruel tree in their stead. a great peace had surged through him every day Somehow more and more we feel that God would since he surrendered his all to Christ. This simple have more prayer power brought to bear on sinblack man was not only himself at the gate of ners who have no consciousness of sin. We need Heaven, but he took me with him. prayer helpers who will pray that a consciousness of sin may come into these pagan hearts and make As I sat on the seat provided for the chief's them cry out for mercy. We need some friends guest in Gun Dutse, a child's voice kept calling, who know what Christ has done for them to give "Let me in, let me in." Friends were being greeted and medicines were being prepared for themselves to prayer. various ailments, and no one had time to pay any Kussari is a young man about seventeen. He attention to the slip of a girl though she was sick was desperately sick some weeks ago. Nobody unto death. Then as she was being ordered to be knew what was wrong with him. Some said that quiet and to hide herself, I caught these words, he had an evil spirit. Others said one thing and "Will he not help me?" My first thought was, another. We went to our knees for Kussari. As another beggar or another insane child, but I prayed a pagan nearby cursed and scoffed. Just Christ's love would not let it rest at that. The as surely as God brought down fire on Carmel He least of these need Him most. I left the impor- heard our prayer, and those wild eyes became tant men about me and went out and found a little steady, and that twitching body found rest and girl about eleven who needed loving care for her peace under God's mighty power. Praise God broken body, and especially as a great ulcer was with us for Kussari. rotting away her left ankle. She trembled as I examined her, and my mind went to our own little Take the case of a leper family. The father's girl, who is now eleven, and I loved this helpless hands are both off at the wrists, and his feet off one all the more. Her eyes kept asking, Will God's at the ankles. Leprosy has actually eaten them messenger help me? The mother said, "She is as away. The mother's hands and feet are partly gone already. The little girl, about seven years good as dead." When I began to pull away the old, seems well, but two leper spots show already.

[488 ] courtesy of Missions A BELGIAN CONGO BABY CLINIC AT LEOPOLDVILLE When she was born she was perfect, for leprosy noon and night. The Spirit of God moved on the is not inherited, but by living with her leprous people of Shapa. A man named Audu was saved, parents she has contracted this awful disease. A and the miracle God wrought on his body brought little girl about two and a half, with pearly teeth, others to their Saviour. Audu was left to die; is almost sure, unless we can do something soon, his body was swollen and his eyes would not close to get this same disease. Pray that some way may even when he seemed to sleep. The first four to be found to heal the father's painful, open sores, confess Christ, and other interested friends, went and not only help him to find Christ but also ren- with me to his lone hut. All other friends had der him noninfectious. Pray that some way may deserted him. As we prayed and administered be found to save what the mother has left of her medicine we felt Heaven's power in answer to our hands and feet before they slough off. (I can prayer-helpers' earnest intercession on our behalf. hardly bear to see those filthy hands taking up A prayer-helper had provided for the medicine that precious child.) Pray that some way may be and had backed each tablet and each drop of medifound to treat the seven-year-old girl, who some- cine with prayer. Each morning we went to the how tells me by her eager eyes that she expects us sick one for prayer, and many times during the to save her from the fate of her parents, who have day medicines were sent. Some of the believers given way to despair. Pray that some way may made chicken soup for the forsaken one. He said be found to rear the tiny tot for Jesus and away on the fourth day, after declaring each day that from the danger of contamination. he could not live another day, that he had found a new world with new pe.ople in it. What a change Our hearts overflow as we write. A policeman Christ makes when He saves a lost sinner. When by the name of Ali, who gladly testified both in we left Shapa he came to say good-bye. Several public and private and was baptized some time villagers said, "Under the power of Christ and ago, has since been dismissed from the service be- His servants' medicine the hopeless are given new cause of his stand for Christ. He goes on rejoic- hope, new bodies, new minds and new souls." ing. He laughs and says: "Christ is enough for "Born again" is what Christ says about such as me. Since He has taken possession of me I lack these. God has now given us a new post in Kano, nothing. He is my all in all." in the midst of 3,000,000 souls. Less than a hun- dred natives have accepted Christ. What a par- During a recent village preaching campaign we ish? By His grace and your help many of these held fifty-four services in fifteen days. God honored your prayers by saving twenty-seven souls. shall experience the power of the blood. We lived in their midst and preached morning,

Unoccupied

-<!III By JOHN STEYTLER* IIll- HISTORY tells us that the Christian Church, trade and the practices of the witch doctors. He established in North Africa during the first was followed later by Stanley, who also opened century, flourished until the sixth century, up fresh trails to the interior. Missionaries rewhen disaster overtook it, and it was destroyed by sponded to their appeal and followed them. Pio- Islam. These North African churches have lost neer missionaries moved into Nyasaland, Uganda, their vitality, some think, because they were more Congo, Kenya and Rhodesia. Gradually the mis- concerned with theological discussions than evan- sion movement gained momentum, and numerous gelizing the pagans. Whatever the reason may other mission stations were opened in the interior.

have been, the natural expansion of Christianity, These missions can be compared to shafts of radiating from its source, Palestine, through light penetrating far into the domain of darkness, North Africa southward, was cut short before it superstition and fear as they penetrated deeper penetrated far inland. and deeper, ever expanding and spreading their Afterward nothing was done for evangelizing influence over wider and wider areas, building Africa till the time of Henry the Navigator, when churches, schools, hospitals and trying to bind up the early Portuguese explorers began to feel their the terrible wounds of Africa. Today it is esti- way south along the African coasts. They car- mated that there are nearly 11,000 organized ried with them the cross, the emblem of Christian- Protestant churches and about 2,000,000 profess- ity, and planted it at various points on Africa's ing Christians. The achievement has been im- inhospitable shores, but no attempt at mission mense, considering the time in which it has been work was made. The Dutch colonists were the accomplished; and on the face of it, it would first to try to introduce the Gospel to the natives seem as if Africa has been occupied.

of southern Africa (1665). They were followed But if achievement be appraised from the by the Moravians (1737) and the London Mission- standpoint of the numbers of profes;ing Chris- ary Society (1789). In central Africa the Roman tians, it is very insignificant, for the Christian Catholics opened a mission near Tete on the communicants only form two per cent of the total Zambesi River (1750), but for the rest the in- population of the whole continent. It would there- digenous peoples of equatorial and southern fore appear that missions are only in their youth, Africa remained untouched by Christian influence. and have taken only a step, the first step. Though With the opening years of the nineteenth cen- millions live in the areas that can be considered tury there was a great awakening of missionary virtually occupied, there are still millions that are zeal in European countries, many mission societies as yet untouched by the Christian message. If were established, and pioneer missionaries were Christian missions and their spheres of influence sent in increasing numbers to all parts of the could be thought of as points of light, then view- globe, including Africa, but for half a century ing the map of Africa, it would resemble the pat- little beyond the coastline on the west and south tern of light and shade, which a leafy tree, stand- was reached. The unexplored hinterland, tribal ing in bright sunshine, might throw on the wars, the gloomy forests, the malarial swamps ground. The darker areas would represent those and the sun-scorched plains discouraged attempts areas where populations are still held in the thrall at occupation. of witchcraft and superstition, where disease is In 1852 the intrepid explorer, David Living- rampant and Jesus Christ is not known.

stone, braved the dangers of Africa and laid bare Even in the areas which are considered occu- the wounds of the Dark Continent. What he saw pied, the Christian influence is often very limited.

filled him with profound pity, especially the ter- In the northern parts of Nigeria there is one rible suffering and iniquity caused by the slave Christian to 20,000 people; in the southern dis- • Mr. John G. Steytler graduated from the University of Stellen- tricts of the same country, one Christian to 31,000 people; in French West Africa there are less than bosch, South Africa, in 1917. After teaching in the Cape Province a thousand Christians to 14,000,000 people; in for five years, he joined the staff of the Dutch Reformed Church the Provl·nce of Khartoum there are less than Mission in Nyasaland, East Africa., where he has been head of the twenty missionaries to 1,000,000 inhabitants; in yDeeapras.rtmTenhte ogfenEedruocsiattyionof wtihtheinCathrneegMieissCioonrpfoorratitohne hlaasst mthaidrteeeint ~f:~!b~~/~~llh~'r 1t~3~:Udy at the Graduate School, Yale University, [490 ] Tripoli one missionary to 1,000,000 people. These In the Tete district of Portuguese East Africa were the estimates in 1926, but the position would which adjoins Nyasaland, till 1907 no Christian be more or less the same today. work was done among the 150,000 people living in that area. There was one Roman Catholic mis- Leaving out of account these areas where there sion, which had been established on the Zambesi is definitely some Christian work being carried River about 300 years ago, but it did not try to on, however inadequate, there are others where extend its work beyond the borders of the mission nothi.ng is done at all. Mr. W. J. W. Roome, that station. The Dutch Reformed Church, which had indefatigable traveler, who has on behalf of the a mission in Nyasaland, just across the border, British and Foreign Bible Society traveled tens was repeatedly asked by the natives to extend its of thousands of miles in Africa, gives a list of work among them too, and attempts were made to these fields in his book, "Can Africa Be Won?" secure the permission of the Portuguese officials. From this I select the largest areas mentioned: Permission was consistently refused for several years, but constant dropping can wear away even 1. Abyssinia, which is largely an unreached land with the stony hardness of a Portuguese official, and eight to ten millions of people. permission was eventually given. While these ne- gotiations were proceeding, the government urged 2. Tanganyika, west of longitude 32 east to the shores the Roman Catholics to forestall the Dutch misof Lake Tanganyika, a distance of about 300 miles. sion, and survey parties were sent out to choose a site for a mission in the area where the Dutch 3. A very large area confined between the following mission intended going. The latter managed to boundaries: From the River Tana in Kenya to the Abys- secure from the Roman missionaires a written sinian border, west to Mount Eglon and then north as far agreement as to the boundaries of the spheres of as the Sobat River, a tributary of the White Nile, the field influence, and for a time all went well. lying between Abyssinia and the Nile. Then suddenly, like a bolt from the blue, all the 4. West of Uganda between Lake Albert and Lake Ed- teacher-evangelists of the Dutch mission, totaling ward and stretching 400 miles into the Congo. sixty-five, were arrested by the authorities on the grounds that they did not know Portuguese. Of 5. Another is to be found from the point where the three these teachers seventeen were already in possescQuntries, French Congo, Belgian Congo and Anglo-Sudan sion of Portuguese certificates, and all the others meet, northwards into the Umbangi Province in French were studying the language. Protests were of no territory. This area lies between 20° and 25° east longi- avail, and all were deported to Mozambique and tude and approximately 5° to 10° north latitude. This part were forced to work on sugar plantations. Some is aptly called the "heart of Africa." Its situation justi- managed to escape, others died of hardship, it is fies the title. said, and a few were deported to the Portuguese islands of Panjim and Timor in the West Indies. 6. The middle part of eastern Congo between 20° and After many years some returned to their waiting 24 ° east longitude and 1° to 4 ° south latitude. families, but in 1925 four were still missing, and in 1934 one returned from Panjim Island. 7. From the Lualaba River in the southeast corner of Belgian Congo northward and west of Lake Mweru to the It seemed as if the promising work was ruined shores of Lake Tanganyika. because churches, schools and dwelling houses were left to fall into ruins, but the natives who 8. Portuguese West Africa, especially the southern and had accepted Christianity during the short time northeastern regions. the mission operated, carried on the work of Christianizing their fellow tribesmen in secret. 9. All Portuguese East Africa excepting near the coast. Meetings were held, and are still being held, in 10. The Cameroons, all east of 12° longitude. secret in the leaders' huts at night, or during the 11. The northern territories of the Gold Coast, Togo- day in the bush. One leader was discovered, arland, Dahomey, including the bend of the Niger River. rested and jailed. His Bible and hymn book were 12. The northern section of Liberia, Portuguese Guinea destroyed and he was threatened with more severe and all the French territories of the Ivory Coast, French punishment if he continued his work as Christian Guinea, Senegal and south of that river and the Niger. teacher. This has had the effect of stimulating Christian endeavor, as is evidenced by the fact Within these areas there are 30,000,000 people that every few months scores of Portuguese naabsolutely beyond the reach of the effort of exist- tives who have been taught as described above, ing mission societies. The question arises, Why come across the border into Nyasaland to be exhave these areas not yet been occupied? There amined and taken up into the churches there. are to my mind four main reasons: A more or less similar experience has been the 1. Governments often restrain missions from entering certain fields. In northern Nigeria, for instance, missions have not been allowed to enter the emirates of Kano and Sokoto on the ground that the Mohammedan emirs were told that, when their countries were brought under administration, there would be no interference with their religion by the government. Such restrictions, probably for political reasons, apply with added force to the Portuguese territories. The writer has personal knowledge of the extreme and unreasonable lengths to which such restrictions have been pushed in Portuguese East Africa. The following bit of history will serve to illustrate this.

lot of the mission of the Church of Scotland work- formed which holds regular meetings, and plans ing among the Lomwe tribe in the Quelimane are being discussed for the occupation of Portudistrict further north. Since the European mis- guese East Africa through African evangelists. sionary· has been made to suffer all manner of Two Africans who have offered themselves for hardships and indignities and his work has been "foreign" service are at present studying Portuhampered as much as was possible within the law, guese at Lourenco Marques. One of them, Paulo the mission has been withdrawn temporarily. MiIoto, is a chief in Portuguese East Africa, and There are other missions working near the coast, he has voluntarily given up his chieftianship and and they seem to be less harried, but always they is going to devote his life to the evangelization of are confronted with a hostile government. The his fellow tribesmen in the present unoccupied result of all this has been that Portuguese Africa field of the Tete District. is today still a virtually unoccoupied field. The population is about 3,500,000. The writer does not know whether or not this has already been done in other parts of Africa. 2. Another reason why fields are often unoccu- He, however, feels convinced that that is the evenpied is malarial climate or the prevalence of sleep- tual solution of the problem of spreading the ing sickness. The European missionary is not as Gospel of Christ into areas which are today out resistant to these diseases as the native African. of reach of existing societies. If the history of Thousands of graves remind us of men and wom- the Church in Africa has a lesson to teach, it is en who have, in spite of the danger to which that the church that has no missionary zeal is they exposed themselves, consistently put service doomed to unfertility and eventual stagnation. before self and have given their lives for the The churches in the home lands have to be on Cause. This difficulty is being gradually overcome their guard against this danger, so have the inby the enormous advances made by medical sci- digenous churches in Africa. The ideal of all the ence. The medical missionary more than anybody churches of Christ, in America, Europe and in else has opened up Africa and has made it pos- Africa, is to spend themselves for the cause of sible for the white man to live where it would have making Christ known and regnant in the hearts, been impossible twenty to twenty-five years ago. not only of civilized peoples, but also of the mil- lions of Africa in the occupied as well as the un- 3. Opposition from the natives themselves has occupied fields. until recently kept missions from certain areas. This opposition is still active where Mohammedan CHANGING RACE DIRECTIONS influence is predominant. But this, too, is breaking down. Missionaries from all territories testify Once the missionary to Africa faced chiefly that the doors are open wider today than they pure native problems-superstition, sin, disease, have ever been before. ignorance. The coming of modern industry is so changing great regions that he faces a different 4. Lack of funds is increasingly becoming the race, struggling with the old adverse influences main reason why missions cannot extend their in- still and many new and complicated ones. Rose fluence in the areas where they already exist and Henderson, writing upon the subject, "Modern over the borders into the unoccupied fields. The Industry Changes Africa," in The Southern W orkserious reduction in the budgets of the home boards is endangering the mission enterprise in man, gives this glimpse of new conditions in the field after field. One wonders what the reason for this may be. To the writer it seems like an great copper mining region: act of Providence for bringing the missions to the situation where they will be forced to look more Lying 2,300 miles north of the Cape of Good Hope and to Africa than to Europe and America for help. at about equal distance uetween the Atlantic and Pacific The time has not yet come when the Africans can Oceans, the copper mines employ some 35,000 native workcarryon the work alone, and they will need th~ men and supply a third of the world's copper. Here in help and advice of the white missionary for many the midst of the bush jungle which, two 'or three decades many years. Yet the center of gravity must grad- ago, was hardly inhabited, millions of dollars have been ually shift to the indigenous church, and missions expended by white capitalists and thousands of Negroes will increasingly have to follow the policy of dev- have stepped from primitive jungle huts to modern mines olution. and machinery. Native villages have sprung up, along with hospitals, schools and recreation centers of the mine An encouraging beginning has been made by owners. Black men from ninety different tribes, speaking the Presbytery of Mkhoma, Nyasaland, where the ninety different languages and representing as many difindigenous church has begun its own foreign mis- ferent cultures have been brought together in the employ sion, which is organized, controlled and financed of white capitalists. The result of this industrial developby the Africans, with the help and advice of the ment, as complete as any of its kind in Europe or Amerwhite missionaries. A "home" board has been ica, is a realignment of peoples, a transformation of the continent. The balance of native life has been upset. The direction of human races has been changed. Roads and villages have shifted, customs and beliefs have been up- rooted, ancient cultures and ideals are being destroyed.

CALL

The Drums of Congo and the Gospel By VIRGINIA M. CLARKE, Bolenge, Africa A MONG the Bantu people living in theequa- In many mission stations a special house has .r.. torial forest of the Belgian Congo the been erected to hold a number of these drums signal drum is now being used as an aid which are used regularly to call the people to the to the spread of the Gospel. In a land where it Sunday school, the church services, elders' meetis impossible to see for long distances the only ings and mission school classes. Often it is the way to send a message without a messenger is by special pride and joy of the young boys in the sound. Formerly the chief purpose of the drum boys' boarding schools to beat the message on the was to call people together for fighting. What a big drums which will start old and young hurry- triumph for Christ is this new, peaceful use of ing along the village paths leading to God's the drum! house.

When a missionary is itinerating through the Among the Bankundo, who are found along the tropical forest his heart is gladdened as he wearily equator where the Congo River crosses it for the approaches a village to meet a band of villagers second time, a particular group of phrases is used singing Christian hymns. They come joyfully to to call people to a Protestant church service. In . greet him and to make him welcome. Usually the their language (Lonkundo) it is: "Ikongo ifonge evangelist is in the lead, followed by the Chris- kukola baseka enganbe ea njambola, lotakana, tians and inquirers seeking baptism. On asking lotakana. Tokende bonteke bolosambo bole nda the evangelist how he knew of his coming, the ikongo ifonge kukola." Translated rather freely missionary is told that the drum in the village this means: "Protestants, come together, come which he visited the preceding night had boomed together. Let us go to the church service which through several miles of jungle and swamp to ap- is where the white man is found." prise them of the arrival of the "man of God." Perhaps in the near future the Christian lead- While the missionary is resting before his hut the ers of Congo will find new ways to use their won- evangelist is beating out the call to all the Chris- derful drum language in telling the story of tians to gather for the evening service. Christ's love for all men.

[493 ]

Ways of

'rested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA S. AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO ~'=I======================~==~ A CLIMBING RACE of missionary interest and en- nominational headquarters. The deavor. value of united, sequential study Slow moves the pageant of a climb- need hardly be dwelt upon, with ing race; Toward this end your Depart- the abundance of helps and sug- ment Editor has striven earnest- gestions available in magazines Their footsteps drag far, far below ly to assemble worthful material in correlation with the themes. the height, from· many sources to supply If the world is ever to be won leaders of the several group in- for Christ it will be by united, And, unprevailing by their utmost terests with plans and sugges- synchronized effort, not random, might, tions for shaping up programs, individualistic attempts to obey studies, discussions and projects. the Great Commission. Seem faltering downward from each Space will admit of little more hard won place. than citations for these; but it INFORMATIVE MATERIAL may be taken for granted that No strange, swift-sprung exception although a number of different The volume of this is almost we; we trace denominations are involved, unlimited. Your Department nothing is mentioned herein Editor can mention only such A devious way thro' dim, uncertain which is specifically denomina- helps as have been sent in for light. tional. Such details as do appear her personal inspection, as fol- in a few may easily be elimi- lows: Our hope through the long vistaed nated or replaced with the de- years, a sight sired data. As classification ac- "A Course on Africa for Young cording to type of subject matter People" (P), 25c. Of that our Captain's soul sees face is most efficient and saves space, to face. please note that (B) stands for "West Africa Mission" (P), lOco Baptist, (C) for United Chris- "The Road to God's Town" (P), lOco Who, faithless, faltering that the road tian, (L) for Lutheran, (LE) "Africa Journey" (P), lOco is steep, for Miss Leavis, who is litera- "To Africa! To Africa" (for chil- ture secretary for the Central dren) (P), lOco Now raiseth up his drear, insistent Committee on the study of For- "The Pageant of a Climbing Race" cry? eign Missions, (M) for Meth- (C)-yearbook of Home and Foreign odist Episcopal, (P) for Pres- Programs, 5c; packet of activating Who stoppeth here to spend awhile in byterian, and (M.E.M) for material. 50c for either, or 75c for set. sleep Missionary Education Move- Not ready until January. The studies ment, all of whose headquarters for young people alone have been Or curseth that the storm obscures addresses appear at the close of changed to include only the foreign the sky? this article. Nearly all publica- theme. Packets covel' not only infor- tions from nondenominational mative material but dramatizations, Heed not the darkness round you, dull sources may be obtained from poetrv, discussions, etc. and deep; your denominational literature "Missionary Facts on Africa" (B) headquarters, as the "tools in -story material for use in opening The clouds grow thickest when the type" are in reciprocal, neigh- and closinl; exercises of S. S., 15c. summit's nigh. Ready in December. -Paul Laurence Dunbar. borly use. Booklet of Leader's Helps accom- panying each textbook, 15c. The current year's study of THE STUDY BOOKS "Africa View"-book by Julian "the climbing race," particularly Huxley, $2.50. in its foreign aspects, affords an It will not be necessary to take "Education of Primitive People," unusual opportunity to attract space to enumerate these, as by Albert D. Helser, $3.00. the uninterested and enlist the they have been mentioned many "The Remaking of Man in Africa," indifferent. The subject matter times in this and other mission- by J. H. Oldham and B. D. Gibson, is rarely colorful with its appeal ary magazines, and free cata- $1.25. to the exploring impulse; the logues inclusive of descriptive Other auxiliary material will qe universal use of the narrative material are available at de- listed later. form which is indigenous to the African whether in argument, [494 ] PROGRAMS description or instruction-the story is always dominant; the "African Palavers" – a program vivid settings and background plan book (M.), 20c. For young peomaterial; the warm human in- ple but easily adaptable for women's terest; the profound problems organizations. A complete year's outpertaining to development of lines beginning with "The Assembling primitive minds and native leadership, the raising of standards; and most of all the adj ustment of races in a perfect maze of conflicting interests, temperaments and political manipulations. Every wideawake church has its paramount chance to use Africa as a lure into the realm

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

of the Tribes" in September, continu- "Consider Africa" (M.E.M.), 25c. "How to Make an African Village" ing through chapter-by-chapter stud- ies of Margaret Wrong's "~he L~nd A course on Africa by Mrs. Margaret -patterns and directions for making and Life of Africa" and mcludI!lg and setting up; to be used by leaders "The Tribute Festival"-a specIal Holly Tuck. , of boys' and girls' groups (M.E.M.), thank offering program, "Jungle Jam- 25c. boree" for a missionary party, rally "'the Story of the American Negro' or banquet a special "June Palaver," "Pattern Sheets"-African wood an "Intern'ational Program" in July (M.E.M.), 25c. Young People's course carvings; flags of African prote~tor­ and an "Outdoor Safari" (expedition and mealie roast) for August. The by Ina C. Brown. ates; map of Africa for enlargmg; colorful programs are reple~e with African call drum sketch; nut or native nomenClature and storIes, cos- "A Preface to Racial Understand- tumes, rituals in African fashion, of- candy holders like African hl:1ts; ficial titles such as "keepers of the ing" (B), 15c. Programs by Mrs. wooden articles received from AfrIca; fires," "story tellers," etc., use of util- elephant; hibiscus; dance drum, etc. ities such as the call drum, games, Augusta Comstock. demonstrations, dramatizations etc. (M) 10c. Has the true African atmosphere. Other program s.eries, as s~nt in~o "The Healer"–colored poster, 21 x this Department, wIll ,oe mentIOned m "Six Missionary Programs and 28, showing doctor working with s0l!le Eight Teaching Outlines" (Anna Can- later numoers. native Africans with a shadowy PICada Swain) (B), 15c. Based on ture of Christ standing in the back- "Omwa? Are You Awake?" Pro- DRAMATICS ground. Very beautiful and impresgrams excellently adapted for both sive. (St. Philip's Society, 1664 Glenyounger and older folk and c.over the "Africa Gives Thanks" (L), 10c. worship period, abundant mforma- Pageant for thank offering meeting or mount Ave., Akron, Ohio), 85c, but a tional matter, visualization~ and oth~r study class; 11 characters;. simple work of art. entertaining features, natIve musIC, setting and costumes; symbohc. Very special set of 10 English postdiscussion topics, poetry etc. Topics "Robert and Mary" (M.E.M.), 25c. are: "A Treasure Hunt," "Listening Thirteen characters; true story of ers of African life in choice, natural Ears" "Bridges," "Call a Doctor," Moffats; one hour. colors size 15 x 20. These rc'l'ltarkable "Buiiders " and "Studies in Black and pictu';es are used in the schools in the White." 'The study outlines are for "Through the Dark" (M.E.M.), 15c. Congo and 'Were seen by Miss Marlocal church groups using the text- One-act play; 4 characters; medical garet Wong, who had them printedJri mission setting. book. They analyze the subject mat- quantity in England. .An expl.anattqn ter comprehensively. "Ordered South" (M.E.M.), 15c. written by Dr. Cathertne Mabte (mw- Project for enlistment for African sionary) will accompany the set. En- Six Programs on "Congo Crosses," mission work; 3 scenes; 6 adults-4 tire set $1.00, or 5 (not selected but by the same author (B), 15c. For men and 2 women. taken by rote) for 50c. Counting women's missionary societies, business postage, this is actual cost, as all and professional women's groups and "Kanjunda" (M.E.M.), 25c. Shows orders requiring more than 15c postsenior young women's societies. Titles: waning of witch doctor's power; 15 age will be sent at a loss. (LE) "Stop Look, Listen"; "Always Prob- characters; one hour. lems—-'-Even in Primitive Congo"; Attention is called again to the long "Do You Care?"; "Here Comes the "Livingstone Hero Plays" (M.E.M.), Bride"· "Fact Finders of 1937"; 15c. Four dramatizations of Living- list of African program materials aI?-d "On Their Knees." The discussion stone stories which may be used sepa- novelties given in this Department m topics are particularly suggestive and rately or consecutively; for juniors; heart-searching. 40-50 minutes. the July issue of THE REVIEw.a!ld ob- tainaule from LE. In addItIOn to "Lights Aglow in Congo"–outline "Alexander Mackay's Han d s" those mentioned previously, Miss for young people's programs (ready (M.E.M), 10c. Leavis adds a choice leaflet, "The in January) (C) . Titles: "ABo, Glowing Ember of Prayer," by Jea,n Congo!" – showing the importance, "In Our Land It Is Very Dark" position and potentialities of Africa Kenyon Mackenzie, priced at 2c. ThIS in the world today; "Paths in the (L")A,2ncn.a InspI.res a M"IssIOnary C·Irc1e" is a wonderful devotional reading. Dark"-presenting problems crea~ed (Powell and White, 528 Walnut St., by the industrial conquest of AfrIca Cincinnati, Ohio), 15c. Maps and charts, particularly the and the need for education; "Sinister picture maps of Africa with shee~s of Shadows" – social problems which "In Congo Land" (B), 15c. cut-outs to be pasted on progressIvely grow out of impact of Western civi- "Livingstone and Stanley Meet and as different features and regions are lization upon age-old customs; shows Part" 15c. that there must be a give-and-take or "Robert Moffat Returns with Afri- studied, may be purchased at pracsharing as a new world is built; caner," 10c. tically all the denominational head- "Lamplighters"-picture of mission- quarters. The usual price is 50c f.or ary work in Congo, showi~g. ~h~t the "The Teeth That Did Not Drop the map and 10c for the separate PIC- African has all the posslblhtles of Out" (L), 2c. tures. other human beings as well as a passion for developing them; "Around "Our Husband" (C), 25c. Don't try to teach with words only. the Camp Fire"-intended to create a "An African Village Trial" (P), 5c. Visualizations and project work are bond of fellowship between young peo- Sketch presenting the African Chr~s­ particularly fitted to elucidate African ple here and in Africa who have had tian Church and the problems of ItS studies. like experiences through summer con- young members. Six principals and ferences and "akitelos," and to im- 10 or 15 secondary characters. press others as to what that experience can mean to them; "Lights STORIES ADDRESSES FOR MATERIALS Aglow"-to help the young people see "Peter, the Chief's Son"; "A Li?,u Baptist: Baptist Board of Educatheir responsibility in industrial and Hunt"· "Captain John's Mother ; social relationships with their own "Malin'da"; "The Lamp in the Des- tioLn~t1h5e2raMn:adiWsoonmAenv'es.,MNiesswioYnaorryk.Soand other races and countries; to cast ert"; "Just Like Women"; "The Boy ciety, 723 Muhlenberg Bldg., Philadelout greed and prejudice and to pat- Who Won a Town"; "The House of tern their actions after Christ's. Their Hands"; "The Verses That phia, Pa. , Made Livingstone Brave" (L)-2c Methodist Episcopal: Women s For- each. eign Missionary Society, 420 Plum "Even Unto Death" (P), free. "The Congo Woman's Way" (B), 2c. St., Cincinnati, Ohio. .. A wealth of other narrative mate- rial may be obtained from denomina- Christian: The United ChrIstIan tional literature headquarters, some of which will be listed in our later Missionary Society, Missions Bldg., issues. Indianapolis, Ind. . VISUALIZATIONS AND Missionary EducatIOn M~vement: PROJECTS 150 Fifth Ave., New York CIty.

Picture Sheet of Africa, for use in Miss M. H. Leavis (designated scrap books, posters, and to paste on maps of Africa (M.E.M.), 25c. previously as LE) : 186 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, Mass. . Presbyterian: Board ?f ForeIgn Missions of the PresbyterIan Church, 156 Fifth Ave., New York.

Gleanings from the Editor's "Costumes – How to Make and New York, has been experiment- Notebook Wear Them" is a cover-all pamphlet ing with a new program which inclusive of detail from many foreign has some most attractive fea- Spending the entire summer fields, obtainable at the BaptIst Board tures. It is designed for chap- at Lakeside, Ohio, with its of Education at 25c. ters who wish to meet weekly wealth of summer conferences, instead of monthly. It extends the Department Editor's note- This board also handles a "Catalog the Hero Courses into projects book overflowed with sugges- of Plays and Pageants," which is a and is built on a Four Point tions for making current studies selected, classified list according to Project basis. The following ex- attractive and forcible. These country and subject, with names of ample using Livingstone as a will be doled out from issue to authors and publIshers. Its 24 pages subject is illustrative: issue during the year, but a few cover more than 400 plays and pagitems of miscellaneous but help- eants, lOco 1st week (Skill Meeting): ful character may be given here- Map-making project. with. Look these over, for you The play listed previously as "An may find just the methods African Village TrIal" illustrates the 2d week (Study Meeting): "gadget" that you need. way in whiCh an ordinary Sunday Hero Program – Life story of school class may change itself in a one whose success depended on Mrs. Kellersberger, author of moment into an African village by ability in map-making. "Congo Crosses," is giving her ~nt,ire shift of furnishings and play of honorarium to the Protestant MIssIon imagination, with no properties or cos- 3d week (Service Meeting): Council with headquarters at Leopold- tUming. Making map of Paul's journeys, ville, Africa, for work among the of missionary fields, of local women and children. She keeps not a Poetry and Music: Both ~re invalu- community, etc. single cent for herself. Isn't this an able in presenting essentIal Negro object lesson in devotion? character both in our land and Africa. 4th week (Inspirational Meet- While more expensive song books may ing): Ceremony of Maps, us- Incidents easy to dramatize are not be practical for the average ing Livingstone and Africa; found in abundance in the study group, "Southland Spirituals," ar- Paul and the Inland Sea; Chris- books "Consider Africa," "Christ in ranged by the Rodeheaver Co., and tianity and world map. the Great Forest," "We Sing Amer- sold by all denominational literature ica " and other Friendship Press books headquarters at 25c will serve the pur- With each missionary hero a on 'current studies. You may get help pose admirably. An abundance of in making your dramatizations in Negro poetry-mostly concerning th,e different project is introduced. "Meet Your United States," by Mary American Negro but true to the UnI- For example: Chalmers-Proj- J ennes (cloth, $1.00; pa~er,. 60c ~ ; versal type – may be found in, pal- ect in swimming and life-saving. and in "Informal DramatIzatIOn III verton's "Anthology of AmerIcan (He was a swimmer and saved Missionary Education," by Elizabeth Negro Literature," 95c; "Singers in boys from drowning); Grenfell Miller Lobingier (paper, 10c)-both the Dawn," compiled by R. E. Eleazor, – Boating and shipbuilding. from the Friendship Press. Scribner'S and sold at the Conference on Educa- (He was a builder); Ian Keith have a more ambitious work entitled tion and Race Relations, Atlanta, Ga., Falconer – Cycling. Paton- "Ventures in Dramatization," by for lOCi James Weldon Johnson's Farming. Whitman-First aid. Hulda Neibuhr ($1.75). "Book of American Negro Poetry," Morrison-Woodworking. $2.00; and "Caroling Dusk," edited Bear in mind a few pointers in pre- by Countee Cullen and sold at $2.5.0. -Missions Magazine. senting Negro dramatizations, how- Your own publishing company WIll ever. usually secure for you standard, books A Circulating Library like the expensive ones above CIted. Rigidly avoid caricature in costume, For a number of years the manner or "blacking up." Negroes Manner and Motivation of Negro Women's Department of the may be brown, their impersonatio~s Presentations: A leaflet by the M.E.M. Baptist State Convention has being taken by brunettes, or the skm of the United States and Canada says: operated a circulating library. may be left white rather than to elicit The work of circulating the the merriment caused by the "black- A program on the Negro should be books has been under the direct face." what any program should be. It supervision of the State Reading should tell something that is worth Contest Secretary. A definite Is it fair to show only the illiterate, passing on; something that one group amount is allowed each year for superstitious, ignorant types, the wants other people to know; some- the purchase of new books and "savages," as representative of Afri- thing that makes them think and feel postage incurred in mailing can population when picturing com- the way they wish them to feel. If them to the various churches. munities that have educational and the members of any group have The rule is that the church using intelligent industrial types also? drawn inspiration from Negro poetry the books should pay return and music, and have come to respect postage. There is no time limit While Negro spirituals are invalua- and admire Negroes as a race and as for keeping the books, as it has ble for atmosphere both with Ameri- indivduals, then it will be easy to pass been found by experience th~t can and African Negro studies, should on those facts and inspirations and at- it is better to allow each church they not be sung with true devotional titudes. . . . You may decide that the privilege of keeping the spirit, as they were originally sung, Negroes will fill Negro roles more ef- books as long as they are being rather than to create laughter by fectively than white persons made up. read. When no longer in cir~ "acting up"? And you will be right about this. , , . culation they are returned to the If your group has no Negro members State Secretary. An attempt at Negro dialect may but has Negro friends who would like lead to the same serious error. Never to help out, it would be wise to invite -Missions Magazine. betray your programs into the hands them to do so. But do not ask any of the "Amos and Andy" type of per- Negro to participate unless .you a!"e formers. If you do you will lose all sure that he will be treated WIth courmissionary effect. tesy and respect not only by the mem- bers of the group but also by the Dramatic Helps: Reasonable brown audience. skin effects may be obtained from Steain's Preparation for Theatrical ANew Educational Program Work available at drug stores or in mail order houses. Rev. Theodore L. Conklin, High Counsellor for Eastern

~~======~~~==========~~11

BULLETIN OF The Council of Women for Home Missions ANNE SEESHOLTZ, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, 105 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK "WHERE MY POOR LIVE"

"Once, a long, long time ago, God feelin' tired, went to sleep an' had a nice wee nap on His throne. His head was in His han's an' a wee white cloud came down and covered Him up.'

Purty soon He wakes up an' says He: "'Where's Michael?'

"'Here 1 am, Father!' said Michael.

" 'Michael, me boy,' says God, '1 want a chariot and a chariot- eer!'

" 'Right ye are!' says he, and up comes the purtiest chariot in By courtesy of Art Exten&ion Press, Inc., Westport, Conn. the city of Heaven an' the finest charioteer. CRElATION OF FLOWERS – DRAWN BY AN AUST R I AN CHILD " 'Me boy,' says God, 'take a Prayer for Slum Clearance* the special strains and irritations, and million tons of th' choicest seeds the moral exposures of crowded quar- of th' flowers of Heaven an' take Father of all mankind, who hast ters; by our pleasure in the joyous signally blessed the human family as play of our happy children in God's a trip around th' world wi' them. the cradle of divinity, and hast out-of-doors, do Thou lay upon our Scatther them,' says He, 'be th' granted to us the security and conscience the plight of countless roadsides an' th' wild places of strength, the joy and comfort, and the families whose lives are cramped and th' earth where my poor live.' supporting goodness of our homes, do thwarted for lack of space and air in Thou forgive us that we have been which to live, and play, and grow in " 'Aye,' says the charioteer, content to accept these precious gifts stature and in favor with God and of life but have taken little thought man. 'that's just like ye, Father. It's th' purtiest job of m' afther life of those whose lot confines them to the By the anguish of our prayers for slums of our cities. our own children, that they may be an' I'll do it finely.' saved from sin and may grow in grace "'It's just come t' me in a Give us, we pray Thee, a vivid sense and goodness, do Thou make us ashamed of our toleration of the dream,' says th' Father, 'that of the little children condemned to live slums, which in disproportionate in crowded tenements and to play measure continue to make criminals th' rich have all th' flowers down amidst the traffic of the streets, de- and prostitutes of many boys and there and th' poor have none at prived of the simplest elements of girls who never had a chance. 0 God all. If a million tons isn't human health and happiness, rojbed of love and justice, we acknowledge even of the common heritage of pure before Thee our personal and !orpoenough, take a billion tons!' " air and sunshine. Make us conscious rate responsibility for the sins of At this point I got in some of the preventable disease which such perverted lives. breeds in the narrow alleys, and in questions about God's language the dark inner rooms where sunlight Grant us grace at this time to gird and the kind of flowers. never comes. "Well, dear," she said, "He ourselves for action. May our city spakes Irish t' Irish people. . . . By our hope of Thy mercy as we sit and the nation put their hand to the "Th' flowers," she said, "were concerned by the sickbeds of our own clearance of the slums and to the little ones, may we be willing in love building of homes more fit for the primroses, buttercups an'daisies, to share the anxiety, the anguish, and children of God. Vouchsafe to us in . . . an' from that day to this the grief of the parents of the poor this task of Thy kingdom a special there's been flowers a-plenty for as they watch by their sick or mourn sense of Thy nearness and Thy love, the death of those who need not have inasmuch as we would do it unto Thee. us all everywhere." sickened or died but for the conditions For Jesus' sake, Amen. Thus, "My Lady of the Chim- in which they are oJliged to live. • F rom "Prayers for Self a nd Societ y, " by ney Corner" told her ninth child, In the measure of our longing for James Myers ; As sociation Press, N. Y.; 15c. Alexander Irvine, of the crea- a happy home for our dear ones, with space for gracious living, free from tion of the flowers.

[497 ]

ARE YOU PRAYING? "A LIFE TO GIVE" Missions, on the theme, "The Negro in America." Even the For the observance of the In "God's Candlelights," writ- catalogue is good reading.

World Day of Prayer on the first ten by Miss Mabel Shaw, and "Glimpses of Negro Ameri- Friday in Lent, February 12, available for one dollar in cloth, cans" is a 24-page illustrated 1937, the program was written Friendship Press, New York, booklet giving in concise form by Miss Mabel Shaw, founder of the Livingstone Memorial Girls' the author relates: facts about eight areas of Negro Boarding School at Mbereshi, Kawamba, Northern Rhodesia, One clear evening I went life today: Where Are They? Africa. down to the leper camp at the Who Are They? Where Do end of our village. There were They Live? How Do They Sup- very few of them there. It was port Themselves? Where Do In accepting the invitation to not a pleasant place. . . . And They Get Their Education? prepare the world program, yet they gave me a glad wel- What About Their Health? Do Miss Shaw wrote, "You will be come. They had many needs to They Go to Church? Are They interested to hear that Mbereshi make known: not enough fire- Citizens? The booklet closes 'kept' the Day of Prayer this wood, no salt had been given with a section asking, "Where year. There was prayer in the with last week's rations, they Do You and I Come In?" in school chapel, unceasing from were naked, could I not see? . .. which the interracial movement dawn till set of sun. The girls were there in small groups; even They told me a lion had been is described and the opportunity the little children took their part. At sunset there was a about. . . . before the churches is pointed gathering of all the Christian women in the village church." At last I rose to go. I gave a • out. 6 cents a copy.. $4.00 a When it is ten o'clock, morn- last word and greeting, promised hundred.

ing, in New York, the .tiI?e of I'd remember all their needs, The Department of Race Relations, day in Northern RhodeSIa IS five and was just about to mount my Federal Council of Churches, has colo'clock in the afternoon. bicycle, when out of one of the lected pamphlets from various sources. There are two packets. Packet No. 1 A CALL TO PRAYER little houses came, the old leper contains the pamphlet described above, head-man. He held a spear be- "Amer ica's Tenth Man," and "School tween the stumps that once were Money in Black and White." 15 cents hands, and he went h0bblI' ng a single packet. along the path in front of me. I called to him, and he stopped and Packet No.2 is supplementary ma- looked round. terial for leaders of groups; for ex- Together let us "Where are you going?" ample, a 43-page booklet on cotton- growing communities in rural Amer- Thank God and praise Him for the ica. 30 cents a single pack et. manifestation of Himself in Jesus Christ, and in the abundant life; "I am going to escort you to ……;==::::;] Thank God and praise Him for fol- Mbereshi Village, you can't go alone with lions about/' lowers of Jesus Christ who have made Him known; I smiled at him. "But on my Thank God and praise Him for the world f ellowship of prayer-and bicycle I'll be there in a minute." let each seek a new consecration to Jesus Christ. He would not have it, it was not fitting for me to go alone. I Together let us pray looked at him, a feeble old man, That the church be strong and cou- rageous; handless, feet half-eaten, his whole body covered with marks That the missionary zeal of Chris- of disease, and his face most tians be purified and spread pitiful. through all the world; That the community in which we I said to him half-banteringly, live be recreated through the con- secrated service of God's children; and with a smile, "Now what That our nation measure all activi- could you do if a lion came?"

ties by Christ's law of love and He drew himself up, and with universal brotherhood; a quiet dignity said, "Have I not That the whole earth be filled even a life to give?" in this our day with the knowl- I was silent, seeing a Cross. I edge of the living God, and of His followed him to the village, Son, Jesus Christ.

The World Day of Prayer is thanked him and came home, sponsored by the Council of having met with God face to Women for Home Missions, 105 face. . ..

East Twenty-second St., New ARE YOU STUDYING? York, and the Foreign Missions Conference, 156 Fifth Ave., New Good reading, as well as edu- J. R . S oo tlord York. The Day is observed in cational in content, are the new DOR CH EST E:R AC AD E MY SCHOOLGIRL. more than fifty countries. books published by the Mission- ary Education Movement and McI NTOSH, GEORGIA The program material for F ebruary 12, 1937, is ready. the Council of Women for Home

i OuJM!:~r~~~:~feCu~~~?Ok I '~II=.======================================

.it EDITED BY MRS. HENRIETTA H. FERGUSON, XENIA, OHIO "

~11=========~==========I$ii)§i AFRICA back to Ethiopia after furlough ment. Twice follow-up meet- in America, have been able to ings have been held with the re- One By One Work in Egypt continue their interrupted jour- sult that hundreds of the rather Missionaries in Egypt deplore ney. -The Life of Faith. wild mountain Bakiga are flock- ing to the churches. Large the lack of desire to win "other Christian Police Association bands are going out teaching. sheep," even on the part of born- One outcome has been that na- About a thousand new mem- tive church collections increased again Christians. Words flow bers joined the International by about half during the last easily, but there is little definite Christian Police Association in three months of the year. It is praying for the conversion of South Africa last year. About expected that the Diamond J ubisouls. A few years ago a coun- ninety police stations and depots lee may be celebrated in 1937. terpart of the English "One By at different places in the Union were visited by the Traveling -C. M. S. Outlook. One Band" was started, and the call to individual work was p:r:e- sented. It was urged that it Secretary, and the most encour- The March of Progress would be a help to be definite in aging feature is that so many prayer if answers were recorded men have accepted Christ as A significant evidence of in the little book "Throne of their Saviour. change in West Africa is seen Grace"; many have now joined The membership of the I. C. in the attendance of the native the Band and some have had an- P. A. in South Africa is now King of Oyo at the reunion of swers to prayer for individuals. about 3,800. During the year old students of St. Andrew's 1,000 New Testaments have been College, Oyo. In all the years of A little group of Egyptian' circulated, besides thousands of the college's history it has never "One by One" members now ex- tracts and leaflets, and many let- been visited by a king. He is ists at almost all the stations of ters of thanks have been re- regarded as too sacred to be the Egypt General Mission, com- ceived from those who have re- looked upon by the common peoposed of teachers, Biblewomen ceived blessing through these. ple, and always when giving auand a few Christian women in The strength of the European the districts. At a testimony force of the South African police dience his face would be hidden meeting of members among the is between 7,000 and 8,000, plus by a veil of coral beads suswomen in Zeitoun last October, the native police, which is be- pended from his crown or coral one told how she had long prayed tween 3,000 and 4,000. headgear. But even the most for a brother who had been ter- strongly entrenched customs of ribly opposed to even the men- -The Life of Faith. the old days are giving way betion of Christ or religion, and fore the march of progress. To- how her prayer had been an- The C. M. S. in Uganda day the theory is gaining ground swered by the brother's conver- that as a king is supported from sion. Dr. J. E. Church of the C. M. the taxes paid by his people, the S. tells how one and another of people should both see and know -Egypt General Mission News. the Christians in Uganda and the man whom they support as Missionaries May Remain in Ruanda have been led during their ruler. Ethiopia the past six years into a new and -C. M. S. Outlook. deeper knowledge of Christ, and Dr. T. A. Lambie, Director of have a keen desire to bring oth- Open Doors in Nigeria the Sudan Interior Mission in ers to Him. "Those who had The Northern Provinces of Addis Ababa, writes that he has this new experience returned to Nigeria-Kano, Sokoto, Katsina obtained permission from Gen- their homes or to visit friends and Bornu, with some other Mo- eral Graziani, the Viceroy, for at other stations, and caused a hammedan sections-have been the missionaries of the Society stir by their obvious joy and en- strictly closed against the misto remain and carryon their thusiasm. Following a conven- sionary and his message. Ef- work. As a result of this news, tion at Kabale last year a move- forts have been made to secure Mr. Eric Horn, a New Zealand- ment of individual conviction religious toleration, and in 1933 er, and his wife and three-year- and repentance began, and in and 1934 sites were given the old son, who were held up in the 250 out-schools this became Sudan Interior Mission in Kano London last April on their way in some places a mass move- and at Garko, thirty-six miles [499 ]

from Kano City. This year the Cameroun Churches WESTERN ASIA Mission has been granted further openings into the once There has been a gain of about Keith-Falconer Mission Jubilee closed areas, and sites are prom- 1,000 in the communicant memised in each of the provinces bership of Pre s by t e ria n The Keith-Falconer Mission above named. One site has been churches in the Cameroun, in South Arabia completed 50 selected at Roni, seventy miles bringing the number to 37,935, years of service in 1935. Today, northwest of Kano City. with a gain of nearly 2,000 in the mission station at Sheikh the number of catechumens, who Othman is many times the size Recently, one of Northern number 52,782. The average of the small grass hut in which Nigeria's leading Emirs said; Sunday attendance for the sixty- Ion Keith-Falconer started his "I would welcome missionaries four churches with their 1,230 work; but it has approximately anywhere in my territory, even outposts is 115,000. Christian the same site. The medical staff in this town where I live, and work is harder than in earlier comprises two male doctors and any of my people who wish to days, due partly to the contact one woman doctor, two nursing become followers of your faith with a civilization shot through sisters, and an Arab staff of sixwill not be hindered in so do- with evil, the deplorable fact teen. The boys' school has fifty ing." Negotiations are under that second generation Chris- boys and four teachers; and way for missions to take over tians are in general less depend- there is a small girls' school. the provincial leper camps, now able than first and the large The influence of the mission is under government supervision, number who make a start then felt throughout the Aden Prowhich will mean a further open- leave the Christian way. tectorate and beyond; patients ing of the Moslem areas to mis- come by the hundred for treatsions. Nearly 7,000,000 people But over against this is the ment from the mountainous and are now brought within the pos- splendid force of native Chris- fertile Yemen. They carry back sible hearing of the Gospel. tian assistants, many of whom to their homes the example of are as earnest and as loyal to the Christian service and the seeds -The Christian. cause as the missionaries them- of Christian truth. There are at selves. These native workers least three small dispensaries Sleeping Sickness Problem are not confined to the evangel- staffed by mission-trained boys. istic force, but are in the educa- The Nlong River with its tional, the medical, the indus- Literacy is rare in South Arabranches is literally the valley of trial, and all lines of missionary bia, so that as yet Gospel distrithe shadow of death because it work, w h i I e throughout the bution cannot be a hopeful way is thickly infested with the tset- churches are many men and of Christ's entry. The simplest se fly-carrier of trypanosomi- women giving much time and possible primary schools are a asis, or sleeping sickness. Be- effort to Christian work. Mis- crying need. fore treatment by Europeans sionary societies organized by began, every infected person the Africans themselves send Arabia Goes Modern succumbed. The French medical catechists to unoccupied fields, service has many doctors in the carryon their support, and in Arabia, in company with all field giving their whole time to some cases have built chapels to Near East countries, is being diagnosis and treatment of this care for the groups thus col- rapidly modernized, and harddisease; they have healed many. lected. ship is resulting to many who have not yet reacted to the There are three large centers Medical Work in Tripoli change. Usages of almost sacwhere the principle part of their rosanct significance are being work is to care for and treat the The medical mission in Tripo. put aside. In the sacred sanctupatients. In some of the camps li, of the North Africa Mission, ary electric light has been inas many as 500 patients take a which has been running for stalled, and the men who tended three months course of treat- nearly fifty years, was in dan- the hundreds of olive oil lamps ment. Several remedies are ger of being closed by the Italian are no longer needed. Motor cars used, nearly all forms of arsenic, authorities. Dr. James Liley, now carry the pilgrims to the which seems to be most effec- who is in charge, has, however, holy cities of Mecca and Medina, tive. These are injected at in- been duly recognized and regis- and the thousands of camels and tervals of from five to ten days. tered in Rome, which carries their attendant army of camel- The treatment sometimes causes permission to practice in Italian men, formerly employed, are not blindness, but it is either blind- colonies. A hampering regula- now required. The Hejaz Govness or·death, for without treat- tion is one which does not per- ernment is reported to have 300 ment there is only one outcome. mit a doctor to compound medi- cars in use, and King Ibn Evangelists throughout this re- cines even for his own patients. Saoud's own procession of cars gion live with, and minister to This must be done by a chemist, may be anything up to 150. the people. Missions have a and consequently adds to the share in combatting the disease, cost of treating the crowds of Diminution of the number of but government forces are well indigent sufferers who come for pilgrims is so great that the organized, so that no place is help. thousands of Arabs in sacred uncared for. cities who lived by serving them -World Survey Service. are now destitute. Medina -The Drum Call.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTOOK

which before the War may have ic institutions, such as schools agricultural impleme~ts and other rural acceSSOrIes. Mr. had a population of 80,000 is and hospitals." Such in brief is Case led the group in prayer and the cavalcade moved on. The now estimated to have 8,000. the summary of a significant band came early into action and we dashed through the town to Such is the etfect of electricity statement made to Bishop Moore the unexpected but inspiring strains of 'Marching Through and motor cars. of the C. M. S., by some of the Georgia.' Citizens said: 'There -The Indian Witness. leaders of the Ezhavas, a com- goes Padre Case to build a new Burma.' When the band tired munity numbering well over two playing, it took to singing, 'Counting Its Blessings" and Situation in Palestine million who reside in Travan- 'Gathering at the River,' in hopeful mood. Arriving at the There appears to be no appre- core and the surrounding dis- village the group resolved itself tricts. They are described as a into Boy Scouts, Sunday school ciable improvement in the sit- virile people, with a strong com- teachers, Passion players and uation in .t'alestine. More troops . munal consciousness, and a de- friends of everybody. Games have been brought in and thus termination to rise. Many have were organized and the village tar authorities have been un- education, good houses and children entered in shoals. Mr. able to establish order. The fear lands; and there have been Case busied himself visiting continues among Jews that Brit- among them lawyers, poets, doc- school gardens, where some ain may yield to the Arab de- amazing triumphs of agriculturmand for the setting aside of tors and religious leaders. al ingenuity were on view, inthe Balfouy declaration which specting his 'Christian pigs,' promises to facilitate "the es- Early in the year their execu- giving a blessing here and a tives, by a vote of twenty-six out warning there. The day ended Lablishment in Palestine of a of thirty resolved on the Ezha- with a religious play, very well National Home for the Jewish vas embracing Christianity. A done by the members of the People" (this being followed by band, in which the foes of rural the words, "it being clearly un- referendum reveals that in most progress and the way to overderstood that nothing shall be localities from 60 to 90 per cent come them were depicted in favor the proposal. ways familiar alike to the resi- dent peasant and the wandering done which may prejudice the If the decisive step of adopt- secretary." ing Christianity is taken, the civil and religious rights of ex- task of imparting adequate in- Significant Event isting non-Jewish communities struction to multitudes of conin Palestine"). The Arabs de- verts will tax to the uttermost The Watchman-Examiner reclare that they will die rather ports an event of extraordinary than give up the battle. The the resources of the missions significance for India. A young which are carrying on work Brahman, a graduate of Madras Government recently decided to there. The Christian congrega- Christian College, was stationed appoint a royal commission for tions in those parts are small at J anumpet as the new postthe study of the whole situation master. After watching and in Palestine as soon as order is and weak, and not well fitted to talking with the Christians of cope with such a situation. Hap- that section he came forward established. The Arabs declare pily some help is available from for baptism. This was adminthat they have· already had istered by one of the pastors, a the stronger Christian commu- Mr. Paul who is an outcaste. enough of commissions and will nity in the Tamil country far- Then this young man became indo nothing to cooperate in sus- terested in Mr. Sunkiah's daughpending the "strike" in order ther south; and parties of vol- ter, a young widow living with that the proposed commission untary workers, such as school her parents. The marriage ceremay look into things. Wide- teachers on holiday, have been money was performed by Mr. spread anti-Semitism partly ex- already coming at their own ex- Paul :-a convert from the high- pense to render assistance for a est caste baptized by a convert plains the deadlock. from the outcastes and married short period in this great work. to an outcaste, and a widow! B ish 0 p Freeman, of the -Original Secession Magazine. American Episcopal Church, Argument for Unity and others have petitioned the Rural Reconstruction Recent events in India have British Government to stand brought into sharp relief the fact that the attractiveness of firm in its policy respecting Pal- In 1917 American Baptist estine and the Jews. Christian missionaries took to farming Arabs, with a representation of and acquired five acres of land Roman Catholics, have sent a for demonstration. The venture protest urging more accurate ac- prospered and in 1922 the govquaintance with Arab griev- ernment leased 180 acres to the ances. -United Presbyterian. Mission, enabling them to open INDIA-BURMA a school which has proved a hap- py instance of cooperation. In the Baptist Missionary Review, The Ezhavas Look Toward J. Z. Hodge describes a weekly Christ rural pilgr1image in which he "Weare dissatisfied with Hin- joined.

duism; we admire Jesus Christ; "We started early, and in we appreciate the lives of the state. A trailer attached to the Christian missionaries; we ad- car contained the school brass mire the Christian philanthrop- band, distributed among various

Christ and His Gospel depend ing murder sentences. The one chow, for up to about three very largely upon the conduct who at first was chief objector years ago it was forbidden by and character of the Christian to Christian teaching is now the the Government. Today there Church. When, eight months most diligent learner. She can is an up-to-date broadcasting ago, Dr. Ambedkar called upon repeat from memory the fif- station in Foochow itself, and the 60,000,000 untouchables of teenth Psalm, the Lord's Prayer practically every other house in India to give up Hinduism and and other Bible verses given her. this crowded city has its own embrace some other religion that In addition, she has assumed the wireless. The programs include will give them opportunities for responsibility of teaching the educational lectures, top i c a I a fuller life, a leader of the de- other women who cannot read. talks, Chi n e s e music, the pressed classes said that his peo- When one of the prisoners was weather and news. Mission ple hesitated to adopt the Chris- released, she took with her schools are asked from time to tian religion, because, whereas copies of hymns, verses. and time to put on a musical pro- they were one solid, united com- tracts, promising to carry the gram, and no obj ection to sacred munity under Hinduism, they light to others. . music is raised. Last Christmas feared they would be divided and – Watchman-Examiner. a sermon was put on.

scattered among numerous sects -C. M. S. Outlook.

when they became Christians. Siamese Church Progresses Poverty Increases Opium The force of this argument must Consumption The two years' history of the be admitted when one sees the Church of Christ in Siam is The secretary for Chinese af- Christian Church split into 163 proving it capable of self-gov- fairs in Straits Settlements in units in India, in America 250 ernment and self-support. In reporting on the opium situation most of the ten stations, new to the International Labor Office or more, some serious rivals, fields have been opened, or new at Geneva, maintains that the others claiming exclusive pos- church buildings erected to care harder and more killing the la- for growing congregations. In session of the truth. -The Living Church.

Gandhi's Son Embraces Islam Kiulungkiang Station, Dr. Cur- bor, and the more beastly the tis Galt lists himself as "straw conditions in which the laborer Mahatma Gandhi seems to boss," with the work of the hos- lives, the greater the temptation sense no religious conviction be- pital and the responsibility for to become an addict. A similar hind his son Harilal's conversion the local church on the shoulders report was made for workmen to Islam, and says that "those of his associate, Dr. Kateya, and t h r 0 ugh 0 u t the Far East.

responsible for his acceptance of Siamese-trained colleagues. The "There can indeed be little doubt Islam did not take the most or- dedication of the new Cantonese that the opium problem would dinary precautions as to the Church in Bangkok took place lose much of its intensity," the genuineness of his profession. during the winter, and Chieng- committee declared, "if the con- Surely conversion is a matter mai reports four new chapels ditions of work and life of the between man and his Maker who dedicated and four others under workers affected were improved alone knows His creatures' construction. Most of these are by such means as the adj ustment hearts; and conversion without permanent buildings. The Pet- of hours of work to the normal a clean heart is, in my opinion, chaburi Churches collaborated physical possibilities of human a denial of God and religion." with the government in holding labor, a medical organization He asks his Moslem friends to an agricultural fair which drew capable of insuring adequate examine Harilal in the light of some 20,000 people. In only one treatment of illness, the adjusthis immediate past, and if they town has there been any definite ment of wages to a level suffind that his conversion is a soul- persecution of Christians. In ficient to allow a standard of livless matter, to tell him so plainly six of the stations there are ing consistent wit h normal and disown him, and if they dis- either groups of lepers, or sep- health and comfort, the estabcover sincerity in him, to see arate leper churches. In Srita- lishment of facilities for lathat he is protected against marat, fully half of the lepers borers to be accompanied by temptations so that his sincerity are not Siamese, but Mohamme- their wives and families when results in his becoming a God- dan Malays, who have a vigor- employment involves protracted fearing member of society. For ous prejudice against Christian- absence from their homes, the many years the son has led a ity; or Chinese who do not settlement wherever possible of profligate, dissipated life. understand Siamese, so that op- such laborers on land in which -Dnyanodaya. portunities·:.for evangelism are they would cultivate food sup- Women Prisoners in Assam limited, tho ugh persistently nlies, and the provision of in- used. -Foreign Missions. creased facilities for the utiliza- A group of Bible women have CHINA tion of spare time." been going regularly to the Gau- -Christian Advocate.

hati jail in Assam to carry the Broadcasts from Foochow Rural Projects Christian message to women prisoners, numbering from five Broadcasting is a compara- In a letter from the field to to eight, some of whom are serv- tively recent innovation in Foo- World Call is reported some of

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTOOK

the work being done by Mr. To Teachers: of the pupils were such little Wang Chi-tien who was sent The disciplinary influence of a girls that the Religious Educato Hofei to undertake a work of teacher is great, but seldom of value tion secretary said: "How can reconstruction from the Chris- if exerted through corporal punish- these children get anything? tian point of view. He has se- ment. Sympathetic guidance will do This is a class to train leaders, far more to mold a child's character lected one village near enough to than force can ever hope to do. not a children's meeting!" But Luchowfu to make pos3ible the Tactful cultivatio_n of good habits there they were, apparently abuse of the various institutional sorbing very little. Later, a resources and specialists of the will greatly strengthen a developing school was asked for by the peo- character.

Children whose mentality is below city, and some of the steps al- normal need special understanding ple in Wang Family Village and ready taken are: and sympathy. Every effort should be made to develop in them the will the "too little" girls scrubbed 1. An improved school for the boys to study and persevere. and made ready a room. They and girls of the village has been began by having a daily Bible A good teacher's pride is in the started with a Christian teacher in mental development of his pupils class, to learn how to be Christcharge. The school is practically self- rather than in their scholastic success. like. supporting. To Socia·l Workers: -Woman's Missionary Friend. 2. For the many poor children who cannot pay even the small fees of this The social worker's first aim should Baptist Centennial school, two hour classes are taught by be to provide for children who are the pupils of the regular classes, thus homeless or whose homes do not offer Canton extends a special welmaking education possible for even the necessities for their moral and come Oct. 13-18, 1936, to all visthe poorest child in the village. physical development. itors for the Centennial pro- gram, commemorating the first 3. Medical service, medicine and There is ample scope for the estab- hundred years of American, health education are provided at a cost lishment of welfare centers, children's British and Swedish Baptist within the reach of all at the clinic refuges and hospitals, healthy play- Mission work. In Canton one established by the Luchowfu Christian ground and recreation centers, etc. may see the fruits of the labors Hospital. of I. J. Roberts of Tennessee, In many places effective measures who was the first foreigner to 4. The young men of the village are are not yet in force for prevention of live outside of the restricted organized into a class in the evening. the ill-treatment or neglect, kidnap- area. One of the strongest ping or selling of children. churches in Canton, the begin- 5. Women's classes are held twice nings of the printing of Chriseach week to teach better home-mak- The task of caring for and educat- tian literature and indigenous ing. ing the thousands of underprivileged medical work eventually de- children in this country, training them 6. Means are provided for economic to loyal and useful citizenship, is a improvement through the service of tremendous one, but on it depends the the government reconstruction unit. future strength and vitality of China. Improved seed and improved stock may be obtained by the simple means -China Bookman. of exchanging their poor seed for the Radiating Knowledge improved, and breeding their own One of China's outstanding veloped from his labors. stock to the improved stock without educationalists, T'ao H sin g – Watchman-Examiner. cost. Many hundreds of new trees are made available for the village, Chih, started the idea of pupils Opium Slaves Set Free and will be planted at Arbor Day festivities. in school teaching other people. The Salvation Army main- As a teacher your success he Sequel to "Children's Year" thinks, is measured not by what tains a refuge for opium addicts you have taught your pupil but in China. Since last September "Children's Year" began in by what he has taught another twenty-four men have passed August, 1935, but political un- and what that second has taught through the refuge, and twelve rest and illiteracy have ham- a third and what the third has have been perfectly cured. The pered the movement. Never be- taught the fourth; in short by War Cry tells of one who had fore has such a campaign been the number of generations of traveled many miles to take the launched. The government, in pupils that you have to your cure. Returning entirely free giving its support to this phys- from the curse he showed hi3 ical, intellectual and moral up- credit. Five years ago Old friends the copy of the Scriplift movement, enumerates some Grandfather Yang helped his tures which had been given him, essential points: daughter to teach a class of and had become well marked To Parents: thirty-five in their own front through use. This was his testi- room, till fifteen had finished the mony: "On arriving home, my The influence of home and environ- advanced course. They had paid ment is stronger than that of educa- no fees, the teacher received no friends and neighbors all retion. salary. Then these fifteen were marked about the great change, ready to be teachers for others. commenting on my healthy color Hygienic and healthy surroundings aid the growth of sound minds as well W hen Religious Education and fat face. They were asking Training Institutes were held in what had happened to me, as not· as strong bodies. Changli, Grandfather Ya n g on'lywas my appearance changed, Control of a child's will and guid- hitched up the family donkey but my nature and disposition- ance in the formation of his moral conceptions are among a parent's first duties. and brought these teacher-girls in fact I appeared a new man. A child's personal observation of his along with his daughter to the Then I told them that it was Je- institute. One of them started a sus who had wrought the parents' words and conduct influences class in her home village and two change." his sense of moral values more than any amount of teaching can do.

JAPAN-CHOSEN courses in literature, philosophy The Overseas Evangelistic theology, pedagogy and other Association, an indigenous so- Christian Prospects subjects, according to need and ciety working among Japanese circumstances. emigrants, has fixed a budget of Dr. E. E. Helms gives this Y4300 for its work in 1936. estimate of the prospects Chris- -International Christian Press. tianity has in the Sunrise King- -International Review of dom: Nation-Wide Evangelistic Missions. Movement Because there are but 350,000 Chris- Nationalism, or Loyalty tians in Japan out of a population of Practically all denominations to God? 65,000,000, many count the work of have decided to participate in Christianity in the Empire a failure. the nation-wide evangelistic St. Paul's University, Tokyo, One of Japan's leading dailies recent- movement and to provide the is the most recent target for the ly said editorially: "The question is funds tentatively apportioned Nationalist marksmen. It is remoral rather than numerical. Chris- among them for financing it. ported that the dean of the tianity is giving to the nation a new university read the imperial reconscience." A high official said The committee planning the script on education with some- Christianity has rendered a service movement has issued a state- thing less than the decorum far out of proportion to the number ment to the nation, which, after desired by certain reactionary of its adherents. sketching the present situation students and alumni, and a pro~ in Japan, states: test strike from classrooms wa~ In 1873 there were signs on the the result. That the strike came roads running out of Tokio, "Death "In this crisis we firmly be- just before the term examinatQ All Christians," "Death to Christ lieve that only the Gospel of tions and that the students in Himself If He Comes This Way." Christ can be the safe guiding addition to asking the dean's Now Christianity, by Imperial edict, star for the people's thinking resignation are expecting to be is one of the three official religions of and bring eternal welfare to the excused from the exams until Japan- Shintoism, Buddhism and fatherland. autumn indicates that patriot- Christianity. Last year a Christian ism may not be the only element daily was launched at Tokio, named, "Zealously therefore we bestir in the situation. It definitely ourselves, and. emphasizing the shows also the levels to which The Christ Religion Newspaper. love of God and the grace of nationalism will stoop to win its Christ we proclaim this Gospel point. A compromise will prob- The Christmas story is told each to our fellow-nationals. In so ably be effected to save face all Christmas Eve over a national hQok- doing we would correct the pres- around, but this will only postup, and last year this was climaxed by ent perilous thought – currents pone the head-on collision bethe singing of the "Hallelujah Chorus" and provide a basis for foster- tween loyalty to God and duty by a trained choir of 1,000. The ing a devout and unalloyed senti- to national policy which Chris- Mikado is a total abstainer, and each ment among the people." tians are anticipating and which of his personal bodyguard of 300 will probably occur first in the picked soldiers mnst take a total ab- The movement 0 pen e d on Christian and private schools of stinence pledge. Thomas Carlyle said: April 28 with a mass evangel- the land. "Christianity cannot be counted, it istic meeting in Tokyo. must be weighed." This is the leaven -The Christian Century. that will leaven the whole Japanese In connection with the movelump. ment, a conference for educators Islam in Favor was held in May in Osaka, to -Evangelical-Messenger. consider the place of religion in A writer in The Indian Re- the training of youth, and the view thinks that the conquest of Proposed Union Christian means of inculcating religious China is not the only goal that University truth and developing the reli- Japan has in mind. He says: gious life in schools and colleges. Last April the presidents and In June a special conference for "One of the things that struck representatives of the various factory owners and managers me when I was in Japan at the Christian schools of higher edu- was held, to study the question beginning of this year was the cation in Japan met at Atami of evangelism among factory great interest that the Japanese for a two days' conference under workers. A union Christian were taking in Mohammedanthe auspices of the Executive of training conference is planned ism and building mosques in difthe Christian Educational Asso- for October and a union service ferent parts of their Empire. In ciation of Japan. Considerable of worship for November. pre-war days when I was there time was devoted to the often I came across hardly any J apadiscussed question of the need The Kingdom of God Weekly nese Moslems, but this time I to form a Union Christian Uni- is still sponsored by a committe~ met quite a good number of versity. A proposal was made chosen by the National Chris- them. A fine Moslem seminary for the establishment of a tian Council, the Kyo Bun Kwan has been established in Tokyo, Scholastic Center for the whole and the Kagawa Group. In under the guidance of Imam Christian Movement in Japan, order, however, to cut down Khurbangali, who enjoys the to be devoted to the investiga- overhead expenses and avoid tion and study of subjects per- deficits, the National Christian taining to man's spiritual, moral Council office has assumed the and social welfare. The plans entire work of pUblication. for the development of such a scheme would include the institution in Japan's capital city of a one department University of Literature and graduate

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTOOK

confidence of both the Moslem be put out; it is an original then village, he is overpowered and non-Moslem Japanese offi- work, not a translation and with the prevailing filth. His cials. From this center Islamic therefore closer to Japanese life first act, then, is to line up all literature is circulated all over and thought. the children and march them off the world. In pre-war days it to a clear mountain stream was difficult to come across any -Japan Christian Quarterly. where he scrubs them thorough- Japanese who knew Arabic, Per- ly with a coconut brush. Next sian or Turkish, and there were ISLANDS OF THE SEA he puts the men through a simhardly any chairs for these Is- ilar laundering. The women are lamic languages in Japanese Visiting the New Hebrides doubtless advised to a like universities. But now one meets course. Then his audience being quite a number of Japanese who Rev. Fred Paton of the John outwardly clean he proceeds to are intimate with those lan- G. Paton Mission, New He- preach a cleansing Gospel for guages, and chairs for them brides, writes in The Life of the inner man. Villages thus have been founded in a great Faith: transformed outwardly and inmany J a pan e s e universities. wardly are "living epistles." Why?" A contingent of natives came from Not uncommonly a stranger will Southwest Bay, and when I told them come to a missionary home in "Dry" Experiments a new missionary had been appointed Papua with the remark: "I have their faces lit up with happiness. heard that you live a Christian The number of "bone dry" They have had a hard, lonely time, life. I want to stay with you a villages has reached twenty. and it is a great relief, as they need few days to witness it." A strik- Tomi Oka village in Miyagi pre- help. Once a quarter I see little, ing contrast was afforded those fecture put the scheme to test for lonely villages for a few hours, and present at the mission's Christone year. So good were the re- the people welcome me. mas celebration, when a group sults that the villagers voted to of heathen were asked by some go dry for five years. Nagoya When the seas are rough, it is im- thoughtless person to give the village in Saga completed its first possible to land, but the teacher and Keveri war cry. It was a bloodperiod of three years and has a few natives scramble aboard. We curdling yell which rose in clivoted to extend the dry regime try to give a little bit of tea and sugar max and then· passed into the for another three years. This is and a few matches, and perhaps a few distance. A moment of silence a fishing village, and in spite of sweets and a ball to the children; then and then the Kwato Mission great poverty used to spend yen we back out and they are left three choir, which happened to be 20,000 a year on alcohol. Miho months alone. near, burst out with Gounod's, village in Nagano has completed "Send out thy light and thy three years of a dry experiment The teachers and their wives do not truth, let them lead me." and has extended the period for think they are heroic. They have another five years. heard of Jesus, and some of them vol- -Sunday School Times. unteer to go to the training institute -The Chronicle. for four years, then to return-not to Some Impressions of Australia their homes, but in many cases to an Spread of Christian Literature out-station and occasionally to die Mr. J. Edwin Orr, evangelist there. We have medicines, but if in New Zealand and Australia, General prosperity has caused there is an epidemic the supply runs gives some of his impressions in a rise in the sales of Christian out. The Christian. literature. During 1935, the Christian Literature Society New Christian Oollege in The twin sins of Australia are gampublished 1,046,100 books and Manila bling and pleasure-craze. Australians periodicals. Over 12,500,000 gamble all the time-it is heartbreakpages of Christian literature It is announced from Manila ing. Gambling pervades the air, and went out. Magazines carry the that the Christian college in taints even churches. Well-known Gospel into nearly a million that city has now been organ- church leaders are seen at the races. homes. They go into every cor- ized under Filipino auspices. Many ministers ignore the gambling ner of Japan, to the South Seas, All the boards concerned have menace: in some churches raffles are to the Malay Peninsula, to advised against the organizing a form of church support. America, to Europe, taking the of the college, and have intiword of God to Japanese scat- mated that they will not be pre- The average Australian is not retered all over the world and link- pared to make appropriations ligious: he is not antireligious either: ing all together. Christians are for it. The mission has granted he is just indifferent. The Commonbeginning to use Bible notes and to the college the use of the wealth of Australia seems to be far commentaries. rooms in the Theological Sem- behind New Zealand in religious in- inary building which have been terest. The worst condition of all is Daily Strength for Children heretofore used by the seminary displayed by the outback-isolated has texts for every day in the for its college work. The new communities growing up without the year with a simple, charmingly institution is now under way Gospel. The Gospel is preached by written talk upon each one. This with Dr. Enrique Sobrepena as some societies to the aborigines: but is the first book of this type to its president. their problem is nothing compared to -Presbyterian Board News. the scattered settlements. The atti- tude of denominational leaders to A Preface to Preaching evangelism is encouraging. There is remarkably good feeling between Bap- A recent report of the Kwato tist, Presbyterian, Churches of Christ, Mission describes evangelist Methodists and the rest. All over Davida's preliminaries to his preaching. Going into a hea-

Australia are found prayer groups for The church is on the eve of its home of the medicine man. revival. The Evangelicals know their greatest period of prosperity." What a difference in the recepneed. The subject of revival is dis- This prediction is based upon tion! "Come in," invited the cussed everywhere, and there is in- Mr. Babson's studies of both man cordially. As they entered creasing desire for blessing. economic and religious move- the home, the woman placed ments of the.past three centuries chairs for them and listened at- The younger generation is making of American life. tentively while the missionaries its influence felt. Several of my best sang two gospel hymns in the campaigns were run by younger – Watchman-Examiner. Indian tongue, then to the Christians. The generation born since prayer, and later to a sermon by 1900 means business; a hunger and Forward Step for-Chinese each missionary. The evangelthirst for revival is evident. Christian Community istic meetings were attended by Endeavor is encouragingly progres- such crowds that each evening sive in most states. Campaigners for The Presbyterian Board of many could not get into the Christ are beginning to make their National Missions has approved church. In all, forty conversions weight felt. the sale of the property of Ming were reported. Other villages Quong Home, Oakland, Calif., wanted the evangelists to hold NORTH AMERICA to Mills College for a sum suffi- services there, but time and cient to provide for the reestab- funds would not permit. To Promote Paganism lishment of the home in two -Presbyterian Board News. units, one for the older girls in The Moody Institute Monthly the Chinese section of Oakland, Alaskans Make Progress wonders whether the evident at- and another for the younger tempt of the office of Commis- girls at Los Gatos, a rural com- As already noted, the Presbysioner of Indian Affairs to pre- munity where the home's special terian Hospital at Point Barrow, serve, and even revive, the health work for the children who Alaska, was turned over to the heathen religious beliefs and are under par physically is now government on July 1. Plans practices of our Indian popula- carried on. provide for an enlarged medical tion, particularly in the western program: a resident physician and southern states, means that Ming Quong, or "Home of Ra- and nursing staff at the hospital; the United States government:.is diant Light," came into being in a field nurse who will travel by . going to violate the first amend- 1925, on a site given for the pur- dog team with an Eskimo guide ment to the Constitution by em- pose by Captain Robert Dollar. to the coast villages east of barking upon a program involv- A suburban white community Point Barrow; rehabilitation of ing the teaching of religion, and has grown up around the home, the hospital building and addia debased heathen religion at the inmates are the only Chinese tion of modern surgical equipthat. children in the public schools, ment. The transfer of the medi- while the Chinese church is six cal work makes possible the ex- It appears that certain gov- miles away. The new set-up, tension of the Board's evangelernment officials profess a deep providing an Oakland and a Los istic program, with a full-time interest in the quaint customs Gatos unit, will remedy this service of itinerant evangelism and practices of primitive peo- handicap to the development of among the Eskimos in the negples, and evince a concern to an effective program. The Oak- lected area east of Point Barrow cater to the curiosity of the rap- land unit will be located in the to Barter Island and Demarcaidly increasing army of tourists Chinese community, wit hi n tion Point at the Canadian borwho desire to see Indian life in walking distance of the Chinese der, in addition to regular its original state and setting, church. preaching and pastoral service and witness snake dances, war -Presbyterian Publicity Sheet. at Barrow and Wainwright. The dances, etc., with all the paint entire evangelistic program will and feathers. To carry out such The Scene Changes be under the supervision of Rev. aprogram would involve the em- Fred Klerekoper, who succeeds ployment of government schools, A year ago a missionary called Dr. Henry W. Greist, recently as agents in reviving and per- at a Papago medicine man's retired on account of broken petuating the old tribal life, with home in San Miguel, Arizona, health. the use of federal money. On on the Mexican border, and the whole, the government's con- asked to be allowed to tell the Rev. Russell Pederson says tribution toward making the In- Gospel story. The Indian's wife that Alaskans have made mardian an intelligent and decent went into the house and brought velous progress in the past deccitizen has been nothing to boast out a gun. "Now, go away!" ade. Most communities now of. she said. And the missionary have up-to-date libraries and went, but not without stopping reading rooms. Radios are con- Is A Revival Coming? at the gate for a word of prayer stantly being installed, and pro- for the man and his wife. grams in English help to edu- Roger Babson, noted statis- cate and entertain. The day is tician, makes a confident predic- Some months later a series of practically past when an intertion in his recent book, "A Re- evangelistic meetings were held preter must be used in giving vival Is Coming," that a great for the Papago Indians scattered spiritual awakening is jus t all over that vast desert. The ahead. He says: "All signs in- missionaries again called at the dicate that America will soon again be swept by a spiritual revival. Nothing can stop it. . . .

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTOOK

the Gospel in Alaska. Seldom paintings depicting the history too small already. A lot has been does one find an Alaskan who of the English Bible from the given in a good location and does not understand English. time of Caedmon. plans for a building are under Alaskans are also seeking to end way. Work is progressing at the sale of intoxicating liquor to -The Christian. several branch stations; at most their people. of them plans are going forward -Presbyterian Board News. Better Movie Campaign for enlarged, or additional build- ings. , Invite Government Employees Dr. Fred Eastman, one of the to Church editors of the Christian Cen- Hopeful Signs in Mexico tury, is still campaigning to im- The Committee on Religious prove American movies. Film The Presbyterian Board re- Life in the nation's capital an- producers consider him their ports that its Mexican Mission nounces that, in cooperation "Public Enemy No. 1." Motion is reduced to the smallest terms with the United States Civil picture magnates have insisted in numbers, but is undiminished Service Commission, welcoming they are entertainers, not edu- in activity. While tension on re- letters will be sent to all new cators, but Dr. Eastman has con- ligious questions has relaxed un- employees in the classified serv- fronted them with the fact that der the more liberal attitude of ices of the government. This they are educators whether they President Cardenas, the Mission will mean about 8,000 letters a know it or not; and that in this has been obliged to spend many year. country we are maintaining two months of anxiety and parleying educational system in conflict- over property questions. It is expected to develop this the public school system and the service of making strangers in motion picture industry. In reorganizing to meet pres- Washington feel at home in some ent conditions, the mission has place of worship of their own "Roman Catholics, it will be followed two general principles: denomination or preference and remembered, took the initiative All work is to be considered as of supplying information re- in cleaning up the movies about a project, with definite aims and garding the location of churches, five years ago; Protestants and goals; and no missionary is to church schools, Bible classes, and Jews joined them, so that in one assume responsibility which can other religious activities; and year the film industry lost $10,- be carried by a Mexican col- to extend it to include employees 000,000. The result is that much league. These principles have in the larger nongovernmental debasing stuff has been elimi- worked out, thus far, not only agencies, such as the American nated from films shown in to the extension of established Federati~n of Labor, the Na- America. But the producers work, but even to the opening of tional Educational Association, have not had a change of heart. some new fields. Two years ago, the United States Chamber of They have only been spanked." the progress of missions in Mex- Commerce, and any other new- Meanwhile the problem is being ico seemed blocked at every turn. comers to Washington. approached from another angle. Today, "mission" as an organ- Some hundreds of high schools ized and foreign-controlled en- -The Living Church. in America now have classes in terprise is still blocked, but the motion pictures appreciation, Christians have found their way Texas Bible Exhibit and this idea will probably de- to the hearts of others. velop. The American Bible Society Work among young people in is showing a remarkable collec- LATIN AMERICA Mexico is taking on increasing tion of Texas pioneer Bibles at importance, from babies on the Dallas Centennial Exposi- The Brethren Mission in through college age. Group tion. Copies of a "Breeches" Bi- Argentina training in music, especially ble, published in 1615, and a hymns, has been the service of Czech Bible, published in 1613, The Foreign Mission Society one missionary as she has con- are of particular interest. The of the Brethren Church assumes ducted these classes for young latter was buried in a field for responsibility for evangelizing a people in churches within reach safety during the persecutions strip of Argentina about 200 of the capital. Another new ven- in BoHemia, and was later miles in width and between ture is a church camp for girls brought to Texas by Moravian three and four hundred miles in and still another is student evan- settlers. Other exhibits of note length. Of the hundreds of gelism among young men at- include old photographs and thousands only a few hundred tending colleges in Mexico City. documents which tell the story have a saving knowledge of of the Society's work in Texas Christ. Rio Cuarto is the logical Christianapolis-Model during the last 102 years, por- and geographical center of this Village traits of the first agents and field. It is a growing city, with workers, colored slides showing a promising future. At Hernan- Mr. F. C. Glass recently made the processes of translation, do is the largest congregation. a long trip alone through a sec- publication, and distribution of Some remarkable conversions tion of Brazil, several hundred the Scriptures, more than 7,000,- have taken place, the testimony miles northeast of Garanhuns, 000 volumes of which are sent given is genuine, and the work and found a large and wide- out annually, and a frieze of is growing rapidly. The hall is spread community of Christians

living under conditions that re- made a grant of 18,000 marks the Church Mission to Jews in mind one of the life of the early toward the building. Upon the Poland. A writer in The Chris- Puritan fathers. He says that site a "dignified place of wor- tian tells of seeing this work, a happier, healthier or cleaner ship" will be erected by the State and of being deeply impressed lot of folk would be difficult to building administration aided by the sane methods used by the find. by church members, the Reich missionaries. Their English Government of Prussia, and the class, ostensibly for teaching In another state in the distant National Trades Union. It ap- English, is also used as a means south is a large village called pears that the Prussian Ministry of preaching the Gospel. Those Christianopolis, built in a forest of State recently conferred upon who come are all told very plainclearing and laid out as Faith the Russian Orthodox diocese ly that the missionaries are not Street, Joy Lane, Con cor d the legal rights of a constitution- taking this class only to teach Square, etc., and where only al body in which the Orthodox English, but to introduce to Christians may dwell. They churches in Germany "retain a them the claims of Christ, and have their own shops and little state-recognized and state-pro- the response is gratifying. trades, and possess a church tected form in which the followseating 500 people which is al- ers of this faith can live in close "In personal talks with one ready far too small for their re- communion with their fellow be- and another," says this writer, quirements. They do not smoke, lievers from other countries, es- "I could see how the Spirit of drink, dance, nor is a cinema pecially from the Balkan coun- God was working – breaking allowed to corrupt their morals tries, now living in Germany." down prejudice, and awakening and lure them back to the world. a desire for Christ as their Sav- They hold an annual convention Church Union in France iour, as well as their Messiah. of a Keswick character, when There is no doubt that among huge crowds gather for °a week, French Protestant Churches, their number there are some to study God's Word. chiefly represented by the Re- who are secret believers, and formed and the Reformed Evan- who are weighing up the conse- -The Christian. gelical bodies, have practically quences of baptism. Mr. Par- agreed to unite. By-gone causes sons ought to have fifty aggres- Tent Campaign in Puerto Rico of division are no longer under- sive evangelists and colporteurs stood or appreciated. It is ex- A Sunday school missionary pected that National Synods among the millions of Jews in Puerto Rico tells this story in will shortly reach a definite there." the Presbyterian Banner: agreement. Jews Going to Spain Near Bartolo a Christian brother A financial forward movement began to hold meetings in a large is in progress, and French gen- The legend of "The Wandering farmhouse. Many people gathered, so erosity is open handed. Before Jew" is no myth. From many a a request was sent for the Sunday the fiscal year of the Society of land Jews have had to flee from school missionary to come with his bus Missions closed in March, a mil- persecution. Strangely enough, and gospel tent equipment. We lion francs were received, which one of the lands that is opening packed our bus to the very top with closed the year without a deficit its doors to persecuted Jews is canvas, poles, boards for seats, baby -an experience known only once the land where four and a half organ, literature, stereoptican ma- before in thirty years. Mission- centuries ago their forefathers chine, military cots, gasoline lanterns, aries are returning to their sta- endured the indescribable crueland the hundred and one things neces- tions and no fields are to be ties of the Spanish Inquisition. sary for a fifteen-day campaign. abandoned. The 800,000 francs It is said that government of- accumulated deficits of the Soci- ficials and the people of influ- Those sturdy-headed, reckless peo- ety of Missions will, it is con- ence in general regret the part ple came in crowds to the tent; they fidently hoped, soon be cleared were respectful and interested, they off. The Reformed Evangelical taken by their country in the exwere stirred to the depths, and 103 Churches have launched an ap- pulsion of Jews in the fifteenth confessed Christ as their Saviour. A peal for 3,000,000 francs and in century, and in every way are desire for a chapel grew in their three months have received seeking to convey the impreshearts. A prominent man gave the nearly one-third of it. site and a group of young people from sion that today there exists no the Marina church in Mayaquez -World Survey Service. prejudice against the Jews or helped launch the campaign for rais- any other race. Within the past ing money. Enthusiasm grew, and Poland and the Jewish two years a considerable numout of their great poverty, with plan- Problem ber of Jews from Nazi Germany ning and sacrifice, the Bartolo people are finding their way into Spain, are building a house of worship. A The largest number of Jews large class of candidates is being pre- in the world is found in Poland, a perhaps the largest groups gopared for church membership. which is largely the fountain head of world Jewry. Jews ing to the south. Seville has EUROPE form one-seventh of the popula- growing Jewish population, with tion in Poland. Rev. Martin scattered communities through- A German-Russian Church Parsons is directing the work of out Andalusia.

The Living Church reports As a people, Jews are not that the Nazi ~overnment on identified wit h communism. July 3d placed a building site at Their traditions are all to the the disposal of the Russian Or- contrary. thodox diocese of Berlin for the reconstruction of the Russian Orthodox cathedral, and has Our· Missionary Bookshelf Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information BOOKS WORTH READING Omwa? Are You Awake? By P. H. Black and White in East Africa. ON AFRICA J. Lerrigo. 175 pp. $1.25. Revell. By Richard C. Thurnwald, with New York. 1936. chapter on "Women" by Hilde By REV. EMORY Ross Thurnwald. 218. Geo. Routledge Intimate, human and discern- & Sons. London. Western Civilization and the Natives ing sketches of the life of Afri- of South Africa: Studies in Cul- cans and foreigners in Congo- Detailed study of perplexing ture Contact. By I. Schapera. 158. industry, government, religion, problems emerging from the Routledge. London. 1934. medicine, education, folk-tales- contact between black and white by a man who has both knowl- in Africa. An important reference work. edge and insight. Some conception of the cultural The School in the Bush. By Victor shock now being experienced by The Golden Stool. By Edwin W. Murray. $5.00. Longmans Green Africa is necessary for proper Smith. $1.50. Harpers. New & Co. New York. 1929. understanding of that continent. York. 1928. A qualified outsider's view of Christ in the Great Forest. Felix Not to be missed by one who African education. Comprehen- Faure. 181 pp. $1.00, cloth; 60 would have, in a very readable sive. Provocative. cents, paper. Friendship Press. form, an introduction to the New York. 1936. African of today against the The Gospel and the African. By background of yesterday. Alexander Hetherwick. 176 pp. Fifteen case histories that 48. 6d. T. & T. Clark. Edinburgh. show Christianity's impact upon God's Candlelights. By Mable Shaw. 1932. Africans in the Gabun. M. 197 pp. 28. 6d. Edinburgh House Faure has been for thirty years Press. London. Friendship Press, Half a century of missionary a French Protestant missionary New York. $1.00. 1936. experience was the preparation in West Africa. for this study of African reli- A discerning teacher's story gious life and the changes African Bridge Builders. William C. of how Christ helped the African brought by Christianity. Bell. 168 pp. $1.00, cloth; 60 girls build God's village – the cents, paper. Friendship Press. girls' boarding school at Mbere- Literature for the South African New York. 1936. shi, Northern Rhodesia. Bantu. By R. H. W. Shepherd. 81 pp. 18. The Carnegie Corporation A collection, skilfully and The Life of Dr. Donald Fraser. By Visitors' Grants Committee. Precompactly edited, of stories by Agnes R. Fraser. 326 pp. 78. 6d. toria, South Africa. 1936. and about Africans, taken from Hodder and Stoughton. London. that splendid series, "Little 1934. A comparative study of Negro Book for Africa." literary achievements – in Af- rica and the United States.

Modern Industry and the African. The life story of one great Apolo of the Pygmy Forest. New By J. Merle Davis. $2.50. Inter- African missionary written by and Enlarged Edition. 82 pp. national Missionary Council, New another-his wife. C. M. S. London. 1936. York. 1932. Sons of Africa. By Georgina A. Gol- The fascinating story of an The most comprehensive study lock. 241 pp. Map. 75 cents, African missionary to Africans. yet made of that baffling tri- boards; 50 cents, paper. Friendangle: Church – industry – ship Press. New York. 1928. Among Congo Pygmies. By P. Sche- Africa. Relates particularly to bester. 188. Hutchinson. London. the world's largest mines – of Life stories of great Africans, 1933. diamonds, gold and copper, in more than a score of them, from Africa. the Askia (Usurper) of the 15th About the only full-length century, who founded a great book yet written dealing scien- tifically with those shy people, The African Today. By Diedrich dynasty, to Aggrey of the 20th, among the world's most primi- Westermann. $3.00. 343 pp. Ox- 'Yho did more. tive, the pygmies of the Ituri ford University Press. New York. forest. Aggrey of Africa. By Edwin W. 1934.

Able survey of African condi- Smith. $1.00. Friendship Press. Liberia Old and New. J. L. Sibley tions by one of the directors of New York. 1929. the International Institute of and D. Westermann. $3.00. Smith.

Best modern biography of an New York. 1928.

African Languages and Cul- African. Aggrey was remark- Good short treatment of the tures. able; the book is excellent. Negro Republic. Mr. Sibley Any of the books noted in these columns wi11 be sent by the ReVIew publishers on receipt of price.

[509 ] died in service as the govern- portunity. Mr. Ross, for twenty ciety describes in popular form ment's educational adviser. years a missionary in Africa and recently secretary of the Congo the romance and reality of pro- Forest Hospital at Lambarene. By Protestant Mission Council, here Albert Schweitzer. 191 pp. $2.00. describes the land, its people, ducing Christian literature and Holt & Co. New York. 1931. problems, mission work and fu- Bible translations in new lan- A medical mission to Africans ture – not by a recital of dry discussed by a well-known medi- statements but by picturesque guages that have never been re- cal missionary philosopher. facts, descriptions and incidents. The colored map and reading duced to writing. This is one of Surveys Made by World Dominion list add to its value as the senior Movement. London and New York. study book for the year. the most important parts of the A valuable series of books on D. L. P. missionaries' task. Mr. Smith various African areas, dealing with missionary occupation, sta- tells how men who have gone to tistics, government problems, education, medicine, the Church. Central Africa, the Islands of Africa View. By J. Huxley. $3.50. the Sea and elsewhere, without Harpers. New York. 1931. any knowledge of the language A leading British scientist ex- amines Africa. Stimulating. of the people, have patiently and The Partition and Colonization of Congo Crosses. By Julia Lake KeI'- with ingenuity learned to speak Africa. By C. P. Lucas. $4.20. Oxford University Press. New lersbergeT. $1.00, cloth; 50 cents, with the natives, have reduced York. 1932. paper. Friendship Press. New the languages to writing and A well told story of the Euro- pean grab of Africa. York. 1936. have finally translated the Bible.

Boomba Lives in Africa. By Caro- Mrs. Kellersberger is already Many humorous experiences are line Singer and Cyrus LeRoy Bald- ridge. Holiday House, London. widely known in America for recorded due to mistakes in pro- 1935. her stirring addresess on the nunciation or to misunderstand- Story of a ten-year-old West African boy. For children. Congo, her missionary field. ings. In Uganda the word for Full page drawings by Mr. Bald- ridge. Here she describes the land on "wizard" (forbidden in the Bi- Haile Selassie Emperor of Ethiopia. which s hi n e s the Southern ble) was used for medical mis- By The Princess Asfa Yilma. 305 pp. $4.00. Illus. and maps. D. Cross; the trails and landscapes sionary and added to the diffi- Appleton-Century Co. New York. 1936. of the Africans – heathen cus- culties. Among the Shans of An excellent volume on Ethio- toms, slavery, climate, wars, Burma the same word, with dif- pia, with all its aspects discern- ingly discussed up to early part witchcrafts, hard labor, and pov- ferent tones, means man y of 1936. The writer is a half- British Ethiopian p r inc e s s, erty, which constitute their in- things. "Ma rna rna rna rna" European educated. dividual and tribal crosses, and may be translated, "Help the The Golden Legend of Ethiopia. By Post Wheeler. 183 pp. $2.00. D. finally the Cross of Christ by horse, a mad dog comes." Appleton-Century Co. New York. 1936. which Africans are being re- The book is exceedingly inter- The traditional romantic story deemed for time and eternity. esting and shows the great im- of Makeda, Queen of Sheba, and King Solomon, told by an Amer- This book, especially for women, portance of accurate language ican career diplomat, recently minister to Albania. How the is unique, well illustrated and work in order to get at a peo- ark came to Ethiopia, and other . Ethiopic traditions which have informIng. D. L. P. ple's soul and to give them the greatly helped to mold the Ethiopian nation. The Land and Life of Africa. By Gospel so that they will under- Margaret Wrong. IlIus. Map. Out of Africa. By Emory Ross. 12mo. 144 pp. 28. The Living- stand. D. L. P. $1.00, cloth; 60 cents, paper. 216 stone Press. London. 1935. pp.; map. Friendship Press. New Consider Africa. By Basil Mathews. York. 1936. Here is an excellent introduc- Maps. 12 mo. 181 pp. $1.00 cloth, tion to the study of Africa. Miss 60 cents paper. Friendship Press. Noone will wish to miss this Wrong is a well-informed, a New York. 1936. graphically written volume on clear, illuminating writer. She Africa, the continent of adven- pictures vividly the town and Weare debtors to Africa for ture, romance, tragedy and op- village life, not by an array of the gold, the ivory, the dia- impersonal facts, but by describ- monds, the copper, coffee and ing the experiences of individual cotton, palm oil and cocoa, and Africans. She tells also of the skins of all kinds that have journeys through the bush on come from that rich continent; foot, by rail and motor car and we are debtors to the Africans, airplane. African races and even more because of past ex- history, governments and edu- ploitation of these primitive peo- cation are treated in separate ples – an exploitation and op- chapters. It is not a report of pression that is still going on. missionary w 0 r k but gives It is a country of romance and graphic glimpses of the influence adventure of vast variety and of Christianity and reveals the far-reaching possibilities. The background in which missiQn African is a deeply interesting character, of many tribes and work is conducted. D. L. P. races, of varied characteristics, customs and beliefs. But Africa The Shrine of a People's Soul. By and the Africans are changing. Edwin W. Smith. 208 pp. 28. As a rule they are still primitive Edinburgh House Press. London. and childlike but multitudes are 1929. seeing new light and hope and are becoming leaders of their The Editorial Secretary of the British and Foreign Bible So-

OUR MISSIONARY BOOKSHELF

people. This is the country and of the interesting stations vis- terial, including African games, people, south of the Sudan, that ited was that of Dan Crawford, stories, proverbs, music, sugges- form the foreign mission study so that we have an independent tions for dramatization, refresh- topic for the coming year. Basil view of the work of this mighty ments, etc.

Mathews has given us a most missionary. The whole diary Thinking with Africa. Edited by interesting introduction to the and the photographs enable us Milton Stauffer. Boards, 50 cents; subject. It is less a study book to travel with Miss Dunkel- paper, 25 cents. New York. 1927.

than a popular description of the berger, to see with her eyes, feel African thought interpretea African, his country and char- with her heart and sympathize by Christian nationals and misacteristics. Here we see him with her spiritual reactions. sionaries. with his shining body and ready D. L. P. The Moffats. By Ethel Daniels Hublaugh, his expressive dance and BOOKS FOR YOUNG PEO- bard. Cloth, $1.00; paper, 75 cents. PLE AND CHILDREN New York. drum; his bondage to supersti- Camp Fires in the Congo. By Mrs. Popular life of Robert and tion and fear. We read of the John M. Springer. 128 pp. 75 Mary Moffat, pioneer mission- cents, cloth; 50 cents, paper. The aries in South Africa. African labor problem-so dif- Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Missions. Bos- Livingstone the Pathfinder. By Basil ferent from American and Eu- ton. 1936. Mathews. Cloth, $1.00; paper, 75 cents. rope – the native moral weak- This is one of those books, os- tensibly written for children The most popular biography nesses and imported white man's which their elders will not read- of Livingstone. ily lay aside, if they once begin vices; the cruelty and oppres- it. But a narrative skillfully Uganda's White Man of Work. By told is one of the best ways to Sophia Lyon Fahs. Cloth, 50 cents; sion of European. conquerors carry important truth. Mrs. paper, 25 cents. Springer's style is direct and and the changes that are taking vivid. Few words are wasted The life of Mackay of Uganda. in abstractions or generalities. place. Finally we read of the That is, it is the style most at- In the African Bush. By Jewel tractive to young people. The Huelster Schwab. coming of the Christian mission- six chapters cover a great num- ber of incidents, which give one Stories of African life for ary and the results of the Gos- juniors.

pel. It is a book worth reading FOR PRIMARY CHILDREN AND BEGINNERS -one that whets the appetite for a better acquaintance with marvelous Africa and the fas- cinating people. A valuable bib- liography and index,· and a good colored map are included. . D. L. P.

Crossing Africa. By Stella C. Dunkelberger. Illus. 8vo. 105 pp. an intimate view of the thoughts Children of the Chief. By Mary $1.00. Mission Office. 147 W. and customs of the Congo peo- School Lane, Germantown, Pa. Entwistle. Cloth, 50 cents; paper, ple. In fact the book contains a 25 cents.

The D. M. Stearn's Fund has surprising amount of informa- The Red Friendly Book. By Muriel ministered to missionaries all tion on the people of the Congo. R. Wray. Boards, 40 cents. over the world for some forty years. After serving for twenty- There are many excellent illus- Kembo: A Little Girl of Africa. five years as home secretary, trations, printed on paper best By Winifred E. Barnard. Boards, Miss Dunkelberger decided to adapted to bring them out. This 50 cents.

visit some of the African mis- book is a fine addition to mis- Efiong: A Little Boy of Africa. By sionary literature, and, indeed, Ella B. Floyer. Boards, 40 <'ents.

sions she had helped, and trav- to popular literature u p 0 n SUPPLEMENTARY eled across Africa by way of the Africa. Congo River and Elizabethville R. M. K. MATERIAL to Portuguese East Africa. These diary letters, with over OTHER FRIENDSHIP Africa Picture Sheet. 25 cents. one hundred pictures, tell the PRESS BOOKS story. It is very enlightening A folder of pictures for class- The Land and Life of Africa. By to share her many interesting room use. experiences, by boat and car- Margaret Wrong. 138 pp. 50 riers of various kinds, as she cents, paper. 1936. Africa Picture Stories. Spedal price, visited the missions in out-ofthe-way stations, saw the na- An accurate account of daily 25 cents the set. tives in the raw and as trans- life and thought, religion and formed by the power of Christ. work in Africa. Recommended Five pictures and a story Some of the photographs are especially for young people and clear and instructive. It is a adults, including leaders of all about each picture. personal narrative, in which age groups. many unimportant items are in- Boys and Girls of Africa. 15 cents. Fun and Festival from Africa. By Catherine Miller Balm. 25 cents, Six sheets of African pictures paper. New York. to be colored.

Directions for Making an African Village. 25 cents.

A set of drawings to be cut out and assembled.

Loose-Leaf Series No. i-Africa. 15 cents. .

cluded and some details of value Pamphlet, by the author of An illustrated pamphlet of are omitted – including the ex- Chinese Ginger and Joy from games, songs, handcraft sugges- act names of workers met. One Jap(m, contains a wealth of ma- tions and folk tales from Africa.

New Books Obituary Notes Mrs. Carrie Ballah Harrell, writer and missionary, said to have been the Lights and Shades of Christendom to (Concluded from page 449.) first white child born in Japan, died A. D. 1000. H. Pakenham-Walsh. July 13th, in Baltimore, Maryland, at Maps. 368 pp. $4.00. Oxford Uni- Miss Jean Kenyon Mackenzie, for the home of her daughter, Mrs. H. versity Press. New York. Donovan Swann at the age of seventy- twelve years a missionary of the Pres- four. The History of the Universities' byterian Church to the Bantu tribes Mission to Central Africa. G. Her- of southern Cameroun, Africa, died Mrs. Harrell was the daughter of bert Wilson. Illus. 278 pp. 2s. 6d. the Rev. James H. Harrell, who es· U. M. C. A. London. September 2d in New York. A native tablished the first Protestant church in Japan, on the treaty ground es- Christian Materialism: Inquiries In- of Elgin, Ohio, and the daughter of ta',Jlished by Admiral Matthew C. to the Getting and Spending and Perry, at Yokohama. Giving of Money. F. J. McConnell. Scottish parents, Miss Mackenzie at- 167 pp. $1.25. Friendship Press. tended school in San Francisco and Mrs. Harrell's introduction of the New York. Braille system into Japan, and her later studied at the Sorbonne, in Par- work among blind and deaf mutes The Social System of the Zulus. E. is. When her father became pastor won her the honor of being received J. Krige. Illus. 420 pp. 25s. Long- by the late Emperor. mans. London. of the Rutgers church, she volun- teered for missionary work and in PROMISE Papuan Wonderland. J. G. Hides. 204 pp. 8s. 6d. Blackie. London. 1904 was sent to what was then the To Read German colony of Kamerun. During The History of Jewish Christianity: and Keep From the First to the Twentieth the next ten years Miss Mackenzie Century. H. J. Schonfeld. Illus. Circulating 256 pp. 7s. 6d. Duckworth. Lon- saw service in four outposts, all but don. one of them ",.lush" towns in the in- Dr. R. A. Torrey's "HOW TO The Way of the Witnesses: A New terior. An internal injury-suffered PRAY," a notable 128-page Testament Study in Missionary Motive. Edward Shillito. 158 pp. one day while riding in a one-wheeled book, and receive copy for 2s. Edinburgh House Press. Lon- African cart-compelled her retire- don. this purpose FREE. ment in 1916. Interpreters: A Study in Contempo- In 1923 Miss Mackenzie attended • rary Evangelism. Max Warren. 142 pp. 2s. 6d. Highway Press. Lon- the Le Zoute Conference to discuss BIBLE INSTITUTE COLPORTAGE don. the future of mission work in Africa. ASSOCIATION Report on the Religious Life in the Here her long friendship with French, 849m N. Wells St., Chicago, Illinois Christian Colleges in China. 45 pp. China Christian Educational Swiss and German mission forces was Assn. Shanghai. brought into play to help the confer- Christian Union in South India: An ence avoid misunderstandings at a Adventure in Fellowship. W. J. Noble. 94 pp. 2s. Student Chris- time when the World War was still tian Movement Press. London. only five years past.

The Encyclopredia of Islam. Edited Miss Mackenzie wrote many books by M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wen- sinck, H. A. R. Gi',Jb, W. Heffening about Africa. Among them are, and E. Levi-Provencal. No. 53: Panguli-Rabb. 1025-1088 pp. Sup- "Black Sheep," "The Trader's Wife," plement No.2: Djughrafiya-Kas- sala. Plates. 65-112 pp. Each "An African Trail," "African Adven- 7s. 6d. Luzac. London. tures" "Friends of wAasfraic~ae"mb"eErxi0l1e Is Christianity Unique? A Compara- and Postman." She tive Study of the Religions. Nicol the editorial staff of Listen which M'acmicol. 222 pp. 6s. S. C. M. Press. London. provides news and interpretation of Apollo of the Pigmy Forest. New and international affairs in simplified Enlarged Edition. A. B. Lloyd. Is. 82 pp. C. M. S. London. English for children and those un- African Bridge Builders. Edited by familiar with the language. Wm. C. Bell. 168 pp. Friendship Press. New York. Surviving are her mother, Mrs. Robert Mackenzie, and two sisters. Across the Years-An Autobiog- raphy. Chas. Stedman Macfarland. gorging the (!]hain of 367 pp. $2.75. Macmillan. New York. CHRISTIAN LOVE The Bible Triumphant. C. Urquhart. encircling the C@orld 144 pp. 2s. 6d. Pickering & In- glis. London. Consecrated Missionaries of the Congregational and Chris- Jacob Burkhard. Mary Yoder Burk- tian Churches serving in home and foreign fields are hard. 214 pp. $1.00 cloth, 60 cents paper. Published by author. Gosh- golden links in the chain of International Friendship. So en, Ind. are the thousands who read the MISSIONARY HERALD at Home and Ahroad — the magazine that has worked ceaselessly for 132 years in hehalf of greater tolerance, more kindly understanding, and for the spirit of true hrotherhood inspired hy Jesus Christ. , We earnestly solicit your subscription, believing that it is your desire to be well-informed concerning world conditions.

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OMWA? AN IRISHMAN IN THE (ARE YOU AWAKE 1) JUNGLES OF AFRICA P. H. J. LERRIGO, M.D. Edited by RUTH BURNS MAGUIRE ttOmwa ? Are you awake?" is a native The wonderful career of Gabriel Reid salutation used in Central Africa. The author has utilized this expression as a Maguire, who was a missionary, preacher thread to bind together thIs study deal- ing with the major problems, religious, and pastor, for nearly forty years. "A political, social and mdustrial, confront- mg the great emerging continent today. great and unusual contributIon to the Human interest stories and folk tales illuminate the themes. Illustrated $1.25 missionary literature in which our churches are interested just at this time."-Watchman-Examiner. With an introduction by President Austen K.

deBlois. Illustrated $1.25 OTHER IMPORTANT WORKS ON MISSION LANDS REBECCA PARRISH, M.D. HERBERT H. GOWEN, D.D. GEORGE P. and IDA G. PIERSON ORIENT SEAS AND FIVE FOREIGNERS FORTY HAPPY YEARS LANDS AFAR IN JAPAN IN JAPAN Dr. Parrish is an experienced travel· The Western influences that have This stirring recital of successful ler who has the unique ability of get- brought about Japan's rise is told in missionary work is written with pas- ting behind the scenes and interpreting these historical biographies of five sionate enthusiasm by two mission- the ways of the peoples. It includes men who, more than any others, had aries. Their evangelistic activities Palestine, India, Africa, China, Japan., much to do with her growth in strat- brought them into contact with all Arabia, Philippines, and Egypt, Persia, etc. $1.50 egic power. $2.00 classes of people in Japan. $1.25 At All Booksellers FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY 158 Fifth Ave., New York Exalted Partnership with Assured Income You may enter into Permanent Partnership with the missionaries of this Society in the United States and Latin America.

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'('But What Am I to Do?"

~ (EW YEAR'S DAY. The gateway of the Metet Leper Colony, Cameroun, Africa· '-a'l9 Clustered about it a pitiful crowd. Some sit, some lie down, some crouch.

Those nearest the gate take an attitude of supplication–dumb, passive, resigned, enduring. Suppliant—but only as a dog is suppliant when he has been beaten and begs, with his eyes open, for the passing of your anger.

The gate opens. A stir among those who wait, like a very faint puff of wind over dead leaves. An American man and woman and an African come out. Very gently, as if trying to say by their motions what they could not speak.

The African stops near one, then another, then another, of the waiting forms. He touches them, speaks a word. They rise with hardly a change of expression and pass inside the gate. Too dazed even to be happy! Six, eight, twelve, fifteen go in like that.

"That is enough, Mfe'e," says the doctor. "There is no more room. We are sorry, Mfe'e. Oh, tell them we are sorry!"

Mfe'e, his hand on the shoulder of an old, old woman, stops and turns toward the gate. Slowly the missionaries walk down the road.

Suddenly there is a cry. They turn.

It is the old woman. She is half standing, half crouching. Her hands are stretched out.

"But what am 1 to do? What am I to do?"

So long as they live, the missionaries can never forget that cry.

CAN YOU?

—————————————– THE AMERICAN MISSION TO LEPERS, Inc. Room 1119-R, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York o Because I too do not forget, I enclose $40 for the admission and one year's care of the old woman at Metet or some one like her o o $15 for a small house for four lepers $10 for medicines for two years–some- o $1 for a month's food times enough for a cure o Name _____________________________________________________________________ Address____________________________________________________________________ City________________________________________________ Staw__________________

The Missionary Review of the World — May 1931

NOT ETERNAL – WORSHIPING CHRIST IN TIlE MISSION I10)1E IN

June 22-25-INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE •• • iD the Dew ON AFRICAN CHILDREN, Geneva, Switzerland. £ABIN £LASS June 22-26-WORLD CONFERENCE ON Trans-Pacific travel now has an STEWARDSHIP. For information com- impressive new type of low-cost accommo- municate with the Rev. John A. dation … ffEmpress" Cabin. Its spacious- Ingham, D.D., Progress Council, 25 ness and comfort will appeal to the experi- East 22d Street, New York City. enced traveler. So will its true "Empress" cuisine and service. June 25-July 3-GENERAL CONVENTION, CONGREGATIONAL AND CHRISTIAN The white Empress fleet, comprising the CHURCHES, Seattle, Wash. largest, fastest liners to the Orient, also hrings to the Pacific transatlantic size, June 26-July 6-M. E. M. CONFERENCE. speed and luxury. Silver Bay, N. Y. Empress of Russia and Empress of Asia June 29-July 6-GENEVA SUMMER ply the lO-day Speedway, direct to Yoko- SCHOOL OF MISSIONS AT GENEVA, hama. The huge Empress of Canada and WISC. This is an Interdenomina- the new 23.knot Empress of Japan sail via tional school and among the first to Honolulu. Both routes from Vancouver give International Religious Educa- and Victoria. All Empresses offer, ofcour.e, tion credits. It offers courses, under lnxurious First Class. Also "Tourist" and outstanding instructors, in Bible uThird." and Mission Study, Methods, Hand- craft and Parliamentary Law. For Independent travel·touring round the information address: Mrs. George world and Orient conducted tours with P. Lottich, 3253 Wilson Ave., Chi- Canadian Pacific's veteran "know-how." cago, Ill. N ….. Lo…-co..t S ….."…r F ..,…..! "** Fir..t Cl…… and C ….in Cl…… Ro..nd trip••. /ro". 8450 PERSONALS Information, reservationsfrom your Agent DR. S. H. WAINRIGHT, for forty years or Canadian Pacific, New York, Chicago, an American Methodist missionary in Montreal, and 32 other cities in U. S. and Japan, was recently decorated by the Canada. Emperor "for distinguished service to the Empire." That service consisted in CANADIAN giving a Christian literature to Japan. Dr. Wainright is supported by the Fran- PACIFIC .. TO TIlE cis Street Methodist church, in St. Joseph, Missouri. ORiEnT *** Wo.ld'. G••••••• T ••v.1 ,,……

CHARLES N. WONACOTT of Portland, Oregon, has been elected Treasurer of the Presbyterian Board of National Missions.

Mr. Wonacott served as associate general secretary of the New Era Movement for two years and since 1924 has acted as corporation advisor.

**"

MISS M. JOSEPHINE PETRIE has resigned as Director of Specific Work of the Presbyterian Board of National Missions. Over thirty-two years ago she became secretary of young people's work and was responsible for the promotion of home missions in Christian Endeavor Societies and Sunday schools.

*** REV. HENRY C. McDOWELL of Galangue, Angola, Portuguese West Africa, a missionary of the American Board, has been awarded a gold medal and an honorarium of four hundred dollars by the Harmon Foundation, which makes annual awards to Negroes who have done outstanding creative work.

*** DR. SAMUEL GUY INMAN, Secretary of the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, was operated on for hernia in Callao, Peru, on April 10th. He is expected home in New York early in May.

Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writ in&' to advertisers. DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor TABLE OF CONTENTS May, 1931 FRONTISPIECE–LlVES OVERSHADOW"D BY LEPROSY. Payo THE STORY OF A HINDU PILGRIM ……………….•.•..••. .J. Ohadwick Jacks"" 325 The history oj how a hif.lh caste Hindu pilurim wu-s h'd to Ohrist·-an empcrience both in the change oj name and change 0/ nature.

THE BRIGHT SIDE OF WORK FOR LEPERS …………………… Wm. M. Danner 32~ A record of Christian service in behalf oj sufferers in 'ill-any land8.

"! DON'T BELIEVE IN FOREIGN MISSIONS" ..•..•…..•………. Henry A. Perkins 33l"i The case for foreign 11t188icms presented by a fwo/essor of p},ysiC8 a.t Trin-ity aoUege, HMtJord~ ana copied by permission from THE' AMERICAN MERCURY.

THE CALL OF BORNEO AND THE CELEBES .•..••..•••.•……..•..•.. . R. A. Jal!roll 341 The report 01 a tour oj mi8si()lluwy eu;ploratiOtl to discover the needs oJ unoccupied fieZds in Malaya.

ana MOSLEMS UNDER THE AlIIERICAN FLAG …………………….. Frank Laubaen 343 A 'I11Iissionarll working wmong th(l M()hamrnwdans in the Philippines asks seeks to answer some pertinent questions.

RELIGIOUS TRAINING FOR RURAL YOU~'H …………………….. Jay fl. fltowell 349 An in.teresting account of wltat is beino done to t(~((,ch the Bible and ChdsNan truth to da·y school pupils in rural districts untouched by churches.

WORLD MISSIONS AT CHATTANOOGA ………………………. David M. Sweets 355 The sto-ry of a notable congn~x8 hrld flY the Presbyteria'n Ohurch (~"outh) to present the claim8 and progress of foreiyn 1nissionary work.

WHEN IS YOUR BrnTHDAY ………………..•………. . Emma BeHc D. PiersO'n 361 A brief d.cscription of what hag been called ('the most remarka.ble mi8sionary enter- prise" in the world.. 8turtcd by a school boy in Australia.

THE FORWAnD MOVE~IENT IN SCOTLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Donald Fraser 363 A. report 01 an enet'getic and spirUual mission to awaken the ~'c(Jtch to a keener Benae of their reBpOt'lsibHity to carry out the great commission 01 Christ.

TOPICS OF THE TIMES ………………..•••••••••••….••..•……………… 365 How lIUCH Is A MISSIONARY ","ORTH INDIA'S DEMAND FOR FREEDOM ENCOURAGIllMENT IN CHINA METHODS FOR WORKERS ………………………. EIHTEIl BY MRS. F. 1. JOHNsoN 371 WUMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN ………………………• 376 WORLD·WIDIiJ OUTLOOK.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 BOOKS WORTH READING ……………………………………… . 399 TERMS: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of five.) Foreign postage, 50 cents. Single copies, 25 cents. Published monthly. Copyrighted, 1931, by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. All rights reserved.

THE MISSIONAHY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

ROBERT E. SPBl~R, PYf'sidf'nt W}.I. 1. CH.u,fnERl.AIN, Vice-Prcsident DELAVAN L. PIERSON. Seoretar'1l Publication Office, 3d & Reily Rts., IInrrtshnrg, WAf,TER McDoDQ,J,I" Tr{'nRun'T Pa. 25c a copy. $2.50 a year. Editorial and Business Olllce, 156 Fiftb Avenue, New York City Eutered itS second-class matter at the Post Offi(>e, Harrlsburg, Pa., under Act of }.~arch 3, lS79. OBITUARY DR. K. T. PAUL; an outstanding native 1 Chriftian of India, died on April 12th at the. age of·fifty-five. He had recently I _• returned from the Round Table Conference in London. LET YOUR GIFT Dr. Paul became an influential Indian to Foreign Missions leader as secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association of India, Burma PAY YOU A LIFE INCOME llnd Ceylon. He traveled widely in the United States and Great Britain and You can make a generous gift to foreign mislater served as president of the All-In- sions and have a needed income for yourself dia Christian Conference. and others from the money you give by the Dr. Paul resigned from the Y. M. C. Annuity Gift Plan A. in order to devote himself to the political uplift of India as a representative This plan relieves you of uncertainty and of Christian Communities. At the Round WOrry caused by changing values of invested Table Conference in London, he was funds and assures you a fixed income of trusted by Hindus and Moslems alike, and declared himself willing to have 4t% to 9% per year Christians in India merged in a general electorate. for the rest of your life ** A reserve fund of over $1.500.000 guarante~s the prompt payment of annuities to yOU_ ~ LEONARD WOOLSEY CRONKHITE, D.D., for many years a missionary to the Pwo Protect yourself against 1nss through Karen people of Burma, passed away on unwise inV'~stment~and at the sl'lme time February 28, 1931, at his home in Green- help send the gospel to all the world. wich, New York. For full information write ** * Erne.t F.. HoIl, Secretary, Dept. 01 Ann.atiea REV. A. E. SEAGRAVE, Baptist mission- BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS ary to the Karens since 1889, died at of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. Rangoon, February 6, 1931. Mr. Seagrave lived to see a remarkable expan- 156 Fifth Avenue. New York sion in the Sgaw Karen Mission, with its 200 churches and a membership of AVOID THIS 15,000. All of his four children re- MISFORTUNE turned to Burma for missionary service. "I know of no one more deserving *** of sympathy than a woman with limited resources, with.out ch.ildren to advise DR. EDWARD FIELD PARSON died March her, without business experience, sud- 8th, of pneumonia, in Peiping, North denly left a widow and compelled to China. He was thirty-three years old. settle an estate."

Dr. Parsons and his wife, Marion Who will be her advisor? Tucker Parsons, were commissioned as Who will share her troubles and rethe representatives in China of the First sponsibilities? Congregational Church, Washington, in Who will provide for her in case of 1925, at services attended by Mr. and loss of principal? Mrs. Calvin Coolidge. This can all be avoided by investing **• your savings in Annuity Agreements of the Methodist Mission Boards. MRS. IRA HARRIS, formerly of the Syria Mission, was for thirty.five years a F or further information write: missionary in Syria. She was honorably retired by the Board of Foreign Missions MORRIS W. EHNES, Treasurer, Board of the Presbyterian Church in 1919. A of Foreign Missions of the Methodist daughter, Mrs. B. T. Schuyler, has been Episcopal Church, 150 Fifth Avenue. New for sixteen years in the Punjab Mission York, N. Y., or in India. Mrs. Harris died in Lansdowne, Pa., the home of a son, on No- W. J. ELLIOTT, Treasurer, Board of vember 28, 1930. Home Missions and Church Extension of *** .1_ the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1701 Arch . St., Philadelphia Pa. THE REV. EDWARD ASHLEY, D.D., LL.D., Missionary of the Protestant Episcopal Church among the Indians in South Dakota, died March 30th. He labored fifty-eight years among the Indians, translating the prayer book, many hymns and other writings into the Indian tongue.

Please mention THE MISSIONARY RIIIVIIIlW OF THm WORLD in writin~ to advertisers. This mission hosl)itnl. J-Hni-En (<:lardf'n of COmf(H'O, IlWllk~nf'(1 the Jnpnnf>sc goyern- ment to care for l('p~rs .

LEPROSY N01' IlEReDITARY – UNTAINTED CHILDR~;N CARED FOR IN A CHRIS'fIAN MISSION HO~fE IN INDIA GLEAMS OF LIGHT FOR LIVES OVERSHADOWED BY LEPROSY

LIV, No. 😉 May

THE STORY OF A HINDU PILGRIM BY THE REV. J. CHADWICK JACKSON, Benares, India T HE Rev. and Mrs. J. Chadwick Jackson are conducting the Kashi Khristiya Sangha or Benares Christian Union, a city mission work especially for the milliorrs of Hindu pilgrims who visit Benares yearly. They come from all parts of India to the many temples; to bathe in the sacred Ganges i to gain merit by walking the sacred way; to listen to the holy gurus,' or to bring their dead to be burned on the ghats by the riverside, so that their ashes may be strewn on the waters of the sacred river and many reincarnations may be avoided.

Mr. Jackson, the superintendent of this United Mission, is a Scotch- man, formerly a missionary of the London Missionary Society and has witnessed for Christ in India for thirty-five years. Mrs. Jackson is also a devoted missionary who has labored with her husband in villages, living in native houses and living the Christ-life among the people. She dons the garb of a pilgrim to work among pilgrims on the river front.

The mission compound at Ram Katora, where the Editor and Mrs. Pier- son visited Mr. and Mrs. Jackson last year, borders on the road over which hundreds of thousands of pilgrims pass every year. They have opened a reading room and Bible shops facing this road and there wel- come weary pilgrims and tell them of Him who gives rest and offers to them the way of Life.

Five missionary societies unite in this mission to pilgrims-the Wesleyan Methodist and Wesleyan Reform Union, The London Mis- sionary Society, the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission and the Chris- tian Literature Society. Mr. Jackson is not only an earnest evangelical missionary but he is active in the life of Benares, being for some years a member of the city council, a lecturer at the university and a member of the Committee for the Enforcement of Opium Laws.

This mission and these missionaries are worthy of the sympathetic and active support of every Christian interested in the evangelization of India. EDITOR.

He is a Brahman, a young man In his wanderings he has visited of medium height, with a face rath- every famous shrine in India and er deeply lined for one of his years, has picked up some knowledge of but with sparkling eyes and a brisk several languages, including Engmanner that is earnest and grave. lish. His mother tongue is Oriya 325

but he speaks Hindi fluently and sionary seemed to be an excellent it was in this language that he re- man of noble character, but he lated the following interesting handed me over to the care and story. teaching of one of his Indian work- ers whose conduct and character My parents are both dead. I made his company extremely dishave an elder brother who is a tasteful to me. I therefore rehousehold priest in my native turned to my guru in no way town. My ancestors were Kash- helped spiritually by my experimiri Brahmans. Very few of us ence, and feeling that in Christianlive so far South and it is a rule ity there was no hope of spiritual of cur caste that we shall marry help for me. So I went on discussonly brides from the distant State ing with the few Christians I met, of Kashmir. My brother, and the in a spirit of controversy and op- Raja who is our patron and who position. In a second-hand market gave me a scholarship, desired me in Calcutta, on one occasion, I saw to finish my studies before mar- a liuge pile of old books which riage, hence I am not married. Aft- were being sold by weight at a er I had reached the matriculation very cheap price. I picked out two standard in school, I was put un- -one a huge tome which was ender the care Of a guru (teacher), titled "A Commentary." Not a very learned man, a master of knowing what a Commentary was, arts, himself an eloquent lecturer, I opened it and found most interspeaking fourteen languages, and esting explanations of Bible texts. very much in demand everywhere The other was a dictionary. I for religious orations. Besides my- threw these twa into the scales and self, he had nearly a dozen young paid the price-a few annas only. disciples whom he taught and who The dictionary I sold at a great accompanied him in his travels profit, for three rupees, but the from one sacred shrine to another. Commentary I kept and read it con- We visited all the important bath- stantly, finding it most helpful in ing places and sacred temples in understanding the Bible. From India-Benares, Hardwar, Dwar- this time I read the Bible regularkanath, Puri, Ajodhya and Ra- ly, carrying the three versions meshwaram. along with me, but secretly, as I feared that my guru might know. A Hindu sadhu whom I met on Gradually my mind was changed. our journeys gave me a copy of the New Testament in Hindi, and One incident in South India I read it mainly with the desire to made a great impression on me. I find points of argument with was down by the burning-ghat Christians. Afterwards I obtained reading and meditating, when a copies in Oriya and English and poor widow brought the corpse of became much interested. I felt her son for bUrning. I saw her some desire to meet and associate great grief and felt real pity for with Christians to see their manner her. The officiating Mahabrahman of life. Once in a sacred city I left -a coarse man-came along and our party with the excuse to the said to her "Give me a go-dan (a guru that I was going to Gorakh- gift of a cow) and I will promise pur to worship Gorakhnath. In- that your son shall be born again stead, I joined myself to a Mission as a cow." as a seeker after truth. The mis-

THE STORY OF A HINDU PILGRIM

I was indignant and caught hold boys returned and wanted to enter, of his hand, saying: "Shame on but I was resolved to be alone in you! Have you no pity for the my mental struggles, and asked poor mother in her sorrow. Is this them to go away and sleep else- all the comfort you can give her to where. At about two in the morn- tell her the lie about her son's re- ing, when I was so weighed down birth? You know that you cannot that I couldn't rest, I suddenly saw control that. You are trying to a brilliant light in the room, as make profit out of her grief and though someone had turned on a are torturing her further. How flashlight. I turned to see from dare you say that a human soul whence it came, but it seemed to shall be imprisoned in an animal fill the room. As I gazed there body. Shame on you." appeared in the light the form of He repulsed me angrily. The a person, the most beautiful I have impression on my mind was very ever seen or imagined. I could not painful, showing the futility of recognize him at all, but as we Hinduism in the presence of death. were worshipers of Shiva, I won- This thought remained with me dered whether this divine being and I more earnestly read the Bi- had graciously disclosed himself to ble. resolve my doubts. But on looking A Message From God longer and more intently I saw the While I was full of these sad form of a cross on his shoulder thoughts, I sat down and placing and above it the word mukti (salthe Bible before me I allowed it to vation). Then I realized that it fall open of itself to see if I should was a vision of Christ, bearing the be guided to any special "word." It opened at the Twenty-third cross for me. Immediately I saw Psalm. How helpful and blessed what it implied, namely that what was that word of God spoken I had so often read was true. through His servant and prophet There are two crosses, the one David. It was a real message to which He bore and one which I my soul at that time of need. must bear. At that moment I de- cided that I would leave all the old My guru was called to give a life and b~ His follower. I rememseries of lectures in N—. I bered the word of God to Abrawould get away whenever possible, ham: "Get thee out of …… thy keeping my Bible tied close to my father's house, unto the land that body with my sacred thread, even I will show thee." I thought that, out to the place reserved for pri- as I had read in the Bible, having vacy, though reflecting that the become by faith one of the sons of place was impure. I often went to Abraham, I ought to walk in the the lonesome burning-ghat, to read steps of faith and leave all for and meditate, but the thought of Christ.

death and the results of sin op- In the morning I did not bathe, pressed me. We were all invited and when, as our custom was all to go to a natak (play) one eve- gathered to repeat in unison our ning, but I was distressed in mind morning chant "The Gayatri," it and excused myself. I could not was seen that I was absent. Later even eat and was left fasting alone they asked me: "Why have you in the room. I lay down to rest not bathed and why do you not but could not sleep. Very late the come to the worship?"

"I will say and do nothing until Christian man who would tell me I can have an interview with the where to go and what to do. At guru," 1 replied. last I saw a man whose dress seemed to indicate that he might Soon he called me, and 1 told be a Christian. He was a canvasshim all in the presence of the oth- er and to him I told something of ers, of my search for peace and my story. He refused to believe assurance; of my Bible reading and would not trust me at all at and of my last night's wonderful first. But when he saw my eyes full of tears he asked me if 1 had vision. taken food. I told him that for "Oh," said the guru, "It was only two days I had not broken my fast.

a dream." Then I could see that he began "No," said I, "I was not asleep. to believe me. I said: "I want nothing from you-no money, only 1 was wide awake and in my full direct me to some Christian or mis- sionary who will tell me how I may senses. I know what I saw." become a follower of Christ." "Let us discuss the matter to- "There is a very good man, a gether," he said, "you may present London Mission Pastor at – – – " your arguments and 1 will try to he replied. "His name is Aaron. meet them. We may thus arrive Go to him. 1 will speak to the guard and he will allow you to at the truth." travel without a ticket. So I went "Sir," 1 said, "how can I argue and found Pastor Aaron, a very good man in full sympathy but not with you. You are my guru and knowing a word of any of my lan- I am a learner. Between your pro- guages. So I returned by train, found learning and my ignorance, and was directed to go to Miss what a gulf there is. But to me F– at G– who knows Hindi. the vision I have seen, confirming She had, however, gone away the the Bible I have read, puts the mat- previous day. 1 then went on to ter beyond argument. 1 know what Bangalore where 1 was welcomed and very much helped by Mr. and I saw." Mrs. Marler and Mr. Small of the "Where is the Bible," he said. Theological College. On their rec- When I showed it to him, he ommendation 1 went to Benares which I had formerly visited as a took it and tore up part of it and pilgrim. 1 am happy in the Ashthrew it on one side. Then he ram of the Kashi Khristiya Sangha kicked me. preparing for baptism and training for service. The boys were enjoying the dialogue and all started making fun On Janu,arlj #, 1931 the young man, of me. whose story is here given, was bap- tized in the River Ganges at Benares, "Will you become a padri 1" taking the. name of Khristo Mitra. "Will you preach?" Since then he. has been progressing "Will you wear a suit and very well and is a great joy to US.- boots?" etc. J. C. J. I could only repeat that I would be a follower of Christ. From that moment my every movement was watched lest I should leave them. I could take no food for two days but at the end of the second day I managed to escape and went straight to the railway station, searching everywhere for some

LEPER PATIEN'l'S – A HLINn mU;A:-:[f;T AND TilE

AT 'J'U),;GKlIN, Clll:-:A THE BRIGHT SIDE OF WORK FOR LEPERS BY WM. M. DANNER, New YO"k S CC1°ctar1/ oJ th e A m cl"ica.n ~Mi88ion to Lepers I NA LARGE church in an east- lepers, cast out evil spirits. Freely ern city I told the story of the ye have received, freely give." needs of the lepers. After- Five specific things the disciples wards the minister arose and said, were told to do in connection with "I want to apologize to my congre- preaching. The lepers of the world gation this morning." I thought claim our attention because our he was going to apologize for the Master said-"Cleanse the lepers." length of my address, but he looked into the faces of his congregation Not long ago a friend in Caliand said: "To the best of my fornia told me that he didn't know knowledge, I have never even there were twenty-five lepers in prayed for a leper in my life. I the world. He had never given have never asked God's blessing on them much consideration. He was a leper, nor directed my congrega- surprised when he heard that there tion to pray for a leper. I apolo- were over five hundred in the Unit- gize for it and mean to do differ- ed States.

ently in the future." Many have never given much Jesus said to His disciples "As thought to the leper and scarcely ye go, preach, saying, the kingdom think of him as a human being.

of heaven is at hand." People of- But he needs and deserves our symten stop there, under the impres- pathy because he is in a class by sion that they are fulfilling this himself. What hotel would be open command when they "preach" or to him? What can he do to earn a hear the preacher. The next words living? When our Master said are: "Heal the sick, cleanse the "Heal the sick" he meant all sick 329

people but He specified "don't for- all over the world. In the Louisiget the lepers." ana hospital a canvass was taken of the patients about the kind of Dr. Victor G. Heiser, a leading Christmas gifts desired. They deleprosy expert connected with the cided that they would like to have Rcckefeller Foundation, estimates the money sent to the Red Cross, the number of lepers in the world for they thought others needed it at two million. This means that more than they did. They were one person out of every 800 on the thinking not about themselves, but earth today is a leper. The disease about others. is found all over the world, especially in hot climates. In some vil- The best advertised leper colony lages practically every person is a in the world is under "the Stars leper. and Stripes" in Hawaii. Five thou- A MODEL LEPER MISSION COLONY AT CHIENGMAI, SIAM The Congress of the United sand acres of Molokai are given States has provided a great nation- over to the lepers. Their hospital al leprosarium at Carville, Louisi- is built on a section of the island ana. Three hundred and thirty shut off by a very high mountain. live in comfortable little cottage In this colony there are 625 lepers. homes and eat in common dining There ate two Protestant churches rooms. Through the good offices of for them under the Hawaiian the American Mission to Lepers a Evangelical Board, with a resident resident Protestant chaplain min- pastor and other ministers making isters to the Protestant patients. regular visits. A church has been built for them and Billy Sunday sent them a sup- When I visited the island the ply of his song books. "Brighten lepers gave me an informal recepthe Corner Where You Are" was tion and hundreds of them were framed and now hangs over the on hand. There were two bands pulpit. These people are doing of stringed instruments, for the their best to live up to that senti- Hawaiians are famous for their ment. music. When I looked into their faces, I said, "If you people can Every year our mission sends sing as well as your bands can play, Christmas gifts to leper patients I would rather hear you sing than

THE BRIGHT SIDE OF WORK FOR LEPERS

make a speech." Everyone smiled. 5,000. The policy of segregation The leader of the orchestra started is an important factor in stopping to play and they all joined heartily the spread of leprosy. in singing "Saviour Like a Shepherd Lead Us." They sang three In 1874 the Mission to Lepers vers~s from memory and with in- was founded with three objectives: creasing fervor. (1) to preach the Gospel to the lepers, (2) to relieve their terrJqle Tl1e largest leper colony in the sufferings, (3) to supply theIr world, also under "the Stars and simple wants. Now a fourth has Stripes," is at Culion in the Phil- been added-to rid the world of ippine Islands. There are over leprosy. 5,000 at this well-managed colony. It is a municipality managed by In modern leper colonies the pacouncillors elected to represent the tients are taught self-support. The native tribes. The resident physi- women sew, cook, and perform cian is mayor and has the veto other housekeeping duties; while power, which he rarely uses. A the men do the gardening, weaving, minister who had been licensed to tinsmithing and carpentry, even preach in the Manila district be- building their own homes, churches fore he contracted leprosy, was for and schools. Such physical and some years pastor of the leper mental activity are important elechurch. I walked for miles along ments in the cure. streets clean and well kept-a credit to those in charge. Twenty Progress is being made in disyears ago there were 10,000 lepers covering a cure for leprosy. Chaulin the Philippines – now about moogra oil, known for hundreds of years as beneficial to sufferers from leprosy, is now given hypo- SELF-IHJLP FOR LEPER PATIENTS – WOMEN A'l' WORK IN A nICE I"IE[,n

TIIFl MISSION HO)IE FOR LEPER rA'I'IFlNTS AT F'USAN. CHOSEN dermically with encouraging re- sand dollars to apply to work in sults. Many who have been treated the Orient, it will show a much in this way have lost all trace of the larger purchasing power there disease and been free from any than in America. At Taiku that symptom of it for a period of more sum will provide permanent housthan two years. From the Carville ing for 80 lepers. Leper Colony seventy-five lepers have been discharged. Other treat- A typical Korean leper colments have been discovered that ony is not a doleful place-its ocmay help to blot out this awful dis- cupants are seemingly happy. One which we visited had games and ease. afterwards we saw the little' fields Nearly forty years ago a mission where they raise rice and fruit and vegetables, and keep themselves hospital was opened for lepers in ilsefullyoccupied. We saw samples Japan. Seventy lepers were cared of the school work they were doing, for in such an excellent manner as well as some of their industrial that the Japanese Government has work. They use a big black board established six Japanese Govern- music scale in learning to sing by ment Leper Asylums, where the note. They are being taught to lepers are given humane treatment. read, write and count. In the chap- One of the Japanese doctors, Dr. K. el the missionary gave us a dem- Mitsuda, said to me through an onstration of their proficiency in interpreter, "We are doing every- Scripture recitation. They recited thing we can to treat these lepers the Twenty-third Psalm, the Ninelike human beings." At one of the ty-first Psalm, the Beatitudes, and government asylums there was a the Ten Commandments. Some service when eight men and three can recite the entire shorter catewomen were baptized. Five of the chism and others can quote Scripleper women stood together and ture for two hours without any fervently sang, "Fade, fade, each appreciable error. earthly joy, Jesus is mine." Since leprosy is not hereditary, In Korea there are three leper it is a privilege to help care for stations under our American Mis- untainted children of the lepers in sion. When one offers five thou-

THE BRIGHT SIDE OF WORK FO~ LEPERS

separate homes. There are thirty sian to Lepers will, on request, furspecial stations for untainted chil- nish free material for such a prodren of lepers where the hand of gram. rescue is outstretched in their behalf. In every church there should be a representative who will give out The missionaries of the Church information and be the connecting of Jesus Christ are joined in a link with the Mission to Lepers, working in harmony with the con- stituted authorities of the church, and seeing that the lepers are not forgotten.

Order a metal pig bank and feed him currency, so that funds may be secured from a host of peo- ple who do not now have a part in this branch of the missionary work of the church. Over seventy thou- ~I1YAKE SAN o~' JAPAN Christiull missionarips were stollt'd away from the Oshima Colony until this .1aJ)~Ulf>8e leper callie (lnn hroll,ght from the Mission IIospitnl the Uo:spel of Chri:st:.

federation or effort, as representa- AX IlDLlN CURED OF LEPROSY tives of some thirty-three American and Foreign Mission Societies 'l'his boy faced a life of suffering or Boards, to do this work. The until he came to the Mission Hos- Mission to Lepers is the tie that pital, received treatment. was trained binds them together in the world- for Christian service, and returned wide work for lepers and their chil- cured to his home in southern India. dren. The Mission aids one hundred and fifty leper hospitals in sand of these banks have already forty countries, but the world-wide been sent out. work is made possible only by the help of those who stand back of Pray for the lepers. these missionaries and this organi- It is our opportunity thus to zation. share in the modern fulfillment of Christ's command. One way to help this work is to use a program to tell the story Oifts may be sent to the American Mission to your own church or to other to Lepers (Fleming H. Revell, Treasurer) 156 churches where you may be speak- Fifth Ave., NIJW York. . ing. If people become interested, they will help. The American Mis-

FROM ASIA*

Opportunities in Persia tieth anniversary of the School for U NHEARD-OF-CROWDS are the Blind. Voluntary Bible study attending evangelistic meet- in boys' middle school is increas- ings. This is a new develop- ing. Chinese leaders and missionment in a Moslem country. There aries are rejoicing in working tois increased demand for schools gether at common tasks in momenfor young women. Dormitories tous days.-Rev. E. E. WaUine.

at Men's College, Teheran, are Tension in China Relieved crowded. One new building imperative. Hospitals are under- Nanking conditions much imstaffed.-Cablegram from Rev. W. proved over last year. Future A. Groves, Ph.D. Christian work hopeful. Conver- sion President Chiang relieving From Syria anti-religious tension. Time ripe for strong advance to win China More pupils than ever! Mos- for Christ. Only possible home lems request J.iission schools. Med- Church continues support with ical work Deir-ez-zore opens up prayer and money. Any retracdistrict along Euphrates. Direct tion now would cripple work, jeopevangelism entering Moslem terri- ardize success. Depending on your tory Sidon Presbytery. School and loyalty.-Rev. J. Russell Chandler. book store stir youth of Aleppo.

Hama with 85,000 unmanned. Punjab Mission Faces New India Send reinforcements. Insure ex- In the midst of the gigantic turpansion. Come. Give. Pray yeo moil of India in 1930 our schools, -Rev. R. C. Byerly. hospitals, bazaar chapels, our vis- Greater Freedom in Iraq iting in zenanas and homes, our colleges and theological seminary Iraq open to Gospel as never b~­ and our preaching of Christ have fore. Word of life preached dI- gone steadily forward. There have rectly to Arab Moslems in Bagh- been baptisms among the higher dad; Mosul, Hillah, Kirkuk, to classes-more numerous and prom- Kurds in Dohuk. Pray that the ising than in any year since the Holy Spirit will apply the message pioneer era of missions. A new of life through crucified and risen sense of the reality, the immediacy Saviour to hearts of these people and the total inadequacy of merewho are lost without Christ.- ly human means in making India United Mission in Mesopotamia, by safe for her new freedom has Rev. A. G. Edwards. opened the hearts and minds of Message from South China men and women as never be- fore. May God stir the American Today in South China: Marked churches until the man in the pews evangelistic opportunity. People gets the vision of this unparalare uniformly friendly. Disorder leled opportunity. Never has there is decreasing. Christians are rais- been a more open door to Christ in ing endowment to celebrate for- India than now.-Rev. E. D. Lucas, • From the Pre/51Jyterirm lYorld Ne'll}8. Ph.D .

334

"1 DON'T BELIEVE IN FOREIGN MlSS10NS"*

BY PROF. HENRY A. PERKINS, Hartford, Conn.

Proie880r of PhY8ios in Trinity Oollege. Recently Returned PrQ'm a World Tour (' T .1 DON'T believe in Foreign ability and character as the rest pf Missions. The heathen are a us, though, considering the altru- lot better off left to their istic purpose of their job, they are own ways, and their own religions as a whole somewhat more unself- suit them best." ish than we are, and as they must Thus the man who also says that learn, and learn thoroughly, one or it is a mistake to educate the Ne- more difficult foreign languages, gro, that America can keep out of they may average a little higher in world affairs, that the French are intelligence than those whose only a frivolous people and the Japanese speech is American. The best type dishonest. He believes such things is made up of the kind of person just as he believes billboards. He who, when he has found something has of course never visited a mis- good, is possessed of a consuming sion, and probably never even met desire to pass it along. There really a missionary. If he has travelled, are such people, and the best mis.

his opinio·ns have been formed by sionaries have gone out to China, other tourists like himself, or by India and Africa because they actu- the remarks of some chance ac- ally want to share the best things quaintance doing business in the of our civilization with those who Orient. His impressions of mis- haven't got them; they are old sionaries, who usually travel sec- fashioned enough to believe that ond-class, are derived from observ- child marriage, exposing superflu- ing them from the serene altitude ous infants to die, devil worship of the first-class deck. and so on, do not oontribute to the Though foreign missions had a happiness of a people.

very respectable beginning with Of course, there are many sorts St. Paul, though we owe to mis- of missionaries. Some are eminent sions much of the early exploration scholars whose work on the lan- and development of the continent, guages, literature and religions of and though we have been a great the people they live among has been missionary people, one hears that of large value. Dr. John Chandler, missions are harmful-first, be- of Madras, is such a one, and his cause they unsettle the lower class- work on the dictionary ,of the Tamil es; second, because they introduce language, under the auspices of customs and diseases which are the Indian government, is of great destructive of primitive peoples; importance. Everyone recognizes third, because they give the native his value as a philologist, at any a religion to which he is not suited; rate. Other missionaries are men and fourth, because missionaries of such intimate knowledge of na- live luxurious lives, not in harmony tive peoples and their ways that with the ideals of a religion of governments consult them with re- self-sacrifice. gard to colonial policies; such were Missionaries are as varied in the Humes of Bombay and Ahmad- nagar. Still others are great teachoa~c~':.~~':.~~~ ~~b,!'.:'~~:··;~~l.from The Ame"';- ers like the late Dr. W. A. P. Mar- 335

tin, of China, who adapted the Dr. Raman, of Calcutta, is one of Chinese characters to· the demands the world's ablest physicists. So of modern chemistry. China may some day tell us how to unlock the energy within the atom, At the other end of the scale or make some {)ther discovery of there are ignorant missionaries, vital importance. The Chinese are bigoted missionaries, unkempt and fully our equals in intellectual powunsavory missionaries, who were er, and to withhold our learning perhaps failures at home, or would from them, or from other highly have been if they had stayed there. intelligent peoples, would be as- They form a most unattractive suming a serious responsibility. minority, corresponding to similar minorities among politicians and Nobody denies the value of eleteachers, let us say. They may even mentary education for all, and the do harm, though considering that missions are doing what they can they usually find their own level to provide it, even in the jungles of among the much more hopeless out- Africa. In India, and even in China, casts of lands of poverty and mis- it might seem as if this was the ery, it is hard to see how a desire government's job, and that misto improve conditions-which even sionary effort was superfluous. But they must ·have-can be wholly to educate an almost wholly illiterwithout some benefit to the com- ate people numbering hundreds of munity. Even a worm can elevate millions is a Gargantuan task, and a lump of dirt if he puts his mind the Indian government has only to it. scratched the surface so far. If a province needs a thousand schools As to the missions, as organiza- and the government provides but tions, their purpoges and methods ten, ten more supported by the misare as varied as the churches they sions represent 100% gain. . . . represent, and the individuals who compose them. They all want to Other forms of education fosconvert the heathen. That goes tered by missions are training without saying, but they do much women in improving conditions in more than that-very much more- their homes, in the care of their and their ways of approaching the children, and in all forms of hycommon goal are as different as giene. Such work is not spectacis to be expected, and perhaps de- ular but when the result is seen to sired. be good by other women, the new ideas spread ·of their own accord The Missionary Purpose with ever-increasing momentum.

Conversion is far from being the It is a curious fact that everyone, only purpose of most missions. even the most banal objector, They aim at educating the people. seems to believe in medical mis- There are countless schools, col- sions. Hospitals in a city which leges and even great universities have had none before, doctors in founded and supported by mission- lonely outposts where only native ary effort. Whether it is worth medicine men have hitherto pracwhile educating the Chinese, for ticed, seem like rather obvious huexample, in the theories of modern manitarian activities for the folscience may seem debatable to lowers of the Good Physician. The some, but Japan has certainly pro- appalling diseases of the tropics duced eminent men of science, and and orient, and the advanced stages

"I DON'T BELIEVE IN FOREIGN MISSIONS"

to which they have usually devel- are sometimes reproached for usnped before the doctor sees them, ing healing as a means to converwould be a stimulus to the most sion. Well, what of it? The Foundblase medical man. Moreover, even er of Christianity seems to have those who hold that idol worship given His sanction to this practice. is as good for the heathen as Chris- A fourth activity of modern mistianity is f.or us will hardly argue sionary enterprise is agricultural that native medicine is as good as and industrial enlightenment. This ours in curing the natives' diseases. is not yet as common as the other branches I have discussed, but Such medicine is either magic many missions are beginning to pure and simple, with spells and help the farmers in improving incantations to drive out the devils their methods of cultivating the who are supposed to cause all ills, soil, in securing better seed and in or else it is a pseudo-science of breeding better live stock, while strange drugs and crude surgery. others are very active in teaching A root that happens to look like a the natives how to make and sell man has curative powers; tigers' articles of their own handicraft, claws, ground-up pebbles (any peb- thus helping to preserve beautiful ble will do), and other equally ab- designs and forms which are besurd remedies make up the phar- ginning to disappear in competition macopceia. A few valuable herbs with our own machine-made prodknown to native doctors have in- ucts. The University of Nanking, deed been discovered in Asia and in and some branches of the Y. M. C. the tropics, and have been gladly A., as in Hyderabad, India, offer accepted by our physicians, but in good examples of agricultural eduthe main their medicine is worth- cation and research, while such less compared to ours. Their sur- schools as the Congregational Misgery is even worse, for they haven't sions of Sholapur and Madura in the faintest inkling of aseptic India illustrate industrial training. methods, and it is common to encounter such perverted ideas as the What Are the Objections one prevalent in China, where the pus from a boil or other form of Now we come to the objections. infection is deliberately forced back Do missions unsettle the lower into the body. classes? Of course they do. They make the ignorant eager for know- Medical missions, with all their ledge, and knowledge is always unbeneficent activities, are the direct settling. They make them want result of the evangelistic spirit. better homes, with more pay to Very few doctors, qua doctor, provide for them. To prefer cleanwould have felt the impulse to liness to dirt, wholesome food and practice healing in distant and be- enough of it to a few beans or a nighted lands. They are more apt handful of rice, is awfully disturbto crowd into cities already well ing to the status quo. Small wonder cared for, so that even our own that those who employ native labor rural districts are beginning to suf- in China or India, Java or Angola fer. But doctors imbued with the complain bitterly of the evil inmissionary spirit go where the need fluence of the missions! It makes is greatest, and many are as able all the difference whether you want practitioners as those who prefer a to get something out of the native more remunerative practice. They 2

at the I{),west possible cost, or that seems good in Ohio was also whether you want to give him a mistake, because both our cloth- something that is going to make ing and our homes are inimical to him better, regardless of cost. their health. But one should for- Of course, if one really believes give something to those pioneers that people who are used to grind- who longed for homelike surround- ing poverty, pestilence and famine ings, and remember that they gave are better off as they are, then all they had, even life itself, for an there is nothing further to be said. ideal. It was wrong to lay violent But if one admits that these things hands upon such of the native ways'

are always and everywhere evils, as were innocent, but they did not then one must regard the dissatis- understand, any more than anyone faction which results from a desire else at that time understood, that for better living conditions, better clothes may sometimes be harmful, food and better health as a neces- and that nudity may be more mod- sary consequence, though more or est than an evening gown.

less temporary, ·of a justifiable ef- The Impact of the West fort to create a self-respecting peo- ple, able to take its proper place The mISSIOnaries cannot be among the brotherhood of nations. blamed for the disastrous impact The objection that missions have of Western civilization upon the introduced ways of living out of blissful islands where, if we are to harmony with the native environ- trust the novelist, child-like happi- ment and that they kill off the ness once prevailed. Nor can we aborigines by giving them our dis- lay at their door the rapidly dimin- eases is undoubtedly true in some ishing birth rate among pe{Jples cases, notably in the South Sea doomed to extinction because they Islands. But it is only a half truth. have lost all zest for living. This The manners and practices of our is one of the inevitable tragedies of civilization would, of course, have progress, like the fate of the Amer- reached these islands through trad- ican Indian under the "protection"

ers in any case, and their worst of the American nation.

features, disease, strong drink and Today the enlightened mission- various kinds of depravity, have ary recognizes all these considera- been actually introduced in this tions and modifies his early preju- way. So, since the worst features dices to meet the true needs of his of our culture were inevitable, the flock, even to the extent of dis- importation of a few of our better couraging clothes where they are standards and ideas through the harmful.

missionary was the least that could The relative merits of the great be done by way of recompense. religions of the world is too large A New England meetinghouse a subject to enter upon here. All amo·ng the palms of a tropical is- have claims upon our respect. . . .

land is certainly incongruous and But the fad remains that, lofty a fit subject for the mirth of the as these religions may be in their ungodly, but it is a relatively harm- primitive purity, they lack one or less misfit. Making naked savages more essential features of an ideal dress in the styles of New England religion. Buddha's teachings were was a grave mistake, and teaching atheistic. Confucianism is really them to live in the kind of house not a religion at all, but a system of

morals. Hinduism is grossly poly- much to be desired. So even Mo- theistic, and Mohammedanism is hammedans are a proper field for obviously lacking in the higher Christian missionary enterprise, forms of spirituality. Even with and, a fortiori, the adherents of such limitations these creeds at other religions, increasingly so as their best can produce fine qualities we descend the scale of ignorance.

of character and conduct and true If the converts from these non- beauty of soul among some of their Christian religions did not gain in adherents. But these form a mea- self-respect, peace of soul and gen- ger religious aristocracy in contrast eral intelligence after their con- to Christianity, with its power over version, one might still argue that all grades of intelligence and all so- degradation and fear are best for cial strata. the degraded and fearful, but such There are countless millions of is not the case, as anyone must ad- adherents to the great religions mit who has compared the converts just named, and to others less im- of almost any foreign mission with portant, . . . but an overwhelming their unconverted neighbors. The majority of these millions are ut- converts seem awakened and alert terly ignorant and the victims of by contrast, and when they are either degrading or terrifying su- members of the downtrodden, de- perstitions. Fear of all sorts of spised, untouchable outcasts of In- devils, quite undreamed of by the dia, the contrast is striking indeed.

founders of their religions, is their Luxurious Living only strong religious emotion, and the influence of that fear is appar- What of the luxuries with which ent on every hand in their daily the Christian missionary is said to lives. surround himself? Luxury is a While Buddhism, probably at its very relative term. A fur coat is best in Japan, numbers many de- a superfluity in the tropics, a luxvout and learned priests, in China, ury in New York, and a necessity at any rate, it seems to have sadly in Alaska. Noone accuses Dr. degenerated. . . . Grenfell of luxurious living because As to India, it is only necessary he wears furs when ministering to to visit the Golden Temple at Be- the needs of the fishing folk of nares, the Kali Ghat in Calcutta, Newfoundland and Labrador. The or the Great Temple of Siva and nature of one's occupation also dehis consort in Madura to see what the Hindu religion is like; reading termines what ceases to be a luxury one of the more temperate books and becomes a necessity. Formerly treating of child marriage, the evils a horse, as now an automobile, was associated with purdah, and the a necessity for a country doctor, terrible curse of caste, enables us though a luxury for most of us. to judge Hinduism by its fruits … What seem like luxuries in Amer- ica may be grim necessities in Chi- Even Islam is somewhat overlaid na, especially for a missionary with with superstitious corruptions of a family….

what its founder really taught. It The missionary family is a won- is too fatalistic and too material- derful object lesson to the native.

istic, while if it is to be judged by It shows him the respect and con- its fruits, certainly the Turks, its sideration with which we treat our leading exponents, seem to leave women, it gives him new light on

the upbringing of children, on sani- educated at great expense, trained tation in the home, and on all that in foreign language schools and goes to make for domestic happi- sent out into the field at more exness, not to mention the work pense, should incur the same risks among native women which the as those they seek to help. We do wife is able to accomplish. not put an army surgeon in the front line trenches, to share all the Granted, the value of women and dangers of the men whose wounds children in the mission, we must he is to heal. . . . revise our idea of what are luxuries for missionaries. The most obvious The home of the missionary has, "luxury" they enjoy is that of moreover, other uses than for the household servants. . . . A family missionary alone. Classes of mothliving in an American apartment ers and children, parties for old and young, musical gatherings with no servant still has numerous about the piano or the little reed mechanical servants at its disposal, organ, an occasional garden party, such as the water supply, the steam may all take place in this home, so heat, the gas and electricity, while its charm has a real social value in a cafeteria around the corner sup- elevating the standards and tastes plies occasional meals, a telephone of the people whom we believers in brings supplies to the door, and a Foreign Missions desire to help. trolley, or even an automobile, is available to shorten the time con- The Underlying Motive sumed in necessary shopping. This desire to help China or In- Deprived of these conveniences, dia, or any other great but backthe missionary and his wife would ward nation, is too complex in its have very little time to devote to underlying motives to discuss here. their real business unless they were Perhaps, after all, the desire to help replaced by native servants. Such really needs no explanation. It is a perverted use of effort would self sufficient, a deep-seated imnever be tolerated in any business pulse which we dare not disobey. concern. Moreover, half a dozen It is a very trite remark that the servants may be had for the price nations are bound closer and closer of one at home. . . . together daily as means of rapid inter-communication mUltiply. So Other "luxuries" are a comfort- that what becomes of a backward able house, an attractive garden, nation in the future is of tremencheerfully decorated rooms, good dously vital concern to us all, or beds, screens for the windows, a will be to our posterity. China's convenient kitchen, and a bath tub. ultimate destiny, with her more Some of these mean all the differ- than four hundred million souls, is ence between health and sickness. perhaps the most important, and The fact is that few Occidentals, we cannot look on with indifference especially women and children, can at her upward struggle. In this live as the natives live and keep struggle the missions are playing well, even if there were not the ter- an important part, and the kind of rible risk of such scourges as amre· civilization which that great people bic dysentery, malaria, cholera and will achieve depends a great deal the bubonic plague. If the natives on whether or not they absorb the die like flies because of such dis- best we have to offer them, or the eases, that is no good reason why worst.. men and women who have been of SOUTH CHINA. INDO _CHINA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ShQwiOIi trevel route af recent trip of R. A Jaffray OKE 01<' ~IR. .TAF'FRAT'R JOURKRYS IN I'lBARCII 01<' U:-;OCCUPIRD FIBLDS THE CALL OF BORNEO AND THE CELEBES BY REV. R. A. JAFFRAY, Wuchow, South China A TR1P to Borneo and the Cele- thought was: "Lord teach me what bes has not been a missionary this means." At once this Scrip- picnic, for these lands are in ture came to mind :-HSon of man, the "uttermost parts of the earth," I have made thee a watchman unto and are dark places without a ray the house of Israel: therefore hear of Gospel Light. the word of my mouth, and give I was feeling glad, after two them warning from me. When I months' absence, to be returning say unto the wicked, Thou shalt home to settle down again to work surely die; and thou give him not in Wuchow, and leave to others warning, nor speakest to warn the the respcnsibility of the perishing wicked of his wicked way, to save souls in these uttermost parts. his life; the same wicked man shall Then the Lord gave me a most die in his inqiuity: but his blood vivid and horrible dream. I thought will I require at thine hand." that I was at home and was a (Ezekiel 3: 17, 18.) I saw the fugitive from justice. It seemed meaning of the blood spots on my that the Lord Jesus was pursuing hands, the blood of immortal souls. me and that I had stains of human What could I do to pay my debt blood on my hands. The pure white and preach the Gospel to them?

snow was on the ground and I All these days I have heard the stopped to wash away the stains. cry of the man of Borneo-"Come Then, as I ran on, I awoke. My first over and help us!" I have had ring- 341 ing in my ears by day and by night In the streets of these cities the the names of "Balik-papan! Balik- darkness that can be felt depressed papan 1 Samarinda 1 Samarinda 1" my soul. It can be dispelled only Satan's complete thraldom over the by the Light of His Word.

souls of men in these parts has Now I hear the call of great never yet been challenged by the cities like Makassar and Surabaya, preaching of the Gospel. names new to me. They ring in I hear the voice of the Great my ears all day and are in my Shepherd saying, "Other sheep I dreams at night. "Makassar!

have ….. them also must I bring." Makassar 1 Surabaya! Surabaya 1"

And again, "Whom shall I send, They represent places of midnight darkness. Thousands of Chinese are in these cities as sheep without a shepherd. The little flocks have no leader. If we can supply Chi- nese Christian workers to help save these dying churches, and to open work in new cities before long we may have a score of self-support- ing Chinese churches here.

We must also send missionaries to the interior of Borneo and the Celebes, where wild head-hunters still live in the jungle. Some day they will hear the glad sound of the Gospel, see the great Light, and be saved. We are debtors to the Chinese, the Malay, the Javanese, the Indian, the Arab of these parts, and to the pagan wild men of the interior. We must not only warn them, but we owe them a debt that we must pay. It is our duty to give them the Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ. To fulfil this obli- gation some one must go, and some A NATIVE OF THE CELEBES one will have to send. "How shall they call on Him in whom they and who will go for us?" Who have not believed? And how shall will open a Gospel hall in Balik- they believe in Him of whom they papan and Samarinda? There are have not heard? And hew shall Mohammedan mosques at these they hear without a preacher? And places and heathen Chinese tem- how shall they preach except they ples. The devil is worshipped be sent?" (Rom. 10: 14, 15.) there. Theatres, gambling hells, It will require sacrifice; it will and worse places, all in full swing, cost tears and blood; but it is are thronged with people of many worth while. What a joy to go races – Malays, Javanese, Boegis, with Him, to preach His Gospel Chinese, and "the wild man of "where Christ has not been n a m e d ." Borneo" from the interior.

UNDER THE AMERICAN

What Shall We Do With the Moros of Mindanao?

BY THE REV. FRANK LAUBACH, D.D.

Missionary of the A. B. O. F. M., Mindanao" Philippine [slanas I MAGINE a globe, across which for food. Columbus ventured to is flung an American flag, seek India across the Atlantic in reaching from Maine to the the face of the common superstifurthest island of the distant Phil- tion that he would fall off the edge ippines. On the opposite side of of the world. He struck America the globe paint a huge green stock- but could not get around it. Maing stretching from Spain across gellan, with incredible doggedness, Northern Africa and Southern drove southward until he pene- Asia to the Southern end of the trated the stormy, churning straits Philippines. The heel of the green at the lower extremity of South stocking and the tip of the red, America; and then crossed ten white and blue, overlap in Min- thousand miles of open sea in his danao, for here are a half million little sail boats-on and on, and Mohammedans, the famous Moro on-tearing the leather from the pirates who kept the Pacific in ter- masts, and soaking it in the sea ror for centuries. We now hold and gnawing at it for food-on and those Moros because we took them on for a hundred days. When at from Spain. How Spain came into last he and his crew did reach possession of them is a strange land-it happened to. be Mindanao tale. It begins with Mohammed -they fell down weakly upon their himself. faces and gave thanks to God that Beginning his ministry in 610, they had found a way past their this marvellously electric person- Moslem foes. Then they started ality succeeded in galvanizing his out to explore and, did ever fate followers into "the most violent play so cruel a trick I-found the explosion of human energy in his- Moslems or "Mnros," who· had tory." His cheering throngs come around the world the other pushed across Northern Africa, way and swarmed all over the and by the year 732 were in South- Southern Philippines.

ern France. If they had won the This is how it came about that battle ·of Tours, probably all Eu- twenty-nine years after the Moors rope and America would have be- were hurled from Spain, the piticome Moslem. But they lost that ful struggle began again between battle, and began a very slow re- the "Moros" and the Spaniards in treat. It required 760 years to far-off Mindanao. Spain waited push them out of Spain! The very only long enough to become rooted year Columbus discovered Ameri- in the Northern Philippines, and ca, at the battle of Granada the then she equipped a fleet and sailed last Moors ("Morns" in the Span- to Mindanao to exterminate her ish tongue) were forced across ancient foes. The extermination Gibralter into Africa. went the other way, for scarcelJ They had now become a complete a Spaniard escaped to tell what had bar to all caravans to India. Men, happened.

like animals, will dare anything The triumphant Moros were 343

hungry for more blood. When the annihilate the Moros or even to southwest monsoon began to blow, convert them. All they asked was they sent a great fleet northward peace and obedience to the law. to wreak vengeance. They swooped They never attacked first, but if down upon village after unfortu- the Moros attacked, the recoil was nate village, captured Filipinos and as quick and as terrible as possible. Spaniards, set them to cutting the It was not a flattering reputation crops of rice and corn and piling that preceded the soldiers in some them into the Mora vintas, and areas. My teacher, Data Pambaya, then, by way of reward, they cut tells me that when his grandmother off the heads of the men and first set eyes on an American solcarried off the good-looking women dier, she ran home exclaiming, for theh wives, and the children "Why they are not beasts at all; as slaves. Vengeance proved ex- they walk on two feet like we do, citing and profitable, so when the but they are tall and white I" monsoon blew northward the following year the escapade was re- General Wood made a scientific peated. For two centuries the study of Mora psychology. He Moro guns proved superior to those bought all the books on Mohammeof the Spaniards. danism, the Moros, and the Orient that he regarded as having value- The Filipinos came to expect he had a room full of them-and this scourge as a regular part of what is more he read them. Then, their yearly life. Watch tower~ instead of going directly to Minwere built, where vigilant eyes danao, General Wood spent several scanned the seas by night and day, months in Borneo, Java, Sumatra, ready to sound the alarm that the and Singapore, learning all he Moros were coming so that every could from the Dutch and English living soul might flee to the moun- rulers and from the natives, about tains. Manila had a wall around the prejudices and habits of Malay the entire city. During the nine- Moslems. When he did reach the teenth century, the Spaniards, in Moros he was able to win their common with all Europe, gained a hearts and enlist their loyalty in a tremendous advantage by driving remarkably short time. The Motheir ships with steam, and were ros, for all their bloodthirsty hisable to chase the Moro vintas from tory, are real men. If they worship the seas, but to all intents and pur- physical strength and courage, poses these Moslem pirates were they admire mental astuteness even free from all real control by Spain more; and in General Wood they to, the very last. recognized one of the keenest minds of his day. When America arrived in the Philippines in 1898, the Moros met One Way of Making Friends their masters. Our War Department, realizing that here was a It happened that the Sultan of delicate and difficult region, sent Sulu was absent when General strong men to deal with the situ- Wood landed in Jolo, but Rajah ation-Wood, Pershing, Bullard, Mudah was acting in his place, Davis, Baldwin, Bliss, Sumner. and General Wood invited the These and others not so well known Rajah to pay him a visit. The were not only soldiers, but also Rajah replied that he was ill, so statesmen. They had no desire to Wood sent a company of soldiers

MOSLEMS UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG

to inquire after his health. When personal prowess could command.

the Rajah saw the soldiers stand- It is a perfect example of feudal- ing at attention before the house, ism. When the American troops he made a quick recovery and ac- arrived, these tribes were in a state cepted the invitation. General of continual warfare, and men Wood received him cordially, never thought of eating, working showed him about the camp, and or sleeping without their weapons.

inquired whether he would be in- Wives or children who ventured terested in seeing a machine gun out of sight without close guard work. After the gun had mowed were likely to be stolen and carried down a few trees, the Rajah be- into slavery. Life in Lanao in came a fast and faithful friend of those days was not good for weak the American army. nerves.

S i mil a r treatment won the A scourge of cholera broke out friendship of the other chieftains, about the time that the American and all went well until they were soldiers arrived, and the Moros requested to free their slaves. naturally supposed that the sol- Then they all threatened civil war. diers had brought it. They rea- Datu Ali, the most powerful of the soned that the way to be rid of the Jolo Datos', shut himself in his cholera was to kill the soldiers, so cota, or bamboo fort, which is more they watched in ambush and picked formidable than it may sound. Six on any small group that ventured feet above the ground the rocts of out of camp.

living bamboo are tightly woven One old Mora named Alandug together and covered with mud-a paid several visits to the Camp and wall six feet or more in thickness, talked with Captain Bullard.

and from this wall rise thousands Noticing that the Americans did of huge hard bamboos to a height not die of cholera, he inquired the of ten or twenty feet, covered with reason, and was told that the men thorns. Such a fort is impregnable boiled the water before drinking it by direct infantry attack, but is not to destroy the cholera germs. The proof against modern field guns. old Mora spread the news that the Wood, who was always sparing of Americans had good Mohammedan the lives of his soldiers, was prof- doctrine for they chased the devils ligate wit h ammunition. He out of the water before drinking it.

smothered this Mora fort with In a short time Moros began to artillery fire, and when he had come from all directions for medi- finished, nobody was alive save cine. Many of them drank a cup those who had fled from the fort. of boiled water in the morning- Captain Bullard has written a and drank anything they wished delightful account of his experi- the rest of the day!

ences at Lake Lanao, where he The Moros are overflowing with sought to bring order out of chaos. surplus energy, and they want Around the lake are about ninety money more than anything else in thousand Moros, divided into "an the world. So Bullard set to work infinity of" small tribelets, each building a road from the coast to more or less ruled by small chief- Lake Lanao, thirty miles inland, tains having pompous titles like and paid what seemed to them "Sultan" or "Rajah" or "Data," enormous wages. Old Alandug yet with no more power than their came first "with a handful of ugly

fellows whom we treated like kings 1906, and the tears sprang to the and handled like infernal machines eyes of the young man, "That," he ready to go off at any moment." cried, "was my father. Oh, I want The number of workers increased to write and tell General Bullard daiIy-"armed, a I way s armed, about it!" And he interpreted the stuck all over with daggers and account excitedly to his brother krises." Even bitter enemies, who, who was sitting with us. "My if they had met anywhere else father was a very good Moslem, would have fought on sight, buried and wanted all the people to obey their deadly hatred for a time, and God. And the most ardent desire worked side by side. The love of of my life is to carry out his money, instead of being a root of wishes." It was one of the tensest evil, in this case worked for peace moments in my life. I took the and progress. hand of young Adbul Gani Moor, and said: "Gani, we shall be Tackling Their Religion friends and co-workers for life, for the most ardent desire of my Now Bullard tackled their re- heart is that the Moros and all the ligion. He studied into the night world shall learn to do the will of until he could talk fluently about God." the Koran, .and then invited the priests to visit him, and amazed Among the Moros life was held them with his knowledge of the very cheaply, one's own as well as sacred book. Although they knew that of another. In Jolo (but not little about it themselves, they pre- in Lanao) a Moro who was tired tended to know everything. From of life and wanted to take the that time the Governor had no shortest road to heaven would "run trouble whatever with the religia.us amuck," or juramentado as the problem, which had always proven Spaniards called it. He would the chief stumbling block of the bathe in a sacred spring, shave off Spaniards. Bullard became such his eyebrows, dress in white, and a close friend of Hadji Mohamad present himself before the' priests Noor, the most reverend Moslem to whom he would take a solemn scholar of them all, that this priest oath to die fighting the enemies of arose in Mora. Assembly and an- the faith. Then, hiding weapons nounced that it was the will of under his clothes, he would go to "Allah hoo ta Allah" that the the nearest Christian town, snatch Americans should rule over the his weapon from concealment and Moros and tax them to one-fifth of proceed to kill every person in all their goods! Never before in sight until he himself was killed. history had a Mora paid a cent of Simply injuring this fanatic would tax to anybody! The triumph of not stop him, for he would fight so Bullard's diplomacy was complete. long as there was any life left in him. If bayonetted, he would The best educated young Moro often seize the barrel of the rifle in Lanao has become my fast and push the bayonet farther into friend and my assistant editor. himself in an effort to get nearer "My father," he told me, "was the to the soldier at the other end. very first man to urge the Moros When at last the Moro perished, to obey America." So I read Cap- the news would be carried to his tain Bullard's account which ap- relatives who would then hold a peared in the Atlantic Monthly in

celebration. As night was coming ought to see Washington, the capon, some of them always saw him itol of the United States!" riding on a white horse bound for the abode of the blessed. Ten years after Carpenter began his work, one of the great round People who esteem life as cheap- the world boats was advertising, ly as that are not safe with fire- "See Zamboanga, the most beautiarms. Gathering up all the guns fullittle city in the world !" in the Moro country proved far the most difficult task undertaken by The result of this demonstration American soldiers. The Moros was that the Moros, especially the prize their guns more than any school children, went to work other of their possessions. At planting flowers around their present every Moro who desires to homes, and tried their hand at carry a gun must have a govern- rustic paths and fountains. Govment license. It is a privilege ernor Carpenter scoured the world which all important men prize also for new ideas in agriculture. highly, so they keep the law as Plots of ground were selected carefully as possible for fear their where the Moros could see what license may be taken away from was going on, and commercial them. plants of all kinds were raised for distribution. Seeds were distrib- New Ideas for Old uted free of charge, a specialist even going with the Moros to. show Clearly the chief need of the them how to plant and care for Moros was new ideas to take the the new crops. Coffee, rubber, tree place of their petty feuds and their cotton, avacarda pears and many narrow outlook; and all governors other articles are now permanently of the Moro country have been established. wracking their brains and scouring libraries for such ideas. Gov- The most wonderful tale in ernor Carpenter of Zamboanga Mindanao is this: For the first was the most original. He secured time in the history of Islam, a Moa landscape gardener from Wash- hammedan nation is going to school ington and set him to work beauti- to Christian teachers. The Moros fying Zamboanga. Beautiful little of Lanao are eager for their boys parks began to appear like magic. to have an education, for they see Fountains, charming waterfalls, that there is no other way in which and glorious flower gardens caught they can protect themselves from the eyes of the Moros, who had oppression and exploitation on the always loved color in their clothes part of unscrupulous people. but had not thought of putting it into their landscape. Numerous Even a few of the girls are atcanals, that once had been ugly tending school. But there are mud holes, began to shimmer with many hindrances in their way. An exquisite water lilies. Splendid Indian Moslem visiting the Moros concrete buildings arose along said: "The place of woman is to clean streets, and a great beautiful be subservient to man, and if she pier crept out into the bay, bril- becomes educated she talks back liantly lighted by dozens of gilded and wants too much money, and electric lamps. When the en- you cannot keep her in her place. thralled Moros asked the reason No, it will never do to educate for all this, they were told: "You women!" Then the educated girls tell the Moros that they intend to

marry Christians because they do the beginnings of an experiment in not like the easy divorce customs adult education, rather different of Islam, and they will not tolerate from anything of which I have a second wife. For these and other read elsewhere. Old and young reasons the Bureau of Education alike pile into our schoolroom is worried about the girls whom it whenever we open the doors, and educates, and is actually refusing study how to read our paper until to accept some who apply as stu- we have to invite them to go home dents in the schools. A profound for luncheon or until darkness social change results in these girls, prevents fUrther seeing. It seems and the Bureau wishes to be sure easy to prepare Moros teachers that it is not a change for the who can extend this "folk school" worse, or perhaps lead to a war idea all through the Province, and of the sexes! so teach the Moros how to become acquainted with the events of the A Great Danger in Lanao world around them.

The danger in Lanao is not that America owes a large debt to the Moros will refuse to drop their these Moros. We made them religion, but that they will take a promises which thus far we have cynical attitude toward religion left unfulfilled. They surrendered and morals in general. Those who to America, because they trusted have been in contact with "Chris- her. We deprived them of their tian" civilization are as a rule not means of self-defense. We owe it so good as those who have been to them to see that they are not wholly free from the contact. crushed and even exterminated in the pathway of greed. If we can- Bishop Brent, while in the not help them by peaceful meth- Philippines, became so greatly im- ods, they constantly tell me they pressed with the need of the Moros will resort again to arms, and if that three wealthy society women, they do they will bring misfortune infected with his zeal, went to J 010, upon themselves and all the Philipestablished a fine agricultural pines. They still remain the one school, and almost transformed the menace to Philippine Independence spirit of that once dangerous Is- which most worries many of us. land. On the other hand, if we give Four months ago, the Rev. them the aid they need they can Donato Galia and I opened our new become mighty leaders in this part station in Lanao Province among of the world. Nobody questions some hundred thousand Moros. their innate qualities. Personally We have found them friendly be- I believe that we shall see Moros yond all expectation. We began a driving down into Borneo and Java little newspaper in the Maranao and Sumatra and the Straits with dialect, which has been well re- their boundless energy, carrying ceived and is proving a channel for the new vision of what Christ can ideas of all sorts. It is published do for the enrichment of Islam. in Maranao with Arabic letters, and with Roman letters, and in These ancient pirates of the English. Perhaps half the men of Pacific can become the key tn the Lanao can read one of these three Moslem problem in The Far East. columns, and they all wish they They have it in their blood to do it. could read the other two. We have But what will America do?

RELIG IOU:;; RIHiCNI'ION CLASS IN A COUNTRY DAY

RELIGIOUS TRAINING FOR RURAL YOUTH BY THE REV. JAY S. STOWELL, Philadelphia, Pa.

Director of i'lt lJ licitlf, Board of l1U1nc Mi.'fsions a,1id Church R:.rtcnsion oj the ilIf;thutiist f,;pis("o}Jul ellul'clt OUT in Wyoming a certain A small but growing army of young woman had a "flat" trained young women are today at at a rather inconvenient work in rural areas on a new promoment, for a group of boys and gram which promises to revolugirls was awaiting her arrival at tionize religious procedure for a rural schoolhouse some miles these districts. It holds out to the away. After some tribulations the boys and girls in rural areas new damaged tire was repaired but the and better opportunities in relitraveler was so belated that it gious nurture than they have ever seemed almost foolish to proceed. before had. The plan, if extended, However, her habit of persistence will bring religious nurture to milhad its reward when she met the lions of youth attending rural pubentire group of bays and girls, lic schools, but who, for the most mostly Japanese and Scotch, at a part, have no regular contact with point a mile and a half from the any church or Sllnday-sclwol. It schoolhouse. They had come to will make possible religious train- meet their teacher, both because ing for other millions of boys and they were curious to know what girls who have had only the rather had happened to her and also be- sketchy aid of untrained volunteer cause they were determined not to Sunday-school teachers for twenty miss what she had to offer. That minutes a week when teacher and thing was not any part of the or- pupil have both found it convendinary public school curriculum ient to be present. Perhaps we but was instruction in religion and can best explain by citing the exlife. periences of one day with one of 349

these modern teachers of religion. promise to rural religion. No two One morning I was met at lessons had been alike, but each one' had fitted into a consecutive series. Ithaca by Miss Viola Schuldt, a I had seen small children cut, fold, college-trained young woman with and color their own paper "winpostgraduate w 0 r k in religious dows" which were then held closely education. After an early break- against the glass of the real winfast we headed for the country, dow while the pupils named the hustled for some miles over hard things which they could see for roads, swung onto a narrow, wind- which they wished to thank Gcd. ing, dirt road, and finally reached Afterward these lists were copied the top of a hill, where we found on the paper windows. The items an ancient one-room school. A ranged from trees and flowers to group of children were awaiting cows and people. Those carefully the opening of school, and a teacher made and colored windows, with was approaching from a distance. their list of blessings, wculd be faithfully preserved and would The bell rang and for sixty teach their own lessons during the minutes I listened to a thoroughly days that the teacher was away. prepared teacher presenting, according to approved pedagogical There were drills in the use of methods, a 'very effective lesson on the Bible, for the teacher provides God as the Heavenly Father. The Bibles at small cost. One group pupils belonged to no church and learned an evening prayer. Anattended no Sunday-school; some other discussed and planned in deof them were from homes of pov- tail a Thanksgiving party to be erty. During that hour they re- given at the schoolhouse for their ceived an impression which will mothers. They gave the reasons stay with them through life. They why the items which they sugwere so intent upon the lesson that, gested should be included in the when a huge threshing machine program. lumbered past over the country road in full view of the window, One school presented a simple, scarcely an eye was turned. These but carefully planned, religious farm youth here learned something dramatization, in which practically that will make them better citizens every member of the school parand will permanently enrich their ticipated. The One Hundredth lives. Psalm was used as memory work for one group, and notebook work At ten o'clock we sped on to an- formed a part of the program for other school where a still larger all the groups. Questions as to group of pupils awaited a lesson on what constitutes religious living Thanksgiving, of e qua II y high were discussed. merit; four o'clock found us on another hilltop, completing the Millions of Americans have resixth lesson for the day, this time ceived all the religious training upon the meaning of the Kingdom they ever had in church services or of Heaven. It was one of the most Sunday schools held in some schoolinteresting days I have ever spent, house. These new rural teachers for I had been watching an out- of religion are able to carryon standing representative of a new their work in conjunction with profession putting into practical public school authorities only beoperation a program of amazing cause of the provision of New York

RELIGIOUS TRAINING FOR RURAL YOUTH

State law making possible the re- of the salaries of the workers. lease of pupils one hour each week Methodists, Presbyterians, Bapfor religious instruction. After tists, Episcopalians and others several years of experience, the have joined and have produced the cash to make this new venture work has so commended itself to possible. parents that they sign written requests that their children shall be Rural teachers of religion are alreleased for it. Other states have ready at work in states as widely similar provisions and the number separated as New York, Pennsylseems likely to increase. In states vania, Arizona, Connecticut, Idaho, where laws are different the work Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, is frequently carried on b e for e Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Michschool hours, during recess or after school. igan, Oregon, California, Montana, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, INDIAN PUPILS IN A MOUNTAIN SCHOOr. AND 'J'HEIR BIBLE TEACHER In Tompkins C 0 u n t y, Miss Oklahoma, Tennessee, West Vir- Schuldt reaches each week 284 gInIa, Wyoming, and probably pupils between Monday and Fri- other states from which no reday. She is one of five such work- ports are at hand. ers giving their time to this work. Tompkins County is, in fact, one In one county in Michigan one of the outstanding counties in the trained girl was now reaching United States in the development more boys and girls each week of this ministry to rural youth. through the public schools than all It has been made possible largely the churches of all denominations by the vision and patient per- in the same territory had reached sistence of Professor Ralph Felton through the Sunday-school at any of the Rural Extension Depart- one time in the past fifteen years. ment of Cornell University, and by the generosity of the churches of In Lane County, Oregon, the Ithaca, which have provided most work was begun three years ago under the personal direction of Miss Mary C. Harding, and was

later taken over by the Lane In one school a mother reported that County Council of Religious Edu- it was the first time her little boy had cation. The first year fifteen attended a religious service, and the first classes were organized with 329 time she and her husband had attended pupils; the next year the work "church" since they were married. In grew to twenty-five classes with another district the school was made up of Czechoslovakian, Polish, Hungarian, Welsh and Scotch children, only one 508 pupils. The present plans call American family being included. Many for fifty classes with an enrolment of the children in the kindergarten could of nearly one thousand. The work speak no English, and the mothers spoke is done on released school time and only brokenly but attended a class or- ganized to teach English.

reaches legging camps and lumber These are brief glimpses of a towns as well as agricultural com- movement that is s pre a din g munities. through rural America much faster These new rural teachers of re- than many imagine. It is bringing ligion are not limited to one meth- into existence a new profession for od of work. During the summer college and normal school grad- months they promote hundreds of uates who have taken time to daily vacation schools of religion. specialize in the work of religious One worker in Illinois reported education. The field is so full of twelve such schools under her di- promise and the method of work rection, with fifty-three volunteer so economical that men of wealth teachers and nearly six hundred would do well to set aside some pupils. Seventeen of these volun- millions of dollars with which to teer workers were public school challenge communities to achieve- teachers with normal training, ment along this line of religious nine college-trained high school nurture for rural youth. The teachers, two college-trained pas- movement might then be stim- tors' wives, three pastors with col- ulated somewhat as Andrew Car- lege training, two other college negie stimulated the loan library graduates, one undergraduate, and or as Julius Rosenwald has stim- nineteen with high school training. ulated the work of elementary edu- Without such trained leadership cation among Negroes.

probably not one of the schools Thus far the churches of Ithaca would have been held and six hun- have led the country in their will- dred boys and girls would have ingness to assume the salaries of missed several weeks of consecu- these rural teachers of religion, tive training in matters of religion. while the communities in which the During last summer Miss Esther work is done have been challenged B. Cutler, a worker in Wyoming, to provide a budget for traveling had charge of eight such vacation expenses and for educational ma- schools of religion with a total en- terials. In Lane County, Oregon, rolment of 240 pupils, ranging the teaching is done largely by stu- from four to twelve years of age. dents on part time. The communi- Of her experiences Miss Cutler ties served are expected to pay the writes: salary of the teacher, while travel- Many of the children are not connected ing expenses are provided by a with any church or church school and financial campaign. In some cases their parents have no church connec- Rural Religious Education Societion. Many of the boys and girls came a long distance on horseback or in car- ties with a membership fee have riages…… . been organized among rural and

town dwellers to support this rural over, but it does mean that we canprogram of religious nurture. Na- not depend upon it exclusively to tional agencies, both denomina- provide religious training for the tional and interdenominational, boys and girls in America. The have also made direct appropria- public school is the only agency tions for this religious ministry. which reaches ninety per cent of All of these methods of support American youth, so that any comhelp, but the field is enormous and prehensive system of religious nuris ripe unto harvest. ture shculd be worked out in terms of school districts and school It has become increasingly clear groups. that the Sunday-school cannot be DRAMATIZING A BIBI,E STORY IN A CLASS IN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION depended upon to fill the needs of These new workers in religious the boys and girls of America for education are blazing a new trail full religious nurture. It has for a more comprehensive plan of reached only a fraction of Amer- religious nurture for rural youth. ican youth and it labors under the Our rural regions are crying out handicaps of the "peak-load-at-a- for a great army of well qualified single-hour," the limitations of un- religious teachers, as well trained, trained teachers, and irregularity as well paid, and as sure of an opof attendance on the part of both portunity for service as are public teachers and pupils. The latest re- school teachers. The way is beligious census shows that only 44.1 ginning to open. State legislatures per cent of the children of the are breaking down some of the bar- United States are even enrolled in riers; boys and girls of our rural Sunday-school – an actual decline areas are finely responsive, and a of more than four per cent in a crowd of enthusiastic coli e g edecade. This does not mean that trained workers are crying out, the day of the Sunday-school is "Let's go!"

3

FROM THE FRONT*

Siam Christians Accept Responsibilities crease in enrollment. Reinforce- Na~ionals willingly accepting in- ments and adequate appropriacreasmg responsibility for work tions urgently needed and call for but urgently asking for more train- the earnest prayers of the home ing. All churches in South Siam Church.-Rev. T. E. Barber.

Presbytery united in supporting Guatemala Sends Greetings work in East Siam.-Rev. Herbert Lord's work advances spite erup- W. Stewart. tion, earthquakes, drought, finan- Pray for Japan's Spiritual Advance cial crisis, revolution. Believers Hokkaido, Japan, a land of un- growing in grace, volunteer servlimited opportunities for Christ. ice, giving. Marvelous opportuni- Cities of over 60,000 and 70,000 ties. Force undermanned. Mediwith no resident foreigner demand cal work extended to unserved dismission~ries immediately. North- tricts. Home needed to replace ern Star Girls' School, with every shack for missionaries at boys' teacher a Christian, had over school. New school building Queeighty baptisms last year. You at zaltenango great asset. Praise, home please study, pray and give pray, sustain budget, send best that Japan may advance spiritu- young people.-Rev. L. P. Sullenally as she has materially.-Rev. berger. Leo C. Lake. :Brazil Plans Expansion Venezuela Asks Open Door Presbyterian Missions in Brazil have produced one of strongest National Church and Mission national churches in the world, carrying on in spite of exclusion but vast interior regions still un- of foreign clergy. We unitedly touched by Gospel. Missions plan- ask interest and help in forward ning expansion Amazon Basin movement in Venezuela. Remem- and Indians Upper Xingu. More ber our building program in your prayer, money and reinforcements offerings. Pray for deepened spir- from home churches urgently itual life for Venezuela Church and needed for advance. Confident that God may open way for en- you will not fail us.-Rev. Philip trance of much-needed mission- S. Landes.

aries.-Rev. C. A. Phillips. From West Africa Colombian Government Sympathetic To the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.: Much progress is being New Colombian government by made in the old fields of Cameroun fair election is sympathetic to all and fine opportunities are opening our work. Great opportunities for in unoccupied or partially occupied the spread of the Gospel. Young regions. The church here is men and women offering them- marching forward and no insurselves for service require prepara- mountable obstacles are visible. tion. Critical financial crisis causes Continued support is urgently much distress. Schools greatly in- needed to man properly the line • From the PresblftPT-ian IVorld New8. of occupation.-Rev. R. H. Evans.

354

'J'HE WORLD CONGRESS {W CHRISTIAK }lISSIONS AT

WORLD MISSIONS AT CHATTANOOGA The Story of the Notable CO'/1,gress Held in Tennessee BY DAVID M. SWEETS, Louisville, Kentucky Ewit(lr of The Cltr~N«-'H Observer ; BOUT 1,800 registered dele- the report. The Findings Commit- tee brought in its report at the last £". gates attended the Congress session.

on World Missions in Chat- Great enthusiasm was manitanooga in addition to several hun- fested by those attending the Condred unofficial delegates and visi- gress. tors. The large auditorium, with a seating capacity of over 5,009 Dr. J. P. McCallie, of Chattapersons, was comfortably filled at nooga, and the local committee on the night meetings. A magnificent arrangements had made adequate pageant was presented by repre- preparation for the comfort and sentatives of the Chattanooga convenience of all the delegates. churches, portraying the seventy The program had been carefully years of missionary work of the prepared under the direction of Dr. Presbyterian Church in the United C. Darby Fulton. States. Rev. James 1. Vance, D.D., chair- Each afternoon, one of the re- man of the Executive Committee ports* of the six commissions ap- of Foreign Missions, at the openpointed a year ago was read and ing session outlined the task of the immediately the Congress divided church as follows: up into thirty groups-ten in the Men's Division, ten in the Women's Has the church of the twentieth Division, and ten in the Young Peo- century enough character for its task? ple's Division-for discussion of Can it shake off its entanglements with politics, with industry and capi- • The reports of tile Commissions were pub· tal, with civic reforms and credal big- otries, and emancipate itself for its ~~s~ege i~e:u~;~kfo~f i5"2cfnat~e~y c~;1t'n~f t,;h~~~ supreme undertaking which is spir- itual? Can it clothe itself with salva- ~30~1~:;.h~li~,m¥:~~,.of Foreign Missions, Box 355

tion, and flaming with a new passion OOO,OQ() in the next eighteen for Calvary, and bearing the marks of months."

the Cross in its hands and feet, get Dr. James Endicott gave a conto its work? We are here to see. This vincing address, proving that for- Congress will mean next to nothing eign missions is of the very warp unless there issues from it a church and woof of the New Testament. born again, The report of Commission I, of The opening address of the Con- which Dr. Walter L. Lingle was gress was made by Rev. Mark A. chairman, contained the following Matthews, D.D., pastor of the First section on "Missionary Obligation Presbyterian church of Seattle. He and Motive": asserted that the answer to the question, "Why is not our ;cphrch Christ the Only. Foundation more interested in contributing In dealing with the obligations of its ,mdney and its sons and daugh- the Christian church to carry the Gos- ters to missionary work?" was to pel to the nonChristian lands we are be found in the fact that "there touching the crux of the whole prob- are 63,000,000 pagans in America, lem today. Why is it that the interest and it is harder to bring American in foreign missions is everywhere lagpagans to Christ than it is to con- ging and that gifts are faIling off? It is because the Chri·stian people are vert the heathen ….. . no longer gipped by a burning con- "I am standing on the terms of viction that men everywhere are lost without Christ. The sense of urgency, command and by the authority of of immediate danger, of a crisis in Christ, who is absolute in power salvation has largely disappeared. in heaven and earth. Christ is the Many of our preachers no longer only incarnation; there never has been one before and there never preach as dying men to dying men.

will be another. That doctrine Our forefathers believed that men would change America today in everywhere without Christ were in imminent danger of facing the wrath fifteen minutes if the materialistic .of God. Our modern world has largely crowd who are hoarding the wealth lost this urgent note in salvation. We need to restore it. We need to learn would realize it." that we are in danger not only of the Contributions to mission have wrath of God hereafter, but that here and now a world without Christ faces been decreased because "we have immediate disaster in its economic, been spending our money on our- social and international relationships. selves," Dr. Matthews said.

"The organized forces of the antichrist are doing more today to Our age is not primarily interested in weaken the arm of Christianity what it conceives to be a mere figment and to thwart its aim than ever of the theological imagination, but it before," he declared. "Communis- is vitally concerned in present losses tic theories and policies are sweep- and disasters. It is this loss of a ing the world. One billion four mighty conviction about salvation and hundred million people yet unsaved of both a present and a future disaster are lying out before us, presenting to the soul and to modern civilization a field white for the harvest. If without Christ that has cut the nerve Christians were to do the hand- of missionary obligation and enthusi- asm. picked personal work that was What has destroyed this burning done in the first century of the conviction that the nonChristian world church we could touch those 1,400,- is lost without Christ? The problem

1931J WORLD MISSIONS AT CHATTANOOGA

here is very little different on the for- Jesus Christ. He loved us and gave eign field from what it is at home. Himself for us. All that we are to- The disease has only come to a head day, and all that we hope to be through a little more quickly on the frontier the eternal age·s to come we owe to lines. What has destroyed the Chris- Him. He wants us to tell all the world tian conviction both at home and the story of His redeeming love. He abroad is the rising tide of secularism. has made His heart's desire known to This, more than the heathen religions, us in many ways. He has even com- is the subtle foe that we must meet manded us to go and preach the Gos- abroad. In fact, the heathen religions pel to every creature. His love should are being undermined by this same be a constraining motive. His com- naturalism ….. . mand should be final with those who At one time all departments of hu- love Him. We have a longing to be man endeavor were built on a churchly Christ-like. If we really want to be foundation. But, one by one, each has like Him, we must share His desire asserted its independence of ecclesi- that all men should be saved ….. . astical control and built its superstructure anew on Ii basis of pure God's ideal for the individual is that naturalism …… Science was once a he should become perfectly like Jesus child of the church; but she has raised Christ. "Whom He did foreknow them the standard 'of revolt, and desires not did He also predestinate to be cononly to rule her own household with- formed to the image of His Son." out outside help, but also to build all His ideal for the world is that it moral and spiritual values on a secu- should become perfectly like heaven. lar foundation. Today the new reli- "Thy Kingdom come. Thy will be gion of Humanism would do without done on earth as it is in heaven." ….. the church, her sacraments and her These ideals can be realized only as supernatural revelation. Such is the men everywhere learn to know and revolt of secularism. It is Christian- love the Christ, and crown Him Lord ity's greatest enemy both at home and of all in their lives ….. . abroad. It has largely taken the nerve out of missionary obligation to a lost An appealing statement was made and dying world. by the Jerusalem Council: Since Christ is the motive, the end of Chris- If this abiding missionary convic- tian missions fits in with that motive. tion and obligation is to be restored, Its end is nothing Jess than the prothen we must show to the world, both duction of Christ-like character in inat home and abYoad, that personality dividuals and societies and nations and modern civilization will perish un- through faith and fellowship with less they are built upon the Rock Christ, the living Saviour, and through Christ Jesus. For other foundati~n corporate sharing of life in a divine can no man lay-not science, philoso- society. Christ is our motive and phy, secularism or humanism-than Chri·st is our end. We must give noththat is laid, which is Jesus Christ. We ing less, and we can give nothing more.

need to show to the world anew the Dr. S. M. Zwemer gave an admeaning of sin both in its individual and in its social aspects, to make clear dress in which he said that the that all secular foundations for the church has lost its sense of the ursoul and for society will ultimately gency of missions, its sense of the fail, to present attractively and con- adequacy of the Gospel and its vincingly the unchanging Christ as sense of the supremacy of Christ. the solution of the world's problems, and as bringing salvation both here Two gripping messages were brought by Dr. Robert E. Speer.

and hereafter. In one he dwelt particularly on the We are under eternal obligation to present day objections that are be-

ing advanced, without and within and who are groping around for the church, concerning foreign mis- the new. sions-objections no different from those which the first Christian had The scope of the Congress can to confront. be seen from the subjects assigned to the six Commissions that pre- In another address he said : "We pared and presented comprehenare facing the same problems with sive reports as follows: which Christianity was confronted at its beginning-problems dealing I. The Missionary Message and with the destiny of the human soul, Obligation-Christianity and the Nonthe personality of Jesus and the Christian Religions. Rev. W. L. relationship of Christianity with Lingle, D.D., chairman. the other religions of the world. The relationship of religion to the II. The Foreign Field-Our Misstate, to politics, to war, to mar- sionary Responsibility. Rev. D. W. riage and to citizenship, also is the Richardson, D.D., chairman. problem of Christianity now as in the beginning." III. The Church at Home-How Can It Meet This Responsibility? Dr. Speer referred to fallacious Rev. H. W. DuBose, D.D., chairman. educational ideas and said: "An idea has been evolved that educa- IV. The Pastor and Missions-His tion must not transmit anything, Place of Leadership. Rev. Wm. M. but must be evocative. We are told Anderson," D.D., chairman. that the experience of mankind in all the years of its existence must V. The Offering of Possessionsnot be transmitted through educa- Adequately Financing the Enterprise. tion. Are we to refrain from teach- Rev. A. S. Johnson, D.D., chairman. ing a language to children until they become eighteen, so that they V. The Offering of Life-The will be able to choose what lan- Missionary Recruits, Past, Present guage they shall learn? Must and Future. Rev. W. Taliaferro everyone start at the beginning of Thompson, D.D., chairman. the human race and learn all its experiences for himself? The Findings things that in the past twenty years the antichristian forces have The facts set forth in the report been attacking are the secondary of Commission I on "The Missionagencies of the church, which we ary Message and Obligation" conhad been told were what the world stitute a ringing appeal to the wanted-the schools and the hos- church. pitals. The need of the world for Jesus "It is sad to see men tearing is as great today as it was when down the old gods before they have He ascended the Cross on Calvary. found the true God, but it gives the The imperative of the Great Com- Christian church an opportunity to mission, "Go ye into all the world replace the old half truths with the and preach the Gospel to every full truth of the living God. The creature," has lost none of its old fanaticisms are dying down, force. He is still saying, "If ye and all over the world one sees men love me, keep my commandments," who have forsaken the old gods "As the Father hath sent me, even so send I you."

In dealing with the obligation of the Christian church to carry the Gospel to the nonChristian lands we are touching the crux of the whole problem today. Why is it that the interest in foreign mis-

WORLD MISSIONS AT CHATTANOOGA

sions is everywhere lagging and more be placed upon the native that gifts are falling off? It is be- church for support and direction.

cause the Christian people are no Schools which are only secondary longer gripped by a burning con- should not be continued. Recog- viction that men everywhere are nizing the evangelistic value of lost without Christ. these institutions, however, we be- The sense of urgency, of imme- lieve that the church should be diate danger, of a crisis in salva- slow to adopt a policy of establish- tion, has largely disappeared. ing no more schools and hospitals, Many of our preachers no longer but should at present strengthen preach as dying men to dying men. those in existence and be guided Our forefathers believed that men by conditions on the fields in fu- everywhere without Christ were in ture policy.

imminent danger of facing the It should be our missi()nary pro- wrath of God. Our modern world gram to develop in all our fields has largely lost this urgent note self-supporting, self-governing, and in salvation. We need to restore self-propagating native churches, it …… We need to show to the and the church at home should world anew the meaning of sin, supply all that is necessary to real- both in its individual and in its ize this end.

social aspect's, to make clear that To meet these needs there shOUld all secular foundations for the soul be an increase both in missionary and for society will ultimately fail, force and financial support. The to present attractively and con- commission estimates that a twen- vincingly the unchanging Christ ty per cent increase in number of as the solution of the world's prob- missionaries during the next ten lems and as bringing salvation both or fifteen years and an annual in- here and hereafter. crease of five per cent in mission- Our church has not undertaken ery offerings during the same too great a missionary task, and period seems to be a reasonable that we should press on to its com- estimate.

pletion as rapidly as the church Under the guidance of God a furnishes the means for advance. call should be made to all churches Conditions in the world and on our for confession of our inadequate mission fields emphasize the ur- faith, and of our lack of genuine gency of the task and call the self-denial and of devotion to our church to renewed energy and con- Lord and to His service …… The centration to the task. budget should be considered the The effective accomplishment of minimum and that churches should our missionary task means that we be called upon for additional spe- should first establish and strength- cial sacrificial gifts to meet the en the work already under way, great needs of the world as the op- then press on as rapidly as pos- portunityoffers.

sible into unoccupied areas. Direct We strongly endorse the grow- evangelistic work should be ing practice of schools of missions stressed. Institutional work, as and missionary libraries in the represented by scho()ls and hospi- Church, and we especially com- tals should be made subordinate mend schools of missions for men.

and contributory to the evangelistic We believe that there should be objective. They should more and worked Ol,lt some original plan for

the education of the Church in all sound physical condition in order its causes ….. . that the percentage of return be lessened. In the period of prep- The appeal for foreign mission aration, they be encouraged to culsupport should be grounded more tivate a balanced mental attitude largely in a portrayal of the tri- toward life, including participaumphs of the Gospel of Christ and tion in recreational activities, and that the note of defeatism should the cultivation of necessary periods not be so often sounded. of relaxation from their work. They should also be men and wom- The Pastor and Missions en of good general ability. Above all, a missionary must have a sound The pastor, being the divinely moral character and an intense deappointed overseer of the individ- votion for the Master. ual church and the recognized key to all forward movements, should In addition to trying to make the assume the responsibility of mis- missionary spirit permeate all our sionary leadership. It is the judg- homes and institutions, the Church ment of the groups that the pas- has the right to call to particular tor's leadership in missions can be fields such representatives as are made more effective if elders, dea- deemed suitable and desirable. The cons and members of our churches Church through its Foreign Miswould recognize and assume their sion Committee should have the Christ – appointed obligation to power to call a man or woman to a carry out the purpose and program field, but that individual must in of the Great Commission. How- no way be constrained beyond ever, the missionary enthusiasm in what he interprets to be the call of any church, including officers and God to that work. This is not to members, is almost directly pro- be construed to discourage volunportionate to the faithfulness and teering for the field. effectiveness with which the pastor gives missionary information and Our missionary representatives inspiration. should receive the best possible training before being sent out: It There should be greater em- was emphasized again and again phasis on consecration of self and that this training should begin in means, through leadership by pre- Christian homes. This training cept and example of pastor and should, if possible, include the obofficers of every church with firm taining of a college degree because conviction that the tithe is a debt of the necessity for recognition on to the Lord and that gifts come the foreign field. However, the afterward. main emphasis in training should be to secure a real spiritual experi- The Offering of Life ence in the candidate, since the Congress finds the main motive for Missionaries are wanted and are securing, training and sending out needed, and are being sent out to- or going as missionaries "the need day, but that there is a particular and sacrifice of Christ:' need for securing the very best possible type of men and women. These missionaries should be of

IS YOUR BIRTHDAY?

Birthday Bands and Their Remarkable World Wide Mission " H BY EMMA BELLE D. PIERSON, Montclair, New Jersey AVE you ever heard of the Gather Up the Fragments. The most remarkable mission- happy company of 6,000 donors ary enterprise in the now belonging to this Band sent world?" last year over £1300 ($6,500) in This question by a Christian lay- thank offerings of birthday shil- man in Australia was interjected lings.

into a conversation as we sat on a They work through existing mishillside overlooking the city of sionary organizations, helping mis- Brisbane, Queensland. The super- sionaries in tight places when there lative adjective caught our atten- is no money available to meet tion. Then he told us a story of a some peculiarly urgent need. Last world-wide ministry founded by a year the gifts touched twenty-four missionary minded mother and an different countries, supported impressionable lad in Australia twenty-six native Christians, ac- who became interested in working tive messengers for Christ to their and saving and giving to educate own people, and kept in Christian a boy in India. It was in the days homes and schools forty-five boys of paper shaving balls, and the and girls who had been rescued son's willing little hands made doz- from opium dens, idol temples and ens and dozens of these balls and slavery of all kinds. The original sold them, sending a goodly sum Band has increased to eighty-four, on his birthday each year to India with eighty-four prayerful volun- to educate his little brown skinned teer secretaries who send personal brother in a Christian school. Then greetings and missionaries news- the World War came and took this letters to each member as each earnest young Australian boy, birthday comes around. The sec- whose life might have been spent retary's other joyful duty is to for- in the service of Christ in the mis- ward to the central office the "love sion field. The bereaved mother gifts" that come in response to conceived the thought of perpetu- these greetings. There are no paid ating his work, by forming a Mis- officers, (postage stamps are al- sionary Birthday Band to which most their only over-head ex- everyone having a birthday might penses), but such real links are be eligible. being forged between the givers There are missionary enterprises and the needy in far off mission you can visit and see, there are lands that the work is an effective others you cannot. No buildings education.

of stone, no elaborate organiza- One outgrowth from this Mis- tions represent them at home or sionary Birthday Band is as interon the field, but they are neverthe- esting as the Band itself. One less truly adventures for God in member, a retired missionary from the realm of service. Such is the China, appreciating the cheery Missionary Birthday Band formed birthday letter received with news twelve years ago, with the motto: of the one his love gift was help- 361

ing, thought of a bedridden friend little widows who are proteges.

whom he might enroll and thus We stopped at desolate Thursday bring a new outside interest into Island where a tiny girl named his life. The invalid was Mr. Rob- "Little Lovely" is being educated ert A. Byers of Melbourne, for for God's service, enduring there thirty years a helpless paralytic, the hottest average temperature in tc tally blind and partially deaf, and all the world. In the Kwato Mis- hopelessly lock-jawed. With the sion, Papua, we saw how the gifts first birthday greeting to this inva- of the Band are being multiplied lid came a booklet telling of a little a hundredfold in the hands of the blind orphan in India whom the devoted missionaries. In Sydney Band was helping. As a visiting we met Miss Florence Young of friend read to him the story the the Solomon Islands Mission and blind paralytic was filled with a heard of several fine Christian boys longing to do something for the who are being cared for by big countless number of friendless brothers of the Band. In Kobe, blind folk the world over. He spoke Japan, we saw dear old Mrs. Jo to ten friends who joined the who carries on her work for des- Birthday Mission Band, they in pairing women; and in Shanghai turn became leaders of other bands, we visited the Door of Hope, that and eight years later this bedrid- haven for ill-treated child wives den Christian formed his birthday and street girls. All these count the Mission Band into a Mission to the Birthday Bands among their help- Blind, ministering in Bible lands ful friends.

and Far East. When God called Considering the distant out· this brave sufferer to higher serv- reaches of the Band, there is a reice four years ago, the mission in markable family feeling, a touch its seven years had raised over $21,000 and was supporting eight between the needy children and the blind evangelists, five blind Bible parent organization so close that women, and eighty sightless chil- the children themselves show in- terest in each other. Last year the dren, besides publishing Braille blind girls in China felt concern literature in many lands. for the leper children in India and Probably one secret of the suc- undertook to weave a bale of cloth cess of the Birthday Mission Band for them.

lies in its large number of organ- Mr. Byers, founder of the misized prayful volunteer workers. sion to the blind, has been called There is an immense amount of home and ill health has caused Mrs. work entailed in keeping track of Garrett, the mother of the Birthsix thousand birthdays and sup- day Mission Band, to withdraw plying tid-bits of missionary infor- from active service, but friends mation to keep alive a desire to will not permit the rare and lovely cooperate further. work to droop and fade for lack of watering with prayers and gen- On our recent missionary tour we visited several places where the erous gifts. * Band has a loving interest in the work. The Ramabai Mission, near • Jj"or fu['thcl' information write to lIr. W .

Poona, India, includes one or two .J. Tunlpy. 26 Brisbane Arcade, Brisbane, QueellslllllQ.

FORWARD MOVEMENT IN

BY THE REV. DONALD FRASER, D.D., Edinburgh, Scotland T HE leaders of the newly show a Christ-like character, and united Church of Scotland attract to Him the million souls in believe that this Church has our own land who are without the now an unrivalled opportunity for Church. influencing the life of Scotland and of the whole world. Since the "The world overseas needs that Union wherever the Church is at we do so. In these days of rapid work there is a spirit of expect- change, when the forces of science, ancy that a forward movement, commerce and nationality are so with a great spiritual dynamic, profoundly influencing the world, will be undertaken by all depart- we who have most to give to shape ments at home and abroad. and guide the nations must see to it that these forces are permeated Such a forward movement has by the spirit of Jesus Christ.

been started and the preliminary "We thank God for all the ac- announcement says: tive efforts of the Church today to "We have the instruments ready overtake its task, yet we must for such a movement. We have a recognize that we have not yet Gospel of the crucified and living proved our adequacy for the enor- Lord, which centuries have proved mous undertakings to which we to be the greatest regenerative are committed. The proposed Formessage of the world. We have ward Movement is a plan by which organizations formed to meet the we may draw more fully upon our needs of the age and to carry this immense resources, by making ourmessage to all classes and races of selves more aware of the task to men. We have our own personali- which we are summoned, and the ties which, if dedicated to the power available to accomplish it.

Kingdom of God, can provide the "The method we would use is to service of men, money and prayer, issue a carefully considered Call to which will make these organiza- the whole Church. This we are tions freely active. preparing through commissions which are reviewing our respon- "What more is required? Only sibilities, and commitments and that the Church should now claim what response these demand of us. and draw upon the unlimited re- The result of their study will be sources of power which are in her embodied in a volume which will membership, and in God the Holy take the form of 'A Call to the Spirit. Service of the Kingdom.' The Call will be conveyed to the Church by "Scotland needs that we do so. a Congress to be held in Glasgow, Our religious habits and faith are October 26 to 30, 1931, at which apt to be merely a heritage from 2,000 to 3,000 delegates from all the past. They must become our the Presbyteries in Scotland will own through deep religious con- be present. Thereafter it has victions, till Christ the Lord of all been suggested that provincial con- Life, so triumphs in our personal gresses of shorter duration should and social life and controls all our relationships, that the Church shall 363

be held. These will be followed by bring definitely before the various a series of Missions of the King- meetings of their Church the purdom from town to town, and Pres- pose and value of the Forward bytery to Presbytery, when there Movement. will be presented to the Church and the whole community the call "Our hope lies in the spirit of to personal and congregational prayer which may be roused and dedication to Christ and the serv- maintained throughout the Church. ice of His Kingdom. In addition We would have the preparation of to, and in preparation for these the Call so directed by the prayers more local efforts, directed and of the Church that when it appears, prayerful study of the Call in the and is conveyed to the Congress at congregations will be essential, in Glasgow, it shall be as the voice of order to reap the maximum of ben- God to His Church. efit and stimulus. "We ask that in the pUlpit serv- "Meanwhile it is necessary that ices, and in all meetings of the a spirit of expectation and of congregation prayers may go unprayer he created and nurtured. ceasingly to God. We suggest that Already many forms of a forward prayer groups should be formed of movement are visible. In some those who shall study the. pamcases it appears in a house to house phlets and pray for the Holy Spirvisitation, which has now become more possible under a plan of ter- it, and that in the family and in ritorial responsibility: in others private devotions the Call and the in united evangelistic services, and Congress he remembered. in meetings for the quickening of spiritual life. "If all bear their part in creat- ing and stimulating this atmos- "A series of papers dealing with phere of prayer and expectation, the Church's task, its message, and we shall see such a Forward Movethe Divine Power necessary, will ment as will change Scotland, and be circulated first to ministers, and influence the whole world." afterwards to the public. Their object is to enable ministers to Are there not valuable sugges- tions here for a world-wide spir- itual revival in every Church and in every land?

THE CHURCH IN A CHANGED WORLD The Church today finds itself in a vastly different world from the one of a few years ago. Modern discoveries, new inventions, the scientific spirit, and the enlarged knowledge of the world in all its aspects have had their effect not only on the world in general but especially on religion and the work of the Church. New problems and new difficulties stand in her path. The whole world has been changed. Mission lands have also felt this impact and, although backward and static for centuries, are now changing rapidly, giving the Church the opportunity of laying Christian principles in the foundations of the new nations that seem destined to exert a mighty influence on the whole family of nations….. .

The world has changed, but the outstanding human needs remain as of yore. The world is poor, and sick, and ignorant, and sinful. Man needs a God who is Christ-like and who makes Christ·like men. The Church knows that God. She has that kind of men. The Church is the human agent by which men may come to iknow Jesus Christ, and may be led into that transformed Life.

-C. H. STAUFFACHER in The Evo.,ngelico.,/ Messenger.

Much Is a Missionary to less than one half its normal

VVorth? Chinese workers are paid in this de- preciated currency and suffer hard- Who can rightly estimate the worth ship from the present higher prices.

of a man-as a unit in society, as a Most missionaries are paid in foreign laborer, as a leader of men, as a fa- currency (gold) and receive the bene- ther, as a prophet of God? In some fit of present exchange rates. (One parts of the world a man's life is gold dollar now buys $4.50 in Chinese worth less than that of a beast-even donars in place of $2.00 at the normal before the law. On the other hand, rate.) If missionaries are paid a fixed some officers of the Bethlehem Steel rate in Chinese dollars they suffer Corporation have received over one when paying foreign obligations in million dollars a year each as a bonus gold.

in addition to salaries. The ground The general cost of living in most on which these huge payments were mission lands has advanced from 25 made was the value of these men from to 100 per cent. Since more responsi- a business point of view. The worth bilities are being placed in the hands of some men and women cannot be of the Nationals in these mission estimated in dollars and "they are fields, they are being taken into the not for sale." councils of the missions and have a Questions have been raised in for- voice in the allocation of mission eign fields and even in home circles funds. Some of them complain of a in regard to salaries paid to mission- lack of Christian justice in the dis- aries and secretaries of some mission tribution of the funds available. They boards. Some clergymen in small par- claim that since all Christians of ishes, with salaries of $500 to $1,500 whatever race are brothers, they a year on which to care for large fam- should share either poverty or wealth mes, look critically on the salaries of with fellow servants of Christ. The from $10,000 to $15,000 a year paid trouble is accentuated in fields where to pastors of wealthy city churches, students have been sent to America even where they have no large family for study, have become accustomed to to support. Self-sacrificing givers to American standards of living and on mission funds sometimes question the return to their home lands have been payment of comparatively large sal- asked to accept service in a mission aries to secretaries and treasurers of with the salary of a native worker. boards supported by these gifts. One They are not ready to return to the mission board at home will pay two standard of living they accepted be- to three times the salary paid to a fore going abroad. This issue has similar officer in another board. become accute in the Peking Union From China and other mission fields Medical College-which is not truly similar questions are raised as to sal- a mission institution and where the aries. Chinese Christian workers, policy is to replace foreign doctors with large families and small incomes and teachers with Chinese. The col- ask why missionaries should receive lege has felt it necessary to offer salaries four to five times as large. high salaries in competition with uni- The problem is aggravated by the fact versities abroad. Naturally the dis- that Chinese currency has depreciated parity between such salaries and those 365

paid to both Chinese and foreigners these plans seem to be impractical for by mission hospitals is very great. If general adoption. If God calls a Chris- Chinese mission doctors, trained in tian, like D. L. Moody or George MUl- Peking or abroad, are paid large sal- ler, to live and work without a definite aries what shall be done about the and regular salary or promised insalaries of equally well trained pro- come then He will provide for his fessors in mission colleges and pas- needs. tors of mission churches? Many Chine.se are adopting the western slo- Noone can estimate what a Godgan "Equal pay for equal work"-at called mission secretary, missionary least in proportion to living expenses. or other Christian worker is worth. Value is not measured in dollars, or Obviously the raising of the sal- we might estimate what a man should aries of nationals in various fields to be willing to take in exchange for his equal or practically equal the mis.sion- soul. Some of the practical Christian aries' salaries from foreign funds principles are however involved in dewould be impossible from the funds termining the salary basis for Chrisavailable, and foreigners' salaries tian service. could not be reduced to the standard of native workers without endanger- 1. The income for living expenses, ing health and life itself. from whatever source or sources, should be based on actual needs-for Most missionaries have no inde- health, progress, effective service and pendent resources. Experience has family responsibilities. On this basis taught that they require enough in- salaries should be adjusted to circumcome to enable them to live so that stances; those with independent inhealth may be preserved in a foreign comes would accept proportionately environment; so that they may have less-a,s some do. occasional furloughs at home and periods of recuperation; so that their 2. No missionary worker-at home children may be properly educated and or abroad-living on mission funds is so that they may be relieved of many justified in luxurious spending-or responsibilities that interfere with living on a scale that hinders testitheir mission work. A foreigner can- mony or shows a lack of Christ-like not, as a rule, live as cheaply as a na- self-sacri5.ce in the interest of His tional and maintain efficiency. Kingdom. There is a great divergence in the scale of living among mission- Foreign and Native Workers aries, even in the same field, but we are convinced that most missionaries We return to the question-How live sacrificially. As at home, so much is a man worth? How much is abroad, some Christians do not know a missionary worth? How large a the meaning of the word sacrifice, essalary should be paid for Christian pecially in physical comforts. service? What should be the ratio of salaries paid to foreign and native 3. Christian testimony and efficient workers; and to whom should native spiritual service are of first impor- Christian workers look for their liv- tance. These come before the probing expenses? lems of saving expen.se in travel, in servants, in equipment or in rest pe- It might be ideal if every Christian riods. But spiritual efficiency and could follow the Apostle Paul's exam- fruitage in service are fortunately or ple and be self-supporting while carry- unfortunately not in proportion to the ing on their mission or if they could, money spent on salaries or equipment. like Christ Himself, live on the hos- These depend on the spiritual life and pitality and free will offerings of those power. who sympathize with His mi.ssion. Some Christian workers are able to 4. To bring the churches on the do this but in this complex age both of mission fields to independence or to dependence on God their eyes must

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

be turned away from America as their Much progress has been made almoner. The sooner these national through the first Round Table Con- workers can receive their support ference and the agreement between from their own people the better it Mr. Gandhi and Lord Irwin. Now the will be. This will not hinder their All-India National Congress has met securing help according to their need at Karachi and Mahatma Gandhi has from fellow Christians in any land. shown his strength by winning the In the days of famine or other troubles delegates over to acceptance of his it is a privilege for Christians to bear constitutional program. He calls not one anothers burdens. It is important, only for Indian political independence however, not to encourage a standard but for the control of the Indian army, of living above what is possible or the national finances, the management desirable for the majority in a given of foreign affair.s and demands com- locality and not to pauperize Chris- mercial and social equality with the tian workers by making them depend- British. He still stands for nonvio- ent on foreign contributions. It is lence and passive resistance. By vote not healthy for a man to feel inde- of the Congres.s, Mr. Gandhi demands pendent of God. a constitution containing the follow- In the early days of missionary ef- ing twenty-four articles: fort, the heroic Christlike self-denial 1. Freedom of association and combiand self-sacrifice of missionaries like Paton, Gih~our, Judson and Hudson nation. Taylor, had a great effect on the 2. Freedom of speech and press. 3. Freedom of conscience and free pro- Church at home and on the natives to whom they witnessed. The same prin- fession and practice of religion. ciple holds good today-for it follows 4. No disability to attach to any perthe example set by Christ Himself. son by reason of religion, caste or creed regarding public employment in office of power or in any trade or calling.

5. Equal rights and obligations of all citizens, with no civic bar on account of India's Demand for Freedom sex.

6. Equal rights of all citizens in use Liberty and independence are quite of public roads, public wells and public distinct. A boy may, like the Prodi- resorts. gal Son, demand and secure independ- 7. The right to keep and bear arms ence only to become a slave. The Philippines might gain independence in accordance with such regulations as of America only to enter a period of may be required for public safety. economic slavery, civil strife or to become the prey of pirates and bandits. 8. Religious neutrality on the part of The most complete liberty is often en- the state. joyed in conjunction with economic and political dependence. As a mat- 9. A living wage for industrial workter of fact, none of us are in reality ers, limited hours of labor, healthy conindependent. Human relations are ditions for work, and protection against too closely intertwined and all are de- economic consequences of old age, sickpendent on God and His laws. ness and unemployment.

In India many radicals desire com- 10. Labor to be freed from conditions plete political independence, even of serfdom. though this may involve "financial and economic ruin and social slavery for 11. Protection of women workers, with multitudes. True Indian statesmen adequate provisions for leave during madesire only such freedom from im- ternity periods. posed control as will give liberty and promote national and racial progress. 12. Prohibition against employment of This liberty Great Britain is ready children of school age in factories.

to grant. 13. Right of labor to form unions. 14. Substantial reduction of land rev- enue and rents. 15. Adult suffrage.

16. Free primary education.

17. Military expenditures cut in half. 18. Civil department expenditures and salaries to be substantially reduced, with no state servant to be paid over the In- dian equivalent of $200 monthly. 19. Protection of native cloth by ex- clusion of foreia-n cloth and foreign yarn.

20. Total prohibition of intoxicating Hindus; a way to uplift the masses drinks and drugs. of India's outcastes; the release of 21. No duty on salt. women from the purdah; laws to pro- 22. Regulation of the exchange ratio tect children; the abolition of obso as to help Indian industries. scenities from religious temples and 23. Control by the state of key indus- rites; greater protection against epitries and mineral resources. demic·s due to temple tanks and lack 24. Control of usury, direct or indirect. of sanitation; and full religious lib- The congress adopted additional res- erty, so far as it is in harmony with olutions deploring the recent communal justice, and morality and does not inriots in Cawnpore and other cities, urg- terfere with the welfare of individuals ing that the northwest frontier province or subvert the authority of the' State. have the same form of government as other provinces; condemning the "for- Encouragement in Cbina ward" policy of the British in the northwest territory; advocating intensifica- In spite of many difficulties the Chition of the picketing of stores sellin~ nese National Government is makforeign goods; appealing to the govern- ing progress. One of the most ments of South Africa and East Africa encouraging signs is the recent acto give Indian settlers in those countries knowledgment of the failures and the same measure of justice they wouI!1 sins of prominent government leaders. claim for their own nationals in -a "Free They are ready to "lose face" to save India," and urging the right of Burma the country. A cable message to the to claim separation from India or to re- New York Times reports: "The fourth main an autonomous partner without plenary session of the Central Execuinterference from the British Govern- tive Committee of the Kuomintang ment. . party reported astonishing public con- fessions of nepotism, corruption, tyr- The justice and advantage of most anny and other abuses, together with of these demands is readily admitted admonitions and orders that there so that they should enli.st the support must be a basic reform in the conduct of every lover of India. Some of the of the government and of the party articles do away with ca~te restric- organization. From General Chiang tions (articles 4, 5, 6 and 10). Others, Kai-shek down, the Nanking leaders if observed, will radically change the made speeches and issued manifestoes religious .situation, will stop persecu- denouncing the failure of the Kuomintion and give protection to these who tang, as an organization, to carry out wish to be baptized as Christians (ar- the principles upon which it was ticles 3, 4, and 8). There are provi- founded. Dire threats of punishment sions against intoxicants and drugs were made against those who in the and to provide for free primary edu- future betray public trusts. cation. Nothing is included, however, to prohibit child marriage and polyg- "General Chiang Kai-shek, at a meamy, or to promote social purity. It morial service for Dr. Sun Yat-sen, is thought that Great Britain will es- made the following admissions: pecially object to the reduction of the army, the curtailment of official sal- " 'The Manchus were overthrown bearies, and the giving to the State full cause they constituted a special caste. control of key industries. But it is a But now we who staged the revolution much easier matter to put provisions for the overthrow of the Manchus into the Constitution than to put them have ourselves come to be regarded into practice. People must be edu- by the people as a privileged caste. cated to enjoy liberty or it becomes They are now cherishing toward us unwholesome license. True personal the same hatred and repugnance with freedom does not interfere with the which they looked upon the Manchus. rights of others. " 'It is all of us party members who There is world-wide interest in In- are responsible for the virulence of dia's struggle for self-government but no lasting peace or true prosperity can come until a remedy is found for_ the antagonism between Moslems and

the Communist menace in this coun- Kai-shek, as acting Minister of Edu- try. The fact that the Communists are cation, is now approaching Chinese rife bears witness to the weakness of Christian leaders to discover their the Kuomintang. That the Kuomin- view of what religious liberty would tang members should have failed to involve in Education.

prevent the people from supporting communism in certain places consti- Home Mission Convictions tutes perhaps the most serious dis- I have just returned from a month's work in the western states deeply imgrace of the party.' . pressed with the importance and value of national missions. This experience "The manner in which the Nanking has deepened in me the following conleaders are facing their tremendous victions: First, the value and imperaproblems is arousing in China a con- tive necessity of national missions; siderable measure of admiration and second, the invaluable service national approval. Even Chinese and foreign missions is rendering today· to the naobservers who have been unsparing tion; third, the increasing demand for in their criticisms of the Nanking wise and efficient Christian leadership; Government now admit that there is fourth, the absolute necessity of evidence of a new sincedty of pur- hearty cooperation on the part of the pose among the leaders. churches and other allied organiza- tions, presbyteries and presbyterials, "The Kuomintang's unpopularity synods and synodicals, headqua :ters with the masses has arisen from facts staff and field staff. There is no subnow frankly admitted by the Nanking stitute for cooperation in promoting leaders-namely, that local city and national missions. provincial Kuomintang organizations have 'insolently usurped power' and The "ambassadors of Christ" are the interfe:ed with civil and even military pioneers of our national progress, the administration. creator-s of our national ideals, the builders of our national institutions, "The Central Executive Committee the inspiration of our national spirit, now proposes a rigid control over the and the incarnation of our national activities of the Kuomintang and faith. They, more than any other men warns the local party organization to in the nation, are converting the spirit confine their efforts and activities to of suspicion into the spirit of faith, educating the people and not to med- the spirit of greed into the spirit of dling with politics or government in the future.

"Reform proposals formally adopted at Nanking as a result of the Plenary giving, the spirit of hatred into the Session may be summarized as fol- spirit of love, the spirit of selfishness lows: into the spirit of sacrifice, the spirit "All branch Kuomintang offices are of America into the spirit of Christ.

to be explicitly instructed against any Wherever the representatives 'of the encroachment upon the rights of the Church go, the home is proteEted, the people. Administrative and judicial school is established, the church is authorities are enjoined against mak- promoted, the hospital is supported, ing arrests or appropriating property the community house is encouraged, except by due process of law. Officials the court is fostered, and the state is and Kuomintang membe.'s violating defended. Let us, then, go at the task these instructions will be punished not with a renewed determination to work only under the Criminal Code but a1so together, work to win, and to make by heavier punishments, especially whatever sacrL'ice is necessary to win prescribed." America for Christ.

It is stated that General Chiang JOHN McDOWELL. 4

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~ PROTE CT YOUR F'OOD ~'ROM ~' LIES KILL INS~JC'l'S THAT SPREAD DIShJAShJ j8iJkmJ ~m ~~2.I~WDH …,.-, •I II NEVER WASH VEGETABLES IN A RATHE YOUR CHILD AT REGULAR TIMES DIWl'Y BROOK GOOD HEALTH POSTICRS FRO",,! KOREA Mrs. F. 1. Johnson, who has .been visit- These Health Posters are now also used ing the mission fields in Asia, has sent a in China and Japan. They illustrate how number of posters which the Korean disea se is carried by the fly and mosquito school children made under the direction and how this may be prevented. They of the Child Welfare Department of the illustrate lessons in the care of children Evangelistic Social Center of Seoul. and in personal hygiene.

370 EDITED BY MRS. F. I. JOHNSON, 150 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK Usable methods for missionary which sets off the heavy rice diets of workers in Child Welfare and Child- these countries. It is also quite rich Health Centers all over the world, in in fat and mineral matter, and last, America as well as elsewhere. The but not least, it is much cheaper. A bean milk recipe referred to later wa,s bottle of cow's milk costs ten sen given in the June, 1930, issue of this whereas a bottle of Soy Bean Milk Department and the fact mentioned oosts two sen. that it was secured in China. Later, Miss Rosenberger of the Social Evan- It has been used very largely in gelistic Center in Seoul, Korea, our work at the Social Evangelistic adopted it. ,From Persia and other Center, Seoul, Korea, as a supplemenfields letters are coming asking for tary feeding, and also as an entire spedfic information concerning its food. For the latter it must be modiuse. To know that little starving fied, and this modification will be given "tummies" are being filled and little with the recipe at the end of this feedbodies are being relieved of suffering ing method. We have even fed one because of this simple method of world case of marasmus on the Soy Bean communication, gives joy to this De- Milk. partment. The picture of before and after us- THE SOY BEAN MILK AS A FOOD ing it will illustrate the success. This baby was brought from an extremely By E. T. ROSENBERGER, R.N. poor home where there were five chil- dren-the father totally blind, the Child Welfare Dept., Social Evangelistic mother half blind. It was a case of Center, Seoul, Korea giving the baby the Bean Milk or let- Having received letters from dif- ting it starve, so we immediately comferent countries regarding Soy Bean menced feeding it and watching it Milk I am giving in these columns a very closely. It gained a pound the full explanation of the p·eparation, first month and the second month likeuses and benefits of it. wise. Then for a time during the winter there was a standstill, but the In the first place it is a fact that pictures will show the results of this the diets of Oriental countries are not attempt after one year's Bean Milk suited to the proper nutrition of young children because of the lack of milk feeding. in them. Milk has been found to be The Soy Bean as an important food the foundation of all foods f.or growing children in all countries. How- dates back to remote history. It is ever, cow's milk is not available in all said that it appears in the Chinese of these countries, and it behooves us Materia Medica of Shen Nung in the to find a substitute. This substitute year 2838 B. C. China to this day has been found in the Soy Bean Milk uses very little dairy or meat products, which has been perfected by Dr. Er- but they have lived for centuries on nest Tso of the Peking Union Medical a diet remarkably well balanced by College. It takes its place so highly the use of the Soy Bean. It is said because it is so very rich in protein that Buddhist monks consecrated at birth to the priesthood are carried 371

through the entire period of childhood add 20 grams of starch either from on the diet of the Soy Bean curd. rice or corn. This is cooked in the same way as you would prepare corn- We feel that it is one food which starch pudding. Also add 60 grams we should encourage to be used for of sugar and 1% grams of calcium small children in Korea where the lactate and one gram of table salt to mortality rate is high and the chil- this mixture. The calcium lactate is dren have such an inadequate diet. It BEFORE FEEDING SAME BABY A FEW MO~THS LATER TIlE EFFECT OF FEEDING A KOUV,AN BABY f;OY BEA:, )fILK is one food that we can safely advo- best added while the milk is cold or cate, make and use because the price else after the mixture is boiled or it is not prohibitive. might curdle. It should be first mixed with a little cold milk and then added. Soy Bean Milk About the same quantity of this 1. One part beans well washed mixture as cow's milk is use::! to feed the babies-according to their caloric 2. Eight parts of pure tap water requirements. No child should have more than 1000 or 1100 c. c. a day of 3. Soak over night this milk. In a little baby it may pro- duce frequent stools, which should be 4. Grind through native mill well watched under a doctor's care. Cod liver oil should be part of the 5. Boil whole quantity five minutes. feeding from the beginning of the use of Soy Bean Milk-at first 6 to 8 6. Put through sieve-the result is c. c. per day and gradually increased milk . to 15-20 a day.

Beans should be half milled and skins removed, if possible.

Additional rwte: To each liter of Soy Bean Milk (1000 c. c. or 32 oz.)

METHODS FOR WORKERS

(We have rece.ived at least seventy- first few times she had grown calfive requests to publish the following loused. That, and the stupor that effe.ctive China pwylet.) came from exhaustion and starvation, dulled the quiver and the hurt of be- "NOBODY WANTS" CHANGES HER ing "Nobody Wants."

NAME PART 2 By MARY BREWSTER HOLLISTER She shivered, drew her ragged gun- ny sacking coat around her and re- PART 1 marked to brother, "The winds of the Southland must have come from our A family of Chinese famine refu- own North Country." gees from the far, frozen, starving North Country struggled around the "And who but you would be bringcorner into Stone Arches Street that ing them, the one Nobody Wants, inled past the Loving Heart School. deed!" he answered scornfully. Their torn padded garments were patched with gunny sacking, their feet But some one was passing by just bled through the straw sandals tied then and the little girl knew it beon with rags. The father and mother, hooved her to bring some coppers into gaunt and worn, each carried a staff the family exchequer or she would and a begging bowl which they held have to be moving along again. out to passers-by on the cobbled street. With a grace the rest of the children "Nobody Wants" was a bit thinner somehow could not achieve, she began and more ragged than the rest of them her little begging dance, running bebecause she didn't belong to them at side the passer-by with sliding side all. She had been following them for steps, one, two, three, and a kneeling a few days as she had followed one curtsy, with her hands held together after another' group of just such wan- in petition, repeating this dance movederers as these, in the long wearisome ment to the accompaniment of her trek from the North Country where little pleading chant: famine had stalked them, and the bitter winter had hounded them to the Some coppers, please, Southland where winter was not so Rich scholar of ease! unkind, and where the rice fields did Your blessings will grow, not fail to feed the fortunate South- Your merit increase, ern Chinese folk. Thus happiness sow, Some coppers, please. Her own father and mother and laughing baby brother the cruel fam- Brother pounced upon the coppers ine had taken those months ago that that the passing gentleman threw her, seemed so many years. When father but "Nobody Wants" scarcely noticed at last had not answered her call, she it. For suddenly, she heard from fled in terror from the tiny house that within the big black door opposite her had once been so happy, but was now the sounds of children's laughter. so still and cold and haunted. Stum- She stopped while the rest of them bling along a frozen road she had wandered on down the street. Quietly joined her first band of refugees she crept to the gate, and cautiously southward. pushed it open a crack so that she could see inside. Of course they had not wanted her. You could not blame them. They al- Children, within a grassy yard, such ready had too many mouths to feed, happy children! and all of them were hungry. So before long she had joined another "Ai! They are playing 'Cat catch group of wanderers, carrying with the mouse.''' she explained, old memher from one band to another, the ories stirring. only name she had heard these many months, "Nobody Wants." After the They were laughing like she and baby brother used to laugh. She dropped down on the stone step to watch them better.

A child put her head outside the her and sat down beside her on the gate, and cried in surprise, "Why, step. look who's here 1" "But where are your big people?" "Nobody Wants" instinctively asked another child. dragged her tired little body from those comfortble steps and began her "Nobody Wants" shook her head little dance and song. and her eyes filled with tears. "The great hunger took them. And so all Some coppers, please, the other 'big people' I follow call me Rich lady of ease- 'Nobody Wants.'''

"I'm not a rich lady," laughed the "Ai, ai," all the children crooned in girl gaily, "but, oh, how pretty you the sympathetic Chinese way, and do it! Love Pearl, Bright Flower, gathered close around her. "We're so Virtue Gold, and all the rest," she Borry." raised her voice delightedly, "come, come quickly!" "It must be that she is hungry, since she has no 'big people:" Love "Nobody Wants" kept on with her Pearl cried, "How could we not think fetching wee dance and tuneless little of it?" song, as the other children gathered and opened wide the gate to watch "She can have a bowl of my rice," her! said one.

"Ai, ai!" they clapped their hands. "And one of my bowls," echoed an- "How pretty!" other.

"It's prettier even than any our "Mine too," cried another and an- Kindergarten Sister-Teacher teaches other. the tiny ones," said one. "If she has no 'big people' she has "Teach us how," Love Pearl cried, no place to go," Bright Flower said. all enthusiasm. "Oh, stay with us," several of them "Yes, yes, do, please, little sister," chorused. "Our school is such a happy they all echoed and gathered around place." "Nobody Wants" patting her and welcoming her. "See," they pointed to the words over the gate. "Its name is the School Their affectionate welcome had of the Loving Heart. It is a Jesus made her f.orget to be shy. She began school you know," as if that explained to do her steps very slowly so that it all. they might see how she did it, chanting her little song the while. They "She can share my bed and my all tried to imitate her, with more or downy comfort," said one very pracless Buccess, laughing over their awk- tically. ward attempts, until finally they did it quite well and in unison with their "No, no, I want her to sleep with little chant. me," said Love Pearl.

Very suddenly "Nobody Wants" sat "No, not every night. She must down and the children noticed that take turns," cried another girl. she was faint. They gathered about her solicitously. "You come from the "See, little sister," Virtue Gold North Country, don't you?" they aBked turned her face about withgenUe her as she rested. "We know from hands. You aren't "Nobody Wants" your speech." any more. You are "Everybody Wants." '''Nobody Wants," nodded her head. "Yes, everybody wants 'Everybody "What's your name?" asked one of Wants,''' the rest of the children them. danced about her, saying the words delightedly. "Nobody Wants," said the little refugee. "But your 'big people' may not want me," the old te "ror coming back Virtue Gold put her arm around to the little refugee.

"Oh, but you do not know how lov- ing they are, the other country teach-

er, and our Big Sister Teacher!" Love Persons required, 2 tall 'teen age boys, 3 'teen age girls, 1 junior boy Pearl assured her. (Dr 2) at least 6 junior girls. "They will love you and teach and Famine Re/ugee.s-Father, mother, care for you just as they do for us,"

said Bright Flower. "You see they at least two children, a boy and small have the Jesus-love in their hearts." girl with a large doll strapped to "Yes, and didn't they tell us about mother's back. "Nobody Wants," a the famine? We've been saving our girl of about 10. This group dress in coppers to send to the North Country, ragged gunny sacking, much patched for oh, such a long time!" coats, worn over overalls tied about "And now the N·orth Country and at ankles with rags.

the famine come to us," the rest of Passer-by in the long coat of a Chi- them finished for Virtue Gold. "Please nese scholar, a young Chinese student, stay with us, Everybody Wants." in khaki or regular Western suit.

"Yes, everybody wants you." They SchooL chiLd7'en in light colored made a little song of it. coats, worn over trousers. Here over- alls will serve but left free at the Then they all noticed suddenly the ankle. Young American and the young Chinese women teachers standing arm in American missionU7CY teacher in orarm in the doorway where they had dinary clothes. been listening to the conversation and nodding to 'each other, smilingly as Chinese teacher in a dark skirt, and light colored Chinese jacket.

they listened. . Setting-A double door between Love Pearl jumped to her feet, and two rooms could be used to represent giving a signal to the other children, the school gate that opens upon the they joined her in the little dance they street, with high compound walls on had just learned, singing as they each side. The doors should open in, danced. with at least one step constructed per- Everybody want her, haps from a long low box. If actual Dear teachers, please. doors are not possible in the center back of the stage, then screens may Your blessings will groW, be placed to represent compound wall, Your merit increase. with a double door made of hinged screens for the gate before which the Thus happiness sow, action takes place. Everybody wants her! A simpler form of the pantomime "Yes, indeed r Everybody wants could dispense with all of the refugees except brother and "Nobody Wants" her," the other country teacher and with Part 1 read as a prologue, the the Chinese sister teacher said to- action beginning with Part 2. gether. 3. As a play, with children taking They stooped down and helped the part in the dialog as well as the action. little refugee to her feet, and the Here, too, Part 1 might be read as a children gathered about her, affection- prologue with children taking the diately leading her inside the gate. As alog and action in Part 2. Or proit closed after them, they were sing- logue and reader may be dispensed ing, with entirely, and the children work out their own dramatization after they She changed her name, have mastered the story, which is the Everybody wants her approved pedogogic method. The very Everybody wants her! simple dance and tunele·ss little song This story may be presented in three ways, 1. As a story told simply, but dramatically. Time required 10 minutes.

2. As a pantomime, with the story which can be a pretty feature should told or read by a reader, while the be mastered but should not take long action is enacted as described. to learn.

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 East 22nd Street, New York Council of Women for Home Missions FLORENCE G. TYLER, 419 Fourth Avenue, New York Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions of North America BOOKS FOR THE EMERGING EAST in Gujerati, Marathi, Hindi, Tamil and Urdu. Each copy was eagerly By HELEN BARRETT MONTGOMERY passed around to reach a large group of happy children. Within the last The Christian Literature Society year a new expansion has taken place in its circulation. An Indian pub- The Christian Literature Committee lisher has been found who is willing of the Federation of Woman's Boards to take over the publishing and disof Foreign Missions came into being tribution of various editions if the in response to a great need about fif- Committee will simply pay for the teen years ago. The Foreign Mission cost of translation. We now have ar- Boards were faced by the need of rap- ranged for a Telugu and a Burmese idly growing Christian Literature edition and are in process of arrangcommunities 'throughout m iss ion ing for one in Bengali. lands for books, good books, adapted to different ages. We had taught boys Romance of Finance and girls to read but after they had learned the art they had nothing to Through a Memorial Gift of $500 read. As a result, not infrequently given by the delegates at Northfield they lapsed back into illiteracy. it was made possible to begin a maga- zine for children in Burmese; a When the demand for Christian widow gave enough to establish as a books adapted to the use of women Memorial to her husband and daughand children became vocal, the Wom- ter an edition in Gujerati; a misan's Foreign Mission Boards moved sionary society in memory of two dethrough their Federation to supply voted member·s, mother and daughter, the need. The first Chairman of the furnished the money for the first year newly organized Committee was Miss of the Telugu edition; a devoted Epis- Alice M. Kyle of Boston, a woman of copal woman, in memory of her mothvision and faith who continued to di- er, provided for a translation of the rect the affairs of the Committee un- Tamil edition in the country of Bishop til her death in 1930 and who. ·saw the Azariah; a local Federation provided funds for this work increase from for the furnishing of a Christmas proabout $400 to $10,000 annually. gram for all the Sunday Schools in China. Children's Periodicals A Christian Magazine for Africa The Committee decided to publish monthly magazines for children and the home. Happy Childhood, a chil- Soon after the Jerusalem Conferdyen's magazine was the first to be ence an International Committee was published in China. There followed organized to study the situation of a magazine in Japan-Shoshoki. Then Africa in regard to the supply of The Treasure Chest was established to Christian books. As a result the Exbe published in English for India. AI- ecutive Secretary, Miss Margaret most as .goon as it was published the Wrong, came over from England in demand arOse for its publication in the intere·st of the Committee. She the various languages of India. was able to persuade that great mis- Quickly it was expanded to be issued sionary and wonderful writer, Jean 376 Mackenzie, to undertake to edit what was expected at first to be a bi-lingual magazine, half of each page in Eng- lish and half in French, but it was later found that the French wanted the magazine in their own language in the French and Belgian colonies and in West Africa, so Miss Mackenzie will edit the magazine in English for circulation in British East Africa and other British African colonies. The financing of the French magazine and its publication will be arranged for in Paris. "HAPPY CHILDHOOD" COMES TO The Committee on Christian Litera- THE MISSION ture was asked by this International of devout women were abundantly Committee if it would stand behind worthy of our support. The Comtheir venture. The Committee decided mittee took action, and the needed to venture out in faith on this new support is to be sent on. enterprise, and pledged itself to give $1000 toward it during the first year. The case of the Antorcha Missionera in Mexico was likewise investigated.

A Providential Preparation It was found that by incredible cour- age and enterprise the Evangelical The hand of God was so clearly group had brought their magazine for seen in thus providing funds for the the Christian home almost to the point Committee to make this new venture of self support, and that a little help of faith. It has been not less clear in would put it on its feet. This money other forward steps. A year ago last was sent-and so the story goes. July there came a request from the Everywhere there are opening doors, Christian Literature Committee of everywhere clamant needs. Korea for help in establishing a magazine for children which should do for Book Translation the children of Korea what Happy In various fields the way has opened Childhood was doing for the children to p~ovide, often by special gifts, for of China. The resources of the Com- the translation and publication of mis- mittee did not justify our attempting sionary books. The Young Adven- this unless fresh sources of income turers was translated into Chinese as were found. This was explained at a Memorial to Mrs. Cronk, the author.

Northfield, and at once a lady gave The translation of A Straight Way $500, another $300, another $100 and Towa1'd Tomor1"Ow was financed by the the remainder of the $1000 needed to Central Committee for the United underwrite the magazine for three Study of Foreign Missions. A transla- years was raised. The magazine, en- tion into Chinese of From Jerusalem to titled The Child World, began publi- J enlsalem was made possible by the cation in July, 1930. personal gift of the young lady who In Buenos Aire·s. Argentina, a little for more than twenty years has man- group called the Women's Evangelical aged the office of the Central Commit- League was formed, which among tee. Another gift made possible a other things published a Christian Japanese translation. The Adventure magazine for the home. The earnest of Prayer has gone into Chinese and enthusiastic little paper, glowing with Burmese. One Girl's Influence by .Rob- spiritual power, needed a small sub- ert E. Speer, after going through num- sidy to widen its sphere of usefulness berless editions in English, has been about $300. After consultation with translated into Japanese, and has al- Dr. Inman we found that this group ready gone through nine editions.

Plans for Expansion THE OHUROH ON THE MARCH With all these opportunities for ex- Florida Chain of Missionary pansion facing the Committee it was Assemblies decided that more money must be had. A campaign was arranged that shaull By MRS. HENRY W. PEABODY plan for parlor meetings and lunch- "Ye shall be my witnesses." In ac- eons in as many centers as possible in cordance with this, a group of fourteen order to bring before the public needs witnesses, missionaries from the ends for Christian lite "ature. The National of the earth, and Christian leaders, Christian Literature Committees in started on a three-week campaign in the different mission lands were ap- Florida, beginning January 16th in pealed to for the names of books, na- West Palm Beach, proceeding to Mi- tive or translated, which were geatly ami, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Clearwa- needed by their countries. These lists ter, Orlando and DeLand, with various have already been received. They are one-day stops in important centers.

appealing, overwhelming. They range The entire expense was met by $1.00 all the way from books on the nursing registrations in each center and vol- and care of children through books untary offerings. There were approx- about the cooperative farm movement imately four thousand registered, and in Denmark, translations of The at least one hundred thousand were Greatest Thin.g in the World, The Life reached by approximately nine hun- of Booker T. Washington, The Story dred missionary addresses. In addi- of Invention, The Teaching of Primary tion, there were radio addresses in Arithmetic, An Introduction to the larger centers, and talks before col- Bible, Life of Christ for Children, leges and public schools, with thoupackets of colored Bible pictu "es, pro- sands of students.

grams for Easter and Chri-stmas, Pil- Among the speakers were: the Rev.

grim's Progress, village booklets and Robert H. Glover, M.D., F.R.C.S., head all sorts of brief tracts. The most am- of the China Inland Mission; Dr.

bitious request comes from Mexico for Royal J. Dye, of the Christian Board, The Prodigal Son in large cisar type from one thousand miles up the Con- for children, using the pictures of an go, at Bolenge; Rev. Harper Brady, Egyptian edition. They can print ten Presbyterian Board South, and of the thousand of these in a first edition Kingdom of God Movement with Kag- for $1000, also a book of stories from awa, of Japan; Mrs. Induk Kim, of the Bible with colored pictu'-es which Korea, and Miss Abellera, of the Phil- will cost $2000. ippine Islands, exemplified in their The prices of these various projects own personalities the power of Christ run all the way down from $2000 to in the Oriental woman; Rev. McCoy $500, $300 and $100, also to leaflets Franklin, of Crossnore School in the that can be printed for $10, $25, or mountains of North Carolina, also $50. brought bird songs which he whistled The Committee plans to have a list to the delight of the young and old; of these special gifts printed for use Helen Barrett Montgomery conducted at the luncheons, where sample copies the study on the women's textbook f()r of the various magazines, books and the coming year, "Christ Comes to the leaflets will be displayed. Village"; Dr. Walter Lingle, Presi- It is hoped that in addition to adopt- dent of Davidson College, North Car- ing these various personal project:;: olina, and Dr. Glover gave the morning many will sign the cards making them- Bible lessons.

selves annual, special, sustaining, or In addition to the hour for the chil- life members of the Committee fer dren in the assembly, Mrs. Henry W.

providing Christian Literature to Peabody conducted a forum in each Women and Children in Mission center, on "The United States Senate: Lands. Diagnosis and Remedy," showing the

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN BULLETIN

reasons for lack of enforcement. An- ship listen, and begin in every state other interesting forum discussion was and city a new pragram,-not af lis- led by Miss Ann McIlvaine, of New tening, but of witnessing?

York, assisted by Dr. Rosalie Morton and the Rev. Mr. Joroszewicz, of Po- INSTITUTES AT CHAUTAUQUA land and Russia. The World Court Home Missions, August 16-21 received attention, and twenty thousand names were signed to petitions The Home Missions Institute at to be sent to various senators, urging Chautauqua is this year. coming af its adoption. The World Court and age. It shauld be the best so far. Law Enforcement are not only prab- The twenty-first session will be held lems at home, but, with the "shocking from Sunday, August 16th thraugh moving pictures exported from this Friday, August 21st. Arrangements country, make a problem for foreign for the pragram are rapidly nea '"ing mIssIOnaries. Resalutians endo'sing completion.

President Hoover for his layal and The opening address an Sunday firm stand on the Eighteenth Amend- afternoon will be made in the Amphi- ment and its enfarcement were sent theater by Rev. John M. Moore, D.D., from every center. a former General Secretary af the The public press gave first-page Federal Council of Churches and au- news and pictures. Local committees, thor of this year's major home mis- of outstanding representatives of sion textbaok. He will remain through wamen's organizations, made each the week to conduct the 3: 45 forum center a delightful experience. The hour in the Hall of Philosophy. Amonj!

morning prayer hour, with faculty and the well-known speakers who will ap- city committees, added to the power pear at this hour are Rev. Charles of these meetings. Farty-five states Stelzle and Dean Lucy Slowe of Ho- were represented, furnishing a crass- ward University.

sectian of America. Chambers of Com- Mrs. Dan B. Brummitt will again merce and Men's Clubs, with organiza- lead the home missian study hour in tions of women, welcomed the speakers Smith-Wilkes Hall at 8: 45, using Dr.

at their luncheons, and business men Moore's book, "The Challenge of have testi5.ed that this has been ·a Change." The class in juniar meth- great ble·ssing to Florida. The larg- ods, again in charge of Mrs. Ethel est auditoriums have been taxed with Holmes Munsey, will meet the second great audiences of men and women; period in the Hall of Missions.

the outdoor forum in St. Petersburg, The literature display, which last with three or fuur thousand on the year evoked expres·sions af warm ap- park benches, listened eagerly. At preciation, will be assembled by Miss the dramatizatiun in St. Petersburg Sarah E. Bitner.

.of the hearing before the Congres- The hour immediately following sional Judiciary, of the Woman's lunch proved last year to be quite sur- National Committee for Law Enforce- prisingly popular and well attended.

ment, the auditorium was filled to. ca-' It will be devoted this year to in- pacity, and as many turned away. formal discussion of some of the vital Business men declared that this dram- topics of the present day and to ad- atization should be given in every city dresses by missionaries. Special fea- and town for its educational value. tures of the week include daily chape1 When the church begins to witness, talks, denominational rallies, the re- as Christ commanded, instead of sit- ception at the Hotel AthemEum and ting in pews and listening critically other opportunities to meet with the to sermons, we shall see the great re- missionaries visiting on the grounds.

vival, which will be missionary. Other Circulars announcing the Institute states are asking for a chain af as- may be secured from the office of the semblies. Will not our church leader- Council of Women for Home Missions,

105 East 22d Street, New York City. There will be classes in methods and story telling, with exceptional oppor- These may be used in letters or f.or tunities for preparation for the work of the coming year. distribution in churches to stimulate FLORENCE G. TYLER. interest and invite attendance. The CONFERENCES AND SCHOOLS OF most effective publicity, however, con- MISSIONS sists in the personal commendation Afflliated with Federlltion of Woman'. Boards of .Foreign Missions and Council of Women and invitation of those who have at- for Home Missions.

tended the institute in other years All without symbol are afflliated with both Federation and Council. and who realize the exceptional op- 'Baltimore, Maryland-October 13-15. portunity it affords for the training Mrs. Arthur C. Day, 542 Radnor Ave., Govans, Baltimore, Maryland. of leaders in the local church. It can- Bethesda, Ohio-July 13-17. not be too emphatically stated that Miss Mary 1. Scott, 310 Tomlinson Ave., Moundsville, West Virginia. churches within a reasonable traveling 1 Beaumont, Texas-August 12-20. distance should carry in their budgets Mrs. W. A. Nichols, 2240 McFaddin, Beaumont, Texas. an item providing for one or more Boulder, Colorado-June 16-24. member·s this week of leadership train- Mrs. J. Roy Smith, 1045 South Uni- versity Blvd., Denver, Colorado. ing. Class work is relieved by ample • Chautauqua, New York (Home)-Aurecreational facilities for swimming, gust 16-21.

boating, fishing, tennis, golf and auto- Mrs. Orrin R. Judd, 234 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, New York. ing. The best artists in the country 1 Chautauqua, New York (Foreign)- appear at the amphitheater concerts August 23-28.

in the evening. Honorary Chairman, Mrs. W. A. Montgomery, 144 Dartmouth St., Above all, the atmosphere of Chau- Rochester, New York. Acting Chairman, Mrs. F. I. Johnson, tauqua is av.owedly Christian. The 150 Fifth Ave., New York, N; Y.

fellowship is inspiring, and from a Dallas, Texas- Mrs. George A. Brewer, 4301 Edbrief stay may result lasting friend- mondson, Dallas, Texas.

ships. MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD. 'Dallas, Texas (Negro)-September 28- October 2. Foreign Missions, August 23-28 Mrs. C. R. Boswell, 1719 Allen St., In planning for the Foreign Mis- Dallas, Texas. sions Institute at Chautaqua this coming summer several outstanding speak- De Land, Florida-February 3-6, 1932. ers have already been secured. Dr. Mrs. William J. Harkness, 415 East Oscar Buck of Drew Seminary, Madi- New York Ave., De Land, Florida. son, New Jersey, who is at present taking part in one of the mission sur- Houston, Texas-October 12-16. veys in India will deliver a series of Mrs. W. E. Ferguson, 1519 Hawlectures on India, giving special em- thorne, Houston, Texas. phasis to rural reconstruction and the work of the Rural Reconstruction 1 Kerrville, Texas- Units. Mrs. Helen Barrett Montgom- Mrs. W. A. Nichols, 2240 McFaddin ery, Honorary Chairman of the Insti- Ave., Beaumont, Texas. tute, will lecture on the- woman's textbook, Christ Comes to the Village, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin–June 29-July by Mary Schauffler Platt, and Mrs. F. 6. I. Johnson, who is at the present time touring the mission stations of the Mrs. J. A. Leas, 3731 Clifton Ave., Orient, will be the presiding officer, Chicago, Ill. and will bring to the institute a varied program with dramatic presentations, and a number of speeches by nationals of different Oriental countries. Missionary women will find it a great advantage to spend the week of August 23d at Chautauqua.

Minnesota (Minneapolis, St. Paul)- Seabeck, Washington-July 20-31. June 1-5. Rev. Fred Grey, Sixth and University Streets, Seattle, Washington, or Miss Mrs. W. C. A. Wallar, 304Q Dupont Faye A. Steinmetz, 310 Y. M. C. A. Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. Building, Portland, Oregon.

Mountain Lake Park, Maryland–Au- Silver Bay, New York–June 26-July 6. gust 1-6. Rev. Walter Getty, 150 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. Mrs. B. H. Sincell, 103 2d St., Oak- land, Maryland.

Mount He1'mon, Cali/ornia–July 4-11. All include home and foreign missions except Mrs. W. E. Crouser, 1128 Lincoln Northfield, Chautauqua and the Florida Schools. Ave., San Jose, California. 1 Affiliated with the Federation only. New Orleans, Louisiana-Some time in • Affiliated with the Council only. Autumn. • Conducted by the Council.

Mrs. L. D. Chaffee, 1920 Audubon RAOIAL MINORITY SOHOLARSHIP St., New Orleans, Louisiana. Mount Holyoke College is offering 'Northfield, Massachusetts (Home–July a Racial Minority Competitive Schol- 6-13. arship of one thousand dollars ($1,- 000) for the year 1931-1932, to a Mrs. Frelon Eugene Bolster, Ham- Negro girl, preferably a student ap- mondsport, New York. plying for admission to the Junior Class. Award will be made on the 'Northfield, Massachusetts (Foreign)- basis of scholarship and personality. July 13-21. . Letter of application should be Mrs. James M. Pratt, 135 East 74th handwritten, and should contain state- St., New York, N. Y. ments in regard to age, educational experience, and special interest. Ap- Oklahoma City, Oklahoma- plications for this scholarship should be made by May 1, 1931 to Miss Har- St. Petersburg, Florida-February 1-6, riet Newhall, Executive Secretary to 1932. the Board of Admission, Mount Holy- oke College, South Hadley, Mass. Miss B. Louise Woodford, 930 23d Ave., St. Petersburg, Florida.

Southern California (Los Angeles)- September 21-25.

Mrs. W. S. Dysinger, 1419 6th Ave., Los Angeles, California.

1 Warren, Ohio-September 22-23. FOR TRIPPERS Mrs. George Konold, 314 Scott St., N. E., Warren, Ohio. Trips around the world are being planned by travel bureaus which have Wilson College, Chanwersburg, Penn- as their special interest Wo"ld Friend- sylvania–June 29-July 7. ship. There are trips to Europe which Miss Martha C. Hartman, 233 S. 44th include the unusual privilege of meet- St., West Philadelphia, Pa. ing church women there who hold important positions of leadership. Winona Lake, Indiana–June 24-July 1. There are trips to the Orient, to Mrs. Frank Jensen, 1114 West 81st Africa, and to South America which St., Chicago, Illinois. include visits to many interesting mis- sion stations and points of interest The Florida Chain of Institutes, be- not seen by the average tourist. If sides St. Petersburg and Deland, includes you would be interested in taking a Miami, Tampa, Orlando and Clearwater. trip and finding out first-hand what Mrs. Henry W. Peabody is chairman; the church is doing in industrial, Miss B. Louise Woodford, state chair- international and interracial improveman. All will probably be held between ment, or in making a trip abroad count January 15th and February 8th. for WorId Friendship and Under- standing, write to the Federation of Missionary Education Movcmcnt Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions for further information on this sub- Asilomar, Cali/ornia–July 6-15. ject. Mrs. Clara L. Walberg, 1501 St. Al- bans Road, San Marino, California.

Blue Ridge, North Carolina–July 29- August 7.

Dr. W. Knighton Bloom, 933 Wood- ward Building, Washington, D. C.

ORLD.WlDE

ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC visitor to Honolulu often must, through the throngs of clean, pretty, Strange Cults ot the South Seas bright-faced oriental children on their way to or from school, any prejudice CURIOUS beliefs and cults still ex- he may have is disarmed. ist in the South Sea Islands. A man who had killed his eighth victim Nevertheless, they have brought by an intricate process of magic was their religions with them. Shintoism discovered by the people in a village is there, and Buddhism. The task of not long ago, says the Southern CT088 the Hawaiian Board of Missions grows Lo.q· of the Melanesian Mission with this influx of non-Christians from (Church of England). The mission- the Orient. aries testify that in some cases lin inexplicable evil power is exerted and Union High School ot Manila the victims die from no observable cause. Before the missionaries came, A YOUNG missionary made the the people would have killed the ma- statement that during his four gician when they discovered him. In years' acquaintance with the Union this case, they bound him and sent High School he had come to believe him aboard a labor recruiting ship that no greater opportunity of helpthat came along, with instructions ing students to form Christian charnever to let him return to that island. acter and right attitudes toward life presented itself than is to be found in Dr. C. E. Fox, principal of a Melane- the life of the Union High School. sian Mis,sion school at Ugi, has found survivals of an ancient cult of shark Union High School was started in worship on some of these islands. 1919 in connection with the Union Among other customs, the people bury Theological Seminary-a natural detheir dead in the sea, weighting the velopment resulting from the demand feet with stones. The sharks are be- for higher education in every profeslieved not to touch them. sion. There has been a steady growth from fifty students in the first year The fear of vengeful ghosts, evil to over 450 at present. To meet the spirits, and other powers of evil, is a demands of splendid young men and very active influence among these peo- women who are working during the ple who await the power of Christ to daytime, a night school was opened set them free. in 1923 and has at present 150 stu- dents. The Melanesian Mission has a printing press, operated by an Englishman The school seeks to produce men with native helpers. In the course of and women of character, and to this a year they turn out hundreds of little end it has introduced course,s in the Prayer Books, hymn books, and other Bible into the regular curriculum. In religious material, in three or four addition there is a chapel service three tribal languages. times a week.

The Lovely Hawaiian Islands As its name implies, the Union High School is a union enterprise having H AWAII teems with the life of all as its cooperating missions the Pres- . the races except the African. No- byterians, the United Brethren, and where else is there so little of race the Disciples. The student body is prejudice. When one wades, as the very cosmopolitan. Statistics of a 382 year ago reveal that there were in at- for the summary volume of the 1926 tendance 172 Catholics, 92 Presby- Census of Religious Bodies, shows terians, 38 Methodists, 23 Christians that at least 62 of every hundred adult or Disciples, 14 Aglipayans, with a church members belong to a Protes- sprinkling of adherents from other tant church, while 30 are Roman Cath- Protestant churches, while 60 reported olics, and six are Jews. Women pre- no affiliations at all. The school is dominate in church membership; 48 very cosmopolitan in another way for per cent of the males of the country its students are drawn from nearly over 13 years of age, and 63 per cent all the provinces of the Philippines.- of the females being members.

Donald Dean Parker, in The Philip- There is no state in which either pine Presbyterian. Jews or Roman Catholics constitute a Changing Formosa majority, but there are nine southern states in which the Protestants make ABOUT ~ixty years ago Formosa's up more than half the population. In fi 'st four converts were baptized Utah more than 82 per cent of the and one of the four, Ko Tiong, be- people are members of the Mormon came a pioneer preacher. He married Church. a Christian aboriginal; two sons became Christian doctors, one a devoted Sunday-school enrollments have not minister. A nephew, born in China, been increasing as much as formerly. In 1906 the pupils in Sunday-schools and bearing' an appropriate name, were equivalent to 40 per cent of the Kimseng-meaning "Golden Voice," youth population under 19 years of is now a brilliant church leader. He, age. By 1916 this per cent had too, married a Christian aboriginal. reached 48, but is now 44 per cent.

Of their sons one has recently com- The Roman Catholic Church has de- pleted his medical· studies in Japan, clined in the number of Sunday-school and has settled in Tainan City, For- scholars, but there has been a large mosa. increase in enrollment in parochial The church in Formosa is still schools.

small, but its growth is marvelous. Within recent years there has been Twenty years ago all the men of influ- a tendency for Protestant bodies to ence and wealth were heathen. Today combine. Between 1916 and 1926 no the leading men, the men of letters fewer than 18 denominatIons were in- and of means, are Christians.-Pres- volved in mergers.

byterian Messenger. The Church and the Liquor TraJlic NORTH AMERICA rJ'HE Presbyterian Church has gone Facts About American Churches 1. officially on record with a declara- OUT of every hundred persons over tion that the saloon must never come 13 years of age, in the United back; that the United States Govern- States (according to the Census Bu- ment must not go into the liquor busi- reau), there are today 55 church ness; that the liquor traffic has al- members, (of all sects-Christian and ways been lawless and corrupt; that non-Christian) as there were ten and the liquor situation before prohibition twenty years ago. Only 52 per cent was intolerable; that the prohibition of the rural population belongs to law still has the support of the ma- church as compared with 58 per cent jority of the voters of the United of those in cities. Forty per cent of States; that the church supports the the Protestant ministe"s are not Eighteenth Amendment in the interest graduates of either college or sem- of childhood and youth; that there are inary-most of them in the south and no youth anti-prohibition movements; west. that prohibition has aided the cause Dr. C. Luther Fry, who prepared of social well being; that prohibition the official analysis of church figures has not been the chief cause of law-

lessness; that the law is not religious times that for benevolences. The per but economic; that, all law restricts capita for benevolences had decreased and limits personal liberty; that it during those seven years by thirty- is difficult in the light of the cross to six per cent, and the per capita for talk about personal liberty; that the current expenses had increased by church cannot see at present any sub- thirty per cent. Many objects classed stitute for prohibition which will as benevolences are not missionary so- make for a better solution of a traf- cieties, but "service agencies," phil- fic that has always refused to obey anthropies and cultural or educational any law that has sought to put it un- agencies. How much of our giving der social control; that government to the church is really for others, and control as in Canada is not a success how much for ourselves?

and is not acceptable to the people of the United States, who do not look Tuskegee Jubilee T with favor upon government control HE fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Tuskegee Normal and f.or even legitimate business; that a return to state control would be but Industrial Institutes by Booker T.

a return to the old lawless conditions Washington was observed in Tuskegee which made the Eighteenth Amend- April 10th to 15th. Dr. M. Ashly ment inevitable; that the church is Jones, whose father was chaplain to willing to listen to proposals for a General R{)bert E. Lee, spoke to a large better substitute for prohibition, but audience, comprising both Negroes that so long as no adequate substitute and whites, his text being "The Car- is available the church must set itself penter's Son." Dr. R. R. Moton, is as a flint against any weakening of principal of the institute.

the present law. The Rev. Ben Brave, a South Da- The declaration was adopted unan- kota Indian, who was president at imously by the Administration Com- Hampton of the Wigwam of which mittee of the Presbyterian Board of Booker T. Washington was house fa- Christian Education in executive ses- ther, put a wreath on Dr. Washing- sion in Philadelphia. ton's Tomb.

Self-Support and Giving to Others Other addresses were given by Bish- op R. E. Jones of the Methodist T HE Institute of Social and Reli- Church of New Orleans; Mrs. Vir- gious Research has issued a report ginia Adams Driver, the first graduon "Trends in Protestant: Giving," ate of Tuskegee and Thomas Elsa from carefully collected statistics. In Jones, president of Fisk University. 1913 and 1914 the gifts for local ex- penses in the churches of eleven de- Berea College T nominations were about three and HIS unique institution, with over 2,500 students, stands at the gatethree quarters times the gifts for benevolences. During the war period way of the Appalachian Mountains the amount for benevolences increased, where live 3,000,000 hardy descend- so that gifts for local expenses were ents of pioneer Scotch-Americans.

less than twice those for benevolences. The campus, farm and forest land Since 1920 the ratio has tended stead- comprise 5,600 acres and the college ily back to that of 1913-14. The includes 82 departments with over 200 "benevolence,s" include many gifts for workers. Free tuition is given to the educational and other philanthropic impoverished but earnest students, all objects which do not depend on the of whom contribute to their support missionary boards of the churches. In by working at least ten hours a week.

1920 per capita for current expenses Furnished rooms, with light and heat was two and a half times that for cost 65 cents a week per student and benevolences. In 1927 the amount for food at the rate of 11 cents a meal-a current expenses had risen to five total of $150 a year per student. Berea

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

gives a Christian, but nonsectarian 1914, in accordance with the plan to training, with daily chapel and Bible form one Union Seminary. The numstudy. The president, Dr. Wm. J. ber opposed to the plan increased un- Hutchins, is just returning from In- til in July, 1930, the General Synod dia, whither he went with a commit- of Mexico, ordered the reopening of tee to investigate the missionary the Presbyterian Seminary on Febeducational work. ruary 4, 1931, in order that the synod might have full control over the The Oriental Probleln training of its 'candidates for the min- it;ltry. Since the reopening, presby- ORIENT ALS are our greatest racial teries have placed it on their budgets. problem on the Pacific seaboard. -Christian Observer. There are about 35,000 Japanese in the City of Los Angeles alone, and Earthquake in Nicaragua 50,000 in Southern California. Chinese are decreasing, there being only I N SIX seconds on March 31st a about 3,000 in Los Angeles. Filipinos, violent earthquake .destroyed Manon the other hand, have increased from agua, the capital of Nicaragua. Over 116 in the state in 1910 to about 70,- 1,000 were reported kijIed and thou- 000 in 1930, and about 7,000 of them sands more were injured; the proplive in Los Angeles. With all of these erty damage is estimated at thirty races the disproportion of sexes cre- million dollars. Fire followed the ates a grave social problem. Especially quake and the city was cut off from is this true of the Filipinos, there be- the outside world except for radio ing less than five per cent women messages. The American Government among the 70,000. They live mostly directed that immediate help be given in labor camps and work long hours the sufferers by the army and nav~ for small pay. This is the chief cause and the Red Cross. Only a small group> for the hatred which has precipitated of missionaries were stationed at Manseveral race riots in the past year or agua, members of the American Baptwo. Very little church or social serv- tist Home Mission Society and the ice work is yet being done among Central American Mission; the neighthem. boring town of Masaya was also oc- cupied by these missions. On the other hand, there is a great deal of church and social service work New Evangelical Churches among the Chinese and Japanese. The Chinese are rapidly decreasing owing DR. S. G. INMAN, Executive Secreto the rigid immigration laws, and tary of the Committee on Coopthere is really no Chinese problem. eration in Latin America, summarizes The Japanese are increasing and also events of the past year: becoming more and more Americanized. The second generation of The year stands out as marking the- "Americans of Japanese ancestry" is organization of additional independent coming to the fore, and they are de- evangelical churches in Mexico and sirous of living up to their birthright. Brazil. The union of the Congregational, They are the chief problem in this Christian and United Brethren Churches race.-The Churchman. in Puerto Rico, and the meeting in Puerto Rico of the officers of the com- LATIN AMERICA mission to organize the Latin American Federation of Evangelical Churches are Selninary ReopeD.8 in Mexico other marks of progress.

THE reopening of the Presbyterian Last July, representatives of the Theological Seminary in Mexico on Northern and Southern Methodist February 4, 1931, was significant for Churches, both in Mexico and the United the evangelical movement in Mexico. States, approved the basis for a united The institution had been closed since Methodist Church of Mexico. The first General Conference was held in Mexico 5 City in September, resulting in the elec- tion of Rev. Juan Pascoe as bishop. With

the approval of the Annual Conference two languages. In 1912, there were ()f the Southern Methodist Church at 9,415 corps, or evangelistic posts: now Dallas, last May, a delegation from the there are 15,113. As against 15,988 United States went to Brazil and helped commissioned officers in 1912, there 'organize the Methodist Church of Brazil. are now 25,658. The Army has 1,568 The Brazilians elected as their first social institutions and agencies. In Bishop Rev. J. W. Tarboux, a former its shelters and food depots 24,545,847 missionary, and adopted the Social Creed free or cheap meals were supplied dur- Qf the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America as their own.

ing the year, and 11,516,319 beds pro- Agitation in Brazil vided. In its men's industrial institu- SINCE the Provisional Government tions, houses and workshops, 214,074 of Brazil announced its intention men were found work, permanently of rewriting the Constitution, church or temporarily. At its labor bureau authorities have been campaigning in there were 407,506 applicants and favor of what they term a minimum situations were found for 238,234. In- program of Ciltholic action. This to its women's industrial homes last program demands that the new Con- year 6,416 girls and women were stitution bear the statement that it is received and 5,951 were passed out '!Written in the name of God, that it satisfactorily. At its ninety-two ma- ,declare the Catholic Church the State ternity homes 23,817 women were re- <Church of Brazil, that it make a re- ceived.-The Christian.

ligious marriage ceremony compul- sory, and that the Catholic faith be Religious Liberty in Italy T taught in the State schools. Catholic HE Roman Catholic Church au- thorities in Rome are doing all in clergy are conducting a vigorous campaign from the pulpit while Catholic their power to restrict Protestants laymen are just as busy through news- from enjoying liberty in religious papers and committees. Counter ac- work. The Vatican organ, Osservutore tivities are at work on the part of Romano, keeps up a demand for the nonCatholics. The strife reached a curbing of "Protestant propaganda," climax at a nonCatholic meeting of and the pope gives support to this deprotest in Pernambucco. A crowd of mand. They claim that the Roman Catholic sympathizers caused a riot Catholic Church is maligned and its when they succeeded in preventing the dogmas are misrepresented and they first speaker from addressing the large demand the right to censor the propacrowd of nonCathoIics. The police g and a. The Italian government, had to use force to restore order, and though friendly to the Roman Catholic the feeling is bitter on both sides.- Church and willing to treat it as the United Presbyterian. established church of the State, has EUROPE been insistent upon these principles; freedom of religious belief; freedom Sa.lvation ArD1Y Progress of religious worship; freedom of reli- T HE SalvaUon Army Yearbook far gious propaganda, and equality of civil 1931 is a record of vast operations, rights without regard to religious evangelistic and social, at home and connection.

abroad.

A statistical table is impressive as a Students a.nd the Christian Faith W record of advance since the death of HEN Dr. John R. Mott conducted a series of meetings for students the founder, William Booth. In that .;vear (1912) the Army was established of Oxford in 1905, the results were in fifty-two c{JUntries and colonies. At considered remarkable. From 300 to the opening of 1931, the Army's flag is 800 undergraduates attended. Re- :flying in eighty-two countries, and its cently, when the modern students are message being proclaimed in seventy- said to have no use for religion, 1,000

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

and sometimes 2,000 members of the cently fifteen evangelical kindergaruniversity were present day after day tens in Breslau lost the government for eight days listening to the preach- subsidy. An institution for dumb and ing of Christ and learning the way of blind children which has existed for a prayer in meetings conducted by the hundred years was -sold out and the Archbishop of York. children turned over to a state in- stitution. The Blue Cross Society is "The change in the last few years," a useful organization for the rescue the Student Movement declares, "is of drunkards. The Govetnment is remarkable. Men are ready to listen seeking to make its existence imposand many more than some think are sible by regUlations concerning regisready to pray." tration and membership insurance. In Zurich, morning and evening From other companies of young prayers and grace at table have been people a marked response has also interdicted in the city asylum, much been made to the appeal of Christ. to the grief of the aged inmates. The There is a seething in the heart of Central School Commission of Zurich youth today, but there is a readine-ss has cut off from the free evangelical to try experiments. No real picture of school the privilege of free dental youth is presented which leaves out treatment for school children, and has the companies who have entered upon withdrawn the reduction of carfares the way of faith. formerly allowed.-The Sunday-School Times. Christian Progress in Belgium Protest Against Soviet Persecution AMONG Belgium's eight million people, only 50,000 are Protes- T HE Christian Protest Movement tant. Besides the state-supported against Soviet Persecution of Re- Union of Evangelical Churches and ligion, established in Great Britain, the Free Christian Missionary church, has held 270 meetings during the past there are several smaller groups, but year, with the support of all religious Belgium is a Romanist stronghold, organizations. There is now evidence though many are indifferent and many that the protest has reached Russia, merely formal. One secret of Catho- and has brought about some slight lic power in Belgium is its thorough modification. This has changed the organization of education from school policy of the Movement from one of age onwards, and the Protestant' demand to an appeal to the Russian churches cannot compete in this field Government to abandon religious perwith their weak schools and lack of secution.-The Christian. resources. Neverthele-ss, good work is done by colporteurs and the print- Atheism and Christianity in Russia ing press, and the work advances, however slowly. There is no question I N RUSSIA the war between atheof mas-s conversions. New converts ism and Christianity is on, and in are gained one by one, but the labor spite of the great power the atheists is not in vain.-Pastor Buse. exercise, the current is not wholly their way. In Dein Reich Komme we Socialists in Germany are given a remarkable account of the manner in which the Evangelicals and CHRISTIAN institutions in Ger- Baptists are progressing. In the many have been attacked by the Ukraine, according to Pravda, "the Socialists quietly but persistently. sects are no longer sects but great Catholic institutions are spared be- churches or even parties." In the cause of the political alliance between governments of Po!towa, Kherson, and Center and Socialist parties. It is Tver there are whole counties which, proposed to supplant the Protestant according to the Communist papers, nursing sisters and deaconesses with secular nurses and attendants. Re-

are drenched with this Christian and singing them well; black health propaganda. In the Soviet factories workers who, unsupervised, can and do the .sectarians win victory after vic- produce admirable malaria surveys and tory. Thus in the textile factory maps …. In Zanzibar I saw a native Chalturin there are two thousand medical orderly demonstrating hookworkmen who belong to the evangel- worms and hookworm eggs to the chilical societies against less than five dren in a little out-school; and their hundred Communists. The school answers to his questions showed that youth who come under the influence the village schoolmaster had already of the sectarians offer obstinate re- made the hookworm story quite clear to sistance to the Communist pioneers their minds." and draw to their ranks leading members of the Communist young people -The Congregationalist. organizations. The religious situation in Russia is no doubt dark enough, but Welcomed by Tribal Ohiefs the darkness seems to be that which precedes dawn. THE following letter bears the sig- nature of forty chiefs and tribal The Evangelicals of Russia are, ac- rulers of Menderland, Sierra Leone, and was addres·sed to the newly arcording to the American secretary of rived workers at the "Ward United Methodist church" at Bandajuma, esthe All-Russian Evangelical Christian tablished last year: Union, very 'active in improving the general life of Russia. We, the paramount Chief and Tribal Rulers, of Sowa Chiefdom, do hereby AFRIOA meet to welcome you, and we regard this first visit to our Chiefdom as a genuine Oan Blacks be Educated1 red-letter day.

JULIAN HUXLEY, in a recent num- Weare highly proud of the love and ber of the Atla,nticMonthly, dis- respect that you good people are showing cusse.s the possibilities: of "African to us since you started this Mission on Education." The educability of the the 13th of April, 1928. Other missions African and his capacity for intel- have come and failed, and for many lectual and creative work depends years we have been left alone, before it upon the proper opportunity and stim- pleased God to put it into the hearts of ulous. Biology has relatively little to good people in England to send our do with it. Huxley agrees with schol- friend, Rev. A. C. Lamb, to come and ars like Franz Boas, who are con- open the Mission here again. Everyone vinced that variations of mental of us here feels very glad to have the capacity within a race are much Mission here, to teach us and our chilgreater than between races, and that dren. .Although we are Mohammedans, racial capacities overlap very consider- yet we feel that there is one God ·who is ably. It is impossible to say that the both for white and black. capacity of one race is definitely higher than another. Mr. Huxley We wrote some time ago about having says: a white man here and also a hospital, but we have not heard anything from "I have seen dressers in charge of dis- our friend as regards what the good pensaries, clerks keeping the records of people in England will do for us…. We native courts, girls running maternity hope to hear good news. and infant-welfare stations with white inspection only once a month, men in We are ready to help the Mission on charge of a power station on a big whatever we are asked to do. It is our estate, schoolmasters who taught well wish and prayer that God may guide and had their heart in their job, fore- you both in your ruling, and that you men who could be trusted in sole control may prove a blessing to all the other of building operations-all blacks . . . . churches and schools in Sierra Leone Black students who were dissecting a and to the public in general.-Missioncadaver with commendable thorough- wry Echo. ness; a black choir singing Bach motetS', Testing Time. in Bafla SEVERAL fa c tor s are causing troublous times in the Cameroun. A letter from C. E. Whittier, of the Presbyterian Mission in Bafia, gives as one factor the new laws regarding the age of boys and girls allowed in

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK 3B9

school, the maximum age being twelve Church Growth in Nigeria to fourteen years. This has meant putting out 125 of the two hundred TWENTY-ONE years ago the Church boys of the French school, and several Missionary Society began missiongirls of marriageable age will not be ary work in the Isoko dIstrict of Niallowed to return. geria, West Africa. The results have been wonderful, the numblJr of Chris- Boys and girls put out of school tian adherents now numbering more can return to their parents, but wilf than 8,000 in the 120 towns having a not want to. Why? If they start a Christian church. It is estimated that cocoa garden or gather palm nuts, as sixty per cent of the Christians are soon as the garden has food ready women, though no organized women's to harvest the chief will send his work was attempted until a year ago police to get it, to supply the amount when two women missionaries were the government asks of him. The assigned to the village of Bethel. The chief may be paid for it, but the boy missionaries are hoping to establish will receive nothing. His labor is welfare centres and small maternity useless. Who can even counsel him homes in six towns in the district, to be industrious, when along every each centre to have a trained woman line of industry his labors will only midwife in charge.-The Christian. enrich his chief, not himself? Thanks From Abyssinia As for the girls, a real trial of faith is experienced when the native Mo- T HE Emperor of Abyssinia issued hammedan chief takes them by force a statement thanking all the Govinto his harem to be his wives. ernments of the world for the interest they have manifested in connection Notable Improvement with the event of his coronation, and for the practical aid given by Euro- MANY changes may be noted as pean and American people toward evidence of improved ·social con- realizing his hope of spreading civiliditions in West Africa. Cannibalism zation in his realm. He also said: is nearly extinct. Slavery is waning. Fetishism is greatly decreased. Most "In this hour in which my heart is of the harmful secret ·societies are lifted up to God, I must offer my heartpractically dead. Tribal wars may be felt thanks for all the good that Amerisaid to be at an end. Murder is very can missions have done for us. They rare, as compared with its frequency have helped to spread the Word of God in the United States. Polygamy is and Christian teaching in all parts of the very greatly decreased. The language country, and we especially thank the has been reduced to writing and the doctors, not only for their great services New Testament, portions of the Old to the members of the Emperor's family, Testament and' many textbooks have but because they have given the blessings been printed. The majority of the of health and strength to thousands of young men and boys, and some thou- my poor people." sands of women and girls can read and write. Young women have more Abyssinia is four times the size of freedom as to school and marriage, Great Britain. At present only seven and some are taking nurses' training of its forty-three provinces are occucourses; some become teachers, and pied by missionaries. Eight societies others dre·ssmakers. Time was when with 71 workers occupy ten stations. all day·s were alike. The introduction There are 72 native workers. The of the Sabbath was a novelty to these Province of Shoa with its capital of people, and has proven a great bless- Addis Ababa is fairly well occupied, ing. Last year's statistics showed having 36 missionaries, or about half that the attendance at Sunday-school the entire mission force. The rest of averaged 94,000. the country is practically untouched. A recent article in World Dominion speaks of the present emperor as a progressive whose desire is to awaken

the soul of the old Church of his coun- Ferment in Persto.

try for the uplift of the nation. It DR. E. M. DODD, writing from is estimated that a quarter of the Persia, says: "Sixteen years ago, adult population of the empire are while here, I heard the remark, 'Persia priests, deacons, or monks in the is a corpse with no one to bury her.' old Aby-ssinia Church. The Church Since then the national attitude has possesses one-third of the land. changed. There is a feeling that all -Woman's Missionary Magazine. things are possible." The country is WESTERN ASIA gradually being emancipated; is A Christian Monthly in Turkey awake to the fact that it is in the march of progress, even though hun- ONE of the daily Turkish papers dreds of miles behind. Education is Son Posta, representing the new making long strides, the most signifpolitical party, criticised the support icant fact being that the new program given by the Government to the maga- includes girls. Many new schools zine Muhit. We translate this as in- have been opened.

dicating the appreciation of the maga- "Hospitals and public health activ- zine ,on the part of the Ministry of ities are moving with only slightly less Education. momentum. Doctors must now be li- "In Istanbul, a monthly magazine censed for the fir.st time. A few cities under the title of Muhit is issued by have municipal hospitals, while in the Bible House, namely the Gospel Teheran, a small medical fraternity Home, whose purpose is to extend meets periodically. In Meshed there Christianity. This Christian Institu- is something similar.

tion prints the Gospel, circulates it, "After all is said, the picture ha's and makes propaganda of Christianity shadows, as well as high-lights. Many all over the country. It has some cross currents are at work; national- schools also in Istanbul and some other ism at times runs riot, and economic cities, where Christianity is taught. conditions are bad. With the Mullahs The Bible House has taken steps to losing their hold, irreligioOn is on the extend its activities, and has begun increase."

to publish missionary books. At the head of this magazine Muhit, is the INDIA, BURMA, SIAM director of the Literature Department Self-Gove1'1lment and Communalism of the Bible House. THE Methodist Episcopal Central "Very well! A missionary organiza- Conference in India, at its recent meeting, declared in favor of Domin. tion has been publishing a magazine. ion Status for India, and pledged help We shall not read it. That finishes in making this status a .success. The the matter! But the matter is not greatest obstacle they declared to be finished in that way. Since the change "communalism"-or the policy of sepin our script, many Turkish magazines arating Indians into distinct classes have been obliged to close, and none dependent on religion, race Ill' social of them has received a grant from the class. It was resolved "that we Department of Education. The Min- (Christians) have no intention of istry of Education has discovered only creating a separate political entity, this magazine to support, and has called the Christian Community . . . decided to buy 2,000 copies every We have no desire to build up around month. Surely it is not reasonable that the Ministry of Education should the Christian Church a separate social use its appropriation for the purpose and political entity … We desire of the extension of the new script to passionately a united India . . . If support a missionary institution; but those who desired to give their spirit- this is a fact, and a most grievous fact ual allegiance to Christ had been al- too!" lowed to stay in their homes and be

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

frank, open baptized Christians then been putting emphasis upon evangelthis communalism would not have been ism, but there is a call for more earbuilt up. Even now if those who de- nest and more united efforts. sire to follow Christ should be allowed to stay in their homes without In several of the Provinces a special social or political penalty then we are week of evangelism was set for March willing to see the Christian commu- 8th to 15th. In the United Provinces nity as a political entity fade out, a number of objectives have been set leaving the Christian Church as a for a month of evangelistic effort. moral and spiritual organization con- Here are the objectives: tributing its power to the uplift and regeneration of this land." 1. Every Christian taking part by definite prayer and definite witness- Thirty Million More in India ing; with the aim to sell at least ten Gospel portions-a hundred if pos- I NDIA'S population has increased sible. 30,000,000 during the last decade, according to the estimate in the pre- 2. Special visits in zenanas by liminary census returns. The census Christian women. of 1921 put the figure at 318,000,000, but figures now available show that 3. Public preaching, singing and during the last ten years there has Gospel selling in bazaars by bands of been an increase in population exceed- laymen and ministers. ing all estimates. 4. A rousing Christian procession Freedom from pestilence and fam- at some time during the week. ine, sanitation, medical facilities and more enlightened living generally have These objectives, if carried out, contributed to the increase which ap- wherever possible, will show the pears certain throughout India. earnestness M Christiims to win others to Christ. Burma's population has risen probably 12 per cent. Bikanir State takes Kalighat Ashram the lead, however, with an increase of 41.7 per cent, largely due to the com- BROTHER CHAKRAVARTY, a pletion of a large irrigation project converted Bengali of Calcutta, and the consequent immigration. makes daily visits to the Kalighat temple, where he talks with pilgrims Population increased 35 per cent in and priests. Having retained his the Ahmednagar district and 32 per Bengali name and dre'ss he can move cent in the adjoining Poona district above in such places without attractperhaps because 'Of similar new irri- ing much special attention…. gation works. But there was no decrease elsewhere, showing such gen- This is a purely Indian method and eral pressure of population that the Indians are doing the work. There is people immediately flow into the areas no preaching, no magic lantern lecproviding support far fresh inhabit- ture, no Gospel singing band. The ants. Guru sits in contemplation and the enquirers gather about him. Then he A Month of Evangelism reads a verse from the Word of God, followed by a verse, perhaps, from the I N CHINA, Japan, Korea and else- Bhagavadgita. Then he shows the where, Christian churches are more effective drawing power of the carrying forward definite united evan- Bible to bring men to God. Perhaps gelistic programs. In India such a one from the audience puts a question united plan has not yet been made, and either the Guru, or some member but the National Christian Council has of the audience answers it. The been asked to consider calling the "audience" may consist of two besides Churches of India to unite in such an our missionary or there may be as effort. The Churches of India have many as fifteen in the little room.

Pray that our missionary and his wife may be given strength of body, of mind, and of heart, that they may

be divinely guided in all that they at- finally reach the millions beyond.

tempt for the Kingdom.-V. M. [lahi- Each Church will be free to follow baksh. whatever methods it chooses. 2. The. n.t0vement ai~~ at emphasizing Methodists and the Madura Incident C~rIshan responsIbIlity for positive wltness and sharing with others our T HE recent central conference of experience in Christ. the Methodist Episcopal Church in Southern Asia, at its quadrennial ses- 3. The movement must seek to touch all sion in Cawnpore, India, put that denomination clearly on record as re- !aces, ,,:or)dng in all areas, employ- Ing varIetIes of method, and aiming at establishing the Kingdom of God in all relationships of life. The move- jecting the interpretation of mission- n.tent should be a searching examinaary "neutrality" which the British tIon of our social and industrial conauthorities set up in the case of the d}tions, t? see how far they are con- American Board Mission in Madura. SIstent WIth Christian principles. While recognizing that American missionarie-s "can take no part in political A definite objective may -spur the movements as such," the Methodists Church on to greater efforts of sacriwent on record as holding that "the fice and service. The Council suggests church cannot give itself over to or that "we aim at doubling the number ally itself with any government or of Christians within five years." Such political party or group." It was this a venture calls for great faith, but which the now famous letter of Magis- "All things are po-ssible to him that trate Hall told the American Board believeth." missionaries at Madura the British Government expected of them. The The Evangelistic Committee is Methodists upheld the rights of Chris- praying and working, surveying the tian Indians, Anglo-Indians and field, examining social and industrial Britons to engage in politics as their conditions, planning the pUblication consciences dictate. of direct evangelistic literature in va- rious languages, working out bold and daring methods, with a view to in- auguratng the movement at the annual A BurlUa for Ohrist Movement* meeting of the Council in July. "For T HE Burma Christian Council calls the next six months, the need is to the Church of Christ in Burma to catch the vision of God's purpose, to a movement to make Burma Christian. sanctify ourselves to be the agents of It calls for a fresh outlook and motive, that purpose, and by believing prayer, which begun in penitence and prayer, create an atmosphere in which a great continued in faith, joy and persever- forward movement may be born and ence, -shall regenerate in the Church set going with such momentum that of Burma that spirit which thrills no power can stop the coming of the through the pages of the Acts. The Kingdom of God in Burma."

call is primarily to prayer and peni- The Day of Opportunity in Burma tence, through Communion with God, to realize the greatness of His love, THIS is a day of great opportunity and the magnificence of His purpose. to lead the Burmese to know Christ. "This realization should express itself Returning through Mandalay from in a deepening spiritual life, a grow- the Aungpinle Association at Sagaing ing Christlikeness, a radiant joy, and a the Wesleyan preachers said: "Manpassion for bringing others to Christ." dalay is not like what it was before. They used to hate the Christians; There are three general principles, now they go out of their way to make on which, the movement ought to be friends with us. They may not acbased: cept our religion, but they want to know us." At Sagaing a group of 1. The "Burma for Christ" movement about fifty Buddhist elders came out should extend to every Christian, and in response to an invitation.

'" Condensed from The News" Rangoon, Burma, February, 1931.

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

From Bassein, Henzada, Pegu and greater success than that reported in Moulmein come similar reports. The the press has been attained by the Buddhist people have listened with a Nanking Government in the struggle new eagerness and confessed their with rebellious hordes of Communists hunger for someone to trust. Burma and bandits. Some relief from finan- is weary of the doctrine of hate which cial calamity has also been secured has been so industriously preached through increased import duties.

from all sides during the past number The Manchurian leader, Chang of years and wants a gospel of love. Hsueh Liang, has not lost his hold on The economic distress resulting from the Northeastern provinces while low prices, the political risings and maintaining peace in Hopei, Shansi rumors of risings, robberies, murders, and the Northwest and gradually dis- ,sects and parties hating each other in banding the excessive armies in those the villages, have all made the Bur- provinces. Shantung has been more mans look with fear and distrust on peaceful than for several years.

one another, till they do not know As the result of reading the Bible where to turn. After nights of anx- and observance of the fruits of Chrisiety when they meet Christians in the tianity in his home, his social and povillages or bazaars, their faces bright- litical circle and in other relations the en with gladness because they know President, Chiang Kai Shek, has pro- Christians can be trusted and are claimed his C'onviction that for himbearers of love and help. In a world self and for his country, the Saviour of enemies, here are friends. Shout it out to the Christians all over Bur- and the hope is Jesus Christ. After confessing his faith and receiving ma. This is the day of opportunity baptism, he went back to his place of to show Christians love Buddhists.- peril and responsibility in the councils B. C. Case, in The News. of State to make clear, by deeds more News from Siam than by words, his belief that only the AN OUTSTANDING event of the truth can make China free and strong 1'l. year in Siam was the eighth meet- and "equal."-Courtney H. Fenn.

ing of the Far Eastern Association of Strong Leadership Needed Tropical Medicine, continuing for one week in Bangkok. One hundred and T HE Rev: George T. Scott, one of sixty delegates from abroad were pres- the Secretaries of the Presbyterian ent. Board, writes from Shantung: About two years ago the Interna- "In the eleven years since my pre- tional Missionary Council was asked vious visit to China, the most obvious to send a competent man to Siam for outward changes are (1) improved rural economic survey, in the hope roads and motor cars; (2) the well- that a scientific study of the rural informed and disciplined Chinese solpopulation and their problems would diers and police everywhere, in the assist the missions to make wiser and cities and towns, on the railways, drill- more far-reaching, plans. The Siamese ing on parade grounds and over rough Government is facing serious eco- terrain; (3) the many men of all ages nomic problems in connection with the in western dress, and practicaliy all rural situation, and is therefore eager girls and young women "bobbed," with a new independence of life and manto cooperate.-Station Letter. ners; (4) the shops filled with goods CHINA imported from America and Europe; Progress in China (5) and everywhere, at station plat- MORE progress has been made in forms and docks, on buildings and China in the last six months than fences and walls are pasted or painted in any previous similar period since large and small posters and signs to the revolution of 1911-12. Much inspire and to teach patriotism, na-

tionalism, anti-imperialism, popular nese Mission to Lepers decided to and party government. undertake. Shanghai is cursed with some 300 lepers most of whom are "In the present period of readjust- found in Chapei. These affiicted are ment among the most difficult has to not seen in the daytime, but appear do with Christian schools and colleges. on the streets at night. Some live Government regulations are unduly with normal persons, apparently unarestrictive, with a special bent against ware of the danger which lurks in religious worship and instruction. In them, while others even peddle food middle schools and higher institutions without the least interference by the voluntary religious exercises are per- police. There is no ruling that lepers mitted, but not in schools of lower cannot walk in public or engage in grade. The entire Christian move- petty trade, and consequently the most ment, missionary and national, con- dreaded disease of mankind is suffered tinually protests against these in- to victimize the innocent. The Chinese fringements of the liberty of private Mission has at its disposal funds for institutions. During this disturbed the erection and equipping of a home transition period, schools are being for these leper,s in the vicinity of continued and Christianity is being Shanghai. Unfortunately a site which conveyed to the students in many it obtained in Kiangwan was not apways, even where direct precept in the proved of by the Chinese municipal classroom is forbidden; often reli- authorities, neither was a second site gious worship and classes are held in in the Western District. a building adjoining the campus. At present, Christian schools are over- The work of the mission is undercrowded, largely because so many gov- taken by Chinese and foreign physiernment institutions are closed for cians free of charge. These volunteers lack of funds." have their regular duties, and as a consequence, cannot afford to go out Missionaries Murdered of the civic centers to render service to the lepers. It would hardly be fair THE murder of two American wom- to add physical hardship to their vol- en missionaries in the southern untary service which in most counprovince of Yunnan was reported in tries is provided by the government dispatches from there, March 18th. itself. The present deadlock between They were Mrs. Vera M. White and the mission and the Chinese authori- Mr·s. Victoria M. Miller, Seventh Day ties leaves the public only one choice: Adventists. to let the lepers run loose in its midst, or to house them under one roof rea- The crime is believed to have been sonably secluded from the congested committed by or upon the instigation sections.-The China Critic. of revengeful servants who were lately discharged under suspicion of being Standing Firm in Changsha. thieves. ~~NEVER was Christianity less like- The husbands of the women were ly to be stamped out in Changon their way from TaHfu to Yunnanfu, a 150-mile journey, and had been tele- sha," writes Rev. W. H. Clark of the graphed to hasten their return. Mrs. Hun a n Presbyterian Mis s ion. White's two children, Ardyth Marie "Though more than half the congreand Lorena Jean were uninjured and gation have been forced by imminent are being cared for by V. D. Parker, danger of a second communist occuof the Young Men's Christian Associ- pation to leave the city, the fire of ation.-Herald-Tribune. faith burns even the brighter in those who are here. In the humble little A Home for Lepers chapel of the primary school, 110 met for worship on Sunday. While the THE difficulty in selecting a site for hordes of Reds under Peng, Chu and a home for lepers has been retarding humanitarian work which the Chi-

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Mao were hammering at our defense A. student secretary, and Dr. T. Z.

lines not over a mile and a half away, Koo, national student secretary of the and while the hills were ringing to Y. M. C. A.-Christian Advocate.

the sound of rifle and machine gun fire, even there a dozen Christians Finnish Missions in China dared to come to my looted home and T HE Finnish Missions in China are spend an hour in prayer. One Yale passing through great difficulties. boy, just two days before the fiercest In 1927 the greater number of their attacks, said: 'I am not afraid, I am missionaries were compelled to leave in the will of God,' and went off smil- China for many months. Some were ing. The next night his village was never to return to their stations. captured by the Red army and only Those who remained in Hunan were after three weeks did the government in danger of death daily for more troops reenter it. We have no news than half a year. The congregations of him, but I am confident he has were scattered, the churches desestood firm. That which we came to crated, the Chinese pastor,s and teach- China to give, the message of Christ, ers were persecuted, so that they had is a commodity which cannot be looted, to seek seclusion. destroyed, nor burned. We may have lost well over a hundred thousand dol- In February, 1930, three women lars; but there is a 'fellowship of missionaries in Kiangsi were mursuffering' worth infinitely more. Christ dered by Communists. They are the reigns in hundreds of hearts here; he first Finnish martyrs in the Chinese cannot be dislodged whatever comes; field. many a Christian is living the faith: 'Though he slay me, yet will I trust Nothwithstanding all these difficulhim.'" ties only 5% of the Christians gave up their faith. The work has been resumed and the missionaries and Chinese workers have gone long dis- Fifty Years of Service tances on tour and have found many T HE Anglo-Chinese College in Foo- open hearts. The work in the schools chow, under the Methodist Board, has been rendered generally imposwill soon complete fifty years of serv- sible on account of Government reice to China. Plans had been made strictions.

for only 400 stUdents, but when nearly 200 new boys applied for admission A Conference Under Difficulties U in September, acting President S. H. p TO within one week of meeting, it looked as if a conference this Lin arranged to take half of these applicants making an enrollment of year in Central China of the Christian 437 boys. The religious spirit among Alliance would be impos.sible. In July, the students has deepened becau,se of the rising tide of militant bolshevism the unusual activity of the school Y. swept over Changsha and threatened M. C. A. The school, through its six- the Wuhan Center, causing the Con- teen delegates, was host to the Joint suls to forbid their nationals residing Y. M. C. A.-Y. W. C. A. Summer Stu- in Wuchang.

dent Conference last September. The However, on September 2, the Con- boys, who carried on five Daily Vaca- suls lifted the ban and the conference tion Bible Schools during the summer was called. Many experienced trials, vacation, have brought the same spir- but the conference afforded new it of service into the Y. M. C. A. work. encouragement and inspiration. A Recently, over a hundred boys paid dominant note was praise for divine their own expenses to spend the week- protection amid warfare, lawlessness, end in the large Buddhist Monastery and opposition. In spite of the anti- on Kushau Mountain in a conference Christian agitation, one hundred and with Miss Kwaan, national Y. W. C. ten baptisms were reported. War-

fare, banditry, and communism had Whereas today, after seventy years been widespread, and yet evangelism of endeavor, the Christian churches had been carried on everywhere. have no more than 300,000 enrolled Many reported revival, some having members, or about one-half of one per been blessed with a week's meetings cent of the population, two modern held by four Chinese workers from sects of Shinto, not yet fifty years Bethel Mission, Shanghai. old, both incorporating in their tenets and practices features closely resem- The appointment of several "travel- bling those of Christianity, number ing evangelists"-who are really dis- over five million adherents, or nearly trict or provincial pastors-has been ten per cent of the population of modamply justified by their good workin ern Japan. Hunan and Anhwei. The spirit of love and unity and the competent way These sects are not in any real in which some Chinese brethren con- sense Christian; they are obviously ducted the business of conference, subChristian, and any crystallization greatly encouraged us concerning the of the process of development at the future of the church.-Rev. Howard present stage would leave Japan's lead- Van Dyck. ing religious movements manifestly pagan in spirit and rite. Yet these JAPAN AND CHOSEN trends chart the course over which Japan's religious development is mov- Bibles in Jq.panese Hotels ing.-T. T. Brumbaugh.

ABOUT four years ago the "Gid- Empress Aids Leper Work eons" applied for permis·sion to place Bibles in the Imperial Hotel at ST. BARNABAS' MISSION TO Tokyo, but without success. Other LEPERS, Kusatsu, is rejoicing in attempts were made later but met with a gift of seven thousand yen from refusal. However, one of the Chris- the Dowager Empress of Japan. For tians in the management kept the re- many years she has been accumulatquest in mind, and recently word came ing funds for the benefit of the lepers that the management had decided to of Japan by setting aside a certain accept the offer. part of her annual income. On No- vember 10, 1930, this fund was dis- Sunday, November 2d, was set for tributed to the various leper charities, the dedicatory service in the banquet Imperial, Roman Catholic, Anglican, hall of the hotel. Notice of the serv- and Buddhist. With the exception of ice was put in the main lobby. Short the Government Asylum, this Episcoaddresses were delivered by a mis- pal Mission received the largest sionary and by the representative of amount. With this fund it is hoped the Gideons, Captain Swinehart. The to establish a leper settlement suffimanager expressed his appreciation ciently attractive to draw lepers in and the hope that those Bibles would large numbers from all parts of the be helpful to many guests. No doubt, country for voluntary segregation.- that was the first time the Bible was Spirit of Missions. read and prayer offered in that banquet hall.-Bible Society Record.

A Christianized Buddhist Sect Purity Campaign THE Shin sect of Buddhism has THE campaign against licensed adopted so much of obviously prostitution has been called to the Christian thought-forms and method- attention of the Japanese public ology in Japan as to change the very through petitions presented to eleven character and spirit of Buddhism. meetings of the prefectural assemblies. This sect more than any other chal- Two of these passed biHs abolishing lenges the imaginations and commands licensed vice, making seven assemblies the loyalty of modern Japanese. which have recently declared for aboli-

1931J WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

tion. In one prefecture the victory graduates will enter the Theological came as the result of a well-organized Seminary in Pyengyang. Others seven-year fight, during which 135,000 have gone out to start new churches individual petitions, one long petition and win others to Christ. Rev. W. J. containing 60,000 names, and petitions Anderson, the principal writes: "We from over 650 organizations were pre- have some very fine men. Many peosented. The leadership of this move- ple have told me of the great blessing ment is in Christian hands but it ha·s the Bible school students are bringswept far beyond the limits of the ing to territory around Seoul thr,ough church and appeals to the best thought revival meetings and Sunday services of the nation. The medical associa- they are conducting. One student who tions and patriotic societies are coop- was not able to continue his work on erating and purity leagues are organ- account of lack of funds has been used ized in many parts of the country to to start a revival in a village ten miles back up the campaign.-WiUis Lamott. from Seoul. One graduate spent sev- enty days last summer in prayer and Sai Nai Reforms Bible study alone on an island. He returned in power and has been won- SAl NAI, on a river island near derfully used." Seoul, was a notoriously rowdy town. Village feuds played havoc with Christ and Apples the Christian school, interest lagged in church work. Following a week of PUKCHUDONG is a country village revival meetings, and a visit by the whose ·life has been enriched by missionary in charge of the group, Christ and apples. Luscious "red about thirty young men of the village jade" and "light of the nation" are organized a School Boosters Associa- grown in great abundance, because tion, assumed full responsibility for Christian elders have gone at the apall finances of church and school, ple industry with the same thoroughagreed to send more students, started ness as they conduct their church. The a night school, pledged themselves not more apples produced, the more conto touch liquor or tobacco, or gamble, verts secured, it would seem; and the and made it so clear to the head of better Christians they become, the betthe village that things must be dif- ter apples they strive to grow. "And ferent that he resigned. The village so the Lord be thankit," writes Rev. people met and decided that whoever William Scott. was chosen to succeed him must be a Christian.-Korean Broadcasts. The headman of the village is a non- Christian, who once gave much trouble Bible Training in Seoul by his opposition. Reporting on his community at a district meeting of SEVENTEEN Korean young men headmen he said: "It may seem like were graduated on March 18th from boasting, but I believe I have the best The Pierson Memorial Bible School community in the township. Our peoat Seoul. This is the largest class in ple are sober and industrious. There some years and the students have is no carousing, no wrangling, no had a systematic course of study, in thieving. Our folk are of specially the Bible, church work, preaching and good stock." Another village headpersonal evangelism. The week ends man, also a nonChristian, broke in and summer vacations have been spent with the retort: "Good stock, nothing! in teaching, preaching, and personal Your people are the Bame breed as work and most encouraging reports mine. Everybody knows what makes have come of reviva}.s and churches the difference. Take the Christian strengthened. Most of the under church out of your district and you graduates are planning to spend their will be back where we are."-Korean vacation in this work. Some of the Echoes.

~~Tithing Storehouse" While Christian in character and pur- K ONGJU, Korea, has a "Tithing pose, it is not designed to further the Storehouse" as a feature of its special interests of any church 'Or Christian program. This storehouse, other institution. The officers of the association are: 12×12 feet, was erected at the same Rufus M. Jones, president; Mary time as the church, and is probably E. Woolley, vice-president; Paul Wilthe only one of its kind. Christians liam Alexander, recording secretary; bring in the tithe of their rice and Charles J. Ewald, exe.cutive secretary; barley crop, and from this the pas- Robert A. Doan, chairman, Executive tor's food is supplied. Committee.

The pastor, while not a medical graduate, is widely read in medicine; RlLce Prejudice in Great Britain his father is a doctor of the old school, his brother a practitioner of the new. I NSPIRED by movements in the He keeps on hand simple medicines United States and South Africa, and ointments; has healed many mi- the Society of Friends in London has nor ailments and sent many serious instituted a "Joint Council to Promote cases to the Christian doctor in Kong- Understanding Between White and ju. He makes no charge for treat- Colored People in Great Britain," ments, thus avoiding any complications which is described in The Spectator (London) for February 14. "Among with government officials, and local its aims are the study of the misunpolice and government officials are derstandings arising from color prejamong his regular patients.-Chris- udice; an attempt to deal wisely with tian Advocate. cases of the 'color bar' as they arise, GENERAL the encouragement of personal con- tacts and the encouragement 'Of an ap- Association for Christian Cooperation preciation in Great Britain of the T HIS association will seek through contributions of colored people to hu- correspondence, exchange of visits, man welfare." lectureships, public forums, discussion The need for this organization in centers and by any other suitable Great Britain, with its 300,000,000 col- means to stimulate fellowship among ored subjects, is emphasized because those in the United States and other "color prejudice ……cannot be re- countries who are of like mind in the garded as the hallmark of civilization, desire to produce a Christian culture for some of the most civilized peoples with no circumscribed limits. No do not possess it. France has ap- elaborate or standardized organiza- pointed Diagne, a native of Senegal, tion is desired. Except for the modest to the post of Under-Secretary of State expense of maintaining a small office for the Colonies in M. Laval's Cabi- and conducting its meetings, the asso- net."

ciation will operate strictly on the "Much of the ill feeling toward basis of projects and in harmony with Great Britain in India today arises, the following principles: not from a sense of political griev- Projects will not be initiated or ad- ance, but from some personal slight, ministered by the Corporation. imagined or real. At a moment when Projects will be supported by the vot- we are straining every nerve to bring ing of a fixed total amount or by annual about a permanent understanding begrant for a fixed and usually limited tween the peoples of India and ourperiod. ·selves, based on friendship …… can we afford 'to send home (to India) No financial commitments shall be every year hundreds of embittered made unless funds shall have been pro- and disillusioned students, with nothvided in cash, negotiable paper or pledges from responsible Foundations.

The association is incorporated un- ing but unhappy memories of their der the laws of the State of Ohio. stay in England?' "

WORTH

SE3ll~ Any books mentioned in these columns wilt be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

Young J. Allen, "the Man Who Seeded It affords a classified index to multi- China." By Warren A. Candler, D.D., farious needs, and gives striking evi- LL.D. 245 pp. $1.50. Cokesbury Press, dence of the many American agencies Nashville. 1!)31. now at work for the needy. "The Year Book is not an encyclopredia of Dr. Timothy Richard once said that social problems or social conditions; "the books of Allen have hurled the Chinese gods from their pedestals." it is a record of organized efforts in The record of this noble life, if con- the United States to deal with such densed and put into more modern problems. The problems themselves form, would win youth to. the great are discussed only to the extent that adventure. The style of thiS old fash- is necessary for an understanding of ioned missionary biography is apt to the forms of social work related to alienate the' sophisticated. In speak- them. No problem or social condition ing of Dr. Allen's oratorical powers is described unless some agency exists we have this sentence: "I searched for its control, prevention or study."

his eye, which was clear as his The topical articles which constitute thought, saw that once or twice dur- Part I are arranged alphabetically, ing the hour it was softened by a and there is a classified index under tear like a dew drop, held in its place such headings as Child Welfare, Menby the self-restraint of a kingly will." tal Hygiene, Health, Industry, Crime, Dr. Allen was distinguished for his Recreation, Church Social Work, etc. literary work which includes nearly The contributors have been carefully one hundred and fifty volumes, orig- selected but some of the articles are inal or translated. provokingly brief. In Part II we have He went out as a pioneer mission- a complete list of national agencies ary of the Southern Methodist Epis- engaged in social work, arranged al- copal Church, during the trying days phabetically and later classified under of reconstruction. He mastered the Protestant, Jewish, Roman Catholic, Chinese language and script, founded Y. M. C. A., etc. The article on Ima newspaper and engaged in evangel- migrants and Foreign Communities ism. In forty years of work, battling contributed by Edith Terry Bremer against ·superstition and idolatry, he is illuminating. All of the entries are is said to have had only a week's sick- accompanied by select bibliographies.

ness and then "he fell dead in his Altogether it is a work worthy of the harness," May 30, 1907. The book Russell Sage Foundation. S. M. Z.

contains some noble tributes from his.

fellow missionaries and an excellent The X Y Z of Communism. By Ethan T.

portrait. S. M. Z. Colton. Illustrated. 8 VO. 423 pp. $3.00. Macmillan. New York.

Social Work Year Book. By Fred S. Hall. The author is one of the secretaries 600 pp. $4.00. Russell Sage Founda- of the International Committee of the tion. New York. 1930. Y. M. C. A. and spent some years in Those interested in national mis- Russia. He has a vital message in sions or in the social uplift of the un- this volume which bears a striking fortunate and neglected in our country title. It represents an effort to make will welcome this excellent handbook. clear the results in Russia of the theo- 399

ries expounded in "The A. B. C. of of purpose, beside which our Chris- Communism," one of the propagandist tian missionary organizations seem documents is·sued by present-day Bol- feeble and lukewarm. The volume is shevists. After defining and describ- well documented, and contains a num- ing the "class war," the author ber of illustrations from the Soviet explains .the dictatorship of the pro- press. The Glossary is excellent but letariat of the industrial workers as the index is incomplete. The judg- an instrument for the conquest of so- ments expressed are sincere, well bal- ciety by Communism. He then shows anced, and convincing. Our conviction how this differs from all other forms is that the only hope for Russia is of socialism. Jesus Christ. S. M. Z.

But Russia has not attained a real "dictatorship of the proletariat." It The Good Earth. By Pearl S. Buck. 375 is ruled rather by a dictatorship of pp. $2.50. John Day Co. New York. the Communist party. Mr. Colton describes their principles, their aims, and 1931. their program. The First International (1864-1872), laid the founda- Many missionaries have written tions for Socialism. The Second good novels but it is not often that a International (begun in 1889 and still missionary's story is selected as "the continuing) was supplanted by the book of the month." This means a Third International (1919), which very large assured sale and a reading threw overboard all restrictions and by nonmissionary minded folk. proclaimed "the Communist Revolution can be victorious only as a World Mrs. Buck was herself a Presbytee Revolution." rian missionary in China and married Dr. J. Lossing Buck of Nanking Uni- Mr. Colton fearlessly describes the versity so that she has inhaled the effect of Communism on marriage and atmosphere of China that her novel breathes out. Her first novel "East Wind, West Wind" also deals with the home life, and the restrictions laid Chinese life and her interpretation of upon religious organizations. The her adopted country has been com- hostility to all religion proves that pared with that of Lafcardio Hearn the root of this hatred is not because for Japan.

of the "Orthodox Church," nor is it "The Good Earth" is not a mission- due to the hostility of the Jews. The ary story and on the surface seems purpose in the minds of the leaders unrelated to missions or to Christian- is to extirpate religion in every form. ity. It is a somewhat surprising novel Their own testimony to this effect is to come from a missionary's pen.

monotonously uniform and convincing. With great literary merit, a true to "Created and constituted to make ag- life Chinese atmosphere, a realism gressive and effective this aggregate that is sometimes raw, the story de- army of man, woman, and child-power scribes vividly the life of a Chinese for the eradication of religion, is the farmer who rises from deep poverty Society of the Militant Godless-the to wealth and at the same time sinks tireless, pitiless, presiding mind of from honest independence and simple the propaganda and the persecution. strength to self-indulgence and a slav- Its head is Yaroslavsky, Secretary of ery to material things. While the the Party Control Commission (the story is not altogether pleasant read- Inquisition of Communism), an in- ing it is of absorbing interest and strument of power second only to the deeply impresses both the strength Political Bureau of the Party and the and the weaknesses of Chinese char- O. G. P. U." This chapter is a star- acter and customs. Without pointing tling revelation of the effectiveness of a moral the picture here given shows an agency for the propagation of anti- vividly the need of the Chinese for Christian beliefs and practices; it the truth, the ideals, the joy and the shows an intensity of zeal and a unity power that come from Christ.

The Missionary Review of the World — January 1929

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The Best and Surest Way to ANNUITIES Spread the Gospel in ARE SAFE, POPULAR, PROFITABLE THEIR VALUE IS NOT INfLUENCED BY IS THltOUGH THE Crop Failure Bank Failure All-Russian Evangelical Christian Union Shift in Real Estate Value Stock Market Fluctuation (RE'', l. S PROJ;:HANOFP. President) Rise or Fall in Commercial Values American Offi('es THERE IS NO 156 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK CITY Alwyn Ball, Jr., Ameril'an Treasurer Norman J. Smith. American Secretary John Johnson, Rusl'!lian Secretary PItAY and LABOR with us for MORE BIBLE PRINTING Need for Reinvestment Changing of Tenants 35,000 already printed at Leningrad. Necessity for Repairs Need for Improvements MORE MISSIONARY SUPPORT For further in/ormation addrus: Many of the Gospel workers in RUSSIA and SIBERIA are entirely unsupported. w. J. Elliott, Treasurer. Board of Home Missions MORE GOSPEL HALLS and Church Extension 01 the Methodist Episcopal Church. )70) Arch Street. Philadelphia. Pa.• or Many groups have no place to worship. Morri. W. Ehne•• Treasurer. Board 01 Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 150 MORE BIBLE SCHOOLS Fifth Avenue. New York City.

n young men graduated this year ill the Leningrad Bible School. ' —- Send all communications and gifts, and make all checks payable to THE ALL·RUSSIAN EVANGEUCAL CHRISTIAN UNION Room 411M 156 Fikh Avenue. NEW YORK CITY Please mention THE MIRRJOXARY REVIEW OF THE ",YORLD in writing to advertisers. DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor CONTENTS January, 1929 Page A CENTURY OF MISSIONS IN SIAM ••.•..••..•……………….. LucY STAItLINQ 5 '1'1I:e romantic hi8tory 01 achiet'Bment 01 Ch1'istian mi8sions since 19~8 in thia kingdom 1chere the Presbyterian ohurch conducts praetiaally the only ProteJJtatlt missions.

THE CHALLENGE OF THE WEST …………..•………. MIDDLETON S. BARNWELL 11 at A striking picture oj the nature of pioneer missionary work in Idaho and the neighbor· ing states as seen by a Missionary Bishop the Protestant Episcopal Church.

JESUS' WORLD·WIDE PROGRAM ……………………………… S. L. MORRIS 17 A thDughtful and stirring presentation Of the responsibility of the Ohristian Ohurch to carry out the commission oj Jesus Oh'tist to evangelize the 1vorld.

THE MYSTERY.OF MARSHAL FENG •…………•……•…… JONATHAN GOFORTH 20 The testimony of a personal friend oj the much discussed and often misrepresented Vice-president of Ohina.. the 8o·callcd "Christian General/' and an estimate oj hi8 character.

NEW TESTAMENT MISSIONARY METHODS ..•…••..•……….. ROLAND J. ALLEN 21 A. thoughtjul study of modern missionary methods as compared tvith those of ApoBtolio aa·YB.. advooating the return to the former sintpler but more effective methods.

FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF AFRICA ………………•…••• W. REGINALD WHEELER 25 A. secretary who has recen.tly returned from a viBit to 'West Africa ae80rtbea the field ana the impression made upon him by the people and the mission work.

AFTER SLAVERY IN AFRICA-WHAT? ……………………•. THEOJ)OR" BURTT 31 Some re8ult8 Of the 8latle trade a.nd the ejJorts to elevate men and women who were lormerly bought and Bold.

CONFESSIONS OF A MISSIONAHY ……•……••……….••••.••.••.•••.•••…• 37 SPIRITUAL REMEDIES FOR PHYSICAL ILLS .•..••.•••.•.••••••••.•••• W. T. REm 39 A physician desoribes methods Of diaonosing and presoribing lor moral a~1l ~piritual and physical ills by thp, usc of Biblical remedies. – A MOTHER IN INDIA ……………………………………….• ,'J. J. LUCAS 43 A. sketch and appreciation Of the late .Urs. M. J. lFyckoJJ.

BLAZING AN ARABIAN 'l'RAIL …………………•…………. JOHN TURNBULL 44 TOPICS OF 'l'HE 'l'I~fES ………. . .••••••.••….••.. ~ • ~ • ~ _EDITORIALS 45 METHODS FOR WORKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EDITED BY ~IRS. F. 1. JOHNSON 47 WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN •..••……… EDITEO BY FLOREXCE E. QUINLAN 55 WOMAN'S FOHEIGN MISSION BULLETIN ••..•…..•. EDITED BY ELLA D. MACLAURIN 59 WORLD:WIDE OUTLOOK .••.•………………. EDITED BY Plto… HARLAN P. BEACH 62 BOOKS WORTH READING .••…………..••••••••••..••.•••••.••.•••••.•••••••. 78 TERMS: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of five.) Foreign postage, 50 cents. Single copies, 25 cents. Published monthly. Copyrighted, 1928, by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. All rights reserved.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING CO~IPANY, Inc.

ROBERT E. SPEER, President WM. l. CHAMBERLAIN, Vioe·President DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Beeretartl WALTER McDOUGALL, Treasurer Publication Office, 3d & Reily Sta., Harrisburg, Pa. 25c a copy. $2.50 a year. Editorial and Business Office, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Act of Uarch 3, 1879. (Concluded from 2nd cover.) , In his public lectures, his one subject LET YOUR GIFT was Jesus Christ, and hundreds of the to Foreign Missions faculty, students and many from outside PAY YOU A LIFE INCOME listened eagerly to his words. The Sermon on the Mount was another powerful You can make agenerous giRto foreign mis- sions and have a needed income for yourself address that he often gave. If he ac- and others from the money you give by the cepts the secretaryship, Dr. Mackay will Annuity Gift Plan still retain a special relationship to This plan relieves yOU of uncertainty and worry caused by changing-values of invested South America with freedom for direct funds and assures you a fixed income of work on the field. * * 4t% to 9% per year .. for the rest of your life THE REV. DWIGHT W. LEARNED, D.D., A reserve fund of over $1,500.000 guarantees for fifty-three years a missionary of the the prompt payment of annuities to yOU.

American Board in Japan, upon retiring Protect yourself against loss through unwise investments and at the same time from service recently was decorated by help send the gospel to all the world.

the Emperor with the Third Order of For full t'n/ormation write the Sacred Treasure, the highest honor yet paid to a foreign educator. When Erne.t F. HCt.ll~ S.cr8tar~~ Dept. of Annuitiea Dr. and Mrs. Learned took their last BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS walk through the Doshisha campus, of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. 5,000 students were in line to greet them, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York and more than 600 friends were at the tary of the Chinese delegation at the Kyoto railroad s*tat.i.on..to see them off. League of Nations in Geneva, Chinese Consul-General at London, and a mem- MRS. CHARLES A. LINDBERGH, mother ber of many diplomatic missions of China to this country, he has a worldof the world·famed aviator, and MISS view as well as a perfect acquaintance with the affairs of his own country. ALICE MORROW, sister of the American Ambassador to Mexico, arrived in Con- Such men suggest the gain to be ex- stantinople during the closing week of pected from China's regulation that the September, and have begun their work presidents of missionary colleges must be Chinese. at the Constantinople Woman's College. *** Mrs. Lindbergh carries on classes in chemistry. Miss Morrow, who has spent MISS MARTHA BERRY, founder of the Berry Schools in Georgia twenty-six most of these later years in educational years ago, has received a $5,000 award from the Pictorial Review in recognition work in Pittsburgh, also makes her con- of her remarkable educational work for the poor white children of the South. tribution to the College life by assisting She plans to invest the award in further the President in receiving and entertain- help for Southern youth.

ing the many travelers and tourists who *** visit the College. Both these women will OBITUARY greatly aid the Near East College Asso- PROFESSOR JOHN T. SWIFT, who died ciation in furthering their policy, "to recently in Tokyo, was the first General Secretary of the Y. M. C. A. in Japan. He share in a friendly way with the youth belonged to the first generation of the of the Near East the best we have in Student Volunteer Movement, going to Japan as a teacher of English. Luther American educational ideals." D. Wishard, who went to the Far East to study the advisability of establishing * .. .. the Association there, invited Mr. Swift to become the General Secretary of the REV. S. B. ROHOLD, F.R.G.S., the super- Tokyo Association. When Professor intendent of the Mount Carmel Bible Swift inherited $25,000 he immediately School, Haifa, Palestine, recently was (Concluded on 3rd cover.) honored with a dinner in commemoration of his thirty years of service as a Christian minister to his Hebrew brethren. Over thirty Christian Jews from Europe, America and Asia were gathered to pay tribute to this servant of Christ, who has labored in Great Britain, Canada, the United States and the Holy Land.

of * * * Soochow PRESIDENT Y. C. YANG Un'iversity, one of the Sout,hern Meth- odists' best institutions, is 'a graduate of at that University, and is,to be one of the foremost speakers the International Missionary Conference in Memphis in 19~!I. President Yang is ranked among the ablest leaders'in China. Educated in the Orient and later in America, secretary to Dr. Wellington Koo, Chinese Minister to Washington, an attache of the Chinese Legation in London, secre-

DRAGON PREPARED FOR A RELIGIOGS P

THill ELEPHANT ARCH PREPA&ED FORA 'VELCO~UI: TO ');HE KING OF SIAM CELEBRATIONS IN THE LAND OF THE WHITE ELEPHANT

LII, No.1 January

~E MISSIONARY MEW7te —– A CENTURY OF MISSIONS IN SIAM BY LUCY STARLING, Lampang, Siam Prinoipal of the Presbyterian Boarding School jor Girls at Lampang T HE little-known country of to Siam. He was followed, a little ten million inhabitants, in the later, by seventeen other mission- south-eastern corner of Asia, aries, including wives. Notable well deserves the study of the among these early workers was statesman and social philosopher. Rev. Dan. Beach Bradley, M.D., Siam is best known as "The Land who brought the first printing of the White Elephant," and the press to Siam and introduced vachome of those freaks, the Siamese cination. Thus foreign mission twins. Her boast might be that work was begun in Siam. from a primitive land with a tribal form of government, each chief~ The American Baptists also sent tain with the power of life and missionaries to Siam in the early death . over his subjects, and days, but its work was mainly scarcely recognizing a central au- among the Chinese, and subsethority, she has emerged into a quently both these Boards withprogressive country, an absolute drew their workers to China. The monarchy, developing along sane Presbyterian Church in the United states of America sent out its first and modern lines. All this has missionaries to Siam in 1838 but been accomplished without a revo- its permanent work was not establution, and without ever being lished until 1847, and it is now the featured on the front pages of only Protestant mission at work American newspapers. there though the Christian and Missionary Alliance has recently This year Siam is celebrating a been invited to inaugurate work in full hundred years of Christian Eastern Siam, in territory which missionary work in her land. Karl the Presbyterian Church has been Giitzlaff, of the Netherlands Mis- unable to cover. sionary Society, and Jacob Tomlin arrived in Bangkok in December, The development of the mission 1828, and at once sent back a work of a century may be roughly strong appeal to the home church divided into four parts, each with for more workers. The American special characteristics. Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, in Boston, first I. A Period of Seed Sowing heeded. the call and in 1831 sent the Rev. David Abeel from Canton Long the seed lay in the cold, dry ground of Buddhism. It was 6

thirty-one years before the hearts Christ. Some of the strongest of the laborers were cheered by the members of the church today are first Siamese convert, and thirty- second and third generation Christhree years before the first Siamese tians, whose forbears found their woman accepted Christ as her Saviour in this way. Saviour. Meh (mother) Esther, who was baptized in 1880, became A glimpse of missionary life in the first teacher in the first school those early days is found in Dr. for girls, and last May celebrated Feltus' account of one of the first in Bangkok her eighty-fourth missionaries, Dr. Samuel R. House. birthday. Christian and Buddhist On one occasion, when Dr. House alike came to pay tribute to this had been summoned to Chiengmai saintly woman, and greetings were to attend the wives of two of the sent to her from the General As- missionaries, he traveled through sembly of the Presbyterian Church the jungle riding an elephant. in America. One morning, while walking by the side of his elephant, the beast II. The Period of Growth turned without warning, and thrust him through the abdomen When Daniel McGilvary came in with its tusk. The wound was too contact with tribes that had mi- low for him to see, so he called for grated from the north and settled a mirror, and there, lying on his around Petchaburi, his heart went back, sewed himself up. For two out to them, and in 1863 he started weeks he lay, as he said, "with a in his little boat to visit the Laos bit of skin not thicker than a sheet people of the north. Three months of paper between me and certain later he arrived in Chiengmai, the death." But God spared his life northern capital- a journey that and he was carried into Chiengmai, can now be made by modern ex- in time to minister to the lady press train in twenty-seven hours. missi onaries.

Thus began a great evangelistic III. The Period of Organization work among these animistic people whose lives were bound by a fear During this stage of developof spirits. Evidence of this was ment the two missions of North found in every unusual occurrence and South Siam were separated by and in all natural phenomena. Not months in time, each mission with many years ago, on a river trip, its own peculiar problems to solve. the writer met a whole village In the south, the Buddhist heart traveling along the river bank, was difficult to reach with the Goshaving abandoned their homes to pel. Many who had gone to the "the spirits," on account of an epi- field on fire with a longing to demic. They had fled in dismay preach the Gospel to those who to establish a home elsewhere. In knew not Christ, found little or no those early days many who were response to the message. But a thought to be possessed of demons, desire for education was manifestcame to the missionary as the only ing itself; so the missionary refuge from the ill-treatment of found himself in the schoolroom, their neighbors. They were not teaching the rudiments of Siamese sure, poor souls, whether the ac- or English, "if, by any means, he cusations were true but many of might save some." So there grew them found peace and salvation in up schools in the south, far sur-

A CENTURY OF MISSIONS IN SIAM

passing the Buddhist temple Christian has scores of these gosschools. Preeminent among these pel hymns stored away in his mind mISSIon schools were the two in and heart. Bangkok, the one for boys, now known as Bangkok Christian Col- IV. The Period of Consolidation lege, and Wattena Wittiya Academy for girls. This latter school This period we may consider owes its high place in the esteem under two heads, the consolidation of the nation chiefly to the genius of the country, and the mission.

of one woman, Edna Cole, who for forty years presided over its fortunes and made it the best-known school in Siam.

In the south there was one man who was preeminently successful as an evangelist, Eugene P. Dunlap. With his wife, he traveled up and down the country, by boat, by pony, by chair, on foot; and wherever he went, groups of Christians sprang up. He was called "the friend of kings," and when he died and was borne to his last restingplace, the road was lined with thousands, high and low, weeping for a dear friend.

In the north, among the Laos, the evangelistic touring begun by Dr. Daniel McGilvary became a model for practically every mis- sionary who came into that territory. As a result groups of Chris- tians sprang up all over the Chiengmai plain, and new stations were opened. A year after Dr. GOOD ISOII. FOR GOOD SEED McGilvary went to Chiengmai, (A Big Sister Among the Laos) there followed an old friend, J onathan Wilson, who opened Lampang (1) In 1910 the benevolent and station and there accomplished his wise sovereign, Chulalongkorn, life work. At the age of sixty-five died after a reign of forty-two he began to translate Christian years. His son, Rama VI, who ashymns into Siamese and at his death he left, as a priceless legacy to the church, a Lao hymnal, one cended the throne, had been eduof the best in any land. A success- cated at Oxford, England, and ful evangelist said, "Dr. Wilson's upon his graduation had submitted hymns have saved more souls than a thesis on "The Christian Reall my preaching." The Siamese, ligion." He entered upon his reign especially "the northern Lao," are of fifteen years with high ideals. very musical, and even the simplest The railroads, projected in the

time of his royal father, were com- reached the limit of her capacity pleted; motor roads were con- to borrow. His Majesty set a structed; the country was opened wholesome example to the rest of up, and contacts with the outside the nation, by voluntarily relin- world were multiplied. quishing a large part of his own Rama VI died in November, allowance. This was followed by a 1925, and was succeeded by his drastic retrenchment in all lines of brother, Prachatipok, who is service. The official heads of both Siamese and Europeans fell into the basket, until we began to wonder if Siam would cripple her- self irretrievably; but, the budget was balanced. Today the country has a favorable trade balance, a stable currency, and the tical is maintaining a high rate. Siam is developing peacefully and sanely along modern lines. During the visit of His Majesty to the north, two years ago, he said to the Prin- cipal of Prince Royal College: "You know, I have no objection whatever to these boys becoming Christians."

Is there another country like this in Asia – an absolute monarchy, progressing along modern lines without a revolution, where princely, even royal gifts are made to Christian work, and where no restriction is placed on the teach- ing of the Bible in mission schools?

Recently, His Majesty announced a competition for a prize to be given for the best textbook on the Budd- hist religion. The royal edict con- cluded with these words: THE YOUNG KING OF SIAM The subject-matter should be moral known to the Western world as teaching based upon the principles of Rama VII. With his accession there were immediate and im- Buddhism, as found in the canons of the 't'ripitaka, and should not extol Buddhism at the expense of other religions.

portant reversals of policy. One Surely, no more inspiring oppor- of his first acts was to appoint a tunity could. come to anyone than Supreme Council of five members, to have a part in the training of all of them the older statesmen, the youth-the hope of Siam's which denoted a return to a more future.

conservative regime. This Council (2) The missionary consolida- first attempted to balance the tion. The union of the Northern budget. For years Siam had been and Southern missions in 1922 re- borrowing, until she had about sulted in a Siam Mission of ten

THE CHRISTIAN HIGH SCHOOL FOR BOYS IN BANGKOK stations, with a church of over May in his "Asian Arcady" calls nine thousand members. T.he edu- "human work at its highest and cational development of the South best." In this asylum, founded by Siam Mission had resulted in two the Presbyterian Mission, and now strong high schools in Bangkok, largely sustained by the American ready to carryon teacher training Mission to Lepers, three hundred and other advanced work for the lepers have found alleviation of whole mission. The evangelistic their sufferings, enjoy the comforts success of the North Siam Mission of home as long as life lasts and, had been marked by the establish- best of all, they have found their ment of a Theological Seminary in Saviour. Chiengmai. The important and timely visit of Dr. Cleland McAfee The Maternity Home in Bangin 1924, and his insistence on a kok, under Miss Christensen, has higher grade of students for the recently received a gift of $6,500, ministry, resulted in the formation which will enlarge the scope of its of the first class of young men, usefulness. from the whole mission, with the best education our schools could The immigration of the Chinese provide. into Siam has been going on steadily through the years; but In Chiengmai, Dr. McKean con- since the civil war in their own ducts a Leper Asylum, which Le land they have been pouring into the country in unprecedented num-

bers. Work is being conducted of the aid rendered by the missionamong them, and an institutional ary to the administration; and church in Bangkok is projected. that is the best appreciation they The various dialects, the frequent can receive." change of residence, and the few missionaries available for the work Siam's material future seems are among the many difficulties. bright, her people are kindly and lovable, that is one side of the pic- SIAMESE CHRIRTIAN MISSIONARIES READY TO CARRY THE GOSPEL TO THE LAOS To quote Le May once more: ture; but there is lack of a sense "That the great and manifest im- of sin, an indifference to spiritual provement in the life of the peo- things, a living for today. But the ple generally is mainly due to the missionaries of Christ strive, and work of the missionaries them- pray that, as they accept the minselves, does not, to my mind, ad- istry of healing and teaching, they mit of any discussion…. His may also come to accept, as their Majesty, a Buddhist, knows the own, our Lord who said, "Without value of the work being done, and me ye can do nothing" – nothing!

1:.ife, in its deartst anb finest analpsis is a J!,tduarbsbip. Wo recogni?e tbiS platts one in tbe range to get tbe rigbt angle of bision for tbe interpretation of life in all its proportions anb in all its perspedibe. W. Remfrp J)unt.

PIONEERING-STARTING ON A FOUR HUNDRED MILE MISSION RIDE IN

THE CHALLENGE OF THE WEST BY THE RT. REV. MEDDLETON S. BARNWELL, D.D., Boise, Idaho Bishop Of the Protestant Episcopal Chllrch District oj Ida·ho J ~~I'M GOING West this sum- It may be a summer trip or it mer," remarks the traveler may be a winter one, but in any as he packs his bag and case the climate becomes mild, the tang of salt air strikes one in the boards the Overland Limited for face, flowers of a thousand varie- San Francisco. The Coast is his ties are breaking forth in beauty. objective. He passes through Palaces glisten in the sunlight. Omaha and lapses into a state of Great flashing cars roll by. Great coma as one by one the little towns ocean steamships come and go with of Nebraska fly by. They grow their happy, prosperous thousmaller and smaller as he travels sands. westward. There is a break in the journey at the thriving little city "So this is the West," exclaims of Cheyenne. The traveler dozes the traveler. He passes up and again until he makes Ogden. He down the coast; visits Seattle and looks with curious interest out of Portland. Goes down to Monterey the window as the great train and the Seventeen Mile Drive. crosses the Lucin cut-off, at times Sees Pebble Beach. Drops down almost out of sight of land with to Santa Barbara and marvels at the salt sea stretching away on the wealth and the wonders of either side. Then there comes a Montecito. On down to Los Andreary stretch with desert and geles with its far-flung horizons of sage-brush alternating, with here splendor; San Diego, Coronado, and there a straggling little town. Pasadena, and a hundred more. Next comes Reno and the high Sierras, and then a dizzy drop "So this is the West," he exdown into an earthly paradise! claims, "the West to which my mis- sionary gifts have gone. This is 11

the West of which we have heard of staggering beauty. He thinks so long and so pitifully. Where is that he knows the West. But does the frontier? Where are the hard- he1 ships? Where is the need for the church which these people of their On that very journey, for a thouwealth cannot supply?" sand miles, he has passed within a few miles of conditions as hard as So he boards the "Sunset any pioneer ever knew. Back from Limited and journeys back home, the railroad, across fifty or a hunsurrounded, even through the dred or two hundred miles of desert deserts, with barbers and valets, a trail are ranches and mining disillusioned Christian! Perhaps camps where men and women live there is yet a need for mission in and work. Off in the hills are the sheep herders wandering for China, he thinks, but he is through months, cut off from all of their with helping to support the western kind. What has this traveler seen mission work. Those people out of lumber camps, of pack trains, of there have more money than he. little villages deep in the mountain Let them finance their own work! gorges, threatened in the summer Those of us who are working in the with flood and in the winter with West hear a lot of this, and we grow somewhat impatient. snow-slides? The West of mis- sionary parlance is not the Coast For the simple truth is that this at all. It is that vast inland emtraveler has not seen the West at pire which stretches from the all. Perhaps he has passed through Rockies to the Sierras, from Mexthe worst of it at night. Perhaps ico to Canada, a section comprising he has gazed languidly out of the nearly one third of the United States in area, almost a million window at some little place, des- square miles, and with a populaperately hot in the summer sun or desperately cold in the grasp of a tion about equal to that of the winter blizzard and has murmured state of Arkansas! In this vast devoutly, "Thank God I don't have western land the people for the most part are poor and scattered. to live there!" Perhaps he has It is due to this condition that for many years to come religious work seen a little home established must be supported by the churches in the midst of the sagebrush of more prosperous sections desert, with some precious little through their Mission Boards. well of water, which is here today, but which may be dried up to- Consider a few things taken from my own experience. Idaho is morrow, where a man and a wom- a state with eighty-four thousand an and a few little children are all square miles and a population working hard to hold back the about equal to that of the city of sand and the sagebrush and the Cincinnati. Last winter I traveled desolation; perhaps he has thought thirteen hundred miles to confirm vaguely of the hardships of such one young woman. I am leaving pioneer life, but that is all. He tomorrow for a little trip of four goes back home, remembering only hundred miles to confirm one deaf the few prosperous little cities and dumb child. Next week I through which he passed. He re- leave for a week's trip into the members the wealth and the beauty mountains to visit a chain of mis- of the Pacific Coast. He takes back the memories of soft music and luxurious hotels and scenery

THE CHALLENGE OF THE WEST

sions which are almost inaccessible ing in the town and starting a fire in the winter months. The first in the church stove, starts out into day I drive across two hundred the sagebrush with a Ford touring miles of desert to the little mining car to bring in his congregation. I town of Hailey, where in the eve- have known him to bring as many ning I shall confirm a class of per- as ten persons into town on one haps fifteen. The next day I drive across one hundred and fifty miles A WOR't'H WHILE PRODUCT of desert and lava beds to the little mining town of Mackay with serv- trip, having picked them up along ice again at night. The next day the scattered ranches which stretch up along the Continental Divide, out into the sagebrush. Having and down through a long and gathered his outlying members he winding canyon, perhaps another rings his church bell, for the local hundred and fifty miles will bring people. He plays the organ and me to Salmon City. This last place leads in the singing. After the is very difficult of access. It can be reached with difficulty by rail, but from B.oise, where I live, to Salmon and return by rail would take me about as long as the trip from Boise to New York and back. These conditions are not exceptional. They are similar to those that every missionary faces who strives to carry the Gospel to people in these far-flung reaches of desert and mountain.

I wish that I could picture the Bruneau valley. It is a little farming. settlement about forty miles south of the Union Pacific Railroad where it passes through the deserts of southern Idaho. The little white church backs up against a group of trees which have been planted for a wind-break and shelter. In the summer the dust-storms sweep, and in the winter the blizzards. We .have had to cross-brace the church building recently to keep it from blowing down. The missionary in charge of Bruneau lives a hundred miles away. He is an elderly man-perhaps sixty-three or four-and works up and down a parish two hundred miles long, by railroad and Ford. He drives into Bruneau, reaching there during the afternoon and, after visit-

church service he takes his or blocked with snow it is always ranchers back into the desert possible to travel by pack horse or through the starlight, or the snow, dog team. This sort of work is and stays over night with the last expensive from the point of view one delivered. of the Mission Board, but there are Last Spring I went down there five hundred souls there, and what to hold a confirmation class that are they worth to God?

consisted of an old man and his And so it goes. I could describe wife, they being past seventy, their much of the mission work of Idaho granddaughter, and a young man very much as I have described the who has been dying for two years places mentioned. And what is with tuberculosis. This young true of Idaho is likewise true of man was so weak he could not Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, stand nor kneel. The missionary New Mexico, Eastern Oregon and had gone into the country after Eastern Washington, Montana, him, bathed him, shaved him and Western Colorado, parts of Kan- dressed him and brought him in. sas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas.

I wish you could go with me This is the sort of territory and into the Boise Basin country. This this the sort of work which con- is a valley of abandoned gold stitute the chaUenge of the West.

mines, peopled largely by old Here and there is a prosperous timers, left there as a sort of de- little city. But for the most part posit by the tides of frenzied gold- these are self-supporting points.

seekers who came and went forty The little cities have their Cham- years ago. It lies in the mountains bers of Commerce and you read of fifty miles back of Boise. We have the prosperity of towns like Twin a young, unmarried clergyman who Falls, and Idaho Falls, Reno, is the only minister of the Gospel Phcenix, Prescott, and many in that country. The Roman priest others, and are apt to think they goes in occasionally for Mass. constitute the mission field of the This is one of the districts allocated West. Nothing could be further to the Episcopal Church by the from the truth. These little towns, Idaho Home Missions Council. It which in many cases are pros- will never be self-supporting unless perous, are oases in the desert.

there is another great gold strike, They may be one hundred, or five and the possibility of that becomes hundred, or a thousand miles increasingly remote. There are a apart. But there are men and few little mining camps where women and children living in all men are at work, and a few scat- the country that lies between.

tered children. In a country, the They are lonely and scattered, and size of the state of Rhode Island, often desperately poor, but they there are perhaps five hundred peo- are God's children, and for them pIe; a handful here, and another the Church has a message so long handful across fifteen miles of as she is true to her Master.

mountain. There are trails which Sometimes we are asked, "Why for the most part a car can navi- spend the Church's money and men gate if the driver does not mind a on these scattered folk, when there one-way road with a thousand feet is so much to be done where peo- above him and three thousand feet ple may be more easily reached- below. When the trails are ended and in greater numbers?" So

speaks the practical business man In two or three more generations, from the pew, or in the councils of we will have in the West stable the Church. communities which in size and number will compare with older The first thing I wish to say is farming towns farther east. What that there is a new West coming of the Kingdom of God when that into existence. In the old days the day comes? Will these cities of West was a land of roving herds, the future be built with God hav~ roving prospectors, roving lumber~ ing been left out? That is the quesmen; no community and no Church tion we are answering today. could be built on such a migratory Since the West was first opened up population. To a large extent the missionary work has been done migratory character of the people HOLDING A COMMMUNION SERVICE IN THE WILDERNESS OF IDAHO still persists, for there are years there, but then it was largely a when the snow is light, and the question of preaching the Gospel reservoirs stand empty, and crops to those who passed through on fail and farms are lost and the their way to a quick and easy forbankrupt farmer moves on. But tune. Today we are laying founda- tions of a more permanent charon the whole the farmer is a stable acter for the life of tomorrow. factor in the life of a country, and With proper methods of timber in the West is becoming more so as conservation and the mining of irrigation projects are developed, low-grade ores, lumbering and reservoirs enlarged, and new mining tend to become permanent sources of water tapped. industries rather than the easy road to wealth for a "fly-by-night" This is a process which has been going on for one generation only.

population. Agriculture is today they are thinking and talking in the largest money producer in a terms of Church Extension, when vast territory which formerly as a matter of fact we ought to be raised almost nothing. There is thinking in terms of human need going to be an empire here in an- and unsaved souls. We are not out other generation or two, and it in the West chiefly for the purpose will be God's empire if we are of building up self-supporting faithful now in the day of new be- churches with the resources of our ginnings. scattered people, but to build up the Kingdom of God among the So I believe that the maintenance scattered people with the resources of the Church in these weak places of our great national churches. is sound strategy. But it is more Until we get this point of view, we than that. It is good religion. If are mistaking the means for the the practical business man still end. doubts the strategy of the situation, I would remind him of a little In the long run, this ideal of unstory I once read about a lost selfish service is the surest way to sheep. There was a Shepherd who self-support, for when the West did not stay in the sheep-fold with comes into its own it will give its the ninety and nine, but who went loyalty and its love to those into the wilderness after that which was lost-and alone. May- Churches who in the name of be that seemed a foolish thing to Christ ministered to it in its weakdo, and yet the strategy was sound ness. It is a new interpretation of the old message – "if you would -for today that Shepherd is the save your life you must lose it." King of Life. Or of this – "seek ye first the Kingdom of God …. and all these The difficulty with most of our things shall be added unto you." "practical business men" is that THE SPOKEN WORD 1 Corinthians 14: 10 By MARY E. HOUGH The Spoken word, the runic legends say, No sooner heard, springs into sudden being.

Unsaid, it is a sheJl, A tight-bound seed, a cell; But said, behold unloosed, a soul is fleeing; Ego full-fledged and terrible in might, With weapon edged for wrong-or right.

Kind thought-so priceless! Yet if left unheard, A Parsifal, who at a sick king's portal Is mute and hesitates To work the cure that waits A question. Our prayers expressed may bloom immortal; The Talmud says an angel listening stands To gather up their petals in his hands.

-The Congregationalist.

JESUS' WORLD-WIDE

BY REV. S. L. MORRIS, D.D., Atlanta, Georgia Emeoutlve Becretary oJ tlte Oommittee of Home M"8im18 oj tn. Presbyt.rian Churen (U. S.) T HOUGH an oriental, a native to His Church is the basis of all of one of the smallest coun- missionary operations. He said to tries of the world, a member His disciples when on earth: (1) of the narrowest of races, Jesus The limited commission, "Go to the rose far above his people, his lost sheep of the house of Israel"; times, his training, traditions and (2) the enlarged commission, "Go environments, and was the first ye into all the world"; (3) the allwhose sympathies and purposes inclusive commission, "And ye embraced the whole world of man- shall be witnesses unto me both in kind. His love and mission of Jerusalem and in all Judea, and in service were irrespective of race- Samaria,· and unto the uttermost prejudices and national ambitions. part of the earth." They embraced the whole wide The unfortunate and unwar- world. ranted distinction between "Home" A man's conception of the and "Foreign" Missions has greatly retarded the progress of the King- "world" reveals his conception of dom. the mission of Christ and the task of the Church. Indirectly it in- 1. One pernicious error that has dicates his attitude as to his re- resulted comes from undue emsponsibility for promoting Christ's phasis on "beginning at Jeru- ideals and carrying out His pro- salem." It has crystallized into the gram: half-truth, "Charity begins at home," with its attendant, inex- 1. The "world" is one of the cusable excuse–"enough work to eight planets revolving around the be done at home." If the Church sun, and not even a tirst-class should remain at "Jerusalem" until planet. Jupiter is twelve hundred every individual is converted, it times the size of the earth. would never advance beyond "Jeru- salem" while the world stands. 2. The "world" comprises the vast populations of the globe, 2. An equally mischievous error "composed of all nations and kin- dred and peoples and tongues," is to limit the commission to the ever increasing, and estimated at heathen world. This also reduces this time as over 1,750,000,000. the task of the Church to a part This is only a fraction of the peo- rather than the whole. pIes, past and future, whom we are told that "God so loved." In look- Jesus never said, "Go ye into all ing at the two hemispheres that the civilized world or into all the "heathen world," but into all the make a world we cannot eliminate world. Is not the time propitious either hemisphere in our program for discarding all narrow concepof Christian service without dis- tions of the task of the Church, crediting the larger conception of and for so enlarging the thought Christ's ideal as to the scope of the of men that they will take into cal- Church's paramount task. culation a real world-program, and into their sympathies every phase The Great Commission of Christ 17 2

of missionary effort essential to ituallife of the Church which was the fulfilment of the Great Com- overcome only by the rise of mission? Puritanism, the Methodist Revival Christ, in his parables, forecasts and the missionary awakening the two opposite resultant develop- under Carey, Morrison and others. ments, the one material and outward, the other spiritual and un- Church history has impressed seen: the fact that it is easier to evan- gelize a nation than to maintain 1. The grain of mustard seed the Christian standard. It is easier may represent Christendom, the to conquer a country for Christ human resultant of the Gospel, than to hold it for Christ. Where nominal Christianity, promoted by is Jerusalem, the Mother Church? false methods, emphasis on num- Where is Antioch that sent out bers, and worldly consideration. Paul and Barnabas, the first dis- tinctive for e i g n missionaries? 2. The leaven may represent the Where are the Churches of Asia divine purpose, spiritual Chris- Minor? Where are the North tianity, the kingdom that "cometh African churches of Alexandria, not with observation." The two Hippo, and others that in the early parables illustrate the vast differ- days of ,Christianity counted a ence between Christendom and thousand bishops? Mohammedan- Christianity. ism has uprooted Christianity in these scenes of the early Christian These two objectives may be ex- triumphs, and from hundreds of pressed as evangelizing the world, minarets and towers 200,000,000 and Christianizing Christendom.

The evangelist who casts the gos- followers of the "false Prophet" pel "net unto the sea" of humanity hear the call: "God is God and "gathers of every kind"; the pastor who applies the principles there is no God but God, and Moof the Kingdom, "gathers the hammed is His prophet." good" for useful service. Missions are first an evangelizing program Will this history repeat itself in and second a Christianizing proc- the United States? In our "Chrisess. Each is equally important tian country," with its splendid civilization, material development and great religious organizations, and the one is the complement of is there no danger of degeneration? the other. Neither objective When machinery is substituted for should overshadow or overbalance spirituality; when the Church is the other. They go hand in hand. overorganized and cumbered with The effect of the Emperor Con- machinery, it is in danger of break- stantine's program for indiscrim- ing beneath its own weight. To- inate world-conquest – converting day culture is often more in evi- the chief of a tribe and then pro- dence than piety. The Church is claiming the nation Christian and becoming "rich and increased with baptizing them en masse -led to goods" and is in danger of becom- nominal Christianity and resulted ing self-satisfied. Commercialism in the Dark Ages. On the other and worldliness. in many places, hand, the neglect of Foreign Mis- sap the life of the Church.

sions in the early centuries after The two greatest enterprises the Protestant Reformation re- confronting the American Church sulted in the stagnation of the spir- of the Twentieth Century are stilI

JESUS' WORLD-WIDE PROGRAM

the Evangelization of the World today is financing the vast worldand the Christianization of Amer- program. No haphazard, sentiica. The first is the aim of the de- mental, emotional, one-sided appartment of Church operations peal for an individual cause will suffice. We must recognize the known as Foreign Missions; the wholeness and oneness of the task; second is the task of the coordinate we must adopt a well-balanced department designated Home Mis- budget; uniting all the forces of sions. To enlarge the circum- the Church in faithful teamwork ference is to increase the area in- to support the whole work of the cluded in the circle. The successes Church at home and abroad. of Foreign Missions necessarily enlarge the sphere of Home Mis- The need of the great non-Chrissions. They are as mutually de- tian world is so appalling that it pendent for the advance of the taxes the sympathy and resources Kingdom of Christ as the two oars of the Church beyond all calculaof a boat, or the two departments tion. At the same time, paganism of an army-the forces advancing at home is challenging America to on the firing line and the forces at a trial of strength. If the Church the base of supplies. The one ad- should lose the battle in America, vances into new territory, estab- the spiritual conquest of the world lishing outposts; the other as- would be postponed for generasimilates it and makes the new land and peoples an integral part tions. Win America for Christ and of the Kingdom. His Kingdom now and the triumph of the Cross will spread its spir- A great practical problem that itual influence "to the uttermost confronts the Church in America part of the earth."

TO WIN THE WORLD Would you win all the world for Christ? One way there is and only one; You must live Christ from day to day, And see His will he done.

But who lives Christ must tread His way, Leave self and all the world behind, Press ever up and on, and serve His kind with single mind.

No easy way,-rough-strewn with stones, And wearisome, the path He trod.

But His way is the only way That leads man hack to God.

And lonesome oft, and often dark With shame, and outcastry, and scorn, And, at the end, perchance a cross, And many a crown of thorn.

But His lone cross and crown of thorn Endure when crowns and empires fall.

The milfht of His undying love In dymg conquered all.

Only by treading in His steps The all-compelling ways of Love, Shall earth be won, and man made one With that Great Love above. -John Oxenham. THE MYSTERY OF MARSHAL FENG BY REV. JONATHAN GOFORTH, D.D., Szepingkai, Manchuria Pm'ty l'ca.rs u- .lli.ssiolluJ'Y of the Preshytrri(lJU Church of Canuda T HIS friend and associate of I have given up Christianity be- General Fen g Yu-ksiang, cause I do not have religious work writes as follows to The Life carried on in the Army as in of Faith: former days. Then our Army was "Last September I went to Nan- small, and we could do as we king hoping to find Marshal Feng wished, but now our Army is very there, but he had gone a thousand . large. There are two Moham- miles away into the northwest. medan Generals in my Army, and "General Chang Chih-chiang another General is a noted Bud- was there acting for Marshal Feng, dhist. It would not be right to cur- and on a table in his large recep- tail their religious privileges, for tion-room gift Bibles were piled up we stand for freedom in religion.

ready for distribution. He pre- We know that man "does not live sented me wfth one, and wrote with by bread alone," and our Christian his own hand on the fly leaf, 'May reliance is upon the Word of God.'

grace and peace from God the Fa- "An earnest Christian doctor ther and from the Lord Jesus who has been in close association Christ be bestowed upon Pastor with Marshal Feng for months re- Goforth and family even unto ever- cently, seemed to be surprised that more.' He signed himself Chang the reality of his Christianity could Chih-chiang, the servant of the be questioned. On several occa- Lord Jesus Christ, and affixed his sions the Marshal asked him to seal. dine with him, and each time he " 'General,' I said, 'Marshal Feng gave thanks before eating. The is about the most spoken-against doctor also told me that Marshal man in the world. Many say he is Feng had said that his hope for not a Christian. What do you say?' the regeneration of China was on "'I believe him to be a real the Bible, and not on the principles Christian,' he replied. of Dr. Sun.

"General Chiang, a man of about "The testimony of two mission- forty-three years of age, is chair- aries living in Nanking was that man of the commission for the dis- while Marshal Feng sojourned in bandment of superfluous soldiers, the city he was the most outstand- and also chairman of the commis- ing Christian there.

sion for the suppression of opium. "When I first came to know Mar- Marshal Feng is a member of the shal Feng intimately, he was a same commission. He it was who brigade commander, I saw proof led General Chiang to Christ. sufficient to convince me that he "Among other things he told was a man really born again of the how the Marshal had invited all Spirit of God. I have not changed the Chinese pastors of Nanking to my opinion since then, and no day dine with him. To them the Mar- has passed without praying for shal said something to the follow- him. My trust is in our almighty ing effect: 'Do not imagine that Saviour."

20

TESTAMENT MISSIONARY

BY ROLAND ALLEN, Amenbury, Beaconsfield, Bucks, England Author of uMis8ifrnm"y ..lle-thods: St. Pa'lll's or Ours/) Ntf'..

The word "ideals" is one which is ever on our lips in these days, and sometimes seems to lead us astray. We too often appear to think that we have done our duty by them when we have talked about ideals. In the New Testament we do not hear so much about ideals as about springs of activity, controlling principles, prophetic visions of the glory to be. There is a great gulf between these and our "ideals." Contrast for instance, "the ideal missionary is a man of strong Christian personality, of winning Christ-like character," the talk which we hear at missionary conferences about the ideal minister, with the direction: "Look ye out men of honest report, full of the Holy Ghost and wisdom" (Acts 6: 3), or "The Bishop must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober" (1 Tim. 3: 2, seq.). The one may be remote from the facts, the other is an earnest, vigorous, demand which keeps close to the facts. Contrast the Christian "ideals" by which some missionary educationalists hope to permeate heathen society with Christ's words, "Ye are the salt of the earth." Too often when the word "ideals" is the subject of our missionary speech, the strong, salutary, sober, force of "the obedience of Christ" seems to disappear, and a weak and nebulous "Christianity" takes its place. In place of "ideals" let us consider sonie of the principles and directions of the New Testament in relation to: (1) The missionary and his work, and (2) The society and its rites.-R. A.

The Missionary and His Work to Gentiles or Samaritans was ob- T HE first sending out of mis- viously only for that time; the sionaries by Christ Himself, direction to heal was not to use the as told in the Gospels, reveals art of a physician but the faith of an exorcist; the direction to go some important facts. without provision was only for that (1) Christ prepared His first time, because it was later definitely withdrawn (Luke 22: 35); the Apostles by taking them about direction to accept hospitality is with Him and showing them by connected closely with the acword and example what they were ceptance of their peace, as the to do. He did not train evangelists direction to turn away from those theoretically in a school apart who refused hospitality is confrom the work. He trained them nected with the refusal to hear in the work, not outside it; in the them. Where the message of world, not in a hothouse. Christ is refused a moral hearing, there it is a moral duty to refuse (2) He sent them forth with to continue to repeat it. We see the charge: "Go not into the way this in the practice of St. Paul of the Gentiles and into any city (Acts 18: 6). of the Samaritans enter ye not: but go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel." And He told them (Matthew 10: 5-15; Mark (3) Christ sent out the Seventy 6: 7-11; and Luke 9: 1-5): (a) to in like manner as His personal preach, (b) to heal (including rais- forerunners (Luke 10: 1-12) with ing the dead and casting out very nearly the same directions.

devils), (c) to go without pro- In this passage the saying ocurs, vision, (d) to accept hospitality, "The laborer' is worthy of his (e) to turn away openly from hire." That applies to wandering those who refused to receive them messengers, bidding them accept and to hear them. We mustob- hospitality, and is quite different serve that the direction not to go from a direction that missionaries 21

should be paid a salary-a thing 4. The judgment will come suddenly abhorrent in the eyes of early and unexpectedly (5: 2, 3). Christians (cf. the denunciation of a salary by Apollonius quoted in 5. Jesus the Son of God (1: 10), given Eusebius H. E. V. 18.2). over to death (5: 10), raised from the dead (4: 14), is the Saviour from the The first immediate consequence wrath of God (1: 10). of the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost was a preaching of 6. The Kingdom of God is now set up Christ to Jews gathered from all and all men are invited to enter it (2: parts of the world. The learned 12). dispute so much about the meaning of speaking with tongues that we 7. Those who believe and turn to God are apt to overlook the significance are now expecting the coming of the of the fact that the preaching of Saviour who will returnrrom heaven to the Gospel to men from all parts of receive them (1: 10; 4: 15-17).

8. Meanwhile their lives must be pure (4: 1-8), useful (4: 11,12), and watch- ful (5: 4-8).

9. To that end God has given them His Holy Spirit (4: 8; 5: 19).

The Society and Its Rites the world was the first work of the That Christ did not contemplate Holy Spirit. He first revealed His only the conversion of a number of power in the Apostles by impelling men and women who believed in them to preach Christ to men from Him, but also their establishment every nation under heaven. as a society upon earth, is seen both St. Paul followed Christ. He in his references to the Church in went forth as a preacher of the His speech, and even more clearly Gospel rather than as a social re- in His ordinance of baptism, a rite former. Like Christ he went about of admission to a society, and of doing good and healed the sick with the Lord's Supper, a rite of com- the word of power; as Christ munion in the osociety.

directed, when men refused to give The Apostles followed Christ in him moral attention, he shook his this; they established a society, a raiment and went to those who spiritual society on earth. The es- would hear. He preached Christ; tablishment of this society is most the improvement of agriculture; clearly seen in the work and writ- the establishment of schools and ing of the Apostle Paul. He recog- colleges; the eradication of social nized a Church; he established evils, such as slavery; the im- churches. The churches were local provement of government, were organized groups of Christians not his direct work. These things with officers called presbyters, or followed in due course, but he did bishops; the Church was the uni- not aim at them directly as his im- versal of which these were the par- mediate work. The subject of his ticulars. The churches were estab- early preaching is set out for us lished by the Apostle in this way: in the Acts,but most clearly in his he did not establish a mission sta- first letter to the Thessalonians. tion where missionaries might live There we find this Gospel: and take care' of new-born Chris- 1. There is one living and true God tians; when he had gathered a few converts he ordained elders from (1: 9).

2. Idolatry is sinful and must be for- among them (Acts 14: 23, etc.). saken (1: 9). It is hard to discover from the 3. The wrath of God is ready to be words of the New Testament prerevealed against the heathen for their cisely what their duties were. impurity (4: 6), and against the Jews That is natural. The society, the for their rejection of Christ and their opposition to the Gospel (2: 15, 16). Church, was constituted with its tellectual with which is attached proper officers and everyone knew power to exhort. The Apostle does at the time what was expected of not expect men to be ordained who them, and their duties were not are inexperienced and not yet set- formally defined. St. Paul told the tled, just fresh from college, but elders of Ephesus that it was their married men with experience of duty "to feed the Church of God" life and an established reputation and that is all. in the place; free from the com- By what means the elders, whom mon prevalent vices of their age the Apostle ordained, were selected and country. This is extremely we have no certain knowledge. It practical. We do not follow his is not clear that there was any in- directions today.

variable method. Matthias was The elders ordained did not re- chosen to be an Apostle by lot after ceive any salary for their work.

two had been selected as suitable They received offerings (1 Tim- men (Acts 1: 23-26); the seven in othy 5: 17-18); but St. Paul, in Jerusalem were chosen apparently addressing the elders of Ephesus, by the Christian community either urges them by his own example to by acclamation, or formal vote earn their living by the labor of (Acts 6: 5); the elders in Galatia their hands that they may have were "appointed," and the word money with which to help the poor suggests election (Acts 14:23). (Acts 20: 35), and it is certain Titus was directed "to appoint" that for centuries after this many elders in every city (Titus 1: 5). of the clergy did so. It certainly The word does not suggest any was not the rule that ministers popular election, but rather the should receive stipends, still less contrary. The laying on of hands that a congregation of Christian with prayer was the constant prac- men should have no ministers be- tice in ordination and appointment cause it could not support them.

to any spiritual work. Every church had more than one.

The type of man to be ordained The appointment of officers was is set forth plainly in the Pastoral essentially for the local church.

epistles (1 Timothy 3: 2-13, Titus The congregation must be properly 1: 5-9). There is in the New organized, but the individual was Testament no ideal picture of an not ordained to the ministry apart ideal minister, such as we delight from any particular congregation in; there is instead a very definite and then sent to minister anywhere and clear statement of the quali- where a minister was needed. In fications which are necessary for the New Testament we never hear a minister, a statement which is of a minister being sent, or called, meant to be a very practical rule to serve a church of which he was for action. In the first of these not a resident member before his passages there are five personal ordination. There is no trace of virtues, six social virtues, one our modern practice of a man be- moral-intellectual, two concerned ing ordained and then finding, or with reputation. In the second being given, a sphere of work. It passage there are eight personal was far more true in those days virtues, four social virtues, one that a church had the minister. than concerning the home, one concern- that a minister had a church. That ing reputation and one moral-in- is a vital and important distinction. The Apostle always addresses ordained ministers for the church the Church as a whole, that is the in Laodicea or in Hierapolis, or in laity with their officers, never the those many cities in Asia Minor officers alone as representing the the existence of which we only Church. Whether he is giving know many years later when the praise or blame, it is the whole name of their bishop occurs in a body to which the praise or blame list of bishops attending a Council? is addressed. The whole body was The Apostle did not constitute exhorted to deal with cases of dis- himself the sale arbiter of the excipline. The whole body was re- pansion of the Church. He exsponsible both for the admission pressly says that he was not sent and exclusion of members and for to baptize (1 Cor. 1: 17) but he their conduct as members. They never suggests that Christians all observed the Lord's Supper and were not baptized. When once the were all responsible for its right church was constituted with its observance. own officers, the admission of new Such churches could multiply converts rested with the church, themselves and they did. Who first not alone with the Apostles.

LET US PRAY'

1. For a Missionary Spirit.-That the Church may see the whole world's need of Christ, and may be ready for any sacrifice in order to make Him known to all mankind.

II. For a Spirit of Prayer.-That Christian people may learn to pray as Christ prayed and taught His disciples to pray; and that an ever-increasing number of interceders may be raised up until the whole Church is awakened to prayer.

III. For a Spirit of Sacrifice.-That the Church may be will- ing, at whatever cost, to follow and to bear witness to the way of Christ.

IV. For a Spirit of Unity.-That the whole Church of Christ may desire and experience a new unity in Christ.

V. For the Gift of Interpretation.-That the Church may learn to preach the eternal Gospel by word and life in terms that the men and women of this age will understand.

VI. For Courageous Witness in Moral Questions.-That the witness of the Church in the moral questions of our day may truly , reflect the mind of God and may be known and felt throughout the world.

VII. For a Spirit of Service.-That a great number of men and women may offer themselves unreservedly to do Christ's work at home and abroad in our generation.

VIII. For the Completion of our own Conversion.-For the removal of all hindrances in our own lives to the manifestation of God's redeeming love and power.

• CopiE'S can hp obtainl:"d from thlP Intprnaiiol1al lIis~iol1""t'y f'onn("H. 2 Eiltnn GlltP-. London. S.W.l, or 41D ~'ourth Ave" New York. Price 10 cents per dozen, 50 eents per hundred, PQst ,pald.

IMPRESSIONS OF AFRICA *

W. REGINALD WHEELER, New York "I Secretary oj the Board 01 Foreign .. fissions of the Presbyterian Church BEG to direct your attention ica and approximately 100,000 to Africa." So spoke David copies of specially prepared books Livingstone at Cambridge on Africa will be read and dis- University, in 1857. The past cussed by American friends of seventy years have witnessed a Africa.

world-wide response to his appeal. Concerning any hitherto un- The explorer has heard the call. visited land or country, certain In 1857, little was known of the elemental questions arise. Where interior of the "Dark Continent"; is it? How large is it? How many in 1927, practically the whole con- people live there, and what are they tinent had been explored and like? To whom does the country mapped. belong? What does it produce, Foreign governments have lis- and what things that we use every tened and acted. In 1857, over day come from Africa? Is this nine-tenths of the continent was country and its people in need of self-governing; in 1927, the frac- help? Of my help? What of the tion was reversed in favor of the missionary work of the Church European powers. there?

The trader has heard. In 1857, Where is Africa? The great the entire commerce of Africa was bulk of the continent lies between worth less than $200,000,000; in the Tropics of Capricorn and of 1927, it exceeded three billions. Cancer. Only a comparatively The missionary was in Africa small northern section, which is early in the nineteenth century, partly desert, and includes Mo- but his activities received a mighty rocco, Algeria, Libya, and Egypt, impetus after the death of Living- lies in the North Temperate zone.

stone in 1873. In 1927, the roll of Only the Cape Province, the Protestant missionaries in Africa Orange Free State, and the Trans- was over 6,000, with a native staff vaal lie wholly in the South Tem- of workers exceeding 40,000. The perate zone.

figures for the Roman Catholic Africa and South America might mIssIonary force record 2,600 at one time have been united. The foreign priests, and 8,000 "broth- northern and eastern shores of ers" and "sisters." A conference in South America, if moved eastward, the Congo has recently celebrated would fit almost exactly into the fifty years of Protestant work in concave contour of the Western that area, and at Accra the centen- African shores. South' America is nial of missions on the Gold Coast only 1,800 miles from Africa but has been observed. In 1928-1929, extends much further south. In Africa is to be the subject of spe- Africa a sun helmet is the indis- cial study in the churches in Amer- pensable and ever-present posses- • Mr. Wheeler has recently returned from a sion of the white man. Direful visit to 'Vest Africa. His fresh first iDlpres~ tales are told of those who discard SiOllS show vbat a remarkable limd and people their helmets for even a few minpromise in future development.-EDIToR.

25

utes. This is not the case in South Africa is farther from America America. Altitude affects tem- than from Europe. In a direct perature and climate as well as line, Douala, Cameroun, is 5,500 latitude, and there are tablelands miles from New York. It is less and plateaus, particularly in East than that from Buenos Aires in Africa, that are more healthful Argentina. It is possible to go than the coastal sections, but it is from New York to Buenos Aires also true that the continent as a in 18 days, while to reach Camer- whole lies in the tropics and its oun by passenger steamer from climate and the environment of its New York, one must go first to inhabitants are subject to the England or France, and must effects of such a tropical location. travel nearly 8,000 miles. Thirty How large i8 Africa? Eleven days is the record time for travel and a half million square miles; between Douala and New York.

four times as large as continental How many people live in Africa?

United States; as large as Europe, About one hundred and thirty mil- the United States, India and China lion, a slightly larger population combined. The vastness of Africa than that of the United States, is impressiye as compared with which is one-fourth the size of China and South America. But Africa; and one-third the popula- Africa's great size seems greater tion of Europe, which has one- because of the lack of modern sys- third the area. The average den- tems of transportation. There are sity of the African population is only 35,000 miles of railroad in the eleven to the square mile and in entire continent, less than one- some areas, less than one to the tenth of the mileage in the United square mile. In the United States States which has one-fourth of the population is 35.5 to the square Africa's area. In China, and in mile; in Japan and England, 650; South America, inland transporta- in Belgium, 1,200. The Belgian tion is facilitated by great rivers, Congo with its area of 910,000 the Yangtze and the Amazon. square miles has a population of Their counterparts in Africa are seven million. Belgium itself, with the Nile and the Congo and on an area of one-eightieth the size of these rivers and on the Niger and the Congo has approximately the the Zambesi, river steamers are an same population. Dr. J. H. Old- aid to transportation. Steadily ham points out that the area of the more railroads are being built; five territories in East Africa motor roads are being laid out; a under British administration is car has been driven from the At- more than. half the size of India, lantic to the East Coast and from and while the population of India Cairo to the Cape; aeroplanes fly is 318,000,000, British East Africa from Dakar in Senegal to Morocco has only 12,000,000. The economic on the Mediterranean, and 1,000 urge of the congested areas in miles up the Congo, and an air Europe and elsewhere toward these route has been planned from the unpopulated areas in Africa is Cape to Europe. But taken as a logical.

whole, transportation in Africa is There is in Africa practically still in the Victorian Era; and in none of the congestion, with its certain interior areas would seem odoriferousness and the sense of to be in the Pleistocene Age. discomfort that characterize life in

FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF AFRICA

China and in the Far East. In this are a primitive people. They have sense, Africa resembles South few written records and, aside America more than the Orient. from Egypt, have built practically There is a resulting atmosphere of no lasting cities and have left no freedom and of opportunity for monuments. We look in vain for growth and self-expression. Under some such relics of the past as the these conditions, the tropics seem walled cities and the temples and the more livable and attractive. pagodas of China; or the temples What kind of people live in and stone relics of the Mayas and Africa? Whether they are of the Toltecs and Aztecs in Mexico; or Semitic and Hamitic peoples of of the Incas in South America. M.

North Africa or the Negro of the Louis Franck, a former Governor Black Belt of Central and West in the Belgian Congo, writes: Africa or the Bantu south of this If you travel from the Sudan to the line, they are "Black People." In Zambesi, you will everywhere love the numbers the white population, ex- African native for his many and great cept in British South Africa and qualities, both moral and intellectual, in a narrow strip along the Medi- but you will observe that there is not terranean, is almost negligible. to be found one monument, one building, In Algeria, Tunis, and Morocco, one souvenir of the past. The long space of time has gone without any real and fundamental approach to civilization.

there are a million whites, and To whom does Africa belong?

twelve million blacks; in South Not to the African apparently, but Africa, there are a million and a to the European. Nine-tenths of half whites and about seven mil- the continent has been appro- lion blacks. Except in Liberia and priated and controlled by European Abyssinia, the government is in powers. Liberia alone is nominally the hands of the whites, but their a free power, with Abyssinia and number is small. Egypt having limited powers of For the most part, the black self-government. In Liberia, the people are in the primitive stage United States, through loans and of racial development. They have in advisory capacities, has large come late upon the world's stage measures of influence. The experi- of modern life, but they are not ment of the Mandated Territories, lacking in energy or ability when put into effect since the war, will rightly taught and led. The skill be watched with hopeful interest.

and strength of the natives on the What does Africa produce?

West Coast, the cleanliness and What of the things that are of order of the coast towns and the everyday use in America come lack of conspicuous poverty, are from Africa? Miss Mackenzie, in tributes to the genius of the British "Friends of Africa," quotes an Colonial Government. Among the African school book, written for Blacks are men of conspicuous African children, in which dia- ability and talents such as the late monds are described as "Valuable Dr. James Emman Kwegyir Ag- because European and Indian grey, Vice-principal of the Prince ladies will pay large sums for them of Wales College at Achimoto on as they like to wear them as orna- the Gold Coast, and Bishop T. ments." The Kimberley Mines in Momolu Gardiner of Liberia, who South Africa produce four-fifths of are the peers of any white man. the diamonds of the world. Miss But, taken as a whole, the natives Mackenzie also quotes the state-

ment of John Harris that in the ploiting power, but with the geninitial process of the production of eral welfare of the people in view. soap, natives on the West Coast The mandate system, under the climb a million miles a year in the League of Nations, is being given palm oil trees of that region. The its chief test in Africa today. Ar- Gold Coast produces one-half of the ticle 22 of the Covenant, referring world's supply of cocoa. The fa- to such mandated areas reads: miliar British unit of value, the "That the well-being and developguinea, derives its name from the ment of such peoples form a sacred Gulf of Guinea off the African trust of civilization." Dr. E. AlIe- West Coast where in early days gold was found. The J ohannes- gret, in a recent article, has drawn burg mines produce one-third of attention to the statement of the the gold output of the world today. Colonial Minister in France, made Rubber and cotton production are on February 2, 1926, in inauguratjust beginning. The Firestone ing the Academy of Colonial Company of America has recently Science whose motto–To Know, to secured in Liberia a concession Understand, to Respect, to Lovesaid to be nearly a million acres in embodies the whole political proextent, for the production of rub- gram, when he said: "It has never ber there. Thus for the things of been held by France, nor will everyday use-soap and cocoa and it ever be by the Republic, that rubber – and for the things of men are so many instruments for value, gold and diamonds, we have labor and production. In every Africa to thank. In this day of human being, whatever his color, importance of raw materials and there is that sacred element-huof foreign markets, African pro- manity. To protect and defend duction and consumption are in- this human spark, to lead these creasingly important and neces- men, wisely and perseveringly, to sary, first to Europe and also to that civilization where brother- America. Dr. Thomas Jesse Jones hood and labor, justice and peace, asserts: "Africa is more and more will reign-that is our aim and our heralded as the one remaining con- ideal." These ideals are in line tinent of raw material, to which with the best traditions of Amerall the over-populated continents ican policy. The work of respon- sible colonial officers, such as Sir must turn." Frederic Lugard in Nigeria, and Sir Gordon Guggisberg in the Gold Interest in Africa. All these Coast, have been in accord with aspects of Africa – tropical loca- ideals implied in these statements. tion, vast size, sparse population, Cameroun, where the American foreign control, and indigenous Presbyterian Church is at work, products and consumption-are of is a mandate, and the missionaries general interest. But there are are in direct contact with the four special reasons why Africa working out of this type of govappeals to Americans today. ernment by the French.

Experiments in Government Messianic Service First, because of the experiment In the second place, there is the now being undertaken there in opportunity in Africa for a mesgovernment, not solely for the in- sianic service by the descendants terest of the governing and ex-

of the Africans in America. The Mr. J. H. Oldham quotes a negro churches in America are writer on French Colonial affairs awakening to their opportunities who states that the population in and responsibilities in the evan- French Equatorial Africa in 1911 gelization of Africa. Out of the was at least 4,900,000, and may curse of slavery, that, it has been have been as high as 6,000,000.

estimated, has cost Africa nearly In 1921, the estimate of the pop- a hundred million lives, may come ulation was 2,848,956. In certain the blessing of a new sharing of sections in the middle Congo it is Christ by the black people of Amer- reported that sleeping sickness has ica with their brothers overseas. destroyed four-fifths of the total In former years when the Presby- population. In Cameroon, with a terian Mission was in Liberia, population of two million, there three-fourths of its force of mis- are about 100,000 cases and in one sionaries were black. Since the district 67% are infected. Heroic mission was moved to Cameroun, service is being rendered in the at- for various reasons, such appoint- tempt to heal "this open sore of the ments have not been made, but in world." The French and British 1928 two Negro missionaries were Governments are putting forth sent to Africa and it is expected strenuous and skillful efforts to that others will follow them later. combat sleeping sickness. Ameri- The colored church in America cans have had a share in this serv- should be quickened and stirred to ice. Dr. Louise Pearce, of the new achievements by this oppor- Rockefeller Institute, has devel- tunity of sharing in the preaching oped a remedy-Tryparsamide-by of Christ in Africa. which it is hoped that sleeping sick- ness may eventually be eradicated.

Tragic, Human Need Three doctors in the employ of the In the third place, there is the Rockefeller Foundation have withappeal of a wide-spread and tragic in the past two months given their human need. This need presses lives in the effort to discover the upon the heart of anyone who remedy for yellow fever. knows Africa. The African is beset by the foes of malaria, yellow But the deepest needs are being fever, dysentery, hook-worm, vene- met by the foreign missionaries scattered over the whole land. The real disease, and more recently, total foreign staff of the Protestant sleeping sickness. Accurate sta- missionary societies in Africa is 6,289*; the total native staff, 43,- tistics are not generally available, 181, including 2,021 ordained men, but it is evident that in many areas 38,126 unordained and 2,656 womthe infant mortality, instead of be- en. The Christian community is ing 70 to 80 per thousand as in approximately 2,600,000; the total Europe or America, runs as high as 300 and 400 per thousand; 'number of schools, 17,000 with three or four out of every ten chil- nearly a million students. There dren will die before they are one are 116 hospitals, 366 dispensaries, year of age. It has been estimated 139 physicians, and 235 nurses. that in some areas seventy per The "Little Atlas of Catholic Mis- cent of the people have sleeping sickness. '" See H125 e(lition of 'l'hc 1Vo"ld Missionary Atlus.

sions" reports 2,624 foreign dispensaries and hospitals dot the priests, 145 native priests, 1,598 continent. They have brought in Brothers, 6,503 Sisters, approxi- the printing press and have formately 800,000 students, and a mulated written languages in many total Christian community of areas where none existed before, about 3,000,000, of whom 375,000 translating the Bible into 244 difwere born outside the continent. ferent dialects. They have estab- lished agricultural and industrial The appeal of Christ to the centers. And through all this ac- African heart dates from long ago. tivity, and with untiring devotion, Tradition says that one of the they have preached Christ, as the three wise men who worshipped at Light of the World, with the prom- Bethlehem came from Africa; ise and hope that all who follow Africa was a place of refuge for Him may not walk in darkness but Jesus and Joseph and Mary, and have the light of life. Miss Jean there the boy Jesus doubtless Kenyon Mackenzie, a former memlearned to walk; according to tra- ber of the West Africa Mission of dition, it was an African who bore the Presbyterian Church, quotes a the cross to Calvary. The Chris- Bulu who said to her: tian missionaries and their associates have been powers in educa- "Before I knew the things of tion and today a large proportion Jesus, I was like a young child cryof the education of the people is in ing in the dark for fear; but when their hands. They have blazed the I knew Jesus, it was as if my way for medical service and their mother put her hand on me."

A SIGNIFICANT CONGO SCENE By H. D. BROWN, Ntondo, Belgian Congo T HE lake was peaceful, and the setting sun sent its red ~lant.ing rays across it, making a pathway of wondrous beauty. Stand- ing some distance from the shore, and viewing the scene through the framework of two sentinel palms it made a striking pictUre. Suddenly we heard the strains of a hymn, "Count Your Many Blessings," rising from somewhere, becoming ever more clear and distinct. Hurrying to the edge of the cliff which girt the lake, we saw a sight that filled us with more joy than anything we had seen. A strange dark looking mass was drawing nearer, and we could now see three canoes lashed together, crowded with peo- ple. It was a party of African pilgrims, coming to our "ikoka," or meeting. On the outside edges stood the paddlers, bodies grace- fully dipping and rising with the paddles, keeping time and rhythm to the measured beat of a pole on the stern of one of the boats. From the crowded canoes rose the strains of the hymn we had heard. With full hearts we thought of the time when, only a few years ago, no such strains were to be heard when bloodshed, cruelty, and the orgies of cannibal feasts were the only things that filled the thoughts and lives of these dark skinned folk. We, as they, do well, to "Count our many blessings, and name them one by one."

SLAVES WHO CAME TO PEMBA FOR FREEDOM AND

AFTER SLAVERY IN AFRICA-WHAT?

BY THEODORE BURTT, PEMBA, ZANZIBAR 11lembet· oj the Friends' Industrial MiNsion "0 Almighty God, leave not this wretched_ For many generations until some people to the Slave raider and Satan." forty years ago, under the guise of David Livingstone. legitimate trade, the Arab cara- M y EXPERIENCE, covering vans set out from Zanzibar and the more than thirty years, of coast towns opposite, supplied with slavery, its abolition and its goods for barter and plenty of aftermath, is confined to East Af- arms and ammunition. They rica, almost entirely to the island journeyed southwest and west, of Pemba off the East Coast. sometimes covering thousands of miles and spending many months If we look back to the days of on the way; they traded for ivory slave-raiding, slave-trading, slave and other goods but always ob- owning and slave working, we may tained slaves. Peaceable means, if understand more clearly something likely to be successful, were usually of what manner of men and women preferred.. One man for whom we with whom we have to deal. From obtained freedom some years ago whence came those countless thou- told me that he was a lad at home sands of Africans of many tribes in what is now Tanganyika Terri- and dialects to supply the markets tory, when a travelling caravan and plantations of Zanzibar and passed the village. He was invited Pemba, and to be transhipped to to join it as a free guest, to see the Arabian and other ports for country and return later with the domestic slavery? Who were they caravan to his own village just a and how were they obtained? "joy trip," so he went. They 31

marched along westwards and about, and with the other captives, northwards to lake Victoria Ny- was marched to the coast, shipped anza; then a porter fell sick so in 'a crowded 'dhow' or native Faraji carried the man's load. sailing vessel, to Zanzibar market When they reached Uganda he had and on to Pemba. Eventually she become a regular caravan porter, also found her way to the Mission and the caravan had greatly in- and freedom. creased in numbers. They never returned to Faraji's country, but The men and women who comarrived at a coast town, where he posed the slave caravans were found to his horror that he was a fastened together by the neck, the slave like the others. He was children running alongside or beshipped to the great slave market ing carried by their mothers. The in Zanzibar and sold to a Pemba penalty of any insubordination plantation. Years afterwards he was instant death, that of illness, found his way to the Friends' Mis- inability or lack of sufficient value sion, was freed, learned to read and was to be cast aside for the wild write, saved money and became animals. The caravan continued owner of his own plot of land and its way to the coast, some slaves house. Today he is an elder in the might be sold locally, but most were church. shipped to the great market in Zanzibar and from there to other Sometimes the method adopted places. The whole business was was that of sacking the villages conducted with revolting brutality, and carrying off the human many dying or being killed on the plunder. Here is the story of an- way to the coast and on the sea other freed slave. She, with her voyages. husband and children, lived in the Taita country, now part of Kenya The mortality on the plantations Colony. One day when they were was so great that thousands of new in their hut they heard a great slaves were required annually to noise of shooting and shouting, so keep up the supply. Children of went outside to see what was going slaves were very few and most of on. The village was ablaze and the those born died in infancy. Many terror stricken people were being different tribes and dialects were seized or shot down. Mkongwe's represented in this mass of husband was a strong man and at- wretched humanity. Thirty-four tempted to defend his wife and men registered on this Mission stachildren, but a blow on the back of tion in 1918, after the outbreak of his head from an axe wielded by the war, belonged to fifteen difan Arab laid him dead at his wife's ferent tribes; from Arabia in the feet. Meanwhile the chUdren had north to Nyasaland in the south disappeared. Mkongwe managed and the Congo in the west. to escape into the bush surrounding the village, where she hid for The worst horrors of slavery three days. Then being very were not the lash, the chains, the hungry she started to return to the fetters or the hard work; but the village, or where it had stood, hop- breaking up of family life, the ing to find some food in the gar- restraint, loss of tribal associations dens: but as she stepped onto the and customs. Native land, home, pathway she was seized by the friends and freedom were all gone. raiders who were still lurking In short, they were slaves, just chattels. The man robbed of his manhood and the woman of her

AFTER SLAVERY IN AFRICA-WHAT?

womanhood. Marriage, so called, for clothing at the end of the an- was of the loosest possible char- nual clove harvest, and two yards acter. of thin calico to bury them in when Most of the slaves had been they died.

brought from the higher and com- In 1896 the British Government, paratively healthy regions of the urged on by the anti-slavery party, interior to the humid, fever in- brought pressure to bear on the fested plantations of the tropical Sultan of Zanzibar and his advis- islands. Sickness and contagious diseases spread rapidly. Under Mohammedan masters they had outwardly to accept the faith of Islam, but it brought them no hope, no relief, only something that bound together more firmly their evil superstitions, the thraldom of witchcraft, and fostered the loose- ness of family life.

About 1890 when Zanzibar be- came a recognized Protectorate of Great Britain and constitutional Government was established with Sir Lloyd W. Mathews as First Minister the importation, and the open sale of slaves was greatly re- stricted owing to treaties between the Sultan and England, and the population began to decline.

The prisons, as I saw them thirty years ago, were awful, filthy, dark places, where sanitation was of the crudest or non-existent. The au- thorities provided no regular sup- ply of food, sometimes not even water. The prisons were crowded with criminal or runaway slaves.

The nest behaved and those able to do anything were chained together by the neck or their ankles shackled, and taken out to work A FREE GIRL IN 'tHE FRIEND'S in the chain gangs. Happy were MISSION they in comparison with those who ors to abolish the legal status of remained in close confinement. slavery. This was accomplished The amount of work done by the on paper in the following year; but plantation slaves was not great, it did not mean that slavery there- they received no wages and had to by came to an end. It did make it subsist as best they could by grow- possible for slaves to apply to the ingfood on unused parts of their courts which had power to grant masters' plantations in their spare them freedom and to award com- time, though it was customary for pensation to the owners. The him to give them some cotton cloths method employed worked slowly 3

and badly. To obtain freedom the out to do what they could to bring slave had to run away from his, or this distressed mass of humanity her master, and find his way to the to the condition of industrious, court to make the necessary appli- self-respecting, self-supporting citcation for freedom. The legal pro- izens, and to lead them to the cedure of the court was slow, only knowledge of Jesus Christ as their a very limited number of slaves Saviour and Friend. could be freed each day, as much trouble was taken to register all Mohammedanism had been firm- ly established in the islands for marks and wounds on the body and many generations. The Arabs head, height, age etc., for purposes were still the principal land owners of identification. Many were and had great influence over the turned away and at night not a few Africans, telling them that the found themselves in jail as va- English would soon be gone again grants with no visible means of and slavery reestablished and it support. Many of those who did would then go hard with those who had deserted their masters who obtain their freedom became home- were in reality their true friends. less wanderers as they could not Christianity and Western civilizareturn to' their former master's tion were at first ignored, then plantations where their friends and strongly, though silently opposed all they possessed had been left be- by the Arabs and their mixed hind, lest they should unsettle the blooded descendants. This has other slaves. Lawlessness, theft been very manifest in their perand other forms of crime became sistent opposition to the coming of alarmingly prevalent. Labor con- children, especially the girls, to Christian missions for teaching. ditions were upset, resulting in suffering and poverty in every Exceptions crop up, but speakclass. Work was looked down upon as the stamp of slavery. "Free- ing in general, there was a total dom" was taken to mean freedom from all restraint and obligation. lack of leadership among the Many thousands were freed by freed slaves; they were all on the the courts, thousands more ran away and took shelter in out of the same dead level of servitude and apathy. Not only were leaders way parts of the islands and subsisted as best they could; their lacking, but there was no readiness former owners kn<1,wing that they to follow if one of outstanding abilhad no legal power to 'hold them. Yet, through it all, the African's ity did try to lead; everyone was characteristic happy-go~lucky nature supported him in his trials. as good, or as bad, as his neighbor.

He does not realize what he has It must be remembered that the lost and has no idea what life might have for him under happier children of Arab slave owners by conditions. He lives a day at a slave women were always freeborn time and takes no thought for the and they sided with the owners. They often made the hardest of morrow. masters. There was no color bar It was a most difficult problem between master and slave-one great point of difference between that faced the local Government East African and American slavand the missionaries who had gone ery. There was no hunger for education nor yet for religion. They desired deliverance from op-

pression and then wished to be left liberated from slavery there has alone. naturally been a reaction, and as we have seen, freedom was' often The problem of 1897, when free- misunderstood to mean opportudom was first granted, and for nity for license; the payment of years afterwards, was as to the wages meant money to spend, and best immediate means to take to help the people in their needs. But there was a tendency for the eXe few could be reached directly, slaves, in the dullness of their lives, though the influence of what could be done would spread in spite of to run into excesses, to turn to inertia and conservatism. strong drink and opium. Many It was necessary to arouse the years of persistent and unpopular sense of the need for a higher form work were needed before the of life, to cultivate a conscience of Government was willing to adopt right and wrong, to develop char- prohibition of all native-made inacter and an appreciation of re- toxicants, and to stop the sale of ligious and moral obligation. The opium. The result now gained has conditions of life made morality, been most beneficial. To a very honesty and truth almost impossible. Among the earliest prob- large extent the islands are now lems were, housing conditions and sober and the amount of crime is sanitation; the production of food in larger quantities and greater small. variety; the willingness to do a de- The curse of slavery had fallen cent days work for reasonable remuneration. Beyond certain more heavily upon the women than on the men and it was not unroutine work on the plantation many had little knowledge of agri- natural that the reaction on women culture or gardening. A few had should be greater in many cases. some skill in native crafts, but it Tribal custom and the man's aureceived poor encouragement, and thority no longer held them in would-be buyers. had no money. check as formerly. The rising generation found industry uncon- In 1909 slavery, such as was left genial and has shown a distinct of it, was finally abolished by law. preference for idleness and for be- This was a relief to all concerned, ing supported by the men. They evince little desire for education or but did not materially alter the religion. Early marriage is the problem. Five years later the Pro- custom of the country; often chiltectorate came under the control of dren are not desired, and though the British Colonial, instead of the the work of the home is light, the Foreign Office. Since then the vegetable gardens are neglected. The problem of women's uplift is local Government has been carried greater than that of the men. on by men who have shown much Medical and hygienic work is sympathy for the African and his very important. The death rate, needs, and much has been done to especially among children, is appalestablish justice, law and order, ling. Something is being done by and education. Missions and Gov- missionary dispensaries, maternity ernment have worked sympathet- work and teaching as well as by ically and where possible in co- qualified doctors and nurses and in operation. Government hospitals, but a great deal more is needed in this line. Wherever a people has been One great aim in the uplift of

the people is to produce really good own cattle. Wages in payment for Africans, not bad imitations of work on plantations has been es- Europeans, and if possible to train tablished. Trade has increased responsible leaders. greatly. Food and clothing are more abundant and of better qual- The chief educational objectives ity than formerly. Some of the should be: more revolting forms of disease are less in evidence. The cultivation of a sense of need, physical, mental and spirtual; both The ports are open, travel is unfor the individual and the community. restricted and free-born labor from the mainland comes and goes ac- The development of character cording to supply and demand. through moral and religious instruc- The Arab plantations are now tion and influence. better cultivated by free labor than they were under the regime of Personal responsibility in regard to slavery. Confidence, hope and industry as a means of self and family cheerfulness have taken the place support, and as a help to others. of the hopeless despondency.

Some clear though simple ideas of Thirty years ago Christianity health, hygiene and decent living. was practically unheard of in Pemba. Now it is established. The ordinary school subjects of in- Slowly but surely men and women struction, such as, reading, writing, are coming out of the bondage of simple arithmetic and general knowl- spiritual darkness and sin into the edge, should be imparted to all capable light and liberty of Christ. The of receiving them. surrounding evil influences are ter- ribly strong; and the battIe is a All elementary instruction should hard one. Yet not only are the be conducted in the vernacular; for- Africans acknowledging allegiance eign languages may follow later. to Christ, but they are gradually working in the direction of a self- Some practical knowledge of handi- governing, self-supporting and crafts, the essentials of home man- self-propagating church. agement and family life should be given wherever possible. Nevertheless, it will take many years, perhaps generations, to Every department of education eradicate the evil effects of slavery should be permeated with the spirit and to overcome the present oband ideal of Christ; without this suc- stacles. Much persistent persevercess is impossible. ing labor, in teaching, preaching and living Christ among them is To these ends the Christian mis- still needed. The people had sunk sions, and to a large extent the and been thrust and held down to a Government also, are striving, and terribly low level. The responsiwith no little success, though the bility for their redemption rests obstacles are still great. The four upon us. chief obstacles might be put down briefly as,-Mohammedanism, su- "Is it nothing to you, all ye that pass by? perstition, loose morality and inertia. They are all closely connec- Behold, and see if there be any sorrow ted. like unto my sorrow, which is done unto me." Since freedom was granted, Lamentations 1: 12. many former slaves have purchased land and built houses with their savings. Such land is usually well cultivated, and the present houses are of a much better type than the old ones. Nat a few now

OF A MISSIONARY·

Experiences of Failure and Success I CAME to China with a prep- thought could change the human aration which included ma- heart, the influence of a Christian terialistic science, sociology, life, the preaching of saving Truth, and modern Biblical criticism. and much prayer. Of those the Seminary courses and close asso- foundation was the first. This we ciation with Chinese friends gave attempted to show. But an audi- me respect and admiration for the ence unprepared by Christian Chinese people. I not only did not teaching did not appreciate Chris- desire the benefits of extra-terri- tian lives. Humility was mistaken toriality, but even hoped to become for weakness, courtesy for fear, a Chinese citizen. I had worked frugality for stinginess, helpful- with my hands, which gave me a ness was taken as an attempt to sympathy with the working classes. prepare the way for foreign im- University and seminary theories perialism.

were balanced somewhat by the Sacrifice was not enough. We godly influence of home and found that the German mission- friends, by several years in the aries, the French Catholics, and ministry, and by enough experience the China Inland missionaries, all with death in the war to make me of whom had lived among the peo- value the promises of eternal life. pIe for years, had no greater suc- My first reaction to China was cess, got no nearer to the hearts of that things were not as I had ex- the people than did our mission- pected; in fact, everything was aries ;Vho lived in comfortable more difficult than I thought, and homes III a large centre. Helpful- increasingly so. Chinese did not ness was not enough. Wounded flock to my message as I thought Chinese soldiers did not reason they would, or coming, were not from me ~o God, as Americans had, changed in heart. My entire first and gratItude to the missionary term yielded fewer converts than did not result in reformation of my poorest year in America. Chi- life. God honored our efforts, how- nese poverty wrung our hearts; ever, and Jesus stood near in very their sickness made me almost truth when we washed the feet of wish that I had studied medicine. wounded Chinese soldiers; but Their need was beyond all our so- where appreciation was given, our cial theories, and missionary effort lives had glorified ourselves. No, was insufficient to meet it; Chris- we must preach as well as live our tian sympathy drove us to help, message.

though all the time we knew that But preaching as we had thought white men's efforts could not solve of it in America, was not enough.

the problem until the Chinese heart We had come out armed with all itself was changed and took up the latest excuses for the Bible, humanity's burden. every doubt of Chinese mind and There were three means we life found a sympathetic response in our hearts, because we too had • From The Indian Witness. walked this futile desert way, but 87

got beyond it to an oasis of confi- eth life, preaching, and prayer, but dence. More than modernism was the most essential of these is needed. People were interested in prayer, as it will make the others the problem of evil, public meet- effective. ings brought questions of heaven, Christians asked for Bible classes, *** pastors revelled in expositions of Ephesians (by another mission- Prayer, to be effectual, must be ary). intensified, and "prayer is only real prayer when inspired by him More than preaching was needed. and his Spirit." Dr. Payne's book Preaching has points, some one has is "the outcome of years of obsaid, but prophesying has hooks, servation of the marked difference and we seemed to lack the hooks. in spiritual impressions made A Taoist priest likened our teach- under the preaching of the Word, ing to temple bells, a Chinese jailor and other Gospel ministries, in spoke of looking with wistful eyes churches and districts where there at the Forbidden City, an ex-post- is the fellowship of Christians who master came time after time to are skilled in the art of prayer, so talk of religion, but the priest as to pray with a spirit of inwanted help in a business venture, tensity." He says, "If all who read the jailor wanted a position, the these lines would just lay hold ex-postmaster wanted to be rein- upon God with a holy violence and stated. Even saving truth will not unconquerable persistence of faithsave when not made effective by filled prayer, a good many things saving faith in the hearer. would give way, against which we That left prayer, and we must have been beating with our puny acknowledge that we do little wisdom and power in vain." enough of that. Administration, teaching, committee meetings, Undoubtedly this is our way out. preaching, famine relief and Red But prayer in this sense is entirely Cross work leaves little time for different from prayer as we have prayer. Once we read of mission- known it in the past. This kind is aries who made prayer their pri- spirit-inspired and can spring only mary work and everything else from a holy heart, entirely given supplementary to it, but they are over to God. This kind of prayer few. Perhaps this is why our lives will change our preaching points count for so little, and why our to hooks, and "melt the heart of preaching falls flat. Once we stone." spent half a night in prayer before reaching an out-point, and held our If I have learned anything from most successful series of meetings. these years in China, it is that I Sometimes an agony of discourage- must preach, or woe is me; I will ment has driven us to our knees in live it, God helping me; but prayer for some tempted worker or some mission problem, and these neither of these will lift the veil prayers have been answered, but from Chinese hearts or the load constant daily prayer and answer, from Chinese backs unless I pray, as a business, is a rare thing. Yet with as much zeal as I have given prayer is the only solution, and the to other things, intensely, and in greatest force on earth; now abid- the Spirit. "When He is come," our preaching will change hearts; our lives, spotless in holiness, will exalt Christ, and our prayers will be ahswered.

REMEDIES FOR PHYSICAL ILLS"

BY W. T. REID, M.D., Songdo, Korea ~[i••ionary of the Methodist Episvopal Church, SQuth T HE old-time family doctor, presses itself in the body. Shame, with a life history of his pa- for instance, in the blush, dilates tients in his memory, often the tiny capillaries in the skin of effected cures by giving small the face and neck, and suffuses a doses of sugar pills and large doses pink color plainly visible to the beof advice about love and financial holder. Fear, on the contrary, and political troubles. In this he contracts those same capillaries, had a great advantage over the driving the blood to the centers, modern specialist who deals almost and leaves the face pale as death, entirely with a procession of utter while mouth and tongue are sudstrangers. denly dry, the muscles of the voice enter into spasm and the utterance Medical missionaries come to the is altered. If still more excessive, field not only to give to their pa- the muscles of the extremities may tients the medicines needed for also be thrown into spasm and the their physical ailments, but espe- knees smite one another and the cially to impart a message of elbows jerk against the sides, as truth to the mind and heart, that witness the fear of King Belshazunder the blessing of God should zar when God's hand wrote his desbring healing to the invisible man tiny on the wall of his palace. Anby bringing about an adjustment ger seems to let loose into the blood of body, mind and spirit, so making a poison that streams through the every whit whole the triune hu- whole of the physical man, dries manity. And yet so prone are we, up the secretions of the stomach, while cumbered with this mortal and is felt in utter weariness. Anxcoil, to be preoccupied with the iety and worry rob a man of material, rather than the spiritual, sleep, whiten the hair and seam that no doubt we often do overlook the face, and sorrow is like a band splendid opportunities for speak- of steel about the chest, that oping the "word in season" which presses the breath till the sufferer "like apples of gold in pictures of gives long sighs for relief, and it is silver" would make all the differ- like a heavy load that stoops the ence between disease and suffering back. on the one hand, and health and happiness on the other, to our pa- What a difference an attitude of tients. mind towards a condition of the The body we can see and handle, body can make in the manifesta- tions and reactions of the man! so that we tend to be content with As someone has said, "It is not the part that is manifest to our the experiences that come to us physical senses, and think of that that determine our destiny, but the as the man; whereas really it is way we take those experiences"- only the veil that hides the true it is not so much the pain that man from our perceptions. counts, as what a man thinks of Consider how an emotion ex- • Condensed from 7'he Korea Mission Field. that pain. For instance, one per- 39

son will faint and fall unconscious night and day. A few assuring at the mere sight of a few drops of words, admission to the hospital blood from a cut finger, while ~n~ and some indifferent treatment, other will bear mortal anguish and eyesight returned as normal with a smile. One person, exer- as ever. A case of hysterical cised with self-pity over small blindness, the result of some un- aches, will be a burden and dis- happiness of soul-and yet so often tress to a small community, while we doctors fail to take into the another, with far greater reason picture the important part played for pity, but accepting the situa- by the mind and soul experience in tion with calmness and spiritual bringing about the physical woes philosophy, becomes so ascendent of which patients complain.

over his pain, that he is victor in Symptoms of heart disease can himself and, in addition, becomes be produced by the suffering of also an inspiration and uplift to all jealousy; a woman can be struck who touch his life. absolutely dumb for three days by Every physician of experience a domestic crisis; gastric and other digestive disorders are often knows what it is to feel despair in produced by emotional upsets; dealing with a patient, who, being perhaps one-third of all cases of very ill, makes no mental resist- stomach trouble are based on menance to the disease, but regarding tal distress of some kind; sugar death as inevitable in spite of as- excretion in a diabetic patient can surances to the contrary, seems to suddenly be increased from about want to die and mentally antici- neutral to 40-60 grams in a day pates death, when in the physi- simply by bad news received in a cian's eyes, death is by no means a letter; blood pressure can be necessary outcome. Such a patient raised 20-30 degrees by the embarmust be roused to fight for life in rassment of a first visit to a doctor, his inner thought and spirit, or so that the doctor has to keep this every effort of his doctor will be fact in mind when he takes a readin vain. ing; pure mental fag can cause a Knowing these things, how im- sharp pain under the shoulder portant a part of the treatment of blade Or in the roof of the mouth, disease is the determining of the and unhappiness can cause a stiff relation of the mind and spirit to elbow or facial spasm. the physical problem presented by Is it not then a wonder that docthe patient! A purely moral con- tors are not more generally interflict, by the mental distress and strain it causes, may express itself ested in that interior man, whose in physical symptoms that seem to soul experiences so variously and demand instant and drastic opera- so frequently express themselves tion. in physical ailments? It is all the more strange when it is remem- A woman brought her daughter- bered that not only does the mind in-law to me, a girl about twenty produce physical disorder at times, years old, suffering from total but it has to bear the added burden blindness of ten days' duration, a of that physical disorder when it is blindness that came on suddenly produced; hence it is all the more and was so dense that she could in need of help, that it might be not even differentiate between enabled to escape from the vicious

1929J SPIRITUAL REMEDIES FOR PHYSICAL ILLS

circle that binds the soul in a real learned how to be a fellow-worker prison-house of clay. with God.

What is the reason then for this It is in this high requirement of strange indifference? Is not the fellowship with God, before a man answer found in the" marvellous can deal understandingly and effec- complexity of the organism of tively with the problems of dis- man. He is the most complex of harmony in the individual, where all the problems of the earth, and so many doctors fail. For lack of who attempts to deal with this that serenity of spirit, that harmo- problem of the whole man has un- ny and poise of his own soul, that dertaken a work that taxes even such fellowship gives, and for lack the mind and the strength of God, of the understanding that comes and no man can accomplish much from those experiences of the soul in this sphere except he have God found only in fellowship with God, with him in the work. The body he is conscious of embarrassment alone is complex enough, so that in in the presence of the human need spite of the boasts of medical sci- that he is unable adequately to ence and the real wonder of its meet and, wherever possible, he discoveries, "doctors h a v e only side-tracks the issue.

touched the outer circle of its An honest medical missionary, mysteries. It is little wonder that cannot do this, so, if conscious of they tend to feel lost when they at- impotence in this line where he is tempt to probe the mysteries of supposed to be" a specialist, he must the mind, and stand appalled at the have recourse to that great text- problem of the spirit. When you hook, the Word of God, where he speak of reducing disorder to can always find the instruction harmony in the threefold man, we needed to supply his lack and make are overwhelmed with a sense of him like the shadow of a great impotence in the face of these rock in a weary land to many a dis- things and are forced to turn for ordered soul, imprisoned within a help to God, who alone is able to suffering body. We are ambassa- meet adequately the whole need of dors of God in this as well as in every man. o the r respects. As Proverbs Disease is disorder, sometimes 13: 17 has it, HA faithful ambas- of the body alone, sometimes of sador is HEALTH."

mind and body combined and some- Let us note some of the prescrip- times of spirit, mind and body, all tions that we can find in God's three together. Disorder has for great text-book of healing and its ultimate source, SIN. Psalm harmony, for application in cases 38: 3, has it-HThere is no sound- of human disorder of body, mind ness in my flesh because of thine or spirit, or of all three combined.

anger, neither is there any rest in We read in a medical journal of my hones because of my sin." Sin a man, whose problem of con- is disorder of the spirit, hence no science caused him to feel that he man, who is not fully prepared to ought to resign from his firm deal effectively with the problem of rather than continue with them in sin, can deal effectively with the a policy that seemed to him evil, problem of disorder in the three- though resignation meant appar- fold man. This preparation can ent economic ruin for himself and come only to a man who has family. His deep distress in the

midst of his conflict brought about consideration that she feels it dea spasm of the bowel that nearly serves, and to gain her confidence put him under the surgeon's knife. that the doctor really knows what I would suggest prescribing Prov- he is talking about, then tell her the cause of' her symptoms kindly erbs 3: 5-8: and sympathetically. Prescribe, for example, Psalm 31: 12, 14, 19, Trust in the Lord with all thine 20 and 24. heart; and lean not to thine own understanding. In all thy ways acknowl- Take a case like the young edge him, and he shall direct thy daughter-in-law, suffering from paths. Be not wise in thine own eyes; ten days of hysterical blindness. fear the Lord and depart from evil. Is there a prescription for her case? Try Isaiah 50: 10. IT SHALL BE HEALTH TO THY NAVEL, Who is among you that feareth the and marrow to thy bones. Lord, that obeyeth the voice of his servant, that walketh in darkness and Trust would relax the mind. hath no light? Let him trust in the Relaxation of mind would relax the name of the Lord, and stay upon his bowel spasm, and harmony of the God. whole man with health and peace would result. Also trY Isaiah 42: 16, And I will bring the blind by a way that they Take the young man whose knew not, I will lead them by paths stomach distress is evidently due that they have not known, I WILL to late hours at night and dissipated habits, with a nervous dread MAKE DARKNESS LIGHT BEFORE THEM of future consequences. Prescription-Proverbs 4: 19-22. and crooked things straight. These things will I do unto them and not The way of the wicked is as dark- forsake them. ness; they know not at what they stumble. My son attend to my words; Would not such words strike incline thine ear unto my sayings. straight at the unhappy domestic Let them not depart from thine eyes; circumstances t hat caused the keep them in the midst of thine heart. hysterical spasm of the blood-ves- For they are life to those who find sels, nourishing the optic nerves, so them, AND HEALTH TO ALL THEIR shutting off circulation and so the light, and in relaxing the tension FLESH. of mind, at once relax the blood vessel spasm and flood again the Here is a woman, coming to nerves with blood and so with middle age, who has been seized light and seeing? with jealousy and broods over it until her distress of mind has so The medical missionary ought affected her physically that she has to be an adept at applying such come to the doctor, quite convinced prescriptions as these and, if apthat she has serious heart disease plied with faith, wisdom and childand is likely to die at any minute. like trust, surely the Lord will de- Careful examination by the doctor light to make good His Word (prereveals nothing organically wrong scriptions) when presented by the with the heart, but sympathetic physician and taken by the sufferconversation brings out the exist- ing patient, in prayer and faith, ing distress of mind. from the pharmacy of His Divine Grace. Very often, when there is How will you treat this case? no way out, a way UP will open. First, careful examination to convince the patient that her complaint has had the very serious

A MOTHER IN

BY REV. J. J. LUCAS, Landour, India M RS. M. J. WYCKOFF, who by voice, pen and prayer, to win died September 23, 1928, others to Christ. came to India with her husband, Rev. B. D. Wyckoff, in At a gathering of friends in the 1860. She spent most of her life home of one of her daughters in in the United Provinces as mis- North Carolina, to celebrate her sionary of the American Presby- 89th birthday, only a few weeks terian Mission. When I lived in before her passing out of sight, Mainpuri, over fifty years ago, I she prepared and read what she heard of the founding by her of herself may have felt would be her the schools for girls and widows last message to many friends: in that city. She had won the First of all I wish to raise a note of confidence of the people and estab- praise to God for His great goodness to lished six schools for girls and also me as manifested through the ministries a school for training teachers, of my dear children and grandchildren, God's own precious gifts to me. Their most of them Brahmin widows, loving thoughtful care, and unfailing and the Government gave her a devotion are beautiful…. As for mygrant-in-aid. Pandit Baldeo Par- self, it is difficult for me to realize that I have lived to see my 89th birthday for shad, the Brahmin teacher of one bI uwt awshnenotI vwerays sbtorronngagaasina, ilnittmley cehairldly; days, new life came into me from Him of her sch00Is, t 0ld me that the first Who is the Way, the Truth, and the conscious touch of the Holy Spirit Life, and I became a new creature in h' heart day at the Christ Jesus; old things passed away, on was one and behold all things became new …. IS The natural and the spiritual life became close of her visit, when she knelt one, as it were, and can never die. This on the rough floor of the little earthly casket in which I sojourn may be laid away in mother earth ….but school room and prayed. A few the person who hath this life will go to years later the Pandit was baptized in Mainpuri, one of the first con- God who gave the life…. For my verts in that city. It cost him the own part, r am not looking for death, · ' fe an d onIy wh0 Ioss 0f h son but for Christ as He may come at any IS WI time for His Church, when those who have been born again will be caught up refused to live with him. Fourteen to meet the Lord in the air …. God grant years later that son became a that there may soon be a gracious out- pouring of the Holy Spirit upon the Christian and was baptized in Church in every land, throughout the Mainpuri, and today his daughter, world-Churchwide revival. This great in-gathering of precious souls, hoth from a graduate of the University of among Jews and Gentiles, will surely Calcutta, is at the head of a large hasten the coming of the Bridegroom for school for Hindu girls in Lucknow, His Bride, the Church. Even so come, and her brother, a graduate of the University of Allahabad, is exert- HLoimrd Joensuosu. r Mwaaytcwh etoalwl ekreewp atirtyinsgt wainthd watching for His appearing. For yet a ing a unique influence for Christ. little while and He that shall come, will come and will not tarry.

To the last she was on the watch The Holy Spirit used Mrs. Wy- tower, built up by Old and New ckoff to open the heart of the Testaments, waiting and watching, teacher to hear the voice of the with Prophets and Apostles for Good Shepherd. She was unceas- the coming of the Lord Jesus in ing and unwearied in her efforts, glory and power.

43

BLAZING AN ARABIAN TRAIL Dr. John Turnbull, formerly a missionary to India, Arabia and Palestine, tells of his experiences in a lecture from which we quote a few paragraphs telling the difficulties of the journey and describing his narrow escape.

A SERIOUS difficulty was the sand-dunes, great drifts of soft sand from fifty to one hundred feet high. We could not go over them, so we had to dodge around and between them. A wild camel sprang up and raced off as we approached the zone of the dunes. Back and forth we zigzagged at the direction of our marvelous guides and at noon the second day, reached Arfaja, the last water-hole, forty miles from our goal. Ten miles in four hours was not fast time in a motor car, but fighting sand-dunes seemed to please the Studebaker and slowly it pulled through apparently impossible stretches of sheer sand.

The end of the second day found us still twenty miles from destination. We were eager to travel after dark and finish the trip, but the guides protested, saying that only enemies traveled after sundown and that we would be killed. . .. Our goal was J owf, an oasis where two of the world's oldest caravan routes con- verge, one from Damascus in the north and the other from Egypt in the east. This is believed to be the land of Uz, where Job lived.

At Jowf the gateway guards swung open the big wooden doors and we entered through a lane of Arabs who could not hide their curiosity. In the first of three court-yards the Amir was seated on a stone throne covered with costly rugs-a tall, powerful man of about 50, with black beard and kindly brown eyes. He is the official representative of the King of Arabia and the active official of J owf. Taking a few steps towards us he briefly welcomed us and grasping my right hand in his left, led us through a doorway, up steps cut in the native rock, along a corridor and into the long reception room of the castle.

Advancing to the extreme corner he took his accustomed place and seated us on either side. Then with admirable frankness he began his apologies for the show of hostility upon our first ap- pearance by explaining that we had been mistaken for camel raiders. He thought we were thieves. In fact, he had sent thirty mounted men to shoot us on sight. They had gone out one side of a low ridge while we were complacently nearing the town on the other side! A shepherd whose flocks we had seen unattended was the man who might have been the cause of our death. He had noticed our car and becoming alarmed had rushed to the castle with the news that enemies had come to drive off the flocks. We learned that 2,000 camds had been stolen in recent months from the vicinity.

Of THE

TWENTY YEARS OF COOPERATION of the Council is accomplished through committees and commissions most of T HE Federal Council of Churches which employ executive secretaries. of Christ in America was organ- Thus the Churches of these cooperatized twenty years ago to link together ing denominations have been enlisted the Evangelical Churches in order to in a united program for Evangelism make their united voice heard more and Life Service, Social Service, powerfully and their united ~c~ion Christian Education, Race Relations, more effective on moral and relIgIous International Justice and Goodwill, problems. Other plans for interde- and Fraternal Relations with Euronominational cooperation had been pean Churches. There are also some tried and bad failed, so that in the fifty local councils or federations, with early days of the Council many doubts employed executives, in various cities were expressed as to its value. Twenty in twenty-four states, besides thirtyyears of practical experience has four councils in other cities with shown it to be increasingly effective. volunteer leadership. Church organizations like the Home and Foreign Mission Boards had met Dr. S. Parkes Cadman, the retiring for some years in annual conference President of the Council, expresses and there were many effective inter- the need for Christian unity and codenominational activities, but the operation as a witness to the world Federal Council first established a and to achieve definite results. Much national inter-church federation with has been achieved in developing the a permanent staff of officers to pro- spirit of unity among denominations mote the cooperation of the Protestant and in promoting practical service to Churches of America as Churches. mankind. More visible results have It has been clearly demonstrated that Ilerhalls aIlIleared in temporal things much more may be accomplished by than in spiritual; it is easier to cocooperation than by separate action operate in the former than in the and that more definite results are se- latter. The Commission on Evangelcured by the employment of executive ism has urged churches to push work secretaries than by depending on the along this line, but it has been in inextra time of over-crowded men and dustrial and social betterment, in international justice and goodwill, in women. improvement in race relations, in work for the army and navy and in develop- The Federal Council was formed in ing religious drama, in holding con- Philadelphia in 1908 for the purpose ferences and observing anniversaries, of expressing the unity and fellowship that the public generally recognizes of Christians and to enable the Evan- the largest functioning of the Federal gelical Churches of America to accom- Council. plish unitedly what they could not do separately. The Council now includes The Quadrennial Meeting has rein its membership twenty-eight de- cently been held in Rochester (Denominational bodies with a total mem- cember 5th-8th) and the Federal bership of some twenty-three million Council enters a new era of service under the Presidency of Bishop Francommunicants and total contributions cis J. McConnell, of the Methodist in one year of nearly four hundred Episcopal Church. and fifty million dollars. The work 45

BEST METHODS AND THE NEWS to Mrs. Johnson at 150 Fifth Avenue, New York. .". * * EDITORS Since our friend and co-worker, We count ourselves fortunate to have secured the cooperation of Pro- Mrs. E. C. Cronk was called to lay fessor Harlan P. Beach as editor of down her pen, a number of able the World-Wide Outlook department of the REVIEW. Professor Beach was writers have contributed to our Best for some years a missionary in China Methods Department, giving helpful and on his return to America was for suggestions from their wide experi- eleven years educational secretary of ence in promoting missionary inter- the Student Volunteer Movement for est in the home church. Beginning with this issue Mrs. F. 1. Johnson of Foreign Missions. New York will supply material for During this period he prepared or this department. We welcome her co- edited from other writers, more than operation and ask the readers of the thirty mission study textbooks. In REVIEW to correspond with her in re- 1906 he was called to fill the Chair of gard to the methods suggested and to Professor of the Theory and Practice give her the benefit of their experi- of Missions at Yale Divinity School, ence that these in turn may be passed on to others through the REVIEW. a position that he held for fifteen Mrs. Cronk often expressed the con- years, when the Carnegie Pension viction that her work in this depart- rules caused his retirement. As furment was perhaps the most fruitful ther aids to him in this position, he had spent three and a half years in of all her labors. The methods given visiting the principal mission fields in the REVIEW are used in many of Asia and Africa, studying methods churches and societies throughout the of environment and native religions. world. In this way thousands are During his Yale professorship he benefited by them and the Kingdom lectured for two half years at Union of God is advanced. Theological Seminary, and five half Mrs. Johnson is the wife of one of years at Boston University School of the officers of the Methodist Episcopal Theology. Since retiring from Yale, Church in the Cultivation Department he has been professor of Missions for of the Foreign Board. She has been seven years at Drew Theological Sem- for several years a member of the inary, Madison, N. J., where he now General Executive Committee of the resides.

Woman's Foreign Missionary Society For some time Prof. Beach also pre- of the Methodist Episcopal Church. pared the Missionary News Depart- Her work has been chiefly in connec- ment for the Sunday School Times.

tion with the Forward Movement For many years Professor Beach has Committee which plans the lines of been a student of missions and a well- advance for each year. For the past known speaker and teacher at summer four years she has been a representa- conferences and schools of missions.

tive of this society on the Foreign He was editor of the first Missionary Missions Conference and has been Geography and Atlas of Foreign Mis- very active in summer conferences and sions, published by the Student Volun- Schools of Missions. For eight years teer Movement, and has been one of she was the Dean of the Summer the editors of susequent missionary School at Lakeside, Ohio, has been a atlases published by the Foreign Mis- teacher of mission study books and sions Conference. He is the author has conducted conferences on methods of a' number of missionary books on at Northfield, Mountain Lake Park India, China, South America and and St. Petersburg. Last year she other fields so that a wide and thor- was chairman of the program of the ough knowledge of missions will make Institute of Foreign Missions at him a valuable interpreter of mission- Chautauqua. Letters may be addressed ary progress at home and abroad. EDITED BY MRS. F. I. JOHNSON, 150 Fifth Avenue, New York A MISSIONARY ATMOSPHERE The discerningly selected books and Atmosphere is one of the most effec- pictures placed intriguingly at psytive assets or liabilities of a nation, a chological moments and in strategic state, a home or a church. It is that places; the Bible stories that were something that cannot be touched, told so naturally and interpreted in pictured or described. It can be terms of present required behavior; sensed. It is that illusive thing with- the nature stories revealing God's in four walls; which you cannot pin mastery of form and love of beauty; down, but which influences everyone the horizon-lifting history stories who enters. , It adheres to folks; to which impressed upon the seven fasthings. It is that which made the cinated young listeners that History blind perceive that Christ was passing is not a Topsy, that it is the result of by. persons in action; the buckwheat- It is that element in the real-estate crock with its sweet, sleepy music as business which decreases or enhances the wooden spoon struck its glazed home-property values; the atmos- sides, after we had all been "tucked phere of an entire neighborhood may in"-O, Home, that is what it all be changed over night by the sudden spells! This is the possession to which injection into it of one family whose every child born into the world has a atmosphere is not of the correct type right. Ninety-nine percent of the for that location. Prices will tumble. world's childhood knows nothing of this nurturing care. How about our Atmosphere is a most sensitive thing; it seems to refuse to be tam- own children? pered with. As the home should have its tact- There are people and things whose fully creative atmosp'here, so should very presence is a benediction to youth the public schools, colleges and univerand to childhood; there are people sities. Especially should this be true and things whose mere presence is a of all educational institutions supmalediction. We must expose our chiI- ported by the Church of the Living dren to the former; we must shield Christ. them from the latter. The force we Our plans and methods for developare talking about is as real as electricity and as inexplicable; it is also as ing strong Christian youth should be powerful in producing results. It the result of more exacting study than must be given more intensive study is put on the building chart of a great by parents and professional Christian highway or into the blueprints of a stately building.

Workers. The cultivation of corn, potatoes, The greatest profession on earth, cabbage, wheat; of trees, flowers, shrubs, has more scientific thought that of parenthood is often practiced given to it, than has the spiritual the least scientifically. nurturing of childhood and youth. The millions of Christian men and What stands Oljt most vividly to- women throughout the world are to day in your memory of home? Can- blame for this neglect. didly, with me it is the "Thou shalt nots" of my capable, sensible mother.

47 Atmosp.here and Church Rooms telephone system of a great part of that continent. Your picture will belp "The human eye together with its to create the atmosphere for your pronerve system is not merely a physical gram. Try it. For at least six organ of sight; it is also a railroad months use it as your center decorasystem carrying building material to tion on missionary day. the self just back of it." 'Jhe Last summer on a half cleaned off blackboard in a large church class- prum Call room, with littered corners and withal a sluggardly atmosphere, were J AM the' Cdl-Dr~m.­ written the words, "Instinctive Be- O'erhillandforen haviorism." These were a part of the C.rJkdltlrrWlftriorr, outline of a lesson in Social Ethics. "COIIlcqllid:1y10 hanle! The instinctive behaviorism of that Come,OYenjokl Y,lr;olllbocornc teacher should have been first to atmosphere that room by clearing it out quidlyl and cleaning it up. Every room used Soon lhall ye CODcJIU~I; for furthering Christ's Kingdom should be immaculate and attractive. T.kl:uplO11"~ponl!" The most unsightly room can be made beautiful if heart is put into the prob- I AM the CaD-Drum.- lem. The Church at large is slowly Ch&nged.tho,mlRJe!1uge,_ improving in this respect, but the big C:lllinS,"OWonhippc:1'!, task is ahead. The church should be CVIIIC'YC'10 mee1inS! so kept and beautified that there would Come, 0 Mcbc! Vaoundo!. (QWC be no embarrassment should the Master in person step into it at any time. quickly'…… SouoIT.ollcoRqucted.

o Galilean!

Atmosphere and The Program "The Drum Call" is a little twenty- eight page Presbyterian magazine Thought should be given by pro- printed by Africans in West Africa. gram committees to creating the cor- It is full of alluring, tellable stories rect atmosphere in which to present a and facts.' missionary program. For blackboard use buy "Everyland Appropriate pictures drawn on Children, Just Like You," "Kembo" blackboards, bristols, upson-board, and "David and Susi.'" The picture missionary trophies or curios, to- of "David and Susi" (page 57) can gether with carefully selected music, be reproduced beautifully in colors. give a setting which will help make Have your group learn its accompanythe program live. ing words to the tune, "Suwanee River." For example: with Africa as the interdenominational foreign study for "Way down upon the Congo River 1928-1929, buy an upson-board (7 x 4) Far, far away, give it one coat of flat white paint. There's where they need our Christmas Have an artist from among your own presents, members reproduce this attractive That's where they'll go Borne day." "Drum Call" in black and white. Use charcoal for the motif and outline the What will be the result? Hundreds letters with jet black paint so that of gifts for the children in your they can be read at a distance. Hang schools in Africa ready to send by the upson-board over the center of the platform. The words should be learned lIt comes quarterly and coste only fifty cents by the Sunday-school, missionary a year. Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missociety or whatever group is using it. sions, 156 Fifth Ave., New York City. Explain that the African drum is the 2Available at your own headquarters or at the Missionary Education Movement 150 Fifth Ave., New York City, twenty-five cents each.

METHODS FOR WORKERS

June of 1929. It is none too early to the picture on the board for an early begin. morning class. Make the challenge big and big people 111ill respond The following will be found effective "bigly." if done in colors with the initial letter of each line in a boxed letter. A joy de-luxe birthday gift for little folks-3-6 years old. (Dainty and illus- "The souls of black and white are made trated in color.) Friendship Press, 150 By the self-same God, of self-same Fifth Ave., New York City.

shade, THE NURSERY SERIES, 25c each. God made both pure and he left one No.1. Ah Fu-a Chinese River Boy. white; No.2. Kembo-a Little Girl of Africa. God laughed o'er the other and wrapped No.3. The Three Camels-A Story of it in night; India. Oh the wonderful souls of both black No.4. Esa, a Little Boy vf Nazareth.

and white By suggestion, encourage the chil- Were made by one God, of one sod on dren to copy the pictures, then let the father and mother take turns in tell- one night."-Written by a Negro. ing them these essentially educative stories. They make fine bed-time A man who saw "Orange Tree stories. The children probably will Baby" in "Everyland Children, Just of themselves pray for the little Like You" (page 19) used as method, strangers who are beginning to be a said that he had never before had the part of their world. What would even missionary enterprise appeal to him a small part of one generation so inas it had through this little song. He structed produce for World Friendis a successful business man and re- ship? Try it. fused to run for governor of one of our largest states. If, as missionary A good slogan in this connection: workers, we could but realize the power of the heart appeal we would The parenthood of every nation revive instead of throttle it. For the childhood of the world.

Sing "Orange Tree Baby" to the Learn it and practice it. tune "Good Morning to You" as sung A slogan for Sunday School use: in the primary department of the Sunday school. The boyhood of every nation For the boyhood of the world. You cannot find artists? That is The girlhood of every nation what they told us in a certain church For the girlhood of the world. where within one hour after this statement, the owner and manager of Usable Sidelight Africa Material, a large hotel was found to be a suf- interpretive of the Negro's race sufficiently fine and willing crayon artist fering. "Caroling Dusk" an anthroto have the work which he did for his pology of verse by Negro poets; edited own church displayed in the North- by Countee Cullen. field and Chautauqua Institutes of Missions. All of us are walking over We Wear the Mask.-Dunbar. acres of art talent every day. Let us Sympathy.-Dunbar. capture it for Christ. Servants.-Dunbar.

In another place the artist was His "Theology", will relieve the found making coffee in a hotel. Later, tension of the others. It is said that she received twenty-five dollars for a Dunbar wrote this on his knee during cover design for one of the finest chil- his final illness. dren's magazines in the United States. There's a heaven Another artist was teaching the new This I know; wax art in a department store and The upward longing of my heart was said to be too busy to think of Has told me so. giving time to missionary drawing. There's a hell She was "delighted" to do the work I'm quite as sure; even though one morning she had to For pray, get up at four-thirty in order to put If there were not Where would my neighbors go? 4

Finally interpretive of the Negro Indian Cook.-Turkish towel wound heart: round head in shape of turban. Man's Jis blue, God, shirt and white trousers, a tiny bit small, and shirt worn on outside of trousers. jis blue. Shoes but no stockings. Cook's wife Ain't prayin' exactly jis' now;- dressed in Indian Sari-5 yards of cloth wound around for skirt and over tear blind, I guess; shoulder and lightly thrown over head. cain't see my way through. You know those things Burrnese Child.-A small boy's skirt, I ast for so many times,- open at neck, and. a yard and a half of Maybe I hadn't orter repeated like the gingham or similar material for skirt. This is sewed into a skirt and wrapped Pharisees do, around waist, and tucked into front. but I ain't stood in no marketplace, Shirt inside skirt. it's jis' 'tween me and you. And you said, "Ast," … Miriam.-Attractive American dress, somehow I ain't astin' now, college girl type. and I hardly know what to do. Hope jis' sorter left, but Faith's still CHARACTERS: The missionaries represented are Dr. Anna Barbara here. Grey of Ellen Mitchell Memorial Hos- Faith ain't gone, too- pital in Moulmein, Burma; Miss Lill know how 'tis,-a thousand years is a lian Salisman, recently appointed to single day with you. the same hospital.* And I ain't meanin' to tempt you with, Dr. White-a woman physician. "If you be-" Miss Adams-a nurse recently arrived and I ain't doubting you, from America. But I ain't prayin' tonight, God,- Ma Po Byu-a Burmese nurse. jis' blue. . Patients-Small Burmese boy with his mother and grandmother. Other Negro authors include: Wil- Patients-Indian cook with his wife. liam Samuel Johnson, whose "Prayer for Peace" is magnificent; William -Anglo-Indian college girl. Braithwaite; Helene Johnson, who at nineteen years of age had had more Scene.-A Mission Doctor's Dispenpoems in leading magazines than any sary. At center a table with two other American girl. chairs for doctor and patient. Left, a table with two basins, scrub A fine selection of Negro Spirituals brush, soap and towels. At right a is sold by Rodeheaver Company, Chi- small table and chair for nurse. cago, Illinois. (Price, lOc.) (As the scene opens the Burmese nurse is seated at table at extreme Give an award for the finest map of right, looking over dispensary Africa, showing the mission stations cards. Enter Dr. White (L) carryand naming the missionaries of your ing stethoscope.) denomination. If this is worked by the missionary department in men's Dr. White.-"All right, Ma Po Byu, I classes as well as in others, the result am here. Bring in the first pawill be surprising and the educational tient." (While the doctor is speakdeposit will be valuable. ing, Ma Po Byu takes dispensary cards to doctor's table and quickly Have a David Livingstone Day in the exits (R). Dr. White sits down Sunday school, when all maps are to left of center table, picks up disbe brought in and placed on exhibit. pensary cards and examines the Have someone who will devote time to first one. Re-enter Ma Po Byu, folpreparation, review the growth of lowed by Burmese mother, grandyour missionary investment in Africa. mother and small boy.) "INASMUCH" A MEDICAL PLAYLET * Tbe enl1l'Hcters jn the play wben given at By DR. ANNA B. GREY, of Burma :Korthfield were: The Doctor-Dr. Anna BarM hara Grey; American NUrse-June Heath; COSTUMES: Burmese woman.-A regular Burmese i't:t~~::~G~~~~~-;-~~r~~~)~ :S~~~~e8eBG~:d~ mather-Helene :Moore; BU,rmes6 Boy-Billy costume, if obtainable. If not, pretty scarf and two yard piece of silk that ~~f~~ira!;dia~e~~:~Ll~~lo~tnnd~:~; ft~~~ goes well with the costume would do. Margaret llorse. . Short white jacket, lapping over skirt and bare feet with slippers.

METHODS FOR WORKERS

Dr. White.-(To Burmese mother) (Turns to boy) Will you stay here Good morning. Come in and sit at the hospital?" down." (Burmese woman sits down gin- (Boy shakes his heads and draws gerly on chair of table with small closer to his mother, frightened.) boy resting against her knee. Grand- mother squats down near them.) Mother.-"He says he won't stay. Perhaps if I stay with him, he will Dr. White.-"What is troubling you ?" stay." Burmese Woman (showing child's leg Dr. White (to nurse).-"You see how badly bandaged with dirty rags)- they do it. The mother had to ask "See, my child fell down from roof the child if he would stay and of on to broken water chatty and cut course he doesn't want to. But she his leg. We took him to pongyi and says perhaps he will stay if she can he filled it with gravel to stop bleed- too." ing, but it does not get better. Leg very bad!" (She speaks excitedly Nurse.-"But if you often have to do and with gesticulations.) that I should think you would fill (Enter American nurse(L).) the hospital with people who aren't American NursB.-"Good morning, sick." Dr. White, I am very glad to have you. They ·have been keeping you D1'. White.~"Oh, of course we can't so busy at the hospital since you keep them if there is riothing the came that you haven't had a chance matter with them, but you know to see any of this side of the work. about 100% of these people have This woman says her little boy cut round worms and 60% have hook his leg. Let's get this bandage off worms. I will just question this and have a look at it." (The nurse mother to see if she has symptoms and doctor take off the bandage and of either. (Turning to Burmese show the cut leg. Nurse looks hor- woman.) Is your appetite good?" rified.) American Nurse.-"What on earth Mother.-"No, not good. I don't eat have they done to it?" much rice." Dr. White.-"The mother says the pongyi-that's the priest-filled it Dr. White.-"Do you have gas 1" with gravel to stop the bleeding. Naturally it didn't get well so they Mother.-"Oh, yes, the wind comes up brought the child to us." very much, very much." (Lifts Nurse.-"You'll have to keep him at hand with illustrative motions as the hospital, won't you ?" she speaks.) Dr. White.-"That's what we ought to do, of course, but the trouble is Dr. White (To nurse) .-"She prob- these people don't want to stay. ably has worms. I'll let her go to (Turns to mother.) The leg is very the hospital with the boy." (Turns bad. We'll have to keep him in the to Burmese woman.) "Do you hospital." think you have worms?" (Woman Mother.-"Oh, no, I can't leave him. nods head.) "You and the boy may Give me some medicine to take both stay at the hospital." (Burmese home." woman whispers to grandmother who nods her head.) Dr. White.-But the cut will have to have medicine put on it four times Mother.-"Yes, we will stay." a day and be treated carefully. You really ought to let him stay." Dr. White.-"Ma Po Byu, take these patients to the hospital and bring Mother.-"WeU, I will ask my Gaung the next one." (Ma Po Byu and Gal* (little animal) if he will stay. patients go out.) • Pronounced Gowng Go-lay. American Nurse.-"Why on earth didn't they bring this child here in the first place instead of taking him to the priest for such frightful treatment?"

Dr. White.-"That's just the trouble. They come to us after they have

tried everything else and then they your hospital, but I am afraid you usually expect us to cure them in a can't. I have tried, but didn't suc- couple of hours. But I am glad to ceed. Whatever expense there is have them go to the hospital, be- for medicine please charge to my cause we have so much better op- account. Thanking you very much, portunity to help them reUgiously Mrs. Harcourt-Coos." while they are there." Dr. White.-"There is no doubt but (Enter Ma Po Byu with an Indian what this is an active case of tuber- culosis. (Looks at dispensary card Cook followed by his wife.) on table.) She has a temperature Gook.-"Salaam, Memsahib!" of 102 this morning." Dr. White.-"Salaam! Is this your American Nurse..—uOh, isn't that ter- rible. She looks as if she had one wife?" foot in the grave." Gook.-"Yes, Memsahib." Dr. White (Turns to cook).-"Your Dr. White.-"Doesn't she speak Bur- wife is very sick. She should stay mese or English?" in the hospital. Gook.-"My wife not know anything. Gook.-uOh, no, Memsahib! Got plenty She not speaking English; not children. How can stay?" speaking Burmese. Only speaking Dr. White.-"Haven't you got any Tamil." Dr. White.-"Tell her to sit down. relatives who could take care of the (She sits gingerly on edge of children ?" Gook.-"Plenty relatives, but all got chair.) What is wrong with her?" children. And Memsahib, my wife Gook.-"She coughing very much." not wanting to stay in hospital. She Dr. White.-"Does she ever cough up afraid." blood?" Dr. White.-"Well, we'll make a bar- Gook.-"She did once Memsahib." Dr. White.-"How much ?" gain. You do what I tell you at Gook.-"About a rice spoonful." home for a month and if your wife Dr. White.-"Has your wife always isn't any better she will come and stay at the hospital." been as thin as this 7" Gook.-"Ut-cha Memsahib." (All Gook.-"No, Memsahib. She used to right.) Dr. White.-"How many windows be very fat. Now she has all gone have you in your house?" thin." Gook.~"Got two windows." Dr. White.-"!s your wife eating Dr. White.-"What do you do with much?" them at night 1" Gook.-"No, she is not liking her rice. Gook.-"Shutting all down tight." Eating a little bit only. (Indicates Dr. White.-"Yes, I thought so. Now, a small amount with hands). Oh, I want you to leave them both wide Memsahib, I got chit for you." open and I want your wife to sleep American Nurse.~"What is chit?" near one of them." Dr. White.-uOh, it is just a letter. Gook (protestingly).-"But night air It's our Burmese telephone system. not good for people, Memsahib." We are always writing notes to Dr. White.-"You have been taking care of her a good many years and each other. Read it while I listen to look what she has come to. Now these lungs." (Hands nurse the you try my way for a while." Gook.-"Ut-cha." chit and applies stethoscope to wom- Dr. White.-"Can you get milk for an's lungs, tapping chest once in a While.) her?" American Nurse (reads following let- Cook.-"Goat's milk all right 1" ter).-"Dear Dr. White, I am send- Dr. White.-"Yes, that is all right." ing you my cook and his wife. She Gook.-"Then t get goat, Memsahib."

has been quite sick and I have tried to get them to go to the Government Hospital, but she refuses. I wish you could persuade her to stay in

METHODS FOR WORKERS

Dr. White.-"I want your wife to She hasn't been very well this year, drink five big glasses of milk every and I have just heard that one of day." the Burmese girls at the college told the Dean that she thought that Mir- Cook (in astonishment). – "Five iam had leprosy." glasses, Memsahib 1Then I get three American Nurse.-"Leprosy I" goats." Dr. White.-"Yes, it does happen sometimes even among people like Dr. White.-"All right, you get your that who have always lived in per- goats. And I want your wife to fectly clean surroundings, although have an egg every day. Can you of course it is very unusual. Her get eggs?" brother had it, but they were living in different schools, and we didn't Cook.-"Yes, can get." think she'd get it. If she has it, it Dr. White.-"I am going to give you is going to be pretty hard to tell her. Perhaps it would be easier for some yellow medicine, and I want her if you weren't here." her to take two big spoonfuls three American Nurse.-"I'm sure it would. times a day. And I am going to 1'I1 go." give her some little pills that will (Exit Nurse R) make her want to eat more. She Dr. White.-"Ma Po Byu, will you go must take one before every meal." and send Miriam in?" (Exit Ma Cook.-"What Doctor Memsahib tell- Po Byu R) (Enter Miriam hesi- ing me I do?" tatingly.) Dr. White.-"I want her to rest every Miriam.-"Did you send for me, Dr. day from 12 o'clock until 5, and go White?" to bed every night at 7 o'clock and Dr. White.-"Yes, Miriam. Have you not get up until 7 in the morning." had a good year?" Cook (protestingly). – "But Mem- Miriam.-"Yes, pretty good." sahib, she got plenty work." Dr. White.-"Have you been feeling Dr. White.-"You don't want your all right?" wife to die, do you? If you don't Miriam.-"Yes" (doubtfuIly). take good care of her she will surely Dr. White.~"But Miriam, the Dean die. You will have to help her with wrote me that you weren't feeling the work." very weIl. I want to give you a Cook.-"Vt-cha, Memsahib. I do little examination. I am going to everything you say." take a nasal smear." Dr. White.~"I want you to come back (Dr. takes swab and inserts it in once a week. (Calls Ma Po Byu.) each nostril and then wipes it across Ma Po Byu, will you get the medi- glass slide.) cine for this patient and get her Dr. White.-Now I am going to touch weighed and recorded on the you with a piece of paper, and I chart?" want you to say "Yes" whenever Cook.-"Salaam, Memsahib! (Exits you feel it." (Puts left hand over R followed by his wife.) Miriam's eyes and touches her Dr. White.-"Salaam! (Turns to gently with a piece of paper on American Nurse) . So many of hands, arms, neck, face and legs. these people have T. B. and they Miriam says, "Yes" only when she don't take care of themselves. He is touched on upper arm, neck and says he will do everything I tell face, apparently not knowing when him to, but he probably won't. her hands, forearms and legs are (Looks at next dispensary card.) touched.) Oh, I dread this next appointment. Dr. White.-"Miriam, have you any It's a young Anglo-Indian college idea what you have 1" girl, Miriam Watson. She is about Miriam.-"Is it leprosy?" three-fourths English and one- fourth Burmese. Her parents are dead and she was brought up in a Mission School here at Moulmein.

Dr. Wkite.-"Yes, it is." posed that people like that ever had (Miriam drops head on Dr. White's it. Oh, it seems terrible! Is there knees and sobs.) any hope for her at all?" Dr. White.-"Oh, yes, there is lots of Dr. Wkite.-"Miriam, how long have hope. Weare doing wonderful you suspected this?" things with leprosy now. Why, when I first came out here I was Miriam (her voice trembling).- awfully discouraged with the work "About six months." (Her head at the Leper Asylum, but lately 1 still buried in Dr. White's lap.) am very enthusiastic about it. We have had some wonderful results Dr. Wkite.-"Why didn't you come to among the children out there." me before?" (As she smoothes Mir- American Nur8e.~"How wonderful! 1 iam's head and tries to soothe her.) am so glad that 1 came down here today. There is such a lot for us to Miriam (rises) .-"1 did come over at do! And just before I left home Christmas, but I couldn't bring my- people were saying that they do not self to say anything. 1 knew it was need us out here as they used to." wrong. 1 knew 1 ought not stay at D1'. White.-"Oh, they need us all college with the other girls, but 1 right, and there is a tremendous just couldn't make myself tell you. amount to be done. We must work (Draws back with start.) Oh, 1 till all of these people have a chance mustn't touch you." to know about Jesus." (Starts scrubbing her hands with soap and Dr. White (Drawing Miriam back to water and later soaks her hands in her).-"It''s all right, Miriam. 1 antiseptic solution at table. (L.) am not afraid. You mustn't feel dis- American Nur8e.~"Oh, did you touch couraged? We have had some won- her? Weren't you afraid to?" derful cures lately, and it isn't a Dr. Whit e.-No, although it isn't the hopeless thing now. We had a wisest thing to do. But one can't Burmese girl come in just two years always be wise. I'll scrub up care- ago who has been living in our iso- fully and have this uniform disin- lation building and is practically fected. It will be all right. I sup- cured now." pose it is time to be thinking about breakfast." Miriam.-"Yes, but I won't be cured. American Nurse.-"Oh, I don't feel My brother has it too, you know." much like eating breakfast this morning." Dr. White.-"You have a very good D1·. White.~"Oh, come, you mustn't chance because you came to me so take it that way. Why I just love soon. If we can get a patient who this work. Just think we can really has had symptoms less than five help these people. If we weren't years, we feel that we have every here, probably they wouldn't be chance to cure them. You may have helped. 1 wouldn't change places to stay here one year. You may with anybody else in the world. have to stay three or even four. Come on! Cheer up!" (Puts her There is a nice room you can have arm about nurse as they exit (L).) and you can take long walks and your friends can come and see you. Will our readers kindly send us It won't be so bad." their reactions on' and criticisms of this department; also methods Miriam.~"Oh, 1 don't feel that there which you have proven to have is any hope for me." real educational and inspirational value. Dr. White.-"Ma Po Eyu, will you please take Miriam over to the end room in the isolation ward." (Exit Miriam R.) American Nurse enters immediately.

American NurNP.-"Oh, Dr. White, I saw that ~irl come out. Has she-?" Dr. White.1-"Yes, she has leprosy." American Nurse.-"But I never sup-

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 EAST 22ND STREET, NEW YORK IMPRESSIONS OF THE FEDERAL and design of the buildings were made INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTION FOR by Dr. Harris; this is of double in- terest in that she is also administer- WOMEN Not altogether thrilled was I when ing the thing she planned. The buildasked to stop off at Alderson, West ings are brick and concrete, early Virginia, to visit the first Federal American in design. Instead of bells women's prison called "Federal In- on doors, eagle knockers are in use. dustrial Institution for Women." I The furnishings are simple and in am not a student of penology but good taste. Much has been purchased I have visited Sing Sing, Atlanta cheaply from a government hotel in Penitentiary and St. Quentin and was Washington, painted and reuphol- not eager to see another prison. A stered by the girls. The touch of letter from the Superintendent, Dr. color transforms the cottages, and to Mary Harris, invited me most cordial- add to their charm, the living room ly to take breakfast at her home rath- in each cottage has a fire place and er than on the train. She met the a piano. The dining rooms have small 7: 54 train Sunday morning, April r.(lUnd tables with attractive colored 29, and whizzed me up through the runners, immaculate and well taken town over roads built by prisoners care of. Said a new girl whom I from Atlanta and Leavenworth, past talked with who just came in, "I nevthe prison camp of the men, through er thought I'd be in such a lovely big stone gates and on through place"; then said another looking out grounds that reminded me of a col- across the hills, "If we cannot learn lege campus. As a result of the ear- to be good here, there is something nest efforts of the General Federation wrong." of Women's Clubs, the W. C. T. U. Dr. Harris believes in the sacredand some twenty other national organizations, Congress passed a bill in ness of personality. She is well sup- June, 1924, establishing the Federal ported by her s t a f f. She i s Industrial Institution for Women. endeavoring to build up these women This was the result. again in self respect and in an at- tempt for them to face anew the bat- A delicious breakfast awaited me tIe of life. She believes in the power at the brown cottage on the hill, a of spiritual values. For this reason delightfully attractive home reflecting she is eager that a chapel which will the personality of the hostess. The represent the loving and intelligent beautiful hills of West Virginia sur- thought of those who care, may be rounded us, the songs of birds and erected which will really be the heart fragrance of flowers were in the air, of the institution, and so a group of and a close friend and companion to women's organizations-of which the us all was Gellert, the graceful Rus- Council of Women for Home Missions sian wolfhound. is one-is now trying to get all wom- After breakfast we went over the en of various religious bodies interground seeing many of the cottages. ested in raising $200,000 for a chapel. The cottages on the upper level are If one could see, as 1 did, 130 women built around an oval with play ground -soon to number 500–crowded into and recreation field in the center. On a small classroom for a chapel service, the lower road are other cottages, one could see the need. In spite of work rooms, assembly hall. The plan the handicaps, a real spirit of wor- 55

ship pervaded the place. It was a sent by the Department of Agricul- very real spiritual experience for me; ture to survey this site and reported I shall never forget it. that there is excellent soil and ade- Only one year old the thirtieth of quate acreage to grow the vegetables April, 1928, great material achieve- for the large institutional population ment has come to pass in building and fine grazing land for the neces- and equipment; but far greater is sary herds. The aim of the institu- the growth and development of the tion will be to find out the defects women in the institution-growth in every individual prisoner and to along physical, mental and spiritual give her the treatment and training lines. The total personality classifi- which will help her to overcome those cation is held every three months. defects and fit her to earn an honest There is a resident physician and a living when released.

certain isolated section in the medi- "The industrial training of the cal wing where those who, for any women will be emphasized, but no reason, may be held in solitary con- goods produced in this institution will finement. be sold on the public market in un- A very interesting experiment is fair competition with goods produced being developed, called "Cooperation by the labor of free working men or Clubs" which seems to be working women."

most effectively. Sunday night there was a Christian We, the undersigned inmates of the Endeavor service in cottage 16. Dr. Federal Industrial Institution for Wom.- Harris told the girls some stories of en, in oTder to take the utmost advan- the beginnings, just one year ago. tage of the opportunities afforded us I taught them "Follow the Gleam," here to become better citizens of the and at the end we made a friendship communities to which we shall in time circle, sang it, and said "Good Night" return, .do hereby pledge our coopera- and "Goodbye." tion in the efforts being made for our improvement, physically, mentally and I left in a very different mood than spiritually. when I arrived. I had been on the grounds only fifteen hours but had Realizing that we must have a me- caught the spirit of the place-a condium through which our spirit of co- crete example of salvaging folk acoperation may find expression, we wish cording to modern methods of to avail ourselves of the permission penology instead of scrapping them, granted by the management of the in- as is truly the order of the old. stitution to form clubs in each cottage group, called Cooperation Clubs. LAURA H. PARKER.

The purpose of these clubs is to FOURTH CONFERENCE ON THE afford a channel through which our determination to lead an upright life, here CAUSE AND CURE OF WAR and now, may flow out to improve the life of our cottages, thence to the whole January 14-17, 1929, the Fourth institution, and finally to the families Conference on the Cause and Cure of and communities to which we hope to War will be held at the Hotel Washreturn. We recognize Rnd appreciate ington, Washington, D. C., previous this opportunity to live lives of dignity Conferences having been in January, and usefulness, and we wish to demon- 1925, December, 1926, and January, strate that we value such opportunity 1928. These Conferences are among by showing ourselves capable of taking responsibility and by being loyal to the trust reposed in us.

A statement made by Miss Julia the most important and outstanding K. Jaffray, member, Board of Advis- events in the annual programs of the ors, gives a little of the history of women's large national organizations.

the Institution: "A site of 500 acres It may not be amiss to quote the rea- was selected by a joint commission sons stated for calling the first con- consisting of the Attorney General, ference and the aims.

the Secretary of Labor and the Sec- The futility of war as a means of setretary of the Interior. Experts were tling difficulties between nations becomes

1929J WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN

increasingly apparent as science is to new ways of life in international demonstrating the danger of destroying relations. Even after practical measour civilization by the character of mod- ures are agreed upon for organizing ern warfare. the life of the world, this machinery will break down unless men and wom- The women's organizations of this en are trained to meet changing circountry which have been working, cumstances with poise of spirit and through their respective programs, for ability to act intelligently. To this an ordered human society, feel deeply end the Conference believes that we their responsibility in this realm of war must (1) create certain attitudes of and peace. mind, (2) develop intelligent under- standing between racial and national They believe it is time for their or- groups, and (3) discover ways of ganizations to unite in taking steps to education by which individuals can be study the causes and cures of war. trained to take an effective part in the new world. The Conference aims to given an unbiased presentation of accurate data "Every child should be equipped to which will insure more effective pro- perform his part in a social structure grams of work. It also hopes to find which has a world basis. The home, common points of interest which may the library, the school and the church serve as a basis for a more concerted should be effective means to this end. effort on the part of the participating Communities and organizations should set up programs of adult education organi~ations. which should be based upon accurate facts about world situations and lead At that first Conference the com- to adequate education for political ponent members were urged "to under- citizenship in world affairs." take unprejudiced and continuous study of the psychological, political, The effective and far-reaching work economic and social causes of war, and of the National Committee which was to stimulate in every practical man- then formed is well known. In the Recommended Program adopted in ner the development of scientific re- February, 1926, for organizations cosearch in this field in our higher in- operating in the National Committee stitutions of learning and the popular we find the following: "We firmly be- lieve that the abolition of war and the teaching as to the causes of war based substitution of peaceful methods for upon ascertained facts." That Con- settling international disputes is an ference called upon "the people of the obligation upon this generation." United States to unite to break down national and racial prejudices and One is tempted to quote from subfears, and to build up a spirit of sequent Conferences, but instead let friendship and trust among the peo- us jump down to the present, nearly ples of the world." three years later. Before this is printed, the Senate may have ratified The vision of the delegates and the the Pact of Paris which has as object, wide scope of the discussions is evi- as some one has stated it, "the educadenced by resolutions favoring "work tion of the world to think in terms of for the outlawry of war," the "pro- peace rather than war." Ever since gressive codification of international the Briand-Kellogg negotiations looklaw," the "multiplying of such arbitra- ing to the elimination of war began, tion treaties as contribute to interna- the women have been hard at work tional conciliation," the "sharing by expressing approval through resoluthe United States in movements look- tions at all sorts of meetings, resoluing toward reduction of armaments," tions which have had to be progres- "International Conferences on world sively revised in the light of the steps taken in international relations. The resources, the distribution of materials, and the establishment of commercial and industrial codes, and the utilization of existing agencies for international cooperation in the economic field."

The Conference stated: "If we are to have a world in which war between nations will be outlawed, we mus~ have a program of education, adapted

August issue of the BULLETIN was, as and Mrs. International Public Opinion you doubtless recollect, largely devoted and Great Britain, France, Germany, to this movement. By the time this Italy, Japan, and the United States as issue goes to press State Conferences participants. designed to make articulate the cumulative sentiment of organized women Women who can attend and who on Senate ratification of the Paris have not yet been appointed as dele- Past will have been held in at least gates, are urged to send word imforty-one states. mediately to their denominational headquarters which will in turn com- And now you want to know the pro- municate with the Council. gram for the National Conference to be held in January. Monday after- FLORENCE E. QUINLAN. noon, January 14th, there will be a conference especially for those who WORLD DAY OF PRAYER have been following the reading prescribed, the Conference proper open- February 15, 1929 ing that evening with a banquet, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt presiding, ad- Have the plans been made for the dressed by a representative of the observance of the World Day of State Department and Dr. Harry Prayer in your community? If not, Emerson Fosdick on the Interpreta- would it not be well to call the women tion of the Briand-Kellogg Treaty by leaders together immediately and Governments and by the peoples of make all arrangements? You surely the Nations. The sessions will con- do not want to miss the inspiration of tinue through Thursday evening. joining in intercession on the same There will be addresses and discus- day with women all around the globe. sions on such topics as "What are the Real Obstacles to International Re- Have you secured supply and begun duction of Armaments?" "What are using the "Call to Prayer" card the Obstacles to be Removed before (free), seals (25 cents per 100) and the Nations can feel Secure against poster (10 cents)? And how about the War?" "Is Perpetual World Peace program, "That They All May Be Possible? If so, How May It Be One," ($1.75 per 100) and the Re- Achieved?" "How far do Foreign In- treat, "Toward Power in Service," (10 vestments and their Collection become cents)-have you gotten these, too? Sources of International Irritation?" All materials may be obtained from "Freedom of the Seas," "Is there a any of the women's denominational Menace to World Peace in Big Navies, mission board headquarters. It is adin the present Airplane activity, in visable to order early. War Chemistry, in War Publicity?" "Bases of Rapprochement Between A PRAYER FOR UNITY the War Establishment and Peace Advocates," "Does the Monroe Doctrine o God, who hast made of one blood Operate to Secure Friendly Confidence of Neighbor Nations or to Arouse all the nations of mankind, so that all Suspicion and Talk of War?" "The are children and members one of an- Changed Attitude of Peace vs. War." other, how is it that we are so slow to trace the family likeness, so reluc- One afternoon there is to be "An tant to claim our common kinship? International Conversation" on this We pray Thee, 0 God, to make the topic, "Despite the Paris Treaty Re- peoples one …. nouncing War among the Signatories, Why do the Nations still Maintain We pray that since man's need is their War Establishments – Army, one, we all may find the one way to Navy, Submarines, Airplanes, Big Thee, the one God. Forbid that in Guns, Tanks, Poison Gas?"-with Mr. our highest things we should find fel- lowship impossible. May the spirit of Christ break down all barriers and answer the desire of all nations. Amen!-W. E. ORCHARD, in "The Temple: A Book of Prayer."

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION

EDITED BY ELLA D. MACLAURIN, 419 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK PURPOSES AND POSSIBILITIES It would be profitable to examine a FOR YOUTH IN THE FOR- few of the purposes that have led rep- EIGN MISSION MOVEMENT resentatives from Europe and Amer- To undertake to criticize the pur- ica to establish themselves in the Far poses involved in the missionary East, in Africa and in South America. project of the present day is not an The motive of the first adventurers easy task, and, having completed such was in part exploitation. The pages a criticism, to estimate the possibili- of history of Western countries durties of such a project is still more pre- ing the past century are full of tales sumptuous for one who has been a of men who have gone into these lands part of the missionary movement for for personal or national gain. Nor so short a time. The subject for this can the West point with pride to the two-fold study we should state as fol- history of their military relations with lows: until we examine the purpose these countries, whose land has been which must motivate mission work wrested from them, whose native we cannot esti'mate the possibilities of products have been seized without adethat work. It is with a sense of quate compensation. We hold no brief greatest inadequacy, and with poign- for or against Western business, but ant memories of our many failures we do not have to investigate very far through four years of service, that we into the history of the last hundred years before we discover that business approach this task. Teachers and writers on ethics are enterprises established by the West in divided on the question of what con- the Far East and in Africa have not stitutes moral conduct. One school been unmitigated blessings. One of holds that moral conduct is to be meas- the arguments attributed by some for ured by its results; that that is good supporting foreign missions was that which makes for the greatest happi- where the church goes, business folness of the greatest number. Another lows. school of which Kant is the great A second motive that may have leader, declares that no conduct is to pI;ompted some to enter these countries be judged as moral except that which lies in the wish to impress Western is prompted by a moral motive; that culture, Western civilization, Western the good will is to be the only criterion standards upon them. Putting aside of moral action. It is significant that the question of the presumptuousness the people in so-called non-Christian of such a policy, we find it never meets lands, like the people of every race with success, it has often ended in and every country, are saying that tragedy, and it has always resulted in they care not at all for what is done dissatisfaction and unhappiness for all for them by our church and our state concerned.

unless these acts spring from proper A third motive, more common to the motives. As one lives among the peo- missionary body itself, is that of min- ple of China, for instance, speaking a istering to an "inferior, heathen"

strange tongue, the product of a dif- people. Altruistic efforts often result ferent kind of civilization, he is in something of the sort! Is it not struck by the fact that there is no de- natural when a man finds himself ceiving these people, that' they are prompted by a kindly motive to help alert in detecting unworthy, ulterior some one, that he should feel himself motives, although these motives be superior to the one he helps? It is camouflaged by "good works." easy to forget that we receive from 59

those we help often quite as much as finest and best of their native culture. we give to them. There is no richer opportunity in our American college life than this oppor- The only purpose that should mo- tunity of knowing the student who tivate anyone to help another under comes from another land, yet it is true any circumstances is sheer respect and that hundreds of these students are love for those whom we would help lonely, homesick and discouraged for and this is the only purpose acceptable lack of friends. Here is a crucial test, to the people to whom the missionary' for if we cannot enjoy these students goes. The motives of exploitation, of in our own land, it is safe to say that extending our civilization and culture, it will be far more difficult to appreor of pity for an "inferior" people are ciate their people in another country, unworthy motives. Only as we make under less advantageous conditions. foreign missions, like all life, an opportunity for sharing, can we be of The question of purpose leads, then, any use in the days to' come. A splen- inevitably to the question of preparadid young Chinese woman spoke be- tion. That preparation is to be obfore the Northern Baptist Convention jective as well as subjective-objective in 1928 and sounded there the note in that there must be a thorough that seems to be the true one. She knowledge of the people to whom one said, "These native churches of China, is to go: their customs, traditions, Japan and, other countries are no religions, and culture-subjective, in longer content to follow the older, that the preparation must include mother church of the West. They rigorous physical, mental and spiritual want to walk abreast of her, not be- training of the missionary candidate hind her!" If the young missionary himself. Mission work requires a going out to the Orient and to other sound body, a strong and well-develcountries will be content not to lead, oped mind, and a disciplined spirit. but to walk abreast of his fellows It requires mental and spiritual poise there, and often to follow after them, through twenty-four hours of every he will have the truest sort of happi- day. First class work can be done only ness, and be the only sort of mission- by first class people. There is no hope ary who has a right to go in this for the mission enterprise unless such present day. Jesus called his dis- people as these are sent out. If we are ciples not "servants" but "friends." satisfied to send out less than our best, We must take that same attitude today we may be assured that China, Japan, and carry it into the practice of our Africa will not be so satisfied. lives. After four years of attempting, with many failures, to do this, we And even the best prepared find found that the greatest honor that themselves woefully inadequate. We could come to us was the honor of be- understand more and more why Jesus ing called, sometimes, a friend. was in preparation for His work for thirty years. The reason is not only "But," you say, "how can I love and that the task is so great; it is also respect a people whom I do not yet that we find so many characteristics know?" And the answer, obviously, that are fine and true and Christ-like is that we must study them, their lit- among the people themselves, that we erature, their religions, their phi- are ashamed. Noone can spend four losophy, their customs, their history. years in China, for instance, without More important still, is the study we feeling that he has been given pricemust make of the representatives of less gifts by those people, that he has those peoples who come to our own been given far more than he ever gave; country. There is scarcely a college not because the gospel of Jesus Christ or university of any note today which is a small thing, but because it is too does not have its foreign students. big for him and he has failed so These students are a selected group, often to represent it. One is impressed as a rule, and they embody what is with the courtesy of the Chinese, with

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN

their courage, their patience, their mission field; there is no more diffideep capacity for spiritual experience, cult work, nor work which brings so their self-sacrificing lives. One is very many overwhelming compensations. humble in the face of all this, realizing more and more that the church of You ask, "What are my possibilities the future is to be not the church of as a foreign missionary?" The answer America or England, with their is, "They are only as great and as "branches" in other lands, but a good as you yourself are great and Church Universal, in which all people good-no more, no less." The mission and all races will have equal shares, boards ask, "What are the possibilities to which each people, each race will for our work in foreign lands?" The make its characteristic contribution. answer is, "There are none if we send Such a Church will have no masters out men and women, poorly trained, and no servants, but only friends. with inadequate knowledge and appre- ciation of the people to whom they go, What are the possibilities for youth with only the motive of pity to prompt in the missionary movement? They them, or a desire to inflict our civilizaare as many and as great as there are tion on an intelligent but resentful young men and young women trained people. But there are as many possifor their task, setting out with and bilities of assisting in the immortal preserving the only purpose which task of building the true Church of can enter into any Christian enter- Christ which shall be the Church Uniprise-love for a common God; love versal, as there are men and women and respect for a great people. with the training and purpose and the attitude which make such an enter- It is important to stress the "preser- prise possible." The foreign mission vation" of the original motive, for in enterprise can be small and mean and the stress of years of work, under the unworthy of Jesus Christ-an enterpressure of others who do not share prise confined to committee actions, the same view, motives sometimes erection of buildings, institutionalism change, and once bright purposes grow -or it can be made as vital, real and dull. No rules can be laid down for lasting as the work of the First Mismissionary practices, for every day sionary. and every situation is different from the last; but theory and practice can- Our purpose as Christians is the esnot be separated; love demands that tablishing of the Kingdom of God on it be made praticaI. One finds him- earth. For those who have the vision self equal to his task only as he has a and the courage and the strength, deep humility, an abiding purpose. there is no more stirring adventure, no greater opportunity. It is impossible to speak of the work of "the mission." Nothing is MILDRED WELCH. accomplished unless by the individuals who compose "the mission." Institu- Chengtu, China. tions are hollow shells, and organizations have no meaning except as they Of far greater service than any are vitalized and made real by indi- array of learning or gifts of eloviduals. One finds he cannot hide be- quence, more to be desired than hind the skirts of his mission, because, gold and fine gold, more to be after all, there are no skirts, and the sought than a great name, or aporganization is a skeleton that crum- parent opportunities for large usebles when one touches it. As a mis- fulness, of deeper significance than sion body we are no other than the high intellectual attainment, or individual! who compose it; "boards," power of popular influence, is this "missions," "denominations," count gift-may God give it to each one for little; we are known by our own of us I-the secret and sweetness of lives alone. There is no more severe unceasing, prevailing ti-iumphant test of character than serving on the prayer for the coming of the King- dom of the Lord Jesus Christ.

ROBERT E. SPEER.

BY PROF. HARLAN P. BEACH, D.D., Madison, N. J

GENERAL day, January 10, 1929, as a day of prayer for the missionary enterprise Foreign Missions Conference at abroad. It is urged that each Board plan to hold a prayer meeting on that Detroit day either at its own Board rooms or in conjunction with any other 1'HE next meeting of the Foreign Boards that have headquarters in the Missions Conference, will be held same city. The Service of Prayer January 15th to 18th, at Detroit, which was prepared last year by Dr. Michigan. This represents a distinct Patton is available for use and can be departure from former years. This supplied by the Committee of Referarrangement is made partly to provide ence and Council, 419 Fourth Avenue, for mission board representatives in New York City. western parts of the country and partly "to provide a place of meeting New Reasons for Prayer in which entertainment can be secured for all delegates without discrimina- I N DR. JOHN R. MOTT'S last offition on account of race." cial call to the Young Men's Chris- tian Associations for United Prayer, The Committee on Arrangements (Nov. 11th to 17th), he says: for the conference are endeavoring to arrange so that those who attend will The present year has opened new derive the largest possible benefit doors before the Associations and the from the meeting of the International churches and set old ones further Missionary Council in Jerusalem. At ajar. The swift change in China fav- Detroit, plans will be made for a dis- orable to the Christian forces, the cussion of some of the major topics Jerusalem Missionary Conference of by the whole conference, and for the the leaders of both the sending and other subjects sectional groups will the receiving churches of the world, be formed so that those who have the ripeness spiritually of Latin studied these problems can bring the America's spiritual leadership, the benefit of their experience and sug- full mutual understandings enjoyed in gestions. It is hoped that the group working relations with the Eastern may come to share something of the Orthodox Churches-to mention only same vision and unanimity of expres- a few great features of progresssion that resulted at the Jerusalem have greatly increased the Associameeting. With the light of the find- tion's opportunity for service. Here ings of the Jerusalem meeting point- at the base, confronted with increasing the way for a larger recognition ing opportunities and responsibilities of responsibility in the missionary both at home and abroad, as a moveenterprise this step should prove of ment we seem at times beset by a kind real advantage to every Board which of helplessness and confusion that utilizes it. holds us back. Difficulties thou~h great in themselves seem magnified out of Day of Prayer for Missions their true proportion, and we are prone to let them become stumbling T HE Committee of Reference and blocks rather than stepping stones Counsel at its meeting September 27th, voted to invite the Boards and Churches to especially observe Thurs- 62

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

leading to higher attainment and ever units in Europe and in India. To greater achievement. Shall we not North America was assigned coopera- run afresh to Jesus with the desire tion with all the other units of the that will not be denied, to learn from Association throughout the world. A Him how to pray so that we may rise total budget of approximately $100,- out of blindness and weakness into 000 was approved, $70,000 to be clarity of vision and to renewed pur- raised and expended by the North pose and power to do the will of God. American section, and $30,000.00 by Missionary Hymn Prize the British section. Not less than 90 per cent of income from trust funds T HE Hymn Society, a national or- is to be used in carrying forward the ganization of hymn writers, com- work on the missioary fields. posers and hymn book editors, announces through Dr. Milton S. It was voted at Los Angeles to Littlefield, President, a prize of $100 change the name of the organization for the best hymn written voicing the to World Sunday School Council of spirit and purpose of the missionary Christian Education. All the differenterprise of today. The manuscript ent units will come together at the must be submitted to the Society on next great World Convention to be or before Feb. 1, 1929. When the win- held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1932.

ning hymn wprds have been selected, NORTH AMERICA a similar prize will be offered for the best musical setting. All manuscripts National Home Missions Congress are to be submitted to Dr. Franklin A. Gaylord, 47 Englewood Avenue, I N DECEMBER, 1930, a National Englewood, N. J. Home Missions Congress is to be called by the Home Missions Council, the Federal Council of the Churches Sunday School Progress of Christ in America and the Council of Women for Home Missions. T'HE SUNDAY SCHOOL TIMES of November 3rd, reports total Its purpose will be to make a critstatistics of Sunday schools of the ical and constructive study of the world, given at the Los Angeles con- home missionary need, the responsivention, as follows: Schools, 356,146; bilities and methods of approach to officers and teachers, 3,603,517; pupils, the task in the new day into which we 29,411,435; total enrollment, 33,014,- have come, and to work out more up- 952. This is an increase over the to-date and statesmanlike policies, figures of the previous Glasgow Con- programs and plans of organization vention of 9,145 schools and in enroll- for winning America to Jesus Christ.

ment of 337,341. In connection with the coming An- At the World's Convention held in nual Conference of Home Mission Glasgow, Scotland, in 1924, the Asso- Boards at Atlantic City (January 8th ciation became a federation of na- to lOth) the four commissions prepar- tional and international units on a ing for the congress will hold a pre- world basis, governed by an execu- paratory meeting.

tive committee elected by these units. The recent government census of Of the thirty-five nations federated 1926 reports 131,673 Protestant in the World's Association, the North churches connected with the Boards American unit and the British units included in the Home Missions Coun- contribute to the work in other fields. cil. Of these 33,540 are city churches At a meeting of the Executive Com- and 98,133 are in rural communities.

mittee held in Heystsur-Mere, Bel- Their total expenditures for one year gium, in June, 1927, the missionary were $427,556,885 of which $90,199,- fields were divided between these two 501 were for missions and benevolence.

sections. To the British section was These figures do not include the assigned cooperation with the national churches of the Southern Baptist Con-

vention and a few smaller denomina- Christian Federation will convene. tional bodies. The largest total gifts After ten or twelve weeks spent in to benevolences and missions are re- India in the study of present-day mis- ported from the Methodist Episcopal sionary work, Malaysia and the Phil- ($20,462,262) and the Presbyterian ippine Islands will be visited en route Church, U. S. A. ($15,299,496). The to the Far East, where the National largest membership is shown by the Christian Councils meet in the spring Methodist Episcopal Church (4,080,- of 1929. Dr. Mott ~.xpects to retum 777), the Methodist Episcopal Church, to New York in June to complete the South (2,487,694), the Presbyterian preparations for the meeting of the Church, U. S. A. (1,894,030), the Committee of the Council in Williams- Protestant Episcopal (1,859,086) and town, Massachusetts, in July. The the Disciples (1,377,595). The United counsel and the continued intercession Lutheran Church reports 1,213,944 of all who are interested in the world- members. wide expansion of Christianity are earnestly desired that this journey of In ten years the number of churches the Chairman of the International in this Evangelical group has de- Missionary Council· may be greatly creased 80/0, from 142,818 to 135,736, blessed of God to the strengthening but the membership has grown nearly of all missionary work. 20'/0, from 18,738,225 to 22,037,024. The total Evangelical Church member- Buffalo Mi.osionary Conference ship in the United States is over twenty-eight million. A MISSIONARY CONFERENCE met in Buffalo, (November 8th Dr. John R. Mott, Around the World to 11th) to discuss and further the objectives of "Missions – Peace- AT THE Jerusalem Meeting of the Brotherhood." The Buffalo ministers . .t. International Missionary Council invited the cooperation of fourteen for- eign mission boards through the For- Dr. John R. Mott was unanimously eign Missions Conference of North reelected as Chairman of the Council, America and it is estimated that a and the request was renewed that he total of 150,000 attended the twelve devote his chief attention to the re- interdenomina.tional meetings at sponsibilities of that office, in order which Dr. E. Stanley Jones of India, that he might give all his powers to Dr. F. W. Norwood of London, Bishop the execution of the far-reaching and Thomas of Brazil, Dr. Robert E. urgent plans adopted by the Council. Speer, Kirby Page and Dr. Charles Dr. Mott has accepted this call, and, Gilkey, spoke most effectively. De- in order to do justice to these new nominational gatherings also met in requiremnets, has laid down his re- ten groups. An audience of about 1,- sponsibilities with the National Coun- 200 was addressed by Dr. Jones upon cil of the Young Men's Christian Asso- "What youth Can Offer to the World," ciations of the United States of and Dr. Gilkey on "What Christ Of- America and with the World's Student fers to American Youth." To insure Christian Federation. permanent results, the local committee has planned for special teacher train- Dr. Mott left in October upon an- ing instruction in missionary educa- other journey to the mission fields in tion. Asia. As Chairman of the Inter- national Missionary Council, he will Protestant Episcopal Convention attend the next meetings of the Na- tional Christian Councils of India, ONE of the spectacular features of Burma and Ceylon, of China, and of the recent Episcopal General Con- Japan. He has gone first to India, vention occurred at the large Wash- where an enlarged meeting of that ington Auditorium, when after a Council was held in Madras in the last colorful procession of woman mission- week of December. Just preceeding that meeting, the World's Student

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

aries from various fields, their pres- en. The spiritual note struck in entation by Secretary Wood, and ad- prayer and program was as earnest dresses of Bishop Freeman and Dr. of what has come to the Board by Sturgis, a united thank-offering of these joint meetings. The unusual $1,101,450.40 for the triennium was manifestation of the prayer spirit and announced by the women of the habit, probably owes most, however, church. In addition to this munificent to Dr. Stanley Jones of India, loaned gift, other gifts for missions by vari- by the Methodists, who said early in ous groups in the church amounted the meeting that he regretted to find to almost $800,000. Even more strik- in America a "ministry unwilling to ing was the Lenten offerings of the pray.:' children during the Triennium of $1,600,000. Growth of Negro HarleDl Commission on Christian Morality T HE New York Urban League re- ports in World Wide News, that AT THE recent Protestant Episcopal the Negro population of New York is now 259,800, of whom 170,000 live in .t. Convention at Washington unity Harlem and 40,000 in Brooklyn. The rest are scattered in various sections was often mentioned and was empha- of the city. Intensive studies of sized in the pastoral letter of .the sample blocks in Harlem show that the House of Bishops, as the crowning act weekly income of the heads of famof the convention. The only thing the ilies is $19.75, and that the average convention did was to appoint a com- monthly rental is $41.14. "The plight mission of three bishops, three pres- of the Negro laborer," the report says, byters and three laymen to confer "is still one of the tragedies of our with representatives of the Methodist social economic system. He is forced and Presbyterian churches eNorth to work at unskilled jobs, irrespective and South) on "Christian Morality." of his training, often at a lower wage, The resolution was introduced by and usually paying more for a place Bishop Brent of the diocese of West- in which to live and rear his children ern New York, the great advocate of than white laborers." The value of unity. The original term used was making these figures known is demon- "Moral Theology," but as no one strated by the fact that these findings seemed to know that particular brand have already been used as a basis of of theology, it was changed to "Chris- wage readjustments for Negro worktian Morality." Bishop Brent's idea ers in two large institutions. seems to be that we must first talk about things which we all desire, and The Indians in America then action will follow. H OW great a number of Red Men Women in an Annual Board Meeting American churches should care for is suggested in an item in The AT THE ANNUAL MEETING of Christian Observer of the Southern Presbyterian Church, which says: .t. the American Board in October, "There are over 300,000 Indians in the United States, the majority of the most unique feature was the pres- them being located in the Western ence and importance of the women States, although some thousands are delegates. The Woman's Board and to be found in North Carolina and the parent Board having united forces, hundreds in Maine, New York, Misthis was the first gathering that they sissippi and Florida. Oklahoma has have participated in to any extent. more Indians than any other state– The program was planned and devised over 100,000, while Arizona ranks by them jointly with the men; the second with 42,000. In all there are addresses of the women were as im- 217 tribes and bands, the distinction portant as those of the men; and the atmosphere charged with that beauty of worship and power of devotion, was the peculiar contribution of the wom- S

between a tribe and a band of Indians evangelicals of the Protestant faith. being often loosely drawn." An even The Protestant Church surely cannot greater responsibility is seen in a say that one per cent of such a mass statement of the Commissioner of In- is its sole responsibility, and withdian Affairs, which gives 354,940 as draw missionaries or feebly support the total in 1927. Missions there.

Chinese Baptisms in Berkeley Leprosy in Porto Rico AFTER years of Chinese exclusion, ASTRONG appeal has come from the Evangelical Seminary, Rio 1' it is not often that the baptism Piedras, Porto Rico, for help in min- istering to sufferers from two dreaded of as many Chinese can be recorded scourges that are attacking the is- as in the First Baptist Church in landers. Out of a population of 1,400,- Berkeley, California. There were 000 there are 60,000 active cases of twenty-one boys from the Chung Mei tuberculosis and many lepers. The Home, a remarkable Christian institu- government maintains a sanitorium tion for Orientals, where, amid sur- for tubercular patients and an isolaroundings that are morally clean and tion camp for lepers, but it is left to uplifting, they are trained for higher the Evangelical Churches to care for manhood and Christian living. Though their spiritual needs. An interdenomin that school all the normal instincts inational committee of the Evangelical of boy life, such as baseball and other Union has been formed to employ a games, are ministered to, they are pastor and supervise the work. Now also taught to relate themselves to a pastor has been secured, but the American life in the public day schools committee needs at least $1,800 a of Berkeley, and the first Baptist Sun- year to finance the enterprise. The day-school. They told of their Chris- recent hurricane disaster so crippled tian experience in unqualified terms, the churches that they will be unable and expect when they have come to to give as much as usual this year. maturity, to return to Chinese colonies Your contributions may be sent to C. and give a good account of themselves. Manly Morton, Treas., Evangelical Seminary, Rio Piedras, Porto Rico. LATIN AMERICA Endeavorers in Gnatemala Mexico's Beliefs I N THIS Central American Republic ONE of the prominent Evangelical Christian Endeavorers are doing leaders at an Institute recently varied work, one of which was to clean held in Mexico City, analyzed the Re- the church building of the Presbypublic's popUlation as to their dom- terian mission. Here is the way they inant beliefs. The percentages, but did it, says Eleanor Morrison: not his actual numbers, are here given. Ten per cent of the entire population "A year ago ten or twelve met to of the more than thirteen millions are do this task, but this time there were pagans; fifty per cent are nominal twenty-six gathered. Brooms, cloths, Catholics; five per cent are intelligent soap and a ladder were brought in and Roman Catholics; ten per cent are such a jolly time as all had! To see workmen who seek to find a satisfying those young men climb up and down, truth; four per cent are intellectuals dusting the ceiling and high parts of who are seeking peace and guidance the doors and windows, and the girls for their lives; seven per cent are washing windows and the benches, indifferent, having no faith in Ca- was a sight to cheer all. The church tholicism and caring for no religion; was left all clean and shining, too nine per cent are unclassified as hav- much so as far as the benches were ing not yet been reached; four per concerned; for some had had paint cent are intellectuals of the upper and lost it, while others had not had classes, free thinkers who refuse any religious faith; and one per cent are

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

any finish. We gathered together a men, on their backs. The bulk of the pile of old newspapers and sold them population are Peruvians. They have to start a fund to get some paint. At Inca Indian and Spanish blood in their noon all assembled in the reading room veins, but call themselves white folk. to enjoy a simple tamale dinner, de- We are welcomed to their homes, and claring the day a happy one and one my delight is to sit on their bed of well spent. Christian Endeavorers in boards or stocks, or on a time-honored other small mission churches may well store box in their doorways, and exfollow this good example from Central plain the Bible at their request. America." "Sin makes the living conditions Evangelism in Chile very sad here. There are so few homes where the parents are married THE Latin American Evangelistic and the father supports the family. Campaign was working in October The children are mostly cared for in Chile. Its chief speaker was Rev. from the earnings of the mother. The Harry Strachan, who has done such women earn forty cents a day at the successful work in twenty-two Latin most. There are slaves at Iquitos. American countries. The Latin Amer- Up to this time, river traders bring ican Evangelist tells of his meetings in Indian slave children here to be Talca, and elsewhere in cooperation bought and reared as servants in with Evangelical churches, the Y. M. homes." C. A. and Salvation Army. In Talca the ample theater was filled, and dur- EUROPE ing the nights of revival, thousands of people listened with attention and A Modern Counter Reformation joy. The power of God was manifest in the message and in the reception HENRY STRONG HUNTINGTON, by the audience. While the addresses in a recent issue of The Christian of Dr. Stanley Jones have appealed to Century, surveys the present condition Latin American intellectuals, this in the Roman Catholic countries of more popular and evangelistic preach- Europe. He shows that on the whole ing is needed and Mr. Strachan ex- the Church of Rome is waging an acpects to continue his work in Chile for tive battle, winning here and there but some months. on the whole internally, if not ex- ternally, is apparently losing more At Iquitos, Peru than she wins. He also tells us of new Catholic activities that are inter- THE Inland South American Union esting. Thus the success of the Y. labors far away from the coast. M. C. A. has called into the field the Miss O. E. Roberts says of her work: Knights of Columbus; and from the "Services in Iquito consist of Sunday- same inspiration a noble Polish Jesuit, school and Friday night service for twenty years ago, started in Cracow our children, of whom we have more a local work which has aided more than 100 regularly. Then Wednesday than five thousand boys and young and Sunday evenings there is service men. For young people farther up the for the big folk. We are working not social scale, the church has organized only among Indians; we are in a various student clubs. In Germany thriving modern city with every class and elsewhere a special lay order of of folk, from the Jewish business men and women of high social standmen, Chinese keepers of dry goods ing concerns itself with the welfare of and grocery stores, Japanese barbers, young people in the universities. and German importers, to the raw In- Members of the order invite Protesdian tribesmen who is here as a slave tant students into their homes and in houses, or roams the streets in converse with them with an engaging rags with a permit to be a carrier of tolerance, thus winning a few to the trunks, firewood and beds and sick church.

As previously noted in the REVIEW, is developing. Near the workers'

European Catholics are giving new colony of the Moscow-Narwski district recognition to the Scriptures. Thus in Leningrad, a large hospital has Father Jerome, head of the great been erected. The anti-religious prop- Franciscan Church in Florence, has aganda has many failures to recora said: "The Catholic Church owes a for in the workers' clubs and canteens debt of gratitude to Protestantism for there is scarcely any indication of suc- the interest now being shown in the cessful anti-religious activity. In Bible. The Protestant Bible societies spite of this manifest public feeling, pointed the way where the Catholic the rulers leave nothing undone in Church is now reaping a harvest." carrying on this fight.

In Spain the Church has set apart twenty priests to become experts in Catholic Congress in Wurburg T the study and presentation of the HE Fifth Academic Missions Con· Bible. Even in Catholicism's London gress was held at Wiirzburg in Cathedral, they sell copies of the Gos- September. While international in pels and the Acts. These are examples scope, it is interesting to note that of the way in which this modern the non-German missions were only Counter Reformation is being carried slightly represented.· Among the sub- jects presented, the lecture by a Jesuit on. Father upon "The Nature of Protes- Russia's Religious Wave tant Missions" was especially inter- REPORTS come from Russia about esting from the ecumenical point of new attempts to suppress reli- view. The speaker pointed out the gion. A new law has been published, importance of the Jerusalem Mission- by which it is intended to limit by ary Conference and called attention to force even private worship. It forbids the alertness of Protestant mission every gathering or meeting of a re- work "according to the most modern ligious nature of women, children or English business way. Protestant young men. Religious libraries or mission work has a lay character; reading rooms are no longer to be therefore it lacks theological training.

maintained. All objects to be used in The result of this missionary work is religious worship are declared nation- a Christianity without dogma, and a al property, and may only remain in conscious worldly missionary dispo- the hands of religious communities in sition which will dig the grave of Prot- the form of a loan. All public worship estant missions.

in public squares-likewise all fes- "A survey of the 'World Apostolate tivals in hospitals and prisons-are of the Present Day' stated that the forbidden. In the latter they may only total Catholic missionary activity to- be practiced for those who are seri- day extends to 624 separate mission ously ill and who expressly ask for fields, with 13,000,000 of baptized ad- them. herents-of whom 10,000,000 are new The causes of these spasmodic ef- Christians, and 1,500,000 are cate- forts in the fight against religion are chumens."

well known. The Bolshevistic periodical, Investia, complains of the notable Athens College After Three Years T gr()wth of the religious communities HIS institution was established in and societies in large towns. Accord- 1925 by a Committee of Greeks and ing to this paper, the number of so- Americans residing in Athens. Soon cieties has grown to forty, and is daily after its opening the Government extending. Contact is made with the recognized and legalized its existence former lecturers and hearers of theo- and also granted it privileges never logical courses,and the reestablish- before enjoyed by a foreign or a pri· – thent of churches is making progress. vate school. In 1926 the regents of the The welfare work of the churches also State of New York granted it a char-

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

tel'. Dr. Dewing, a professor of Greek college. The student body is Egyp- at Bowdoin College and later Dean of tian, including Moslems, Jews, Copts, Robert College, Constantinople, is its Syrians, Armenians and Greeks. president. He is assisted by nine There are foreigners from neighbor- other Americans and twenty-four ing Levantine lands, 'They,' says Mr. Greeks. The enrolment last year was Crabites of the pupils, 'are not Amer- 120, with over 200 day students in ad- icans. But they learn to love the dition. While at the present infant United States. Children are remark- stage its work is like that of our ably astute. They recognize virtue; grammar and high schools, it will soon they detect sham. They know that no become the most prominent work of sordid, no ulterior, no hidden motive Americans and Greeks in the entire has inspired those who are looking country. Its support comes from the after their education. It has thus land in which it is located, but some come to pass that, while their un- 3,300 Americans have also contrib- formed vocal cords are being attuned uted. The religious side of education to the nasal twang, their receptive has not been neglected, and some of minds become impressed with an abidthe American professors are as in- ing confidence in the idealism of fluential as missionaries in strictly America." missionary colleges. Congo Jubilee Conference AFRICA T HIS fiftieth anniversary of the Ethiopia's Outstretched Hands beginning of Protestant Missions in the Congo (at Leopoldville, Sep- T HE psalmist's prophecy, "Ethiopia tember 16th to 24th) marks an epoch shall haste to stretch out her hands in the history of African Missions. unto God," is at last being fulfilled. Protestant Missionaries from Li- Already a number of references have beria, the Kameruns, and from been made to Dr. Lambie's pioneer ef- twenty-eight different missions workforts; but in addition, the secretary ing in the Congo itself were presof the Abyssinian Frontiers Mission ent, as well as delegates from sends the following facts: A year ago home societies in Sweden, Belgium, the pioneer party of nine missionaries France, Great Britain and the United sailed for Abyssinia, opening head- States. The Belgian colonial Governquarters at Addis Ababa. Two other ment was cordial and aided in several stations in Southern Abyssinia have ways, especially in transporting the been established recently; and in Oc- delegates. The rapid development of tober another company of seven rein- the Congo, due to discovery of probforcements sailed for the field, making ably the greatest copper deposits in sixteen missionaries who have gone the world, as well as of diamonds, out within a year. It is hoped that makes this part of Africa a critical at least two stations will be opened one for the coming years. The govsoon among other tribes. ernor of the district where the confer- ence assembled in a personal interview American Schools in Egypt said that they needed more mission- aries there and that help must come I N THE Nineteenth Century and at once. Aftej', Pierre Crabites writes of American schools in Egypt in order In the conference, plans were anto stimulate Britain to move in the nounced for cooperation of the missame beneficent direction: "The in- sions and the government in educafluence of the American schools is all- tion and medicine. The intense pervading. They dot the land from activity of the Congo Catholics, who one end to the other with an average are said to have on the field a force daily enrollment of some 20,000 pupils. of 3,000 missionaries, makes a Prot- Their curriculum begins with the estant advance all the more desirable, primary department and ends with the

as they have already used pressure bwe, Chibiliti, that is to say, 'a match.' against Protestant converts through They gave him this name because his beating and otherwise. The new na- teaching was so good, just like a good tive church, self-supporting and self- match. He had a little match within propagating, is already visible and him which burned up any bad thing. needs a better trained leadership. It When matches are in the box, they are is believed that this great conference, very cool; but if a man takes one out so able in its personnel and so un- and strikes it on the box, at once the afraid before its various problems fire comes out, and can burn up all will, through its findings and in- bad things; so the teaching of Mr. fluence, mark a new day for Christian Draper coming from a heart of meekmissions in Africa. The representa- ness, ruins the wicked thought among tives from Mission Boards in Amer- the people he teaches. He had no ica included Dr. P. H. J. Lerrigo, pride at all. Many Europeans are too Secretary of the American Baptist proud among the black people. With Foreign Mission Society; Mrs. H. E. his great love for us, he laid down Goodman and Dr. C. D. Bonsack, his life for us, even as Christ in this members of the Committee of Refer- world." ence and Counsel, representing the Women's Baptist Board and the Mission Schools in Cape Colony Church of the Brethren, respectively, and Dr. T. S. Donohugh of the Meth- THE SOUTH AFRICAN OUTLOOK odist Episcopal Board and Miss Esther quotes from official organs of the Case of the Methodist Episcopal Department of Education in Cape Church, South. Province, the following statements: Demoralized Diamond Diggers "All the native training schools in the Province were established and are THE Church Army evangelists, maintained by mission churches, and working among the diamond mines the Department has all along recogof South Africa, are subjected to nized their denominational character. great handicaps, especially in the In spite of this connection with Lichtenburg diggings. There are no Churches, it is gratifying to find that roads, no houses, the people live in tin students of the different denominashacks, no drainage, no sanitation, and tions go freely to schools controlled by all the water had to be brought by other Churches, without prejudice to motor transport and cost fourpence a their connection with their own …. gallon. The temptations of the whites, Further, all managers of mission as well as of the natives, are so great schools have the right to nominate that the area is one of the most de- teachers to their schools, and in exermoralized in the world. The Church cising this right, managers naturally Army works among the people, using prefer to nominate teachers able to five languages in song, and the give religious instruction according speaker preaching with two interpre- to the tenets of their respective ters for different languages, standing churches. In view of the importance one on each side. Recreation is a attached to religious instruction, the prominent part of their program, and Department freely recognizes this, there is great encouragement to go provided that the teachers nominated forward in their work. are otherwise qualified for their posts."

A "Match" Missionary in Africa THE NEAR EAST T HIS nickname given Mr. Draper, The Influence of One Bible is explained by The Chronicle of the London Missionary Society in a letter FORTY-FIVE years ago a Jew from a Negro of Kawimbe. stepped into a Bible house in Con- stantinople to purchase a Bible be- "They gave him a name in Kimam- cause he could secure both the Old

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

and New Testament a dollar cheaper ence," have been abolished. All forms than the Old Testament alone could of complimentary address are likewise be obtained for from the Jewish Pub- discarded, so that even the King and lication Society. Queen will be addressed simply as "My dear-." The Assembly refused He became interested in the New to raise the age of marriage for girls Testament and was led to accept to eighteen and for boys to twenty. Christ. His wife also became a Chris- The powers of the Mullahs, or relitian and they added to their line of gious leaders, has been reduced greatmerchandise a Volunteer Bible agency, ly. Natives must have preaching handling the Scriptures in thirty-three certificates, and foreigners will not be languages. allowed to serve."

Twenty-five years ago they move:l In a later Alliance Weekly, we read to the Far West and opened their bus- of the adoption of a national flag. iness as importers in San Fran- "The old flag which was black, has cisco. His ruling passion was to given place to one with three vertical preach Christ and distribute Bibles stripes, black, red and green. The among the Jews. King has explained that the black stands for the past when they were Two yean, ago he died, leaving hiB dependent and under foreign oppresentire proper.ty, except a life income sian; the red for the blood shed for for his wife, to the San Francisco independence; the green as a symbol Agency of the Bible Society, to be of their wealth and hopes for the spent in the distribution of the Bible future." among the Jews throughout the world. Eternity alone will reveal the extent INDIA of his work as a soul-winner.-Canadian Baptist. Revival Month Afghanistan Rapidly Advancing T HE Rev. S. W. Clemens, of the American Methodist Episcopal T HE November Current History re- Church (North), writes from Delhi of ports further progress in this the revival season which usually comes hermit kingdom. early in the year. "At noonday in the heat of the sun-in the morning A Turkish educational commission just after six and before our people recently visited Kabul with the object go to work to cut the grain or sweep of revising the curricula of primary the streets-at nighttime when the and high schools according to Turkish dogs howl and the jackals give their models. On October 6th, Bombay wit- human screams-and far into the nessed the departure from her harbor night-these are the times of our reof III Afghan students, including vival meetings in India. At these fifteen girls. They are going to Con- hours the harmonium and the flying stantinople first, but they will be in fingers of the drum-men keep the the West for a period of eleven years. great crowds still, and asking for The boys will receive military train- more. ing and the girls education in medicine and nursing. King Amanullah "Revival month in India comes in has continued to modernize Afghan- February and March, which is India's istan with great rapidity through his ideal weather. The revival has no own decrees and the resolutions of outstanding leader, but it is a call to the National Convention. Universal the thousands of humble preachers manhood suffrage has been introduced, and laymen to move forward in inand a National Assembly of 150 mem- tense effort to carry the Gospel to the bers is to be elected. Compulsory hearing of Hindus and Mohammedans. military service has been extended Statistics are usually called Jor telling from two years to three. All titles the number of meetings held, number ahd all ceremonial uniforms, with the of persons present, number of persons exception of the "Badge of Independ-

baptized, number of Scripture por- onlookers realize that they worship no tions sold, number of tracts d"istrib- idol, but the living God of glory, and uted, number of lay helpers assisting the Saviour of the world. Mr. Seaand amount received in offerings." mands in reporting it, says: "The More important than mere statistics Lord of all blessing so blessed me that is the fact that thousands in India the spring of my soul bubbles up with during that month, are abroad in the the memory of those days." Indian harvest field, and many souls are won. Revolt Against Child Marriage Indigenous Christian Method~ THE editor of the Dnyanodaya of Bombay writes of the growing in- T HE method here described is car- dignation of Indian womanhood ried on by Methodist "bhaktaru," against child marriage. He says: "One the Hindu name for "humble, hilari- of the most moving spectacles since ous devotees," and their sacred we came to India twenty years ago "jathra," "the place and occasion of has been to watch in recent months the meeting of crowds of those dev- the indignation of Indian womanhood otees for the purpose of worship," in as it has swept over India regarding Bidar, the station headquarters of the the crying wrong against Indian girls mission. The religious reason for this having to marry so early' in life. Reso- "jathra" is .that it affords an annual lutions almost numberless have been gathering of Christians from all parts sent to the Legislative Assembly by of the District "to worship their Sav- Indian women of all grades of society, iour, to fellowship in the Spirit, one ranging from Indian queens to the with another, to get into touch with humblest peasant women in the land, the workings of the Kingdom in its urging that Mr. Sarda's Bill be various sections, to receive added passed, legislating that marriage of Christian instruction in Christian Indian girls be prevented below the lines, and then to return w1th enthusi- age of fourteen and of boys below the asm to their villages and diffuse the age of eighteen. And one of the most new life among their neighbors." nauseating sights we have ever wit- nessed has been that provided by the There do not appear to be any re- resolutions proceeding from Orthodox maining elements of the old idolatry Brahmin priests objecting to this proin the festivities. The Christians are posed legislation." Quoting the Cenmainly from the "outcastes" whom sus figures in 1921, we read: "In 1921 Christ has set free, and why should there were in India 612 widows who they not be hilarious as they mingle were babes not over twelve months with so many delegates from a still old; 498 between one and two years; larger group of persons who have be- 1,285 between two and three, with come free, giving vent to their feel- 2,863 between three and four, and ings with music and dancing-reli- 6,758 between four and five, making a gious music and "dancing before the total of 12,016 widows under five Lord"? The Christians of each of the years of age. The number of widows large circuits form a procession led between five and ten years of age was by men who carry large banners to 85,580, and those between ten and fifwhich are attached ropes which are teen number 233,533. The total numheld at the lower end by men in May- ber of widows under ten was 97,596 pole fashion. Each circuit also has an and under fifteen was 331,793." orchestra of flute-like instruments and broad drums, and crowds of enthusi- Renunciation of Untouchability asts who sing in antiphonal harmony while they move in rhythmic fashion T HE Hindu Maha Sabha passed around their leader in the center, as seven resolutions in their eleventh their shouts of victory rise to heaven. session, in which they called for the It gives them great joy, and Hindu removal of untouchability by caste

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

holders. It is said that they were showing the practical ways in which passed by a unanimous vote of that each of these three religions could be body. It will be recalled that a large lived out in daily life and conduct. majority of Indians won by Protestant The leaders urged upon the students missions are from this class, and that closer fellowship with one another in despite their social disabilities, many the spirit of brotherhood, believing of them have been educated and pre- that under heaven they were all one pared for positions of influence in family. Questions such as these, state and church. Two of the reso- "What do you think contributes most lutions are quoted below. to character in the life of your school?" and "What are the moral 1. The Hindu Maha Sabha declares problems which you think the boys of that the so-called untouchables have your school find to be most difficult?" equal rights with other Hindus to study were discussed with much profit. At in public schools, to take water from the closing session Moslems, Hindus public wells and other sources of drink- and Christians came to the platform ing water, to sit with others in public and testified to the values of the conmeetings and to walk on public roads. ference. The Maha Sabha calls upon all Hindus to remove such restrictions as may be Burmese Gospel Teams existing anywhere at present in the way of the so-called untouchable Hindus ex- T HE Student Gospel Teams of Burercising these rights … ma are doing a splendid piece of evangelistic work. Rev. V. W. Dyer, 4. This Hindu Maha Sabha is of the under whose direction they go out, opinion that every Hindu to whatever reports that the year's totals are 300 caste he may belong, has equal social and baptisms, and the public confessions political rights. of 2,400 more, who earnestly desire to know more of the Christian way of The editor of The Indian Witness life.-Missions. adds this comment: "This is a notable declaration. It represents an ad- CHINA vance in thinking regarding the rights of the much-despised and oppressed "Acts" of a Chinese Christian untouchables that few people would have thought possible a few years T HIS Christian is Dr. C. T. Wang, ago. The resolutions will not all be of whom Thomas F. Millard, said made effective this year or next nor in a recent issue of the New York for many years to come.. .. But the Herald Tribune: fact remains that the most powerful organization in Hinduism has put on If one looks up his biography and record a unanimous vote in favor of condenses it. he is Wang Chi'mg-t'ing, according to the untouchables many age forty-siic, B.A., Ph.D., LL.D., Phi of the rights that Hinduism has de- Betta Kappa, etc.; educated in China, nied to them through the centuries." Japan, and at Yale and Michigan Uni- versities; sometime secretary of the "Inter-Religious Camp for Boys" Chinese Y. M. C. A. at Shanghai and later National Secretary; ardent re- SO READS the title of an article publican and early adherent of the in The Christian Patriot of India, revolution; member of China's first which describes a recent camp con- parliament and Vice President of the vened in Mandapam. It was held for Senate; member of the Kuoming three days and was attended by 123 Tang from that party's beginning; delegates. Nine were Mohammedan member of China's delegation at the boys, 36 were Hindus, 68 were Chris- Paris Peace Conference; negotiated tians, and there were other non-stu- for China the agreement whereby dent leaders making up the total. Japan evacuated Shantung Province; The morning sessions were devoted to at times Minister of Foreign Affairs Religious Study Groups upon topics at Peking and Acting Premier; Chief that were intimate discussions of Hindu, Moslem and Christian interest,

Chinese member of the international to religious instruction, the following China tariff conference; conducted decision of the Episcopal Church at negotiations with Soviet Russia and its recent Council in Washington, is signed preliminary treaty; Minister of Justice; Minister of Foreign Af- interesting. Part of it reads as folfairs in the National Government of China. lows: One hesitates to say how long "C. The National Council considers that T." will hold his present job. He the following are essential conditions f?r took office at a moment of crisis in the registration of schools supported m China's foreign relations, and es- whole or in part by the aid of the Church pecially with Japan. Conditions and in the United States, namely; circumstances may force him to retire before this article reaches New York. 4. That nothing in the regulations or Already the barrage to drive him from other requirements under which regisoffice, led by Japan's propaganda tration is to be effected shall: organs in China, is in full cry. If I know the man, he will retire rather (a) Forbid an open declaration of the than give up his ideals. Christian character and purpose of the school. Chinese Want Missionaries (b) Involve the surrender of the title T HE Chinese National Christian to or of the control of property. Council, at its recent meeting, held in October, expressed deep con- (c) Impair the authority of the Nacern over the uncertainty expressed tional Council, as trustees, through its in some minds as to the need for representatives in China, to appoint and foreign missionaries in China. The remove directors of the school, to deter- Council voiced the conviction that, mine its conduct, and to select its prinfor a long time to come, the help of cipal and faculty. missionaries will be required, in one part of China or another, for prac- (d) Impair the right of the school to tically every type of work. They teach the Christian religion and to proexpect the administrative responsi- vide Christian services as a regular part bilities to be increasingly carried by of the school life. Chinese, but desire the help of missionaries to meet the ever enlarging 5. Whenever the Bishop, as the repreneed for specially trained men and sentative in China of the trustees, finds women of deep consecration as the that all the foregoing conditions can be Church seeks to enter into new and fulfilled. the National Council of Advice, wider fields of service. There is a would be justified in registering the call today for a large offering of the school. finest young men and women of America to come in as fellow workers of Twelve Million Chinese Starving Chinese Christians in the common service of Christ in that land. In this T HE International Famine Relief new day for China, may the opportuni- Commission at its fourth annual ty be seen and accepted by many in meeting made a moving appeal to our the spirit of Christ who said, "I am among you as one that serveth." Red Cross organization, to the China Famine Relief Committee in New School Registration in China York and to other charitable societies asking for $12,000,000, and they also I N VIEW of the fact that on Janu- asked the Chinese public for an addi- ary 1st, all schools in China must register and declare their position as tional $8,000,000. This enormous demand was due to reports from pro- vincial governments, city and district magistrates, Marshals Fimg and Yen, which show that at least 5,000,000 are already starving, with practical cer- tainty that before spring comes the starving millions will reach twenty at least. The Moslem uprising in Kansu has made the situation still more alarming. In addition to the eating of grass, bark and roots, the frenzied poor are selling wives, girls and even boy babies. A missionary reports that in Southern Chihli, in one village and in one day twenty women and girls

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

were sold, the prices ranging from one Engineer Bennett Versus Dr. Lennox small sack of grain to $10. Honan, Shensi and Shantung are the provinces A RECENT issue of The Atlantic that are suffering the most at present, Monthly contained an article atthough nine others are in great need. tacking Protestant Missions in China. Already in the North snow has come, Its misstatements were so palpably and cold winds add to the cup of woe. untrue and unfair, that the periodical is said to have received some 200 pro- Persecution in Hunan tests. Of these the Monthly published one in October by Dr. Lennox of the T HE October issue of the Chinese Rockefeller Foundation's Medical Recorder contains a harrowing ac- School. We quote a few items from count of persecutions inflicted upon this letter as it appeared in The Con- Christians in this reddest of China's gregationalist; provinces. These are Presybterian losses almost wholly. "I am not willing to sit silent while All the Presbyterian property in Mr. Bennett damns the Protestant Chenchow was ruined, most of it being burned. Eight chapels in outlying missionaries who conceive it their stations were burned and a number of function to assist the thinking })ortion others looted.' Leiyang, a city of 30,- of the Chinese people in their troubled 000 inhabitants, was burned, not a transfer from the medieval to the roof being left on a single house. All modern world. One of Mr. Bennett's the twenty-seven families in the criticisms, that of luxurious living of church lost their property. Miss Tseng the Protestant missionaries, deserves Chen-lien, principal of Locke Academy comment. The principal reason why in Ch€mchow, was speared to death missionaries should not live as the by the Communists because she re- Chinese do, is that, if they did, they fused to join them. A few daring would not, many of them, live. If neighbors under cloak of darkness these persons would not share the gave her a decent burial. Mr. Tuan high morbidity and mortality rates Pi-an, a former evangelist, was in prevalent among the Chinese, they the employ of the Nationalist Army at must live in houses that can be kept Kueiyangchow. Because he refused to fairly clean and cool, which have join the Reds, he and his son were means for the proper disposal of sewkilled by them. At Hsiaoshuipu the age, and are screened. White })ersons Communists, failing to find Mr. Hu must, in addition, have vacations and a church member, killed his wife and means of relaxation. If a missionary son. They threatened also to kill every wishes to keep intellectually fit, he Christian who would not renounce the must have furlough periods for study. church. At Leiyang, the wife of an If economy be Mr. Bennett's plea, he elder, killed a year ago, was captured should know that preventable sickness and allowed to drown accidentally. and death among missionaries have Elder La of Chenchow died as the re- constituted a much greater waste of sult of the strains of constant threats. money than has the building of mod- The eighteen-year-old daughter of ern-style houses and of cottages at Elder Chen of Chenchow, was held in summer resorts." The force of Dr. captivity for two months. Teachers Lennox's reply is strengthened when and graduates of Locke Academy for we recall the excellent monograph girls, Chencnow, were "forced to which he published a few years ago marry" army officers. The sister of upon the health of missionaries, based an evangelist was executed on the U }) <) n prolonged investigations charge of being a Communist. A throughout the mISSiOnary body. preacher, a member of an evangelistic Other points in his reply prove as conband, was kiIled by the Communists. clusively as this that Mr. Bennett had no adequate knowledge as to the charges he made, and as little about

the Catholic missionaries whom he ing that after the soldiers retired lauds. again to private life, the habit would persist to the benefit of society. The JAPAN results were so surprising that other sections of the army followed his ex- New Emperor Crowned ample and it is believed that this object-lesson will set Japan on the As THE climax of more than a year prohibition highway. Already the of ceremonies His Majesty Hi- city of Sendai has taken up the move- rohito announced his accession to the ment, while another step forward is throne of Japan on November 10. seen in the rapid growth of the J ap- The coronation took place within the anese Intercollegiate Prohibition ancient Imperial palace at Kyoto. So League. perfect was the organization that the thrones of emperor and empress were Praying to the Gods and Finding God unveiled, the imperial rescript read, the premier's response made, and all WORKERS in a Japanese mission the ceremonies timed so that when hall came into contact with a the moment came at which the pre- case of feminine devotion to a dis- mier led the coronation guests in three solute husband. All that was base and shouts of Banzai. ("Ten Thousand immoral contributed to his wicked- Years" !) the same three shouts were ness. Sometimes as much as one hun- raised at the same moment by J ap- dred yen ($50) was squandered in anese all over the empire; and all riotous living in a single evening. The without the aid of radio! Newspaper wife finding this burden insufferable, comment has made much of the fact decided upon making a round of cer- that the Empress Nagako was en- tain temples in the hope of relief throned at the same time as her hus- from their deities. When this was un- band-an event not duplicated in the availing, she thought that some per- modern era of Japan's history. But sonal sacrifice might aid her prayers this was not the only sign of change. and worship; so she cut off her hair Hirohito came to the throne as the and offered it before the gods. Later one hundred and twenty-fourth em- she went to a temple, resolved to risk peror in the line of the reigning her own life. It was midwinter, but house. No other royal family can be- she stood in icy water for certain gin to compare its regal lineage with periods and poured the cold water this. Yet the new emperor differed over her head in the hope that she from all his one hundred and twenty- might atone for her husband. three imperial ancestors in this-that his training has included personal ob- When all these attempts to gain servation in many other parts of the favor of the gods were unavailing, world. Japan now has an emperor she resolved that she would wait until who has watched at first hand the a certain date, and then, if there were conduct of democratic monarchs of no sign of response, she would end Europe.-The Christian Century. the struggle by suicide. Up to this time she had only realized that her Japan's Army Going Dry husband was the sinner who needed divine help. But the night before the PTJSSYFOOT" Johnson informs us date when suicide was contemplated, that a temperance movement has she dropped into a mission hall. As gained an entrance to the Japanese she listened to the Gospel, she realized Army under the leadership of Lieu- for the first time that her own soul tenant General Ichiji Inouye. In needed salvation, and after furtheI' order to diminish many' petty crimes instruction she received Christ as her , and wrongs of camp life, he intro- Saviour. Going home she told her duced prohibition in his division, hop- husband her great discovery. In curi-

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

osity he followed her later to the hall, mountain pass to the government and contact with the living Christ, school. The teacher's salary and all who very evidently had changed his the other expenses are paid by the wife into a new woman, caused him farmer. During the early spring a also to see the light and he became class in sericulture for women from a Christian. near-by villages was held here.- Korean Broodcasts. KOREA ISLANDS OF THE SEA A Korean Seminary Revival North Queensland Aborigines APRESBYTERlAN source tells of a revival of the most helpful kind THE Aboriginal Mission is now in begun in ine Theological Seminary. the care of the Presbyterian work- The students became greatly burdened ers. Rev. N. Hey, of the Moravians, because of previous lack df earnestness formerly working for these aborigin preaching the Gospel. For two days ines, tells of the decay of these all classes were dropped and students tribes, and the attempt to check this and faculty gave themselves to earnest decay by bringing in half-castes and prayer, with the result that the stu- South Sea Islanders, with the result dents were filled with new consecra- that this decay has been lessened. Betion and zeal to testify to others. lieving that the Gospel is an even Following the revival, special meet- better remedy, Mr. Hey argues for the ings were conducted by the seminary training of a larger native force, saystudents in three of the city churches ing that "we Europeans are too exwhich resulted in many conversions pensive and can never hope to fully and in blessing the whole church in understand the native mind, and of Pyengyang. course they will never be able to fol- low our way of reasoning." A Korean Farlller's Christian Deeds Yet there are results of previous I NA tiny village tucked away in the work that can be mentioned. Socially mountains lived a well-to-do farmer the people thirty-seven years ago lived whose daughter had become insane. in camps like cattle. Now many live The father had heard that a revivalist in seperate little homesteads of their in a village not far away was able to own. Commercially the 'young men of cure the insane. He did not know any- twenty-five years ago were working thing about Christianity, but he took as fishers or manual laborers for ten his daughter over the mountains to shillings a month. Today train,ed the meeting. She was not cured, but Christian men earn as much as £7 a the father became so interested in the month. Twenty·five years ago no pro- Gospel that he stayed through the duce was for sale; now one station meetings and was converted. He re- produces over £500 worth in one year, turned to his home full of zeal for while one native farmer made £150 spreading the Good News. His family over and above what was consumed were all brought to Christ, and he was by his family. tireless in preaching to his neighbors and in persuading them to go to the Spiritual results are also mentioned nearest church. He decided that the by Mr. Hey. New light has been shed village must have a church, and there upon Bible teachings. The Mission being no other way, he built it with has shown afresh that the Gospel is his own money. It was a neat little still the power of God unto salvation. frame building, clean and bright, used A large number of baptisms have every day of the week for the en- taken place at all four of their stalightenment of the villagers. A pri- tions, and the influence of the Mission mary school was organized for the is also seen in the changed lives of children, too young to walk over the whites who have come into contact with the Mission.

WORTH

Any books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by U8 on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

The Awaking WOrld-Christianity among He has come back convinced that if non-white races. Stanley High. 60 anyone has misgivings and reserva- cents paper, $1 cloth. New York. tions on these questions, it issues out 1928. of ignorance or wilful blindness. Mr. High has seen enough of redeemed One of the younger students of for- life not to question in the slightest eign missions offers first-hand ob- degree the power of Christ to meet servation and appraisal of the prog- the world's need today. He does not ress of Christianity in non-Christian excuse western churches for the lands in terms of the present-day con- weaknesses inherent in the missionary cerns of young people. The author program. To him, however, they are has recently returned from a world only transitory. He has faith to betrip which profoundly influenced his lieve that any present mal-adjustjudgment as to the unique place and ments and inadequacies in policy and contribution of Christianity to the program can and will be overcome. world's life. When Mr. High started out on his journeys he knew better The book offers one of the finest than most Church leaders what ques- apologetics of modern missions pubtions and misgivings regarding mis- lished in recent years. The author sions were current among young has looked at missions through the people today. He has returned with eyes and with the mind of a young first-hand answers to many of these layman and has reported back to our criticisms. Church laity his findings in a language which they can understand and with The first two chapters deal with the a winning directness and candor. changes and adjustments in missionary methods and objectives which M. T. STAUFFER. every progressive interpreter of the modern missionary enterprise is de- Missions in a Changing World. W. W. lighted to stress. Following this fresh Pinson. 212 pp. $1. Nashville, Tenn. apologetic and corrective, to more tra- 1928. ditional concepts of missions, the author proceeds to give a most vivid This interesting and arresting book account of his observations and im- is based upon the thinking, observapressions in different countries. True tion and experience of one who is both to his journalistic training, he gives well informed and sympathetic. The to all his accounts a delightful touch author is frank, fearless and original. of realism, and the reader feels that His style is vivid and his chapters are the author is writing not only about supported by a wide reading in the what he has got hold of with his own general as well as the special field. eyes and ears but also about what has His attitude is indicated by the stateseized him. He went forth to study ment in the Preface that he constantly the professed value of the missionary found it necessary to change his program, the uniqueness and uni- tenses; also to be "shy of the prophversality of the Christian faith, and et's role." A static world, he declares, its ability to meet the world's need. would be comfortable but dull.

The treatment of the subject is in- 78

BOOKS WORTH READING

dicated by the titles of the chapters, merly the head of its Department of as for example, "Facing aNew World," "Wisdom Is Justified of Her Chil- Missionary Education. He is one of dren," "Overtaking Our Ideals," "A New Era for Loyalty," "The Great the outstanding leaders in the Mis- Adventure." Much is being written in these days to keep us mindful of sionary Education Movement, the Rethe fact that the world is undergoing an unusual change. The present ligious Education Association, and author's treatment is suggestive rather than particularistic. The writ- the International Council of Religious ing is after the style of the essay, discursive, with running comment on a Education. He has had several years multitude of things in the vein of a calm and tolerant, yet thoroughly of experience as Director of Religious Christian, philosophy of events. The modern movements in the world and Education in a successful and wellin the Church, so perplexing to many, are presented as working out the organized church, which have given beneficent purposes of God. The author's style ·and point of view are him the background for the preparaillustrated by the following quotation: "We are in transition. It is a tion of a book upon this important creative hour. It is in such hours that the nation is born or wrecked in a day. subject. The time is plastic. It is stored with measureless possibilities. It is an un- Dr. Gates with real statesmanship finished process. The world has not arrived. It will not turn back. It has surveyed the field with broad will stop where it is." vision, practical utility, and sound There is a curious error in the book where, on page 38, the name of a great educational technique. His book will philosopher is confused with that of a great missionary. The author of be valuable, not only as a textbook for "Missions from the Modern View" was Robert A. Hume and not David Hume. the course referred to above, but also w. I. C. as suggesting an effective program Missionary Education in the Church. Her- by which missionary education may bert Wright Gates. 227 pp. $1. be conducted in any church. Pastors, Boston. 1928. Sunday-school superintendents, direc- This is one of the approved text- books in the standard leadership tors of Religious Education and others training curriculum sponsored by the International Council of Religious will find this of real value in the de- Education, as the textbook on "Meth- ods and Materials of Missionary Edu- velopment of an adequate and in- cation." It covers the ground admirably not only as a textbook but clusive program of religious educa- from the standpoint of the setting forth a church-wide program of mis- tion. J. B. K. sionary education. In Spite of Handicaps. Ralph W. Bullock. The author is the General Secre- 140 pp. $2. New York. 1928. tary of the Educational Society of the Congregational Church and for- Here are eighteen brief biograph- ical sketches with discussion outlines of outstanding Negroes now living and achieving distinction in various lines ot" endeavor. The purpose is two-fold: First, to inspire the colored youth and give them a deeper sense of self-respect and pride in the achieve- ments of their race, and second, to ac- quaint the youth of the white race with outstanding leaders of the colored race who merit recognition and re- spect, thus promoting better inter- racial understanding and good will.

Among the individuals treated are: Roland Hayes, the popular soloist; Robert Moton, Tuskegee educator; George Washington Carver, the scien- tist; Wm. Edward DuBois, the author and editor; Henry Tanner, the painter, and Max Yergen, the Chris- tian leader among youth in South Africa.

In these inspiring sketches one

glimpses in each individual described Catholics; but priests oppose the As- the possession of a real sense of mis- sociation because it tolerates Prot- sion. These men seem to be driven estants. In the General Hospital of by a great and increasing purpose to Manila priests urge all to "become realize the highest in self-development good Catholics and to stop reading the and self-expression. The book should Bible."

be used widely among young people 3. Morality. During the Spanish interested in interracial problems. regime when only Roman Catholicism M. T. S. was tolerated in the Philippines tem- perate and moral priests were a rarity. Mexico Before the World. Plutarco Elias The Moral Theology of Ligouri (an Calles. 244 pp. $1. New York. 1927. authority) condones the lapses of a This collection of quotations from priest into immoral relations with official public documents and addresses women parishioners. The Protestants by the President of Mexico, interpret in the Philippines have led the cam- the ideals and purposes of the Mex- paigns against cockfighting, alcohol- ican Government. In view of the ism and immoral cabarets.

general' ignorance of things Mexican 4. Honesty. Ligouri says that men prevailing North of the Rio Grande, may lie if they give some sign, like and partizan treatment of the Mex- a wink, even though the hearer did ican situation in the newspapers, it is not see the sign. He upholds stealing well to allow the representative of the from the rich. Roman Catholic Mexican people to make his own state- casuistry has a blighting effect on the ment concerning the ideals and aspira- people. Protestant Christians have launched a campaign against cheating tions of Mexico.

Why Frotestants Are Needed in the Fhilip- and all forms of dishonesty. pines. Frank C. Laubach, Ph.D. 5. Personal Liberty. To the people Methodist Publishing House, Manila. Rome denies the right of private in- 1927. terpretation of the Scriptures. The "The Philippine Islands contain Protestant Church encourages the several million liberal Roman Cath- study of the Bible and teaches the olics. Many belong to the Masonic personal guidance of the Holy Spirit orders. Others are members of the through the Scriptures.

Y. M. C. A." Dr. Laubach presents It seems to us that Dr. Laubach is to these liberal Roman Catholics some too ready to urge 6,000,000 "liberal" contrasting facts in regard to the in- Roman Catholics to become Protesfluence of unrestrained Roman Cathol- tants and, "if they have good morals" icism on education, personal free- to unite with the Protestant Church. dom and morality in comparison to He apparently places no emphasis on the influence where Evangelical Chris- . the need for regeneration. He says tianity prevails. that such moral Catholics and Protes- 1. In Education-Protestant coun- tants agree in essentials, which he tries show 98% as literate while in names as "universal education, high Roman Catholic countries only 60% moral standards, strict honesty, free- are literate. Evangelical Christians dom of conscience and perfect tolera- insist on the need of an enlightened tion." A man might be a good pagan conscience and education for all. and believe in these things. The per- 2. Tolerance. Pope Pius IX, in his sonal acceptance of Jesus Christ as Syllabus of Errors denies that ·Prot- the Divine Saviour in His atonement estants residing in Roman Catholic for sin, full commitment to Him as countries should be permitted to en- Lord, and obedience to His teachings joy the public exercise of their own as recorded in the New Testament, worship. The Y. M. C. A. in Roman are the prime requisites for which Catholic countries admits Roman Evangelical Christians stand.

The Missionary Review of the World — November 1928

What Bible

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FIFTH A VENUE AT FORTy.NINTH ST. DEPT. No. 20, NEW YORK Reg. US RIt. Off.

I Co:Ud~Th::P~ints 1-' • CONCERNING LET YOUR GIFT ANNUITIES to Foreign Missions Safety PAY YOU A LIFE INCOME Enlarged Income Prompt Payment You can make a generous gift to foreign mis- Guaranteed Income sions and have a needed income for yourself No Reinvestments and others from the money you give by the No Administrative Costs Annuity Gift Plan For /urth.r in/ormation Addres.: W. J. ElUott. Trea.urer 01 the Board 01 Home This plan relieves you of uncertainty and worry caused by changing values of invested Missions …d Church &,en.io~ 01 the Methodist funds and assures you a fixed income of EpilCopal Church. 1701 Arch Street, Philadelphia.Pa. 4t% to 9% per year Morris W. Ehne.. Treasu,n 01 the Board 01 for the rest ofyour life Foreign Mi..ionl 01 the Me,hod.st Epiacopal Church. A reserve fund of over $1.500,000 guarantees 150 Filth Avenue. New York City. the promIlt payment of annuities to you.

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DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor NOVEMBElt TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A PERILOUS JOURNEY FROM BATANG …….. .Roderick A. MacLeod 869 THE VALUE OF OUTDOOR EVANGELISM You should answer without hes- ….•.•.•……. John N. Wolf 877 itation, these and many other Bible questions. Mail the cou- WITH STANLEY JONES IN SOUTH pon. We will send you free big AMERICA. Webster E. Browning 881 new Bulletin telling how Moody Bible Institute Home Study STUDENTS AND FOREIGN MISSIONS Courses have helped 38,000 men TODAY .•….. .Jesse R. Wilson 885 and women through directed systematic study of the Bible. A MISSIONARY CALL AND THE RE- Send now. No obligation. SPONSE …•…• .John T. Faris 892 THE PRESENT-DAY CITY TREND .. . . . . . . . . . . Charles Hatch Sears 893 ON THE EDGE OF AFRICAN MENTAL- MOODY BIBLE INSTITUTE ITY …..•….. . Herbert Smith 899 CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL MISSIONS AND WORLD PEACE ….. . .. …. … . " . .Frederick Lynch 907 Dept. 4688, 153 In.titute Place, Cbieago,lU.

TOPICS OF THE TIMES ………… 910 BIBLE TEST FREE DESTRUCTION IN PORTO RICO PERSIA AND THE MISSION SCHOOLS II Mood.. _ .. 'le Institute Correspondence School Dept. 4583 153 Institute Place, Chicago, III. A SHEAF OF METHODS FOR WORKERS I Ple2se tSend me Free, your Bible Test and . .. .. , .. Maude Evelyn Bradley 912 I Bulletin. No obligation.

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN MIS- Ih~~~:="':~';~·'·;·:·;:::=::'.::·:·:==::'·.~':.::':.:::::::::=:':::~:.·:::':.::~=~::::::':~::~:~::::::::~:=~:~":.~:::.:~J SION BULLETIN …………. . …. . , . .Edited by Florence E. Quinlan and Ella D. MacLaurin 917 WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK ………… 926 COMING EVENTS BOOKS WORTH READING ………. 942 The American Council of the World Alliance for International Friend3hip TERMS.-$2.00 a year. ($2.00 in club. of Through the Churches will hold its thirfive.) Foreign postage, 50 cents. Single copies, teenth annual meeting in the form of an 2~ cents. Publlshed monthly. Copyrighted, International Goodwill Congress in New York City, November 11th to 13th. 1928, by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COM.. PERSONALS PANY, INC. All rights reserved.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING BISHOP AND MRS. FRED B. FISHER, of COMPANY, INC. the Methodist Church, sailed from New York Sept. 28, for India. ROBERT E. SPEER, President WILLIAM I. CItAMBI!IRLAIN, Vice-President *** DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary MR. WALTER McDOUGALL, the treasurer WALTER lICDOUGALL, Treasurer of the REVIEW, with Mrs. McDougall (formerly Miss Anna W. Pierson) sailed Publication Office, ad & Reily St., Harrisburg, from New York on October 6th to visit Pa. 25c a copy. $2.50 a year. the. Guatemala Mission of the Presby- ter:tan Church. There they will be joined Editorial and Business Office, 156 Fifth Avenue, by Dr. and Mrs. Cleland B. McAfee of New York City. Chicago.

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Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to adVertisers. DR. ROBERT H. GOHEEN, M.D., a mis- YaosuH~iegcheaisve9=% sionary of the Presbyterian Church con- –a check every 6 months nected with the hospital at Vengurla, India, has been loaned to take the direction of the Union Mission Tuberculosis .. .. Sanitorium at Arogyavaram.

REV. AND MRS. FREDERICK S. CURTIS of Shimonoseki, Japan, for forty years mis- sionaries of the Presbyterian Church in Japan, have recently returned to America, having been honorably retired by the Board. * .. * REV. JOHN MACKAY, LITT.D., formerly This FREE a Scotch Presbyterian Missionary in Booklet Peru, now Religious Work Secretary of Tells How the Y. M. C. A., Montevideo, Uruguay, has been elected one of the Secretaries of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. Dr. Mackay is a graduate of Aberdeen University and Princeton Theological Seminary. He has had a remarkable career as evangelist and teacher in Latin America where he developed the Anglo- Peruvian College for Boys which enrolls sons of many of the leading families .. .. .. and has been practically self-supporting.

MR. ARTHUR M. HARRIS of Harris T HE coupon below will bring you an Forbes & Company, New York, was interesting booklet about the Bible elected president of the Northern Bap- Annuity Bonds of the New York Bible tist Convention at their meeting in De- Society. You can read at your leisure how troit last June. Rev. Mark A. Levy was elected corresponding secretary and Mr. these bonds pay you as high as 9 SO with Orrin R. Judd, treasurer. ABSOLUTE SAFETY. You will find out * .. .. how you can assure yourself a dependable income for life and at the same time aid a MR. W. H. P. ANDERSON, general secre- great Christian work. Sending for booklet tary of the Mission to Lepers, has re- places you under no obligation. Mail the cently arrived in America from London coupon for your copy now. for the purpose of holding conferences with the American Mission to Lepers representatives with wnom the London .. .. .. society is cooperating.

DR. C. T. WANG, the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Nanking Gov- ernment and MR. T. V. SOONG have been elected to the newly organized Board of Directors of St. John's University, Shanghai, which is the property of the Protestant Episcopal Church of North America. .. * '" DR. AND MRS. D. W. LEARNED of Kyoto, NEW YORK BIBLE SOCIETY Japan, have recently completed fifty DEPARTMENT 34 years of missionary service and are re- 5 East 48th Street New York City turnin~ to America. The best part of -NE-W -YO-RK-B-IBL-E-SO-CI-ET~Y, -De-pt.-34—– their lives have been given to Doshisha College. … .. '" 5 East 48th Street, New Yorl< City CARMEN PADIN ALVAREZ, the Spanish Without obligation to me, 'Kindly ser.d me a copy of woman who was imprisoned for stating your bOOklet, u A Truly Ch['h,tian lr.vestment. j that the Virgin Mary was not to be looked down upon because-she bore other Name…_______._.________________ .. __ .. __ _ …… Age children like other women, has recently been released from prison. Addre~s __.___… __ ……………… _.-.- (Concluded on the 3d cover.) City………………………………….. State_ …………………

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LI, No. 11 November

THE MISSIONARY %eWO&,,-.~ A PERILOUS JOURNEY FROM BATANG BY RODERICK A. MAcLEOD,* of the Tibetan Border Missionary oj the United Christian Mi88ionary Sooiety I T TOOK us four months to the journey happened just after make the hazardous journey we had crossed the divide that sep- through the wild mountainous arates the Yangtze from the Meregions of Eastern Tibet, Western kong, where the trail crosses the China and Upper Burma. This is divide at the Tsali pass-15,880 a land of high mountains through feet above sea-leveL After we had which four mighty rivers-the crossed this pass and had de- Yangtze, the Mekong, the Salween scended about 2,000 feet towards and the Irrawaddy–cut deep the Mekong, we crossed a rocky gorges. For a part of their course ridge and were suddenly transthese rivers run paralleL In some ported from the dullness of bleak, places they are less than twenty barren mountains to the delights miles apart, but the divides that of a natural park of rare beauty. rise between them reach altitudes It was covered with a carpet of from fifteen thousand to twenty- wild flowers; around its borders five thousand feet above sea-level. were natural hedges of flowering Some of the gorges cut by these shrubs; the rhododendrons were rivers are from ten to thirteen in bloom and, to make the scene thousand feet deep. Our party of complete, a stream of sparkling four adults and five children water ran through the midst of crossed all these rivers and the garden. In this scene of wild climbed over these high divides. natural beauty we unpacked our Every day of the journey had its loads, turned our animals loose to interesting events, only a few of graze, and began to prepare our which can be mentioned here. noonday meaL We were beginning to feel the effects of the wild, weird The most spectacular incident of or have been asked to write concerning a calm that pervaded the place, when we were roused, as by a whip, with journey which a party of missionaries made the w. ild war-whoop and the deaf- 'in the summer of 1'927 from Batang in the ening fusilade of the Tibetan brig- Tibetan Marches to Rangoon in Lower Burma. ands. They came on after the irD~~~~n c~~~isi~~irot,~~r'ch~l:?re~~~ ~oaril':;f manner of the North American ~~J.e~~~:~'d %:.tk~Al M~~L~~Je~n~~h~I':'~~~~~ ~~~~~~c,;'~:M!~I~~d.and five years of age.

869

Indians, rushing over the ridge doned shepherd krall where my which we had just crossed, shout- wife and children had taken refuge.

ing their terrible war-whoop, and He was a young fellow; and, after discharging their fire arms as soon the manner of youth, believed in as they came within range. making it "short and snappy and The object of this demonstration with lots of pep." He began by was not murder, but terror. They making a grand demonstration of did not want to take our lives, but what a fierce and terrible being he they did want to take what we had. was supposed to be. He rushed in- They sought to terrify us to such to the krall; let out a wild whoop; an extent that we would give up discharged his musket at my wife's our earthly possessions, with a feet; drew his saber; jabbed it fair measure of grace and good menacingly at her and the chil- will. They took aim, not to hit us, dren; and demanded their coats but so that we might hear the bul- and hats.

lets hiss past us. After a prelim- My wife was somewhat prepared inary of this sort of shooting the to meet a situation of this kind.

"gentlemen of fortune" were upon It so happened that before she went us. to Batang, she had been a high A picture of the one who took school teacher for several years charge of me would make a first- and it had been her duty to dis- rate illustration for the front page cipline young men of about this of "Treasure Island." He was a robber's age. She was thus fairly veritable pirate. A red turban was well acquainted with human nature wound carelessly about his head -which is much the same the and a dirty "pig tail" projected world over. She turned on this from beneath. He wore large rowdy and told him that he ought silver ear-rings, studded with tur- to be ashamed of himself, a big quoise, a large saber was thrust ruffian like him terrifying little under his red girdle, and he had children as if he were afraid they a great musket in his hand. He would do him harm.

demanded to know what I had. At "Well," said he, "make the chil- his request, I handed him the dren stop crying."

things which I had in my pockets. "I will," she replied, "when you In his raw-boned face, burnt brown quit acting roughly."

with wind and sun, I thought I So saying she reached out and saw a calmness and gentleness rescued one of the little boy's pants which emboldened me to address from the heap of clothes which the him. children had thrown to the robber.

"We have," said I, "in our boxes, This little fellow had been quicker books and papers which are of no than the others to obey the robber's value to you. Will you please let orders, and the first thing my wife us keep them?" knew he had thrown his pants to He replied that he did not have the robber. This rebuke had the time to consider the matter; and, desired effect on the bandit, and he as I was at the wrong end of the said: gun to start an argument, I kept "I'll not hurt the children," and, quiet. picking up the coats and hats he In the meantime another mem- went away.

ber of the band entered the aban- Meanwhile another of the

A PERILOUS JOURNEY FROM BATANG

bandits was relieving the Duncan beaten. But he got up, made his family of their possessions. When way to the chief of the brigands, he had finished they were left in and there made such a stirring ap- an open space, swept by a musket peal that the chief gave him the fire which the bandits kept up in MacLeod roll of bedding which shooting at our porters who were contained tents, cots and blankets.

fleeing for safety up the side of the This was all that remained to us.

mountain. It was both uncomfort- All our money, clothing, food, and able and dangerous for the Dun- the Duncan's bedding was gone.

cans to remain in this place. The Even the baby's basket had the civilized bullet passes by with a lining and padding torn off and sound like a fraction of a hiss; but the large leaden ball which the Tibetans use passes by with a ter- rible twang-a twang which is very stimulating to the human mind. One cannot keep from im- agining and almost feeling what the results would be if one should happen to stop one of these twang- ing things. Besides this mental discomfort there was the danger of that very thing happening.

There was danger of being hit.

Mr. Duncan took a baby on each arm; and with remarkable cool- ness, he and his wife made their way across the fire swept-space to shelter.

The brigands repacked our boxes on the animals and drove them off. Then our porters returned and we began to take stock. None of us were injured. Some of the carried away. Another unfortufood in the two boxes which we had nate circumstance was that we opened to prepare dinner was left were wearing our old clothing. All to us. Our porters had saved most our good clothing and shoes were of their barley meal. One of our men had worked for Dr. Wm. M. in the boxes which the brigands Hardy during his two terms of had taken.

service in Batang, and for Dr. A. We gathered up what was left L. Shelton during Dr. Hardy's fur- and went on. Our porters went lough. This faithful Tibetan asked with us. Along the way, we saw one of the bandits for our bedding; evidence of the feudal warfare and, when refused, declared, "You which has been going on for the might as well kill these children last few years among the Tibetan as to take their bedding in this chiefs. The villages were in ruins.

cold place; they will perish of the Smoke-blackened clay walls were cold." For this daring appeal, he all that remained of what once was knocked down and severely were good substantial homes. The

inhabitants were in arms. From us with escort therefore, we de- time to time we kept meeting bands cided to cross to the Salween, then of armed Tibetans, and we breathed go on to the Irrawaddy, and thence, freely when they passed without through the wilderness, to Putao molesting us. After six and one- in Upper Burma.

half days of anxiety and travel, we We needed food, clothing, money reached Tsechong on the right bank and porters for the journey. In this of the Mekong. region there are so many deadly At this point it might be of in- diseases that porters are afraid to terest to make a few remarks re- go long distances from home, lest garding Eastern Tibet. This is the they be stricken with disease and most promising part of Tibet. It die away from their people. Pere is well watered. The valleys are Ouvrard came to our rescue. He fertile and grazing lands are abun- gave us food, clothing, money, and, dant. Along the Yangtze and the most important, persuaded his Mekong, agriculture, fruit-grow- own people to carry our food, ing, and ranching can readily in- clothing and children. Our grati- crease one hundred fold. All that tude to this good friend is inex- is necessary is law and order. pressible. He cheerfully gave us Since the beginning of civil strife of what he had. He made us feel in China, the Chinese have gradu- the truth of St. Paul's expression, ally lost control of Tibet. Only a "God loveth a cheerful giver."

small part of Eastern Tibet along The crying need of this part of the Mekong and Yangtze remains Yunnan Province is medical mis- to them. Even in this small area, sions. In all the region from Yun- the Chinese exercise little author- nanfu to Batang-forty-three days ity. The Tibetans have driven them march-and west to Putao there is out and revived ancient feuds. The only one man with knowledge of towns of Tsakalo, Batang, and Western medicine–Mr. W. J.

Litang are still held by the Chi- Hanna who is stationed at TaHfu.

nese; and the small, underfed, Add to this the fact that such dis- unpaid garrisons in these places eases as malaria, typhoid, typhUS, are about to give up in despair. relapsing-fever, blackwater-fever, At the present time, on account of sprue, and smallpox are very prev- the lawlessness that exists, mis- alent. These conditions give rise sionary work is very difficult. to a serious situation-the use of When some kind of permanent opium as a panacea. Every spring, government is formed this will be one quarter of the fields of Yunnan a splendid field for pioneer mis- are planted with poppy. Those sionary work. The courageous, who handle and distribute the stalwart, rugged Highlanders of poppy crop advertise opium as the Eastern Tibet will make splendid greatest medicine known. Its Christians-the type of Christian power to relieve pain convinces needed to take all Tibet for Christ. those who try it, and as a result At Tsechong there is a Roman the opium habit in Yunnan is ap- Catholic Mission in charge of Pere palling. There is so much disease Ouvrard, from whom we learned and pain and fatigue that sufferers, that the road to Yunnanfu was in- in their efforts to get relief, use fested with robbers. There was no opium and form the habit. God government in Yunnan to furnish will bless, and future generations

A PERILOU!'< JOURNEY FROM BATANG

Used by penM88ion of Roder/ck A. MacLeud. 'rHE FLOWERY BANKS OF 'l' HE MEKONG NEAR WHANGFUPING will rise up and call him blessed are no bridges, for the rivers are who will show the Yunnanese a rapid and wide. The Mekong, for better way of relief from pain than example, is about one hundred the use of opium. yards wide, and pours through its gorges a raging torrent. The na- On the 27th of July, 1927, with tives have devised a unique way of good Pere Ouvrard's blessing we spanning these wide rapid streams. left Tsechong for Putao. Long bamboo poles are split into In this part of the world there

shreds which are twisted into a were in constant danger from long, stout rope. A large post is stones which were loosened from firmly fixed high up in the bank of the trail by the feet of the porters.

the river. From this post the These stones, gaining speed as they bamboo rope is stretched across rolled, passed us with great ve- the river and made fast to another locity. When a stone got started, post at a lower point in the oppo- a great shout went down along the site bank. The traveller places on zig-zag trail to warn those on this rope a piece of wood shaped down below of the danger.

like a ridge tile and called a "sad- In the valley of the upper Sal- dle." Over this saddle he places ween Roman Catholics maintain a strap which he ties firmly about two mission stations, one at Ba- himself. Then he clasps his hands hang, in charge of Pere Andre, the firmly over the "saddle," some one other at Chamutong., in charge of gives him a boost and he shoots Pere Genestier. These are, per- rapidly along the rope to the op- haps, the most isolated mission posite side-a most thrilling per- stations in the world. During four formance that made the children months of the year, when the shout with glee. One of the little passes are covered with snow, these boys said,' "Let's go back again." stations have no communication In this way we crossed the Mekong, whatever with the outside world.

the Salween and two branches of It was thrilling to meet these pio- the Irrawaddy. neers and to share their hospital- On leaving Tsechong, our first ity.

task was to cross the high divide The most difficult part of our between the Mekong and the Sal- entire journey was the trip from ween. In this ridge snow peaks the Salween to Putao which took rise in majestic beauty. Eight- us thirty-six days. We dragged our- een miles north of the point at selves up steep places by vines, which we crossed there is a mag- roots and bushes, jumped across nificent snow peak about 25,000 deep chasms, crossed raging tor- feet above sea level. It is called rents spanned by a single log and, "Kawakapo" (White Snow) and holding on vines, crossed the faces is considered the abode of a deity. of high precipices. Along the sum- Thousands of pilgrims from Tibet, mit of this divide is a most miser- China, and Burma visit it yearly able place. Here the warm mists to prostrate themselves in adora- from the Bay of Bengal are con- tion at its foot. As its snow-white densed and precipitated in chilling pinnacles stand out against the rains and snows. The ground is blue sky it has the appearance of of a blackish color, and covered a colossal marble temple. The point with a growth of stunted fir trees, at which we crossed this ridge is bearded with long grey moss. Here about the same height as the sum- and there are dark pools of glacial mit of Mt. Blanc. Numerous water. At intervals we saw the streams of water rush down from a bleached skeletons of travellers glacier near the top of the pass. overtaken by snow storms. The We crossed the glacier without gloom of the tomb seems to per- mishap; and, after a rest at the vade the whole place. Night over- top, began the steep descent to the took us and we were forced to Salween. On the way down, we camp in this desolate place. Dark-

A PERILOUS JOURNEY FROM BATANG

ness descended upon us like a pall. tions would be when our three cup- The next important place was fuls of rice were consumed. We Nogmung. Here things began to had not gone far when our look serious. Our porters had been wretched caravan was lifted from carrying for three days without its gloom to the thrilling heights nourishing food. OUt" own supply of joy. The supplies from Putao was down to three cupfuls of rice, arrived. Everybody ate and was the remains of a dole given to us filled. Five more days found us in by a petty official. To make mat- Putao and another twenty-one ters worse, two men and a boy were seriously inj ured in the fall- ing of the approach to the sus- pension bridge at this place. This bridge was made by stretching three strands of rattan across the river and weaving into them slats of bamboo on which to walk. On the left bank, the rattan was made fast to a cross piece tied across two trees that grew near the water's edge. This cross piece was about eighteen feet from the ground and about twenty feet from the bank. Three bamboo poles were laid from the bank to the cross piece and on these were tied slats on which to walk. I had started to cross the bridge (it was so old and rickety that only one person could cross at a time) and left the two men and boy standing on the approach. I had made about ten paces when I heard a terrible crash. Turning about, I saw that those on the bridge had disap- peared. I hastened back and saw Usea by per;mis8ion that the bamboo poles from the bank had slipped off the crosS piece TIBETAN WOMAN AND BOY CROSSING and the two men and the boy were THill MEKONG ON BAMBOO ROPE AT TSECHONG precipitated on the rocks below. days' tramp through the jungle There they lay groaning and bleed- brought us to the railway at Myit- ing and unable to move. I could kyina where we met Mr. Geis of not get down where they were and the American Baptist Mission.

called for help. Mr. Duncan came Two days on the train, and we with porters, carried them to a hut were in Rangoon. We had left Ba- and treated them as best he could. tang on the 27th of June and ar- On leaving Nogmung, our port- rived in Rangoon on the 28th of ers were hungry and in a sullen October. Over the worst part of mood. It was difficult to keep from the journey the women of the party wondering what our own medita- walked for twelve days.

One sometimes hears the ques- this fellowship, by reproducing its tion: Why does the Church send life in others and making them a people to such distant and such vital part of itself-making them dangerous places? Why send peo- members of the one and living felple to places where they get them- lowship that will continue to grow selves and others into trouble and in beauty and joy forever. The are sometimes killed? The answer church is a "fellowship in furtherto this question is found in one of ance of the Gospel." That is why the most significant expressions in the Church sends out missionaries. the New Testament, "Fellowship is Each member is "impelled by the furtherance of the gospel." Here expansive movement of his own we have. an adequate definition of irrepressible soul." The life within what the Church really is. The the Church is a burning and shin- Church of Jesus Christ is a "Fel- ing light that permeates as far as • lowship in furtherance of the gos- it can shine. The more it is aflame pel." with the true light, the farther it will shine. The Church of Christ is as Jesus prayed it might be. Its members The missionary is merely a vital are one in the same way that He part of this living fellowship. He and God are one–to use the lan- does not go to the field alone. The guage of the Master: "One even as church goes with him. When Paul, we are." They are made alive to- the first and greatest of foreign gether by a common life. They are missionaries, was a prisoner in drawn together and held together Rome, he was confined in a cistern by the divine qualities of that life. shaped dungeon. Yet from this They love one another as they love gloomy depth, he could write that Him; they work with one another amazing letter of joy and confias they work with Him. dence to the Church at Philippi. He was never alone. His cell was The missionary activities of the the center of a joyous fellowship. Church arise spontaneously from God was there; Jesus was there; its nature as a living body. They and, what is no less significant, the arise from impulses inherent in Philippian church was there. "I the life of the Church. The divine have you," he wrote them, "in my life that animates the Church has heart." It is ever the same. The within it an impulse to impart it- fellowship of the spirit is, to the self-to reproduce itself. The missionary, as real as his own ex- Church shares in the impulse that istence. The Church is always with sent Jesus into the world. Paul him. He has the Church in his felt it and became a missionary. heart. The spirit which animates It makes every last member of the the Church says to the missionary, Church a missionary. Love con- "go," and adds, "I am with you strains them. Love is God's life in always, even unto the end of the action-God spontaneously shar- world"-till the last human being ing His life with people–recreating is made to live and to thrill with them with it, animating them with the life which is in Christ, till the it, making them conscious of it, last living soul, created in the making them one with Himself in image of God, is made worthy of mind and heart and will. Missions eternal fellowship with the Creis the Church in action-the ator and Lover of all. Church enlarging and enriching

WOLF DISTRIBUTING GOSPELS TO JEWS ON FIFTH

THE VALUE OF OUTDOOR EVANGELISM BY REV. JOHN N. WOLF, New York Bupe' i ntend-ent of th e E t:angetillHc D epa,rtf.,.. en t J Nahonal Bibl e lU8tit ut f~ T HIS is the day of specializa- and after the dinner period, we tion. It is of prime import- can reach the promenaders and ance that some Christians at theatergoers; again at midnight, least shall be specialists in the meetings are conducted to catch work of going out to tell lost sin- the crowds after the theater. God ers how to be saved. After many blesses the effort no matter what years of experience as colaborers time the meetings are held. together with Christ, we believe that outdoor evangelism is the best There is the added advantage, means that we have for producing that these outdoor meetings can soul-saving specialists. be held at almost any place. Some are conducted in the great financial Hundreds of thousands of peo- district of New York, Wall Street pIe in our great cities never darken and lower Broadway; others are a church door. They will not come held at the parks, the shopping to church, therefore the messen- centers, and the great congested gers of Christ must go to. them. tenement house districts. These Outdoor evangelistic meetings can meetings have extended in the metbe conducted at almost any hour ropolitan area all the way from of the day. At the noon hour we the Battery to Yonkers and from catch the crowds on their way to the Hudson River to Far Rockaor from luncheon; in the after- way. All five boroughs, Manhatnoon we catch the shoppers; in tan, Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and the early evening we reach the Richmond are included. New York business folks on their way home, is the greatest city in the world, 877

and outdoor evangelism offers the City conducted 3,337 distinct out- greatest o!)vortunity for Christian door evangelistic meetings, having work. Multitudes who will not go an aggregate attendance of almost to church or visit the mission halls, half a million. Of this number 3,- will attend these street meetings 203 persons publicly responded to and listen to the Gospel. By the a very definite invitation to accept grace of God we can reach them Jesus Christ as their Saviour and for Jesus Christ. Lord. In addition to these many This phase of Christian .service others followed the speakers and also has a great advantage in being sought to know how to have eternal a most economical and effective life. During the same period we way of administering our Lord's distributed free of charge 63,420 money. There is no rent to pay. copies of the Gospels, New Testa- Our "church" in Madison Square ments, and tracts. The total cost Park, of which Dr. J. K. Sterrett of this immense work was only is the pastor, is not an expensive $10,OOO-or about two cents per institution to maintain. It has a capita to reach sinners who prob- beautiful blue dome and other ar- ably cannot be reached in any tistic features. Sometimes the other way. Compare that with the "roof leaks," but in spite of this cost of maintaining some of our closely packed audiences give at- large churches with small results.

tention to the preaching of the Surely this is economical admin- Gospel. There are no mortgages istration of the Lord's money.

necessitating payment of interest Outdoor evangelism also pre- on our outdoor auditoriumiil at sents the greatest opportunity for Wall Street and Broadway, Madi- the training of Christian workers.

son Square Park, Union Square There are today men in the min- Park, Columbus Circle, down in istry, on the mission field, in evan- Hell's Kitchen, over in the Gas gelistic work, scattered far and House district, up in Little Italy, wide, who had their training in a down in the Ghetto, or wherever large measure at the outdoor it may be. With a little sanctified meetings. One young man, a for- ingenuity to attract attention, in mer student in our school, is today a few moments we can gather a teacher of the large men's Bible congregation, sometimes as many class in the First Baptist Church as five or six hundred and more. of New York. He was led into No elaborate equipment is neces- Christian service by being asked to sary, no pipe-organs, or highly go down to the corner and hold a trained choruses. All we need is meeting. He has developed into a small stand or a soap box and one of the very finest evangelistic an American flag. Some of the preachers in New York City. Two finest preachers on earth give the others trained in this way are now message on street corners. They superintendents of gospel halls in must be good speakers or the crowd New York City and a colored will not stand and listen. If the brother is leader of the Junior speaker does not hold their inter- Church at the Metro!)olitan Bap- est they will give up their "re- tist Church where between seven served seats" and pass on. and eight hundred young people During the year 1927, The Na- attend his service every Sunday tional Bible Institute of New York morning. The pastor of the Lev-

THE VALUE OF OUTDOOR EVANGELISM

erich Memorial Church of New come to accept Jesus Christ as York, the pastor of the Grace Bap- their Messiah. tist Church, Belleville, New Jersey, a missionary in Africa, another in Most important of all is the op- Central America, and many others portunity that out-door evangelism testify to the value of their train- gives us for reaching young men. ing in the outdoor evangelistic Wherever there is a possibility of meetings. a meeting, men, ofttimes able men, calling themselves "Free Think- Most Christians are interested ers" or the "Four A's," gather the in the work of bringing the Gospel young men of our day to teach to God's "Chosen People." Out- them anything and everything that door evangelism, in New York and other cities, is one of the greatest is absolutely opposed to Christian- ity. They ridicule, they blaspheme, A NOON MEETING ON FU"l'H AVENUE, NEW YORK-ALL JEWS opportunities in the world for and do their best to undermine the reaching the Jews. Experienced faith of boys who have been reared workers acquainted with the situ- in Christian homes. At most of ation say that this is the largest these meetings ninety per cent. of Jewish mission field in the world. those who attend are young men. There are said to be approxi- There is a need for young men for mately two million Jews in New the ministry today. Outdoor evan- York City and at almost every gelism is the way to reach and to meeting conducted on the street win them. corners many Jewish people are in the audience. At some locations In the Morning World under the audience seems to be one hun- date of December 16, 1927, Comdred per cent Jewish. Although oc- missioner Kennedy gives some cas ion a 11 y there is a little startling figures for the city of opposition, they are always ready New York. He says that during to listen and to discuss. Many have the year just closing there were "227 boys between sixteen and

twenty committed to State's prison given practice in public speaking. Their and 100 of twenty-one years; there beginning is admittedly modest, but it is were 505 between these two ages hoped that the school will grow into what sent to the New York State Re- the Opposition will call a seminary. The formatory at Elmira; there were movement needs large numbers of trained 529 between the ages of sixteen debaters and lecturers. well-grounded in and twenty-one, and 186 of twenty- the principles of Atheism. There should one years of age who were com- be a training school in every large city. mitted to the penitentiary. County jails received 34 under sixteen, 4,- On page 19 the report says, 835 between sixteen and twentyone, and 1,310 of twenty-one years A man or woman of any talent should of age." According to these figures, be able to collect a group, especially of during the one year there were the younger generation, to discuss reli- 8,728 boys twenty-one years and gious subjects, and occasionally to hold under committed from New York a debate. Forums should be established City to the penitentiaries, reform wherever possible.

schools, and prisons. Note that The opponents of Christianity these were not from the state, but realize the value of outdoor meetfrom the 'city. ings as a means for reaching young men and work on the streets; they We have here a copy of "The are constantly busy to promote Report of the Four A's," (The atheism. It is the privilege of all American Association for the Ad- Christians under the guidance of vancement of Atheism). Under the Holy Spirit and by the grace the heading of "School and Col- of God, without any great gifts lege Branches" (page six) it says: and without any great expenditure The revolt of modern youth, which so of money to go forth on the streets alarms the Orthodox, makes easier the of our city to tell out the simple formation of anti-religious groups in story of the Gospel. As the Gospel high schools and colleges. With the is proclaimed it demonstrates beelimination of religious instruction and yond any possibility of contradicthe introduction of the teaching of mod- tion that "It is the power of God ern science, particularly Evolution, one unto salvation to everyone that bemay with truth say that the schools in lieveth." Thank God that as the their courses fight for Atheism." result of such ministry there are many men serving God today, Most of these groups are, for obvious preaching the Gospel in New York, reasons, secret. Whether open or secret. and throughout the world. their titles vary from "Truth Seekers" and "Liberal Club" to "Damned Souls" These are five great facts that and "Society of the Godless," and per- show the importance of outdoor haps at the extreme, that of a recent evangelism. It offers the greatbranch in a California high school, "The est opportunity for reaching the Hedonic Host of Hell-bent Heathen." masses; it offers the most eco- This branch had, at last report, thirty. nomical and effective way to use five members out of 300 students, and the Lord's money; it furnishes with systematic proselyting hopes to the greatest opportunity to train have one hundred by the end of the Christian workers; it gives the school year. The leader is an enthu· greatest opportunity to reach God's siastic young genius, until recently very Chosen People, and it offers the active in the Church. greatest opportunity to reach young men for Jesus Christ. This Under the heading of "Atheist privilege is ours-to be colaborers Training School" (p. 6) it says: with Christ in the great work to which He has called His followers. The national office has established in New York a training school with meet· ings for the present once a week. Young men and women and boys and girls are

STANLEY JONES IN SOUTH

BY REV. WEBSTER E. BROWNING, LL.D., Buenos Aires, Argentina Scoreta.ry 0/ the Committee on Oooperation in the Republic oj the Rio de la Ptutu ; N INTENSIVE evangelistic his spirit and methods. But there are several situations which have f i campaign of three months, emerged from the campaign which may be of interest to the readers in four of the leading coun- of these pages.

tries of South America under the 1. As already suggested, it was leadership of Dr. E. Stanley Jones proved that the various groups of of India, was made possible by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America. The interest and sympathy of the missionaries of practically all the evangelical groups were enlisted, and the cam- paign has had a wonderfully vital- izing and unifying effect on all who were able to share in the experi- ence.

Leaving New York City in June, Dr. Jones first visited three of the most important cities of Brazil, then continued south to Uruguay, crossed the Rio de la Plata to '

Argentina, thence across the broad pampas and over the Cordillera de los Andes to Chile; then journey- ing northward he stopped one day in Lima, the old capital of the vice- roys of Spain, and returned to New York. It was necessary for him to concentrate on the larger centers of population, generally near the coast, but many interested DR. E. STANLEY JONES workers came from the interior, some traveling five hundred miles evangelical workers are willing to at their own expense. In this way, unite in an undertaking of mutual a large number of workers heard interest, if a sufficient challenge is the evangelist and carried back in- presented. For the time, at least, spiration to the smaller congrega- conflicting theological shibboleths tions that were unable to have him were laid aside and all were ready in their midst. to unite in listening to the evan- The author of The Christ of the gelist reason of the things that per- tain to the Kingdom of Christ. Indian Road and Christ at the Representatives of more than a Round Table is too well known to dozen groups of workers in Argenneed either analysis or praise of 881 2

tina, widely divergent in their gelical interpretation of Chris- creeds and manner of organization, tianity, can be touched to the quick met daily to confer together as to by the simple and tactful presenta- methods of Christian work, and tion of the claims of Christ, when not once was a note of discord those claims are freed from the sounded. Some had come with the shackles of this or that school of expectation that they would be thought and He is allowed to speak compelled to criticize. But their for Himself with all His matchless criticism was hushed, and at no power.

time did the discussions descend to The mind of the cultured Latin the lower levels of sectarianism. American is probably more analy- Perhaps the explanation was to be tical than is the mind of the medi- found in the fact that the evan- tative philosopher of the Far East, gelist, with incorrigible persist- and it was feared that the messages ency, presented Christ as the all- that had appealed to the highest sufficient Figure, and, as a result, type of mind in India might not at- in His presence the discussions tract these more nimble thinkers were kept on an unusually high of the West. But, once again, the level. universality of the Gospel message Some who had been considered has been proved, in that some of extremists, or narrow in their the outstanding scholars and thinking, were heard to exclaim, writers of the continent listened after days of study together, that with rapt attention and confessed after all it is Christ who must be afterward that this new interpreta- enthroned, and that methods of or- tion of Christianity-new to them ganization and sectarian interpre- -had been a distinct revelation.

tations must be kept in a secondary One such, the editor of one of the position. Hearts were made tender, most influential papets in Latin and the true spirit of cooperation America, referring to a luncheon and unity in Christian service was in which he had heard Dr. Jones, exalted as it has never before been said: "Since then I have been liv- exalted in South America. Any ing in a new world. I have Christ one who knows the religious life of in my heart and I am happy all the these republics and the tendency time." Others, while seeming to to an almost endless division of the dispute with the evangelist, con- evangelical forces (there are forty- fessed afterward that their op- four varieties in the River Plata position was only superficial, and Republics alone) will appreciate that new avenues of thinking had with what joy this fact has been been opened to them along which hailed by those who are more in- they proposed to travel and con- terested in the wider and more tinue their study.

vital implications of the Gospel In one meeting, almost two hun- than can be condensed into any dred national teachers with their sectarian formula, however broad. Inspectors and the Minister of 2. It has been proved that even Pul;>lic Instruction, listened to an the most highly cultured Latin appeal that made a deep impres- American, generally supposed to sion on all and called forth from be deeply contemptuous of religion the Minister certain statements and impervious to its influence, that show how deeply some of especially as regards the evan- these leaders are thinking along re-

19281 WITH STANLEY JONES IN SOUTH AMERICA

ligious lines, although completely Christianity. Hundreds of young out of sympathy and touch with men crowded the meetings at the the dominant church and as yet Y. M. C. A., very often standing outside the direct influence of the throughout the program, and lis- Evangelical Movement. tened with deep attention to the appeals of the evangelist. On one S. The campaign has also shown such occasion the meeting was that hundreds of young men and closed with prayer after permiswomen, the future leaders of sion had been asked which was a political and social life in these very marked departure from the countries, are now on the fringe usual procedure in such meetings of the Evangelical Movement, but DR. STANLEY JONES WITH S,['UDEN'l'S AND I<'ACUUl'YOF 'l'UE UNION 'l'HEOLOulCAL SEMINARY AND '['HE 'l'RAINING SCHOOL FOR CIIRIS'rJAN WORKERS IN BUENOS AIRES are ready to assume an attitude of in Latin America. Every head deeper interest, if the present seemed to be bowed in reverent atawakening can be maintained. tention and many crowded the Many have been influenced by the after-meetings in quest of further Christian Associations, but the light and counsel. churches seldom or never see them within their doors. Their interest 4. Many of the leading evanand curiosity have been stimulated gelical workers are convinced that in the past, but there has been but now is the time for the evangelical little or no concerted effort to guide movement to enter this new field of them into channels of thought activity. Heretofore, many of the which will bind them to a vital workers, both foreign and national, have been hesitant, rightly recog-

mzmg their deficient cultural been held and resolutions adopted, preparation for this advance asking that certain workers be reamong leaders of. national thought, leased for this new task-much as while others have been fully con- Dr. Jones has been released for his tent to continue their efforts where special work in India-to go up there was less resistance and the and down the continent, challengprospect of more immediate re- ing its thought and holding up turns on the investment of life and Christ and the Christian concept funds. of life. Such workers must be na- tionals. The day is fast approach- The Boards back of these ing, if it is not already here, when workers have not been entirely the soul of Latin America can no blameless, since, as one of the mis- longer be reached through the lips sionaries recently remarked, "What of a foreigner – especially of one the Board demands is a report of who originates north of the Rio the number of additions to our Grande. Dr. Jones was presented church during the year. This idea to the public in the frame of India, of the gradual permeation of so- rather than that of North Amerciety with the Christian ideal may ica, and his skill and tact acquired be all right, ,but we are expected to during many years of service in a show practical results in the report similar field stood him in good of new members." stead in the prosecution of his task. But men of such unusual Today, there is a growing feel- preparation are few and are ing that the section of society in seldom available for this special which the workers have long op- work. Consequently, it is the naerated is becoming saturated, and tional, well equipped, culturally that unless they now move out to and in deep Christian experience, undertake new tasks that demand a who, with the moral and financial different strategy and greater ef- backing of the Board or mission, fort, the evangelical movement is must set himself to this new task. destined to become a spent force, or degenerate into a mere rivalry As was to be expected, the evanof sects, within a limited circle, gelist has left the field with serious with the consequent and inevitable problems that cry aloud for solufriction that results from the clash tion. The opportunity has come of personal convictions and ambi- for a great advance – but, as a tions. Spanish proverb tells us, "Oppor- tunity is bald behind." 5. Consequently, in some centers, meetings of leaders have already BOTH of the English papers at Buenos Aires and two of the leading Spanish magazines have published gratis advertise- ments supplied by the American Bible Society's agency secretary. Through the advertisements hundreds of copies of Spanish Bibles have been sold to people living in remote parts of the country who could not have been reached readily by colporteurs.

AND FOREIGN MISSIONS

BY JESSE R. WILSON, New York Secretary of the Student Yoluntcer Movement Jar Foreign Mi8M01tS J RE students interested in mis- the people among whom he had .fi sions? been working, and was qualified in Decidedly not! every way for effective service.

If the question is general, the an- This decrease in the number of swer must be definite and negative. new missionaries and increase in Interest involves information and the number of permanently furthe average student knows as much loughed missionaries has been comabout the missionary work of the mon knowledge among students inchurch today as the average citizen terested in missions. Some of their own fellows, after years of prepaknows about relativity. He may ration, have applied for appointhave heard the term but all it con- ment only to be rejected because of veys to his mind is a blur. Put the "lack of funds." 1 Many of their question to even nominally Chris- acquaintances are not returning. tian students, "Do you believe in In some cases, the reasons for stayforeign missions?" and the prob- ing in this country are obvious to able response will be that quizzical all and are thoroughly justifiable look which one gives who does not so far as both the individual and understand your language. the Board are concerned. In other instances, however, the impression Where students have become in- gets out that something is wrong terested enough to seek informa- with the Board, the mission, or the tion, several facts have given them work, and interest in missions serious concern. One is a decrease in the number of outgoing mission- aries. Few realize how great this suffers.

has been. For the ten-year period Student Questions 1916-1925 the average number of Very naturally, therefore, some missionaries going out from the students have been asking them- United States and Canada every selves: year was 1,040, but the past five years show an average of only 877, "Why should I purpose to bewith only 728 going out in 1926, come a foreign missionary if the and a decrease to 558 in 1927. evidence points to a gradual decline of missionary interest?" Further, there has been a great increase in the number of mission- "Why should I prepare for mis- sionary service if the chances are aries who after one or two terms heavily against my ever receiving of service are not returning to an appointmeIit?" . "Even if I should be appointed, their respective mission fields.. The same reason that has. kept'.the will what assurance do I have that my Boards from sending new missionaries has often kept them frOlii're- services be wanted or needed turning older ones; namely, lack over a long period of years?" of funds. This has been true in "Is the reduction of the number many cases wher e the smkiesdsifo·onrabrYy 1 Others. of course, are rejected because they want ed t 0 ret urn, was a do not qualify win. health. training. or per- sonality.-J. R.

885

of missionaries due chiefly to lack many students. To this group, of funds, or is the day of missions even the phrase "so-called Chris- over?" tian America" is not used any "Are the church boards follow- more; "non-Christian America" is ing an unannounced policy of with- the usual term now. Suggest for- drawal from all mission fields? If eign missions to any of this group they are," say some fine students, and one of the first responses will "they can withdraw without my be, "Should we not clean up at help. I am interested in an ad- home first?"

vance and not a retreat, however Some years ago a traveling sec- strategic the retreat may be." retary of the Student Volunteer "If this is not the case, do the Movement, Dr. Walter Judd, now Christian leaders of mission lands a missionary in China, wrote a really want missionaries or will my pamphlet on "Why Leave non- presence among them as a repre- Christian America for the Orient?"

sentative of a foreign sending The great popularity of this agency tend to thwart their natural pamphlet has revealed how wide- growth and development?" spread is the question discussed by Such qu'€stions as these are it. But despite a fine array of conlargely organizational, but they are vincing arguments by Dr. Judd, asked by students who might, if showing why we cannot wait till conditions were different, become America is more Christian before deeply interested in missions. If, carrying our Christian message not only in words, but also by an abroad, the question persists. The effective forward program, posi- only effective answer will be a new tive and convincing answers could and determined effort on the part be given to these questions, such of the church at home to make answers would remove one of the America really Christian.

greatest obstacles to a serious and Speaking conservatively, in the .deeply personal consideration of past not more than one out of every missions as a life-work on the part two thousand Protestant Chris- of some of our finest undergrad- tians has gone abroad as a mission- uates. ary.2 No one can argue that if Still another reason why there that one should have stayed at has been a waning interest in mis- home conditions would have been sions among students is that they greatly different. They would not have, in recent years as never be- have been. On the contrary, the fore, been facing the evils of our very going out of missionaries has own land. Racial and industrial stimulated many Christians at conflicts, amounting almost to civil home to greater effort. The loss war at times, class hatred, exploi- of some has been more than com- tation of the poor and weak by the pensated for by the renewed zeal rich and powerful, scandals in the of others. But the question goes government, scoflawry, economic deeper than that. It is not, "Am (and sometimes even militaristic) I really needed at home?" It is imperialism abroad, and a vast rather, "If the thousands here in category of evils have taken all America cannot produce better re- complacent satisfaction with our own country and our own western civilization from the minds of

STUDENTS AND FOREIGN MISSIONS TODAY

suIts than they have produced, cannot be sure. The best course to what basis have we for believing pursue is to "bet one's life there is that Christianity will solve the a God." Many nominally Christian problems and meet the needs of people do not even go that far.

other lands?" They only say, "I do not know that That students are justified in there is a God but I am going to pressing this point is evidenced by live as if there were and, in the the following honest confession of meantime, as opportunity offers it- the recent Jerusalem Missionary self, I shall keep up the quest."

Council. Now this kind of religion, which The Church has not firmly and effec- at best is a mere side-line of intively set its face against race-hatred, tellectual effort among many race-envy, race-contempt, or against so- others much more absorbing, does cial envy and contempt and class-bitter- not produce missionaries. Misness, or against racial, national, and sionaries are not knights on a social pride, or against the lust for quest. They are couriers on an wealth and exploitation of the poor or errand. They are not groping weak. We believe that the Gospel 'pro- seekers after an unknown God; claims the only way by which humanity rather they are men and women to can escape from class- and race-hatred.' whom God has already revealed But we are forced to recognize that such Himself hi,storically and in their a claim requires to be made good and that the record of Christendom hitherto is not sufficient to sustain it.

This claim must be sustained if the own experience in and through church expects to inspire in its own Jesus Christ. This revelation is so young people, not to mention the rich, so wonderful, and so increas- people of other lands, the belief ingly sufficient for the deep needs that Christianity is an adequate of their own lives that they seek to remedy for the ills of mankind. put others in the way of the same To the doubts which students knowledge and experience.

have as to whether or not they can But to say that in the colleges or ought to be missionaries is today there are very few students added a third consideration which who have passed through a spir- acts as a deterrent force to any itual adolescence wherein childhood who today seek to promote an in- faith has become a glowing bright telligent and active interest in for- reality, transforming, engaging, eign missions on any of our college and compelling, is not an expres- campuses. Many students do not sion of pessimism. It is a plain have a type of Christian faith and statement of fact. Our modern Christian experience which de- processes of evangelism and reli- mands that this faith and experi- gious education in church and ence be shared with others. To school are not producing men and many, God is a problem to be women after this pattern in any solved, l!ot a joyful reality to be great numbers. Until they do, the experienced, much less to be challenge to foreign missionary shared. To them even the problem service is going to fall, for the most of God is not an urgent one. If part, on deaf ears; and well it may, one has time for it, aU right; hut for no matter how attractive, if not, then it does not matter learned, capable, and unselfish one much. The world seems to go along may be, he is not qualified to serve with a pretty good swing, God or as a Christian missionary set for no God, so people say. Besides, one the advancement of the Kingdom

of God unless his whole life-what getting a hearing, much less a he is and what he does – is favorable consideration?

grounded in some vital, growing, Gloomy though the picture is, we and satisfying personal experience do well to look at it, for it is of God. against this background and in re- Some think that this is a fairly lation to it that signs of hope for gloomy picture. It is; and it the future begin to appear. Cercould be made gloomier still if in- tainly for the past five or six years stead of dealing with at least the student attitude of North nominally Christian students, as I America with reference to foreign have done, reference were made to missions has been characterized by that large number of students who, lack of information, lack of interseemingly, feel no constraint what- est, sharp and caustic questioning soever to unselfish living. It is of the whole program, and in some easy enough for men and women cases a spirit of indifference that in our colleges today to hold that has been almost impregnable. success is not measured by service but by dollars. Utilitarianism de- However, certain churches, ortermines the value of curriculum ganizations, and individuals have courses; and the possibilities of been unshaken in their faith in the acquisition rather than of function divine origin, continued necessity, or service determine ca·reers. Per- and present urgency of the mis- sionary cause. Moreover, they haps there has never been a time have maintained their faith in when more thought was given to students and have not let all of the principles of vocational guid- them forget that some people at ance as applicable to students, but, least still regard missions as the unfortunately, most of those prin- most "serious and significant of ciples are such as to render inop- 20th century enterprises." Weak- erative the essentially religious nesses and defects have been idea contained in the word "voca- frankly acknowledged; but contion" – a call, implying One who vincing facts have been set forth calls and therefore a divine com- to show that missionaries in and mission. through an unselfish spiritual min- istry, are bringing men to Christ One writer on vocational guid- who breaks the shackles of moral ance for college students lists the evil and guilt and releases men and following as criteria of profes- societies and nations from crampsional success: "membership or ing custom and blighting social fellowship in the professional so- practices so that in Him they may cieties ; salary and net income; stand up free and complete.S offices in the professional societies; well-recognized professional dis- Chang-esin Student Attitude ~tinctions, such as medals, govern- Within the last eighteen months, pf .·ment appointments,· commissions some observers have been able to and awards various kinds ; fiilan- . see the· beginnings· of significant cial responsibility of :professional changes in the attitude of at least In assignments" ; and others of a . a few students. In the recent past, similar character. such an at- undergraduates who have been at mosphere what chance.does a chal- all interested have dissected mis- lenge to foreign missions have of 3 See the Jerusalem Message Statement.

STUDENTS AND FOREIGN MISSIONS TODAY

sions as they are prone to dissect have, they are able to effect some every other problem of the day- real deliverance from many of the with a great deal more of irre- evils that afflict the world." sponsible slashing than careful observation. They have not deigned The Pre-eminence of 1 esus Christ to profess any personal interest. In recent months, however, while But students who are serious questioning has persisted, a bit of and thorough in their study of com- "what does all this mean to me?" parative religion discover that, spirit has begun to manifest itself. against the background of a grow- "If things are wrong, maybe I ing knowledge and sympathetic aphave some responsibility for set- preciation of other religions, Jesus ting them right," say some. "Be- Christ, fulfilling and securing "all sides there may be more to com- the good of which men have conmend than I have ever guessed." ceived," stands out in a clearer "What's right with missions?" is light than ever before. They are seen by some to be as pertinent a able to see with others that "just question as "What's wrong with because Christ is the self-disclosure missions?" Certain it is that a of the One God, all human aspira-. new kind of missionary interest is tions are towards Him, and yet of manifesting itself on some cam- no human tradition is He merely puses, and while few life commit- the continuation. He is the desire ments are being made, the period of all nations; but He is always of purely academic inquiry for the more, and other, than they had desake of criticism seems to be pass- sired before they learnt of Him."

ing.. The glib statement that one re- ligion is just about as good as an- .Another significant change in other simply does not stand in the student attitude is coming from light of an honest, appreciative, their study of comparative religion. thorough – going study of the Our age has witnessed great de- world's living religions. It is evivelopments in this field. We all dent to all serious students that, have or may have a fairly intimate on the basis of the solidarity of the knowledge of non-Christian reli- human race, i. e., common chargions. With this knowledge comes acteristics, common needs, common a growing appreciation of the fact problems, that religion which is that in all ages and in all lands best for any people is the one best men's hearts and minds have for all. If Jesus Christ is essenreached out toward goodness, tial to the highest and best life of beauty, and truth, and that in all the West, He is essential to the these realms significant discoveries highest and best of the East, and have been made. It is clearer to us for the same reasons. than to men and women of any' other generation that God has not We do not go to the nations called left Himself without witness noncChl'istian, because they are the worst among any people. Fear orreluc- of the. world, and they alone are in need tance to admit this has been rapidly -we go because they are a part of the giving way to a rejoicing in the world and share with us in the same hufact "that even -apart from con- man need,-the need of redemption from scious knowledge of Him, when ourselves and from sin, the need to have life complete and abundant and to be remen are true to the best light they made after this pattern of Christlikeness. We desire a world in which Christ will not be crucified but where His Spirit shall reign.

This is the argument of the J eru- social and industrial and interna- salem Message stated so as to re- tional problems of the day rightly veal the compelling motive back of expect that roots, once planted and Christian missions. And it is an duly nurtured, shall produce the argument that today is securing an fruits of righteousness, justice, interested and responsive hearing mercy, and truth in corporate as from many students. This is true well as individual life. Jesus said, whether they discover it for them- "By their fruits ye shall know selves in their study of compara- them." It is a poor sort of evan- tive religion or hear it fairly pre- gelism that does not result in a sented by others. better community life.

Missions and the Problems of Life The last two conventions of the Student Volunteer Movement, at Further, students are discerning Indianapolis and Detroit, have that the missionary movement is spent what seemed to some a dis- concerned about the real problems proportionately large part of the of life. In recent years the im- time allotted for meetings to this pression has been abroad that the secondary aspect of mISSIOns.

best energies of missionaries are However the student attitude, as- spent in merely nurturing a feeble suming as it did that missions are church which does not give much set for the propagation of a re- promise of helpfulness to the com- ligion having to do with the prob- munity in which it is located. It lems of the next world to the is a wrong impression, but evi- exclusion of those here and now, dence to support it has not been seemed to demand just this em- wholly lacking. And the charges phasis. The beginnings of re- and citations of students have at newed interest in the work of the least been strong enough to do two church around the world on the things. They have brought forth part of many students paving the from almost every field and out of way for the quieter and more ef- every period of the modern mis- ective processes of the Movement sionary movement an abundance of point to a justification of these con- data showing that missionaries vention programs.

have to do with life-needs and life- Religions Beliefs That Matter problems of the people among whom they labor. They have also Finally, an increasing number of stimulated missionaries and mis- students today are coming to a sion boards to face anew their re- place where they recognize that sponsibility not only for a program there are some religious beliefs of evangelization but one for which matter. In recent years Christianization as well. Evan- many have refused to think in the- gelism is always and everywhere ological terms. This is true not the primary task of missions. only of students. "The generation Anyone who discounts its im- that is drawing to a close has been portance is lacking in spiritual dis- trying on an unprecedented scale cernment. But evangelism, how- the experiment .of a creedless re- ever essential, is only the planting ligion." As a close observer has of the roots of the Christian faith. pointed out some "have tried to go And students interested as they back behind intellectual formula- are, and ought to be, in the great tions to the experience out of

STUDENTS AND FOREIGN MISSIONS TODAY

which all formulations arise and than in the other two Jesus Christ have found the gist of religion in is revealing himself as unique, uniquality of life"; while others versal, essential. As men yield "have tended to substitute action themselves to Him, He meets the for intellection and to center atten- deepest needs of their lives and tion on devotion to the Kingdom becomes to them an all-sufficient of God even if one's opinions were Guide for conduct and career.

utterly at sea as to what 'God' The trend in stUdent Christian means." thinking is now in this direction. Na one would argue that it has pro-. But such attitudes cannot long ceeded far. No one can be sure commend themselves to any large that it will continue in the same number of people. "Any complete direction, especially in view of the religion is threefold. It is mystical, undiminished strength of materialpractical, and metaphysical. It in- ism and practical atheism regnant volves a radiant experience, a so- in the western world on and off cial program, and a philosophy of college campuses. But I believe it life." There has been, therefore, will. I believe it because the spiron the part of a growing number itual influences which have iniof students anew quest for God in tiated the trend have already personal experience and a deepen- demonstrated their ability to oping conviction that a coherent erate in spite of the forces in world outlook in relation to God is opposition. I believe it because absolutely necessary. Once again history reveals that the Christian Jesus, who has been speaking with life and message have in the past authority to students on the prob- triumphed over similar forces. I lems of war and peace, industry believe it because I believe in God and internationalism, is being -His wisdom, love, and powerlooked to for a sure and satisfying and His effective concern for a revelation of God. Those who world of men, women, and little heretofore have gone to the New children who are in need of that Testament simply to extract some full deliverance which the Gospel principle applicable to the problem of the Son of God proclaims and in hand are beginning to go to it secures. I believe that the spirit for light on one's self, the world, of this same Father-God will conhuman need, God, the ultimate vic- tinue to work in the hearts and tory of good over evil, and the minds of American students until, possibility of "an ever-growing, compelled by a full-rounded and ever-enlarging, ever-lasting life." transforming experience of Him- They are learning again that men self and a vision of the world of live not merely by mystical ex- human need, many of them will be periences, nor yet by absorption willing to give themselves at home in programs of social betterment, and abroad to the end that men but also by ideas of ultimate values everywhere shall become partakers and basic realities by every word with them in the glorious inheritthat proceedeth out of the mouth ance of the sons of God. of God. In this last realm no less

A MISSIONARY CALL AND THE

BY REV. JOHN T. FARIS, D.D., Philadelphia, Pa.

O N MARCH 22, 1883, an issue he wrote of the fur traders in their of The Christian Advocate company: and Journal and Zion's "These men incur more danger Herald contained a call from Dr. ,for a few beaver skins than we do Wilbur Fisk, President of Wes- to save souls; and yet some who leyan University: call themselves Christians would "Hear! hear! have persuaded us to abandon our "Who will respond to the call enterprise because. of the danger accompanying it."

from beyond the Rocky Moun- The story of the heroic service tains? in the Oregon Country that fol- "We are for having a mission lowed, is a part of the wealth of home missionary literature. Look established at once. Let two suit- up Jason Lee; read of him and of able men, unencumbered with fam- his fellow worker, and of Marcus ilies, and possessing the spirit of Whitman who was sent out by the martyrs, th'row themselves into t~e natives, live with them, learn theIr Congregational Church only a lit- language, preach Christ to them, tIe later: Read of the decision and-as the way opens–introduce made by Narcissa Prentiss to acschools, agriculture, and the arts company him, and of their joint of civilized life. The means for persuasion of Dr. H. H. Spalding these improvements can be intro- and his bride to go in their com- duced through the fur traders, and pany. Mrs. Spalding was told that by the reinforcements with which she was not strong enough for the from time to time we can strength- journey and for the hardships that en the mission. Money shall be would follow, but she replied with forthcoming. I will he bondsman true Christian fortitude, "I have for the Church. All we want is made up my mind for Oregon."

the men. Who will go? Who? I Then came the long overland jour- I know of one young man who I ney whose narrative is an epic, and think will go, and I know of no the service among the Indians one like him for the enterprise. which is among the romances of If he will go …… we only want home missions. How these misanother, and the mission will be sionaries paved the way for setcommenced the coming season." tiers who came after them to the Jason Lee responded to the call. Oregon Country; how they found He persuaded his nephew, Daniel their way to the hearts of the In- Lee, to go with him. Two. others dians and made converts among joined them later. The Journey them; how Mrs. Whitman became was made by river and on horse- a ministering angel to the Indian back to Missouri, tI~en with a train women and children, while her of trappers to the Northwest. husband proved his love for God There were those who called fool- by hard service in field and forest ish this home missionary pioneer and pulpit, and his love for men bound for Oregon, but Jason Lee by his repeated efforts in behalf thought otherwise. In his diary of hundreds who crossed the plains.

892

PRESENT·DAY CITY~TREND·

BY CHARLES HATCH SEARS, New York Secretary oj the New York City Baptist Mission Society T HE City has a certain in- my friend asked me to be more ob- trinsic value: folks, people– serving. Then I saw apple trees all kinds of people, white, growing in the wildwood. They black and intermediate shades; at- were not "wild apple trees" some- tractive and unattractive, crude times to be found in woodlands and cultured-the ends of the earth but had been planted. These apple tied into a new bundle of humanity, trees carried on the tradition of a the ends are terribly frayed but all one-time homestead. The boys had are people. God save the people. gone to the city. The old folks- Make ever so small an improve- yes, there was the burial plot. My ment in a city and many people friend had built an attractive sum- reap advantage from it. mer home on the hillcrest over- Dr. Isaiah Bowman, in speaking looking a group of New Hampshire of the great irrigation projects of lakes and adjoining the old farm the government, in a recent article house where four generations of in Foreign Affairs says: his kin had lived and where one of The Reclamation Service has been in his brothers still lived, but the existence for twenty-five years. It has farm was in a state of suspense. developed irrigation projects where water has been stored aud where the settler has This is the rural aspect of the been invited to come in under terms re- "city trend." Population movegarded as generous. In twenty-five years ments leave a trail behind; often how many people have we actually taken pathetic, sometimes tragic. care of? The total farming population upon the twenty-four national 'irrigation projects of the West after twenty-five Why the City TrenH years of government aid and generosity The old farm in central New is but 137,000. York where the writer's boyhood In one small section of New York was spent is still in action, but the stretching from the Battery up to "cradle" which he once swung into Houston Street, a little over two miles, there are 340,949 people. standing grairi has yielded to the People everywhere! "binder." One man on a binder or a mower can accomplish more My friend pointed out where a than a half dozen with cradles or neighboring farm house had been scythes. "Farm hands" are no and then the site of the old school- longer required. house, but nothing remained. There were not even cultivated Labor replaced by the machine is fields, nothing but a stretch of back of the city trend. Up to the woodland – second growth. But Civil War the majority of workers within the states were on farms.

• One of a series of articles on population ro As late as 1880, 44 % of them, while movements in America: the frontler moveM ment; the city trend; the immigration move- by 1920 only 26 were engaged in men t; and the suburban trend. The purpose agriculture. Until after the Civil of theae articles is to show the missionary im- War the United States was preplications of these important population move- dominantly rural and even during ments within the United States. Supplemental the decades of the '70s and the articles on the northern migration of Negroes; and the return of the European immigrants are cOJ;ltemplated.-O. H. S, 893

'80s there was an enormous agri- are many other more human ex- cultural development in the west. planations. The writer can well Secretary of Agriculture Jardine remember the agricultural depresrecently stated that the farm pop- sion in the east of the '80s and '90s due both to these causes and to the ulation decreased 2,000,000 from more general application of ma- 1919 to 1924 and yet the farmers chinery on western farms. He can in America "in the five-year period also recall the lure of the city. The social contrast between the citycentered on 1925 averaged a vol- bred boy and the country boy, and ume of production about one- how this applied even to the counseventh larger than the five-year try boy after a few years of city residence – better-fitting clothing, period centered on 1919." faces not so red, hands not so Machinery which released men rough, "manner" more attractive to the girls of the village. "John from the farms created a demand must be getting on in the city." for workers in factories. The num- "How much is he getting?"-and the city trend was on. It took all ber of workers in factories in- six boys from my father's farm. creased from 1,311,246 in 1860 to 9,096,872 in 1920 while the value This city trend is reflected in the of manufactured products in- last Federal Census. In 1800, 40/0 creased during the same period of the population of the United States lived in cities with 8,000 or from $1,885,861,676 to $62,418,- more inhabitants. The next 50 078,773. Weber, in "The Growth years brought a comparatively of the Cities in the Nineteenth small advance to 12 %, but the next Century," puts the matter scien- 70 years brought 44 % of the pop- tifically. ulation into cities of 8,000 or more The Industrial Revolution and the era and 51 % to all towns and cities of of railways, both of which opened earliest in England and the United 2,500 or more. States, have been the transforming agents in the redistribution of popula- A Recent Phenomenon tion. They are the elementary forces in the bringing about of Modern Capitalism. The redistribution of population is accomplished not only by a movement from the fields to the cities, but also, by migration across the seas.

In his last statement we see how Absorbed in our own generation closely related to the city trend is it is difficult to appreciate how the immigration movement, just as sudden has been the advent of the we have seen how the city trend is great city. Dr. Josiah Strong the converse of the depopulation of ("Challenge of the City") called rural areas. All these population attention to the death of an old movements are part of a whole. man who was the first child to be The church is in the midst of them. born in the city of Chicago. True, a city had its social pull even in But another factor must be taken Roman times. These words of into account. Manufacturing with Juvenal might apply to the modern its concomitants trade and com- city instead of to Rome in the secmerce tends to concentration of ond century – "If you can tear population and the building of yourself away from the games in cities. Agriculture does not re- the cireus, you can buy a capital quire concentration of its workers. house at Sara, Fabratiria, or These are the basic influences for Frusino for the price at which you the growth of cities. True, there

THE PRESENT-DAY CITY TREND

are now hiring your dark hole for York City, 124 out of every 100,000 one year," of the population died of smallpox.

We can better understand the In 1926, there was not a single city trend by considering it decade death from this disease. More re- by decade. This progress is traced cent but almost as striking has by Weber in his monumental work. been the gain in dealing with diph- Before 1800, "the phenomenon of theria, typhoid fever and tuber- concentration of population was culosis. Mute testimony to changed not to be found in the United States health conditions was borne by the as a whole." Curious to say, the recent removal in 1926 of some first approach to concentration was 500 bodies buried about 1845 in a in Maryland and Massachusetts, subcellar of a downtown New not in New York, Pennsylvania or York church and further by the Rhode Island. list of the diseases-typhus, small- The opening of the Erie Canal pox and cholera. Even a casual in 1821 literally made New York reading of such books as Weber's, City and stimulated greatly the referred to above, written in 1899 growth of up-state cities. Urban and Josiah Strong's Challenge of population in the United States the City, published in 1907, reveal grew rapidly from 1820 to 1830, a pessimistic outlook upon city moderately from 1830 to 1840, but health conditions. In 1902 the aver- then there was a recession from age number of deaths for the rural 1850 to 1860 due to the enormous area of the United States was 15.4 development of the Mississippi out of every 1,000 persons while Valley; again a more rapid city in cities it was 17.7. No wonder growth from 1860 to 1870 due to that Weber makes this generaliza- manufacturing. tion, "clearly the concentration of Following the panic of 1873, population produces an enormous urban growth had another setback, drain on the vitality of the peo- but since 1880 city development ple." This continues so far as the and growth of manufacturing in- nervous strain is concerned but is dustries has been continuous. not reflected to the same degree in Again we cannot speak of the the death rate. In 1927 the death United States as a whole for the rate in Greater New York had urban concentration was in the been reduced to 11.80, a marked north as early as 1890 (49.31 in contrast with the death rate of the the north Atlantic division). same city from 1856 to 1865 when Other factors than manufactur- it was 32.35, nearly 300 % greater. ing have played a part but these The change has been brought about we may only mention. Transporta- by physicians, by boards of health tion made cities possible. Ancient and the wise use of the "police cities were limited by the range of power," vested in municipalities by their food supply. Better sanita- which better housing and other imtion has made large concentration provements have been secured.

of popUlation practicable. Certainly the physical redemption Physical Redemption of the city is practicable and the striking advance may be taken as Advance in public health in cities a prophecy of its moral and spir- is an inspiring story'. It is difficult itual redemption yet to come. Had to comprehend that in 1875 in New there been the same progress in

housing and in the field of mu- affinity there is between these nicipal city planning as in the field groups may' be imagined. Still of public health there can be little more striking, Dr. Bowman refers doubt that the standard of health to one public school on the lower in urban areas would have risen East Side which shifted its racial above that of rural areas. makeup during the period from 99% Jewish to 99% Italian. Moral Delinquency and Community Life No degree of city planning or Unfortunately there has not been municipal control can govern these the same progress in political mat- racial shifts but there are other ters or in religious life or in the changes which may be regulated by field of social welfare generally. wise city planning. Failure to Therefore, the growth of cities is control the general "uses" to which still a disturbing factor in Amer- a block or district may be put has ican life. disrupted many neighborhoods. One of the contributing causes for One of the disturbing elements the decrease of popuLation in Lower is the breakdown of community East Side New YoJlk is the establife, the rapid changes in neighbor- lishment of factories and the genhoods and the general mobility of eral development of business. This the people. This is known to the may be fully in line with good pubmost casual observer but recent lic policy for that particular area sociological studies have given a but business has ruined many more accurate basis for judgment. good residence areas that should For example, LeRoy E. Bowman have been preserved and whose of Columbia University presented preservation might have been asto the American Sociological So- sured through proper zoning. It ciety at its meeting held in New is a curious fact that after ex- York in 1925 the results of a study periencing these costly community of popUlation changes, in six dis- upheavals desirable residence comtricts of New York City. Popula- munities in the older residence tion in the lower West Side, areas of New York are springing known as the Bowling Green area, up in older sections under the prodecreased from 1910 to 1920 by tection of recent zoning regula- tions. How much New York and 24 %; in the lower East Side, other cities might have been saved! Indeed, how many churches and from the Battery approximately to other redemptive agencies might Houston Street, the decrease was have been saved.

25.3 %. Other areas show an Failure to restrict density, to classify types of residence, to regenormous increase for the same ulate the placing of industries, to period, the Borough of Queens for restrict the location of garages, example, an increase of 52%. Dr. theatres and other business estab- Bowman shows that the shifting of lishments has been among the main racial groups is quite as striking. contributing causes of population For example, the Russian popula- shifts and neighborhood breaktion on the lower East Side de- downs.

creased during the period by 46 % The relation ·of this mobility to the suburban trend is all too eviand curiously enough the Irish by the same percentage. Even the Italian population decreased 20 % while the Greeks, Turks, and Canadians increased. How much

dent but this subject will be treated to this matter. Following the usual in a separate paper. custom with respect to all com- plaints, an investigation was made. Undesirable Communities This disclosed the fact that for years homeless men have been ex- The City Trend, with its individ- ploited in the Bowery without any ual community ebb and flow, re- constructive attempt to come to sults not only in a breakdown of grips with the problem of providold communities but in the forma- ing lodging and shelter that contion of new communities based on forms to elementary standards of the segregation of people of similar decency, comfort and health, extastes. Too often in the older sec- cept in the case of a few social tions of the city these groupings agencies." "This is what we found: are unfortunate. A dramatic but Flop house No.1. A zigzag shaped pathetic situation was revealed in cellar with two windows opening a paper read before the American in the rear, each 32 by 70 inches, Sociological Society in New York with a 16-inch fan and no other in December, 1925. It was a rec- ventilation. There is but one exit ord of a detailed study of the room- from this cellar and in case of fire ing house area on the lower North this would be a death trap. Occu- Side of Chicago. These word pic- pied as a rule by at least 200 men, tures tell the tragic story: the allowing by actual measurement lodgers 52ro are single men-l0% 127 cubic feet per man, whereas by single women and 38% couples law the minimum standard for (married supposedly but actually lodging houses-which is none too 60ro living unmarried)-rooming high-is 400 cubic feet of air space. houses childless though the popula- Two toilets and one wash basin tion is in the productive ages rang- constitute accommodations for ing from 20 to 35 years-known to these 200 men, in gross violation of labor leaders as the "white collared the Sanitary Code. Here the men group"-filling clerical positions- sleep in their clothes on the bare also students. "The constant com- floor; a tangled mass of huings and goings of its inhabitants manity." is the most striking and significant characteristic of this world of Missionary Implication furnished rooms. This whole population turns over every four The missionary implication of months." the city trend and of these popula- tion shifts is evident; on the one Another unfortunate group, re- hand revealing the failure of the flecting moral, economic and hous- Church, and on the other, the pering conditions is the lodging house plexity of the Church owing to the area of old New York on or near failure of our city fathers. The the old Bowery. Conditions have many conditions referred to are recently been unearthed by Com- only indirectly due to the failure of missioner Harris of the New York the church though they make the Board of Health for many years in task of the church exceedingly the department. "I had no per- difficult. These are the conditions sonal knowledge that conditions so which have made the operation of unsanitary and inhumane existed the average church a hazardous in certain 'flop houses' until a few undertaking. complaints directed my attention 3

The pastor of one of the oldest with denominational affiliations churches in Greenwich Village which now link diverse and ever- speaks of the difficulty of bringing changing communities together in up Italian young people in Green- working fellowship – some white, wich Village in view of the extreme some Negro, some Oriental, some types which these Italian young socially bankrupt, others richly en- people see about the Village-for dowed, some with evangelical vis- example, there protected Italian ion, others with purely old-world girls see an "artist" of the Bo- religious outlook and 0 the r s hemian type who promenades the frankly irreligious. Let these de- streets stockingless, and otherwise nominationally emancipated lib- in gaudy attire. They also get the erals establish a channel of service effect of the "night life" of Green- comparable to the channel of serv- wich Village participated in by ice provided by interdenomina- Americans of the older type-coun- tional agencies for Negroes strug- try cousins and wayward sons and gling to secure church equipment daughters. and to organize their own com- A Chain of Churches munity life; for the men of the Bowery sadly in need of a brother; One of the unfortunate aspects for children compelled to play on of the suburban trend is the with- crowded streets; for new American drawal of the more resourceful young people demanding proper from the areas where the strong social outlet; for women living are needed "as a rock in a weary drab lives in congested tenements, land." No settlement or down- and for scores of others socially town church can take the place of and religiously unfavored in many virile personalities who have communities.

grown up in these communities. The meeting of such conditions The best substitutes the church by Christian churches is one of the can bring in are warmhearted and necessities growing out of the city consecrated social and Christian trend, the population movements workers with initiative and ability and the suburban trek. This is to add an element to the com- not a plea for denominationalism munity life now altogether lacking nor for sectarianism but for the and to provide a personal guidance linking of churches of diverse types for the youth of these communities into a chain for service. The who are coming into an unfavor- more favored community needs the able social heritage. Ecclesiastical community of culture and resource reformers with a certain phari- but not more than the community saicalliberalism demand that high- of culture and resource needs conpowered, cultured, wealthy com- tact with communities of other munities in favored uptown or types. Let us link together suburban localities be permitted to churches of diverse types into a organize their religious life just as chain of social – educational – relithey organize their social life and gious service. Religion is not an golf clubs on a community basis individual matter alone. Religion without "the intrusion of denomi- is not a community matter alone- nationalism." not if the city is to see its religious Pray, let there first be discovered redemption in this or any other a substitute for a chain of churches generation.

bV (J. J. 1'. lJu.ry.r

A GROUP OF OLD MEN AND YOUNG BOYS ON THE CONGO ON THE EDGE OF AFRICAN MENTALITY BY REV. HERBERT SMITH, Lotumbe, Coquilhatville, Congo BeIge T HERE is fascination in try- After an African language has ing to determine just what a been learned, one finds that words person means by the words have different meanings on dif- which he utters. Even among one's ferent occasion or in the mouth intimate associates, there is some- of different speakers. It is as when times enough difference between a small boy learns to spell "two"

what is meant and what is said to and thinks that he has gained some give opportunity for considerable knowledge. The next day he learns guessing. The difficulties increase that "to" and "too" also sound the when a white man tries to enter same but mean something different the realm of Mrican native and he declares that if there is such thought and custom. Here he is in a word, no one knows how to spell an area that is, for the most part, it.

quite unexplored. Often each, tribe A native trying to translate and sub-tribe has a different atti- English into Lonkundo comes tude toward different subjects. across a sentence with the phrase 899

"a single tree." He promptly "Because it is our custom."

writes: "an unmarried tree" as he After a while you may learn has heard only of a single lady, or that such a man, may not only, not a single man, as meaning "unmar- dig, but he must not carry the end ried." Who can tell what ideas of a pole on his shoulder, and he white people have? must not climb on the roof of a If one lifts the corner of the veil house to repair it. While the baby a little from the mind of the Af- is still unborn there is an ekila rican, he is surprised to see the which restricts many of his acnumberless' array of superstitions tions. Why? that color the whole native Digging a hole suggests digging thoughts and actions. a grave. If he should dig holes A boy at play with a small frog while his wife's futUre condition pretends to make the frog touch was still unknown would it not the face of the other boy who suggest that he expected to bury cries: "Don't put that thing in my her? face." "Why not? Do you have an He may not carry the end of a pole on his shoulder because it is ekila (taboo) on a frog?" the custom to wrap a corpse and "No, if I were to kill that frog I then tie the body to a long pole while two men carry it to the should catch itch from the crown grave. of my head to the sole of my foot."

"Really" laughs the white man who is· working near by. "I wonder Why not climb up on a house? if Moses caught itch when he de- Because a house in which a person stroyed so many frogs in Egypt?" dies is left to rot, or is pushed over "Was he an Nkundo?" came the and a man might climb on the house to destroy it as well as to quick challenge. "If he was an help repair it. Nkundo the ekila applies; if not, White men may be distressed at it does not." A white man, in the early morn- finding a new grave only a few ing when it was fresh and cool, yards from the door step. To our notion this is not hygienic. But the called to the men: "Get your spades and picks, I baby was not six months old and want to make some holes so that it would never do to bury it in the we can plant fruit trees this after- common grave yard with the noon when the sun has lost its grown folks. Its little spirit might cry and disturb the grown peopower." "But I can't dig holes" murmurs ple's spirits. Bury the baby in the yard near its own mother house one man. and if it cries its mother will not "Can't dig holes" the white man mind. There is also the chance that cries. "Why, any child can dig a the little one may be reborn to the hole in the ground." mother.

"Yes, yes, yes, I know a child can dig a hole, but we are looking for These superstitions are dis- a little child in our house and dur- covered in the most unexpected ing that time I can't possibly dig places. We were working out in holes." the gardens, clearing a path. We "Why not?" asked the unbe- went through a growing garden of liever. manioc (cassava) about two feet

ON THE EDGE OF AFRICAN MENTALITY

high. Suddenly one of the boys Africa is not influenced alone by cried out: the missionary, there are thou- sands of other white men who come "Look at what the white man is and attempt to destroy all the betouching." liefs of the African. The mission- ary is like the modern doctor. He I looked expecting to see a snake is not satisfied to treat symptoms. or scorpion, or some biting insect He wants to know what causes the but the boy said the one word ekila symptoms and once having found and there on a stick which had two that has some hope of curing the forks was a dried palm leaf. patient. But many white men in Africa today have no interest in "Is that all" I said. "That wont the mental and spiritual life of the hurt anybody."

The look on the boy's face showed that he did not believe me.

Photo by Dr. Barger.

DR. BARGER AXD IllS ASSISTAXT8 HI'WOllE TIlE BOLBX(;E 1I0HI'J'l'AL. BELGIAN. CONGO The ekila was there as a watch native. Many of them deny that he dog to prevent stealing. Like the has any spiritual life and others famous sign seen in the white act as if he has no mental ability. man's land: "Beware of the dog" when the kennel is quite empty. When did the proverbs and the hidden references between the If you destroy the belief of the Nkundo and Bacwa people have African boy in the charm of this their origin? Who built them into nature and do not put some new the fabric of the African life? It deterrent in its place what will the happened so long ago that the boy do? It took ages to get this present generation has only a old set of beliefs and prohibitions hazy folk lore that requires much into the fabric of African society intuitive imagination to guess the and they cannot be replaced by new ones in one generation. Little solution. fellows, not over six or seven, can These two peoples are different. tell you these ekilas by the dozens. The Nkundo insists that there shall be no mixing of blood and often

regard the Bacwa as animals, not that the source cannot be con- people at all, because they think taminated. The invitation goes out and act differently. Yet some from for all people to come and get fresh each tribe look very much alike. pure water. Will both Bacwa and Their habits, too, are different. Nkundo take that water peace- The Bacwa like to hunt, and can fully? Not at all. The Nkundo law live for weeks in the forest, on the says that the Bacwa shall drink food they gather. They are not water from a different source than very keen on the making of gar- that of the Nkundo. Though a dens, for they prefer a wandering third party supplies the water for life. The Nkundo like a village life everybody they will not both drink and the gardens that they can grow of it. If the Nkundo give way on near home. Many white men can- this, they say: "It will not be long not distinguish the two peoples but before the Bacwa will say that to the native, both Nkundo and they can eat out of the same pot as Bacwa, this is a huge joke. They the Nkundo, can live in the same roll over and over at the humor of row, can marry their wives or take it. them at any time they see fit.

There is. a social cleavage be- There will be no end to the liberties tween these people, that nothing they will take. Weare Nkundo, seems to transcend. They live at they are Bacwa. We cannot mix."

different ends of a village and do The enmity between black people not intermarry. Illicit relations has been a surprise to the 'white are tabooed. A Bacwa man, work- man. In preaching the Gospel, this ing away from home, married an has to be taken into consideration.

Nkundo wife and lived happily A white man can preach to both with her. After a number of years, groups, and an Nkundo man can he brought the wife home but when preach to the Bacwa with consider- she found that she was expected to able success, if he has allowed the live in the Bacwa row, she never Gospel to soften his words, but a entered his home. She returned to Bacwa finds it difficult to preach to her own people at once. an Nkundo audience. It is always "The child of the fish," said one, attended with considerable risks "that stays in the river, gets along for some one in the Nkundo audi- all right. The child of the animal ence may mock the Bacwa that stays in the forest, prospers, preacher, because his accent but if the child of the fish and the classes him with the tribe that was child of the animal change places, at one time slaves.

or live together, destruction comes This question of race is a sore upon them. Bacwa and Nkundo spot in the conscience of the Chris- cannot mix. If they try to break tian. What does it all mean? Men down the taboos between them, born in the same village, perhaps there will be wars and anarchy at on the same day, have different once." antecedents, and are as far apart They drink water from different as those born thousands of miles springs, they bathe at different apart. Each race or tribe feels that pools or different places in the it is as good or even better than the river. The mission digs a deep other race. When one tries to help well and places a pump which the one called the lower race, he carries the water to a reservoir so may be met with the query: "Which

ON THE EDGE OF AFRICAN MENTALITY

is the lower race? Aren't we as guide could be found, how many good as you?" We are different is forest paths could be explored and a just response. The Christian how many rare species of native adds-"Even if that is so, let us ideas could be discovered. Most help one another to find out the natives can guide through forest, reason for the difference." but few can act as guides to their The unwritten literature of Af- own ancient beliefs. So the white rica is full of weird fascinating man wanders and after hours of tales not only of animals but also searching, has discovered very lit- of real and mystical people. These tle.

tales are numberless. A few have There is a classic illustration of been published but there must be African misunderstanding. The thousands that have never reached Ashanti people of the Gold Coast a white man's ears. It is a rich had an emblem which was known field for investigation and ought to as the "Golden Stool" which tradi- help considerable in the under- tion says came out of the sky. It standing of the mental life of the was a native stool covered with people. beaten gold. No one ever sat upon The African hates to do things it and the stool itself was not al- in a hurry. He fears to admit the lowed to touch the bare ground. It white man into that secret realm of always stood on a skin of some ani- his thought life, lest he be mis- mal, perhaps a leopard skin. It understood. The white man may has its own house and its own at- laugh at his beliefs. He may be tendants outnumbering those of under oath, except to his own kith the king. The king may touch the and kin, and then only under the stool, but must never sit on it. The proper circumstances may he re- white man, seeing so much respect veal certain customs. So, the given to a stool, thought it was a would-be student who would learn kind of throne that represented many things of African life, finds temporal power. To the native it his path blocked because he cannot is only a spiritual idea, the emblem find the person who will teach him. of the soul of the nation.

It is exceedingly difficult for a The white man, as ruler over that white man to find his way in the country, determined to get posses- forest. Animal paths lead in a hun- sion of the stool but the natives hid dred directions. The native leaves it. One day when the governor had signs as he goes. Some paths he assembled the native chiefs, he blocks by putting a bunch of leaves asked, "If I am ruler here, why do on the one that is to be closed. He I not have the 'Golden Stool'? Why also breaks off or bends over little am I not sitting pn the 'Golden twigs of the path that he follows, Stool' now?" That speech produced so that on the return journey, he a war. After the war was over an will have guiding signs. Few officer was appointed to study white men visit the forest often more clearly the language and na- enough to become acquainted with tive customs. One day he dis- it. Therefore, to save· time, he covered that the Golden Stool had hires a native guide without whom nothing to do with rulers or kings he would wander for hours without or anything temporal, but was a reaching any destination. In the symbol of the unseen, the spirits of native spiritual world, if a real the fathers, the prosperity and

peace of the nation, the soul of the is the thing those five foolish vir- people. gins forgot to provide. Copel is a In every day language, the white gum found at the roots of certain man said, "We don't want your trees. In export trade it was used stool. Bring it out in public. It is for varnish but many natives used perfectly safe, we have misunder- it for a light. It lights very easily stood its purpose." From that and burns slowly. So those five moment the idea of cooperation women found that they had no was born. Prosperity and con- copel and to get it at night from fidence began to grow. It had the root of trees and in the swamps taken years to find the path, and a was a very long job, and of course war had been waged because the no bridal supper could wait for them while they went in search of it. Then get your copel ready dur- ing the day.

The parable of the man who built his house on a rock, becomes something like this, when told by the native Christians. Once there were two young men who went fish- ing. It was the dry season and the river sand bars where showing everywhere. One of them said, "I am going to build my house for this fishing season right here on this nice sand." The other said "Don't do that. The river may rise and you will be in trouble. Come with me and make a temporary house on the bank."

"N0 I shall be right here and I can attend to my traps and save time going to that high bank."

l~h o tQ by Dr. Barger. So they fished and fished and YOKUSOFE. ROTE F EJI VA " .TJBANGO" they dried a lot of the fish over a slow smoky fire. The one had his white man was hopelessly lost in house on the sand near to the the unlimited forest of native be- water and the other up on the liefs. bank. Then suddenly one night a The African. gives the Gospel great storm came. There were tor- stories a setting that makes the rents of rain and the thunder and performers do their work in Af- lightning was terrific, as it can be rica. For instance the story of the in tropical lands. Above the storm Ten Virgins. What kind of oil did the man on the bank heard cries they have in their lamps? Most for help and he waved a fire brand people think of kerosene, because to see if his friend happened to be that is the oil they have seen used near. The river was rising rapid- in lamps unless they know only ly and he heard his friend trying to electric lamps. But in sections of climb up the bank. He rushed to Africa where the copel is used that help him and pull him high and

ON THE EDGE OF AFRICAN MENTALITY

dry just as the river swept by and lage, and he soon has a cluster of carried every bit of fish he had people urging us to stay. Even caught during the dry season and though it is not yet noon, we make all his other things in his hut. He camp, and in a short time this old lost everything. elder comes with water, firewood, Now the application is: The meat, and plantains for the car- man who built his hut on the high riers. He asks for no present. He bank was a wise man and so are does not even want medicine. So they who hear God's word and why does he urge us to stay? build up high in the safe places. There is something of the old, old They not only believe the teachings story that he wants to hear again.

they hear but act on them.

The story that grips the Af- rican more than any other is the story that God gave his Son, His only Son to the world to die for us.

How anyone could give their child, their only child, to some other cause, and that willingly, is beyond their belief. They accept that as one of the wonders of God's good- ness. If you come to Africa, the greatest story that you could tell and find ready hearers, is "God so loved the world that He gave His only Begotten Son." A missionary goes on a journey through the villages, preaching as he goes. Early in the morning, in the deep forest between villages, we meet a village elder on his way to market. He walks with an hun- dred springs in his ankles. He seems to touch the ground with only the balls of his feet. His body BANGONGO is one complete unit of movement and rhythm. It is a joy to watch We journey on and soon are the way he covers the ground. He among a people who speak another gives up the notion of going to language. The Bacwa are here, market when he meets us, and but they speak, not Lonkundo, but turning around, announces with a Ekonda, the language of the broad smile, "White man, you are stronger people. Before the com- to sleep in our village tonight." ing of the white man, the natives Why this urge to remain all night could travel very little, but now in the village? Is it hospitality, they travel much farther, and the hope of gain, prestige it will bring ideas of one section travels much to have a white man remain, or farther than formerly. A man does he want the Gospel preached from the Ekondo people goes to again for himself and people? He live in another section. After marches back with us to the vil- awhile he dies, or some of the im-

portant members of his people die. The Gospel preacher has very His own people come with the little chance to do effective work witch doctor and perform all the while the witch doctor has the mystical rites of their people. For minds of the people under this somewhere near the place where spell. The preacher is one of the the man died, his spirit still re- people and must exercise a great sides. The ceremony is a sort of mental effort to free himself from drama, but also includes an initia- the performance. Five years or ten tion for the oldest boy into the ways years ago, he believed absolutely and rights of the dead. There is everything that the witch doctor some kind of a tall scaffold for dif- did. He was brought up on such ferent kinds of gymnastic stunts. beliefs. He cannot argue success- A huge basket is hung under the fully that the witch doctor is do- scaffold. A fire is kept under the ing many things by slight of hand.

high platform, and the horns of It will take a long time to train animals containing the charms are preachers who have the mental stuck in the ground. There is a equipment properly to present the tiny house for the witch doctor, matter to the people, so that all often decorated with different col- the magic loses its power.

ors of mud.. There is some kind of This performance follows the fetish, perhaps only a head of African custom of the whole people wood, or a statue made of clay. doing things together. Working There is also the burning of a all together, hunting together, house, perhaps that of the dead playing together, and now they person whose wake is being cele- think that they are doing religious brated. service together. The family and "What does this all mean," you the clan and the village is thinking ask. "0, it is only a play. It is and talking through charms and something we do," is usually the incantations to the dead of long answer. But if the matter is ago, connecting the living with the pressed with more questions, they spirits of the other world. admit that it costs a lot of money, The Gospel does its work along and then they try to change the another line. The Gospel does subject. All the people who come bring blessings to whole communifrom a distance have to be fed dur- ties, in which those who believe in ing the time that the places are be- God and those who do not, are ing prepared for the play, which equally helped. But the real thing may take weeks. Then there is is to get each individual to repent payment to the witch doctor and and turn to the Lord, and heathenhis helpers. The general public ism does not teach either the need watches the play free of charge. or the necessity for such a thing.

But the people who are to be The people have long believed in benefited by the mystical service the spiritual world and spiritual of the witch doctor, pay the bill. things. Now comes the need of the The ceremony links the present right interpretation of these things with the departed and keeps alive so that God will be exhalted and the old life of the village and gives His Son received into the hearts of holidays to hundreds of people who the people. This is the work of the come from many villages to wit- Christian missionary and the na- ness the service. tive preachers.

AND WORLD

BY DR. FREDERICK LYNCH, New York Eduoational Secretary QJ The Church Peace Union SOME years ago two interest- it is based upon the Christian con- ing missionary books were ception of brotherhood. Every published; one "Some By- missionary who goes into a foreign Products of Missions" by Dr. Isaac land predicates brotherhood. The Taylor Headland, formerly of Chinese and Japanese are his China; and the other, "Human brothers or he would not go. Here Progress through Missions" by Dr. is a gesture of goodwill at once.

James L. Barton, of the American Some of the most striking testi- Board. These books show how monies from the foreign field have missions have not only carried the been to the effect that recognition Gospel of Jesus Christ to the indi- of the yellow people by the white viduals in far-off lands, and have as brothers has changed their established churches and convert- whole attit1.lde toward the United ed individuals to a new Way of States. When a greatly beloved Life, but they show how Christian missionary was leaving China, af- missions have influenced the whole ter twenty years of devoted serv- life of nations-their ideals, their ice, two documents were drawn up educational system, their politics, and presented to him by the man- their medicine, their law and the darins of the neighborhood. After human relationships within the dwelling upon how much the nations. These authors also call friendship of the missionary had attention to the part that missions meant, the prefectUral mandarin have played in promoting interna- said: "I have been glad to note the tional goodwill. manner in which you have aroused Since these books were written the latent sensibilities of the popufifteen years ago the role of'peace- lace to similarity of feeling and a maker has become one of the chief recognition of the essential unity functions of the missIOnary. of principles, so that the barriers Statesmen are now concerned with of East and West have been forthe organizing of the world for gotten, and a valuable contribution peace. At present the nations are has been secured toward cordial trying to outlaw war by treaties international relations generally." of arbitration. But no matter how Mr. Taft, as Governor General of perfect our machinery for peace, the Philippines, discovered that the missionaries were his most powerultimately peace rests upon certain ful allies in promoting goodwill begreat fundamental, spiritual prin- tween the Filipinos and the United ciples, certain dispositions of the States, and he bore eloquent testinations toward each other, and the mony to that fact. It was reported will for peace. Understanding that the American soldiers used to must precede peace. In this realm sing of the Filipino: of the spirit the missionary is one of the chief forces. "He may be a brother of William H. Taft, There can be no peace except as But he ain't no brother of mine."

907

Mr. Taft got little help from the that any fiat of the Almighty has soldiers but the missionaries with closed the door or denied the power their Gospel of brotherhood helped of the endless life to any race."

him win the confidence of the na- The Eastern races are beginning tives. There are no such words as to find themselves. They are rapid- "Chink," "Jap," "Dago," "Shee- ly coming to a sense of power.

ny," or "Nigger," in the true mis- They number millions and have in- sionary's vocabulary. exhaustible resources materially, The missionary has rendered an mentally and spiritually. What is inestimable service to the cause of it going to be, cooperation or international peace by his insist- strife, peace or war? It depends ence on racial equality. Many largely upon our attitude toward Americans and Europeans, even them. The missionary promotes some who call themselves Chris- peace.

tians, openly avow their contempt As an interpreter of one people for the Chinese and Japanese. This to another the missionary renders attitude makes for ill will. No one perhaps his greatest service to the can measure the effect upon the cause of international peace. He Japanese of our discrimination in interprets the best America to immigration laws which are based Japan, and the best Japan to upon race. They would probably America. The tourist too often have led to real friction between shows the worst American· char- the two countries had not the Japa- acteristics and he sees little of the nese known, largely through their real Japan. Naval officers, with acquaintance with the mission- some notable exceptions, convey aries, that there was another the impression t hat America America. So long as this contempt wishes to dominate the Pacific and of one race for another persists often report at home that the Jap- there can be no sure peace. The anese are a cunning people cherish- mIssIOnary boldly asserts that ing secret designs upon America.

Christianity knows no such dis- It is the missionary who best re- tinctions. He shows appreciation veals America to Japan, and who of the culture and achievements of has revealed the real and best the races to whom he ministers and Japan to America. The Honorable recognizes their true greatness. Wm. H. Taft in a Founder's Day The best books in the world on the address at the University of Penn- fine qualities of other races, have, sylvania used these striking words: almost without exception, come "The greatest agency today in from the missionaries. Dr. Robert keeping us advised of the condi- E. Speer, in his "Christianity and tions among Oriental races, is the the Nations," says: "It is the mis- establishment of foreign missions."

sionary construction of Christian- As far back as 1858, Mr. Reed, ity alone which proclaims a hope then United States Minister to and use for every race. It affirms China, wrote to the Secretary of the dignity of each national genius State as follows: "Having no en- and destiny, and the necessity of thusiasm on the subject, I am its contribution to the perfected bound to say that I consider the family of God. It denies the va- missionary element in China a lidity of the principle of racial great conservative and protecting separation, and will not believe principle. It is the only barrier

19281 MISSIONS AND WORLD PEACE

between the unhesitating advance as frank and sincere and true as of commercial adventure and the are the best Americans.

not incongruous element of Chinese A very eminent Japanese said imbecile corruption." to me: "Dr. Gulick has done more Dr. Robert E. Speer says: "The to preserve goodwill between the service of the missionary enter- United States and Japan and to prise is varied and it is indispen- remove misunderstandings than sable to the neighborliness of man- any man in America, either in kind. The missionaries make the government circles or outside of East and West, the North and them." The missionary creates South, acquainted with one an- understanding and understanding other. All other agencies combined underlies all our endeavors after do not do as much to introduce the peace. No League of Nations or West to the Oriental races. They treaties of arbitration will be efdraw after them the love of mil- fective without understanding lions in the lands from which they among the nations. come, and it is their business to win the friendship of those to Finally the Gospel is ultimately whom they go. There they become the one supreme uniting power of centers of .goodwill and kindly peoples and nations. If all the feeling." peoples of the world could be brought to accept the religion of The books that have revealed Jesus Christ the sense of oneness the real character of the Japanese and of unity would be enhanced a and their true character to Amer- thousandfold. Peace always grows ica have, most of them, come from with the sense of oneness. Of missionaries and the best books course governments, like Chrisabout American people published tians, are sometimes ambitious, in Japan have been written by cantankerous, proud and revengemissionaries. These missionaries, ful. Patriotism is a deeply rooted instinct in the human heart. It is as preachers and teachers, have fair to say that were the nations lived in every Japanese city. Their of the world all of the Christian lives have been a constant revela- faith, the prospects of universal tion of the best American ideals. peace would be much brighter.

By their sermons and lectures and There would be that sense of one- personal contacts they have con- ness which, if not an absolute tinually imparted information of guarantee of peace, would cer- the Christian America they repre-' tainly help its consummation.

sent. They have removed misap- The moment the Church doubts prehensions and pointed out our the universal character of Chris- highest qualities and dwelt upon tianity, doubts that the Christian friendliness. When they have re- religion is for all races and all na- turned to America, they have gone tions and peoples, and thinks of it up and down the country telling as only a Western sect, that mo- people of the Japanese, revealing ment Christian missionaries will their finest qualities, removing lose their interest in India, China, suspicions and insisting upon the Turkey and Japan. But we are desire in the heart of the best going to evangelize the world, and Japan for friendship. They have we can make mankind one only in shown that the real Japanese are Jesus Christ.

IN PORTO RICO Thousands of breadwinners and

SIX.TY-EIGHT churches and nine- lost their lives, and for others the out- teen parsonages have been de- look is dark. The large and efficient stroyed and sixty-five more Presbyterian Hospital at San Juan is churches and fourteen parsonages are also considerably damaged and will reseriously damaged, with thousands of quire extensive repairs. This hospital people homeless and seven hundred has rendered remarkable service to the thousand suffering for the lack of the sick and disabled and thousands have come to it annually to be cured and necessities of life; this gives but a to hear of the Great Physician.

faint and unrealistic picture of the The Methodist orphanage in San damage in Porto Rico from the recent Juan is also extensively damaged as hurricane that swept the island across were the Episcopal Hospital at Ponce to Florida. Baptists, Christians, Con- and the Congregational Hospital at gregationalists, Disciples, Methodists, Humaocao.

Presbyterians, United Brethren and How can this calamity work out for Roman Catholics all suffered and are good to the Porto Ricans? That it sorely in need of prayerful sympathy may and will there can be no doubt and financial help. but in the meantime there is much The islanders have always been suffering and the call for immediate poor but they have been struggling help is urgent. The Presbyterians upward since the transfer of the alone say that $250,000 is needed to island from Spain to the United repair the damage and to help these States. The vast majority of the peo- in dire distress. other Christian orpie live in shacks or small huts and ganizations are also calling for help gather a precarious livelihood froni from friends in America who are small farms, coffee, fruit and sugar abundantly able to respond. plantations and other agricultural One great blessing that may come enterprises. They have never thought from this calamity is the stirring of it necessary to build any substantial sympathy in the hearts of those who houses in the country districts and have become self-centered and comfew have learned to practice thrift. 'fortable in their self-indulgence. The Their income has been small and their blessing to the cheerful, generous necessities comparatively few. The givers will be greater than that to the Protestants have begun to be more needy recipients of gifts.

provident and to practice thrift. They Another blessing will come through have sought education and have had the certain, though rude, awakening before them the ideal of self-support. to the consciousness that temporal They have begun to put up their own things are unstable and pass away; churches and parsonages and to train that the spiritual things alone abide Christian leaders for Porto Rico and and are most worth striving for.

workers for neighboring Latin Amer- Many Porto Ricans may be awakened ican lands. to a need for higher living and better Now suddenly comes an unforseen building, materially and spiritually.

calamity that destroys their churches, Another benefit will doubtless be in their homes and many of their crops! the bringing of Christians into closer 910

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

fellowship. Already Porto Rico has ing or influence in the case of all pupils whatsoever, and requires instruction in been an example of Christian coopera- the Koran or Islam, then, the Board will be obliged reluctantly to close its schools tion. The Evangelicals have a Union and to wait for a better and a more just and enlightened day. Theological Seminary, a Union paper, press and bookstore and the Poly- "If the minimum requirements, from which there can be no release, involve technic Institute at San German is the prohibition of all religious teaching to largest educational institution in the Moslems but allow Christian teaching to non-Moslems, then, the Board would West Indies. They should be brought deem it wise to continue the schools, either with or without Moslem pupils, in closer to Christians in the United the hope that there might be a change in the future in the direction of the res- States and to each other through this toration of religious liberty."

suffering. The Missions in Persia have con- tinued their negotiations with the Now is the time to help Porto Government and at last an adjustment Ricans. The Red Cross has under- has been reached between the Educataken to collect $5,000,000 to relieve tional Department and the Presbytethe physical suffering and four fifths rian Missions and the Missions of the of the sum has already been collected. Church of England, under which the schools will conform to the Govern- Large and small gifts should be sent ment educational curriculum and their in to the Mission Boards promptly to graduates will enjoy any rights which meet both physical and spiritual suf- according to law belong to those re- ceiving the official diplomas of the fering and to help build for the fu- Ministry of Education. The Ameriture in Porto Rico. can schools are permitted to teach PERSIA AND THE MISSION subjects, in addition to those con- SCHOOLS tained in the Government program, which they, with the approval of the As a result of conferences between Ministry of Education, may consider the Protestant Missions and the Government of Persia, action was taken profitable for Persian students. The by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign schools are not allowed to teach the Missions on June 18. 1928, as follows: Bible in the required curriculum to "The question of the mission schools Moslem pupils but the teaching of in Persia and of the limitations already "selections from the great prophets imposed, or possibly to be imposed, upon them by government regulations was and renowned scholars" is allowed to laid fully before the Board. . . . all pupils, and the Bible may be taught "It was voted to reply to the inquiry in the curriculum to non-Moslem puof the Persia Missions that the Board pils. Outside of the curriculum and hoped the Persian Government would pursue the policy of the governments in outside of school hours there is free- Japan and India and Siam in Asia, and dom of religious teaching and inof governments of the West, in recognizing the principles of religious freedom fluence and the teaching of the Bible and according full educational and reli- to all pupils-Moslem and nongious liberty to private schools which ask no state support and which seek only Moslem. to make a genuine contribution to the strength and well being of the nation. The schools are not required, as it "If, however, for the time being or for was first proposed they should be, to an indefinite period, the Persian Govern- teach the Koran and Moslem law as ment is unwilling to accord these rights, the Board would advise the Missions to part of the curriculum to Moslem puendeavor to secure in their educational pils but pupils who wish these studies work the right to give Christian instruction, either as a required or a voluntary will have to procure such instruction course as the missions may deem best, for themselves at home. On this to non·Moslem pupils and to offer it as a voluntary study to Moslem pupils, either basis the Mission Schools believe that within the curriculum or without school they can continue their work and hours, and to be excused from the requirement of giving instruction in Mos- render their needed service. lem religious law. If the government forbids the Bible and all Christian teach- By MAUDE EVELYN BRADLEY, PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND THE PARABLE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN IN THE MISSIONARY SOCIETY (Suggested by the "Parable of the Good Samaritan in College." Author Unknown.) A CERTAIN woman from the country moved into town. Here she fell among critics who laughed at her clothes, and smiled at her hair dressing, and whispered that she had an inferiority complex, and departed, leaving her hurt and lonesome, longing for the kindly neighborliness of her former village. By chance a certain woman, the president of the missionary society, passing by that way, when she saw her, stopped and said, "What good judges my friends are," and she passed by on the other side. And in like manner another woman, who was the Chairman of the Program Committee, when she came to the place, and saw her, passed by on the other side, saying, "Surely she has nothing to give to us." But a certain follower of Christ, a loyal member of the society, as she journeyed came where the woman was; and when she saw the winsome face with the smiling eyes and sensed her lonesomeness, was moved with compassion and came to her in a friendly spirit, and talked of many things, binding up her wounds with love and pouring joy into her hurt heart. Then she took her to the missionary meeting at the church and introduced her to friends and made her feel at home. And the woman was much pleased and expressed her desire to tarry and become a member. Which of these three, thinkest thou, proved neighbor unto her that fell among critics?

And Jesus said, "Go, and do thou likewise."

"FROM ONE BOARD TO ANOTHER" What is our church missionary budget?

Every member of the newly ap- What I'S our soc.Iety [FHOormeeign] mI.S- pointed Executive Board in a Woman's sionary budget? Missionary Society received from the What are some of the special needs retiring Board a paper on which were typewritten the following: and present problems of our mission "From One Board to Another" boards? How can we, as a society in this A few que8tion8 to ponder a8 you face your new work church, help the boards meet these needs What part [ dSoheOsUld] our church have and problems? in the missionary program of our de- What missionary textbooks are availnomination? able for study in women's missionary What part [ SdohOesUld] our Soc.Iety have societies this coming year? in the missionary program of our What missionary program does our de- nominational Board suggest? .

How should we raise our missionary budget?

What cooperative mlsslOnary pro- grams and work are being sponsored by the women's societies in the churches of church? our community?

912

METHODS FOR WORKERS

What does our society know about the room or place convenient for those missionary programs being worked out who wish to study or read them. in other organizations in our church? Intelligent Delegates What can we do to interest and train new leaders in missionary work in our One of the great movements in the church and denomination? Church today is the increasing inter- est on the part of the members at large A Mhsionary Story Oontest in the summer conferences. Thousands of young people and adults are en- An afternoon's entertainment that rolled every summer the country over. delighted a large summer conference audience might well be adapted to a One fact is startlingly clear in rechurch or local conference program. gard to these conference delegates. A surprising number of them arrive Around a realistic campfire, made at the conference with no definite idea by concealing electric light bulbs cov- in mind as to what they are expected ered with red tissue paper in a pile of to do. Their interest has been aroused sticks and small logs, were placed by the enthusiasm of some friend who eight low benches. A lovely back- has been sent in previous years perground of green branches transformed haps. Again they may be the promisthe platform into a beautiful forest ing leaders-to-be in their church orscene. ganization and are sent for further instruction and encouragement. They While soft music was being played, have a hazy idea of what the church a leader dressed in white stepped into expects of them when they return. the foreground and announced that a This fault should be corrected. band of story tellers was about to visit the scene. Each member of the band Teachers, leaders or pastors should would, in turn, tell her favorite story. talk over the needs of the organization At the conclusion of the program, pa- with the prospective delegates and per would be distributed and the audi- should give some suggestions as to ence could vote first, second and third courses to be elected; they should give choices, as to the stories which they to them a realization of the responsihad most enjoyed. bilities which will be theirs in the fall. Then came the band of story tellers! Two were little mission band mem- In many churches a dedication servbers; one an older woman; the others, ice for delegates has been held in conyoung girls and women-members of nection with the mid-week or Sunday Girls' Guilds. Each had been assigned service. This may be made very ima number and without introduction, pressive and has meant much in some one by one, they arose from their of the places where it has been tried. benches by the fire and transported the audience to lands far and near. Girls-Missionaries-Prayer This program may be worked out in It suddenly occurred to the leader costume, each story teller dressed in of a young woman's class at one of the the costume of the country about summer missionary conferences that a which she is telling. There are many vast reservoir of intercessory prayer adaptions which will suggest them- was within reach. Present on the selves to any interested in working out grounds were missionaries from many such an entertainment. foreign countries and home mission stations. Pressing her typewriter When the story-telling contest is an- into service, the leader made many nounced, it should be clearly under- copies of a short letter which she put stood that the contestants are to select into the hands of the missionaries. their own stories and submit in ad- This letter stated that each missionvance the name of the story to the ary had on her heart and mind certain committee in charge. The committee leaders, individuals and specific needs should prepare a large number of missionary stories in book, magazine and leaflet form, and place them in some 4

in ber special field; that bere at the or advertisement instead of a free conference were hundreds of girls who hand sketch. Cut around the figure were getting a new vision of the possi- and outline with the lettering pen in bilities of prayer. Why not bring the ink. The effect is simple but attractwo together? Would the mission- tive. aries interested write down a few special names or state certain needs Silhouettes make good poster decorand pass the list to the class leader ations. Trace around figures in magawithin a day or two? zines or books and cut the outlines from black or colored papers. Cut- Who knows the extent of the help out block letters such as the children which has gone out into the countries make in their art classes at school are of the world through the intercessory effective to use with these silhouettes. prayers of that group of girls who went back to their homes with that PHOTOGRAPH THIS prayer list? DATE ON YOUR MIND! We cannot all attend summer conferences or meet many missionaries 28 personally, but does this story not suggest other methods along the same line to leader.s of girls' groups? Why not ask for such a list from that missionary friend in Japan the next time we write? Why not ask the missionary guest at the state conference to give you such a list? Why not suggest that the girls try to secure such a list from people whom they know?

Poater Publicity WHO 15 YOUR NEIGHBOR?

. It is not necessary to be a skilled COME AN0 5EE artist in order to make an effective Suggestions for Posters-Cut a picposter. Surprising results may be ob- ture of a radio with loud speaker from a newspaper or magazine advertisetained by trying some of the following ment. Mount at one side of the cardsuggestions. board. Print these words beside it: Mat erials-Sheets of light weight ANNOUNCING colored cardboard, 22 by 28 inches, A TRIP TO AFRICA may be purchased for ten or fifteen FOR ALL YOUNG PEOPLE OF THE CHURCH! cents a sheet in any paper or art supply store. If the large sheet is cut COME SUNDAY AT 6: 15 AND "LISTEN IN" into two smaller ones measuring 14 by 22 inches, the poster is often more Illustration-Picture of a Kodak. suitable than a large size. Lettcring- The beginner will find a #3 or #5 PHOTOGRAPH THIS DATE ON YOUR MIND! lettering pen of great help in printing OCTOBER 24 the poster. These pens are sold in stationers' and art supply stores for WHO Is YOUR NEIGHBOR? ten cents. COME AND SEE!!

Higgins' Waterproof India Ink costs twenty-five cer.ts a bottle and comes in many colors. This is far more satisfacto,y than ordinary writing ink or water colors for the amateur.

Very striking posters are made by using a cut-out magazine illustration

IUu..~tration–A family group cut Letteringfrom magazine-back view as if they are looking up at the lettering. SEND WORD OF THE CHRIST CHILD Lettering- TO THE {rl{ OUR AIM FOR THIS CHURCH CHILDREN OF THE WORLD MISSION BY STUDY Ages Studying about } . Giving to MISSIONS Praying for FIND YOUR Cradle Roll PLACE AND Mission Band Young People's Society ENROLL Young Women's Society Young Men's Club ,~~ llJ-¥¥t Church School Senior Auxiliary Church School of Missions Inustration-The silhouette of full sized hammer.

Lettering- 1HE BLUEBIRDS'

NOVEMBER 5TH-8 P. M. SONG IS SIMPLY 1HIS Keep This Date In Your Mind "!HE. MI5510NARY MU.llNG HAMMER IT IN 6 Members of the Young People's Society DO NO! MISS""

in a WE.DNE.:,DfIY MISSIONARY DEBATE AT :5:~O Illustration-The picture of a foun- Illustration-A large cut paper tain pen. magnet in a bright color.

Lettering- Lettering- OCTOBER 28TH RESPOND Write this date in your engagement to the book! Our World Friendship MAGNET OF MISSION STUDY Institute starts that day. The Y. P. S. C. E. has planned a series You are wanted in one of the classes!!! of programs on Africa for the FIRST SUNDAY EVENING IN EACH MONTH Illustration–A large key cut from silver paper. Illustration-Girl or woman with umbrella. Lettering- Lettering- THE KEY TO A GOOD TIME Come to our RAIN OR SHINE It makes no difference to her for MISSIONARY SOCIAL Wednesday, November 2d-8: 00 p. m. SHE IS A W. W. G. GIRL and it's Tuesday night Illustration–The photograph of a A WORD TO THE WISE I "Real Boy." Illustration-Picture of a large Lettering- ship.

Interest Him In Missions Today And He May Be PRESIDENT OF YOUR MISSION BOARD SOME DAY Illustration – A picture of the Christ Child.

Lettering- The announcement is read by two Juniors who have practiced a few ALL ABOARD times together so that they can read the alternate words clearly and with Church School of Missions r expression.

FIVE THURSDAYS IN OCTOBER Arithmetic Announcement CLASSES FOR ALL AGES After securing the attention of the children, the leader asks them if they Illustration – Trace around your are good in arithmetic. They will sit own left hand and color with light up and begin to take notice. Then the orange crayon. Tie a bow of real rib- leader suggests that they follow her bon around one of the fingers. while she gives them a problem in mental arithmetic. They are not to Lettering- answer out loud until she asks them to.

This little bow of ribbon so bright "Are we all ready? All right! Let's Bids you remember that next Tuesday sit up straight! Suppose we start with ten. Multiply ten by two. Sub- night tract five. Divide by three. Multiply You've a date here with us that by four. Add six. Subtract two. Add one. What's the answer? Twenty- We are quite sure five? Splendid! That's just the num- Will a most pleasant evening ber we want at the missionary meet- ing next Friday afternoon." For you assure. Mirror Announcement Announcements Extraordinary Hang a mirror in the vestibule. Children love surprises-and so do Drape it with cloth which may be grown-ups! ,Why not try some an- pulled to one side. Over the whole nouncement surprises where interest place a sign reading, "If you look inin missions has seemed to lag a bit? side, you will see the picture of some- one who is invited to come to the Mis- The Every Other Word Announcement sion Band meeting next Tuesday afternoon at four o'clock." Write out your announcement on a sheet of paper. Then number the Partnership words as follows: Write the names of two girls or 12121212 women on a slip of paper. Repeat un- Do you Juniors like to hear a good til all of the members have been cov- ered. Pin these slips up around the 1 2 1 2 1 room. When members arrive for the meeting, they are asked to find the slip story? Well! Next Wednesday after- on which their name is printed and then find their partner whose name is 2121212 printed with theirs. Partners are to sit together during the meeting, and noon at four o'clock some one is coming are in duty bound to see that the other is present at the next meeting. If 121212121 some member finds that her partner is not present at the first meeting, she here to the church to tell some fine mis- must call her up, telephone or in some way invite her to come to the next 2 1 212 1 meeting. sionary stories. And what do you thinkl 21212121 We are going to start a Junior club.

21212 1 2 All of you are invited. Don't forget.

1 2 12 1 Next Wednesday at four o'clock.

Take two sheets of paper. Number one #1 and the second #2. On #1 write all of the words numbered with the figure 1 on your announcement. Insert blanks for #2 words.

#1 Do …. Juniors …. to …. a story? …. Next …. afternoon four …. some …. etc., etc.

#2 . . .. you …. like .,.. hear •… good •… ? Well! …. Wednesday …. at . . •• o'clock …. one …. etc., etc.

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN

BULLETINS FEDERATION OF WOMAN'S BOARDS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS AND COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MISSIONS EDITED BY ELLA D. MACLAURIN, 419 FOURTH AVE., NEW YORK, AND FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 EAST 22D ST., NEW YORK Prepared by Mrs. S. S. Hough, Chairman, Committee on W orId Day of Prayer.

WORLD DAY OF PRAYER Europe, Africa, Australia, China, Japan, Korea, India, Syria, the Is- February 15, 1929 lands, South America, Mexico and THEMES: Alaska. It is the one bit of service for the Kingdom in which all may 1928-"Breaking Down Barriers" unite, no matter how they differ as to 1929-"That They All May Be One" education, language and race. We can cull quotations from but a few D"WaorYldgpra~.ver letters. 1919 M That They All May Be One~ AUSTRALIA '1." • .,.-. …….. 1uuId5 dI-. 1mKJIIn .. dill hlIII. Whda'_ ,…… "We, the Presbyterian Women's WbCIun'IOIlIQ'r.daeTlI6a_ Missionary Association of New South .. …..tJolklato …." Wales, are grateful to you for giving us the inspiration of joining in the Day of Prayer for Missions. The women of all the other Protestant churches united with us, and we had a wonderful day. It did us all good, and made us feel that we are out to win the world for Christ, and that the broad, upward look helps us all. We have decided to hold this united Day of Prayer annually."

AFRICA "The call came to African women in the Congo. But how could they join in when their world is peopled only with the black and white races and the '['HE POSTER ~'OR 10~1I only land they know besides their own is 'the foreign country' of the white A World Fellowship people? They are just beginning to The World Day of Prayer which is break down the barriers between their dated each year for the first Friday in own tribes -little do they know the Lent, is proving to be a most inspiring need for World Fellowship. They must first be made conscious of the and ever-widening fellowship for the existence of women of other lands. Christian women of all lands~ Won- "The program planned and carried derful meetings of intercession held out in the presence of as many Chris- on last February 24 are reported tian women in Luebo as could crowd from hundreds of communities of the into our building-some six or seven United States, Canada, parts of hundred-was as follows: 917

"After the prayer of invocation led meeting of the Christian women of by one of the missionary women the Nagoya. A committee was appointed portions of Scripture used in the reg- of five of the leading Japanese women ular program as a Confession of Faith of the five largest churches here.

was recited responsively and "All hail They translated the program, worked the Power of Jesus' Name" was sung. out the details, and sent out the invi- One of the native women led in a tations to twenty-five churches and prayer of thanksgiving and confession. chapels in Nagoya. The meeting was Then followed a short pageant. held in St. John's Episcopal Church, "The wife of an evangelist was from one-thirty to three-thirty p. m.

seated in front of her house paring on February 24. Mrs. Hiroshi, chair- her cassava roots. As she worked she man of the local W. C. T. U., presided.

told of the proposed plan for the The work for women in other lands World Day of Prayer as arranged was presented. There was a season of by the white teachers. 'But,' said she, prayer covering both local and world- 'if we only knew.what women of other wide needs.

races were like, then we could pray for "On Friday, February 24, we met them.' Her desire for knowledge was in the large Central Methodist Church granted, and women of other races in Kobe and about two hundred women appeared to her. Each came in the na- were present. Rev. Hinohara, pastor tive costume of the country repre- of the church, and Dr. DeForest, presi- sented, each' one with an appeal for dent of Kobe College for Women, spoke prayer, each one with a message as to in a very earnest manner on the pur- the problems of women in that coun- pose of the meeting and the blessings try. After each appeal the audience of united prayer."

was led in prayer by a missionary or KOREA a native for the women of that par- "The World Day of Prayer has been ticular race. There were taking part a wonderful day here in Kunsan. The Month's Women's Bible Class closed three native women and three mission- on the 23d of February and of the aries representing Chinese, Japanese, seventy-two enrolled for the class Egyptian, Dutch, and African women. about forty remained for the ob- servance of the Day of Prayer, most At the last, all of these came together of wnom are needy and poor but made on the stage and stood in a semi-circle this sacrifice gladly. 'Nothing is more while the audience joined with them in impressive or inspiring than a crowd singing 'Blest Be the Tie that Binds.' of Koreans bowed to the floor in A prayer of intercession and the na- prayer to the Living God.' tive greeting, 'Life to you,' and the meeting was over. "This class, with some missionaries, gave the entire day from nine a. m. to "But they were all agog with excite- seven p. m. to prayer, praise and mediment. 'Do those women really dress tation. The village church observed that way, and why did Kayaya wear the day with prayers in the morning that cloth over her face, and did you and again at night, using the special see Mamu's wooden shoes?' It was program, which had been translated all new and different to these women into Korean. whose lives are so drab and monotonous. How deep are the results? "This day spent in prayer has been most refreshing spiritually to mission- Was the spiritual lesson felt? Time aries and Korean Christians alike. It will tell. The interest shown was cer- tnrills us all tnrough and througn to tainly not feigned. think of the great chain of prayers encircling the globe and ascending to "The Christian women around Luebo are growing in their Christian lives and in their Christian work."

JAPAN the throne of God on High.

"It was decided to hold a union "This year, the same as last year,

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN MISSION BULLETINS

we followed the program which was sincere voluntary token of their earn- translated and sent out to fifty places. estness. It was observed in four centers in the city of Rwangju. "Our Christian women wish to greet their sisters in America and "We began keeping the Day at the other Christian lands and thank them Neel Bible School at five a. m. Prayers for inviting those of the East to join -then the school met at nine for in their ministry of intercession for prayers for one hour. We prayed for world evangelization. the different countries. The women seemed to catch a new vision of that "We issued a 'Call to Prayer' which tie, faith in Christ, which binds us was sent to all our churches and together, to all the rest of the world. schools in the Province of Canton. The program was adapted and trans- "A beautiful incident was a poor lated and about one thousand of these woman who begs for her living, who were used. Five of the Christian was with us at one of these meetings. schools of high school and college She attends our church and is a really grades used these for their chapel and truly converted woman. She was hour. In three different districts of sitting in the cold church with a few Canton general meetings were ar- other faithful souls when we got ranged for noon time, all in Chinese, there. This woman was once very instead of just the one general meet- wealthy. Her clan was a large and ing, as was held last year. I imagine powerful one in the country and when the total attendance at these three she was married her trousseau was churches was about five hundred. We carried on twenty horses. But today have not had reports from other parts everything is gone: childless, cast off, of the Province but I am sure many homeless, and can barely see. She is of the churches and chapels joined in not quite totally blind, but is very observing this Day of Prayer." nearly so. This poor woman at the end of the service when the offering MEXICO was taken, came and put five pieces of 'cash' into my hand. When I begged "We have for several years tried to her to desist, she said to me, 'You must observe the Day of Prayer. The pro- accept it. I begged this on the big gram has been translated and adapted. street this morning. It's all I have but I want to give it for the work.' " "We have in Mexico a National Union of Women's Christian Societies, CHINA interdenominational, through whom the program will be sent to all the "I wish you could have seen the women of Mexico. The motto of the little rowboats full of women and girls Union is 'That they all may be one.' pulling up to the landing in front of They have just held their annual the chapel at the village of Rau this meeting in the city of Aguascalientes afternoon, and have watched the happy and have made the Antorcha Misionera women, young and old, climb out and their official organ – so that in this scramble up the canal bank to be wel- way your suggestions will be carried comed by the earlier arrivals. I knew over a very extended area. I would be called on to make a map talk and explain many points, for the "Thanking you very much for your knowledge of our Christians of condi- interest in our country, and asking tions in other countries is very that you pray for us at this very meager. Pretty soon there came a critical time." delegation of women seeking aid on the program and very soon we joined BRAZIL the other groups assembling for the . World Day of Prayer. Some of the For several years there has been an women preferred to fast that day, a interdenominational Prayer League among the Christian women of Brazil. During the past year this League was reorganized into a Federation of

Brazilian Women, including five de- Day and much gratitude expressed nominations. The chief object of the for the blessing which the meetings Federation is the promotion of prayer brought. This year, also, an addi- and the World Day 'of Prayer is en- tional number of meetings were held thusiastically promoted. A report has in the evening in order that the come telling of highly spiritual meet- younger women, the business and pro- ings attended by both men and wom- fessional women, might have an ac- en and held in many places, morning, tual share in the observance of this noon and night on the Day of Prayer. Day. We believe that there will be In Canada considerable development this coming year of these evening meetings in The World Day of Prayer this year order that a larger number of the class was more widely observed in Canada of women just mentioned might be in- than on any previous occasion, and the cluded in our prayer services.

opinion was expressed that we are This year in a number of churches just on the fringe of the possibilities the foreign-born shared in the serv- of this movement for uniting the ices and blended their voices in prayer Christian women of the world in for the new land that is now theirs prayer. There is a growing apprecia- and for the lands beyond the seas. In tion of the meaning of the Day and one city where twenty meetings were its significance in the releasing of this held, in nineteen of these the women great power .of prayer for the estab- of all nations had a part, and voices in lishment of the Kingdom of God in many tongues were lifted to the All the world. Father, adding greatly to the realiza- In Canada, as in other lands, this tion that it was a World Day of Day has been an evolution. In former Prayer. There is pathetic significance days, these meetings for prayer were in the plea of a little Russian woman denominational, then national, then who attended a service in Toronto, international, and are now world-wide. and on her way out remarked, "They Canada is still a pioneer land and for . prayed for every country but mine to- this reason the program used in the day."

past has been a suggestive one only, There is in Canada gratitude for all capable of adjustment to the needs of the Day has meant in the past, and any community. It is true that some expectation that interest in the ob- services are held in the great churches servance of the Day will grow. The of the cities, others in towns and vil- two phases which we hope to empha- lages and rural communities, but as size this coming year are: further or- well out on the frontier in the isolated ganization of more meetings for and lonely places, small groups of younger women, and an effort to women meet in the schoolhouse which gather into all of our meetings the serves as a church, and sometimes it women of many nationalities found in was only the "two or three" who gath- every community, that in this great ered in the homes. The conduct of fellowship of prayer we may find a any elaborate service under these cir- common purpose in service for our cumstances is, of course, quite im- own land and for the world.

possible, but nevertheless by sharing EFFIE A. JAMIESON.

in the program as arranged and ad- Breaking Down Barriers justed to their needs, these women felt the bond of the great world fel- The above was the theme for the lowship of prayer with the other wom- Day of Prayer on February 24, 1928.

en of the world. That day marked a courageous spir- In Northern Ontario, which is a itual adventure for hundreds of Chris- new section of an old Province, largely tian women who discovered that to -a mining area, there was great en- pray for the breaking down of bar– thusiasm for the observance of the riers would avail little unless by faith

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN MISSION BULLETINS

they were willing heroically to bridge Valley Coal region where our industry thQ gulf of race prejudice and include has been paralyzed for three years by in their service of prayer all who a coal strike, where scores of children loved the Lord, regardless of race or are being fed by public charity each color. Most sacred and enriching ex- day. In view of these conditions we periences were reported from places feel that our service, which was at- where white, black, yellow and many tended by both operators' and miners' nationalities worshiped together. wives, was a real success in coopera- tion." At one such service seven nationali- ties took part. What did it matter From New York–"Catholic women that they prayed in different lan- shared in the observance of our Day guages? of Prayer and several had part on the program, reading ffom their own The following are typical of many Bible. Some Christian Scientist wom- reports: en attended also."

From Indiana-"We had a union From Oregon-"On the Day of meeting, including the Negro churches, Prayer we decided to engage a re- all taking an active part." ligious worker for the Japanese in our community. He is to be a Christian From Californiar-"Five denomina- Japanese." tions took part in the program and two colored groups." Thirty Meetings in One City From Oklahomar–>"We have several An extended account of the observ- families of Syrians, Jews, Indians and ance in New York is given because it Negroes who were included." is rich in suggestions not only as to organization plans for a large city, From Illinois-"Six white churches but also because of the variety of and two colored churches were repre- group contacts which were made and sented. Women are feeling the need which may be made in any com- of more cooperative service and the munity, whether large or small. kindly feeling between our colored and white people is growing. Praise Early in December, 1927, a General Committee was formed to plan for the . the Lord." observance. Later a sub-committee From North Carolinar-"Many of for each of the districts-Manhattan, the Bronx, Harlem, Brooklyn, Queens, our missionary women are more sym- Staten Island-was set up. The pathetic and tolerant with the Negro Greater New York Federation of Churches and the Brooklyn Federa- race now than a few years back. Such tion of Churches cooperated. Through programs as 'Breaking Down Barriers' the courtesy of the former, Mrs. Wil- will help us a great deal to a better liam Edgar Geil, President of the Fed- understanding, and to break down the eration of Woman's Boards of Foreign barriers which hinder our fellowship Missions of North America, led the Family Devotional Hour broadcast at with Christ." 8 a. m. from WEAF on the World Day From Virginiar-"We had the col- of Prayer. Each of the sub-commit- tees worked for weeks organizing ored folks to help in the service." their districts. Many preliminary In Toronto, Canada, where services meetings were held for spiritual preparation as well as for actual were held in nineteen centers of the working out of details. city, many nationalities were included in each meeting. "They came from There were meetings in over thirty the Syrian hills, from Poland, Russia, churches of various denominations Central Africa, Bulgaria, Finland, where approximately 6,000 women Holland, South Africa, Austria, united in prayer for the work at home Ukraine. How beautiful they were! What an inexpressible something they contributed! But deeper than all was the magic effect of praying together."

From Ohio–"I am enclosing a small offering, but it comes from a town which is the center of the Hocking

and abroad. As an expression of their program so that all shared in' the ob- love and devotion, nearly $1,000 was servance. In addition to the services contributed. These services were on the Day itself, a mass meeting was truly interdenominational, interracial arranged for the following Sunday and international. Not only were the afternoon which was attended by large groups of women representative nearly 1,000. At this time, Mrs. John of many different denominations, but M. Hanna, who is so vitally interested when leaders for the various meetings both in the World Day of Prayer and were chosen, care was taken that they the whole problem of interracial re- also should represent different com- lations, brought the message which munities. At several centers prayer was a fitting climax to the observance was offered in different languages- of the World Day of Prayer in Har- Norwegian, Swedish, Italian, Syrian lem. As a result of this first step in and Greek. In' some cases different interdenominational cooperation, a races were represented and had defi- permanent organization was formed in nite places on the program. In one Harlem to help toward the working church the flags of many nations were out of solutions to some. of the prob- banked against a mass of green. At lems of their own community and of another meeting, students of different the world.

nationalities now living at Interna- Beside the women's meetings cited, tional House told the story of what there were other groups uniting in missions had meant in their lives and the observance in the various bor- to their nations. At the special serv- oughs. A missionary service was held ice held at the headquarters of the and special mention was made of the National Board of the Young Wom- Day of Prayer at the noon hour in en's Christian Associations, led by John Street Methodist Episcopal Mrs. John M. Hanna, President, repre- Church in the downtown business dis- sentatives of Africa, Japan, Mexico, trict, where luncheon is served for Australia and Latvia led in directed two hours every Friday for business intercession. As a result of splendid girls who after their lunch have a de- cooperation between the leaders in two votional period. During the noon Manhattan churches and the chairman period 1,373 girls were served. Then in Harlem, talented Negro musicians on the evening before, the Business sang spirituals during the services in Women's Council, and on the Day, the two of the white churches. Prayer Conference of this Council de- The committee in Harlem was com- voted their meetings to the Day of posed entirely of Negro women. Elab- Prayer, following the program "Break- orate plans were made and services ing Down Barriers." All of these were held throughout the day and meetings were under the auspices of evening in one of the largest churches. the Friendly League for Christian Luncheon and dinner were served so Service.

people could remain at the church the Another group to whom the Day of entire day. Three of the finest white Prayer is not so well known is the speakers known to the Boards ad- student group in New York. A be- dressed the different meetings, one in ginning was made this year and the the morning, another in the afternoon committee hopes that another year it and .the third in the evening, when may be more widely known and ob- there were between 600 and 700 served. Both at Columbia University present. It was truly a day of prayer and Barnard College there was special and worship. Probably one of the mention of the Day in the devotional most outstanding features of the serv- services; at Union Theological Sem- ices was the music; spirituals were inary Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick re- rendered by the Negro choir as only ferred to the world observance in the they can sing them. In the afternoon introductory prayer in the morning the children had a definite part in the worship. At Teachers' College notices

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN MISSION BULLETINS

were posted on bulletin boards and in- claim to be followers of the risen serted in the coJlege weekly bulletin. Christ and yet, seemingly are so powerless in the .face of her great At some of the Mission Board head- world task! The prophet says, "The quarters, services were held and the valley was full of dry bones." Numstaffs of other Boards attended meet- bers are not enough. Efficiency and ings in near-by churches. At the organization are not enough. We morning communion service and the read, "bone fits bone perfectly." They noon-day devotional period at the were clothed with flesh and skin, but Protestant Episcopal headquarters "there was no life in them;' until the mention was made of the Day and prophet prayed: "0, Breath (or special prayers were offered. Dr. Rob- Spirit), breathe upon these that they ert E. Speer spoke on interracial re- may live." Then we read that the lations at a special union meeting held valley was filled with a mighty army by the Presbyterian Boards of For- for God. Isn't this our deepest need? eign and National Missions and the Methodist Board devoted its regular The representatives of fifty-two naworship hour to the Day of Prayer. tions meeting in Jerusalem on the At the meeting of the Administrative Mount of Olives, were brought to a Committee of the Federal Council of deep and fresh realization of the place the Churches of Christ in America, of prayer in accomplishing the spirwhich chanced to occur on the Day of itual task. Encouraged by the move- Prayer, a brief devotional service was ment of prayer, they have issued a call to prayer to the Christian Church in held. all lands. The objects outlined are On the Sunday preceding the World included in the cycle of prayer pub- lished on the little card, "A Call to Day of Prayer, during the question Prayer" which is issued each year in period of the Young People's Confer- preparation for the World Day of ence conducted every Sunday after- Prayer. A supply may be secured free noon by Dr. Daniel A. Poling, Presi- of charge from your denominational dent, International Society of Chris- mission board. Order immediately tian Endeavor, and broadcast over and distribute among the women of WEAF under the auspices of the your church. Greater New York Federation of Churches, some one asked about the It is hoped that Christian women origin of the Day of Prayer. In an- will use the cycle daily, not only leadswer Dr. Poling gave briefly the his- ing up to the Day of Prayer, but tory of the Day telling about its be- throughout the year. ginning in 1887 as a denominational observance and its interdenominational ELLA D. MACLAURIN. beginnings a decade later. CYCLE OF PRAYER Looking back, the committee rejoices in the observance of 1928; SUNDAY. For a Missionary Spirit. looking ahead it sees much to accom- That the Church may see the whole plish for the observance in 1929. world's need of Christ, and may be ready for any sacrifice in order to make Him EDITH E. LOWRY. known to all mankind.

Call To Prayer MONDAY. For a Spirit of Prayer. That Christian people may learn to pray FEBRUARY 15, 1929 as Christ prayed, that an ever-increas- ing number of interceders may be raised There is a universal conviction that up until the whole Church is awakened the deepest need of the church is for to prayer. a new dynamic from "The Great Power House of God." The picture TUESDAY. For a Spirit of Service. given in the 37th chapter of Ezekiel, That the Church may be willing, at strikingly illustrates this need of the whatever cost, to bear witness to Christ; Christian Church in our day. Over that a great number of men and women twenty million in our own country may offer themselves unreservedly to do Christ's work.

WEDNESDAY. For a Spirit of Un- dren of that country. Songs like ity. That the whole Church of Christ "Jesus Loves the Little Children," may desire and experience a new unity "We've a Story to Tell to the Nations" in Christ. are loved by all children.

THURSDAY. For the Gift of Inter- Wide publicity should be given to pretation. That the Church may preach the Day by an early use of the poster the eternal Gospel by word and life in in churches, store windows and other terms that men and women of this age public places. Last year in one com- will understand. munity large church Bibles, opened and marked at the Lord's Prayer and FRIDAY. For Courageous Witness other prayers, were placed in store on Moral and Social Questions. That windows with a poster near the Bible the witness of the Church on the moral announcing the place and hour of questions of our day may truly reflect prayer. the mind of God and may be known and felt throughout the world. Broadcasting stations, if aJ,?proached early, may be glad to devote the morn- SATURDAY. For a Deepening of ing family worship hour to the theme Our Experience of God. For the re- of the Day. Early announcements in moval of all hindrances in our own lives churches, church calendars, bulletin!!, to the manifestation of God's redeeming newspapers, women's clubs and socie- love and power. ties should be made and continued until the Day. Prepare for 1929 In one community the Day was an- The theme, "That They All May nounced last year early in the morn- Be One," fittingly follows that of 1928. ing by the ringing of church bells. In Its spirit should prompt every step in another city the women had a brief planning for the Day. Therefore, the period of prayer in their homes at committee appointed to plan for the 6: 30 in the morning as a preparation service should include in its member- for the Day. In still another comship representatives not only of dif- munity groups of women visited the ferent denominations and the Y. W. shut-ins and held a brief service be- C. A., but also different races and na- fore meeting at the church. tionalities in the community. Copies of the Call and Program Young women and students should should be distributed to those who are be encouraged to plan for special temporarily or permanently shut in meetings at night when large num- their homes or hospitals and they be bers of their group are free to attend. invited to join in this united inter- They will adapt the program to their cession. own groups, adding colorful features which will add to the devotional spirit. The church where the meeting is to Some communities have found a busi- be held should be prepared with much ness woman's luncheon profitable, at thought. It may be made very atwhich from fifteen to thirty minutes tractive with plants, a large map of may be given to directed prayer. the world, flags of all nations, and the Christian flag. The little children of any community will be thrilled by a special Not Forgetting the Collection meeting of their own to pray for the children of the world – "Red and The offering taken at the Day of yellow, black and white." The serv- Prayer service is fulfilling a beautiful ice should be very simple. The chil- and very needful ministry. The obdren of each church may be brought jects represent work which none of to a central church by their leaders in a beautiful processional. Each church our boards could do alone, but tomay represent one country, a member gether it is possible to accomplish a dressed in costume carrying the flag of the country represented. One of worthwhile service. The offering the group may tell a very brief story goesabout the country and then all the children be led in prayer for the chil-

WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN MISSION BULLETINS

1. To carry on Christian work en have already gone out from them among that great army of migratory to serve their own people as Christian men, women and little children who workers, teachers, doctors, nurses. harvest the crops and give to us our supplies of canned vegetables and fruits.

2. For the support of Religious Let us plan to make our prayers Work Directors in government Indian issue in a practical evidence of our schools. The government welcomes faith. the service of interdenominational workers. Here is an opportunity of Supplies almost limitless possibilities among thousands of American Indian youth. 1. The special poster, illustrated on these pages, is most artistic and at- 3. To provide Christian literature tractive in color (red and black); for women and children in non-Chris- fourteen by twenty-two inches, 10 tian lands. What would our homes be cents each. Space is left at bottom without books or magazines? That is for insertion of hour and place of what millions of homes are in other meeting. lands. Literature is being translated and published for the homes of India, 2. The little seals, also illustrated, Japan, China and for Moslem women. will help to make the Day widely 4. For the seven union Christian I I I known, for you will want colleges for women in China, India and Japan, which have an enrollment to use them on letters -..J'-J~AJ'-"-"-"­ of 1,200 students. Many young wom- and in other ways; 25 cents per 100, $1.75 per 1,000. An electrotype of the seal for printing on WORLD stationery or fliers may DAYOFPRAYER be had for $1.00 from Ii3:IFJEfH the Council of Women ~ for Home Missions.

3. Program, "That They All May Be One"; $1.75 per 100.

4. Sheet of Suggestions for Leaders, free with supply of programs.

5. "Call to Prayer" with Daily Cycle, free when ordered with pro- gram.

All these supplies may be secured from denominational mission boards.

Leaflets giving information concerning the objects to which the offering is de- voted on the Day of Prayer may be se- cured, free, by writing to Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions, 419 Fourth Avenue, New York, or to Council of Women for Home Missions, 105 East 22d Street, New York.

AMERICA bership, all Baptist bodies

Religious Ga.lns in a. Deea.de 8,440,922 in 1926, as compared with DURING the last ten years (1916 7,153,313 in 1916. There were eigh- to 1926), according to the Fed- teen groups listed as Baptist abnoddinees~ eral census, the various religious sects including Northern, Southern in the United States have gained 12,-. gro Baptists, Duck River and kindred 698,122 adherents; at the same time associations of Baptists and "Twothe value of their church buildings Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Bapand their current expense budgets tists." have increased over one hundred per The nine groups of Presbyterian bodies had an aggregate membership cent. In 1926 there were 213 religious of 2,555,626 in 1926, as compared with bodies in the United States with 231,- 2,255,626 in 1916, the bulk of the 983 churches and an aggregate mem- membership being in the Presbyterian bership of 54,624,976 members, as Church of the United States of Americompared with 200 denominations re- ca, which had 1,894,030 members in porting 226,718 churches and 41,926,- 1926, compared with 1,625,817 in 1916. 854 members in 1916, a gain of 5,265 Methodist bodies embraced nineteen different groups with a total memberchurches. ship of 8,070,619 in 1926, compared The total church expenditures were with 7,165,573 in 1916. The largest $814,371,529, as compared with $328,- of these groups was the Methodist 809,999 in 1916. Under this item are Episcopal Church with 3,717,785 memincluded the amount expended for salaries, repairs, payments on church bers in 1916 and 4,080,777 in 1926. debt, benevolences, home and foreign Next came the Methodist Episcopal missions, denominational support and Church, South, with 2,114,479 memall other purposes. bers in 1916 and 2,487,694 in 1926.

The value of church edifices in 1926 Seventh Day Ad- 1928 1916 reached the total of $3,842,577,133, as ventists …… . 110,998 79,355 compared with $1,676,600,582 in 1916. Christian Church. 112,795 118,737 Churches of Christ This item does not include buildings Disciples of Christ 433,714 317,937 hired for religious services or those G r e e k Orthodox 1,377,595 1,226,028 used for social or organization work in connection with the church. Church ••…•. 119,495 119,871 Russian Orthodox The churches range in size all the Church •••••.. 95,134 99,681 way from the Theosophical Society of Congrega- 881,696 809,236 tional Churches. 606,561 402,329 New York, independent, with one Latter Day Saints church and fifty-five members in 1926, Unitarians ..•… 60,152 82,515 to the Roman Catholic Church, which Spiritualists …. . 50,631 29,028 had in that year 18,940 churches and Universalists … . 54,957 58,566 18,605,003 members, and which was United Brethren. 377,436 348,828 31,699 26,373 Moravians ….. .

the largest denomination in the country. Chicago Ninety Per Cent Religious Baptist bodies, as a whole, ranked FROM accounts of crime in the next to the Roman Catholics (18,604,- daily papers Chicago would seem to 998 including children) in total mem- be the most wicked city in the world.

926

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

The following item gives us a differ- Kentucky at Lexington, Kentucky State ent picture of this metropolis: Home Missions Council; "Some of the results of a recent Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin Home religious survey of this city, made by Missions Council; the Chicago Church Federation, are of such general interest and value as Minnesota at Minneapolis, Minnesota to deserve attention and study by Federation; Christian people of whatever faith. According to the report of the survey North Dakota at Jamestown, North sent out by Walter R. Mee, executive Dakota Council of Church Represecretary of the Federation, metro- sentatives; politan Chicago is ninety per cent religious, a percentage not surpassed by Montana at Butte, Home Missions Counany city of half a million or more in cil of Montana; the United States. It may seem hard to reconcile this statement with the Washington at Seattle, Western Washcriminal records and conditions which ington Home Missions Council; exist here, and which have given the city an evil name everywhere. But Oregon at Portland, Oregon Church Chicago has always been a place of Executives; paradoxes." Idaho at Boise, Horne Missions Council A Leper Conference in New York of Idaho; T HE American Mission to lepers, of Wyoming at Cheyenne, Home Missions which Wm. M. Danner is the effi- Council of Wyoming; cient secretary, held a notable conference in the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Colorado at Denver, Colorado Home Mis- Church, New York City, on October sions Council; 2d and 3d. Mr. W. H. P. Anderson, secretary- of the Mission to Lepers, South Dakota at Huron, South Dakota London, was present and spoke on Council. "Lepers of the World." Missionaries, physicians and others conversant with The state Home Mission leaders inthe subject brought much valuable in- vited the brethren of all denominations formation and inspiration on the sub- represented in their states to attend ject of the care and cure of lepers these interdenominational gatherings. and on the Christian missionary work that is bringing health to their bodies The findings .of the National Church and the peace of Christ to their souls. Comity Conference state: Interdenominational Home Mission We are advancing to a new era in Meetings which we will see free religious groups building not by competitive drift but by HENOMINATIONAL leaders of cooperative intention. We are today fac- ing the question whether free churches "'" eleven states arranged to meet in a free state can discipline themselves dudng October to consider interde- and develop a public mindedness which norr~national fellowship and coopera- will temper the denominational con- sciousness and make of the churches a tHioonm.~ The executive secretary of the great, free cooperative fellowship bent Missions Council, Dr. W. R. on the bringing in of the Kingdom of God. King, counselled with state executives International Goodwill Congress and le'aders, to suggest new lines of ~~MUST We Have War" will be the action'ftnd encourage them in their theme of the International great adventure of fellowship. Dr. Goodwill Congress in New York City on the tenth anniversary of the sign- King's itinerary included: ing of the Armistice, November 11th, 12th and 13th, under the auspices of the World Alliance for International Friendship Through the Churches.

The major themes to be discussed are as follows: "Ten Years' Achieve- ments in the Crusade for a Warless World," "The Unfinished Tasks Nec- essary for Enduring Peace," "The Im- mediate Responsibility of the United States of America," "The Mobilization of the Moral and Religious Forces of the World," "The Organization of the

Moral and Religious Forces of Cities, on no account to join the scouts or Towns and Communities," "Limita- the guides,. because they were only tion of Armaments," and "Organiza- being trained to fight against Russia tions for Securing World Peace." when the next war begins. One of thjl Finns, aged eleven, wrote to the editor Fred B. Smith is chairman of the of the paper to ask 'How this foolish Executive Committee of the World idea of God arose?' The editor replied Alliance. Further information may be that it was a myth made up years ago obtained from the headquarters of the by the bosses to frighten the people Union at 70 Fifth Avenue, New York into obeying them-they were told, if City. they did not, God would punish them! The Canadian and British children An Italian-Negro Congregation continued to read their Bible lessons in spite of the ridicule of the Finn and FOR a number of years St. Paul's Russian children, who told them Church, Philadelphia, housed an 'There is no God, and when you die Italian congregation. Gradually the you are put in a hole and that is the community changed, with the influx end of you!' of Negroes from the South, and four years ago the church was turlll~d over "What" asks Miss Hasell, "can be to a Negro congregation. Since that done for these children in rural distime the work has progressed, with tricts? There is a shortage of clergy some curious complications. and lack of funds; no Bible teaching is provided in the day schools. Only Last year, for example, when the the caravan workers can at present daily vacation Bible school was organ- help these children in many districts. ized, the Italian children of the com- It is a race between Christianity and munity insisted on coming and shar- atheism or materialism: whoever gets ing in the work with the Negro chil- in first gets all the children. The dren, and the fact that they were Bolshevists tell the children to burn required to receive instruction from our papers. At one mining town we Negro teachers did not disturb them. visited, full of Russians and Finns, They also used the playground under they were showing the children a Bible the direction of a Negro pastor and with caricatures of all the Old and other Negro workers. New Testament characters."-The Guardian. These children of the city streets are ready to recognize merit where it LATIN AMERICA exists, and to share in programs that seem worth while, without raising un- E-…ngelical Forces in Mexico necessary racial problems. T HE National Convention of the Christianity or BolshevisJIl1 Sunday schools and Christian Or- ganizations of the E van gel i c a I WRITING in The Mission Field for Churches in Mexico was held in July August, F. H. Eva Hasell dis- in the new Christian Church at Aguascusses the future of the Canadian far calientes. The president, the Rev. west. ''We were much struck," she Epigmenio Velasco, pastor of the writes, "when revisiting the districts Methodist church in Puebla said in where British, Canadian, Finn and his address: Russian children all went to the same day school, to find how Bolshevist "We are here to give public testiliterature had increased. Even the mony to the entire nation, that far Sunday-school-by-post children were from being divided, as some have receiving a newspaper printed in Eng- claimed or have desired, the evangelilish at Toronto, telling the children cals of the republic form one body in not to put up the Union Jack, which which dwells one spirit, the spirit of they do each day outside the school, Christ." not to sing 'God Save the King,' and In reply to the address of welcome,

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Jesus G. Perez. pastor of the Congre- Notable School in Paraguay D gational Church in Guadalajara. said: R. FRED L. SOPER, of the Rocke- feller Foundation, writes from "Those gathered here have no political views of any kind. Privately we Rio de Janeiro: "I recently had the- have our own ideas, and we are in- pleasure of visiting the Colegio In- terested in the movements that are ternacional in Asuncion and found agitating our nation. And we are in- that the new school building is almost terested in the social movement be- completed and the lahoratory well cause on the course which this under way. This school is making a movement takes will depend many phe- notable contribution to the educational nomena of the national life…. We are life of Paraguay." The edifice re- citizens of this country which we love ferred to is the Allen-Stone building, so much, and we desire its enlarge- which cost $75,000. It contains the ment in every sense; but also we wish administrative offices and classrooms, to be citizens of the republic estab- and is the best school building in ished by Jesus, of that republic which Paraguay. Ohio women of the Disknows no frontiers, where color does ciples of Christ Church. which mainnot count, where there is no distinc- tains the school, are raising $20,000 tion between rich and poor, where to complete the Mary Lyon Hall, there is neither great nor small, where which is to be a dormitory for girls. there are neither nobles nor plebeians, There remains to be supplied a dormibut where all are one in Christ." tory for boys, to cost $75,000. This Rev. W. A. Ross writes that the Na- sum is sought through the Educa- tional Convention of the Evangelical tional Advance in South America.

forces of Mexico revealed Protestant- A Brazilian Woman Convert ism at its best. Representatives from all of the Evangelical churches at- I N CAMPINA GRANDE, Brazil, tended. The convention lasted six days the Evangelical Union of South and is an annual gathering. There America, an English society, is' at were 143 registered delegates from work, and Mrs. Briault tells the story outside the city of Aguascalientes. of a woman whom she had visited and The popular meetings filled the large prayed for: "One night, the old lady auditorium. and even the conferences could not sleep; she heard a noise in for study morning and afternoon were her room, and when she got up to see attended by from 100 to 200 inter- what the cause of it was, she found a ested persons. big beetle eating her holy pictures. And she went back to bed and medi- The delegates came from 16 of the tated upon it. 'Here am I worshipping 28 states of the Mexican Republic and these pictures,' she said, 'and these represented 13 religious bodies; not saints and they cannot even save themmore than 20 were foreigners; all of selves from the beetles.' She told me the others were Mexicans. about this, and asked me what she There were men and women in the should do with them, for she did not convention well prepared to take lead- like to burn them. I said, 'You can ership. Their discussions, the papers wrap them up in a parcel and give they presented, their sermons, all re- them to me.' And she sent them to vealed this. With few exceptions there our house for us to dispose of for her.

is a spirit of harmony and brotherly Now she and her two daughters, and love in this great Evangelical Church. two sons-in-law are all members of They are now making their plans to our church, and splendid workers for be missionaries to the great untouched the Lord. The old lady cannot read, areas of the country, that every phase but she comes to the services and pays of the life of Mexico may be brought such attention to what is said, that under the subjection of our Lord Je- anyone who goes into her little store sus Christ. has to hear the Gospel."

5

EUROPE Primitive Methodist Church and 242,- 866 in the United Methodist Church. Britis'h and American Students The uniting churches have a combined strength of 5,597 ordained ministers, AN IMPORTANT conference of 54,971 local preachers and 25,826 churches. f.official representatives from the student Christian movements in the The Evangelical Social Congress United States and in Great Britain met in London in July as the first T HE thirty-fifth annual meeting of formal step toward more active coop- the Evangelical Social congress, at eration between Christian student Dresden, May 29-31, aroused widegroups in the two countries. The spread interest by the discussion of following preamble to the findings of the functions of the "social pastor." the conference read: "As representa- Dr. Herz, the general secretary of the tives of the Student Christian move- congress, described the qualities which ments of Great Britain and Ireland the clergyman needs to fulfill his and of the United States of America, duties in an industrial community. He and as members of the World's Stu- must have a first-hand knowledge of dent Christian federation, we believe the life of the workers in order to be that the most progressive and enlight- able to judge independently and corened elements in the East and the West rectly their social problems and needs. have become convinced that war should His work must have a universal charno longer be used as an instrument acter, and he must have time and unof public policy, but should be elimi- derstanding for individuals from nated from the life of the nations as whatever social or political group they a social evil. We unanimously favor may come. Above all the pastor must the adoption of the treaty to abolish fight with deep and warm devotion war as an instrument of national pol- for the social welfare of the workers. icy and agree to carry to our movements the urgent request that they The Evangelical Social Congress was assist in creating a public opinion fa- founded in 1890 by a group of revorable to its adoption and applica- ligious leaders, politicians, and econotion." mists, among whom the foremost were Prof. Harnack and Friedrich Nau- British Methodist Union mann. Its permanent headquarters is in Leipzig. The program of the con- T HE United Methodists, the Primi- gress is based on the assumption that tive Methodists and the Wesleyan the Gospel is the ultimate ethico-re- Methodists of Great Britain have ligious standard by which social probvoted to unite iIi one body so as to lems are to be judged, and that in it bring organic union in 1933. there will be found the motive power strong enough to overcome the pro- A final vote on union will be taken found social tensions and antagonisms. in each church in 1931, in 1932 the uniting conferences will hold final sep- Persecution in Spain arate sessions and in 1933 for the first time the three conferences will meet EVANGELICAL C h r i s t ian s in as one. Spain, even in these days, suffer much for their faith in Christ. Mr. . The membership of the Wesleyan P. J. Buffard, of the Spanish Gospel Methodist Church, including proba- Mission, writes: "In Santa Cruz, pertioners, is 1,008,199, of the Primitive secution is worse than ever; a master Methodist Church 220,806, and of the builder and his son, have never before United Methodist Church 153,757. lacked work, but since their confes- The smaller churches are relatively sion of Christ things have been getstronger in Sunday schools, the fig- ting increasingly difficult. In one week ur,es for Sunday school enrolment being 1,063,329 in the W e s ley an Methodist Church, 394,050 in the

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

alone he lost four contracts, simply Revival in Russia because of his principles. The son DISCUSSING the failure of the Bolhas quite a gift for speaking. During shevik anti-religious demonstra- Easter week we had no one to send to tions, the Moscow "Pravda" reports .Santa Elena, so asked him to go, and an "alarming revival of religion in we were told that splendid meetings Russia." Church memberships are inwere held; this meant losing one day's creasing instead of decreasing. Comwork, but he refused to be reimbursed. munists are singing in the choirs.

A blacksmith also, in this town, had Still other Communists, even chairlost nearly all his customers for the men of local "cells," are heading drives same reason."-The Christian. to collect funds to repair and build Y. W. C. A. at Budapest churches. It is foolish to believe that only old men and women attend church I N JUNE a Y. W. C. A. world con- regularly. The anti-religious propa- ference was held at Budapest. "The ganda is proceeding very slowly, and Word of Reconciliation" was the the average clergyman in Russia is theme. There were some extremely beginning to look happier and act difficult questions to be faced both be- more bravely in regard to giving refore the entire conference and in the ligious instruction to the young.- world's committee. One of the most The Australian Christian World. difficult is the relation of the Y. W.

C. A. to the Roman Catholic Church. AFRICA The conference called upon the nation- Methodist Progress in Africa T al moverrients to study the question, HE report of the Committee on the State of the Church made to the and has undertaken to prepare a summary of the development of the inter- South Africa Central Mission Confer- confessional position of the Y. W. C. A. ence of the Methodist Episcopal Christianity in German Schools Church held in Johannesburg, con- tained the following statistics of prog- EIGHTY-THREE German neurolo- ress in the four Bantu mission fields gists and insanity specialists have represented: "A decided growth' has united in an urgent plea that the marked the work during the past 'four young people of the public schools of years. We began the quadrennium Germany be not deprived of Christian with 7,053 members, and have closed teaching. "In the present lamentable with 11,802. Likewise, at the begin- struggle of political parties over the ning of the quadrennium there were schools, attempts are being made, in 5,538 pupils in our day schools and a folly truly irresponsible, to shake the we close with 6,499. In the Sunday- foundations of Christianity. We …. school at the beginning of the earnestly warn against allowing the quadrennium there were 5,279 Sun- belief in Christ, even in the least de- day-school scholars and at the close gree, to lapse in the hearts of our there are 6,645. Also during the four youth, since it is this that is the real years we have raised $16,615 for self- anchor in the storms in our times. support and $1,037 for benevolence.

The Christian religion is now, and In 1923 we had two ordained native will remain, the philosophy, the ethic, ministers and we close with six or- the socialism. Therein are we psychi- dained native ministers and two others atrists and neurologists at one with who are on probation. We began also the greatest and noblest among the the quadrennium with 118 native spirits whom the German people are workers, pastor teachers, evangelists, proud to name as their sons, and who etc., and we close with 282, all of whom have taught us to recognize the nature have charge of our work in villages in and ends of Christianity in its infinite Portugese East Africa and in the wisdom, truth, freedom and strength." compounds in the Transvaal. At the -The American Friend. close of this quadrennium we have

work in 278 distinct centers. This symbol, "C. E.," in place of their work is divided into nineteen circuits, former symbol, "C. S.," "Christlike twelve of which are cared for by the "Strewer," a literal translation of native ministers and evangelists. "Christian Endeavor" into the Dutch Churches and parsonages are being language. built by the native members without any outside help whatever." In Wellington, the Andrew Murray centenary celebration was carried out Congo Conference on Missions largely by the students and friends of the movement. Dr. Murray was the AN IMPORTANT missionary con- first president of the South African ference took place at Leopoldville, Christian Endeavor Union, and was Belgian Congo, from September 16th honorary president until the day of his to 24th. Protestant Missions, work- death in 1917.-Christian Endeavor ing in African territory with a coast World. line of 3,500 miles, participated and there were delegates from Britain, A Visit to West Africa America, Belgium, France and Scandinavia, as well as government officials, WE HAD the privilege in Accra commercial leaders, and educational (West Africa) of visiting the and other experts. They discussed, Scotch Presbyterian Mission, where in the light, of modern conditions, we learned of the union of the church such questions as "Government, Peo- groups of this mission, the Wesleyan ple and Cultures of the African West Mission and the Basel Mission into Coast," "Health," "Education," Mos- one body known as "The Presbyterian lem Problems," and "Land, Labor and Church of the Gold Coast." We also Industry." Among those present was visited the "Prince of Wales College" James L. Sibley, now engaged in im- at Achimota, of which the principal is portant educational advisory work in Dr. A. G. Fraser, a most capable edu- Liberia, besides missionary leaders cator of wide experience, and the vicesuch as M. Anet of Brussels, Rev. A. principal was the late Dr. J. E. K. W. Banfield of Lagos, W. J. W. Roome, Aggrey, one of the ablest and most the Bible Society's East African Sec- influencial of the native leaders of retary, Dr. T. S. Donohugh of the Africa. The "Prince of Wales Col- American Methodists, and Dr. Ler- lege" is a government institution, rigo, the American Baptist secretary. founded in 1924; it is an indication of A report of the conference will appear the government's interest in educalater in the REVIEW. tion; it has four square miles of land and it is expected that approximately Christian Endeavor in South Africa three million dollars will be available for site and plant, with an annual THE national English-speaking grant-in-aid from the government of , convention was held recently in $150,000.00 which it is expected will Cape Town and the key-notes were be increased to $250,000.00. The Faithfulness and Witnessing. classes extend from kindergarten to graduate work with special emphasis The societies of the English-Speak- on the practical sciences; the present ing Union of South Africa are widely student body numbers 250, and an ulscattered, but the national convention timate enrollment of 750 is anticibrings together representative work- pated. Of the faculty of forty from ers from all parts of the country. abroad, the majority are university men, chiefly from Oxford and Cam- There is also in South Africa a bridge. We were impressed by the Dutch Reformed Christian Endeavor general air of cleanliness, order, ac- Union, composed of Dutch-speaking tivity, and prosperity of the towns of societies. Since the World's Christian the Gold Coast; the British officials Endeavor Convention in London, in have carried out their trust with evi- 1926, these Dutch-speaking' societies have decided to adopt the universal

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dent wisdom and fidelity.-W. Regi- Christian Missionary Society has apna,ld Wheeler. propriated $10,000 for the construc- tion of the first buildings and for the An African Girls' Guild initial expenses of the school.-The Watchman Examiner. I N THE diocese of Lagos, Nigeria, there is a very promising Girls' Andrew Murray Centenary Guild movement operating at seven different centers, carried on by mis- ON MAY 9, 1828, the one hundredth sionaries of the Church Missionary anniversary of the birth of the Society. The members are baptized late Andrew Murray of South Africa, girls who are able to read and who was celebrated with gatherings at are over fourteen years of age. Re- Wellington. The life of Mary Lyon cently at one of the centers experi- was not forgotten, since reading of ments in outdoor preaching have been her work inspired Andrew Murray to made. The girls marching in fours undertake similar work in South Afand singing proceed to a street corner. rica, and he wrote to Mount Holyoke Three girls, running in advance, call Seminary for his first helpers (1873). out the heathen women and children who gather in large numbers. The Born of a Scottish father and a girls then teach the children a chorus, Dutch Hugenot mother, Andrew Murand a talk by the training-class ray was schooled in Scotland, received teacher follows. The crowd is then theological training in Holland, redivided into sections and six selected turned to South Africa, and began his girls of the guild teach a text to each ministry in the Orange Free State. group, and the missionary in charge His vision increased until his parish finally closes with a talk and prayer. extel,ded over all South Africa. As author he had a world parish, for he Colored Missionaries for Africa wrote 250 books in Dutch and English. Dr. Murray died in 1917 but the vari- AT THE meeting of the Presbyterian ous branches of missionary and edu- 1'l.Board (North), March, 1928, ac- cational work in which he shared are tion was taken with reference to the still carried on with vigor and fruitappointment of colored missionaries fulness. to the West Africa Mission, which at its annual meeting in 1927 voted in THE NEAR EAST favor of such appointments. Bible in Bible Lands In harmony with the action of the Board the Reverend Irwin W. Under- REV. ARTHUR W. PAYNE writes hill, Jr., and his fiancee, Miss Susan from Palestine in the quarterly T. Reynolds, both of African descent, magazine published by the Hebrew were appointed and assigned to the Christian Alliance: "On our last mis- West Africa Mission. Mr. Underhill sionary journey, we paid a visit to one was educated at the University of of the Chassidim or orthodox colonies, Pennsylvania, Lutheran Seminary and where on the first occasion we had a Princeton Seminary. Miss Reynolds very unfriendly reception. The attiwas educated at the University of tude this time was quite different. Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia Then a Hebrew Bible was bought and Normal School. a little open-air gathering .was held. This year has been one of wide cir- University for the Congo culation of the Scriptures in the cities and colonies of Palestine, particularly T HE Congo is to have a university. in Haifa and the surrounding district. A grant of land has been obtained On foot, on horseback, in train and for that purpose. This will be the carriages, in street and shop, in publi'c first university in the vast Congo building and private house, the Word country. It will be called "The Congo of. God has been given out. Visits Christian Institute." The United have been made regularly through the

year to a large number of Jewish its place. They began their activities settlements, in which testimony was in Egypt, and they are spreading furgiven by literature and by word of ther and further afield. They want mouth. Besides these, opportunity to cultivate their old national culture, has been given for witness in Jeru- to devote themselves to the uplifting salem, and visits have been made to of the masses, to the protection of the the new settlements on Mount Carmel peasant and workers, to help to raise and some different Yemenite quarters the social conditions of the poor classes where Jews from Arabia have settled." in their countries, and to educate a new rising generation, which one day Religious Future of Turkey will show to Europe the new face of Islam. T HE situation in Turkey today is a perilous one for the soul of The Literary Digest in its account that new nation. "There are today in of the conference makes the following all Turkey only fifty men in line to statement: "This Moslem renaissance take up the work of the hodjas in the is in its first stage of development, mosques," declares a returned Ameri- it has great obstacles to surmount, can worker. "Three years ago, at pray- there is still much inexperience among er time, the aisles of any train in its leaders; but it has, nevertheless, Turkey would be filled with men say- to be watched closely by all who are ing their prayers at the appointed really interested in the structural and times. Just recently I traveled across psychological changes which Eastern the entire country and saw in all that society is undergoing today." time but one man performing his religious rites en route. Ramazan, the Gospels in Arabia once closely kept religious festival, is no longer devoutly observed. During I N ARABIA, one of the most difficult it the schools are not permitted to countries for missionaries to enter, close, neither are the children excused sales of 2,059 Gospels and Testaments from attendance." Whither is Turkey were effected mainly through the efbound? Will she follow Russia in her forts of the two doctors and a nurse disregard of religion as a vital factor at the Sheikh Othman Hospital, near in the life of any nation? Will she Aden. These included 1,985 Arabic turn to a purified and reorganized Gospels and 26 Arabic New Testa- Islam? Or will the religion of the ments. As the report points out the Nazarene, as Christianity is coming three great Bible Societies of the Engto be spoken of there, arouse her en- lish-speaking World, British and Forthusiasm by its moral strength and eign, Scottish, and American, have spiritual beauty?-The Missionary since they began to operate unitedly Herald. circulated some 647,000,000 copies of the Word; but their work is very far Young Men'. ·Moslem. Association from being completed. With a world population reckoned today at 1,849,- T HE desire of the Moslem world to 500,000 it would seem that "more than create a new Islam and the wide- half the world still lives in Bible-less awake minds of its young followers homes."-South African Outlook. is shown. in a conference of young Moslems held at Jaffa in April, 1928, INDIA AND SIAM at which 120 delegates from all the towns and villages of Palestine met. FreedoDl for Afghan Women The conference decided to create a Young Men's Moslem Association sim- K ING AMANULLA, who has reilar to the Y. M. C. A., which has turned home from a prolonged played so large a part in the Western- spectacular tour in the West, seems ization .of the East. Now the Young bent upon introducing radical reforms Moslem Association has come to take into the social and religious life of his country. The attack made by the

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Amir and Queen Souriya upon purdah will be a difficult task for any commitburst like a bombshell in the camp of tee to evolve a theistic teaching which Afghan Moslems. But this does not will be acceptable to the followers of seem to have hindered King Amanulla these diverse religions. However, this in his efforts at reformation. Now resolution, accepted by the senate of His Majesty is said to be waging war the Bombay University, indicates the against polygamy. As reported, by growing conviction in India of the the Amani-Afghan, he announced to great need there is in our present sysa gathering of the Afghan Govern- tem of secular education for introducment servants, that "polygamy was ing an element of religion which will one of the chief causes of corruption, be a corrective to the materialism of and that in future any government this age.-The Christian Century. servant taking a second wife should tender his resignation." It is doubt- Conversions to Hinduisll1 ful whether the Moulvis and Moulanas of Afghanistan will support this re- ACABLE from Bombay reports conform, as this would be contrary to versions to Hinduism of numbers their teaching that four wives are al- of Christians following on the "conlowed to Muslims. But the influence version" of the former Nancy Ann of King Amanulla may be great Miller of Seattle, when she became the enough to stifle opposition and to carry wife of the former maharajah of Inthrough this reform. The abolition dore. Investigations made by the Inof the purdah seems to mean that the dian Witness of Lucknow, show that Afghan women are at last coming into this cablegram was invented by some their own. one to discourage American supporters of Christian missions in India. The Religion in Bombay University only element of truth in the present report is that some Roman Catholics ONE of the points that emerged in Goa-a Portuguese possession on from the consideration of the the west coast of India, embraced Hin- Christian message in relation to non- duism under circumstances which re- Christian religions at the Jerusalem flect no credit on Hinduism. The meeting of the International Mission- government of Goa enacted legislation ary Council was that the great enemy making child marriage illegal for of Christianity is not anyone or all Christians. Some of the Roman Caththe non-Christian religions put to- olic converts did not wish to give up gether but the growing secularism and that evil custom. Arya Samajists-a materialism of the world. Sincere fol- reform movement in Hinduism-who lowers of non-Christian religions are usually preach against child marriage also alive to the growing menace to were willing to compromise their printheir religions that is offered by ma- ciples to enlist converts to Hinduism, terialism. This belief has found curi- and a number of the offended Roman ous expression in the action recently Catholics, yielding to their influence, taken by the Bombay University, a embraced Hinduism. purely secular institution, of appointing a committee "to consider and re- "Movies" in India port on the question of the advisability of inculcating a theistic attitude in MANY towns in India have cinemas our educational system in general and where imported films from the in the affiliated colleges in particular." west are shown. It is reported that The resolution is somewhat curious in the exhibition of American films, dethat it attempts "the inculcation of a picting certain aspects of western lifa, theistic attitude" among students who is not only undermining the "white profess religions such as the different man's prestige" in India but also telldforms of Hinduism, Islam, J ainism ing to demoralize the East Indians. Zoroastrianism and Christianity. It The Council of State-the upper house of the Indian parliament-adopted. a

resolution asking for an inquiry into shall drop mine, and you need not the censorship of films. A committee, urge me to go on with my Master's appointed by government with Mr. T. degree. I will marry the girl as you Rangachari, an Indian, as its chair- wish, but I will apply for a clerk's man recommended a small import duty job." They gave over, because they on all films, including British, as a did want him to have his M.A. degree. measure of protection to the Indian Now he 'has that, and he says he is film industry now in its infancy. The entitled to a wife who will be a comjudgment of the committee about al- panion, and whose intellect he can relegations made that the cinema has spect. When I mentioned that the been a factor in lowering the stand- proportion was eighty to one, he said, ards of sex conduct, is that they are "I know that, but I think I am now grossly exaggerated. entitled to that one."

Methodist Banks in the Punjab A Student Gathering METHODISTS have fifty-five thou- I N DECEMBER a significant inter- sand Christians on their member- national gathering is to be held at ship rolls in the Punjab. Vocational Mysore. The World's Student Chriseducation is being pushed and Chris- tian Federation, which holds its Gentians are being followed into the new eral Committee once in two years, is regions opened up by the growing ir- planning to hold its 1928 Committee rigation schemes. If we can solve the in India at the invitation of the Stuvillage problem in the Punjab, socially, dent Christian Movements of India. educationally and sp'ritually, we shall Probably the number of delegates have the strongest Christian work in coming from Overseas will be about India. The province contains India's 80 or 90; and in addition, a few outmost virile people, and already they are standing representatives of Indian eontributing more for self-support per thought will be invited to share in .capita than any other of this field. their deliberations. Among those In- An Indian district superintendent of dian leaders who have already exthe Punjab has the distinction of hav- pressed their hope to be present at the ing established twenty-two Methodist General Committee are: Mahatma agricultural banks in his district. Gandhi, Prof. Radhakrishnan, Prin- These banks have changed the psy- cipal Zakir Husain of Delhi, Sjt. Bhai chology of our people, and are already Paramanand of Lahore. the nerve centers of a new life and a growing evangelism.-Bishop B. T. Tracts for India BADLEY. THE Christian Churches in India have established a chain of Union Indian Demands Educated Wife Societies which are producing Chris- tian literature for Christians and nonl.tfRS. ROSS WILSON, of Lahore, Christians. Mr. Norman R. D. Pant in The Indian Witness gives an acif.l India, tells the following story: "A count of the distribution of tracts among the people of rural areas and splendid Sikh student friend of ours describes it as "one of the most inwas in, one evening . . . He gradu- teresting kinds of evangelism." We ated several years ago, and has now quote below some of the incidents of passed his examination for a govern- a day in the country: ment post. He was talking about his marriage. He said his parents re- "Some amusing pictures abide in our fused to consider the girl who was memories. One is of an old man on a well educated, that they had heard of, camel. We slowed down the car and one blicause she did not belong to the right of us stretched out a hand to reach him caste. Others that they urged upon with several tracts. He took them and bim, of the proper caste, were unedu- with beautiful courtesy bowed low and cated, and he said, "Very well, if I am gave us a hearty "salaam." We returned to have a wife with no ambitions, I

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his greeting with a like gesture of good have been scattered far and wide throughout China and are lying on the will and he seemed greatly pleased. shelves or in other places in the homes of the people. Rev. Joshua Vale calls "One rustic gentleman came along for special prayer "that these books H;nd tracts may, as it were, come to seated majestically and somewhat pomp- hfe and bear their witness just at this time when the voice of the evangelist ously on a diminutive pony. We took a and individual witness is more or less ~hance with so~e of our tracts by throw- sihmt." The many instances in mismg th~m to h~m, and looked anxiously sionary history of conversion brought about by the simple reading of the and wIth consIderable curiosity to see New Testament give force to Mr. Vale's appeal for prayer "that the whether he would undertake the formid- Spirit of God shall move those who have portions of Scripture or other able ~ask of removing himself from his Christian literature to take them down, dust them, and read them to seat .m order to get the tracts. He did the salvation of their souls."

so wIth more alacrity than seemed pos- Peking Union Medical College sible and soon remounted and went jog- A STATEMENT recently issued by the Rockfeller Foundation reads: ging along reading as he went. "To one medical center the Rockfeller Foundation sustains a unique relation. "A bullock cart full of people was up- In Peking, through a separate Board of Trustees, it has built and is main- ~et when with one accord the occupants taining a high standard, well-equipped, modern institution for teaching, re- Jumped out III a mad competition for the search, care of patients, and the dif- fusion of knowledge about Western tracts we threw to them. Of this stoooo~ medicine, curative and preventive. It we have a vivid picture that will not' seeks to train leaders, to develop char- acter, and to i.nspire high ideals of fade from our memory. professional and social obligation. In spite of the clashes and conflicts with "One immensely encouraging feature which China feels her way towards a new sense of nationality, the Peking ?f the day's work was that on the return Union Medical College carries on. For Jo~rney we could not see even one tract the recent academic year (1927-28) seventy-eight undergraduate medical lymg on the road. Everyone had been students and twenty-one pupil nurses ~ak<:;n away. Often we saw them pro- are enrolled as compared with sixty- seven medical students and fourteen Jectmg from pockets or turbans or pupil nurses in the previous year. In 1926-27 seventy doctors did advanced dhotis." work in special courses or individually in the capacity of assistants." CHINA Child Labor in Tientsin WITH the endorsement of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce Miss Lydia Johnson, a Y. W. C. A: secretary, and Miss Tao Ling have been studying working conditions among women and children in Tien- tsin. There are six large cotton mills and rug and amndatcphacfkaicntgoricees~tearss well as shipping for nuts. "One notices the prevalence of child labor everywhere," writes Miss Johnson. "Most of the machinery I saw in the mills and fTahcteorsipeis~nwinags made in Lowell, Mass.

machines are especially designed in size to accommodate children. A child's small, deft fingers are pre- ferred to those of adults. I saw tiny boys and girls not more than seven or eight years of age. They stand all day for twelve hours packing matches into boxes with incredible speed. Their wages in our money are five or six cents a day."

Bibles on Chinese Bookshelves The Harvard-Yenching Institute DURING the last decade millions of T HE trustees of the estate of ·the Scripture portions, New Testa- late Charles M. Hall have selected ments or complete Bibles, and tens of Yenching University, Peking, as a millions of Christian books and tracts joint beneficiary with Harvard Uni-

versity in a bequest of $2,000,000. ing to be ahungs. A few of the Mos- Under the terms of Mr. Hall's will the lems have become Christians. The trustees were given the discretionary senior pastor of the diocese is a conpower of selecting institutions in Asia verted Moslem, a Mr. Sung. This man which were making valuable contribu- was attracted by the high character of tions to education. Yenching was one of the earliest missionaries, a Mr. chosen as one of these and the Har- Bird. The persistent love revealed in vard-Yenching Institute of Chinese the life of that missionary called Mr. studies has been established with this Sung to be baptised, and become an university as its base in China. The evangelist, catechist, and priest. purpose of the Institute is to promote both in China and America graduate Mr. Isaac Mason stressed the point study and research in the various that we must speak as friends of Mosbranches of Chinese culture with the lems. It is splendid that there is so primary objective of encouraging the much in common in the following Chinese to study their own highly de- points: veloped civilization in the light of scientific methods of research and to 1. Unity of God. 2. Divine omnipointerpret this civilization to the West. tence and goodness. 3. Doctrine of the Yenching will thus be enabled to offer future life. 4. Jesus Christ as one of graduate work to its own students and the saints. They do not recognize His to those who come from other parts Divinity. 5. Jesus Christ as intercesof China, in this manner strengthen- sor as no other saint. 6. Faith in the ing the emphasis on Chinese culture Book (Koran). Similar as our Bible,- which is one of the consequences of the the "Word of God." Student Movement. The work of Harvard will consist of courses in the In those things in which we are sepa- Chinese language and literature, as rated we must lead them cautiously as well as in various aspects of Sinology in the following: 1. The Fatherhood of studied through the medium of Eng- God, which is the sublime truth of Chrislish and other European languages. tianity; 2. Jesus Christ, whom they acknowledge only in the human relation- Friends of Moslems ship; 3. Redemption through Jesus Christ, for they are trained to get it THE First Annual Meeting of the through other means; 4. Christianity Society of Friends of the Moslems the only true religion, for the Koran in China was held in Shanghai on May also has truth; 5. Denial of Mohammed first. Bishop Molony presided. as a prophet. There is another way.

Bishop Holden, the first speaker, We must show the excellency of started off by saying that he holds a Jesus Christ. It is most important distinction few Christians can claim: that we should study Mohammedan- -he built a mosque in Kweilin. The ism. We should know at least a little mission property was next door to a about it. In Chinese alone the mosque and one night it burnt down, Moslems have a wealth of literature. the mosque burning with it. At first There are over three hundred books the Mohammedans were quite angry, whieh are worth examining. It is but when he offered to pay for the absolutely necessary for one who is building of another they became quite working among them to obtain a symfriendly. Kweilin is the only city in pathetic knowledge of their literature his diocese containing any number of and doctrine.-Friends of Moslems. Moslems. There are 25,000 there, with six mosques to minister to their JAPAN-CHOSEN needs. The faith is not aggressive, but on the other hand it is very diffi- A Dry Mikado cult to meet the Moslems. The Koran is only taught to those who are study- I N THESE days of discussion on pro- hibition in America, the following quotation from The Christian Patriot, an Indian magazine, is of interest: "Whether in the West or in the East, Emperors and members of the Royalty have always been strong sup- porters of rare vintages and famous

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

liquors. We are therefore pleasantly clined to materialism unless Christian surprised to learn that the present idealists will stand and fight against Mikado is a staunch teetotaler. No it. intoxicating liquor of any kind, it is said, is served on the royal banquet "The One Million Souls Movetables, and the Emperor's example is ment" is simply another name for a having a good effect upon the young mass movement to meet this situation. men of Japan. It is further said that If efforts are not made to meet this the palace guards, numbering about crisis the progress of the Gospel will 300 policemen and all the palace be delayed about fifty years. This is servants, are total abstainers. This the critical period of the history of must be inspiring to temperance evangelism in Japan. workers." Probably since the time of the Friendship Dolls in Japan Restoration during the Meiji Era there has been no period in Japanese THE children of America have done history of thought so critical as the much to plant seeds of good will in present, Mr. Kagawa thinks. But at the young of other countries. A letter the same moment the missions are from the headmaster of one of the withdrawing their forces. Though the large primary schools at Akazaki tells churches are independent they are how the dolls were received: lacking the power to stretch out to reach the mass. If the missions with- My DEAR AMERICAN GIRLS: draw their forces now there will re- main in Japan about 370 to 380 inde- I am a headmaster of a city primary pendent churches, and their situation school. There are some thousand chil- will be like that of Zoroastrianism in dren and twenty teachers in our schoo!. India, affecting only an area around Bombay. But if Japan could have Last spring, when the peach blossoms about one million Christians then were blooming, how happy we were to Japan would have an independent greet the long-waited-for messengers of Christian constituency.-The Chrispeace from your country. The arrival tian ObseTveT. of these lovely dolls, with blue eyes and curly hair, in Japan created great en- The Power of the Press thusiasm among our children, and a very warm welcome was given them. They AN INTERESTING work has been were distributed among the principal pri- .t. done for the past three years by mary schools and kindergartens all over Japan. Everywhere they were received Rev. W. H. M. Walton, an English with grateful hearts by millions of our missionary in Japan. He conceived children, and were made the objects of the idea of a kind of newspaper evanadmiration and interest wherever they gelism and has carried it out successwere taken. fully. .In thirty lines of advertising space, taken at frequent intervals in A Million Souls for Christ the daily newspapers, Mr. Walton and his helpers have presented the claims I T IS perhaps inevitable that ma- of Christianity and the Christian atti- terialistic ideas should invade tude toward current questions. These Japan, and in this the Christian Gos- brief articles have attracted wide atpel has to face a great hindrance, is tention, for in three years they have the view taken by Rev. Toyohiko elicited replies and applications for Kagawa. "Before this idea enters literature from 17,000. Japan," says Mr. Kagawa, "we must establish Christianity firmly in this The Christian, London, makes the country. It is better to sow seeds in following comment: good ground than in a thorny or a stony field. After materialistic Bol- "The work does not, of course, end shevism has acquired some foothold in with that. All possible efforts are Japan it will be very difficult to do made to link up the applicant with evangelistic work among laborers and some Christian body in his own area; peasants. Within a decade or so Japan may have more young men in-

while, if the district be an isolated one, such an arrangement of control in the a twenty-week,,' corre"pondence course New Hebrides as will "ecure settled is offered. This course provides a government, protection, and liberty foundation for further personal ac- for the natives, a settlement of the quaintance with Christianity. There land question; and to carry on with are also other means of religious en- untiring zeal and unceasing prayer lightenment available from the same the task of completing the evangelizasource, and the whole scheme must tion of these islands. be regarded as of great importance. The degree of literacy in Japan is very "It is not too late to save them, but high, even among the rural population, the task will require the united and and it is, therefore, obvious that persistent and self-sacrificing enter- "evangelization by print" is a ready prise of all the forces already engaged means of carrying the gospel to the in the work. millions who are at present not within reach of a Christian missionary "Need these peoples die out? The missionary says emphatically, No. church." And quite recently the scientist said, No. After seeing them in their home- ISLANDS OF THE SEA land and working for them in coopera- tion with the missionaries he set down The New Hebridies Need Help his judgment. It is this: that, given the supervision of the Christian mis- SINCE 1839 the New Hebrides sionary and given the proper attention islands have been on the heart and to the laws of sanitation and health, conscience of the Christian Church. there is no reason why the New In that year, on Erromanga, John Hebrides should not be repopulated by Williams and James Harris were mar- their own people in the course of a tyred by the Erromangans in revenge few generations." for outrages perpetrated by sandalwood traders. Hawaiian Centennial In 1858 John G. Paton went out THE Hawaiian Evangelical Assofrom Scotland and after four years of ciation has just celebrated the cenunimagined suffering had the joy of tennial anniversary of the arrival of seeing the gospel triumph over Hawaii's third company of missionheathen superstitions and cruelties. arie" in 1828 on the Parthian. Among In the seventy years that followed this company Rev. Jonathan S. Green however there came to the islands and his wife made a notable contribuwhite men who had not the interest tion to Hawaii. Mr. Green translated of the people at heart, and the gospel four books of the Bible into the has been engaged in what appears to Hawaiian language and became the be an unequal contest with forces pioneer wheat farmer on the island of which tend to destroy. The people Maui. During the first year of the seem to be slowly but surely dying American Missionary Association, out. A recent writer estimates that, 1846-47, the Executive Committee while the population of the group undertook cooperation with Mr. Green. amounted to 200,000 when the white His protest against slavery and any man first came in contact with them, organization which tolerated slavery it is now barely 80,000. Is it inevitable was so strong and so consistent that that the natives of the New Hebrides he refused, even in the heat of an die out? Is it a hopeless task to try Hawaiian summer, to wear cotton and save them? which had been raised by slave labor. The large crops of wheat and corn Rev. H. C. Matthew of Victoria, and potatoes which he raised on the Australia, in writing of conditions slopes of the extinct volcano, Haleathere, continues: "Here is a great kala, were eagerly sought by the challenge to the Christian Church to whalers who anchored in the harbor save a people – to claim from the British and the French Governments

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

on the south side of the island. Ap- made the means of furthering the propriations from the American Mia- Christian ideal of 'peace on earth, sionary Association never exceeded good will to men.'''

three hundred dollars a year, and that As to the plan itself for the new went for the employment of Hawaiian calendar he says: preachers, including help toward an "The more we investigate the mat- Hawaiian missionary sent by the ter of a fixed calendar, with an equal Hawaiian Christians to the Marquesas number of equal months, each exactly Islands.-The Congregationalist. divisible into an equal number of weeks, the more reasonable it seems.

MISCELLANEOUS In the business world questions of World-Wide Y. W. C. A. Work paying labor, interest, accounting, dividends, and statistics would be AT A meeting of a "Fellowship amazingly simplified, as has already been proved by large concerns which ft Forum" of the National Board of have adopted the plan in principle. Ecclesiastically, the advantages of dothe Y. W. C. A. in New York on Oc- ing away with movable feasts, domintober 1st, reports were given and ical letters, tables of precedence, and plans were made relative to the work the like, are obvious, and the resulting in aU lands. Mrs. Bessie Cotton, a simplification of the Church year foreign executive, who has recently would put an end to much of the convisited Russia, said: fusion on this subject in the lay mind." -Evangelical-Messenger. "I visited s'everal factories where modernization has so far progressed that they provide nurseries for women workers with small children. But in general, conditions among the indus- OBITUARY trial population of Russia are better than among the peasants. The great REV. ABRAHAM P. KRIEL, the founder problem of the Government is to get and director of the Langlaagte Orphanthe peasants to use modern machinery. age, South Africa, died on June 9th at As for the young people of the land, Clansthal. Mr. Kriel was born in French there is a new attitude springing up Hoek, March 1, 1850, and was connected which is of a definitely modern trend." with the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa. At its last meeting at Budapest in July the World's Committee decided *** to move its headquarters from London to Geneva, since most international EUGENE STOCK, D.C.L., for more than negotiations are carried on through thirty years Secretary of the Church that centre. Missionary Society of England and the author of a history of that society and The New Calendar other volumes, died at his home in Bournemouth, England, on September7th. T HE Living Church, in supporting He was ninety-two years of age and died the movement for a new calendar, as a result of an accident when he was whereby we would have thirteen struck by a motor bus. Dr. Stock was in months of twenty-eight days each, business until he was forty years of age proposes that the extra day, the 365th, when he was appointed Secretary of the be designated "World Peace Day," in- C. M. S. from which position he retired stead of Year Day" as suggested in in 1906. During his tenure of office the Cotsworth's plan. Says the editor: number of missionaries supported by the "Let it be celebrated annually in all society increased from 230 to 1,385. civilized nations by appropriate demonstrations of international friendship *** and good will. Perhaps in this way the reformed calendar may, in addi- MISS I. LILIAS TROTTER, the leader of tion to its purely utilitarian values, be the Algiers Mission Band, who went out to North Africa from London in 1886, fell asleep in Christ in Algiers, last Sep- tember. She was a much loved and devoted Christian missionary, being pro- ficient in the use of both French and Arabic. She was widely known through her remarkable Story-Parables and other Christian booklets for Moslems which were distributed in many lands.

OOI(S WORTH

Any book8 mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

Friends of Africa. By Jean K. Macken- Black Treasure. Basil Mathews. 114 pp. zie, Mrs. Donald Fraser, M. D., Mrs. 75c cloth, 50c paper. New York. 1928. Frederick B. Bridgman and J. H. Old- ham. Miss Mackenzie, Editor. Illus., Africa is a treasure house upon map, pp. 250. Cambridge, Mass. 1928. which the world has been drawing in very large measure, for its diamonds, These four devoted friends and gold, ivory, cotton, rubber, cocoa. For years the chief export was Africans. workers for Africa have produced a The author pictures the inhuman cruelties of the slave trade and tells volume which, supplemented by Don- how David Livingstone, Sir John Kirk, ald Fraser's "The New Africa" and Edwin Smith's "The Golden Stool,"

constitute the latest and most inter- esting set of books of recent years- John and Frederick Moir, helped to all worthy books. overthrow it. He tells too of Africa's Mr. Oldham supplies the basic theme emergence into a new era, through the introduction of industrial civilization in a comprehensive view of the Con- which is profoundly affecting old tribal tinent which has been divided into six organization, sanctions and customs. parts, as forewords to the chapters. New problems have arisen and the Miss Mackenzie adds a literary and conflict is on between those who, in heart-moving charm, characteristic of the spirit of the former slave raiders, all her writings. In chapter III Mrs. would exploit the African and those Donald Fraser inserts a fascinating who by just dealing and kindly aid , account of her project method of teach- would benefit him and help him realize ing ignorant African women the rudi- the potential that is in him. Illustra- ments of medicine and hygiene. Her tions are given of what has been done celluloid doll, Tobias, is the leading by Fred Bridgman in Johannesburg, actor in the play and acts in varied South Africa, to better the industrial female parts to the amusement of all and social conditions, and by Alex- her readers and the enlightenment of ander Fraser in the Industrial School her African women friends. Mrs. at Achimota, West Africa, to train Bridgman deals with aspects of mis- youth in useful trades and to develop sions in the great industrial center of Christian character. In Uganda, East Johannesburg, with its mining prob- Central Africa, a kingdom has been lems and its laboratory of social amel- ioration. transformed from savagery to civiliza- As the volume confines its illustra- tion by Christianity. The present king tions of work and people to those seen rides in a Rolls-Royce, but this is less in American Missions, the volume significant than the organization of a loses the miracles of Livingstonia (ex- welfare association by the young men cept in Mrs. Fraser's chapter), the na- of the kingdom to fight intemperance, tion-making work of the English to promote the social and economic Church in Uganda, and the wonderful betterment of all, to work at all times story of the British Wesleyans around' for the good of the community and to the Gulf of Guinea. aim for the highest and best as taught H. P. BEACH. by religion.

942 One of the most interesting chapters affecting missions in their relations presents the story of Chief Khama of to the general work, to society, and the Bamangwato tribe, in truth a king to Government. Ray Phillips' "Social of men. He lived to the ripe age of Work in South Africa," Dr. Taylor's ninety-three and was an ardent pro- "Vernacular Literature in South Afhibitionist who drove from his king- rica," and Mrs. Jabavu's "Bantu Home dom those who sought to debauch his Life," are perhaps the most notable people by intoxicating liquor. He is of these articles. said to be "the earliest prohibition ruler in the world." Another African The Second Section contains surveys of royal blood, whose life story is a romance, was Kwegyir Aggrey. He of 44 societies laboring in the Sub-concame of a race of warriors and was heir on his mother's side to five tinent. Nine sending countries are thrones. Born on the Gold Coast in 1872, he went to a mission school as responsible for these societies. Amera lad. He early became a true Christian and at twenty-one he went to ica having 14, and Scandinavia and America for further education, received degrees from Livingstone Col- South Africa 9 each; while England lege and from Teachers' College, Columbia University. At the time of his is credited with only four-a number death in 1927 he was associated with which does not represent the very Alexander Fraser in the industrial large work done by British workers, school at Achimota, where it was hoped especially the Wesleyans. The Roman these two men would long labor to- Catholics were willing but unable to gether, one white and one black, for supply statistics-a failure for which the uplift of the African.· Dr. Warneck long ago criticised them. The communicant membership re- One who reads this volume is con- ported is 497,542, though the Anglivinced with Basil Mathews that the cans and Catholics, and other smaller the African is Africa's greatest "black bodies do not report. (The Census of treasure." 1921 gave the Anglicans 289,573 and the Catholics 63,179.) Statistics and GEORGE H. TRULL. estimates make it probable that the churches gave £213,000 for benevo- Christianity and the Natives of South Af- lent and current expenses besides rica. A Year-book of South African gifts for education. Government and Missions. Rev. J. Dexter Taylor, D.D., missionary figures show that 215,307 compiler and editor. pp. xii, 503. children are at school out of 939,563 Lovedale: Institution Press. of school age. No figures are given for the Christian Associations, school Suggested by the General Mission- center and joint council committees, ary Conference of South Africa in which are a relatively new but very 1912, and finally decided upon in 1925, important factor in the higher life of three strenuous years have been ex- Africa. The total Christian commupended in bringing together in ex- nity of Native Africans as given by cellent typographical form this first the census is 1,605,356, and the editor important African Year Book, equal- estimates that the communicants numling if not surpassing its predecessors ber about 16 per cent of the native in China, Japan and India. Practical- population. The pioneer societies, ly all societies south of the Zambesi -the London Mission and their predeand Cunene rivers are here reported cessors, the Moravians,-might have upon, though the many Separatist been reported more fully, but little Churches of dissident Africans are space is given to any society. The dealt with in one brief chapter. Twen- American public would have liked a ty-one authors supply 22 special ar- longer report also of our pioneer soticles upon a variety of subjects ciety, the American Board, and of the large work of the American Negroes under the African Methodist Episco- pal Church and in the Separatist

Churches which sprang largely from also a complete index to the Scripture an American root. Fuller reports of quotations, which makes it possible Lovedale and Tiger Kloof Institutions for one to find any passage in which would have interested us. he may be interested, and see it in comparison with everything else per- The reviewer would commend the taining to the life of St. Paul. An action of the General Missionary Con- index of the places visited by Paul ference in deciding upon the issuance makes it possible to approach the story of a year book on the triennial years of Paul's life from the geographical when the conference meets, rather angle and the index of persons conthan yearly. Though it might thus nected with Paul's life which makes prevent the publication of the proceed- another approach possible. ings of the conference itself. This third edition was printed on H. P. BEACH. the urgent request of Bible teachers Six Miracles of Calvary. Wm. R. Nichol- son. 80 pp. 40 cents. Chicago. 1928. who desired to have their students This is one of the most valuable possess this invaluable compilation of contributions to the literature concerning Calvary that we have seen. Bishop information concerning the Apostle Nicholson has dealt with the following outstanding features of the story of Paul. M. T. S. the crucifixion: The Miraculous Darkness; The Rending of the Veil; The The English in English Bibles. J. F. Miraculous Earthquake; The Miracle Sheahan. 143 pp. Cloth, $1.25. of the Open Graves; The Undisturbed paper, 75 cents. Poughkeepsie. 1928. Grave Clothes of Jesus, and Revivals to Life in the Calvary Graveyard. In- Fourteen chapters of the Gospel acto each of these chapters, he has inter- cording to Matthew are so printed jected the deepest spiritual teaching, that three versions are easily comand so told the remarkable story that pared. The Rhemes of 1582; Th& the death of our Saviour takes upon Authorized or King James Version itself a rich spiritual meaning for the of 1611 and the Revised Version of reader. Many technical questions 1881 are printed by interlinear concerning the Crucifixion are dealt method, so that the exact wording can with and explained in a reverent way. easily be compared. The purpose of the book is to make a comparison of M. T. S. the exact words used in these three translations. It also has a good many A Harmony of the Life of St. Paul. Frank notes on different subjects of interest J. Goodwin. 240 pp. $1.50. New to scholars, who are making a tech- nical study of translations of the York. 1928. Bible. The book would not be of any value to the ordinary Bible student. This should be in the library of The burden of the author's work is a. every minister, Sunday-school teacher defense of the Catholic Version. and Bible student. The references to Paul's life and work as narrated in M. T. S. the Acts of the Apostles are printed in one column and the passages which Windows of Asia. A. P. Richardson. pp. refer to the same events in St. Paul's vii, 206 Illus. $;;. Epistles are placed in other columns alongside of the historical references The diary of a tourist who has seen· from the Acts. There are explana- the usual sights met by the averagetory notes giving valuable information round-the-world traveler. He deon the same pages with the Scripture scribes these in excellent English and quotations, so that the student can see with a kind of acrid humor which at a glance all that pertains to the tends to be supercilious toward theincident under discussion. There is lands and peoples he has visited. He has almost nothing to say of missions, but his brief notices are favorable.

K. S. L.

The Missionary Review of the World — October 1928

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN

PERSONALS DR. JOSEPH C. ROBBINS, secretary of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Our Free Catalogue Saves Money for Missionaries Society, bas recently started, with his wife, to visit the Baptist Missions in India and Burma. They expect to be away from America about a year. MISSIONARIES everywhere have con- .. * * fidence in our Missionary Bureau as the most economical source for MR. W. REGINALD WHEELER, a secre- personal supplies and mission equip- ment of high quality. tary of the Presbyterian Board of FIELD SECRETARIES and Purchasing Foreign Missions, left in May, with Rev. Agents find that our free catalogue Robert M. Russell of Larchmont, New and special discount list enables them to save money for their stations. York, to visit the Presbyterian Missions MISSION BOARDS can economize by in West Africa and to attend the Con- selecting hardware, paints and other ference of Missions in the Belgian Congo. building materials from our catalogue.

*** MR. AND MRS. JOHN E. NORTON of the Christian Boys' Horne Mission, Poona, India, have recently returned to Amer- ica on furlough and are ready to give missionary addresses with or without the stereopticon. Their address is, Box 13, Findlay, Ohio.

** If you haven't a Montgomery Ward catalogue, write TODAY for MISS KATHERINE GARDNER, one of the a free copy.

promotion secretaries of the Presbyterian Board of National Missions, has recently become Associate Secretary of the Com- mission on Church and Race Relationa, Federal Council of .Churches. MONTGOMERY WARD &CO.

*** Chicago, U. S. A. ~ PASTOR HERMAN SCHNELLER has re- cently succeeded his father, Dr. Theodore Missionary Bureau Schneller, as director of the Philistean ~>——-(~'==="'~~ Orphanage, Jerusalem. This orphanage was recently reopened after it had been closed for fourteen years on account of the World War. Previous to that event Dr. Schneller had directed the orphanage for 43 years. * .. .. A Unique Testimony MISS MINNIE V. SANDBERG has recently CONCERNING entered upon her duties as foreign and Annuity Agreements candidate secretary of the Woman's Eighty-seven Agreements. One Hundred and Ninety Thousand Dollars Baptist Foreign Mission Society, at the This is the record of one individual with headquarters of the Society in New York. the two Methodist Milsion Boards. The Miss Sandberg fills the position made fint agreement was issued July 2, 1900, for $4,500. The last one, May 21, vacant by the resignation of Mrs. 1928, for $2,000. This devout Mabelle Rae McVeigh Le Grand. Miss Christian placed all of her funds except Sandberg is well qualified for her office, her home and about $1,500 on an- through her educational training, her nuity, thus practically administering all service as a missionary for five years in her estate during her lifetime. For the Mary L. Colby School in Japan, and information regarding annuities write on account of her experience as an execu- Moni. W. Ehnea, TreasurH of the Board of Foreign Mwions 01 the Metbodist Episcopal Cbureh, tive for the last three years in the re- 150 Filth Av.nue, New York, N. Y., or ligious education department of the W. J. Elliott, T..amrer of the Board 01 Home Missions and ChllI'<h Exten,io, Qf the Methodist Young Women's Christian Association in Episcopal Church. 1701 Arc h Slrret, Philadelphia, Pa.

Washington, District of Columbia.

*** MISS FAYE A. STEINMETZ, for seven years secretary for young people's work for the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, has resigned and will be suc- ceeded by Miss Mary E. Moore of San . .. .. Francisco.

REV. RALPH A. WARD, D.D., of Foochow Conference, China, has been elected by the secretaries of the several benevolent boards of the Methodist Episcopal Church executive secretary for World Service.

(Concluded on page 771.) Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers. DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Edito,'

OCTOBER TABLE OF CONTENTS Special Africa Number Page FRONTISPIECE–PIO~EEB CHRISTLN lIISSIOKARHjS I~ AFRICA MII,ESTONES IN AFRICA'S PROGRESS ………………….. ,TOHA"NES DU PLESSIS 773 A oraphia picture of the developmel1t oj Africa through e.xploratio1tJ commerac, edu· caHan and missionary effort.

ARE AFRICANS WORTH SAVING? .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,J OHN M. SPRINGER 7~1 Practica,l 6aJamples of A..jrica1lB '1t'ho hare provcd their intelUgellcc? Ohristian character «-tid usefulnes8.

IIINDRANCES TO CHRISTIANITY IN AFRICA ………………. GEORGE A. WILDER 789 A missionary with over forty yt:mrs' experiftW(' 'in Africa describe.'i Iwnte of the olJstar eles met in bringing light to the A-frica.JI.

EXPLORING THE AFRICAN'S SOI'L .EDWU W. SMITH 793 The weZl·known a,uthor of U']!he Gorden Stool" en tel's a nC1C field 0/ CiI'pZoration opening up dark recesses to the light.

GIVING THE BIBLE TO TIm A~'JtIC.N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. W. BA"FIELD 799 The yo-ma.nce oJ Bible trnnslatiotJ, anti distribution mnung pa-ga1l8 as described by the Bible Som.ety agent in Central Africa.

AFRICAN WOMEN IN THE NEW DAY …………. ELIZAHETII )[AcDo"ALD WILKI"SO" 807 A remarku·ble picttwc oj the pJogrc88 made tnJ those who were formerly GhattdB a,tld slaves but have been libera,ted and enlioht(,lIl:'d by Ohr·istiOJl" missional'icB.

SPIRITUAL SELF-SUPPOR'l' IN .~FRIC. …… . . ……………….T. '1'. TUCKER 815 The missiona.ry to Uguna(t describ('s the pr()QJ'(,,'f.'t which thl' A/ricnn i.'t making in fceding himself with Rpirit1lnl fooll anll pllHsing Oil thl~ Gospel to othcl"f-l.

AFRICA WAITS …………. . . .. W .•T. W. ROOME S1n S(J1ne Dutstnnding facts in regw'd to the In-cNellt situnti(m in A_friaa mid the fields still unreachcd by the Gospel arc gln'11 b.lJ 01/i' 1rho hfll~ widely trarcllcd throuah tire continent.

now TO STUDY AFRICA ……….. . . . . . . . 'l'nO:LS R. DOXOHCGH 829 Some suggestions as to methods and lIwt(Tiul for mission study da.sus.

TOPICS OF THE TIMES …………………………………… . S34 AFRICA AND THE KINGDOM OF GOD.

WO~1AN'S FOREIGN MISSION BUr,I,BTIX . . . . . . . . EDITED DY I~LLA D. :IACL.CRIX 837 WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN ………….. BOlTEn BY ~'LOHE"CE K QUIXL.'" 1'>40 WORLD·WIDE OUTLOOK………………………………………………… R43 BEST BOOKS ON AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . CHARLES II. ~'.HIX Ml TERMS: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of five.) Foreign postage, 50 cents. Single copies, 25 cents. Published monthly. Copyrighted, 1928, by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. All rights reserved.

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ROBIIRT E. SPERR, President WM. t. CHAMBERLAIN, Vice-PreB'ident DELAVAN L. PIIIlRSON. Secretary WALTER McDOUGALL, Treasurer Publication Office, 3d & Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. 211c a copy. $2.110 a year. Editorial and BUN~~s~.?r,:cad;6 Fifth Avenue.

Entered as second-ClaSS matter at the Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Act or March 3, 1879. PERSONALS ROSE Diana Drew By ISABEL BROWN ROSE (Concluded from page 769.) :fr~. Rose's latc1't 110'('1. Ffl~('illatill,!.!' de!"eriptioll~ MISS HELEN THOBURN, a niece of th< late Bishop J. M. Thoburn of India, ha. of India. II ('harmln~ love MtOT)'. n tmlendill tale of been a secretary of the National Board of the Y. W. C. A. for several years, the missiollary devotion and service. $2.00 last eight years having been spent in Shanghai, China. On September lR' ZWEMER Across the World she became secretary of international of Islam education for the National Board, with headquarters in New York City. By SAMUEL M. ZWEMER. F. R. C. S.

** Story. tralofecty fllHj problem as witnessed hy Dr. Z"vemer from Cairo to Casablanca. from Capetown REV. WILLIAM FETLER, founder and to ('akutbl- lhe fa~('ination. desperate need lind general director of the Russian Mission· marvellous a'akenin r life of ]slam. ary Society, is now in the United States, for the purpose of raising a "$1,000,000 Abundantly Illustrated $4.00 Fund for the Evangelization of Russia." Mr. Fetler's station is at Riga, Latvia, BROWN Japan in the World as he is unable to carryon his work in —- of Today Soviet Russia. By ARTHUR J. BROWN. D.O. * Dr. SidJll'Y L. (:ulkk Slllo'l'!: "A work whkh 110 one ('an i:rnore who wishes to understand Japan as CHARLES E. VAIL, M.D., who went to she is today . . • 110 other single work compar~ to! India in 1909, is now in charge of the with it in fullness, accuracy and fairness." Miraj Hospital and Medical School. . He succeeds Sir William J. Wanless, M.D. Illustrated $3.75 who, after nearly forty y'ears of service, has been honorably retired by the Board SPEER Sir James Ewing of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian – – – – – A Bioguphy of Sir James C. R. Ewin, Church in the U. S. A. By RODERT Eo SPEER OBITUARY A vivid nnd ('offiprehensive biography of an Amer- jean statesman : lid It"ader of religious thought in MRS. FLORENCE ANDERSON GILBERT, for Indiaduring nearly half a centur~·. Illustrated $2.75 over ten years associated with the RE- VIEW as Editor of the News Department SOUTH0NA Yellow Napoleon and as proof reader, died at her home in A Rom.nce of West Africa White Plains, on August 27th. Mrs. Gilbert had given her life to missionary By ARTHUR Eo SOUTHON and other religious work and was very capable and devoted in her Christian Tn this thri1ling missionary tale of the wilds of service. She was formerly in India where her husband, Mr. F. M. Gilbert, Africa Mr. Southon surpa!'ses even the fascin<ltioll was in Y. M.' C. A. work and was later stationed in China. The REVIEW will of "God of Gold." $1 •• 5 greatly feel the loss of Mrs. Gilbert's effective cooperation. HAY The Indians of South – – America and the Gospel * By ALEX. RATTRAY HAY BISHOP JOSEPH C. HARTZELL, a retired Missionary Bishop of the Methodist Mr. Hay write~ from personal knowled~e. 3!01 a EpiscoJlal Church, died at Christ Hos- longo-time m:ssionary c.of the Inland South America pital, Cincinnati, on September 6th at Missionary l:nion. Illustrated $J,'; 5 the age of eighty-six. Bishop Hartzell's death was directly due to an atrocious ROBINSON A .{;irl of an attack by burglars at his country home Indian Gardp.n near Cincinnati on June 1st. For twenty years Bishop Hartzell was the Mission- RUTH E. ROBINSON (Editor: ary Bishop for Africa where he travelled extensively until his retirement in 1914. Letters of Flora Robinson Howells, in India to ** her Iriendlilo. lntroduetion by Bishop William F.

Joseph Addison Richards, a member of McDo'Teli and Clotilde L. McDowell. $1.00 the Board of Directors of the National THAT MEXICAN! Bible Insti1;ute and the author of many often quoted poems, died at Clifton A Study of America's Ned-Door Neighbor Springs, N. Y., on August 18th. For many years he was connected with the By ROBERT N. McLEAN. D.O. Methodist Church, Montclair, N. J., and later with Saint Andrew's and Saint "The ('omnietp. story of Dresent–daY situations Paul's Churches in New York City. He under the tla,!l of our southern neighbor in an was a graduate of Wesleyan University intensely intere::;ting IH'W book." — .'Pokane and the head of the Joseph Richards Cluwucfe. Illustrated $2.00 Advertising Agency of New York. FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY NEW YORK: 158 FHth AYe. CHICAGO: 851 CUI SL Please mention THE MrSSlONARY REVIElW OF THE WORLD In writing to advertisers. electro nic fil e created by cafis.org

LI, No. 10 October

MILESTONES IN AFRICA'S PROGRESS BY PROF. JOHANNES DU PLESSIS. Stellenbosch. Cape Colony F OR age after age Africa was ception of the progress of its dis- regarded as the continent of covery. In 1800 not much more impenetrable mystery. The was known about the interior than nineteenth century awoke with a was known to the geographer Ptostart to the fact that it was a conti- lemy in the second century of our nent of immense opportunity. A era. Since ptolemy's day the outsuccession of intrepid explorers, line of the coast had been beginning with Mungo Park and determined, and the extreme south ending with Henry M. Stanley, of the continent had been coloopened up the heart of the conti- nized. But that was all. None of nent and made it accessible to the great rivers had been explored; civilization and Christianity. The none of the great lakes had been end of the geographical feat, as discovered; none of the snow-clad Livingstone said, was the begin- equatorial mountains had been dening of the missionary enterprise. fined. There was much hearsay In fact, the progress of geograph- but no sure knowledge. In 1900 ical discovery and mIssiOnary the interior of Africa was pracpenetration went on concurrently. tically as well known to geograph- Many of the earlier missionaries ers as the continent of Europe or were themselves explorers. In the the United States of America. The case of Livingstone himself the chief dates in the fascinating hismissionary was gradually merged tory of African discovery are in the explorer; but other mission- these: In 1830 the brothers Landaries, like Krapf and Rebmann in er determined the course of the East Africa, Grenfell and Arnot in Niger; in 1849 Krapf and Reb- West Africa, while remammg mann discovered Kilimanjaro and faithful to their calling, rendered Kenya; in 1856 Livingstone comeminent services to the science of pleted his first transcontinental discovery. journey; in 1858 Lakes Tangan- yika and Victoria yielded up their The Discovery of Africa secret to Burton and Speke; in We shall not understand the 1864 Baker discovered Lake Alstory of the evangelization of bert and cleared up the last mys- Africa unless we have a clear con- tery about the sources of the Nile; 773

and in 1877 Stanley traversed the The rest of Africa, in 1800, was continent from east to west and terra incognita and even terra non traced the course of the Congo. desiderata. These ddscoveries laid down the main physical features of the Af- Almost the only wealth which rican continent and later discov- Africa was supposed to possess eries only filled in the details. was an unlimited supply of slaves, and the slave trade was for Afri- Political Partition can merchants far and away the Nor again shall we understand most remunerative commercial the tale of missionary enterprise enterprise. But the end of this in Africa unless we know some- nefarious traffic was already in thing of its political vicissitudes. sight. In 1807 William Wilber- force, one of the greatest benefac- IN'l'ERNA'l'10NAL BOllNDARIES AND MAIN tors of the African race, after POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF AFRICA eleven failures secured the passage of his Bill for the Abolition of the (Liberia and Abyssinia are now the only Slave Trade through the British African 8tates not under control of European legislature. The signatories to the governments.) Treaty of Vienna in 1815 followed suit, and declared the commerce in In 1800 no great power gave much human beings to be an illegal purthought to Africa. The attention suit. But it was many years beof Europe was wholly engrossed fore what had been legally secured by the Homeric conflicts of the could be practically enforced. Napoleonic age. North Africa, When Livingstone lay dying in bordering on the Mediterranean, 1873 he could still write: "All I is to all intents and purposes a can say in my solitude is, may part of EUrope, and has been such Heaven's rich blessing come down from time immemorial. It may on everyone, American, English therefore be left out of account in or Turk, who will help to heal this our review of African political his- open sore of the world." The suptory. South Africa, which had pression, if not the complete exbeen settled by the Dutch in the tinction, of the slave traffic is the seventeenth century, passed into most signal benefit which the English hands in the opening nineteenth century has conferred years of the nineteenth century. upon the tribes of Africa.

Still more important for African humanity, though by no means so frankly beneficial, was the annexa- tion of the continent by the great European powers. South Africa was already a European colony, and Portugal had established her claim to portions of the western and eastern seaboard. But the rest of the continent was no man's land. The consumation of Stan- ley's traverse in 1877 focussed the attention of statesmen on Africa. The first to act was Leopold, King

MILESTONES IN AFRICA'S PROGRESS

of Belgium, one of the astutest ment. Let us take it by sections: monarchs of the nineteenth cen- first West Africa, the field of tury. In 1879 he founded his "In- tragedy; next West Central Aiternational Association of the rica, the field of romance; then Congo." The first word of this South Africa, the field of conflict; title was merely a blind. The "As- finally East Africa, the field of ensociation" was Leopold himself, terprise. This is a geographical and its name and style was soon division: chronologically South altered to "The Congo Free State." Africa should come first. But any The founding of the Congo Asso- order will do, that enables us to ciation was the signal for the com- cover the whole territory. mencement of a game of grab on an unprecedented scale, with near- Under West Africa are inly all Africa as prize. The Con- cluded Sierra Leone, the Gold ference of Berlin assembled in Coast, Nigeria, Calabar and the 1885 to draw up the rules of the contest. In no time Africa was S I : RVIVI:-1 G HE.THE~m)I IX AFRI CA parcelled out, France, Germany, Britain and .Belgium being the Cameroons. Sierra Leone has the fortunate participants, with con- honor of being the first spot in solation prizes for Italy and Spain. Africa in which Christian missions set foot in modern days. It owes European rule has not proved an this honor to the "Abolitionists," unmixed blessing to the primitive who sought to establish here an African. True, it has brought him asylum for freed slaves. In spite many benefits, such as settled gov- of the pestilential climate a flourernment, ease of communication, ishing church was built up, and adan increase of material wealth, vanced educational work carried education and Christianity. But on, culminating in the Fourah Bay European civilization has brought College, which is now affiliated also many evils in its train, such as with the university of Durham the exploitation of the black man (England). In Sierra Leone the for the enrichment of the white, missions at work are chiefly Enginfectious diseases previously un- lish, in Liberia chiefly American. known in Africa, an infamous trade in spirits on the West Coast, and many acts of oppression and misgovernment in various forms. The results flowing from these evils are in many cases irremediable. But since the Great War a better spirit seems to be abroad, and we may hope that the humanitarian attitude which finds expression in the mandatory system will effectually check every attempt to coerce or maltreat the natives of Africa. The Missionary Enterprise We are now ready for a bird'seye view of the missionary move-

The difficult Gold Coast was fluential tribes of the French and effectively occupied by German so- British Sudan have embraced the cieties, especially by the German- teachings of the Prophet. The re- Swiss Basel Mission, which also ligious appeal of Islam is unques- built up a fruitful mission-work in tionably a powerful one. It has the Cameroons. Here the Ameri- the shortest and simplest credo in can Presbyterians have also an the world. The native African re- extensive field of work. Nigeria is gards it as the religion of races the venue of the Church of Eng- which like himself are black, while land and Methodist missions, while Christianity is "the White Man's Calabar is the scene of Scotch religion." Mohammedanism he Presbyterian successes. considers to be more conciliatory I have called West Africa the and less rigoroUS in its ethical de- field of tragedy. Words fail to tell mands. One can be a good Moham- of the stupendous sacrifices de- medan and still practice polygamy, manded for the redemption of still use charms and grigris, still Africa on the fatal West Coast. indulge the weakness of the natu- That dreadful scourge, yellow ral man. Mohammedanism, too, fever, mowed down missionaries enjoys exceptional prestige in po- and government officials like a field litical circles, and to the African, of ripe corn before the scythe. Lis- who pays lip-service to authority, ten to the poignant tale of the this is no mean advantage. In fact, schoolmaster, writing in June, considering all the chances which 1823: "The following is the num- Islam has had in Africa, the won- ber of Europeans who have died der is that it has not gained a since my arrival on December 3d greater hold on the races of the last year: in the month of continent.

December 7, in January 2, in About the future of paganism in February 9, in ~arch 11, in Africa there can be no two opin- April 12, in May 24, and up ions: Pan, great Pan is dead. Af- to date in this month of June rica is destined to become either 12: total 77." Before the Christian or Mohammedan. Islam end of the year the schoolmaster is in no sense a stepping-stone to himself had been borne to his last Christianity. Tribes once islam- resting place. And the experiences ized are incredibly difficult to of Sierra Leone were paraIled by win for the religion of Jesus similar experiences on the Gold Christ. Still there is no need to Coast and elsewhere. The mar.vel turn back discouraged from walls is that men could still be found to which flaunt the Crescent. On the offer for a field which was known contrary, the contest must be con- under the ominous title of "The tinued with undiminished ardor White Man's Grave." and faith. There are three ways of The Challenge of Islam approach. The first is that of peaceful invasion. Governments The chief problem to be faced in are strangely averse to allowing this field is the emphatic challenge Christian missionaries to enter of Islam. In the countries border- Mohammedan areas. But pressure ing on the Sahara, Mohammedan- should be brought to bear upon ism has been for many centuries them to permit the same rights to strongly entrenched. The most in- the Christian as are permitted to

MILESTONES IN AFRICA'S PROGRESS

the Mohammedan, who may freely founded by that enthusiastic but enter any territory. The second unpractical man, Bishop William approach is that of medical enter- Taylor. The Canadian Presbyprise. The doctor is welcome in terians are firmly established on every home or hovel, and the ef- the Angolan highlands. All these ficacy of the medical approach has missions have to cope with excepbeen proved in many fields. The tional difficulties in the intransithird approach is that of educa- gent attitude of the Portuguese tional propaganda. The thirst for government, which will not permit knowledge is spreading in all Mo- the employment of the vernacular hammedan lands. Christianity can in mission schools and insists on provide infinitely better schools Portuguese as medium. than Mohammedanism, and the sign upon the door of this opportu- Though the glamor of romance nity reads Push! lies over this field, it has also known the shadow of tragedy. A Sphere of Romance and Tragedy During the years when King Leo- pold was the sole disposer of the West Central Africa, comprising fortunes of Congoland, crying the Congo and Angolan fields, evils arose in the treatment of the forms a sphere of romance. What natives. This was because Leocan be more entrancing than the poldian officialdom tried to engross story of the advance of the mis- the trade as well as direct the adsionary forces along the riverine ministration of the colony. The highways provided by the mighty result was the so-called Congo Congo and its affiuents, and the atrocities. Natives were coerced, discovery, day after day, of new oppressed and maltreated to make places, new peoples, new tongues, them scour the woods for rubber and new openings on every hand? and other natural products. The In this advance the Baptists of missionaries protested. The Congo England and the Baptists of Amer- Reform Association was estabica, ably seconded by American lished, with E. D. Morel, the most Presbyterians, American Method- indefatigable critic of Leopoldian ists and numerous other bodies, methods, as secretary. At length, have rendered yeoman service. T.he in 1905, a committee of enquiry names of Grenfell the explorer, was appointed, which, though Richards the evangelist, Sims the nominated by Leopold himself, beloved physician, Bentley and gave judgment against his policy. Laman the linguists, and Morri- Its report led to the eventual disson the missionary statesman, are solution of the Congo Free State written in imperishable script on as a private venture and its the Christian record of Congoland. emergence as Belgian Congo. Angola, too, has been well served Since then "atrocities" are a thing by devoted men and women. The of the past. The government now pioneering work of Frederick is exceptionally favorable to mis- Arnot has left its traces in the sionary enterprise and to the rights chain of stations which he suc- and claims of the native tribes. ceeded in building between the coast and the interior. The Meth- The Field of Conflict odist Episcopal mISSIOn, now a flourishing enterprise, was South Africa constitutes the oldest and most extensive field of

missionary operations in the whole discipline grows feeble and the continent. The first missionary decay of true religion sets in.

of recent times to set foot on South Africa is the field of con- African soil was George Schmidt, flict. To the antagonism of race. the Moravian, who landed at Cape as between European and native, there has been added the antag- Town in 1737. After a few years onism of nationality, as between labor among the Hottentots he Briton and Boer. These antagwas compelled to withdraw, on ac- onisms have given rise to procount of the unfriendly attitude of longed conflicts. On the succession the Dutch Reformed clergymen of Kaffir Wars followed a succestowards a man who was not of the sion of collisions between the mon- Reformed faith. The mission was archical British and the republican recommenced towards the close of Boer states. All this strife created the eighteenth century. Then, with an atmosphere of suspicion and the opening of the new century, bitterness, and reacted very detricame the London, the Wes]eyan, mentally upon the mISSIOnary the Scottish, the Paris, the Rhen- enterprise. Time and again the ish, the Berlin, the Anglican and missionaries were driven from their the American Board societies, as fields and their homes were re- well as a host of smaller bodies, duced to ashes. But they returner} that have spread themselves all with dauntless courage, to lay over South Africa, from the Cape. more stable foundations than be- to the Zambesi. Many eminent fore, and in due time their patience names adorn the missionary annals and their faith were richly re- of South Africa-Vanderkemp, warded. Heathenism has been Moffat and Philip of the London vanquished in South Africa. There Mission; William Shaw of the are no doubt many millions of Wes]eyans; Schreuder the Nor- natives who still live under primi- wegian; Lindley and Grout, the tive conditions and profess heathen Americans; CasaIis, Mabille and beliefs. But that is chiefly because Coillard, the Frenchmen; Hahn, they believe that they will lose Kronlein and Merensky, the Ger- national caste if they adopt "the mans. The southern portion of White Man's religion." The leaders the Dark Continent enjoys a most of the native races all call them- salubrious climate, and mission selves Christians, have adopted work is conducted under the most European dress and habits of life.

favorable physical conditions. An and are trying to uplift their race incredibly large number of by claiming larger economic and churches and societies have ac- political rights.

cordingly selected it as a suitable The Field of Enterprise field for missionary operations.

The result is congestion: the In East Africa we have the field societies are treading on one an- of enterprise. The earlier missions other's toes. And to make con- entered the country before fusion worse confounded, numbers European protectorates had been of native sects are springing up established and settled government on every hand like mushrooms. introduced. The mISSIOnaries With the multiplication of sects existed and worked by the good and the spread of propagandism, will of the ruling potentate. This

MILESTONES IN AFRICA'S PROGRESS

required no small endowment of Crawford, the scholarly Pilking- courage and enterprise. Krapf, the ton, the saintly Mackay, discoverer of Mount Kenya, had The missionary enterprise in some very narrow escapes. Han- Africa, for all its glorious past, nington fell a victim to the cruelty is only in its beginnings. It is of Mwanga, and Mackay's life bound to gather momentum as the trembled in the balance. After the years roll on. There is good reason commencement of the Colonial Era to expect that, in Central Africa as in 1884 matters changed for the better. The spirit of enterprise now animated the British, the Ger- mans and the Boers, who emi- grated to East Africa and are attempting to colonize those re- gions. The highlands of Kenya, Tanganyika and Nyasaland are in- deed more suitable for coloniza- tion than any other part of tropical Africa, and the attempt to develop the rich natural re- sources of these territories may be accounted in great part successful.

Here, too, the three-cornered problem of Government, Colonists, Natives, and their respective and often irreconcilable interests, has become acute.

The missions are in a flourish- ing state. The Church of England, entering Uganda in response to Stanley's appeal in the Daily Tele- graph, has become the national church of the land, and the story of its establishment is a romance unsurpassed in the chronicles of modern missions. The tragic tale of Bishop Mackenzie and his fail- ure to found a mission in Nyasa- land, and the'happier chapter of the YOUNG AFRICA WAITING FOR CHRIST success of the Universities' Mis- sion on the island of Zanzibar and in South Africa, heathenism will adjoining seacoast; as well as the be overcome within measurable sturdy advance of the Scotch and time. But nice arithmetical calcu- Dutch Reformed missions on the lations do not apply to the King- shores of Lake Nyasa, form an in- dom of God, which "cometh not spiring record. On the monument with observation." Our faith in erected to the workers in East the future of our enterprise re- Africa we read the names of the poses on nothing less than the im- noble Krapf, the patient Steere, mutability of God's purposes and the far-seeing Laws, the ingenious the mighty influences of His grace.

SOME NOTABLE AFRICAN CHRISTIAN LEADERS (1) Khama, the Christian chief of the Bamangwato (died in 1!l23). (2) Canon Apolo Kiyebulaya, missionary from the Buganda to pygmies of the Belgian Congo. (3) Daundl Chwa, the present ChrIstian King of Uganda. (4-, .Tames E. K. Aggrpy, Vice~principal of Achimota College, Gold Coast (died Ju1y 30,1927). (5) Samuel A. Crowthlf'r, slave boy who became Bishop of Niger 'I'erritory (died 1891).

LISTENING-RAW AFRICA!' RECltUI'l'S IN CA)IP HEARING CHRIWI'IAN

FOR THE FIRS'j' 'rIME ARE AFRICANS WORTH SAVING?

BY REV. JOHN M. SPRINGER, D.D., CENTRAL AFRICA Mu,BiofiUA'Y oj the Jiethodist Episeopa·l Churel.

I s MAN worth saving? The of his natural physical and menta! Cross of Christ was God's vigor, the African has survived, answer to that question. multiplied and thrived on a conti- The man who took the Cross nent that is not hospitable to from the shoulders of the physical- human life but abounds with nat- ly overburdened Son of God and ural enemies of man, with deadly carried it to the place of cruci- insects that carry malaria, sleeping fixion, was a man from Africa. sickness and other diseases, with Was his soul worth saving? No venomous serpents and wild beasts.

other race has given more convinc- Yet armed with only the simple il1g evidence of participation in tools, fashioned by himself, the Afredeeming service than have multi- rican has been able not only to tudes of God's dark-skinned chil- exist but to develop many of Af- dren, when once they have learned rica's natural resources in a very to know and love Him. creditable way.

If we take the term African to Industrially each African tribe designate the Negroes of all the supplied its own needs. Smelting 3,000 or more tribes living in Af- ore and making hoes, axes, spears, rica, we note that, as an evidence etc., was a trade followed by cer- 781 electronic file created by cafis. org

tain families, but aside from this boasted of two hundred wives, the African was beholden to no one. He tilled his own gardens, built his threatened to commit suicide unown hut, wove his own cloth out of grass, platted the mat that consti- less she were brought back. tuted his bed, moulded his own pottery and provided himself with The African is a very sociable meat from the chase or by raising his own cattle and goats. When he being. He loves at eventide to sit lived alongside of the rivers, he fared largely on fish. For his di- around the fire in the palaver house version he fashioned ingenious musical instruments. For orna- or in the open and to gossip over mentation, he made copper and gold ornaments and necklaces of the day's doings. He must have shells, seeds and other things. So its needs were easily met, each vil- companionship. Men of other races lage unto itself. may be content and eager to work Governmentally, the African tribe had a well worked out system overtime for extra pay but not so on the patriarchal order. There were the local or village headmen, the African. In daily life, he the chiefs over large and small districts, and over all was the practically says: "What shall it paramount national chief, or king. Each grade of chief had his council profit a man though he earns much in which centered both legislative and judicial functions. The king gold but loses sociability." He and his council constituted the supreme court. But in spite of this never voluntarily lives alone or orderly arrangement, history and tradition reveal a bloody record of works alone. cruel tyranny on the part of the leaders, of assassinations, intrigue, Marriage is a recognized instituslavery, turmoil and endless war throughout the continent. tion. In a heathen society where Yet there is a very -tender, af- continuous inter-tribal warfare fectionate side to the African's character. The most savage war- obtained, naturally polygamy was rior might have been seen dandling his baby in the few intervals of practised; and some things may be peace, and he usually shows a strong love for his kin and a strong said in favor of the custom under attachment to members of his tribe. Though big chiefs had and still which every, woman belonged to have scores or even hundreds of women in their harems, there is some man who was responsible for usually one in each to whom the king is particularly devoted. When her and to whom she was accounthis favorite wife eloped with a courtier Mwata Yamvo, who able.

While high ideals of morals are lacking, vice was not commercial- ized before the advent of the white man. Both sexes were admitted to full membership of the tribe only after a period of stern training in circumcision and initiation camps in which were entailed hard tests of endurance and no little physical pain. While some of the training was vile and obnoxious, yet there was also valuable instruction re- garding the traditions of the tribe and the duties and responsibilities involved. • Musically, the African has ex- ceptional gifts. He sings as naturally as the birds. He paddles his great war canoes to the rythm of chanting. He works and dances to the music of his own voice and the beat of the booming drum.

When not heavily loaded he whiles away the tedium of the trail to the

ARE AFRICANS WORTH SAVING?

TIlE WITCH DOCTOR'S TEST According tu cllstom, lIwata Ynm'~J caned in thp. witch doctor to find wbo Iwwitched Nfama. his favorite wife, and causeo her death. 1'hey have their powerful "medicines" before them. The sllspect€':d pur-ties are to drink a cup of deadly poison. If It kJl1s thrm, thr,y nre guilty. but if they vomit it, they are guiltless.

tinkling melody of his little hand was accordingly called illiterate. piano which he calls mbila. yet he was far from being ignorant. His wits have had to While the language of the Af- serve him in every relation and rican had not been written, and he

contact of life. His language, itual conversion and consequent which is superior in quality and notable Christian living and serv- in grammatical construction and ice take the following: which is magnificently adapted to Kayeka was born in the very oratory, has been handed down heart of Africa, of the Luunda with wonderful accuracy through tribe, and was the son of a district the centuries. Practically every chief. When about twelve years tribe has a wealth of historical old, he was caught by slave raiders, tales, folk lore, puns and riddles. taken to Angola and sold as a slave.

The children in Africa, as else- Being permitted to go to a school where, may be classified as normal, of the American Board, he was con- supernormal, subnormal and de- verted and became greatly burficient. There are many instances dened for his tribe. He prayed of the children of the so-called twelve years that the Gospel might "raw heathen" who have found be sent to them. their way to European and America universities and have When the Portuguese law was graduated with marked honors, enacted freeing the slaves, he was notably the late Prof. J. E. Kweg- prompted by the Spirit to go back yir Aggrey of Achimota College, to the interior and see for himself Gold Coast, West Africa, holder of if his missionaries had arrived. ten degrees from American Univer- When he had gone about 800 miles, sities; and Prof. Diana McNeil he came to where the writer and Pierson who was brought to his wife and another had just set- America when a very little girl by tled and in response to his inquiry Bishop Wm. Taylor and later was learned that we were missionaries graduated with high honors from to the Luunda tribe. There is no the University of Southern Cali- question but what this ex-sla;ve had fornia, and has been professor of prayed us across Africa in 1907, English Literature in Rust Uni- and back to the Luunda tribe in versity, of Holly Springs, Missis- 1910. Kayeka brought in his wife and family in 1912 and has ever siPlli. since been a powerful witness for Religiously, it can be said as of Christ among his own people.

the Athenians, that the Africans Kaluwashi was a Luba porter are very superstitious. Their re- who went to the west coast with a ligion is animism and fetishism. caravan to carry a load of rubber. They live under the constant dread He settled near the same mission of evil spirits which they believe station as Kayeka and with the cause an the calamities of life such same result; he became a Chrisas sickness, death, deformities, tian. When Kayeka returned there drought, etc., and who must there- with the news that he had found fore be propitiated. This they seek his missionaries in the interior and to do through the departed mem- was going back himself with his bers of the tribe for whom they family to preach to his own people, build fetish huts and to whom they the Baluba ex-slaves asked Kalmake votive offerings of meal, beer, uwashi to go in and see if there and other materia1 things. could not be a missionary for them The African is capable of be- so they could return. They knew coming an enlightened Christian. that they dared not go up into that For particular instances of spir- cannibal country even though it

ARE AFRICANS WORTH SAVING?

was to their own tribe if there The African is willing to make was no missionary there. That great material sacrifice for Jesus, man not only walked 5,000 miles as is to be seen in the case of Jacob at his own charges in order to Mawene, a Mutebele, who worked for ten years on the Cape-to-Cairo get a missionary for his tribe but Railroad and left a good job at prayed $2,000 a year out of a $20 a month to walk 1,500 miles in wealthy man in the U. S. A. for a order to go to school and study to term of five years, and the mission be "a teacher for God" at $5.00 a station at Kabongo right in' the month. "It isn't the money I center of the cannibal country was want," he told us, "but my heart the result. Here hundreds have al- tells me that I must be a teacher ready been turned to Jesus Christ. for God." So he took a load on his There are now a score or more of back, he who had not carried a out-stations there manned by the load for years, and slogged over converts who have been trained in the rough trail with us those 1,500 the school at Kabongo and while miles. Then he -went back, helped there is still cannibalism to be in translating the first book into found in that tribe it is disappear- the Luunda language, the Gospel ing as the (i()spel work spreads.

THE MODERN CHRISTIAN DOC'J'()It'~ '!hl'H In contrast tn tlH' witch doctor scene, we find Ngoya. a trained l1ative Inp<1ical helper, in this same town of Mwata Yamvo, five Yl'ars later, examining with a micro- .sCI 'e to }puru the enuse of sickness.

2

of Mark, and won many to his he was a brave and brilliant soldier Master before he died of the flu in and when the tribe was attacked 1919. "And verily, he being dead by the fierce Metabele (offshoot of yet speaketh." the Zulus), his father called him back to fight their much-dreaded Joseph Jutu was a convert from foes. When he led his army on to the Free Church of Scotland under victory, the tribe demanded that Rev. Robert Laws, M.D., whose he be restored to favor. And work of nearly fifty years in though an avowed Christian, he Nyasaland has just come to a close eventually succeeded to the throne. as far as his bodily presence is During his long reign, he ruled his concerned. Joseph was a capable, people justly, ably and with great devoted lay worker like many acceptability. He insisted on keepothers from that same Mission. He ing his territory closed to foreign was a trained hospital orderly who alcoholic liquors and was effective later learned type-setting and in reducing the use of domestic printing and became engaged in beers and liquors. Khama was held that work on the new daily news- in the highest esteem by both Eupaper in Elisabethville in the ropeans and natives throughout South Africa and was highly mineral fields. Finding no evan- honored by the king and nation on gelical missionary there, he started his several visits to England. holding meetings in his own hut. Hearing of our arrival at Kambove, The conversion of the terrorizone hundred miles away, he wrote ing outlaw, Africander, under and begged us to come down and Robert Moffat and his subsequent organize a church, which we did. exemplary Christian life, is one of But as there was no missionary to the most notable facts in the hisplace in charge, Joseph Jutu cared tory of South Africa. for that infant church and night school for two years assuming the The story of how the Gospel of financial care of it also, all in ad- Jesus Christ changed the blooddition to his heavy work as fore- thirsty and incredibly cruel and man on the daily L'Etoile du savage Lewanika into one of the Kongo. It seemed an irreparable most respected and ablest Chrisloss to our Mission when he was tian rulers of the Barotse, reads likewise carried off by the flu. far stranger than any fiction. And But the seed that he sowed is bear- equally fascinating is that of King ing much fruit for there are 5,000 Mtesa of Stanley fame and the adherents of that church in Elisa- Prince, Siruano Kulubya, who atbethville today. tended the recent world missionary gathering at Jerusalem. Khama, the Christian king of the Bamangwato is an outstanding In practically every phase of life, instance of statesmanlike qualities the African is just as capable of in the African. The heir apparent development as any other human was converted in his youth. being. We also see how the Gospel When his father demanded that he of Jesus Christ works the same follow the custom of the tribe miracles in the lives of the Afwhich required the King to offer ricans as in those of other nations. sacrifices to the ancestral spirits, For history shows us that the he quietly and firmly refused. His peoples of Europe prior to the infather disinherited him and he be- troduction of the Bible and Chriscame an exile from his tribe. Rut tianity were on about the same

ARE AFRICANS WORTH SAVING?

level as were the Africans in the and trade and are recognized as able competitors in every sphere. middle of the nineteenth century. They are keen to acquire better education and better living condi- While the destructive agencies tions for themselves and their families and are willing to work of intoxicants, of commercialized hard and make sacrifices to attain these ends. They are naturally vice, of materialism and of greedy deeply religious and in their church life give ample proof of a vital commercialism are having their faith and close fellowship with God. A larger percentage of them, lamentable effects upon multitudes probably, are tithers than among Christians here in America. in Africa, yet the Africans are giv- . Are Afti,cf!,ns· worth saving? With abundant proof of human ing a good account of themselves ability, of 'worthy aspirations, of true -worth, of eagerly improving whenever they have even half a their opportunities and of notable mental and spiritual achievements, chance and especially when they how can the verdict be other than in the affirmative? Emphatically, receive Jesus Christ into their they ARE worth saving.

hearts. ,"0 ine: UnlikE) the ~baiif!ines of some other countri~, Afrie&ns are not.pying out wheIi' brought into contti,ct' with Ill<Jdern civilization but~re rapidly increasing in num- bers;· and are showing to a re- markable degree an adaptability to new livirig and working conditions.

The Africans have made a place for themselves in every occupation THE AFRICAN WORD FOR GOD "" There was n() equivSllent word.in Bulu if:tr /'God".. 'rlJe isolate4 . ~ive did not know ,enough to swear-bl~~ed ignorance! .YeA'rs paSsed before this foreign art of "civilization" reached him. "Iti their animism the Bulus had a word-Zam.nyamebe'e-which llU,,' ,- . ~ered to their instinct of a Higher Being ; and there was but one slich. He always existeo and never died. He created man and the .;"gprilla and, the chimpanzee;<cThe man became many and started village life, while the gOl'iUa and chimpanzee went to the woogs t.o live. This Zamnyamebe'e is far off and leaves man to shift for hiw.;:" self. He was also called.Zambe; and this is the name used for "God" in the translation. It had. to be rescued from its age-long isolation. and poverty of meaning, and invested with a new and larger pet'- ' sonality. We put into it deity, trinity and the divine attributes, as wisdom, power, holiness, justice, goodness and truth, and the·Bulu soon came to recognize and appropriate a new spiritual entity under the old name, and to see the propriety of spelling it with a capital Z and of thinking of this new Zambe as having no equal or lawful rival. Thus the difficulty of getting a name for God w~s fortunately solved by the unearthing of an indigenous word-Zambe. We did not have to go into the heavens above to bring a word down, nor into the depths below to bring one up. Lo, it was with us, and needed only to be divested of sensUOUS lImitations, and properly in- stalled.-MELVINFRASER.

OLD AND NEW IN NORTHERN .U'RICA The Arllb's "ship of the desert" find the French "caterpillar" have met in the Sahara Desert NEW MID'J'nODS ADAI"l'ED '1'0 CHILD WELFARE IN SOU'I'H AFRICA In touch with the Heart- of New Africa-Baby Clinic at .Tohannesburg

TO CHRISTIANITY IN

BY REV. GEORGE A. WILDER, BLOOMFIELD, N. J.

Fo-r Over ]i'orty Y13a,t"8 a AHss,zonary oj the America-n BO(trd in South Africa T HE first missionaries, Jesuits tribes are revealed in her whole or whoever they were that length and breath. Her lowlands took the Gospel to the West and highlands, her lakes and her Coast of Africa, must have thought rivers, her forests and her moun- they had struck a summer resort tains are all known-with grand of the Devil and his angels! Kilimanjaro right on the Equator, The heat was almost beyond en- towering high, with her snow- durance; the swamps immense; capped head!

the endless forests dense, the Politically, the whole continent, malarial fevers deadly; with aside from Egypt, Abyssinia, and clouds of mosquitoes and millions Liberia, has come under the ruleof of other poisonous insects; with the white man. And while Africa droves of monkeys chattering the today is still teeming with pagans, live-long day; with howling and slavery is, at least, nominally, abollaughing hyenas making the nights ished, tribal wars stopped, the cruel hideous; with unsightly croco- poison ordeal done away with and diles; leaping leopards; and roar- cannibalism frowned upon. There ing lions and hissing serpents; hid- are tens of thousand of Europeans den game pits; flying, poisonous ar- in Africa today. The moment a rows, frightful devil dancers; black man meets a white man the cruel killing of the men in a con- black man's education begins. quered tribe, and the keeping of Daily lessons of variety, of degree, the women for polygamy and the and tendency, are being taught, fiendish feasting of cannibals on and these are moulding the African human flesh-here was a country of the future. In general, inwhere death stalked through the dividualism is asserting its power land! Here was a people who ap- over the ancient communalism. parently had no sense of obligation Industrially and commercially to moral law. Certainly, these Africa has emerged from her iso- Africans were not stretching out lation. Instead of supplying the their hands to God! Moreover, the world with slaves, she is sending missionaries there "died like flies," to, and receiving from the world, and the natives named their own that which makes her a most neces- land "The White Man's Grave." sary member in the family of the Animism, totemism, witchcraft, most modern races of the world.

magic and other characteristics of She has more than thirty thousand this primitive folk were also miles of railroad in operation, and serious hindrances to the progress regular communication has been of the Gospel; but we shall deal established overland, between only with present-day Africa. Cairo and Cape Town. She also After baffling both Asiatics and has regular airplanes flying be- Europeans for many ages, Africa tween her large centers. On the has ceased geographically to be a West Coast, certain of the aborig- mysterious continent. Today her ines are so developed, that, today, 789

they export palm oil, rubber, coffee the civilized law, which professes and cocoa to the extent of three to be Christian.

billion dollars' worth annually. On Again, the difficulty the native the eastern side of the continent, Christian has in obtaining individ- we find that the people of Uganda ual title to landed property, is a have made a similar development. great hindrance to the native con- They, in 1925, produced eighty mil- vert, who has broken away from lion pounds' weight of cotton, and communalism. Again, there are there were imported into that land especial laws passed to protect for native consumption twenty mil- the white laborer, which prove a lion dollars worth of European and serious hindrance to the develop- American goods. The combined ment of a strong character. Re- trade of British Tropical Africa stricted in so many directions by alone has multiplied six and one these objectionable laws, the native half times in the last twenty years. Christian finds the field of religion In spite of the great good ac- the only one in which he may at- complished by schools, medical tempt to express his new-found missions and Christian literature, freedom. The results are generally some of the modern civilizing in- grotesque, to say the least. Gen- fluences have made the task more erally they are foolish in the ex- difficult for the Christian worker. treme. Denominationalism has in a The very education, which is so measure produced these results. In needful for the follower of Jesus any case they form a difficult Christ in these modern times, pro- problem for the missionary to duces, at times, unexpected results. handle. It is stated that there are Prof. Brooks tells of a lad, stand- already over one hundred different ing near as the professor was at- sects in the native churches in tempting to move a trunk, who, Africa!

when asked to lend a helping hand, Other kinds of hindrances per- excused himself with the remark: sist in spite of civilization. For "Oh Sir, I am not a laborer, but a instance, the missionary is still in brain worker." danger from wild animals. Many VVrong Ideas of ][oney years ago Mr. Butler was crunched by a hungry crocodile in the colony Again, the white man's eager- of Natal. He was a missionary.

ness for money, has given the David Livingstone was mauled by native a very wrong idea of the a lion. The writer of this article value of that article. was struck senseless by an angry One of the most serious hi,n- leopard and narrowly escaped with drances in the way of the develop- his life. Another missionary, a ment of the Christian native is the friend in Rhodesia, has recently fact that the white man's govern- suffered a similar attack and a ment persists in keeping the native young Dutch neighbor has lost the under the native code of law, fear- use of one arm froni the cruel ing to place him under the same leopard.

code of law as governs the white So far as I can learn, only one colonist. As a result the native missionary ever suffered bodily Christian is under terrific tempta- harm from the savages in Africa.

tion to revert to heathenism, since An ever-recurring hindrance, he has little encouragement from that is met by every missionary, is

HINDRANCES TO CHRISTIANITY IN AFRICA

the multiplicity of the languages of and believe, to love God and his the country. In spite of the fact neighbors as himself, than were the that the missionaries have reduced Scribes and Pharisees. hundreds of these tongues to writing, each new missionary must Christ's audiences did not like master the dialect in which he is to admit their guilt, and so cried, to teach the people. The enthusi- "Away with him! Crucify him!" astic young messenger, perhaps But the heathen, who is ignorant of learned in the Hebrew, Latin and revelation, dead in trespass and Greek and able to speak one or two sin, appears to be wholly indif- European modern tongues, finds ferent to the accusation in the to his amazement that not one Gospel and replies, "Why should I person in the African crowd before repent? What have I done that is him understands one word of any wrong?" Gradually the messenger tongue he can speak. It dawns on realizes that his task is not only to the would-be preacher, that he "preach the Gospel," but, also, to must learn the language of the "teach all nations." He learns natives, if he hopes to influence that the greatest hindrance to the them. What a task is this! He sets acceptance of the Gospel by the at work looking for a grammar pagans is their lack of sense of and dictionary, often to be con- obligation to moral law. He finds founded with the'information that that the situation is almost identithis language has never been re- cal with that which presents itself duced to writing! Addressing him- to the minister in America. The self to the task of transcribing the heathen is different, however, in words, he is faced at once with the that he has such an astonishing fact that the new sounds have not ignorance of moral law, and true been provided for in the phonetic spiritual life, such an unreasonable system! He is next puzzled to fear of departed spirits, such a learn the correct meaning of the persistent unwillingness to admit words he has collected. At last personal guilt and such a desperate having at his service a few words, fondness for lustful life and easy he makes disastrous mistakes by indolent existence. not distinguishing the different sounds of the vowels. His wife, for When the Power of God has instance, sends her cook to "Kill brought results, the missionary is two men for dinner," when she in- again disappointed to find how tended to say "two ducks"! (She easily the new converts are satisused amadoda for amadada.) The fied with a low standard of life; cook-boy runs into the back yard how easily they fall back into their to have a good laugh at the can- heathen customs. nibalistic tendencies of his mistress! At times the missionary himself stands in his own way. He tries to The African and His Gods tell the heathen how to die, for- getting the equally important duty It is not an easy matter to induce of learning how to live. When a the heathen African to desert his man has learned how to live he is gods, even when entreated by the ready to die any day. best of linguists. The pagan African is no more ready to repent Another difficulty comes from the belief that the pagan does not need to be denationalized-that is to say separated entirely from hi::!

old heathen life. It is astonishing Another phase of this same how unanimous governments, wri- thought is seen in the "superiority ters, and many missionaries are complex" shown in the attitude of on this matter. In point of fact, some missionaries as they come in- the only thing about a pagan to close contact with the African.

African that need not and cannot This attitude hinders the Gospel.

be denationalized is his color! His Some workers seem to be unable political life cannot exist in contact to say to this little devil "Get thee with civilized governments. His behind me Satan," but some seem economic undertakings must be to think that this superior attitude boosted by civilization to succeed is an angel of light!

at all. His social customs cannot Some Other Hindrances be tolerated in connection with a Christian civilization. Possibly, Finally, I think it no exaggera- Dr. Loram admitted more, the tion to claim that one of the most other day, than he intended, when discouraging and serious hin- he stated that there cannot be two drances to the spread of the Gospel civilizations in South Africa. The in Africa, is the apathy of the fact is, that if an African is to be- churches in the civilized lands to- come civilized at all under Euro- wards the need of the African pean tutelage, he will become so continent. Financial support is only by adopting European civiliza- woefully inadequate. The money tion . for necessary new ventures is no- . Among the early missionaries in where to be had, and the workers Rhodesia, at Mt. Silinda, it had for this great field, where are they?

been decided, that the natives In addition to the hindrances to should be taught to use a form of missions found in all pioneer work dress more adapted to the ordinary -the diseases, the ignorance, the costume of the natives, more sensi- vice, the superstition, the antagble than the trousers etc., worn by onism of pagan rulers and teachers Europeans. So, when the boys ap- we find then these new hindrances plied for clothing, they were to missions in Africa today: presented with a sort of kilt uniform, which had been devised by (1) The license which the the ladies of the mission. When African feels when the tribal the missionary handed these cos- restraints are weakened by contumes to the boys they examined tact with the white man.

them carefully, then turning to the (2) The danger that education missionary said, "Why do not you and industrialism may take the place of, instead of becoming the wear them?" hand-maids of religion. The fact of it is, that whatever (3) The false position, so genthe holders of this idea may mean erally taken, that the African must by it, the African interprets the not become civilized but must be position to mean that the Euro- allowed to evolve his own African pean, yes, the missionary, does not method of life. want him to become the white man's equal. This, then, becomes (4) The inadequate support in a serious obstacle in the way of the prayer, gifts and workers from missionary worker. the churches at home.

A SACRED AFRICAN CIIlRlIlllONY-A FUKERAL DAKCIil IN CENTRAL AF

EXPLORING THE AFRICAN'S SOUL BY EDWIN W. SMITH, LONDON, ENGLAND Author oj THE GOLDEX STOQL. eto.

I N THE course of centuries the faith and practice, but we can cort- continent of Africa has been fidently assert that these are much discovered and explored. Now more respectable than used to be we are engaged upon another thought. We have discovered the enterprise, not less arduous and indubitable fact that the African absorbing: the discovery and ex- is eminently a religious person. ploration of the African's soul. The limits of this article will not Surprises await us in this field, allow me to enter upon a detailed even as they awaited us in the description of African religion. It former. Our forefathers imagined may be said, in brief, to comprise that the continent would prove to three elements: Dynamism, Spirbe little more than a waste, howl- itism, and Theism. Our purpose ing wilderness; we now know it to is to determine what there is of be one of the wealthiest quarters of strength, and what of weakness, the globe, if not the wealthiest, in in those elements. If there is anyits economic resources. We do not thing in them of value to the yet know all the content of the Africans, we want to know what African's soul, but we know enough that value is. And if in any reto be sure that it is infinitely rich spect the religion is lacking in real in its possibilities. It used to be worth, is indeed deleterious, insaid that Africans had no religion, imical to their life and progress, but plenty of superstition. Some let us state what we find, frankly, writers who admitted the presence but always in a sympathetic spirit. of rudimentary religion supposed In estimating the value of any it to consist of no more than a mass religion we may ask at least three of entangled fears and irrational questions about it. Does it kindle taboos. They talked obscurely of and nourish the highest emotions? Satanism, devil-worship, fetishism. Does it rest upon a rational basis We are as yet very far from a com- which our trained intelligence applete understanding of African prove~? Does it issue in nobleliv- 793 electronic file created by cafis. org

ing? We demand an affirmative Magic to describe it, but that is a answer to these questions when we question-begging term which it is examine the religion which a Euro- best to avoid. I think it right to pean or American professes. I think we should apply the same in speak of Dynamism as religion. criteria to the African's religion. Religion should be a full-orbed It knows no god, the proper system, taking into itself the emotional, rational, and practical ele- sense of the word, but it.is directed ments of human nature. Any to a power that in many respects species of it that appeals merely to is superior to man; and that power the emotions is a flabby, senti- is regarded with the, 'awe that is mental thing; one that appeals the proper religious response to only to the reason and lacks the the supernatural. What value do warmth and driving power de- the Africans find in it? rived from emotion, is no more than a barren philosophy; and a It is this belief that underlies religion that appeals only to the the use of talismans and amulets practical side of our being, to the -the "mascots" of our emanciexclusion of feeling and of pated present-day civilization. strenuous pursuit of ultimate They take many forms and are emtruth, very easily develops into a ployed in diverse ways, but always pitiful pharisaism and is really not their virtue resides in the mystic religion in the true sense of the powers of which they are the ve- hicle. word. The value of a religion de- An African warrior, like some pends upon the degree to which it others, may be afraid of being afraid; so, to strengthen his satisfies all our needs, emotional, courage and to ensure that he shall not fail in the test of battle, he rational and practical. Let us then secures from the medicine-man apply these tests to the three ele- certain talismans which convey to ments which compose the African's him, for that special purpose, some of the all-pervasive energies that faith. are wrapped up in them. They give to him a loftiness of spirit 1. Dynamism that carries him through the ordeal. Wearing them upon his The Africans are aware of the person he charges into the enemy's presence of mysterious powers ranks fully confident of playing working in the world around them. the man. From our superior They may not define these powers scientific point of view we may but they recognize their existence. question the intrinsic value of the These are impersonal, all-pervad- warrior's talisman, but we cannot ing; a kind of mystical energy, deny its subjective operation upon concentrated in individual persons his mind. He feels himself to be and things, but actually spread a stronger and braver man because through all things; something of it. which can be tapped and put to certain uses. The belief in this Mr. Frank Worthington, formermystical energy, the practices as- ly Secretary of Native Affairs in sociated with the belief and the Northern Rhodesia, tells of an emotions evoked by it, constitute African messenger who was orwhat we name Dynamism. Some dered by him to go unarmed and authorities would prefer the word arrest a "witch-doctor" of whom

EXPLORING THE AFRICAN'S SOUL

the whole community stood in mystical energy can be tapped and dread. The man was by no means a put to use for evj] purposes as well coward, but he shrank from the as for noble purposes. By virtue task. Seeing his dark face pale of them, a man may from a diswith apprehension, Mr. Worthing- tance encompass the death of his ton picked an object off his office- fellows. The horrors of witchcraft table-a paper-weight, I think it are to be placed to the discredit of was–and said firmly and authori- the belief in Dynamism. tatively: "Clap this medicine under your arm and hold it tight, Three axioms of primitive menand I guarantee that so long as tality form the basis of this form you keep it there all the sorcery of belief. They are: (1) that like of this renowned doctor will avail acts upon like and produces like; nothing against you." That was a (2) that the part acts upon the powerful suggestion and the man's whole; and (3) that the desire of a man's heart produces the effect SOME OF THE " MEDICINES" o~' AN A~'RICAN DOCTOR mind accepted it. Holding the in- that is expressed in his words. nocent paper-weight, and assuring These are the ways in which the himself that it was there by press- mystic powers work. It is evident ing it between his arm and his to our more logical minds that body, he went off and accomplished these axioms rest upon a wronga dangerous errand which other- headed kind of reasoning. wise he would not have dared to attempt. Take the first, that like acts upon like and produces like. Here Dynamism thus evokes certain is the tuberous root of a shrub. Its emotions which are admirable and peculiar shape suggests to the useful: that is its value in this re- African that it is a manifestation gard. On the other hand, it of the mystical energies in their ministers also to some of the lowest particular quality as a swellingemotions of human nature, those producer. Because it bulges, is which lie at the root of sorcery and swollen, it will cause to swell and witchcraft, such as jealousy and grow. He therefore makes a decocmalice. For the all-pervading tion from the root and administers electro nic fil e created by cafis.org

it to his child in order to make it to understanding them unless we grow big. When, again, Africans fully recognize the degree to which want rain some of them slaughter the spirit world attracts and a black ox, with the idea that the dominates their minds. The veil blackness of its hide will produce drawn between the seen and the something like itself-black, rain- unseen is very thin-so diapha- bearing clouds. We say, and are nous, indeed, that it can hardly be justified in saying, that all the said to exist. The realm of the black oxen in the world, if killed at spirit is very real and present to the same time, could not possibly them. The community which we bring a rain-cloud upon the hori- can see and C()UT't, the men and zon. We deny that these axioms women and children with whom we have any rational basis. converse daily, is only a part, a Dynamism is also an ethic which small part, of the actual African can be summed up in one word: community. The other members taboo. Anything is taboo, not of it are unseen; at least they do when it is prohibited by the chief not appear to our eyes every day, or by the chief's council, or by the their voices are not audible to our law of God; but when its result ears every moment; but they are automatically follows upon the per- always present. The living, and formance. You do or say some- those we call the dead, form tothing which, as it were, springs gether a closely interdependent back and punishes you. It is an community. This is one of the ethic that has many excellent cardinal points in the African resocial effects in protecting life and ligious experience.

property. They.are quite wrong who im- The weakness of Dynamism is agine that Africans feel nothing shown when Africans are brought but a shrinking dread in the near into contact with Europeans. The presence of the spirit world. It education which they are receiving is true that it is in part inhabited inevitably saps this form of be- by evil spirits who seek to molest lief; it cannot withstand elemen- and harm the living. But that is tary scientific knowledge. Its not all. There are good spirits as rational basis is too slender. The well as bad, and to these good sophisticated young African spirits prayers are offered in full realizes that many of the taboos confidence that they can help and that restricted the actions of his bless. In communion with their fathers are devoid of real founda- departed beloved, who have not tion. Unless the restraint of an gone to some far distant bourne but enlightened conscience replaces are always near, Africans find the old dynamistic controls, the strength and comfort. The belief youth falls into the danger of be- provides the strongest social bond they know. The whole tribal coming morally an anarchist.

2. Spiritism system is based upon it. Their attachment to their land rests upon Africans are very sure that a the conviction that it is still the human being is compact of body abode of their ancestors, whose and soul; a part that perishes in bodies were buried in the soil, and the grave, and a part that survives whose spirits hover about it even death. We shall never come near yet. The strong hold which the

tribal customs have upon them is Creator. They are not all sure that chiefly due to the fact that these the Creator is a Person, and many were handed down to them by of those who seem to be sure on revered forebears, who will be of- this point do not think of Him as fended by any breach of customary a God who is present and active in usage. Here'is to be found the root all human affairs. They are not of the intense conservatism of the convinced that He is good; that Africans. God is Love is a strange and al- most incredible doctrine to many There is therefore both strength of them. Their theism (if theism and weakness in this element of is the word) lacks what was most their religion. Like their Dynam- characteristic in the conviction of ism, it is assailed by the innova- the prophets of Israel: that God tions which accompany the advent was not only One, but One to whom of European civilization. The tribe ethical distinctions were very real is held together not only by as- and who was always on the side of sociation of its living members the good. As a general rule under the control of their chiefs, Africans do not associate morality but even more by association with with their belief in God; men are the unseen members who in a very not more honest, truthful and virreal degree are the guardians of tuous because of their awareness the tribal morality. Anything that of His existence. The Creator tends to separate the living from rules in the cosmical sphere and is the dead is inimical to the social the Supreme Arbiter of human structure. In these days, thou- destiny, but he does not bring men sands of Africans leave their homes for long periods to work for into judgment now or hereafter. Europeans. They who go are He does not mind whether a man absent not only from their tangible is good or bad. fellow-tribesmen; they depart also from the presence of the ancestors, The African believes, however for these remain attached to their vaguely, in God, and in the survival homes. They do not travel. The man on a European mine or of human personality after death. plantation is therefore cut off from He seeks communion with the unthe restraints which the presence seen. He practises prayer; he of his ancestors exercises on his is ready to be guided by powers conduct, and almost inevitably de- outside himself; he can, and does, terioration sets in. Almost every- give up to the service of his where this element of African divinities things which are valureligion is in process of decay. Un- able to himself. He is, in brief, less something stronger is put in religious. He dwells in the twiits place the future is full of peril light, it is true, but he has the for the Africans. capacity of being led forward into the light of day. Will his ancestral 3. Theism faith withstand the shock of con- tact with the materialism of Not all Africans but perhaps Western civilization? I see no hope most of them had, independently for him apart from the acceptance of Mohammedan or Christian in- of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, both fluence, reached the conviction that by the African himself and by the this world owes its existence to a people who are bringing the weight of their influence upon him.

WAITING IN LINE TO BUY BIBLES AT NGORA, UGANDA Joh" 3:16 in BULU Fr £q. A/riclJ Joim 3 :16 ill LUItAGOLI KtftYIJ Me abele fo'o ane me aJo mla na, Moo esae a nJl Nyasaye ya yanza avomkivaJa ndi, ya va ha Mwana dail esa we; naM ie m6t a ke nl6mon te dane mGt. wewe muderwa, ku vosi u mu Suuvira a ta diva mba, nga 16me nye, navutswa a ve neliva mwoyo 11 ta hera mba.

JQ/r. 3 -16 in SHEETSWA S"","- A/ric. Joh. 3:16 in GREDO Libn-i• .

H~uba ~ungunguJu i 10 ranza tiko 1..0, hakuba i Kare kre Nyesoa nuna kona lb nowilnena, ~ 10 nytkela Nwana wakwe a tralneko yece, bsi nl wihi hnyina 10 siyA lih koklt.yn donb, be ny~ be a.

loYi a kolwako kakwe a ngafi, kanile.ri a hi ni kuha. po nt. hohte, 1 neb to wanb, nema .. mu kona- nya kala ku kupinzuka. se-bonbnonh kA.

loll,. 3 :16 in TONGA Sou,. Africa JDh. J:16 ,. LUBA·LULUA Bdgilll Ct1ft!Jt1 Kolu Nungungulu a di halala litigo karati, kakuba Bnalu bua Nzambl wakatamba ku.ua ba ha buloba. a di ningel. Mwamana waye na belegidwe ek&, kaku· bo uyo a kolwago kwaye 0 ngafi, abolu a na mane yeye wakabaha Muan'andi -umuehele mulela De, wakubanya nya ku pinduke. rnuitabusha, kena ufua, neikale ne muoyo wa tshen.

delele.

l ob 3 :16 itl MPONGWE F,.. Eq. AJriclI K.JohM 3:16 in SIDLLUK Anglo·Eg. S.d"ft KAnde AnyaolbiG anludl ntye ylnle. nil nte.· piil mar yi J WQk ki men dWQD, abAIi miijo nd.inli m~ aven1i~ 0lJwanli yA wikika, intA om' Willi. ay~to akiel, kipa iIan byie ki en, pli lail. de edu 0 bekeH~ avere ndo e be doanla nl'eiii~n:.l o)'it i Diln milg git a~. zake.nllli<a.

Iob,3 :16 iff BENGA WI.'sr Africo Jolt" 3 :16 in OtUNYORE KeraJ(J Kakul. ndi AllyamM IllAndaki he, ka MA·. Okhnba .Nyasaye yayanza buyaoz. abomuaibala, vh Mwan' 'oj….mMkll, ns, u~h~pi • ka k&IDid~ yahana Omwana uwe owebulwa omutelwa, omundu MA, a nyange, ndi a na em~1I1o yo .egembe omuaubiranga aratiba, nehutawa abe nobulamu obu· yebept rahwa.

John 3 :16 ill ARABIC Nort" Africa.

AS JOHN 3: 16 I.OOKS IN gr.EVEN AlmrCAN LANGUAnF.S

KI!lV. A. W. BANFIELD TRANSLATING ST. MATTHEW'S GOSPEL IN

In 1902 Mr. Banfield lived in this house for over a year. His teaeher did not know a word of English.

GIVING THE BIBLE TO THE AFRICAN BY REV. A. W. BANFIELD, F.R.G.S., Lagos, Nigeria lrest African Secretary oj the British a.nd Foreign Bible SocietJj YEAR by year Africa is moving scarcely imagine the feelings of a up to the front; she is coming primitive man watching an aero- more and more before the plane flying over his village for the eyes of the world. Not many first time, or the more thrilling exyears ago there were no railways perience of being taken up and f1yon the continent Travelers walked ing through the clouds, which he whither they would, and many always believed were solid. What thousands of miles did the itiner- tales he will tell to his eager Iistenant missionary walk on his rounds ers round the camp fires! Then of the villages. Then railways comes wireless telegraphy. Towers were proposed, surveyed and built are being erected all over the conin many directions. Motor cars tinent, and men living in midappeared and roads had to be made Africa are listening to concerts for them-roads over hills and given in London and Paris. Primsandy plains; roads through dense itive man in the past ten years has forest and boggy swamps, till to- seen more wonderful things than day there are thousands of miles of were dreamed of by a hundred genmotor roads stretching in all direc- erations of his grandfathers. tions. Then the "birdman" came But it is undeniable that true to Africa and has already flown. light and understanding have come from north to south and from east to Africa, as to other countries, to west. What changes! One can through the reading of the Bible.

799

Africa struggled for centuries to Nigeria, who numbers more than get light and understanding by six millions, have for many years other means, but today is finding written their own language. They out that there is no hope from did not however, invent new char- within: her only hope is from acters, they simply employed the above. A thousand years of heath- Arabic, as the Koran and other enism and idolatry have not books in -that langu~ge have been brought Africa any closer to God. in circulation in Hausa country for Africa, a Great Mission Field many years. The Vais, who live in Liberia, might also be quoted as Today, Africa has become 'the another possible exception, for a greatest mission field in the world, system of writing Vai has been and reports many converts to evolved by them. We have never Christ. FUrthermore, it is the heard, however, of a book being greatest language field, and sends published in the Vai characters. to the different Bible Societies for publication more translations of It is generally true that, prior to the Scriptures in new languages the coming of the white man withthan any other field. Already more in recent years, African languages than two hundred African lan- remained unwritten. Since that guages have the Bible complete, or event ijowever, more than three in part, translated into them. hundred of these languages have now been reduced to writing, and The exact number of languageS- at least one book published in most and dialects spoken in Africa .if; of them.

perhaps not known today. Sucha The task of reducing to charac- list would contain the names of ters hitherto unwritten languages thousands of different forms of and providing the people with a speech, and most likely could not literature, and education, has up be published, for many of the to the present time been left al- smaller and weaker dialects are be- most entirely to the missionary so- ing lost. Even the well-defined lan- cieties, whose share has been about guages of small tribes are dying ninety-five per cent.

out before they have been put into Among Primitive Peoples writing and a book published in Comparatively few persons from them. This state is being brought about by the wholesale opening up among the so-called civilized naof Africa; the reduction to writ- tions are ever permitted to live ing of the predominating lan- among primitive peoples and study guages; and the absorbing influ- their customs, religions, history, ence of the larger tribes extensive- folklore, etc. Fewer still are lucky ly engaged in trading in the areas enough to get a chance to study a of smaller tribes, such as the Man- hitherto unstudied, unwritten Af- rican language in its own environdingos, the Ashantis, the Yorubas, ment. Most of these special priv- Ibos, Hausas, Zulus, Swahilis, etc. ileges are granted to pioneer mis- sionaries only; not because they Unwritten African Languages Negro Africa as a whole never are a talented or favored class, but invented a system of writing. for the simple reason that they are There are, however, exceptions to often the first white people to settle this. The great Hausa people of among such primitive folks, and

GIVING THE BIBLE TO THE AFRICAN

daring and persevering enough to come to your house: why you "laid accept the challenge and undertake hold on" him and not on another. the stupendous task. Such a life If you begin talking English to him and work has a lure and romance he will most likely look at you with all its own. great fear and suspicion, and pre- pare to leave your presence sud- Try to picture yourself choosing denly the moment you take your a "teacher" from among a group eyes off him. Just how then would of men who cannot read or write you make a start? their own language. Men who have never heard the word for Learning an African Language school, pen or paper, and have never seen a book or writing of any I went to West Africa in 1901 kind. Furthermore, these men with a pioneer mission party and .~~ AFRI CAN CHRISTIAN TEA C HING IVORY COAST BOYS FRO~[ TIlE BIBr.E have no knowledge of your lan- lived in a grass house for a year, guage. Try to imagine your ex- and later on in a mud house, while perience in working to overcome I learned the Nupe language, reyour teacher's fears of you: of per- duced it to writing, and translated suading him to come to your house; the entire Bible and other books. of teaching him how to sit on a It may be of interest to know just chair sO as not to fall off. Then how I learned this language. The after you have accomplished these Nupe people, who number half a and many other strange things, million, live in the vicinity of the Middle Niger River in Nigeria. how would you begin to learn his language? He has yet to discover I first secured the services of a why you have "compelled" him to man who was to "teach" me his 'J

language. However, I soon saw EUropeans are able to make them.

that all I would ever get from him For instance, the labial ba means had to be extracted. The very first "to cut," the explosive "ba (writ- thing I did was to hold up my fin- ten gba) means "to follow." The gers one by one before my teacher. labial "pa" means "to remember"; This had two effects; it allayed his the explosive "pa" (written kpa) fears and started a conversation. means "to feed."

He understood that I wanted the The language is full of these and numerals and gave them to me as other strange and weird sound's "nini, guba, guta," etc. We were such as nyi, tsa, dzu, wun, etc., to now well on the way. For higher say nothing about nasalized vowels.

numbers I used cowry shells, the These sounds can be learned only currency of the country, valued at by hearing a native make them.

one thousand for six cents. After The greatest difficulty of all, per- that I pointed to my head, my arm, haps, in studying most African my leg, and to the different objects languages, is to be able to detect in the room. He gave me the the very fine shades of difference names for these,' and so we pro- in tone given to words spelled ex- gressed. actly the same but toned differ- I soon found, however, that I ently. Each word has its own corcould not form a sentence using rect tone, and the slightest varianouns only; I must have other tion from that changes completely parts of speech. I first set out to the meaning of the word. Let me look for verbs. These I was able take one word as an example. to secure by acting them, such as "Eye" said with a level voice, laughing, walking, eating, jump- means "the chest": "eyiY' said ing and going through strange an- with the voice dropped on the last tics. The task was intensely inter- vowel means "the nose." Now let esting and fascinating. I had to us raise the voice on the last vowel fight for every word and ferret as "eye" and we have a word that means "the eye." Lower the voice out its meaning; I lost the trail for days, to pick it up again in a on both vowels as "eye" and the strange sentence. Such words word means "a hole." Now begin burned themselves into my mem- on low and end up on high as "eye"

ory and have never been forgotten. and you have said "No." Reverse I have often said since then that if this order and say "eye" and the I had no more than these two word means "Oh." Now these are simple sentences "What do you call not isolated exceptions, they are it" and "Say it again" I would at- the rule of the language. A word tempt any language. may be said in only one way. Little Difficult African Sounds wonder then that the Europeans remark that the Africans sing their The peculiar explosive sounds of language. In this way it resembles the language are most difficult to the Chinese.

learn. These are made in the One might think that the lan- throat and force the lips apart and guage has been developed along emit an explosive sound. One al- this line because of a lack of words.

most requires the thick lips and This is certainly not true of the flat nose of the native to produce Nupe language as the following these sounds perfectly. Very few facts will prove. In my "Diction-

GIVING THE BIBLE TO THE AFRICAN

ary of the Nupe Language" I have Systems Based on Heathenism tabulated nearly fifteen thousand words. The language is particu- When referring to interior Nelarly rich in adjectives and ad- gro Africa one must remember that verbs, there being one hundred and in most instances the judicial sysforty words to express bulkiness, tems, social and religious life, are ninety to express diminutiveness, based almost entirely on paganism, sixty to express thinness, sixty for idolatry and superstition. This stubbyness, sixty for quickness, makes it very difficult at times to thirty-five for completeness, thirty find suitable words b use in transfor quantity, etc., etc. The lan- lating the Scriptures-words that guage has a most elaborate system will convey, lofty, holy, and true of rank', and titles numbering Christian ideas. It must not be over a hundred, each with a num- overlooked that the Name and ber of different salutations pecul- teaching of Jesus Christ are uniar to that rank. It also contains known to millions of people. Simnames for more than one hundred ilarly it is not always easy to find different species of trees, different a suitable word for God. In many species of .grasses, of animals, tribes the devil, or a powerful birds, and fishes. Such a language fetich, is the one most feared and can hardly be. described as worshipped. "starved." On one occasion, when traveling Translating the Bible in the interior of Central Africa, I came across a tribe that had no Very few people indeed are per- word for God in their language. mitted to have any part whatsoever They had forgotten God entirely. in translating a book into an Af- True, they had many idols and rican language. Still fewer have fetiches and the suchlike, but none been called to translate even a of the names given to these could small portion of the Bible into a properly be applied to God. Their primitive language; and perhaps local or patron spirit was one by not more than one in a thousand of the name of Chid, who resided in such translators has been granted a near-by grove. As Chid was certhe great honor and responsibility tainly not God, and as the people of not only reducing the language were anxious to have a name for to writing, coining and discovering God, they suggested that the mishundreds of words and Scriptural sionary living among them, should phrases and terms, thus greatly in- coin them a name for God, which creasing and enriching the vocabu- he did while I was there. The peolary, but also of translating the en- ple had told him that they considtire Bible into such a language, ered the sun the greatest power in thus giving the Word of God to a the universe; that Chid had not nation in its own mother tongue. made the sun, nor did they know Who can estimate the amount of who had made it; but that the One labor, patience and love required who created the sun should be to learn an African language, re- caned God. Since that time transduce it to writing, and translate lations of the Gospels have been the Scriptures into it? Eternity published in the Burum language, alone will answer that. and Dagwi, the Creator of the sun, is spoken of by them as God. Later

on I learned that the people had more than twenty-five years of lancut down the grove in which Chid guage work, I have found no word lived and were now coming to the for "soul" or "conscience." It is mission station to learn more about not because the African does not Dagwi. Wonderful! possess these, he has not separated them as we have. He attributes all Often a very long time may such feelings to his "stomach." elapse before the translator is able Thus one may hear his servant sayto decide definitely just what word ing "My stomach is talking to me," he will use for God. After that has and he may not be so very far been done he begins to build round wrong. There is no word for "holithat Name all that the Bible ness," "Spirit," "sin," "repent- ance," "unbeliever," and many other ideas. African languages, however, are not alone in this re- spect. We must not overlook the fact that the English language owes much to Greek and Latin.

"A HARRIS CHRISTIAN" The Power of the :Bible French Ivory Coast, praying before tl Bible What amazes one most, is not though unabie to read a single word of it. the difficulties encountered in translating the Bible into a primiteaches us of God-His love, His tive language-these would be inpower, His justice, His eternity; creased ten times translating any until the old name, once so closely other book-but the ease with associated with heathen ideas and which the Bible lends itself to such fears begins to take on an entirely languages. The gospel story is new meaning: the Christian inter- made so plain that a man though pretation of God. "See" said an fool will not err therein. There old chief to me one day "you have cannot be the slightest doubt as to made our language beautiful." I whether the unskilled African had simply introduced Christ and reader understands the love of God His teaching into it. declared therein. Thousands of living proofs could be produced to Untranslatable Words show the regenerating power of the Gospel. Men whose lives have The translator finds a number of been changed from worshipping Bible words that cannot be trans- idols and evil spirits to worshiplated into the language. After ping the true God. Men once slaves of the Devil now saints of God, through the reading of the Inspired Book in a crude African language.

Where the entire Bible has been translated there is little demand for the New Testament, or, "half the Bible," as they call it. They insist on having the whole Bible,

GIVING THE BIBLE TO THE AFRICAN

affirming that it alone can bring thousand years!" Immediately he them all the blessings of God. broke away from me and was off again giving vent to his joy. Primitive peoples dearly love the historical and narrative books of A few years ago Dani, a Yagba the Bible. They find so much in man from the interior, journeyed common with these old writings: to the coast on business. There he in fact millions of them are living saw Christianity for the first time. today under conditions closely re- He became an inquirer, learned to sembling the times of Abraham.

African Triumphs of Grace AN lvory CvUtU LhrilUuUl rluy whu teaches a class of one hundred and is the only one One day while travelling in the bush country I met a man with a of the class who can read. Bible under his arm going out into the fields to read, meditate and read the Yoruba Bible, and was pray. I inquired why he chose the baptized. Later on he returned to shad~ of a tr~~ in th~ fields to read his native village with his newlyhis Bible. He replied, "There is too found faith and a Bible, which he much noise and confusion in the made known to his people. Very village to concentrate on the Word soon he gathered about him a numand to shut myself in with God." ber of young men who had become Three times a day he went to his dissatisfied with the pagan religion "sanctuary" in the bush to pour out of their fathers. Periods of great his soul to God. I was told that persecutions followed and all were the village people came to him expelled from the town. Their inwhen in trouble, seeking his prayers and advice. Such shall prevail with God and do exploits.

One day I was translating in the 20th chapter of Revelation, with my native teacher sitting beside me. When we came to the second verse I read there that "the angel laid hold on Satan and bound him a thousand years, and cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up." My teacher who all the while had been listening spellbound as I read, suddenly sprang to his feet, made one leap for the door, rushed outside, and there ran up and down the yard like a mad man. Not knowing just what had happened I went out, caught him by the arm, and inquired what was wrong with him. He replied "Master, is the Devil to be bound for a thousand years, cast into the bottomless pit, and locked there. Won't that be grand, no Devil for a

fluence and numbers still continued ever, it was the silent witness of to grow and in a few years the the Presence of God. whole district was changed, and thousands had become Christians. Not many years ago it used to The missionary society that fol- be said of Benin City in Nigeria, lowed up Dani's work has today more than fifty stations there. The Benin, Benin, bloody Benin, full story of the triumphs of the Where few come out though many go Gospel in that tribe, the work of one spirit-filled man and his Bible, in. would fill a book. Today the teaching of Christ is The Christian Church today is changing even "Bloody Benin." intensely interested in the story of Flourishing and self-supporting the Prophet Harris Movement of churches are established throughthe French Ivory Coast, where as out the country, and the Bible a result of his preaching close on speaks words of life and hope to to one hundred thousand people the people in their own mother left their idols and turned to God. tongue. With a Bible in one hand and a simple eros's in the other this re- Recently I returned from Aromarkable man toured through the chuku, once the scene of the famous West African bush proclaiming "Long Juju," which decided death One God and One Saviour. When or slavery for thousands of people. Harris baptized a man he always So powerful and terrible was this placed the Bible on his head and fetich that the British Governbade him lay hold on the cross. ment was compelled to send an The two are inseparable. After armed expedition to destroy it. Harris left, the people built little One of the greatest triumphs of grass or mud churches, where they the Gospel in those parts today can gathered to wait and pray for mis- be seen in the changed lives of sionaries. They sent to England three elders of the Arochuku for Bibles which they laid open church. A few years ago these upon a table in the church, though very men were priests of the not one among them was able to dreaded "Long Juju." read a word of it. To them, how- The work of the Holy Spirit and the triumphs of the Gospel of Jesus Christ do not end with the twenty- eighth chapter of the Acts.

THE PRIME MINISTER OF GREAT BRITAIN ON THE BIBLE T HE BIBLE is a high explosive; but it works in strange ways, and no living man can tell or know how that book, in its journeyings throughout the world, has started the individual soul in ten thousand different places into a new life, a new belief, a new conception, a new faith. Those things are hidden until some man, some people, is touched beyond all others by the divine fire, and the result is one of those great revivals of religion which repeatedly through the centuries have startled the world and stimulated mankind; and which will recur again.-From an address by the Rt. Han. Stanley Baldwin, at the Annual Meeting of the British and Foreign Bible Society, Queen's Hall, London, May 2,1928.

WOMEN IN THE NEW

BY ELIZABETH MACDONALD WILKINSON, ONITSHA, SOUTHERN NIGERIA 11f1Rsionnr!J oj the Ohurch Missiollllry Socifty EUROPEAN enterprise, Euro- mad unless by some means con- pean invention, European structive forces have been brought ideas of government and of to bear upon. these lives before the religion have been at work for destructive work is completed. decades creating new types of Africa. Few realize how varied In some measure this is coming these types are, the general concep- to pass, for in every Bush village, tion being that there are two kinds among these untouched women of of African-the civilized who the ancient way are others, their wears clothes, and the savage who sisters, born in the same shadow, partakers of the same heritage, does not. who have seen within the shadow The Bush w.omen, still untouched a newly kindled fire, and have crept up one by one to read their book of by civilization, education, or Chris- life anew by its wavering light. tianity, bound by every custom and These are the Christian women of superstition of their ancestors, a the Bush churches, and they-far prey to all the fears, the cruelty, away from direct European inthe bestiality of savage conditions, fluence, untaught except in the are protected also by the very laws little learning of the church, unand customs of which they are the disciplined except by the fearful victims. The tragedy of these wom- effort that little learning requires en, and it will be far more the -they are making a new life in tragedy of their daughters and their granddaughters, is that little the midst of the old. True, this by little their present security is life is being clumsily and ignorantbeing undermined, the sanctions of ly fashioned after an ideal only custom are crumbling while the dimly comprehended and often sadbondage and the ignorance re- ly misinterpreted, but it is a wonmains. Twentieth century prog- derful beginning for all that. What ress is battering at the very it will become must depend largely foundations of their house of life, upon the leadership of a third and the roots of ancient custom group of African women, those are being inexorably cut through. who have been trained in mission The tree remains unwithered, but schools and who take their training the time is approaching when mil- back into the villages. lions of half-awakened souls, who now find shelter in its tremendous In hundreds of schools throughshade, will look up to find their out the continent thousands of Afshelter gone, its marvelous leafage rican girls are being trained to a withered to the smallest twig, and new life. Sometimes it is a life so they in their nakedness exposed to disassociated from the old that they the intolerable brightness of become foreigners in their own Africa's New Day. When that land. More often, it is a life time comes half Africa must go founded on all that is best in the old; it can be transplanted back 807

THE PASSING DAY-HEATHEN WOMEN DANCING IN THE MARKET PLACE into the Bush villages to take root For women such as these, civiliand grow. These schoolgirls be- zation implies Christian education, come the wives of pastors and and it has brought them an almost teachers, of government employees, unmixed blessing. It has meant deand of those few trained craftsmen liverance from the thousand terwho are people of consequence in rors of a universe infested with every town. Their influence is malignant spirits; from customs great, for the rank and file of Af- harmful to the body and deadening rican women are still so ignorant to the spirit; from the miseries of that education of necessity implies too early marriage and its high inleadership. Even the most limited fant mortality; from a life of doses produce far-reaching effects. drudgery and a degrading type of It is these women who are called marital slavery. It has demanded to be the architects of the African from them the exercise of dormant home, of a home-life deeply enough will power and stimulated the rooted to bear the continuous growth of mental and moral pershocks of an alien civilization, pure ception. Christian marriage laws and happy enough to satisfy fund- have given them a position of digamental desires which find per- nity and security in their homes, verted expression in nearly every and the instructed African woman heathen custom and which, left un- as I know her is well able to sustain fulfilled, will inevitably destroy our such a position. most hopeful structures of church and state. Shall I ever forget my first three months in Nigeria? The nearest

AFRICAN WOMEN IN THE NEW DAY 80ll

'l'IIE NEW DAY-CHRISTIAN WO:lEN-HOME MAKEHS AND TEACIIEHS white woman was fifteen miles as the Christian, and whenever away. The wife of the native possible she gently and firmly pastor was my one feminine neigh- shepherded them to church, secure bor who could speak English, and in the conviction that this would in her I took much joy. She was be good for them. She managed three times my size and very everyone with a tact and grace comely; her voice like honey, and that were irresistible, and I was her laugh like the chuckle of a as putty in her hands. There is no stream. Her family of five was telling what she might have made augmented by a shifting population of me in the course of time, but she of waifs and strays to whom she and her husband were moved to was mother and mistress in one. another station and I was left in In her three-roomed house, over- an unfinished condition. When I flowing with humanity, she lived consider my dissolving personality with a dignity and serenity that after three months of 1iving up to many fail dismally to achieve on my neighbor's conception of the an income of ten thousand, dollars complete missionary, I am not sure a year. Her house and garden were that I wish she had stayed. But I always clean, her children were missed her sadly, and I am eternalclean once a day. She herself was ly in her debt for the vision she seldom idle and never hurried. As gave me of Christ's power to transthe wife of an ordained clergyman, form life without distorting it. she was a great lady among her own people, but there was no one Christianity offers to the women too insignificant to be her friend. of Africa a fullness of life impos- The heathen came to her as readily sible to the heathen. It also brings dangers to which no heathen wom-

an is exposed, for there is no period -the prostitute of the coast cities in a heathen woman's life when is far far removed from the un- she is not the possession and under taught women of the interior. She the protection of some man. As a has climbed a little way, and grown girl she belongs to her father or in the climbing, and has fallen to eldest brother, and even if she does a deeper place than that from not marry she is expected to pro- which she came.

duce children to the increase of her There are still others to whom father's household. As soon as her civilization has come in a measure, dowry is paid she becomes the taking away old faiths and giving property of her husband, and if he dies she is automatically trans- no new or better one; taking away ferred to her husband's brother or old conditions of life dignified by next of kin. If he does not want long custom, and giving little in reher for himself, she is free to con- turn save the flimsy glories of silks sort with any other man who does, and calico, and the painful magbut her citildren belong to her nificence of imported shoes. These owner and the father has no right women belong to the households of in them. ,Adultery is the only educated and civilized polygamists. sexual sin recognized and punished Their husbands go forth in imby native law, though in practice maculate European garments to it is often condoned. their work as clerks to the Euro- pean administrator or trader.

No heathen woman can be ex- They speak fluent English and posed to the fierce temptations amass considerable fortunes. They which undoubtedly assail unmar- buy many wives, taking them as ried Christian girls and Christian children to be trained and reared widows. The professional prosti- by the older members of the harem.

tute is a result of those temptations These girls are taught to be clever combined with the inherited weak- marketers, and some are allowed ness of generations of unrestraint. to go to church and learn to read, She is one sad by-product of a but more often marketing is their great clash of custom, one of the sole education. (Marketing in Af- thousand sacrifices to Africa's New rica means trading for profit, not Day. the mere buying of household sup- There are then the Bush women plies.) The husband lives in a big to whom civilization means nothing house full of tawdry finery, but at present, though it is menacing the wives have mud huts in the the very structure of their lives; back-ground. There is no need for and there are the Bush women to the household arts of the Bush whom civilization means the woman, for everything can be church, and a new, perplexing, bought or traded for in the market.

wonderful, and difficult way of life. Many children are born in such an There are the girls, many of them establishment, eagerly welcomed, from these same Bush villages, ignorantly and indolently cared who are in training to be leaders in for, frantically mourned when this new way, to whom civilization their precarious grasp on life is is bringing developnemt and a broken. Few live to grow up. Life great responsibility. There are is easy for these women, sociable, those others to whom it has and deadening to the spirit. There 'brought development too, of a kind is nothing to awaken the smallest

AFRICAN WOMEN IN THE NEW DAY

effort of mind or will. Its moral I have been trying to think and atmosphere may readily sink to to write of African women in gen- the level of a brothel, but it can eral, but I find myself thinking of never rise to that of a home. certain women in particular, and Such women are the rather piti- groups of women, and girls, whom ful half-breeds of that strange I know. Pictures come into my marriage between enlightened gov- mind full of a significance that is ernment and native law which has easier to understand than to ex- taken place in many African pro- press. They tell a story but they tectorates. They have all the weak- point no moral, for a moral is al- ness and instability of such a ways for the end, and this story is birth-right, and fortunately they only beginning. Look, if you will, seldom reproduce their kind. The at some of my pictures, and you daughters of the house are general- may forecast the moral for your- ly sent away to be educated in mis- selves.

sion schools, and to marry, if '" '" '" possible after another fashion. It is night in a great coast town: The New Day in Africa means a night in the European quarter, great destruction and a great flower scented, breeze haunted, building up. In the past these wave enchanted. Candle-light forces have been fairly evenly bal- shines out from houses where late anced, and both proceeded slow- diners are still sipping their li- ly. Now we are wondering queurs ; smooth running motors whether the constructive education bear smoothly dressed people to offered by mISSIOns and gov- their clubs for dancing or for ernment, proceeding from the bridge. Groups of young white churches and from Christian men stroll by the lagoon after a homes, can possibly keep pace with torrid day behind counters and in the gathering speed and penetra- ware-houses. African girls linger tive power of those impulses of in the shadows-young girls, quiet- trade and development which are ly dressed in a too perfect imita- cutting away the foundations of tion of European fashion, quietly the old social structure. That Af- talking together, quietly watching, rican women can be led from the quietly waiting in the shadow un- petty slavery and spiritual dead- til the moment comes for a swift ness of a heathen compound into gesture and a low word. Thus do the life and dignity of a Christian some women of Africa accommo- home is certain. Christ's words date themselves to the New Day, were never more manifest than in exchanging the crowded market- Africa today: "I am come that places where their mothers sit hour they might have life, and have it after hour behind little piles of more abundantly." That it is an yam, little heaps of glowing enterprise worthy of any sacrifice peppers, little rolls of printed is equally certain to those who live cloth-all for the gain of a few in Africa and see Christ's words pennies and the love of gossip and coming true in the lives of those the zest of bargaining-exchang- around them; Whether it will be ing the daylight market-place for done widely enough and swiftly this dingy traffic of the night. For enough is a question which only the centuries African women have home churches can answer. been bought and sold. Small won-

der then if too much freedom clot of dark blood into the bowl.

means only the freedom to sell The girl sits dumbly, showing no themselves. interest in my arrival. She is suf- *** fering like an animal, without It is afternoon in the mazes of understanding and without com- Onitsha town, and though I do not plaint. This is Aku-eke (Sunday know it, I am standing near the Fruit), and her baby is two days door of Aku-eke, at the entrance to old. A younger girl holds up the a new friendship. I have lost my baby by one arm for me to inspect. way among the labyrinthine paths In spite of the mother's illness the and passages of this great Interior baby has not been neglected. It is settlement, and I know no better carefully rubbed all over with soot, course than to wander about until with special attention to the hair I find it again. An old man comes and eyes. The cord has been out of a gateway and beckons me to smeared with thick red palm-oil, come in. I follow through the low and is collecting every available door and find myself in a court- particle of dust and dirt. It will yard surrounded by high mud not be allowed to touch the walls. A ,roof had been built in- mother's breast for another ward from the wall and the shelter twenty-four hours, but its nurse thus provided partitioned oft' in- will frequently pour down its proto open cells for the chief's family. testing throat a deluge of doubt- He himself lives in a house of fully clean water, desisting only several rooms blocking the court- when the babe chokes violently yard at the rear. He has thus only enough to convince her of its satis- to recline on his front veranda in faction. The mother's face order to see into the private ap- brightens for a moment when I partment of each of his wives, and take the baby to admire. The old to see anyone entering or leaving father is delighted. He remarks the compound. This is a common many times that God has done design and its advantages are well. I beg him to let me take the obvious. A strategic position is es- mother and child to a mission hos- sential to the head of a polygamous pital five miles away, but Aku-eke household. The old man leads me rouses enough to protest in terror to one of the cells and points to its that she will not go. As I leave I occupants, asking me if I have any ask the father to take care of his medicine for his wife who is ill. A newest daughter and see that cer- girl is sitting on the floor, one leg tain things are done for her that I stretched out to the ministrations have suggested. He replies serious- of an ancient woman who crouches ly that that is the work of God. If beside her. The thigh is badly God wills that the baby should live swollen and gashed in several it will live. It is not in man's places with shallow festering knife power to protect a child. I go away cuts. A small horn is being used wondering if it might not be in in one place for cupping. A bowl woman's power to give the poor of thick dark blood stands near by mite a bath, and coming next day on the floor. As I watch, the old with soap and boiled water, I prove woman sets her mouth to the born to my own satisfaction that it is.

and after a few moments of suc- But God does more. He arouses an tion removes it and shakes another intense interest in my operations

in the hearts of its relatives-so lows and blues are enchanting. much so that this baby is being Never have I seen a house so exregularly bathed to this day, and pressive of gaiety and good humor. flourishes exceedingly. Yet I think the old man was right. Surely no Next door to it is the school human power could have saved a where Margaret's husband, as child alive in the midst of the in- bead-master, rules the destinies of describable dirt, ignorance, and about two hundred boys, nine girls, zeal with which it was being and half a dozen young assistant tended. teachers. They are short of teachers, and Margaret is trying *** to make up her mind to take one of the infant classes. We talk about It is morning at Margaret's this bold project and encourage her house. Early morning and no time as much as we dare. Margaret is a for visitors, but Margaret's house slim girl with shining eyes and a is already in order and ready to pioneering spirit. She taught inreceive us, though she did not know fants very successfully when she we were coming. The house is a herself was at school, and would three-roomed mud building with like to do so again, but no woman two long, narrow rooms at each in the Ibo country has ever taught side, a veranda between them and school after marriage before. Her a shallow central room at the back. husband comes to greet us, and sits The roof is thatched and neatly on the veranda wall while we talk. ceiled with grass mats. Margaret He is actually encouraging her to is an inovator: instead of having do this unheard of thing. Only she her house rubbed with clay-water must be free to give up her work until its rich red walls and floors in time for the next baby. The shine like old glazed pottery-and present baby is nine months old this is very beautiful-she has and very lovely. His mother spread stained the floors and a 12-inch a mat for him on the floor when we border around the walls jet black. arrived and he has been sitting Above that the walls are chalked there ever since, looking into the to a snowy whiteness, and finished matter of a woolen ball very at the top with another border of seriously for minutes on end, and black. Cherry and white curtains then suddenly clapping his hands flap gaily at Margaret's windows, and going into ecstasies of and she has taken the same mate- chuckles. We cannot wonder that rial to make cushions for her his parents feel another baby after chairs. The home-made deck chair this pattern is essential. frames are slung with native woven cloth, so white that it must It is time for us to go, and they have been washed yesterday. The are grieved because there is no many tables are spread with white "cola" to offer us. "But I have crocheted cloths of intricate pat- corn in my garden," .says Marterns, and bear an incredible number of neatly framed photographs. garet. "Won't you take some of There is also on each table a vase the new ears for your dinner toof artificial flowers. These flowers night?" In front of the house are ought to be deplorable, but against neat little farm patches of corn that dazzling back-ground of black and yam and beans, with borders and white their clear reds and yel- of pineapples and bright cratons. Part of this is Margaret's, part of

it belongs to the teachers, and a where the stillness is being broken large patch is the school garden by something more than these where the children work. Mar- small and casual noises. There is garet goes to her own plot and rhythm in the air-a young and raises her slim round arms to light-footed rhythm, bewitching pluck the highest ear from a tall the quiet evening into the gaiety stalk. Her dress is a medley of of a dance. We wander down the orange and brown and gold; the hill towards the farthest house, and cloth bound round her head is rose watch a dozen unconscious children and dull blue. The sun pours down skipping through the measures of upon her, and as she stands there a country dance. The gramaphone in the brightness, her small head from which they have learned this thrown back, her smiling face up- game is far away at the Principal's raised, her dark eyes opening fear- house, silent in its box, but no lessly upon the full glory of the African has any difficulty in re- morning, she seems to me the per- producing a tune to his own satis- fect picture of all our hopes. Here faction at least. They dance, and in the heart of a bush town-a as they dance they sing a wordless town famous for its revolting tune, an ancient innocent tune-a practices and shunned even by its play-tune from the childhood of heathen neighbors-youth and another race. Their bare feet lilt honest joy and simple faith and through the measures, their young serviceable knowledge are build- bodies sway and drift in the cur- ing a home: a home so simple that rent of their song. Delight is in the wildest bush man comes with- their faces and in the freedom of out hesitation to sit sociably on its their tread. However close the doorsteps; a home so gay and rhythm, however perfect the time, cleanly that the dullest bush girl these dancers are free. No single must look upon it with wonder and soul beats through their separate with hope. bodies; no hypnotic rapture welds *** them into one. A moment, two It is a golden afternoon in the moments, three precious moments early rains. Sunlight falters down left before the bell. The bell rings; through bright floods of air, and the dancers fall apart like scatterthe trees on St. Monica's hilltop. ing leaves. Two moments more and Six-o'clock quiet is upon the they are all standing with bowed compound, for chattering crowds heads around their table. As we of girls have already returned up walk back up the hill there breaks the water-path from their evening forth, first from one house, then bath and are now scattered to their from another, a song of blessing: various "houses" for the half hour "Father of gifts and all things good, before supPer. They will be sitting We thank Thee for our daily food; in little groups on the ground or in Giver of life to all that live, the verandas of their houses, sew- 0, bless the lives that Thou dost ing, talking, laughing, after a day give."

full every moment with lessons or work or games. A few busy ones .:- of(': rI'he writt'l"'S only experience of Africa are preparing the food for supper, has been in Southern Nigeria. Many general and laying out plates on the tables statf'm(>nts made above, may not, therefore, be in each dining room. Yet some- true of other parts of the continf'Ilt. Condi- tions in Nigeria are spe~ially favorable to native development, as it is a regi(JIl wIdell will nev{'r attract white cOlonists.-E. M. 'V.

UNTOUCHED AFRICAN TRIRF.-SO~[E LUIMBI P~]OPLE. N E AR THE

SPIRITUAL SELF SUPPORT IN AFRICA BY REV. J. T. TUCKER, D.D., Bela Vista, Angola AUTHOR OF "DRUMS IN THE DARKNESS"

Pripcipal of Currie Institute) DQ'1ldi) Central Schools oJ th e ..ilIissions oj the A'/nc1'i can Boa,nl (uul the United Ohurch oj CWlUtda. in Angola SPREADING sycamores sur- mallets until a certain pliableness round the native head village is secured. which nestles on the hillside The village is partitioned off into from which flows a spring, the sections each having its headman source of a growing river. The esteemed for his leadership and pointed stick fence links tree to wisdom. Every house has its tree, thus encircling the whole vil- group of fetishes to guard the lage within which are the huts of heart, for houses like human bodies men, thatched pens for sheep or need special protection from unpigs or goats and a cattle kraal or seen hosts of evil. To ward off two. Long irregular and sinuous demons holy water for ceremonial paths lead to the "elombe" (chief's washings is guarded in painted quarters) and the stage of civiliza- pots placed on stout sticks by the tion reached by the inhabitants lies side of the house. To the right of revealed to the visitor as he wends the door may be seen a tiny seat of his way thither. Clothing is scant twigs on which the familiar friendand consists of a covering for the ly family spirits rest with refreshloins made either of the skins of ment available in beer poured out animals snared or taken in the on the ground, for the spirits dwell chase or of a coarse loin wrap pro- near the house underground and duced from the bark of trees thrive on beer. Suspended from soaked in water and beaten with the lintel of the door frame is a 815

hoop-like fetish of wood, such a deceased child) is eating the soul shape permitting the ingress and of the sick one and must be apegress of favorable spirits but ef- peased. A goat is named as the fectually preventing the entrance needed sacrifice and the animal is of hostile ones. forthcoming.

What should be the ideal of The inference seems plain. If a Christian work among a commu- non-Christian native can find the nity with such· an environment? wherewithal to meet his supposed For the individual, Christ-like spiritual necessities arising from character alone is adequate. On the fetish beliefs, support of the work collective side nothing less than a of the Gospel is not an impossibilvigorous self-directing church suf- ity. Such material self-support fices. These principles involve two does not exclude the need for forkinds of self-support neither of eign help in the work of evangelizwhich is first in order of time for in~ Africa. The whole Dark Conthey move together like the two tinent.is in flux, and native. life is sides of a door. Material self- being' changed by the advent of support on a higher scale for him- white invaders with such rapidity self and family and spiritual self- that it is difficult for newlysupport in his new soul venture awakened peoples to adjust themand worship must be sought. Can selves to the situation thus thrust these be attained? Is it reasonable upon them. The period of transithat a native, the value of whose tion brought about by external property including house, gardens, forces demands outside guidance fields and animals may not exceed and help. twenty dollars should be expected to support and propagate the new Offerings are relatively large in Word which has come to him? The many native Christian villages. Government head-tax like a sword Buildings of adobe and thatch of Damocles, hangs over his head. which serve as school and chapel -Can he scrape up another penny accommodating from sixty to six for the good of his soul? hundred, are erected by native Christians themselves without help An answer is ready, coming from the central missions. Of through native religious customs. equal importance in the life of the A baby is sick and the magic doc- church is the disposition of the tor is bidden. The divining basket weekly offerings made by the nais produced, the animal skin is tive church itself without veto or placed on the ground and divining direction by the missionary. rattles are handed to three or four helpers sitting among the crowd But material self-support is only which forms a circle with the a part of the task. Spiritual selfwitch doctor, who has donned his support is a deeper and more professional paraphernalia. Pay- searching test. The living forces ment for the ceremony is made on of the Gospel in touch with dying the spot; a chicken perhaps or heathenism, produce perplexing "fingers" of rubber or a ball of problems of conduct. Is the nawax, or if the case be an important tive church spiritually equal to the one a small pig or a goat is test? Decisions imposed by misbrought. The divination reveals sionaries are external to the native that an "okapokopoko" (spirit of mind and hence partake of an arbitrary nature. The native

SPIRITUAL SELF SUPPORT IN AFRICA

Christian must apprehend the counsel. Ngandi is "put to one underlying reason for all decisions side" ; the catechumens class is and make such decisions himself. forbidden him until he shall re- This is a crucial test for the native pent. "Have no fellowship with church. Is the church to be a tot- the unfruitful works of darkness" tering structure propped up by is quoted. Here is a church memmissionary spiritual support, or is ber who secretly secured a fetish; it to be a living native tree which, he is forbidden access to the Lord's though enriched by contributions Table. "Ye cannot drink the cup from outside forces, yet sends its of the Lord and the cup of deroots deep down into the native soil mons," is remembered. Or here is A STOCKADE VILLAGE-RECENTLY OPENED TO CH[{I~'l'IAN ~CHOOI,S (Chief at Right) from which it draws its suste- a case wherein a business deal leads nance? to over-reaching a brother. "De- fraud not" is quoted. Apostolic The church among the Ovim- precepts all and precepts written bundu in Angola, offers a field for as if for the African Church today. observation. Here is a church Such living precepts leap up bemeeting presided over by the na- fore the community of the newly tive pastor with no missionary redeemed for the New Testament present. Representatives are pres- throbs with spiritual vitality and ent from all branch schools. A is life-giving to the church bringconversation on the work of God is ing it into touch with the Living initiated and each several elder Christ without which contact, all reports on his Christian village or else is vain. The Living Christ on the general work of the district. guides His Church. Then come acts of discipline and 4

Mohammed's truth lay in a holy Book, the Holy Spirit sets a new standard Christ's in a sacred life. of sin and righteousness and dis- places unmoral elements in the old So while the world rolls on from tribal life, abolishing also evil change to change, practices which are an integral part of fetish worship. And realms of thought expand, Evangelism, the reaching out The letter stands without expanse or after new communities flows from range, the spiritual urge to share with others the priceless treasure re- Stiff as a dead man's hand; ceived in the Gospel. Herein is expressed the desire to deliver While as the life-blood fills the glow- other souls from the bondage of ing form, The Spirit Christ has shed Flows through the ripening ages fresh and warm More felt than heard or read.

TEACHERS AND PREACHFlRS IN 'rITE GRADUA'l'ING CLASS, 1928, AT DANDI INS~'ll'lI 'l'J'J, UGANDA With the acceptance of Christ as fear, a fear not confined to this life Saviour and Lord "the expulsive only, but one which goes on after power of a new affection" comes death; for spirit-ridden natives into play. The soul is set free and dread a second death in the great with spiritual self-support faith in unknown beyond, a gradual pining God abolishes the fear of demons: away into nothingness, a loss of the Heavenly Father's care becom- existence hateful to contemplate. ing a reality with deliverance from fear as a result. Faith in Christ as For spiritual self-support let a Saviour counteracts faith in prayer be offered asking that the fetish and guidance by divination native church may be "enriched in is supplanted by the sense of the all wisdom and utterance" and that Continual Presence. The new the "eyes of the heart may be en- Christian ethic under the power of lightened." (See also "Drums in the Darkness.")

W AITS*

BY W. J. W. ROOME, F.R.G.S., Kampala, Uganda Agent of the British and Poreign Bible Society tor East Central A fricn, J" Author of "Can Africa Be lVon)'> N EARLY two centuries of equatorial regions of the third en- evangelical missionary ef- tity. fort have made known the North Africa-The southern Gospel of our Lord and Saviour, line of the northern area may be Jesus Christ to multitudes of Af- taken as starting in the east from rica's one hundred and thirty-five the northern frontiers of Eritrea millions. Yet it is probably true and Abyssinia along the boundary that not one in twenty-five has line of the brown and the black ever heard this message in a lan- races, say about Renk on the Nile, guage they could comprehend. 400 miles south of Khartoun, The measure of the response of across to EI Fasher, Abecher, Lake the African, the pagan as distinct Chad, the northern frontier of from the Mohammedan, is greater Nigeria across to Timbuktu and than in any other continent or along the Niger and Senegal among any other races, save per- Rivers.

haps a few of the Pacific Islanders. In this area, Christianity is Judging from the statistics of one faced by Islam and has been ever of the larger societies a few years since the fall of the great North ago, with mission fields in many African Church, before the sword lands, we find that out of the total of Islam in the seventh and eighth expenditure of that mission for one centuries. Many trophies have year, twenty-five per cent was been won from the old Coptic spent on the African field and Church of Egypt and some from seventy-five per cent for the rest the non-Moslem races such as the of the world. In converts over the Kabyles of the Berber Family, but same period, the African field gave the actual living converts from nearly seventy-five per cent, leav- Islam to Christianity do not num- ing only twenty-five per cent for ber probably more than four hun- the rest of the mission fields. This dred between Cairo and Fez.

is a striking testimony to the value In Egypt with a population of of the African evangelization. 13,000,000 and a missionary force The continent of Africa natural- of over 350, the actual figure is ly divides into three sections for only about 150 out of a total evan- the purposes of missionary effort. gelical Christian community of The northern area from Egypt to 17,000. The proportion for Morocco; the southern area from Tripoli, Tunis, Algeria and Moroc- the Cape to the Zambezi and the co is considerably less-only some Cunune Rivers; leaving the great 250.

Much of the most successful • In the following statements, statistics are evangelistic effort in North Africa given in round figures based on the latest es- is amongst the non-indigenous timates available. In spenking of the "Chris- races, such as the various Eurotian Community" only those members who have pean immigrants and the Africans hf'come Christians us the result of missionary effort are given. This doE'S not include members of tht;;' Roman, or Eastern churches.

819

who come from the Southern tribes. ary for every 50,000 of the people, In North Africa the total popu- and the Christian community num- lation, that is for the lands from bers one in each 1,750.

Egy,pt to Senegal and including the In South Africa there is a mis- Northern (Islamic) Sudan and the sionary for every 4,250 and the Sahara, is about 35,000,000. Christian community numbers one The American and European in each twelve of the African peo- missionary force numbers some ples.

600 and the Christian community In Equatorial Africa there is a less than 20,000. missionary for every 25,000 of the In South Africa we find a land African people, and the Christian almost covered with missionary community numbers one in each effort. Overlapping is evident in 70 of the people.

many directions. The clash of de- We therefore find that there are nominationalism is bewildering to in South Africa six times as many the young convert from heathen- missionaries in proportion to pop- ism. In addition to the various ulation as there are in Equatorial societies from America and Europe Africa, and twelve times as many the native C)1ristian community is as in North Africa!

organizing societies and churches In addition to the "Foreign on its own. Ethiopianism adds to Staff" there is a "Native Staff" of the complexity of the situation. 1,250 for North Africa, of 20,000 Notwithstanding t his apparent for Equatorial Africa and no less competition, there are still many than 24,000 for South Africa.

areas with considerable population These figures give the ratio of one almost untouched. Specially is native Christian worker to each this true in Portuguese Territory. 28,000 of the inhabitants of North In the lands south of the Zam- Africa; of one to 4,500 in Equa- bezi and Cllnune Rivers, the native torial Africa, while in South population amounts to nearly ·10,- Africa there is a native Christian 000,000; the missionary force to worker for every 400 of the people.

2,300; and the Christian commu- Thus South Africa has eleven nity to 775,000. times as many native workers in IN EQUATORIAL AFRICA we find proportion to population as Equa- the regions where Christianity has torial Africa, and actually seventy been later in arriving, but also times as many as North Africa.

those areas where it has made Another feature worthy of note some of its most glorious triumphs. is that while in South Africa, the One of the greatest obstacles to the easiest field, men and women mis- onward march has been the lin- sionaries are about equal in num- guistic tangle-the confusion of bers; in Equatorial Africa there Babel. are five women to four men; while In Equatorial Africa, including in North Africa, probably the all the lands between the foregoing hardest mission field in the world, and Madagascar, there is a popula- women outnumber men by more tion of 90,000,000 with a mission- than two to one!

ary force of 3,500 and a Christian How rapid has been the progress community of 1,250,000. of the evangel in Equatorial Af- From these figures we find that rica during the last half century in North Africa there is a mission- may be gathered from a few statis-

AFRICA WAITS

.tics. In 1875, Stanley, after his kay started for Uganda. Eight stay with King Mtesa in Uganda, years later the first band of Bagansent horne an appeal for some mis- da Christians numbered 38. Tosionary. "Here, gentlemen, is your day, in the whole Protectorate of opportunity!" The appeal was Uganda there are 500,000 Chrispublished by the Daily Telegraph tians, Protestant and Catholic. on November 15, 1875, and in The Anglicans have 400 schools, April next year, Alexandar Mac- with 170,000 pupils; 2,870 places NOMR .AILAHTIC OCEAN SOU T H A TLANTI OCEAN Reference IK.DlAN ArM orEst4/Jlls/J8d AflSSlLllts.-.a OCEAN Area tJliJt lI11Qllt /)4 EJ::f/~s::. r::::J Waiting L1n~___ ….._._.?

~nSSIONARY DEVELOPME NT I N AFRICA-F R OM "CA:>I AFRICA BE WON" BY W. J. W. R OOME

of worship and 70 native clergy- on a Sanitary Board, and takes the canons and rural deans among chair at missionary meetings in them. the Wesleyan Church. Then a In October, 1875, the pioneers Wesleyan chapel was built under of the Livingstonia Mission the shadow of the "execution tree".

steamed into Lake Nyasa. When N ow a great college solidly. built the jubilee was celebrated in 1925, of stone, has been erected by the the mission reported a EUropean Wesleyans on land given by the staff of 77, a native staff of 1,120, Ashanti Chiefs, and with money not including 1,551 teachers, a largely contributed by the people.

Christian community of 58,861. The total extent of the Christian There were 772 schools, 43,492 church in Africa, including Mada- primary and middle school pupils, gascar and the outlying islands, at besides 126 college and high school the present time, may be gathered students. One member of the from the following. * original band-Dr. Robert Laws- Missionary force, 6,289. Resident Stahas recently retired after 52 years tions, 1,403. Native Staff, 43,181. (Of of service. Few living men have these 2,021 are ordained and 2,656 are witnessed such changes as he has women.) Organized churches, 10,592. seen in the life of a people. Communicants added during the year, The Nyasaland Mission of the 67,946. Christian Community, 2,629,437. Church of Scotland, started a year Communicants, 1,015,683. Baptised nonlater, now numbers 15,000 baptised Christians, 300 schools with 15,000 communicants, 812,723. Total baptised, pupils. A few years later (1878), the English Baptists commenced 1,830,582. Others under Christian in- struction, 721,421. Sunday-schools, 8,- 892. Sunday-school teachers and pupils, 540,896. Native contributions to church work over £.300,000. Elementary schol- ars, 900,000.

their mission near the mouth of We thus find that the present the Congo. Subsequently, they Christian Church represents 2 per carried that work for nearly 2,000 cent of the total population, and miles along that mighty river and one in thirty of the possible schol- now they report 102 foreign ars is under Christian instruction.

agents; 914 African workers (679 From this we must take courage of them paid by the Native and press forward to the unevan- Church) a Christian community gelized peoples. About 195 mis- of 33,889; 992 elementary and sionary soc i e tie s are active other schools, (including four throughout the continent or a ratio training and eleven industrial in- of one society for each 700,000 of stitutions) with 28,335 pupils. the population. Again to take In 1896 British officers saw the these ratios for our three divisions grove at Kunasi where the remains of Africa we find that North of human sacrifices were flung; Africa has one society for each "the ground here was found cov- 925,000 people, Equatorial Africa, ered with skulls and bones of hun- one society for each 750,000 and dreds of victims". King Prempeh, South Africa a separate society for exiled after the war of 1895-6, re- each 140,000.

turned in 1925 as a private citizen Most societies have recognized and a Christian to the city which spheres that extend far beyond the no longer deserves the epithet power of their present forces to "bloody". He who once presided over human sacrifices now serves '" Ii'"i,gut'ps are from the lVarld J1issio-nary A Hus, ID25.

AFRICA WAITS

adequately reach. When we seek Given a sufficiently wide vision to find the areas in Africa still be- and generous consideration of comyond the bounds of prospective parative needs, the present mismissionary effort, we find they are sionary force in Africa could excomparatively few compared with tend its frontier enormously. the whole continent and of limited extent. In using the word "plethora" one cannot but think of the many Africa's Future small organizations that are crowd·· ing into fields already planned for, Africa is being rapidly mapped if not at the moment actually occuout for future evangelization, and pied, while vast areas remain unprobably all the unreached areas thought of and uncared for. could be incorporated within the spheres of existing missionary so- In order to clear our vision and cieties. so enable us to see something of the comparative needs of the dif- Africa is suffering, one uses the ferent countries of Africa, let us word advisedly, from a plethora of look at a table of figures for the missionary societies. With all the mission fields of Uganda, Nyasaurgent need for re-inforcements, land, the Congo and Madagascar it is not new societies, but the and compare them in ratio with strengthening of existing agencies Africa as a whole for the year that is needed. Also we need a 1925, the last year for which commore equitable distribution of the plete figures are available. societies. In Nyasaland for 1,120,- 000 inhabitants there are nine so- We also give a table for ratio to cieties. In Northern Rhodesia population. To find a proportional there are thirteen societies for basis for estimating the compar- 900,000 people, while in Uganda, ative advance of missionary work excluding the small area of the in each area we need to take a ratio West Nile in association with the to population. In the attached Africa Inland Mission in the Con- schedule Table C, we can see this go, there is only one society, The comparison at a glance. To illus- Church Missionary Society, for trate this, take the items giving the 2,275,000 people. That society, "parish" of each missionary; in however, has already reached about ten to twelve per cent of the total Nyasa this would be 3,800; in population. In Ruanda and Ur- Madagascar, 12,000; in the Congo, undi, under Belgian Mandate, 18,000 and in Uganda 27,000. We there is a total population of some see also that Nyasa has seven times 4,500,000 and only three small so- as many missionaries in proporcieties with lot combined missionary tion to population as Uganda has. force of fifteen! From these tables we find the There are tribes numbering less following results for Uganda. Tothan 50,000 to which the whole ef- tal population, 23 per 1,000 for the fort of a society is devoted, while whole of Africa, missionaries 17, away in West Africa, on the stra- resident stations 13, Christian tegic line of the Moslem Menace, community 55, communicants 46 there is a tribe-the Mosse-num- (during the year 230), churches bering 1,550,000 to whom the first 21, Sunday-Schools 0, pupils 0, out- Christian missionary has only re- stations 132, native staff 111, orcently gone. dained natives 34, unordained 118,

TABLE A Missionary Statistics for Total of Africa, and for Uganda, Nwyiatshalsaonmd~ and Congo. Figures based on World Miss ionary Atlas 1925 revision for the several countries. '

Population …………….. . Africa Uganda Nyasaland Congo Missionaries (total staff') … . Stations ………………. . 135,000,000 3,000,000 1,120,000 12,000,000 Christian Community ……. . 6,289 112 295 653 Communicants …………. . 1,403 19 40 121 Communicants Added During 2,629,437 145,617 107,388 100,000 year ……………… . 1,015,683 46,963 55,000 58,639 Churches ……………… . 67,946 15,616 7,000 9,259 Sunday-Schools ………… . 10,952 232 85 326 .988 Pupils in Sunday-Schools … . 8,982 o 105 Outstations other than Churches 540,896 o 15,575 59,802 Native Staff' …………… . 2,744 Native Ordained Men ……. . 18,232 2,414 2,000 4,528 Native Unordained Men ….. . 43,181 4,825 1,750 5 Native Women …………. . 4,300 Schools ……………….. . 2,021 70 21 223 Total under instruction ….. . 38,126 '4,505 1,723 2,540 2,656 16,938 250 6 74,632 926,793 2,639 1,904 137,000 100,000 TABLE B Showing Ratio per Thousand of the African Totals Population ………… . Africa Uganda Nyasaland Congo ltladagascar Missionaries (total staff) Stations …………… . 1,~00 23 8 90 26 Christian Community … . 17 47 104 47 Communicants ……… . 13 29 53 Communicants During Year 55 41 85 136 46 54 38 143 Churches ………….. . 230 102 57 86 Sunday-Schools ……… . 136 Pupils in Sunday-Schools . 21o 8 28 240 Outstations …………. . o 12 110 270 28 110 135 Native Staff' ………. .. 132 109 150 16 Ordained Men ………. . 111 42 125 Unordained Men ……. . 10 105 351 Women ……………. . 34 45 Schools ……………. . 118 2 2 114 Total under Instruction 113 28 94 108 113 21 156 84 31 148 150 80 TABLE C Showing Ratio to Population for the Respective Countries.

Uganda Nyasaland Congo Madagascar Missionaries ………………… . 27,000 3,800 18,370 12,000 Stations ……………………. . 158,000 28,000 100,000 48,000 Christian Community …………. . Communicants ………………. . 21 10 120 10 Communicants Received During Year 64 25 Churches ……………… . 190 20 205 600 Sunday-Schools .. 12,900 1,400 Pupils ……………… . 160 1.300 1,500 Outstations …………. . o o 13,175 37,000 48 Native Staff ………… . 10,666 1,200 12,500 Native Ordained Men …….. . 1,243 Native Unordained Men …… . 621 70 200 660 Native Women …………… . 5,000 ~chools …………………. . 43,000 560 4,400 665 826 Total under Instruction ……….. . 633 2,650 47.000 12,000 10,000 1,137 53,300 2,400.000 22 120 650 2,790 186,000 53,000 588 4,700 11 160

AFRICA WAITS

women 94, schools 156, total under against a 1,000 for Africa as a instruction 148. whole, so that actually more than For Nyasaland we have the fol- one third of the total churches of lowing ratio per thousand of the Africa are to be found in the Island African totals. With 8 per 1,000 of Madagascar.

of the population for Africa, there From the tables we also see that are 47 missionaries, 29 stations, 41 with reference to native staff there Christian communities, 54 com- is a remarkably similar proportion municants, 102 baptized during in Uganda, Nyasa and Madagascar the year, 8 churches, 12 schools, 25 of one native worker to 620, 633, pupils, 109 out-stations, 42 native and 660 of the people, with the staff, 10 ordained men, 45 unor- Congo rising to 2,750. In the pro- dained, 2 women, 113 schools and vision of churches, we find Mada- 108 per 1,000 under instruction. gascar has one for each 1,400 of the In the Congo we find that with total population and in Uganda one ninety per 1,000 of the African for 12,900, Nyasa 13,175, and the population there are 104 per 1,000 Congo one for each 37,000. In Sun- of the missionaries and eighty-five day-Schools, Madagascar has a of the mission stations, 150 out- pupil for each 48 of the people, stations and 150 of the schools, while Uganda has none officially with eighty per thousand under in- recognized as such. Here we see struction. the effect of administrative policy.

The figures for Madagascar are In Uganda all the week-day in- twenty-six per 1,000 of the total struction is based on religious population of Africa, 47 mission- teaching. In Madagascar that is aries, 53 stations, 136 Christian prohibited, hence the necessity for communities, 86 members received the Sunday-School.

during the year, 240 churches, 270 If it is impossible for existing Sunday-Schools, 135 pupils in Sun- organizations to reach the outlying day-Schools, 16 out-stations, 125 areas in a reasonable time, others native staff, 351 ordained natives, of course who can do so, should 114 unordained, 28 women, 21 hasten forward for their evangel- schools, with 31 per 1,000 under in- ization. struction. In comparing these three coun- Unreached Peoples tries, we find the following inter- We now give the main locations esting items: Uganda has 148 of the unreached peoples of Africa scholars out of every 1,000 in in a brief summary. Naturally Africa, or one seventh of the whole the boundaries of such areas cannumber for the entire continent, not be clearly defined as some diswhile Nyasaland has 108 per 1,000. tricts may already be under in- In Sunday-Schools, Madagascar, vestigation by missionary societies.

has no less than 270 to the 1,000 for In North Africa we find that Africa and 240 churches, so that present missionary effort scarcely practically a quarter of the whole reaches beyond a hundred miles number of churches in Africa are from the coast, except in a few to be found in Madagascar, and isolated instances. This leaves a when we consider the ordained na- solid block of 1,000 miles east and tive staff, we have the remarkable west, from the Gulf of Gables in figure of 351 for Madagascar Tunis to Cape Ghir in Morocco and

about 250 miles north and south. Kondoa Irangi. In the southeast Tripoli also is practically an un- there is a large area centering reached land. In Egypt, the cita- around Mahenge, and on to Songea. In the west, the area west of longdel of Islam, there are some 500 itude 32 East to the shores of Lake towns with a population .of over Tanganyika is quite unreached by 5,000 that have never yet had a Protestant, but Roman missions resident evangelist, either white or are in force. brown. In the Northern Sudan and the Sahara are over 3,000,000 In Belgian Congo there are four of the most fanatical Moslems that waiting areas. The eastern area constitute a challenge to the Chris- from the present work of the Baptian Church. tist Missionary Society in Maganga to the boundary of the Uganda Di- In Eritrea the northern area is ocese and south to the missions in largely unevangelized. the Kivu, Lowa area. The central area embraces 20 to 24 east long- In Abys~inia we find a largely itude, and 1 to 4 south latitude unreached land with ten million to centering around Lisolka. Also eleven million. Existing missions the small area south of the river are stretching out from the capital Ubangi and east of 26 east longimainly to .the southwest, leaving tude and south to the sphere of the most of the northern, northwest- Baptist Missionary Society; from ern and southeastern sections the Lualaba River to Lake Tanquite without a gospel messenger. ganyika and south of the Albert- ville Kabalo Railway on to the Somaliland. The three Soma- sphere of the Garanganze Mission. lilands, French, Italian and British are quite unreached except for the In French Chari-Chad Territory, Swedish Mission in the Kismaya east of the main trade route from District in the extreme south. Fort Possel on the River Ubangi on to Fort Archambault and along Kenya. The northern section the River Shari, there is a limited from the Tana River and Lake population waiting. Rudolf to the Abyssinian frontier is still waiting. In this area are In Kamerun, all the area east of many virile tribes, partly nomadic, 12 east longitude, except prospec- tive spheres of Swedish Mission, and inhabiting a difficult country. and the Christian and Missionary The Government of Kenya has re- Alliance to the south. cently issued a call to the missionary societies to go in and occupy Nigeria North. The Northern Frontier from Lake Chad to the Marsabit District. Sokoto, if permission can be ob- Uganda. All the area is pros- tained for work amongst Moslems. The four Northern Provinces, alpectively planned for, but so far no most entirely Islamic, are Bornu, one has been able to reach the wild, with 760,000 people, Kano with semi-nomadic tribes in the north- 3,440,000, Sokoto with 1,695,000 east corner of the country. The and Kontagora with 187,000. For area between Mount Elgon and this solid block of over 6,000,000 Lake Rudolf and on to the north there are only a dozen missionaries along the western frOntier of in a few isolated spots. Abyssinia. Gold Coast. The Northern Ter- In Tanganyika there are three large waiting sections. The northern from the Masai Steppe down to Gogol and centering around

AFRICA WAITS

ritories of the Gold Coast and Islam or Rome. Within the spheres Togoland, including the bend of the of the existing missionary societies River Niger. there are probably over 50,000,000 to whom the Gospel story has never Dahomey. Almost un reached. yet been given in a language in- Ivory Coast. Almost unreached. telligently understood by the peo- Guinea Coasts-French and Portugese. Almost unreached. APOLO AND HIS PIG)IY ~'RIENDS Liberia. Missionary effort only penetrates a short distance from pie. Within these still waiting the coast. The great hinterland is areas there may be 30,000,000 peoa waiting area. ple absolutely beyond the reach of Senegal and the Niger Territory prospective missionary effort. If and on to Mauritania are mostly America, and Protestant Europe waiting lands. with England, will awake to their Sierra Leone. There are still needs, the Story of the Cross may waiting lands on the northeastern yet reach them in this generation. frontier. Rio de Oro is quite unreached. In the meanwhile it is all too Angolo.The northeast and sadly true-AFRIcA WAITS! southern regions still wait. Portuguese East Africa. The Mozambique and Tete areas, except for the few openings on the west from Nyasaland, are largely unreached. Nyasaland and Rhodesia are both practically occupied, though there are still some isolated areas in the latter.

Madagascar. The territory in the north between Mandritsara and Diego-Suarez. Both of these stations are occupied, but the central lands between, still wait; also the west central area around Milaya District is still waiting.

Comoro Islands. A small but important community. on four small islands quite cut off from evangelistic effort.

In some of the foregoing areas, Protestant Missions are now prospecting. In others it may be found that the way is blocked by Here is the experience of an old African woman: "I am an old, old woman, too old to learn anything, but I know I am a sinful woman before God. and that Jesus died to save me from my sins. I believe this." This woman walked from her town six miles away on four different days so as to be sure to be present when candidates for baptism were examined – forty-eight miles on her poor old feet.

TEACHING WAITING AFRICANS THE GOSPEl.

fOR WORK!

HOW TO STUDY AFRICA mance and adventure, of exploration and discovery; learn the names of the By REV. THOMAS S. DONOHUGH, N. Y. noble men and women who have given themselves to the solution of the prob- Roa.rd 01 Fareign i}Iission8 oj the j[ethodi.'ft lems of the great Dark Continent.

Rpiscopal, Chu~'ch Lest you be overwhelmed, start very simply-you may prefer to take the One would go far to find a subject new mission study books with the of more fascinating variety. Consider collateral reading, and form a group the immense size of Africa, its stra- to study Africa. There is no better tegic location, its sweep from the way to begin, with authors, texts, Mediterranean clear across the equa- maps and helps carefully selected on tor to the South Temperate Zone. Or broad lines for those who are interthink of its vast wealth in raw mate- ested in Africa from the Christian or rial, the range of its beauty, the diver- missionary point of view. But you sity and interest of its amazing animal may want to go deeper and do somelife, the unsolved mysteries, absorbing thing individual. We have seen nothproblems, and pathos of its primitive ing better as an introduction than peoples, the challenge of its racial "The Partition & Colonization of antagonisms, its devastating and Africa," a series of talks to teachers, grievous diseases. Africa, also fur- by Sir Charles Lucas, published by the nishes what many believe is the sever- Clarendon Press, Oxford. It would be est test of the values of the religions difficult to improve upon this clear, and civilizations which have converged succinct presentation of the major upon it, and perhaps the final test of facts about Africa. the power and universality of Christianity. A ml..n or woman must study Africa to be well informed upon some of the greatest questions which en- Along with it read "The Opening gage the attention of thinking people Up of Africa," by another great autoday. thority, Sir Harry H. Johnston, one How shall one approach a subject of the Home University Library so comprehensive, so complicated'! It series, published by Henry Holt & seems presumptuous to suggest solu- Company. In the same series, "The tions, but those who have done a little Negro," by DuBois, the well-known exploring in the wilderness may report editor of The Crisis, will be of special some promising trails which may be interest because written by a man of of help to the new adventurer. African descent, and one of the ablest By all means start with a good map writers of the day.

such as that in the "World Atlas of If these three little books do not Christian Missions," and keep it be- "open up Africa" and make you eager fore you as you read. Locate the places referred to until Africa is as to go on, you are quite hopeless and familiar as the United States or Eu- might as well stop I Let me warn rope and you no longer confuse Cala- you-you are starting on a long, long bar and Malabar, Guinea, New trail which grows in fascination as Guinea and Guiana! Then look over you get deeper and deeper into the the books in some good library and mystery, the struggle, the challenge see the wealth of literature, of ro- of this great land and its abused, de- pendent, lovable, capable, people.

829

Now a maze of paths confront us. made by the Educational Commission Which shall we take? of the Phelps-Stokes Fund, led by Dr. Thomas Jesse Jones, whose reports Those who wish to investigate the on "Education in Africa" and "Edurelation and responsibility of Chris· cation in East Africa" present contianity to Africa, will appreciate ditions and suggest solutions which Donald Fraser's "Future of Africa," are commanding the closest attention (a mission study book published in of Government and mission boards. London in 1911) and Miss Mac· The publication of these reports has Kenzie's charming studies, "An Af· led to a series of conferences on rican Trail" and "African Adven- Africa culminating in the one held at turers." It is no wonder that Dr. LeZoute, Belgium, in 1926, under the Fraser and Miss MacKenzie have been auspices of the International Missionchosen to write the new mission study ary Council. The report of this conbooks for the current year. ference is of unusual value. These will open up new fields. We Lest we become involved in too deep must consider Africa's relation to the a study, try a new approach. One of Great War, the big unsolved questions the most fascinating ways to 'know which emerge as a result and which Africa is through missionary biwe ought to know as citizens of the ography. "The Personal Life of David world and of the Kingdom of God. Livingstone," by Blaikie has been the lighted pathway for many a life right Nowhere is the race problem so into the heart of Africa. Others have acute as in South and East Africa. entered with "The Mofi'ats," with Read Prof. Willoughby's "Race Prob- "Stewart of Lovedale," "Coillard of lems in the New Africa," and Dr. Leys the Zambezi," "Grenfell of the Congo," "Kenya" as illustrations. "Africa, with "Mary Slessor of Calabar," Slave or Free" by Harris, shows how "Mackay of Uganda," and "Pilkingslavery has been succeeded by forced ton," "Laws of Livingstonia," or labor, and the two great volumes by "Mackenzie of South Africa." Why Buell (just issued) reveal how Africa have so many of the great, thrilling looks to a representative of the De- missionary biographies come out of partment of Government at Harvard Africa? That is worth studying. University. Of course you will want to know From the missionary point of view more about Prince Henry and a most notable contribution has been da Gama, who first adventured along the coast, Mungo Park, Bruce, Barth, and Stanley and many others who braved the hardships of the unknown interior. Then came Cecil Rhodes in the South, and Gordon, Kitchen and Cromer in the North, and other giants whose names spell the growth of Em- pire in Africa, as well as 'those of Johnston, Lugard, Guggisburg, Lyau- try, and other great men who have served nobly to bring peace, order and justice in the trusteeship of African dominion.

This is all romantic, and also real study. If you want some delightful entertainment on the side try "Prester John" by John Buchan, and see what that does to you. If you too want to be deceived, like the gifted authoress,

METHODS FOR WORKERS

borrow "Trader Horn" but for the through great works like Junod's real thing read Naussau's "Fetichism "Life of a South African Tribe," in West Africa" and see the differ- Roscoe's "Baganda" or Smith's "Ila ence. Speaking Peoples." A tlemendous literature opens up, much of it the Of course you know "Beau Geste," -work of missionaries and colonial ad- and other stories by Wren, marvelous ministrators who have spent their pictures of the French Foreign Legion lives among the people of whom they write so absorbingly. Among the AFRICA most fascinating are the studies in West Africa by Mary H. Kingsley, and AREA,IZ,OOO.OOO SQ H. the works of Ellis and Kidd; the re- cent "Golden Stool" by E. W. Smith, and the Desert, another realm of this and "Liberia, Old and New" by Sibley wonderful Africa. Wallace's "Man and Westermann. Wherever you wish from Morocco" and Mason's "The to wander you will find these illumi- Winding Stair" are other thrillers. nating studies essential to an under- Of course there is also all of Egypt standing of the people of Africa, their and Tutankhamen, the explorations past, their present and their future. around Carthage, and the mystery of Zimbabwe farther south, Kano and There is very much more that one Timbuctoo on the West, and on and on must leave to the encyclopedia or into the sunset and dreamland, as government reports to which we refer Africa grows and grows. these who want figures. Still we are on the outside looking in. Who are these marvelous people anyway! Johnston and DuBois have No books, no pictures even as fine opened the way into this greatest as "Simba" or the records of modern theme of African study, the very heart explorers, can satisfy those who want of the continent. to study deeply into Africa. You must listen to the soft voices and the Begin at the bottom if you wish, with the pygmies, and come up with AFRICA the Bushmen and the Hottentots until you meet the Bantus who chased them mJ=l~W into the woods and nearly into obliv- ~ ion. You will learn that the Bantu is not a tribe, but a great language throb of the drums from across the group, using some 300 allied tongues. seas and crown your study with a real You are meeting some of the strongest African tour or many of them, or best races on earth when you are intro- of all enlist in the noble company of duced to big chiefs like Chaka, Loben- those who have given themselves for gula, and Khama. There is no better the Master's sake that Africa might way to study the people of Africa than be redeemed.

ABOUT AFRICA'

North Africa (including Egypt), has forty million people, mostly Mo- hammedans. South Africa has ten million people, many of them nom- inally at least, Christian. Between them is the great mass of ninety million blacks of pagan Africa.

Africa, has an area of 11,500,000 square miles, one-fourth the ter- ritory of the globe, almost four times the area of the United States.

Africa has three times the area of China, one-third her population, and a far greater wealth of raw material.

The coast line of Africa is equal to the earth's circumference.

Liberia, a Negro Republic, with 2,000,000 people, is three times the size of Holland.

Portuguese East Africa is eight times the size of Portugal; the French Congo is three times the size of France; the Belgian Congo is seventy-nine times the size of Belgium and has twice the population; British East Africa is five times the size of England.

Cairo, Africa's greatest city, has a population of 791,000 and contains 430 Mohammedan mosques.

Half the gold in the world is thought to lie buried in Africa.

The annual output of the Kimberley diamond mines is about $25,000,- 000, ninety per cent of the world's output of diamonds.

The copper fields of Africa are greater than those of North America and Europe combined and its iron ore exceeds that of North America.

Africa has 800,000 square miles of coal fields hardly touched as yet.

In 1882 the export of cocoa from the Gold Coast was valued at $20; today it is valued at $15,000,000.

Before the Moslem invasion, North Africa had 40.000 Christian churches but in 696 A.D., Moslem Arabs overran the country.

The Berbers, who comprise 75 per cent of the people of North Africa, still have in their folklore stories of the cross and the Christ of their an- cestors. They are therefore more easily reached than other Moslems.

In Egypt, only three women on an average, out of 1,000 can read or write. The deaths of infants under one year of age in Egypt are 31 per cent of the total native deaths. One person in every ninety in Egypt is totally blind.

Ignorance, superstition, poverty, neglect, are the inheritance of the pagan African. .

Hundreds of thousands of natives are 100 to 200 miles from the nearest trained physician. The "witch doctor" is both physician and priest to the African.

Every Mohammedan trader from the north is a potential missionary for his religion among the Central Africa blacks.

The white man is in Africa seeking gold, diamonds, ivory, rubber, cotton, hides, oils, copper, tin, wool.

Rum and commercialized prostitution are the two blights that the white man has brought to Africa; the latter is far more dangerous than native polygamy.

… Interesting information on the country and significant facts of foreign mission progress. Revised from a leaflet prepared by the Methodist Episcopal Church, Committee on Const'rvation and Advance, Chicago, Ill.

832

main railroad lines penetrate the heart of Africa: the Cape-to-

Cairo, one from the Indian Ocean on the east, one from the Atlantic by the Congo River route. Three great missionary problems claim the attention and resources of Christianity in Africa. (1) There is the vast Mohammedan population in the north, extremely difficult to reach with the message of Christ. (2) In Central Africa is the vast Negro population, with 800 languages and in thousands of tribes and hundreds of thousands of villages. They live in ignorance, superstition and poverty. (3) In the great mining regions of South Africa the Negroes come into closest contact with the worst representatives of so-called European and Christian civilization, and many become physical and moral wrecks. The solution of these problems is to be found in the acceptance of Christ and the application of his principles in the every-day life.

Despite the years of work and noble sacrifice of lives, less than 2 per cent of the vast millions in Africa are members of evangelical churches.

GROWTH OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN AFRICA-1914 TO 1924 Total ~o(·i{-'th·s at work, . . . 122 150 Native Stall' …….. 2{.599 4a.1~1 54 Organized Churches .. Auwric'ull Hocirtie8 …. 37 6.5H6 10,512 British " …. 3f) 3U African C'OIlUllUllicllllts 645,U5S 1,015,6"';3 Oth,-r …. 411 51 Christian COll1mullIt:v . 1.73k.201 2,62U,437 In :[ission SchooI8·.. 6S0,755 1)26.793 6,2,'-9 Pl'otet5tallt )lissionnrit·s 4,629 Medical Treatment8 .. 224),427 1.800,31)1 t'HE FRUIT OF THIRTY YEARS IN ONE MISSION In UW6, Ellsworth Faris and Dr. Harry N. Biddle w{'l'r uvpointed Inissiollarirs to Afrieu, the tirst workers selected by tht:' Disciples of Christ to take the gOt'lH'I to the Durk COlltinent. rrhe "thirty years between" show the followiJ~g frultnge: 1896 1926 Two missionaries appointed. A tropical jungle. Fifty missionaries at work. Five stations developed. Unknown territory. 461 outstations. Countless hostile neighbors. 844 preaching points. 774 native workers. A million cannibals. 2,834 baptisms last year. Children trained in evil. 14,829 Christians. 32 organized churches. Slaves of fear through ignorance. 282 Sunday-Schools. 370 Christian Endeavor Societies. Ravages of disease unimpeded. 448 day schools. 7,128 pupils. Tribute of terror to witch doctors. 4 hospitals. 73,723 treatments last year. Language never reduced to writing. $10,860 contributed last year for missionary work. 30,920 books and pamphlets printed and bound on native press in fifteen months.

833

OF THE

PRAY FOR AFRICA That those in territory still unoccupied for Christ may soon hear the Gospel and may have a mission established in their midst; That the missionaries and the native Christian workers may be faith- ful in prayer and in their Christian testimony by life and by lips; That a supernatural power of God may be given to all missionaries to penetrate beyond the barriers of race and that they may learn to think with their people, to know their spiritual needs and how to minister to them; That the loving sympathy of Christ Himself may be given to each worker in meeting the problems of superstition and ignorance which bind the soul of the animist and paralyze reason and will; and for power of the Holy Spirit to break those shackles, freeing the African for a life of service to Christ; That in all departments of missionary service, church, school, medical, and industrial, the spiritual needs of the people may always be kept in the foreground; That there may be more dependence upon divine ordination and power and less upon human organization and idealism; That the Christian spiritual forces may progress with such power that Africa may be Christian rather than Mohammedan; That the translation of the whole Bible may be continued and that funds may be supplied so that it will speedily be finished and given to the people; That more adequately prepared men and women who have "an eye single to His glory" may hear the call of God to give themselves for service in Africa to help meet the need for teachers to slake the spiritual thirst of the multitudes who are dying and who need more knowledge of God as He is revealed in Jesus Christ.

"PRAY YE THE LORD."

AFRICA AND THE KINGDOM tion of how all these materialistic OF GOD and human problems relate to God's M ULTITUDES of men and purpose and plan for man in the world. women are devoting time and They recognize the threefold relation thought to the study of ma- of man to God, to his fellow men and terial things—-ehemistry, aeronautics, to the material world in which he electricity, minerology and agricul- lives. Those who devote their efforts ture. Others are making a specialty to the promotion of Christian missions of geographical, social and economic have the broadest outlook and the most problems-exploration, hygiene, poli- vital interest in all important problems tics, finance, education· and industry; and elements of progress. They are some are giving attention to the ques- interested in exploration as a means 834

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

of discovering new fields where Christ "On the Edge of Native Mentality," by should be made known; in science as Rev. Herbert Smith, Disciples of Christ, a study of God's world and the ma- Congo Mission. terial forces and laws that may benefit mankind; in politics as the science "African Youth Today and Tomorof government and the relation of row," by Rev. Max Yergan, of the Y. men to their fellows; in hygiene and M. C. A., South Africa. education to discover the way in which men, women and children may "Secrets of Success in Central Africa," be brought nearer to God's ideal and by Rev. Charles E. Pugh, of the English may be made more useful. Baptist Mission, Equatorial Africa.

This year we study Africa in its "Is the Modern African Woman an relation to God and God's plan for Asset or Liability?" by Mrs. John M. man. It is a field of vast importance Springer of the Methodist Episcopal and unique interest because of Mission, Central Africa.

1. Its vast territory populated by "Some Characteristics of African Edumillions of ignorant, Buffering people, cation," by Seymour E. Moon of the still untouched by the light and life Congo Evangelical Training Institute, of Christ. Congo BeIge.

2. Its new unclaimed fields that call "Studying Africa with Juniors," by for exploration in God's world, and Mrs. A. W. Rider. the study of humanity and religion. The literature published on Africa, 3. Its rich resources that may be as noted in our Book Department, is claimed for God and His service- unusually rich and offers a feast for the agricultural and mineral wealth, any who are interested in God's world and above all, the human lives that and the progress of His Kingdom may be, and are being, transformed among men. by the power of Jesus Christ. "GOD SAVE THE HEATHEN!" 4. The future possibilities that lie in Africa and the transformed "God save the heathen!" so they pray Africans as servants of God and of On bended knees in many a shrine, humanity. And cast their eyes beyond the seas This number of the REVIEW is de- To peoples they would claim for voted almost wholly to Africa, viewed Thine. from this angle. Men and women who have devoted their lives to God and the "God save the heathen!" echo we, Africans describe the field, the people In all the realms of Christendom and the work as they have seen them. Other papers of equal interest and As well as India or Cathay. value could not be included for lack "In every heart, Thy Kingdom come. of space but will appear later. Among them are "Where human life is less than gold, Where truth is sacrificed to gain, "Fifty-three Years in Africa-A Contrast," by Rev. Robert Laws, M.D., one Where lust would still corrupt the pure, of the founders of the Livingstonia Mis- Where hearts are hardened against sion of the United Free Church of Scot- pain, land. "Where war goes on its crimson way, "Christian Training in South Africa," Where might is right and knows no by Rev. A. J. Haile, of Tiger Kloof Na- Godtive Institution, Cape Province. In Christendom or in Cathay- "Native Leadership for Africa," by Save them, 0 Lord, at home, abroad. Rev. John E. Geil of the American Baptist Mission, Congo BeIge. "Nor dare we pray for them alone; In our own lives, purge thou and "After Slavery in Africa-What?" by clean, Theodore Burtt, Friends' Industrial Mis- 3ion, Zanzibar. Till in us without stain or dross The Christ of Nazareth may be seen."

Lord, save the heathen in my heart The will that will not follow Thine'

All selfish pride, unworthy though~ Do Thou, through me, in glory .~ine.

-BY WYNN C. FAIRFIELD, Oberlin-Shansi lI!emorial ~cademy, Tatku, Ska'l!.8t, China.

PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC MISSIONARY WORK IN AFRICA Fl."om RAYMOND LESLIE BUELL'S "NATIVE PROBLEMS IN AFRICA"

States and l'ossessions- European Missionaries Baptized Natives I. Independent States: Protestant Catholic Protestant Catholic Egypt …………. , …….. . 354 1,642 16,883 173,751 Ethiopia ………. , …….. " 34 128 211 8,896 Liberia ………………… . 108 13 18,654 2,282 II. French Possessions: Algeria and Tunis …… " … . 135 297 245 321,117 Morocco ………………… . 66 467 116,000 French West Africa: Senegal ………….. '… . 2 121 35 22,380 Sudan and Upper Volta .. 14 77 5,856 French Guinea ………. . 26 47 596 6,136 Ivory Coast …………. . 6 44 } 13,081 { 13,183 Dahomey …………… . 62 17,226 French Equatorial Africa …. . 104 210 3,084 46,909 French Somaliland ……….. . 11 387 Cameroons (French) …….. . 110 30 86,310 75,490 Togo (French) ………….. . 299 44 267,907 40,096 Madagascar …………….. . 581 336,219 III. British Possessions: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ……. . 80 152 244 9,973 Basutoland ……………… . 60 142 96,855 38,894 Gambia ………………… . 3 1,582 Sierra Leone ………. '…. " , 108 37 35,139 6,150 Gold Coast., … , …… , ….. , 81 35 134,583 36,342 Nigeria and British Cameroo:ls 464 142 165,998 68,958 Bechuanaland Protectorate .. ,. 12 16,290 Southern Rhodesia ……….. . 202 241 15,641 24,399 Northern Rhodesia ……….. . 194 45 14,518 31,501 Nyasaland Protectorate .. . 245 82 65,917 23,800 Kenya Colony ………. ' 252 135 19,717 10,000 Uganda ……………. . 112 389 131,209 296,451 South West Africa …… . 105 112 52,282 7,722 Tanganyika Territory … , 176 295 30,544 91,716 IV. Belgian Possessions: Belgian Congo ……… . 900 1,013 59,486 376,980 V. Portuguese Possessions: Portuguese East Africa … , 109 58 24,044 40,000 Angola (with Cabinda) , … , … 186 308 3,906 215,467 VI. Italian Possessions: 173 19,500 Libya ……………. " .. , .. . 2 Eritrea …… , …….. ' …… . 39 237 2,679 32,800 Italian Somaliland . , ……. , .. , 11 9 210 630 VII. Spanish possessions: 108 15,500 Rio Muni and Fernando Po….. 15 2,390 The figures in regard to European missionaries may be taken as approximately correct at the time when they were compiled. It seems that the figures for baptized Christians is much less accurate. In addition to baptized Christians both Catholic and Protestant missions have a large number of natives as "catechumens" who are under some form of religious instruction. For the Protestants this figure reaches 721,421 in Africa, and for the Catholic 1,350,782. The Protestant and Catholic work on the continent of Africa may be sum- marized as follows: EU1'opeon Baptized Others Total Missionaries Native Under Native Christians Instruction Christians Roman Catholic …………. . 8,5812 4,015,332 1,350.782 5,366,114 Protestant …………… , .. 6,590" 1,830,582 721,421 2,552,003 Total Missionaries ……. . 15,171 Total Native Christians 7,918,117 lApparpntly lTIPmbers of the Ab;o'ssinian 3This includes 1,999 ordained men. 1,993 Chlll'ch are excludpd. wives, 2.348 others.

'This include~ 2.501 priests. 543 lay brothers, f'i,537 sisters.

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION

EDITED BY ELLA D. MACLAURIN, 419 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK IS YOUR NAME WRITTEN THEREl 11 ISSIONARY women! Doubtless when the roll is called up yonder you'll be there! But when the poll is counted in November-will you be there? It is your privilege to help effectuate the prayer "Thy will be done on earth"-if your name is written in your voting precinct. In many states voters must register early in August. Have you registered?

The charge is justly made that one half of the women voters of the United States do not discharge their civic responsibilities at the polls.

They do not "keep out of politics" by refraining from the use of the franchise. On the contrary, they help elect bad men and enact unright- eous measures by withholding votes and influence.

A recent letter from Europe asks what the Christian women of America are doing about the coming elections? The eyes of the world are on us.

There are, approximately, 20,000,000 Protestant church women in the United States. They are a force to be reckoned with. In their various corporate capacities, as mission boards, club members and fed- erations they have passed ringing resolutions on law enforcement and world peace. But law breakers and war makers do not abdicate merely at the ring of resolutions. The Kingdom doesn't come because we piously say, "Lord, Lord," but because, in addition, we do the things He com- mands. Now comes the test of our sincerity. .

The issues are clear cut. They have become international and affect our missionary work at home and abroad. The society opposed to J!ro- hibition defiantly announces that it is backed by organizations represent- ing $40,000,000,000. They are not all in the United States. The forces of evil are leagued together. Shall we supinely sit and watch the im- pending struggle?

We are not presuming to suggest candidates. There is not much chance for error. Choose ye, but register this day!

EVELYN RILEY NICHOLSON, Detroit, Michigan.

A CHINESE GIRL'S MESSAGE TO There was one little girl and after a short time another child, a girl, was AMERICA born. In those days girls were not loved quite so much as boys and the By MISS MARY CARLETON idea about girls was very different from what it is now after Christianity An address delivered at the Annual Meet- has been in China a longer time. The ing of the Federation of Woman's father said that they would give the Boards of Foreign Missions, girl baby away. Mothers' hearts are Atlantic City, JanuarY,1928 the same the world over, and so this young Christian mother was very sad A number of years ago in Foochow because she did not want to give her there was a young Chinese married little girl to anyone. The missionary couple. The young woman, an earnest doctor in charge of the hospital noticed Christian, was taking a doctor's de- that the mother was very sad and gree in a mission hospital; the young man was serving in a hospital for the business people in the port.

837

asked why it was. When she knew next morning startled by a terrific what was the trouble, the missionary wind storm. He called his companion doctor said, "I am sure there must be and said, "Wake up, I am sure the some people in America who would be world is coming to an end." "Oh, no," willing to help you keep your little girl said his friend, "that is just dawn on in your home." the Pyrenees." That is the way it seems to me about China; all these Not long after that this doctor be- things that are sweeping through came seriously ill and had to leave for China today are the forerunners of America, and a new doctor came to the wonderful day that is coming to take charge of the hospital. She had China. Many people reading the pato work through an interpreter, and I pers are thinking the Chinese people am sure that she was often homesick are anti-Christian and anti-foreign, and felt the great responsibility of this and yet you who have a great love for hospital. She became interested in the America, who know what it is to go baby girl and came to love her. One through a revolution for liberty, can day, after some time, she said to the understand that I feel China is not so mother, "I would like to have your much anti-foreign or anti-Christian as litUe girl to be my little girl." After it is pro-Chinese. Everything is for consulting the father the baby girl China today and it seems to me a very was legally adopted by this medical wonderful thing that China has at missionary and since that time she has last come to have a national conscious·· had the privilege of a Christian home, ness. China is awakening and what a the advantages of Christian education, wonderful awakening it is going to be! the opportunity of coming to America I wonder how we are going to help and of studying in your American in- China meet that awakening. We shall stitutions. Tonight she is glad to be have many problems. here to tell you what Christianity means to her and that she is very Second: Christianity in China. In happy to be in Christian work. My spite of the unrest, of wars, in spite father in later years became a local of the suffering of our people, last preacher and all the children grew up year, the Bible Society reports, more as Christians. I go home soon because Bibles were sold in China than in I feel that China needs every Chris- any other previous year. That means tian worker that is ready for service. more people are studying the Bible, are interested in Christianity than Great things are happening in ever before. If we can help our young China. It thrills me and I am sure it people and all our people to under must thrill the hearts of those of you stand that the Bible and Christianity who have had a share in advancing the are for the Chinese as well as for standards of womanhood in China. Americans and for the whole world; There are a few things that I feel are that the Bible and Christianity can very important and encourging in our solve our problems and meet our needs, work in China: then we need have no fear of China not accepting Christianity or of be- First: Our revo~ution. If we go coming anti-Christian. back into history we find no country where so ,many revolutions took plaee It is a wonderful thing that many simultaneously; political, industrial, of our educated men and thinking peoeducational, economic, social and re- ple are interested in Christianity and ligious revolutions. The wonder to me their criticisms are very constructive. is not that China is confused and that A gentleman, not a Christian, said to there is unrest there-the wonder is a missionary, "You are discouraged' that it is not far worse. There is a you think Christianity is spreading story of two men who climbed the very slowly. Give it ten years and Pyrenees; one had been there before Christianity will spread over China and the other had not. The one who like wildfire." I would not have the had not been there before woke up the

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN

faith to say that in ten years Chris- God has used these things for His tianity would have spread over China. glory.

I would say that in twenty-five years Fourth: The Missionaries in China. it might. But here is a non-Christian The missionaries that we need in the saying to a Christian that in ten years coming years will be those who can this thing would happen. overcome any barrier of nationality or There are three things that I would race. They will be missionaries who suggest as necessary if we are to look will feel the love of Jesus Christ so forward to this: that they will try to understand our 1. Christians must not live in Chris- people and bring to them the things tian compounds; they must stay in Christ Himself would want to bring to their homes and live their Christian us. And so it seems to me we have a lives among their own people. great deal to be thankful for in the 2. Christians must talk more about things that are going on in China the teaching, must not compromise, We need your help and prayers and but tell people about it. 3. Christians must support the cooperation more than ever before.

Christian Church as though they really In the 15th century when the secdid believe in Christianity. ond emperor of the Ming dynasty How will we meet these develop- moved from Nanking to Peking, he ments? ordered that a bell be ,cast of gold and Third: The Church in China. An- silver and bronze. He gave the task other great thing is our indigenous to a particular man aria that man put Chinese Church. It has taken perhaps a very long time to s'trike roots, but I all the metals together, and tried to feel it has struck roots in Chinese soil cast the bell but the metals would not and we have a real Chinese Church. blend. The man tried a second time There are sixteen denominations in and again did ll~riSiicceed. He had a China that have united as the Church daughter. W~she saw that her of Christian China, but there are manv problems that we shall have to meet father was not succeeding, she was in our Church and we need your help grieved and she feared if he did not and prayers. succeed the third time his life might Christianity has been in China not be in danger. So she went to ask of a quite 130 years. A great many people fortune-teller what the trouble was, here say "Missionaries have been working in China so long, why not let and the fortune-teller said there was them all go home and let Chinese Christians carry on their own work?" needed the blood of a maiden to cause I wonder if they realize that there are the metals to blend. This girl perat most only 400,000 Christians in China-and not all these are leaders suaded her father to try again and -and there are 400,000,000 people in when the gold and silv~r and bronze' China. You will realize when you think of those figures how much we were put into the furnace, she leaped need as a young church and why we are not able to meet alone the needs win~sancdastth, eanmdettahlse blended and the bell of the present day. legend relateJ! that Many things are happening in China the tonM of the bell were very.·beauwhich are hard for us to understand. Many Christians are being tested, tiful. many have lost material things, and God needs not only gold and silver and, bronze, but the sacrifice of our lives to be used wherever He wants us to be. If we realize that by our sac- rifice the Gospel message is going to reverberate not only throughout China but throughout the world, surely there is no sacrifice too great for us to make.

yet it is a very wonderful thing that "Were the whole realm of nature mine That were a present far too small, out of all this has come a strong Love so amazing, so divine leadership in the Chinese Church. Demands my heart, my soul, my all." EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 EAST 22ND ST., NEW YORK ANOTHER PIONEER UNION set to work to increase the knowledge of our women and it has paid. Illin ois spoke In the May issue, Missouri in June; now CnHfornia speaks. We are We have never made it an object ",rateful to Miss Emma C. NeumillE'r, a for- to raise money, with the exception iner President of the Union nt Stockton for the of three years ago, when we helped followlng.- EDITOR. financially to launch the Filipino Cen- ter. Stockton is situated in a very The Women's City Missionary strategic position in San Joaquin Val- Union of Stockton, California, was or- ley. It is a city of 56,000 population, ganized thirty-two years ago by Eliz- surrounded by large farm lands and abeth Stephen Thomas (Mrs. William orchards, so there are many foreign- Thomas), wife of the Baptist pastor. ers working in and around Stockton. It is a strong union composed of over· The asparagus fields seem to call the Filipino and there are 3,000 of them here. One of our fine women saw the need of helping these Filipinos, especially the children, so she started a Filipino center and opened a Sun- day schQol where each Sunday about forty little dark-faced children aTe being taught. They are now hoping to have a Filipino pastor and so be enabled to do even greater work. This is entirely an independent work Ull- del' no denomination. Although the Union is not helping in this now as an organization, many of our women are giving individually and are help- ing in the Sunday school.

~IKS. ELIZABETH STEPHEN THO~I A~, We have also about 4,000 Mexicans I·'OUNDER OF 'rUE UN I ON I N in Stockton. A strong mission with STOCKTON. CALIFORNIA a regular pastor is directly under the Methodist Church but some of the twenty churches and missions. The women of our Union are helping in Union was formed entirely for fellow- the Sunday school, and it has almost ship and to increase interest in the been a community interest.

We have a Chinese Mission, also under the Methodist Board. About 3,000 Chinese are registered in Stock- ton. Some of the women in our Union are helping here also.

great missionary work of the Church. The Japanese work is under the The churches at that time in Stock- Presbyterian Board. There are about ton were not hearing about the great 4,000 of them in Stockton. things being done on our missionary We frequently have the leaders of fields. In fact, some of the churches these various missions give a talk at did not have women's organizations. our Union meetings, have the children Mrs. Thomas, recognizing this fact, there, and ever keep before us the 840 necessity of helping the foreigner then, for over ten years, she has within our gates. served the Young Women's Christian Association in various capacities: as We recognize the Day of Prayer Girl Reserve Secretary in Detroit, with good attendance and a fine spirit. Michigan; placement secretary and of- The object of the organization has fice executive with the National Board paid well, for there is a fine spirit in New York; 1922-1924, General of missions among the women of our Secretary in Dorpat, Esthonia; 1924churches and our Women's City Mis- 1927, General Secretary in Riga, Latsionary Union has been the great fac- via. She has had considerable travel tor in promoting this spirit. in Europe in addition to her residence in the Baltic States. RELIGIOUS WORK FOR INDIAN The Councils welcome Miss Brick- SCHOOLS man with utmost heartiness, and with gratitude that this advance step is Eight years ago the Home Missions now possible. Her headquarters are Council and Council of Women for the office of the Council of Women for Home Missions, realizing the need and Home Missions, 105 East 22nd Street, opportunity for an adequate program New York City. of religious education in the government schools for Indians, especially THE CIVIC COMMITTEE the large non-reservation boarding schools, started to place in them Reli- ]orthern Baptist women nave taken a fine gious Work Directors serving inter- forward stev, setting up a Civic Committee of denominationally. There are at present the Voman's Home and .B"oreign 1Iissio11 Sosix such Directors serving eight cieties amI similar C'OllllHittf'(,8 in district, staff" schools. :u;sociation and local socif:'ties along the follow- The general program includes Bible in~ liuf's.-EDITOR. instruction, meetings of groups and classes, constructive social relation- WHAT IT IS NOT: ships, and student service activities with a world outreach. It is not a political organization. It is not a form of partisan politics. Until now administration of this It is not a channel for political work has been one of the responsi- propaganda. bilities of the executive charged with numerous lines of activity. Neces- WHAT IT IS: sarily this specific project has received but a small portion of his time. It It is a committee to emphasize the is with real rejoicing that it has been fact that casting an intelligent, conpossible now to appoint an executive scientious vote at every election is a to devote her entire time and energy Christian duty. to this service. Miss Helen M. Brickman started work this fall as this Na- It is a group of women who believe tional Director, Religious Work for that Christians can and should use Indian Schools. the vote to help make wrong condi- tions right. Miss Brickman has come with most evident enthusiasm for the task, a It is a committee to secure and cirvision of the great possibilities, and culate information concerning the a background of training and experi- integrity and fitness for office of indience which make her eminently quali- vidual candidates, local, state and nafied. She holds an A.B. from Cornell tional. The important thing about a University. For four years she taught candidate is his personal character English in the Woman's College at rather than his party affiliation. Due West, South Carolina, going from there to the Michigan State Normal It is a committee through which College as Student Secretary. Since Northern Baptist women unite in sup- port of righteousness, law observance, justice and universal peace and good will.

It is a factor for righteousness in our own land and, consequently, in all lands wi.th whi.ch we come in contact_ WHO SHOULD BE MEMBERS OF THE CIVIC COMMITTEE: Women who believe unconditionally in law observance and in punishment for law violation.

Women who will seek out and re- The very center of Civic Activity is port to their organizations the facts the VOTE~our vote. concerning those who are candidates for office. On each side of the vote is an I. One I is your Independent Investigation of Women who believe that every the merits and fitness of the candidates. Christian has a direct responsibility for improving the conditions under The other I is your Intelligent Inter- which our Government functions. pretation of news items which are often intentionally misleading. Women who will use their influence to interest other women in the civic Your Eyes should both be wide open, life of the community and of the na- that they may C. Then there will be tion. Conviction that you have a civic duty, and Courage to perform that duty your- WHAT THE CIVIC COMMITTEE self and to share your Conviction with WILL DO: others.

It will keep its constituency in- Would You? formed concerning the moral issues involved in elections. Would you be content that none should vote It will urge every Baptist woman to realize that her influence is important Who know what the vote is about? and her vote increases her influence. Then you've not much to lose If, holding those views, Each Civic Committee will keep in At the polls you do not turn out. close touch with the Civic Committee in the next smaller unit; i. e., Dis- Would you be content that none should trict with State, State with Associa- vote tion, etc. . Who distinguish the false from the true? Likewise each Civic Committee will Then you need not bother confer with and report regularly to To learn one from the other the Civic Committee in the next larger And you'll be a slacker, too. unit; i. e., Local with Association, Association with State, etc. Thus the Would you be content that none should chain will be complete from the na- vote tional to the local, and each committee will be a strong link in the chain. Save those whose votes are for sale? Then you may stay STANDARDS FOR THE LOCAL From the polls away WOMAN'S SOCIETY: And help honest votes to fail.

I. A Standing Committee of the For the ignorant vote' and the careless Society whose duty it is: vote (a) To promote interest in such And the vote for sale will be there; subjects as Law Observance, Temper- But how fearful the cost ance, Child Welfare, Public Health When the battle is lost and Public Morals, and in questions By the Christians who do not care! of national and international concern; CIVIC COMMITTEE (b) To endeavor to create in the women of the church a feeling of re- WOMAN'S AMERICAN BAPTIST FOREIGN sponsibility for the election of the right kind of public officials to local, MISSION SOCIETY state, and national offices. WOMAN'S AMERICAN BAPTIST HOME II. At least three programs a year, arranged by the Civic Committee on MISSION SOCIETY civic subjects, and given as a part of the regular meetings of the Woman's 276, Fifth Avenue, New York. Society. EMANCIPATIONS III. A definite purpose to lead every woman in the church to realize Clinton Howard's list of five great her responsibility, as a Christian citi- zen, for using her influence by regis- emancipations covering the last five tration and by vote. centuries: Your Vote "The great event of the 16th century C-onviction was discovery,-geographic emancipa- I-ndependent Investigation tion. V-ote I-ntelligent Interl)retation "The great event of the 17th century C-ourage. was the Reformation,-spiritual emanci- pation.

"The great event of the 18th century was democracy,-political emancipation.

"The great event of the 19th century was abolition,-physical emancipation.

"The great event of the 20th century thus far has been prohibition,-moral emancipation."

ORLD..WIDE

AFRICA dox, the Coptic Orthodox, and the Armenian Orthodox. The Veni Cre- "Old Message, New Methods" ator was first sung in English, and after that the Gloria in Greek. Then THIS is the motto of the Nile Mis- every man, as at Lausanne, recited the sion Press, which distributed 480,- Lord's Prayer in his own tongue, and 000 in 1927 as against 160,000 in 1923. after that a Prayer for Unity, in Dr. Upson describes as follows four Arabic. Then came a Coptic hymn ways the Press has of "carrying the and the lesson from St. John, "When good news": (1) The Egyptian donkey He, the Spirit of Truth, is come, He is a very sturdy animal and most re- will guide you into all truth," was read liable. Several of our colporteurs in Armenian. It was also read again have donkeys; two, named "Galilee" in the Arabic and Greek. Bishop and "Samaria," were specially donated Gwynne's address was read in English for Palestine. (2) Our central book and afterward translated into the other depot sends out every year well over languages.-The Living Church. one thousand parcels of Arabic gospel books, and these are mostly carried by A Modern Paul in Abyssinia rail in the first instance. But to our Algeria branch we ship cases of our I N AN article about the new Abysbooks, say half a ton at a time. (3) Our sinian Frontiers Mission, Thomas automobile "The Messenger of Peace" A. Lambie, M.D., tells the story of (Rasoul-es-Sa1aam) , as it has been "Abba Paolos," or Father Paul: "He named, goes several times a week to was an Abyssinian monk who thought carry, not only the local colporteur, that if he made the pilgrimage to but several of our clerical staff, on the Jerusalem he would find peace, but principle that "'Twill do your soul he met some Swedish missionaries good to get out and preach and dis- who brought him to a real knowledge tribute." (4) Aeroplanes have also of Christ and he did not go to Jerubeen impressed into the service of the salem. He went back to Abyssinia King of Kings. Practically every and everywhere proclaimed his new Monday air-mail packets arrive from faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. He either Iraq or Persia, the former be- has earned his name Paul. He has ing orders for books from our cooper- been imprisoned and beaten and stoned ating agents at Baghdad and Basra, for the sake of Jesus, and yet he the latter consisting of fat packets of keeps his faith pure and sweet and printers' proofs from the Rev. W. N. strong. Recently he has been doing a Wysham, secretary of Persia Inter- great service here in Addis Ababa. Mission Council. The people seem to have softened a little toward him, and he is permitted A United Service in Khartoum FOR four years the various Chris- to speak of his Master even in the tian bodies in the Sudan have been Queen's palace. We love to have t1is accustomed to holding an annual old Christian hero come to see us. I united service in Khartoum Cathedral. even love his old staff and sandals and At this year's service, the fifth, there sheepskin cape. He is so kindly and were present besides the Anglicans true, and yet so firm in proclaiming with Bishop Gwynne, the Greek Ortho- the truth as it is in Jesus Christ."

843

Subdivided Africa thinking so that he firmly refused to become a Moslem. After leaving the T HE journey down the West Coast regiment he was a court messenger of Africa gives an insight into the for a time, and then was urged to benumber of subdivisions of African ter- come chief in his district. While he ritory and islands along the way. Be- was pondering over the wonders of tween Gibraltar and Cameroun, we sun, moon and stars, he went te talk stopped at ten ports in six different to the African catechist, who was areas, and we passed in all fourteen working in the neighborhood, and he different colonies, protectorates and led the chief to Christ. The Bishop political entities. Only one of these adds: fourteen divisions of African territories is independent; all the other "What a joy to be in a Christian are colonies or protectorates or man- chief's compound, to see his shining dates of some European power. face and to hear his children singing Christian hymns. There is real re- Liberia is the only country in all vival here, and we must do our best Africa which has its own nationalist to enter into possession of the towns government, Egypt and Abyssinia be- which are waiting. On October 2 being the only other countries with semi- tween 200 and 300 people came to independent powers. American in- church in the morning, and the servfluence is evident in Liberia. ice was entirely in Mendi, by request. The chief brought a calf and two and W. REGINALD WHEELER. a half bushels of rice as a thankoffer- ing. He had refused to have heathen A Wireless froln Africa sacrifices at planting time, and instead had prayers on his farm. He says T HE progress of modern science that even the birds have no power and its relation to missionary over his rice now!"-The Church Miswork, is illustrated by a wireless mes- sionary Gleaner. sage received by Mrs. Robert M. Russell of Larchmont, N. Y., whose hus- The Open Book band left America last May to visit the Presbyterian missions in West ~~OUR Yakusu district with its five Africa. On July 11th, Mrs. Russell, hundred village schools defiwho was at Northfield, Mass., received a message from her husband in nitely stands for the Open Book," Africa, transmitted over Mr. Edwin writes the Rev. W. H. Ennals, of Cozzen's radio, at Elat, 5,000 {uiles Yakusu, West Africa. away and received by Mr. F. M. Whitaker of Durham, N. C. From "The educational standard even of him it was transmitted to Mr. Henry many of the teachers is not high, but C. Wing, of Greenfield, Mass., who they are opening the Book to thouhas a summer station at the top of the sands of young people by teaching Mohawk Trail in the Berkshires. He them how to read, and by placing in in turn transmitted the message to their hands the Book of Books. Writ- Mrs. Russell. Thus a space that re- ing and other subjects are taught, but quires six weeks or more for a letter reading takes precedence, the ability was traversed in less than twenty-four to read makes them susceptible to the hours by radio. Life-giving Message. Our people here often refer to God as being the 'God A Chief's Conversion of Books,' in contrast with the often unintelligible recitations of Catholic THE Anglican Bishop of Sierra catechists and Moslem mullahs. The Leone writes of a Christian chief African has missed the ages of slow whom he met lately, a man formerly and patient development by which his a soldier in the West African Regi- big white brother has reached his ment. While stationed at Freetown present position. This very month he used to attend the cathedral serv- we have been able to place in the ices and what he learned there set him

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

hands of our people the new edition of now enclosed by a SUbstantial fence the Lokele New Testament. and appropriately marked with a slab "In the interests of the Open Bible bearing the inscription: we labor to deliver these people from STANLEY LIVINGSTONE, 1871 superstition and vice by sending to them men endued by the Spirit of What a privilege to stand in the God to break the chains of ignorance shadow of the same tree that had shel- and indifference."-The Bible in the tered the two great missionary-explor- World. ers! And how challenged they were by the vivid memory of that life con- Congo Women Work for Church sumed by zeal for the evangelization LUKOLELA is a station of the Eng- of the great "Dark Continent"! The lish Baptist Missionary Society, missionaries learned from natives which was without a resident Euro- that, as yet, no missionary has settled pean missionary for several years, but in this town or in the surrounding diswhich has been occupied for nearly trict. One feeble old man in the group two years by Rev. and Mrs. Alfred was a boy when the notable meeting Stonelake. The latter writes: "To between Livingstone and Stanley took the women belongs the honor of doing place. Since that day, nearly two genthe first bit of work for the new erations have passed into eternity unchurch. Mantala organized the wom- warned, and Christ is still unknown to en to clear the site. This was begun these people.

by an early morning prayer meeting on the telegraph road alongside the A Centenary Among the Kafllrs T site. Lukolela is on the slope of a hill, HE centennial of the mission to the Kaffirs of the Moravians of so the site had to be leveled. Again the women came to the rescue, and a Germany was recently celebrated at tough job they had, for the soil is very Silo, South Africa. During these hard to work. The ground was di- hundred years the Moravian Church vided into three sections, and the sent out to this mission 60 mission- women Christians, inquirers, and aries. The beginnings were uncom- school children divided into three monly difficult. In 1851 the station groups, so that each would be re- was destroyed in war by British sponsible for a given part of the work. troops, after the ten missionaries who They all gave a morning a week for were stationed there had fled with three weeks until the task was suc- about 150 natives. The reason for the cessfully accomplished." war was the fact that Silo was the center of an uprising which had been Fifty-seven Years_nd Stin Waiting started by the medicine-man Umlan- T HE first party of missionaries of jeni. During the severe trials of the the Unevangelized Africa Mission, World War, the number of Christians a new independent mission started by increased by 1,700. Now there are in Rev. Charles E. Hurlburt, founder of all about 12,000 souls.

the Africa Inland Mission, has re- cently sailed for Africa. While at Unpossessed Territory Kigoma, on the eastern short of Lake ~~SEVERAL evangelistic trips have Tanganyika awaiting a steamer, they been made to remote parts of went about four miles south on the our Kitui district (Central Africa), lake to the town of Ujiji, the historic and in some places a real interest in meeting place of Stanley and Living- the Word has been shown," writes the stone. On arriving in the town they Rev. Charles W. Teasdale of the Af- were directed through uneven streets, rican Inland Mission. "From March between rows of thatch-roofed houses. 21st to 26th, a trip covering nearly Curious natives followed and a "meet- two hundred fifty miles was made, of ing" took place under a tree which is which about fifty miles were on foot.

In that time we talked to nearly a cerns itself with local native condi- thousand people about the salvation in tions such as native rescue work, rec- Christ Jesus. We visited a place reation grounds, native dietary, etc., where over twenty years ago German while the council at Pietersburg missionaries had camped for nine (Transvaal) has made efforts to cope months, preaching the Word. Since with a large amount of immorality that time no missionary had been among native women and girls. among them, and only very seldom a native Christian went among them "Nothing," says the Outlook, "could carrying the Gospel. That place is be more helpful than the awakening seventy-nine miles from Mulango, and of young South Africa to the needs of near the border of another tribe, the this great matter." Atharaka, who are still within our district, but to whom no missionary has THE NEAR EAST yet gone.-Inland Africa. Modernizing Turks Inter-Racial Councils in South Africa ALL members of the Turkish Parlia- THE South African Outlook reports the valuable work of the Joint l'l. ment and of the Cabinet, includ- Councils of Europeans and Natives in various centers of the Union. Kim- ing Ismet Pasha, the Premier, must berley is one of the towns which has follow the example of Mustapha recently formed such a Society, which Kemal, President of the Republic, and will find active work in the direction become schoolmasters of the Latin alof housing and hygiene subjects which phabet, which is to replace Arabic have been energetically taken up by characters in Turkey, according to a the present Town Council. recent dispatch from Constantinople.

On the Rand interesting recent de- An order was issued that the 200 velopments are reported, such as the Deputies who attended the recent lesestablishment of a Refuge for desti- sons in the new ABC at the Dolma tute native children and aged persons, Bagthche palace must visit their electhe Bridgman Memorial Native Hos- toral districts and teach the new alphapital, shortly to be opened, and a Na- bet to their constituents before tive Health Committee. Parliament opens. When Parliament votes in November, it probably will The Pretoria Joint Council ap- make the old Arabic characters taboo pointed a sub-committee to investigate after one year instead of fifteen as the condition of native juveniles, originally planned. which has lately issued an informing report showing, inter alia, that about Eastern Church Progress 40 per cent of the 5,500 juveniles may be classed as loafers, constituting a THE progressive influences at work source of annoyance to the republic, in the Eastern Orthodox Churches and a potential danger to the commun- offer a great opportunity for Evanity. The report made a number of gelical Christianity. A new generapractical recommendations, including tion of priests and students has a new the provision of compulsory education, outlook on the world. An increasing of a Juvenile Court, of suitable recre- number of the leaders of these ation, etc., in order to remove many churches are becoming informed about of the causes of juvenile delinquency. and interested in the churches of the West. They have much to contribute Blremfontein has formed a commit- to our common Christian spirit and tee of twelve European and twelve life. They have an opportunity to Native members the former including render mediatorial service in those a good proportion of younger men of countries where Protestant churches culture. are among political minorities and there are instances of the desire of The Pietermaritzburg Council con- their leaders to fulfill it.-The Chris- tian Intelligencer.

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Moslem and Atheist governments of Lebanon, Syria, Pales- THE LONDON CHRISTIAN sug- tine, Trans-Jordan, Iraq, Egypt and gests that the disestablishment of the Sudan; 721 graduates are physi- Islam will be found to be synonymous cians either in government service or with the enthronement of Atheism in private practice, 271 are in business Moslem lands. It adds that "Those and the remainder are engaged in eduwho are in a position to speak with cational, religious, journalistic and the advantage of first-hand knowledge legal work. These men are raising of present-day conditions in Turkey, the standards of professional and confirm this. An aggressive spirit of business ethics, fighting disease and godlessness is rampant among the ignorance and promoting principles of Turkish leaders under the Angora peace and accord among the diverse ?'egime, and morality and right living nationalities and many sects of the are at a low ebb. With Bolshevik Near East."

Russia, Turkey stands as a bulwark of atheism between the West and the Persian Christian Literature East. But there remains the view ACKNOWLEDGING on behalf of the that, from the Christian missionary fl. Inter-Mission Literature Commit- standpoint, atheism is probably more tee in Persia:, a gift from the Ameri- vulnerable, than is Mohammedanism in can Christian Literature Society for its hide-bound self-satisfaction and Moslems, J. D. Payne writes of the conservatism. Whatever view is value to the Persian Christian con- taken of the present state of religious vert from Islam of the Bible diction- life in the Near East, it seems clear ary which that gift will make possible.

that there is a challenge to those who He continues: "In America there are would carry the banner of Christ in many Christian periodicals, so to the forefront of the fight against evil. say that your gifts have enabled us -The Alliance Weekly. to start in Persia a Christian period- ical means little; to the Persian Beirut University Graduates Christian it means that at last he may PRESIDENT BAYARD DODGE have a periodical containing inspira- of the American University in tional and devotional articles for the Beirut, known for so many years to strengthening of his Christian life the Christian world as the Syrian and in his mother tongue. The list Protestant Colleges, writes: "At the might be extended by the mention of present time King Feisal's secretary, commentaries, Sunday-school lessons the director of medical services, the and devotional books now in preparasecretary of the council of ministers, tion to give the Persian Christian in and the inspector of education in Iraq the language he knows, the help which are graduates of the University. The will bring him in perfect union with head of the Bahai religion in Haifa, Him who is our Master. In short, it the leading judge of Palestine, the means an interest in pUblication and Governor of Tiberias, the director of circulation of literature in the work the Ministry of Interior in Cairo, the of evangelizing Persia such as we have editor of the leading newspaper in not had since the first messengers of Cairo and in the Arabic world, the the Gospel first set foot on her soi!."

civil judge of Khartoum, the Minister of Interior and Public Health in the INDIA AND SIAM Lebanon Republic, and the medical of- "Victory to Jesus Christ"

A ficer of the government of Syria, are FINE new brick church, accom- modating at least 600, with a high all graduates of the University. In sixty-two years the University has square tower which is a landmark to graduated 1,328 students. Of these the 'surrounding district, has been 151 physicians, pharmacists, dentists, built at Batemanabad, India, and was and nurses are in the employ of the dedicated by the Bishop of the Church

of England Mission on March lOth. Afghanistan will no longer submit to The foundations were dug December the domination of bigoted and ignor- 15th, so that to finish the building by ant priests. The influence of progress March was something of an achieve- in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Palestine, ment, involving as it did the laying Persia, Turkey and India has peneof 225,000 bricks. The cost was £600, trated their country and the emergence practically the whole of which was of women from the purdah will take contributed by Indians. On the fol- place in a steadily-increasing volume lowing Sunday there were 300 com- until all Moslem women, in both Afmunicants. ghanistan and India, are as free as are their Christian sisters of India The dedication was attended by and the Occident. eight clergy and a large congregation. As the service proceeded, the meaning 'Work Am.ong Benares Pilgrims of each part of it was explained to the people. At the end all stood up To THE missionary staff of Benand shouted: "Yigu Masih ki jai" ares the huge crowds of pilgrims (Victory to Jesus Christ) three times. offer an opportunity for special serv- Canon Force-Jones, says: "This was ice. For the period of the festival the only time during the service that many of the missionaries put all other the congregation stood up; and it was duties aside and stand, with extra fortunate that it was so, for if they large supplies of Gospels and other had risen before they would have been Christian books in the various vernaunable to sit down again! The build- culars, on the thoroughfares of the ing was packed from end to end."- city where the pilgrims must pass on The Church Missionary Gleaner. their way to the river. The pilgrims are usually quite serious and devout, A Call to Moslem W om.en and intent on the spiritual quest. The offer of attractively printed and bound WHILE Hindu women are emanci- books is sufficient to sell a dozen or pating themselves, with the en- so straight off. It is a great time, and couragement of enlightened men of hundreds of books are sold mainly to their community, a resounding call to visitors who will carry them away to their Moslem neighbors to do the same their distant villages, where they will thing comes from Queen Surayya and be read and re-read. It is a "broad- King Amanullah of Afghanistan. casting" effort of which we do not see When Queen Surayya discarded the any immediate result, but we believe purdah upon embarking for Europe it is well worth while to sow the Word a considerable sensation was caused, of God in this way. not only in her own country, but among Moslems in India. It was then There is great need for more defifreely suggested that she would volun- nite systematic Christian work among tarily return to its slavery upon her these pilgrims, both the regular return to her home-land. stream and the occasional multitude. There are many openings for service The Queen and her husband learned in Benares, in addition to temperance many lessons during their tour and one and social service work for the outof them was that life is too precious caste, pastoral work for the Christian to throwaway behind the purdah. Church and occasional meetings for Since her return to Kabul the Queen the English educated students, numappears unveiled at public functions hering 2,000 in the great Hindu Uniand calls to Moslem women to follow versity alone.-The L. M. S. Chronicle. her example, which in her present circumstances, is mighty. Selling Gospels in Kedgaon The moulvies of the capital are WRITING from Kedgaon, India, greatly disturbed over what they re- Miss L. Couch, associated with gard as a menace to morals and re- the Mission founded by the late Panligion. Their day of power is passing.

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK S49

dita Ramabai, says: "God is blessing groups so widely scattered, holds a the work at the railway station. We position of great advantage for the are giving Gospels and tracts in three work of permeating the population languages to the passengers, and many with Christian ideas and the contagion take them eagerly. Strange to say, of Christian hope. Means should be Mohammedans seldom refuse to take taken to bring these facts strikingly Urdu gospels. One man almost lost before the mind of the church groups his train after coming to me for a in each district and, by prayer and book. Sometimes we come across girls faith, to strengthen and encourage who are able to read these days. them on their own ground." Widows, too, take the Gospels to their homes. A short time ago a mission- Centen!1ia.l for Sia.m ary called me to see a guard who was travelling with him, quite a young THE hundredth anniversary of man. He said I had given him an Christian work in Siam will be English New Test.ament and other celebrated in December of this year. books, which had been blessed to him. In December, 1828, Rev. Karl Gutzlaff, The guards all speak English, and are the famous pioneer missionary of the always pleased to take New Testa- Netherlands Missionary Society, and ments, magazines, etc. When read, Rev. Jacob Tomlin of the London Misthey take them home to their wives. sionary Society, reached Siam. An- Pandita Ramabai put up posters on other picturesque early character was the main road, with Marathi gospel Rev. Dan Bradley, who introduced texts printed on them. Numbers of vaccination and the printing press into passers-by read them and even copy Siam. The first permanent work by them down. When we happen to see Presbyterians was inaugurated by them, we call them to our compound, Stephen Mattoon and Dr. Samuel where stands a cupboard packed with House, who came in 1847. The Combooks. Three well-educated Indian mittee preparing for the anniversary young men came in one day and each of Christian work represents English asked for a Marathi Bible. They were and American missionary societies, the given to them, with an English New American Bible Society, the Chinese Testament." Christians, and two organized Siamese presbyteries.

Christian Forces in Bengal "Rice Christians" in Siam REV WILLIAM CAREY, of Dacca, I N NORTH SIAM there are great has prepared a pamphlet with the stretches of hilly jungle where it above title, published by the National is impossible to work the ordinary Christian Council of India. He speaks paddy fields that must be flooded, so of the density of the population in the people cut down the jungle on the Bengal, and of the fact that govern- hillsides and when dry burn it, the ment statistics show only three Chris- ashes making a good fertilizer. Then tians per thousand, but he goes on to the hill rice is planted. In one of say: "While the total population in- these hill-rice districts Christianity creased during the last decade by only has taken hold and is growing. 2.8 per cent, the Christians increased by 14.8 per cent and an increased ratio Not long ago a young man was reis constant. The number of Chris- ceived into one of the country tians in Bengal has more than doubled churches and not long after moved to during the last forty years. They are this new district. He didn't know found in all the twenty-eight British much about the Gospel story but what districts and two Bengal States of the he knew he told. He knew that Province, as well as in Sikkim. They Christ had power to deliver men from are sown through the land. The sin and the fear of evil spirits and he Church in Bengal, composed of those spread the story about the district. His message was received with inter- 6

est and soon came a request to send a be a tenant in the village unless his teacher to them and after a few monthly income is under $15 (Amermonths' instruction a small group was ican) a month. The monthly rent is baptized and received into the church. $3, and the tenant must pay the taxes. Two village headmen were received Each house (which is very small) is and the group grew until it was too limited to one family, and cannot be large to meet in a house. Then there sublet. Opium-smoking and gambling was talk of building a chapel, which and immoral practices are strictly protalk developed into offerings and ac- hibited. tion. Bamboo shingles were made, boards sawed, and posts bought and Higher Education in Ohina gradually the little chapel was erected. The dedication took place this spring REV. A. R. KEPLER, Executive and no city congregation was ever Secretary of the General Council more proud of its house of worship. of the recently established Church of There are now five chapels in the Prae Christ in China, writes of the annual field and several other groups where meeting of the Council on Christian the Christian people meet in houses. Higher Education, held in Shanghai: There is a membership of over seven "The Council is composed of two or hundred persons who with their chil- three representatives from each of the dren make a parish of more than a colleg'e!s and universities of China. thousand.-J. L. Hartzell. There were about thirty in attendance. This gathering was unique because of OHINA AND TIBET the leadership, which has so evidently transferred itself from the missionary Model Village in Shanghai to the Chinese. A very significant for- ward step had been taken by the ma- ABOUT two years ago the American jority of the colleges during the past Friends Service Committee made twelve months. Practically everyone an appropriation of $1,000 toward the of the colleges and universities a year building of a model village in one of ago were still headed up by missionary the congested suburbs of Shanghai, administrators. Now five of the fore- China. Mr. Eugene E. Barrett, one of most colleges already have Chinese as the "Y" Secretaries in Shanghai, Presidents. Two or three others have writes that the whole enterprise is Chinese as administrative heads, creating a tremendous amount of in- though not yet officially elected as terest in not only the village and the President of their institution. Those hut connected with it, but in many of us who were privileged to attend other parts of the city. The Shanghai the meeting of the Council on Higher Y. M. C. A. has undertaken to raise Education and see these men attack $15,000 to construct forty-two addi- the problem of Christian higher edutional houses in the model village. The ction could not fail to have born within Y. M. C. A. has been able to promote us a scene of deep satisfaction and educational work in the village by confidence in the future leadership of founding an industrial school for Christian higher education in China." laborers' children; an English evening school for workmen; an evening Loyal Christians in Hunan school for women, with an enrollment of 124, mostly laborers; and a read- AFTER attending in Hankow the aning room that is open daily. In addition there is regular playground work; ft nual meeting of a divisional a free dispensary for prevention of infectious diseases; health lectures; council of the new Church of Christ music clubs; and motion picture in China, Rev. A. R. Kepler, general shows. Some of the model village secretary of the church's General Asregulations are interesting to an sembly. writes: "It is most encourag- American. For instance. no one can ing to note the loyalty of the Hunan Christians in the face of the most

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

bitter persecution. In those districts 000; Annam, 120,000; Macao, 71,000; where 30,000 were killed and entire Cuba, 60,000; Peru, 45,000; Siberia, towns and villages destroyed . . . not 27,000; Ceylon, 2,500. Scattered only has there been a most encourag- throughout other countries are esti- ing conservation of our Christian mated to be 82,000 Chinese emigrants.

constituency, but there has been note- worthy progress as well." He tells of Chinese Famine Relief A a new Christian community of eighty CABLE from Shanghai, under date of July 23d, says that Dr. believers with sixty in regular attendance at the Sunday service, which C. T. Wang, foreign minister of the community is the fruitage of an evan- Nationalist government, says that his gelistic band which visited their lo- government is unable to approve ef- cality. These eighty Christians have forts in America to raise $10,000,000 provided their own place of worship. under the program for famine relief They themselves made their church calling for road building and other furniture and have assumed responsi- items of reconstruction. The cable bility for their religious leadership. dispatch says that Dr. Wang told Mr.

"This incident," he says, "would be Earl Baker, representative of the noteworthy under normal circum- Famine Relief Fund, that the attitude stances. Fralped as it is in the lurid of the Nanking government was highenvironment of revolution and perse- ly favorable to any move purely to aid cution, it is a challenge for greater the famine-stricken Chinese. Dr. faith and sacrifice to Christians Wang's statement is quoted as foleverywhere." lows: "However, I understand the project Chinese Away from Home calls for a program of road building and general reconstruction. This ACCORDING to figures just pub- would take scores of millions of dol- 1". lished by the Peking Foreign Of- lars, and I believe it would be an impractical project for foreign philanfice after a check with diplomatic and thropists. Furthermore, reconstrucconsular missions in foreign countries, tion is the duty of the Chinese 8,000,000 Chinese live outside of their Government, and acceptance of such an native land. Chinese living under offer of charity is certainly beneath our dignity. We are not beggars." American protection number 200,000, of whom only 150,000 are in the Dr. Wang praised the famine relief United States proper. The balance re- work done by Americans in the past, side in the Philippine Islands. "This and said he would highly welcome simofficial Chinese estimate" says The ilar projects in the future, but con- American Missionary "is interesting, sidered the scope of the present since the United States Census for project, as outlined by Mr. Baker, as 1920 gives only 61,639 for continental impractical and likely to be unpopular United States and 23,507 for Hawaii, among the Chinese. a total of only 85,000 instead of the 150,000 which Chinese consuls report."

Excluding Australia and Hongkong, JAPAN-KOREA more than 1,500,000 Chinese emigrants Wanted to Hear About Jesus have taken up their homes under the REV. A. P. HASSELL, D.D., of British flag in various quarters of the Tokushima, Japan, speaks of world. The Chinese population of visiting a town thirty-five miles away Hongkong is 444,648, and of Aus- and of telling the Sunday-school chiltralia 25,772. In the Dutch Indies it dren there the story of Naaman and is computed to be 2,825,000. French the little girl from Israel. Says Dr.

Indo-China has 1,020,000 Chinese set· Hassell : tlers. Other countries in order of "After I finished telling that story I numbers are as follows: Malaya, 903,- saw a girl about eighteen years old

who had been paying very close atten- Chosen. The Sendai program is espetion. She came up and told me that she cially interesting. It will last five days. had gotten up at about daylight at her Pastors and lay representatives will be home and had walked a long distance brought in from the country. and gotten on the train and come all the way because she wanted to hear Perhaps of more far reaching imabout Jesus. I asked if she was a portance is the new attitude of the Christian. She said she had not been students graduating from our theobaptized. Then I asked if she had ever logical colleges. They belong to a new heard a Christian sermon before. She generation and realize that the indihad not, but said that several of her vidual Christian is a citizen as well as friends in the same silk factory had a church member. This new interest Bibles and hymn books and that they is developing rapidly and is not due to sang hymns a great deal. She said any conscious movement within the she was praying every morning and church. The great dapger is that this that she loved Jesus. There are people new interest which is most healthy everywhere who want to know Jesus. and timely should learn to depend You can help us by praying that ~d upon Marx and Russia for nourishwill enable us to find them and them ment. The danger is very real because to find us."-The Christian Observer. no Christian solution is being put for- ward today with anything like the Social Interest in Japan vigor of militant communism.

~~ACHANGE is coming over the Temperance Lectnre Wins Prize Japan Methodist Church in its LAST winter all the guilds in Seoul social outlook," says the Rev. P. G. held a joint meeting in the Y. M. Price, Director of the Social Bureau C. A. auditorium to discuss the quesof the Japan Methodist Church. "For tions, "What should we Korean people years it has been conscious of the evils do in order to become like other naof intemperance and public prostitu- tions and how can we accomplish it?" tion but not of the inequality, the suf- Six different people with wide expefering and exploitation of the working rience were invited to answer this classes in.this industrial age. The question, and first, second and third church did not get to know these prizes were offered, the audience bethings because it was located in a ing the judges. Miss Cordelia Erwin, quiet street near the middle school or a Southern Methodist missionary, university-away from the hum of the writes: "Mrs. Mary Son, Korean Nabusy factory. tional W. C. T. U. lecturer and organ- izer, was among those invited to speak. There are today abundant signs that She pointed out the appalling waste this period of isolation from the life in time, money, resources, efficiency of the common people is passing. In and human lives, caused by the con- Tokyo the Methodist pastors are meet- sumption of alcoholic liquors. She ing periodically for the study of mod- reviewed facts and figures recently ern problems. The Tokyo district gathered at the government revenue meeting has a very active committee offices. Korea's population is esticonsisting of representatives from all mated at 10,000,000. Recently a man, the churches. This committee has with some education, who had a wife itself met for study and also arranged and six children, was glad to get a a very successful two day's meeting job with a salary of thirty yen a for all Methodist members of Tokyo. month; yet the ~vernment receives The condition of the poor was one of taxes, to say nothing of bootleggers, the chief topics on the program. Dur- on a drink bill of 83,429,170 yen. She ing this year special meetings for the gave them a rousing temperance leceducation of our church in a social ture and was awarded the first prize way are being held in four centers,- with great applause." Sendai, Shizuoka, Okayama and

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

Japanese Leper Hospitals of practical teachers to the young men around them–consultants ready and A OLTMANS, secretary for Japan willing at all times to consult with the • of the American Mission to Korean colleagues. In short the for- Lepers, reports the existence of twelve eign physician is in one, leader, teachhospitals for lepers in Japan, seven er, friend and all 'for Christ's sake.' of them under private auspices. The The foreign physician came to Korea five government hospitals house over for the Koreans and not for himself." two thousand patients, about twothirds of the total number. He says: ISLANDS OF THE SEA "During the past year the government authorities at their five hospitals have The Bible for the Filipinos continued to show themselves friendly and helpful toward the Christian work THE Converted Catholic informs us carried on in these several places and that "during the 200 years under a large number of patients have con- Spanish rule the Philippine Islands fessed Christ as their Saviour and did not receive the Bible in one Philip- Lord. These nuclei of Christian be- pine tongue. The American Bible lievers at the government hospitals Society put the Scriptures into eight are in many cases earnest in trying to chief languages of the islands in the commend Christianity to the other pa- first two decades after the islands betients and it.is largely due to these came the wards of the United States. earnest endeavors that the growth in Other translations have followed. Renumbers takes place. The same privi- vision in some of the dialects will be leges are granted in these hospitals to done this year." Buddhism and Shintoism as to the Christian religion, and all three have New Zealand Volunteers their stated meetings." I N THE New Zealand Methodist Medical Missions in Korea Theological College there are six students who have volunteered for T HE position of the mission hos- foreign mission work. These men pital in Korea today, as summar- feel that if their own church cannot ized by Z. Bercovitz, M.D., Ph.D., employ them in its missions, they may Presbyterian missionary in Andong, be compelled to offer themselves to Korea, "is that of leader in all things some other missionary society. They medical, scientific, evangelistic, and have formed a missionary group, and in all efforts at public health and chosen as their motto, "The world is hygiene. The scope of the mission my parish." They propose thus to hospital is first, to preach the Gospel maintain the missionary spirit in of Jesus Christ to the Koreans; second, their college, and they aim to induce to cooperate with and help the young every student in the college to become Korean doctors who are opening priv- a world outlook man, to inspire every ate hospitals; third, to spread infor- student with a zealous missionary mation about health and hygiene to all spirit, and to take a personal interest possible people; fourth, to do the best in the staff on the field. Every alterpossible medical and surgical prac- nate Thursday morning, from 6: 45 tice." Dr. Bercovitz continues: "The to 7: 15, the group holds a devotional foreign missionary physician finds one meeting. A fortnightly evening meetof his greatest opportunities is to be ing is also held for mission study. friendly to the young Korean doctors These men are also seeking to form who are attempting to start private groups in other colleges. Since the hospitals. The position is difficult and formation of this group "the students calls for the greatest demonstration of have decided each to seek a day's work Christian grace, brotherhood and will- at gardening or some other useful ingness to help. The foreign phy- occupation, and to devote the wages sicians should be here in the position earned to the foreign mission fund." – The Open Door.•

The Pan-Pacific Women's Conference "5. To secure and collate accurate in- formation concerning the material re- THE first Pan-Pacific Women's Con- sources of Pacific lands; to study the ference was held August 9th-18th ideas and opinions that mould public in Honolulu. Delegates from each opinion among the peoples of the sevcountry around the Pacific partici- eral Pacific races, and to bring men topated and, in addition, two non-voting gether who can understandingly discuss associate delegates from each impor- these in a spirt of fairness. tant women's organization. The conference is held under the auspices of "6. To bring together in round table the Pan-Pacific Union, of which the discussion in every Pacific land those of Hon. Wallace R. Farrington, Governor all races resident therein who desire to of the Territory of Hawaii, is presi- bring about better understanding and codent. operative effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific. Delegates from the 'United States were chosen by an international com- "7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relation- ship."

mittee in Hawaii, representing the NORTH AMERICA five sections on the program-Health, Education, Women in Industry and New Hom.e Missions Councils the Professions, Women in Government, Social Service. Miss Jane Ad- DENOMINATIONAL leaders in dams, of Chicago, was the honorary both Kentucky and Tennessee chairman of the conference. have recently organized State Home Missions Councils. In Kentucky a Two years ago the committees of the state-wide conference of home misvarious sections first began their task sion representatives is to be held at of finding out what subjects would be Lexington this fall. The President of of greatest interest. the Kentucky Council is Rev. E. C. Lucas. The President of the Tennes- The Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific see organization is Bishop H. M. Du- Union states that the Union is "an Bose of the Methodist Episcopal unofficial organization, the agent of Church South. The organization exno government, but with the good-will pects to give special attention to preof all in bringing the peoples of the venting church competition and to Pacific together into better under- meeting the needs of rural areas. standing and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common A Massachusetts '"'Copec"

to the Pacific area." UNDER the leadership of the Massa- chusetts Federation of Chu rbcehiens~ The following are the chief aims a project of adult education is and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union: carried forward which is popularly "1. To bring together, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought known as the Massachusetts COPEC. and action in the Pacific area; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative ef- Its purpose is "to seek for the fort for the advancement of those interests that are common to all the peoples. churches of Massachusetts that force "2. To bring together ethical leaders which comes from frequent discussion from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and consequent united information on and ways to advance international justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstand- great social issues." The plan includes ing may be cleared. the preparation of materialg for dis- "3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from cussion groups to be held in the Pacific lands Who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems in- churches during the next two years on cluding those of race and population. the basis of the findings of these local "4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the groups. State-wide findings are to be encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peoples. prepared and in 1930 a "Conference on Christianity, Politics, Economics and Citizenship" will be held.

The Discussion Outlines cover the following topics:

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

(1) The Social Function of the Church. the College of Missions of the Dis- (2) Family Problems. ciples of Christ at Indianapolis, the (3) Christian Citizenship. students were sent last year to the (4) Personality, Property and Social Kennedy School of Missions at Hart- Order. ford Connecticut, together with a (5) Economic Problems (Industrial group of furloughed missionaries. The and Rural). year's experiment there was so en- (6) International Problems. couraging that it has led to a decision (7) Religious Education. to affiliate the College of Missions with the Hartford school for three years. Protestants in Chicago The terms of the effected affiliation, T HE Chicago Church Federation briefly stated, are as follows: through its Young People's Commission has recently brought out the (1) The College of Missions preserves fourth edition of "The Official Direc- its full legal and institutional identity, tory of the Protestant Churches of with power to grant degrees. Metropolitan Chicago." It is a compendious volume of 228 pages, con- (2) Disciple students, though registaining exhaustive information con- tered in the College of Missions, have cerning the organized church life of access to all the courses, residential acthe city. Every Protestant church to- commodations, and other facilities offered gether with a complete list .of ·its by the Hartford Foundation, on equal officers is listed, along with much sup- terms with the students of the Hartford plementary information about the va- Schools. rious denominations in the city. (3) Hartford students, likewise, have Clinic for Theological Students equal access to courses provided by the College of Missions. WILLIAM S. KELLER, M.D., an Episcopal layman in Cincinnati, (4) The courses contributed by the spent the summer helping eighteen College of Missions will be supplementary students from the various divinity to those already existing in the regplar schools of the Protestant Episcopal schools of the Foundation, so that there Church to supplement their theological will be no duplication of work. education by a summer course in social work. He calls his experiment "A (5) The College of Missions will issue Clinic in Life Problems." The method a separate catalogue. is for each student to ally himself to one of the social work agencies in Cin- (6) The College of Missions Library cinnati, and for all the students to will cooperate by loans to the Hartford meet together in seminaries to discuss Library. their experience. Cooperation in California. Dr. Keller says: "Seminaries must find some way to retain all of their T HE principal religious bodies of spiritual value, continue to educate Los Angeles are making an effort clergy with the much-needed back- to cooperate in spiritual education for ground that the present-prescribed the students at the University of Calcourses assure and such additional ifornia. Representatives of Jewish, supervision as will make them scien- Protestant, Episcopalian and Catholic tific leaders of men, social diagnosti- groups, after discussing with the utcians and social engineers."-Federal most frankness the problem and need Council Bulletin. for religious education of some kind in institutions of higher learning, The College of Missions, Hartford came to a realization that cooperation was possible and desirable, without in- BECAUSE of the small group of fringing upon or attacking the doc- students in training, and the trinal positions of participating large expense in attempting to conduct churches. The consensus of opinion among the participating members of the various groups was throughout that religion must re-enter the educa- tional field formally or lose its in- fluence. As a result, articles of incorporation were filed at the end of July by which the University -Re-

ligious Conference was set up. In the spiritual preparation be made that hands of this organization will be those won may come into vital rela- placed the general control of various tion with Jesus Christ before they be- religious activities at the State Uni- come church members, as also that versity. There will be an effort to es- Christian growth necessitates the tablish a school of religion which will wisest Christian nurture. The read- offer courses in religious subjects and ing of the Bible received due emphasis.

philosophical studies for students. The simultaneous reading of the Bible Mr. Thomas S. Evans, formerly Gen- by scores of thousands of Christians eral Secretary of the Daily Vacation is exceedingly helpful and is rapidly Bible Schools, has been called as Gen- growing. The books to be read next eral Secretary of this student work at January and February are the Epis- the University. tles to the Corinthians and St. Mark, to be followed by the Fellowship of A "Retreat" on Evangelism Prayer. Plans are already well under T HE Commission on Evangelism way for a united celebration of the and Life Service of the Federal nineteen hundredth anniversary of Council of the Churches of Christ in Pentecost in 1930. '

America held a "retreat" of three days during June at the Gramaton Hotel, Fe.deration of Protestant Charities Bronxville, .New York. The member- ,..S THE general field of philanthropy ship of the company is made up of the tl. is surveyed there are three broad Secretaries of Evangelism in the va- divisions which it is believed can be rious churches represented in the Fed- regarded as. reasonably permanent; era.l Council and invited guests. namely, Catholic, Jewish and Protes- According to the "Findings" it was tant.

deemed wise that more thought should If one wishes to make contributions be given to the matter of "integrating to Jewish or Catholic institutions, new members into the life and work without specifying definite organiza- of the Church," and now effective tions, there are vehicles already in methods must be found whereby this existence in the Federation of Jewish can be done successfully. It was felt Charities, and the Catholic Charities.

that in "all classes preparatory to Hitherto no similar vehicle has existed church membership due emphasis for Protestant Charities, with. the re- should be placed on the fact that en- sult that Protestant donors have been listment in the church was for life obliged to select specific institutions and for a life of service. The vital without assurance that in the course relationship between evangelism and of time these institutions may not education was clearly brought out. cease to function.

Religious education must be evangel- With this in view the Directors of ism before it can meet the needs of the Federation of Agencies Caring for an age so largely dominated by a Protestants considered it wise to en- materialistic, mechanistic and human- large the scope of the Federation to istic philosophy of life. Religious provide a Foundation for Protestant education must look toward the full charitable bequests on a permanent development of personality, through basis. It is hoped that the Protes- an unreserved commitment to Christ tant Federation will become a vehicle and His cause, a consciousness of God through which those who wish to give and a knowledge of those things which or bequeath money for the benefit of make for the unfolding of Christian Protestant institutions may do so with character. confidence that their gifts will be per- The conference recommended that manently and wisely used. Among the the positive values of Home Visitation Directors are Ancell H. Ball, William Evangelism be conserved and that Evarts Benjamin, Edmund Dwight, ministers and laymen see to it that all Walter E. Frew, Edwin Gould, Wil-

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

liam H. Gratwick, Charles D. Hilles, schools. Less than one third of the Alfred E. Marling, James H. Post, Indians in the United States are re- George W. Wickersham and William lated to Christian communions. Many H. Woodin. Full information will be thousands are "neglected by all Chris- gladly supplied by any of the Directors tian agencies, and a large percentag~ or by Miss Cutter, Executive Secre- of the old Indians on the reservations tary, 151 Fifth Avenue, New York. cling to their Indian religions. In many communities there is no Chris- Ministers' Conference at Hampton tian ministry. The Board of Home Missions of the Methodist Episcopal SELDOM do we have a better illus- Church, which is authority for these .tration of the vitality of present statements, asks the question: "Is this day religious interest than through not a challenge to the Church and to the fifteenth session of the Ministers' us who make up the church member- Conference at Hampton Institute. ship?" Fourteen years ago when Reverend Laurence Fenninger came to Hampton Few Chinese WODlen in the U. S. as chaplain, Dr. Frissell related his interest in doing something that would A GREAT deal of the missionary give the ministry the advantages of work for Chinese in the United more experienced leadership in re- States has overlooked their social segligion. The result was a conference regation and practical celibacy as obat which twenty-three ministers stacles to the work. This statement gathered to think together upon their is quoted from an editorial in The task. Congregationalist, which goes on to say: "Of the Chinese immigrant in In fourteen years, under the con- continental United States, there are tinuous guidance of Mr. Fenninger, sixteen men to every woman, accordthe conference has grown to be one ing to the last census. The proporof the largest in the country, staffed tion of men to women was very much with the ablest leaders in all the de- larger in the earlier years of Chinominations. The attendance of 445 nese immigration. The inadequacy of ministers this year, and the wide rep- Christian work among the Chinese in resentation from sixteen States and the United States is partly explained fifteen denominations, indicates the by this abnormal social condition. resentation from sixteen states and Strong Chinese churches have been ing. built up only where there was a nor- mal family life. And the children of Unchrutianized Indians Chinese families in America provide the greatest promise and the greatest T HE Indian is not a vanishing race. opportunity. The hope of Christian Anthropologists believe there are Americanization for the Chinese comas many Indians in the United States munities is in the American-born Chinow as there were when Columbus dis- nese. Nearly one third of the Chinese covered America. There are 346,000 listed by the census are American in continental United States, and 37,- citizens by right of birth. In San 000 in Alaska. Practically all of the Francisco, there is a Chinese chapter young Indians speak English-owing of the Native Sons. These Chinese to schools, travel, and contact with Americans are not, however, free from whites. There are about 233 govern- the social and economic restrictions m~nt Indian schools. Of these, 154 imposed upon their parents. The Chiare reservation day schools, 54 are nese young men suffer a special hardreservation boarding schools, 25 are ship in not being permitted to seek non-reservation boarding schools (5 wives from China." of which offer high school work). There are also 37 Roman Catholic mission schools and 20 Protestant mission

LATIN AMERICA the distribution of the Bags will take place throughout the country. On this Porto Ricans Value Hospital Committee are two representatives of the Department of Education, one for By AN official act of the Porto the University Women, one for the Rican legislature, the Presby- Association of Catholic Schools, one terian Hospital at San Juan has been for the Federation of Christian Workdeclared tax-exempt for a ten-year ers, one from the Journalists' Union, period. This exemption comes as a and one from the Parents and Teachdefinite expression of appreciation for ers Association. the services of the hospital, which has been called by a business man in San It is estimated that there will be be- Juan "the hardest-used and best-kept- tween 25,000 and 26,000 Bags to be up building in the city." Senator L. distributed among 15,000 primary Sanchez Morales, largely responsible schools, having 1,250,000 pupils. for the introduction of the bill, says: "I did it complying with my duty as Training Guatemalan Youth a legislator and a Porto Rican, because your institution is lending a great T HE activities of the American service, specially to the poor. The Presbyterian Mission in Guatemala Presbyterian Hospital is one of the City include a boys' and a girls' school, greatest American institutions in our a hospital and nurses' training school, island. I .am its neighbor, and I work among the churches, and a printknow." The resolution recommending ing press and publishing plant. In the the exemption notes that the total boys' school, which has been projected number of pay patients treated in the along self-help and industrial lines, hospital during the year 1927 was there has been an enrollment of only 1,326 while the total number of twenty-two boys. The course of study non-paying patients treated in the dis- prepares the students to meet the regpensary was 47,485; and also that of ular government examinations. All of the sixty-five beds in the hospital only the students have contracted to pay, fourteen are pay beds. It further pointed out that of the $250,000 needed or earn by extra work, enough to for the new home for nurses only $30,000 is given by the people of Porto cover the cost of their meals. Such Rico, the rest being raised from work is done in a mechanical shop, a charitable sources in the United carpenter shop or the dairy depart- States by the efforts of the Board. ment. All work must be of a grade This new home will increase the capa- which not only is worth the specified city of the hospital fifty per cent. amount to the school, but would pay for itself in the commercial world as Mexican Friendship Project well. Thus the students from the be- ginning must do work which will I N FURTHERANCE of the Friend- stand the test of comparison with that ship School Bag project, Mrs. of regular workers in a given trade. Jeannette W. Emrich went to Mexico The hospital is full, and in one recent to represent the Committee on World letter Dr. C. A. Ainslie reported that Friendship Among Children at the the operating room was booked for public presentation of the Bags on eleven days ahead. Miss Genevieve Mexico's Independence Day, Septem- Chapin writes that it has been most ber 16th.. Dr. Moises Saenz, Assistant interesting to watch the nurses de- Secretary of Education, reports great velop as workers and as Christian interest among adults as well as chil- characters. Though coming from bare dren of Mexico in anticipation of the adobe huts, they soon learn intelligent distribution of the Bags. Dr. Saenz use of modern nursing supplies, and, reports the formation of a Mexican even more surprising, soon learn to Committee on World Friendship take the lead in helping to better conamong Children, under whose auspices ditions-a new venture for Guate- malan women. This year there are

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

nineteen nurses in training, and nine- apply with equality, gives preference teen others are on the application list. to the Orthodox Church and allows too much state interference in religion." EUROPE Summarizing the situation as a whole, it is described as "implicit in the Rhenish Mission whole political problem, in which it is to be hoped the League of Nations may I N SEPTEMBER this society will have increasing influence. The stupid- celebrate its centennial. The soc- ity of conquering nations in their atciety enters upon its centennial with titude toward alien minority subjects 391,826 native Christians. Since the is a sad fact of history and is being War there have been 160,000 acces- repeated."-The Christian Intellisions notwithstanding the fact that gencer. Borneo and New Guinea have been separated from its field of labor. All Russian Evangelical Union There are at present 75 chief stations, and 707 out-stations, with 782 organ- ON THE basis of a resolution of the ized congregations. Last year alone Tenth All Russian Evangelical 12,181 candidates were baptized. There Christian Conference, held at Leninwere in active service 89 ordained grad, Russia, Nov. 30th to Dec. 6, missionaries, and 2,123 other helpers. 1926, supplemented by further resolu- tions passed by the Plenary Council ,teligious Conditions in Europe of the All Russian Evangelical Chris- tian Union at Leningrad, Sept. 27th to T HE condition of religious minor- Oct. 4, 1927, a permanent office of the ities in several parts of Europe is All Russian Evangelical Christian still grave, according to a report made Union has been opened at 156 Fifth at the July meeting of the Adminis- Avenue, New York City, replacing the trative Committee of the Federal provisional organization established in Council of the Churches of Christ in Chicago, IlL, in November, 1926, un- America by Dr. Charles S. Macfar- der the name of American Council of land, General Secretary of the Council. Representatives of the All Russian The report is based upon an extended Evangelical Christian Union. itinerary this spring and early summer, which included most of the coun- The Council of the All Russian tries on the Continent of Europe, Evangelical Christian Union has except Russia. adopted the following details of opera- tion of the American Offices of the "Violent attacks on minority groups Union. seem to have ceased," Dr. Macfarland reports, "except the anti-Semitic out- 1. The purpose of establishing the breaks. The most difficult situation American Offices of the A. R. E. C. U. is appears still to be in Roumania. The to create knowledge of the past accom- Lutherans are declared to be unable plishments of this sixty-year-old moveto supply their pastorates because only ment of Russian Christians; to create, those of Roumanian nationality are strengthen and maintain ties of spiritual allowed to serve, and Roumanian citi- fellowship between the churches and zenship is hard to acquire. The law membership of the A. R. E. C. U. and all limiting the existence of minority American Christians and to invite spiritchurches to those of a certain size de- ual, moral and financial support for the prives many small communities of any spread of the Gospel of our Lord and church life. The repression of their Saviour Jesus Christ in the greatest school still continues. One main present-day mission field of the world. school, legally restored to the Reformed Church three years ago, is still 2. An American Secretary, a Russian held back." Secretary, with such other aides as may be necessary, will be appointed by the "Although the new Law of Cults Council of the A. R. E. C. U., to receive has been passed," the report explains, their authority from and be responsible "it is not yet in operation. It does not to the Council.

3. An American Christian of known integrity and spiritual standing will be

invited to serve as Treasurer of the unity, mutual understanding and Chris- American Offices of the A. R. E. C. U. tian Fellowship.

4. For the spiritual, moral and ad- h. The work of the A. R. E. C. U. in America will be purely spiritual, as visory support of the American offices, it has always been in U. S. S. R., and the A. R. E. C. U. will name a number absolutely free from any political bias or of American Christian friends of Russia, activity, being faithful solely to Jesus not to exceed fifty, as members of the Christ and true to the traditional good will and friendship between all Chris- American Advisory Council. tian brothers. 5. The general plan of work of the Since the return to Russia of Mr. American Offices of the A. R. E. C. U. I. S. Prokhanofi', President of the A. for the next ten years will be;- R. E. C. U., in 1926, the following publication work has been accom- a. In addition to the funds raised an- plished out of gifts of American nually in Russia by the Council of the Christians :-Russian Bibles, 35,000; New Testament and Psalms, 25,000; A. R. E. C. U., American Christians Russian Hymn Books (Spiritual will be asked to provide $105,000 an- Songs), 45,000; The Gospel Adviser (almanac), 2 years, 30,000: Russian nually for the next ten years, to be Bible Concordance 15,000. expended for Missionary Support, Scrip- The officers of the "Union" in ture production, publication work and America are: Alwyn Ball, Jr., Treas- urer, Norman J. Smith, American maintenance of Leningrad Bible College. Secretary, and John Johnson, Russian Also a Building Fund for the erection of Secretary. new buildings for the Bible College, a central building for the various branches COMING EVENTS of the work of the A. R. E. C. U. at COUNCIL OF WOMEN FOR HOME MIS- Leningrad, and model Prayer Houses in SIONS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, NEW the two largest cities of Russia, Lenin- York, N. Y…………….. Oct. 2-3 grad and Moscow. FEDERATION OF WOMAN'S BOARDS OF b. The monthly magazine The Gospel FOREIGN MISSIONS, EXECUTIVE CoM- MITTEE, New York, N. Y….. Oct. 4-5 in RU8sia will be continued in New York: circulars, letters, pamphlets and books CONVENTION OF THE UNITED LUTHERAN will be printed: meetings will be held, CHURCH, Erie, Pa. . ……… Oct. 9- and all good Christian methods of pre- NEW YORK STATE SUNDAY SCHOOL senting this opportunity to aid in the CONVENTION, Schenectady, .. Oct. 9-12 spread of the Gospel throughout Russia GENERAL CONVENTION OF THE PROTESwill be used. TANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, Washing- c. The Council of the A. R. E. C. U. ton, D. C. …… . ……… Oct. 10- will originate and carryon through its AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISIONERS FOR Secretaries the general program of work FOREIGN MISSIONS, ANNUAL MEET- ING, Bridgeport, Conn….. Oct. 16-18 of the American Offices. The Council will also supply necessary information DAY OF PRAYER FOR WORLD-WIDE REregarding the work of the A. R. E. Co U. LIGIOUS REVIVAL, Armistice Day …. in Russia, and will provide the general ………………………. Nov. 11 contents of printed matter, books, etc. INTERNATIONAL GOODWILL CONGRESS, d. The American Offices will make New York, N. Y………. Nov. 11-13 monthly General and Financial Reports NATIONAL INTERRACIAL CONFERENCE, Washington, D. C……… Nov. 18-21 to the Council of the A. R. E. ·C. U. in Leningrad, which will reciprocate with UNITED STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL, Rofinancial reports and information to aid chester, N. Y…………… Dec. 3-4 the American Offices in spreading a FEDERAL COUNCIL OF THE CHURCHES, knowledge of the work and needs in QUADRENNIAL MEETING, Rochester, Russia. Every member of the Advisory N. Y…………………. Dec. 5-12 Council will be supplied with all reports, that they may be fully informed of con- CONFERENCE ON THE CAUSE AND CURE OF WAR, Washington, D. C.. Jan. 14-18 ditions at the offices and on the field. f. All information sent from the Coun- cil of the A. R. E. C. U. at Leningrad to the American Offices, as well as all letters, articles, photographs, etc., being the property flf the A. R. E. C. U., can- not be used for any other purpose than those indicated by the Council of the A. R. E. C. U., for which the Secretaries will be held responsible.

g. The work of the A. R. E. C. U. in America is based-as it has always been in Russia-on fundamental principles of the teachings of Jesus Christ and His Glorious Gospel. fostering brotherly relations with all Evangelical Christian denominations, and promoting a spirit of

~E OOKS WORTH READIN ~~

Any books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS ON PopUlar Volumes AFRICA Can Africa Be Won? W. J. W. Roome. General 786d. Black. London. 1927. No man in this generation has trav- The Native Problem in Africa. Raymond L. Buell. 2 vo. $15.00. Macmillan, eled over Africa as widely and as con- New York. 1928. tinuously as Mr. Roome. Based on An exhaustive and powerful survey, wide reading, and large experience and observation, this book gives a compremade with the aim of determining the hensive view of Africa with its fareconomic and political effect of the im- reaching problems and possibilities. pact of western civilization upon the African native. The Christian Mission in Africa. Edwin W. Smith. $1.00. International Mis- Geographical Divisions sionary Council. New York. 1926.

The New Africa. Donald Fraser. 28. A study based on the proceedings of Church Missionary Society. London. the notable international conference 1927. Missionary Education Move- on Africa held at Le Zoute, Belgium, ment. $1.00. New York. 1928. September 14-21, 1926. Shows the effect of Western civiliza- The Golden Stool. Edwin W. Smith. 58. tion in building a literally new Africa Holborn Publishing House. London. out of primitive social and religious 1926. Doubleday, Doran & Co. $1.50. life. New York. 1928.

The Land of the Vanished Church; a Sur- Reviews the complex problems fac- vey of North Africa. J. J. Cooksey. 28. ing the administrator and the mission- World Dominion Press. London. ary. Broad of view and with rare in- 1926. sight, the author indicates where in Attempts to describe briefly and his judgment the solution of these problems is to be found. clearly the situation in Tunisia, Tripoli, Algeria and Morocco as viewed The Religion of the Lower Races as Illusfrom the standpoint of Protestant trated by the African Bantu. Edwin W. Christianity. Smith. 75 cents. Macmillan. New York. 1923. Thinking Black. Daniel Crawford. 2s 6d. Morgan & Scott. London. 1912. Vol. 1 of "The World's Living Re- ligions" series, prepared under the A picturesque interpretation of the direction of the Board of Missionary Central African. This book is out of Preparation of North America. The print in America. Dan Crawford of writer was for many years a mission- Luanza by James J. Ellis (28. Hulbert ary in Northern Rhodesia. Pub. Co., London) might be substituted.

Liberia-Old and New. James L. Sibley B'iographical and D. Westermann. $3.00. Double- day, Doran. Garden City, N. Y. 1928. Anatomy of African Misery. Lord Olivier. 68. Hogarth Press. London. 1927. A study of the social and economic A penetrating study of the burdens background of the country, particUlar emphasis being placed on educational born by Africans in Africa in their conditions and problems. contacts with the white races.

861

Thinking with Africa. Milton Stauffer. The Life of Robert Laws of Livingstonia.

75 cents. Missionary Education Move- W. P. Livingstone. 15s. Hodder & ment. New York. 1927. Stoughton. London. 1921.

One of the six volumes of the A fascinating biography, written in "Christian Voices Around the World" view of the jubilee of the Livingstonh~ series. Ten writers, four of them Mission, and emphasizing particularly African Negroes and one an American the pioneer work of Dr. Laws.

Negro, deal with varied aspects of the Livingstone, the Pathfinder. Basil Mathews. 60 cents. Missionary Edu- Christian approach to Central and cation Movement. New York. 1912. South Africa.

Africa and Her Peoples. F. Deaville Fascinating in style, this biography, Walker. 2s. Edinburgh House Press. intended for young people, brings out London. 1924. Missionary Education the adventure and significance of Liv- Movement. SOc. New York. 1928. ingstone's explorations with telling ef- fect. A bird's-eye view of the continent. Mackay of Uganda. Mary Yule. 38 6d. Is practically limited to the Africa of Hodder & Stoughton. London. n. d. Doubleday, Doran & Co. $1.50. New the black races, and only incidentally York. "In the heart of savage Africa, in touches the brown peoples of the northern countries or the whites of the South.

Sons of Africa. Georgina A. Gollock. 5s. the face of unparalleled difficulties, Student Christian Movement. London. the missionary engineer presented an Friendship Press. $1.50. New York. example of fearless courage, nobility 1928. of mind, and unfaltering faith." This Biographical sketches of notable Af- latest life of Mackay contains much new material. rican natives. These life stories are given with marked appreciation, ac- Francois Coillard, A Wayfaring Man. curate detail and literary distinction. Edward Shillito. 5s. Student Chris- tian Movement. London. 1923. George Grenfell; Pioneer in Congo. H. L. A restatement, in modern language Hemmens. 58. Student Christian Movement. London. 1927. and from the present-day point of Grenfell was "one of the first two view, of the life of one of the great modern missionary apostles. missionaries to enter the country, and for thirty years was leader of a group of Christian Adventurers." The Molfats. Ethel D. Hubbard. 60 cents. Missionary Education Move- Mary Slessor of Calabar. W. P. Living- ment. New York. 1917. stone. 38 6d. Hodder & Stoughton. London. Doubleday, Doran & Co. $2.00. A well-told story of the life of Rob- New York. ert and Mary Moffat, early missionary A woman of unique and inspiring pioneers in South Africa.

personality, and a truly heroic figure; MISCELLANEOUS few have possessed such moral and physical courage, or exercised such African Clearings. Jean Kenyon Mcimperious power over savage peoples. kenzie. $2.50. Houghton. Boston. 1924.

Robert Molfat; One of God's Gardeners. Inimitable word pictures of life in Edwin W. Smith. 58. Student Chris- the forests of Africa. Many of the tian Movement. London. 1925. chapters have appeared in different periodicals. The object has been "to place Mof~ fat in the historical and ethrological Friends of Africa. Jean Kenyon Macsetting of South Africa-a country kenzie. 75 cents. Central Committee that has changed so much during the on the United Study of Foreign Mislast hundred years that it is difficult sions. Cambridge, Mass. 1928.

for the present generation to realize Modern conditions in Africa, and the conditions under which he worked." the part Christian friends may hope

BOOKS WORTH READING

to play in meeting them, written for Junior Mission Study classes on the women in America who have not Africa.

access to the great mass of source Christ in Africa. W. Y. Fullerton. Stewmaterial. art of Lovedale, and Mary Slessor. Cuth- NOTE: An excellent graded bibli- bert McEvoy. 6d. each. Edinburgh. ography appears in volume. 1928. Those who prefer short sketches to Drums In the Darkness. John T. Tucker. longer biographies will find the kernel $1.75. Doran. New York. 1927. of heroic life stories in these stimu- A simple, but valuable account of lating monographs.

missionary work in Angola, its his- Across Africa with Livingstone. A game. tory, its problems, and its possibilities, London. 1928. by the Principal of Currie Institute at Juniors and their teachers will find Dondi. this game and the handwork a most The Man from an African Jungle. W. entertaining way to learn something C. Wilcox. $2.00. Macmillan. New of the Dark Continent and its great York. 1925. missionary explorer. A picture of Tizora, a native Ton- gan, the dominant figure in this story Africa. The Journal of the Internationof the establishing of an American al Institute of African Languages and mission in East Africa. Cultures. Edited by Diedrich Wester- man. Oxford University Press. Lon- AFRICA BOOKLETS don. 1928. Here is the first number of a new The Races Beyond. The Negro by J. K. journal that will be welcomed by all MacGregor; The Bantu by Robert H. students of Africa. Sir F. D. Lugard W. Shepherd. 12 mo. 96 pp. Is. each. describes the character and purpose of Edinburgh. 1928. the "Institute." Other articles discuss The first of these booklets relates Negro music, anthropology, African literature and various topics. One to the Africans around the Gold Coast paper is in German (by Prof. Meinand West Central Africa. The sec- hof) and two are in French. ond refers to the great South Central people. They are sketches for adults but are concise and reliable. The Lowland Indians of Amazonia. A Everyland Children. David and Susi- Survey of the Location and Religious Black and White. Lucy W. Peabody. Condition of the Indians of Colombia, Illustrated by Marjorie Woodbury Venezuela, the Guianas, Ecuador, Smith. 16 mo. 57 pp. 25c. North Peru, Brazil and Bolivia. By K. G. Cambridge, Mass. 1928. Grubb, F. R. G. S. 14 maps, 159 pp. Little people will learn, in this London. 58. 1927. .

charming little story, about David "The World Dominion Series de- Livingstone, the boy who grew up in Scotland and went to Africa, and scribes briefly the situation in various about Susi, the boy who grew up in Africa and through the Scotch boy, countries as viewed from the standlearned to love him and his God. point of the Kingdom of God," and this volume deals with the little known and neglected lowland Indians of northern South America.

Talks on David Livingstone. Talks on The Indian population of the coun- Africa Today. M. Monica Sharp. 8 vo. tries considered is estimated at 5,213,- 31 pp. Is. Edinburgh. 1928. 100, most of them being in the Andean section, where they constitute nearly Junior children, and those even 56 per cent of the population. The younger, will enjoy making the map of Africa, the model of the African Indians included here are those who village and other scrapbook work sug- have come partially under the influence gested in these booklets. Each has of Catholicism but have preserved the six talks and six maps, pictures and Indian tongue and can be effectually diagrams. They are excellent for reached only through these languages.

In the Andean section they average a Wm. A. Brown, Dr. Garvie, The little over ten per square mile while in Metropolitan of Thyatira, Bishop Dr.

the lowlands one per eleven square Ihmels, the Bishop of Manchester, and miles. Peru and Ecuador have the Prof. Harnack. The rest of the num- largest number per square mile, ber contains leading articles on all while the average for the entire region manner of ethical and social problems is only 1.28 per cent. Though the in their relation to the Church of Catholic pioneer, Anchieta, "won their Christ.

hearts by his long prayers, his purity It is the result of the work of the of life, his prophecies and his miracu- Continuation Committee of the Stock- lous powers," their great Apostle, Las holm Conference and has for its aim Casas, said later that "Christianity to give practical application to the for them was the surest road to the presentations of the Conference.

loss of liberty and slavery to Euro- C. T. BENZE.

peans." Cruel treatment from the settlers and later the inroads of tuber- Christian Essentials. John McDowell. culosis and entire lack of sanitation is New York. 1928. 184 pp. $1.75.

leading to their disintegration. As might be expected, this book from While the first Protestant work for the pen of one of the secretaries of them was begun by the Huguenot set- the Board of National Missions of the tlers of 1588, it really began with the Presbyterian Church, deals with some Moravians in 1738 and Dr. Kidder great Christian truths we believe and (Northern Methodist) in 1836. To- why we believe them. The chapters day nine Protestant missions at nine are characteristic of the author-full centers with 37 foreign workers are of the virility and rugged search for carrying on a varied ministry, with reality. only Gospel portions in seven languages to aid them. Twenty-four By training and experience Dr. Catholic Missions are also doing some- McDowell knows not only what Christhing for the lowland Indians. This tianity teaches, but why it is true. carefully prepared volume for the first To this end he has written these chapters, which include-The Essen- time gives detailed information as to tial Record-The New Testament; The what the Church faces in Indian work. Essential Factor-Jesus Christ; The Essential Claim-The Incarnation; H. P. B. The Essential Fact – The Resurrec- International Review for the Social Activi- tion. ties of the Churches. Issued under the authority of the International Institute Dr. McDowell does not write for the Commission by Dr. Adolf Keller. Edi- scholar, learned in textual criticism, tor of the British Section, Principal but for the average Christian who Alfred E. Garvie, D.D., of the Ger- wishes to know the evidences of his man, Prof. Dr. A. Titus, of the French, faith. Elie Gounelle, Pastor at St. Etienne. Quarterly 96 pp. 75 cents each. The Men's Clubs, Bible Classes, and University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Young Peoples' groups, may study this 1928. volume with profit. For the pastor A unique feature of this review is seeking a guide for mid-week studies that the articles are written in one of for his church night, this work should three languages, (English, German, fill an important place.

French) and is followed by a resume The attitude throughout is eminent- or abstract in the other two. The first ly fair and undogmatic. But no one number starts with introductory can question the loyalty of the writer words by men prominent at the Stock- to the truths of the New Testament, holm Conference, such as the Bishop and his strong personal allegiance to of Winchester, Dr. S. Parkes Cadman, the Christ. Those who seek for reality Dr. Nathan Soderblom, Dr. Kapler, will do well to study this book.

Mr. Gounelle, Mr. Wilfred Monod, Dr. JAMES F. RIGGS.

The Missionary Review of the World — June 1928

AT THE INTERNATIONAL MISSIONARY COUNCIL ON THE MOUNT OF

PERSONALS The MRS. CHARLES K. Roys, secretary of GOSPEL the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. PLOW and since 1920, and from 1904 to 1920 a missionary of that Board with her late the husband in Shantung Province, China, has accepted the position of Dean of 1912–One village boy in India Wells College for Women at Aurora, who wanted to learn how to be N. Y. a farmer. One tool shed to serve as dormitory, class room and ** demonstration laboratory. One Presbyterian missionary with a BISHOP AND MRS. W. F. OLDHAM of vision. the Methodist Episcopal Church left Buenos Aires in January, and are re- 1928 – Eighty students, high tiring from active service after many caste and low, old-time farmers years spent in India, Singapore, the and modern uni versity gradu- United States and South America. ates. Buildings and property worth nearly half a million dol- PROFESSOR LOO*TFY* L*EVONIAN, of the lars. A staff of twelve who have caught the vision. School of Religion in Athens, Greece, is at present in America in the interests of Sixteen years of Christianity in Christian work for Moslems and peoples action have brought this result. of the Near East. Prof. Levonian was Allahabad Institute has helped formerly connected with the Evangelical the Government to pU5h the Church in Asia Minor but with other danger of famine farther away Armenians was forced to leave his na- from hunger-ridden India. Selftive land. He has written many valuable support has brought self-respect tracts on the Christian approach to Mos- to hopeless outcastes. Men of lems and is to speak at the World's Sun- high caste have learned to drop dav-school Conventiol1 in Los Angeles on old prejudices while working "Winning Moslems to Christ." A book side by side with those they by him on "The Moslem Attitude Toward once scorned. Hindu and Mosthe Gospel" is to be published in England lem alike have learned that in in June. Christ all men are brothers.

OBITUARY Allahabad Institute needs your help. It can increase its service DR. WALTER F. SEYMOUR, medical mis- if you will help increase its ensionary of the Presbyterian Church in dowment. Buildings, equipment the U. S. A. at Tsining, Shantung Prov- and salaries should be enlarged. ince, China, was shot to death by a "The Gospel and the Plow" will Chinese soldier on April 16th, when try- mean fulIer'life to a quarter of ing to prevent the Nationalist soldiers a billion people. Send your from entering the girls' school of the check now. Mission. He went out to China in 1893. Send for the leaflet, RIGHT REV. JOS'"EPH* S'". MOTODA, Bishop "Look on the FieJ,ds." of the Protestant Episcopal Church since 1923, died in Tokyo on April 16th. Ssm Hi.g.ginbottom DR. FARRAND B'"AKE'"R *PIERSON, for some BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. years a missionary to Central America, and later a member of the Home Coun- 156 Fifth Aveuue, New York cil of the African Inland Mission also of the Union Missionary Training School of Brooklyn, died at his home in New Rochelle, New York, on Wednesday morning, May 9th. Dr. Pierson was born in Detroit, Michigan, October 12, 1876, a son of the late Dr. Arthur T. Pierson, and of the late Sarah Francis Benedict Pierson. He was deeply interested in all forms of Christian service' and, as a "beloved physician," heex– amined many missionary candidat~_sand helped a large number of missiim~vies t9. regain health so that they could&futitl'ue in active service. When incapacitated by iUness from 'practicing medicine he' purchased a Braille typewriter with which he made books for the blind. These' ·were accepted for circulation hy the New York Public Library.

Plea.., mention THE MISsIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD In wrltlng to advertisers. DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor JUNE TABLE OF CONTENTS FRONTISPIECE-DEr. EGATES AT THE IXTERXATIO~Ar. MISSlONARY COUNCIl~ ON THE ~fOU~T Page OF OLIVES CHRISTIANS OF MANY NATIONS A'l' JEReSALEM ……………… ROBERT E. SPEER 421 A story of the recent mcettng of the Internutimwl Mi8sionary Council on the -,Yount oj OU-1)CS (UJ seen by mn American delegate.

A SOUTH AFRICAN VIEW OF THE COllNCIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DAVIDSON D. T. JABAVU 428 A professor of the South Africwn Native College at Ft. Hare interprets the meeting'S of the Oonference to hilt people.

VOICES FROM JERUSALEM CALLING INDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AIlGUSTINE RALI,IA RAM 431 A representative oj the Student OhriBt'ia,n A88oaiati()1t oj India, Burma and Oeylon in- terpret. the me8Bage of the (Jon!crcnce to In&/a.

THE MEANING TO LATIN AMERICA …………………….•…. JOHN A. MACKAY 435 The 8catck missionary, now a reUpions work secretnry of the South American Ji'cdera- tion oj the Y. M. O. A. intc'rpret8 jar La,tin Amt'r'ic(~.

NUGGETS FROM A DELEGATE'S NO'rEBOOK •………………. MILTON T. STAUFFER 436 Quotable extracts froui a·ddres8cs and conference 'reports.

A CALL TO PRAYER FROM JERUSALEM .•….•…••.•……………………. 437 THE CHRISTIAN MESSAGE TO ALL MEN..•…..••…………………………. 443 A statement 0/ the Gospel adopted at Jer'lf,8alcm as a oasis for mission,nry activity.

WEALTH IN CENTRAL AFRICA ……………………………. JOHN M. SPRINGER 451 The story of minflllg physical and spiritual riches in a Central African camp.

MY FRIEND, THE SHULLA WOMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MRS. D. S. OYLER 461 A biographlcal sketch oj a Christia.n convert in the Egyptian Suda·n.

THE WORLD'S SUNDAY·SCHOOL PROGRESS •.••••……..•……. SAMUEL iL PRICE 463 A record of a.chiC'liCment8 during the prz.,st quadrennium and the challenge to lie met at L08 AngelCB.

CAREY'S INFI,UENCE CONTINUES ………………….•..•..•… AI,TON B. JACOR" 466 UNNAMED CHRISTIANITY IN TURKEy …………………………………… . 467 Extracts from the '11urkish Press rcjfectimg 7"trkish opinion aR to religions liberty in, mi8sion 8chools.

WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN TURKEy.•.•..•…………………………………….. 470 THE IRISH CHURCH IN DAlIIASCUS …••••………………………………..•. 471 TOPICS OF THE TIMES ……….•…•……………………………………. 473 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE JERUSALEM COUNCIL. WHAT IS HAPPENING IN CHINA.

ATHE1SM IN RUSS1A AND AMERICA.

METHODS FOR WORKERS …..•……….•………………………..•.••….. 479 A PASTOR'S TE$TIMONY, BY VILL1AM S. MARQL'J}s.

A UN1QUE PROGRAM, BY MRS. E[)WARD JORDAN.

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN ………… EDITED BY ELLA D. MACLAURIN 485 WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EDIT"" BY FLORENCE E. QUlNMN 488 WORLD WIDE OUTLOOK ……………………………………………….. . 490 BOOKS WOR'l'H READING 509 TERMS: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of five.) Foreign postage, 50 cents. Single copies, 25 cents. Published monthly. Copyrighted, 1928, by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. All rights reserved.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY. Inc.

ROBBRT E. SPEER, Prealdent WM. I. CHAMBERLAIN, Vice-President DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretarv WALTIlB McDoOGALL, Treruurer Publication Office. 3d '" Reily St•., Harrisburg. Pa. 25e a copy. $2.GO a year. Editorial and Business Office. 156 Fifth Avenue, New York Cit,.

Entered as second-Class matter at the Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879. COMING EVENTS Conferences and Schools of MisBions International Missionary Union, Clif- Affillated with Federation of Woman's Boards ton Springs, N. Y., May 30-June 3. of Foreign Mlaalona and Counell of Women for Home Mlaalona. Dates and Chairmen.

General Synod, Reformed Church in Bethesda, Ohio-July 16-20. America, New York, N. Y., June 7-13. Miss Mary I. Scott, 310 Tomlinson Ave., Moundsville, W. Va. Northern Baptist Convention, Detroit, Mrs. Love Sheets, 5th and Jefferson, Mich., June 16-21. Moundsville, W. Va.

General Assembly of the Church of Boulder, Colorado–In June. the Na:zarene, Columbus, Ohio, June 13- Mrs. Henry F. Hoffman, 1318 E. 26. Dakota St., Denver, Colo. Mrs. Frank I. Smith, 515 E. 11th Interdenominational Conference on Ave., Denver. Evangelism, Northfield, Mass., June 20- 22. 3 Chautauqua, New York-August 12-17. Mrs. John Ferguson, 105 East 22d Baptist World Alliance Congress, St., New York, N. Y. Toronto, Canada, June 23-29.

General Conference, Church of the 2 Chautauqua, New York—Aug. 19-24. Brethren, La Verne, CaL, June 27-July 4. Mrs. Wm. A. Montgomery, 144 Dart- mouth St., Rochester, New York. World's Sunday-school· Association Convention, Los Angeles, CaL, July 11-18. Illinois – Missouri (Greenville, II1.)- June 18-22. General Conference of the Seventh Day Baptists, Riverside, Cai., July 23-30. Mrs. J. D. Bragg, 638 Oakwood Ave., Webster Groves, Mo. Woman's Christian Temperance Union Convention, La)lsanne, Switzerland, July 1 Kerrville, Texa8-Aug. 2-9. 26-Aug.2. Mrs. H. W. Hamilton, Cotulla, Texas.

National Convention, Evangelical Lake Geneva, Wisconsin–June 25-July League, Evangelical Synod, Milwaukee, 2. Wis., Aug. 7-12. Mrs. Henry Harmeling, 24 East National Association of Workers 107th St., Chicago, Ill. Among Colored People, Winston-Salem, Mrs. Lulu C. Hunter, 1021 .So. Elm- N. C., Aug. 14-19. wood Ave., Oak Park, Ill.

World Youth Peace Congress, Eerde, Minnesota (Minneapolis – St. Paul)- Holland, Aug. 17-26. June 18-22.

International Christian Press Confer- Mrs. A. W; Goldsmith, 944 Ashland ence, Cologne, Germany, Aug. 16-22. Ave., St. Paul, Minn. Mrs. F. F. Lindsay, 25 Seymour Ave., WorId Alliance for International S. E., Minneapolis. Friendship Through the Churches, Prague, Czecho-Slovakia, Aug. 24-30. Mt. Hermon,Calijorniar-July 21-28. Mrs. C. W. Brinstad, 2929 Lincoln Universal. Christian Conference on Way, San Francisco, Calif. Life and Work, Prague, Ozecho-Slovakia, Aug. 31-Sept. 5. Mountain Lak6 Park, Maryland-JUly 27-August 2. National Baptist Convention, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 4-10. Mrs. F. I. Johnson, 150 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. Universal Religious Peace Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 12-14. a Northfield, Massachusetts (East North- field)-July 5-13. National Convention, Evangelical Brotherhood, Evangelical Synod, In- Mrs. Charles E. Blake, 7 Angell dianapolis, Ind., Sept. 16-19. Court, Providence, R. I.

Convention, Women's Missionary So- 2 Northfield, Massachusetts-July 13-21. ciety, United Lutheran Church, Johns- Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, Beverly, town, Pa., .sept. 22-27. Mass.

Convention of the United Lutheran WilBon College, Chambersburg, Pa.- Church, Erie, Pa., Oct. 9-. June 27-July 4.

Miss Mary C. Peacock, Torresdale, Pa.

General Convention of the Protestant' Winona Lake-June 21-28. Mrs. Lulu C. Hunter, 1021 S. Elm- Episcopal Church, Washington, D. C., wood Ave., Oak Park, Ill. Oct.10-.

Federal Council of the Churches, 1 Affiliated with the Federation. Quadrennial Meeting, Rochester, N. Y., tlo~~orelgn only. A1liliated with the Federa- Dec. 5-12. 3 Home only. Conducted by the CouncIL (Dr. and Mrs. John R. Mott and Dr. Wm. Paton are in the center of the first row)

LI, No.6 June

CHRISTIANS OF MANY NATIONS AT JERUSALEM THE ENLARGED INTERNATIONAL MISSIONARY COUNCIL ON THE MOUNT OF OLIVES BY ROBERT E. SPEER, New York A UNIQUE and unprecedented burgh Conference of 1910. When gathering assembled in Je- that conference closed it was felt rusalem on March 24th and that some provision should be made sat in conference until April 8th for the continuing care of the com- at the call of the International Mis- mon influences which flowed from sionary Council. It was composed it and the Continuation Committee of a little more than two hundred was the result. It was, however, members, half of them from the a self-perpetuating and nonrespon- churches of the nominally Chris- sible body which depended for its tian countries in Europe and authority upon a conference which America and Australia and New had adjourned and was receding Zealand, which have sent out mis- into the past. In due time, accord- sionaries in the foreign missionary ingly, this committee gave way and enterprise, and the other half from merged into a new body periodicalthe missionaries of these Churches ly appointed by and responsible to and from the newer Churches the various representative nation- which have grown out of their al foreign missionary agencies, work. One third of the entire num- like the Foreign Missions Confer- ber, consequently, were represent- ence of North America, which for atives of these newer Churches of thirty-five years has been the co- mission lands. In this, as in many operative association of all the forother respects, the Jerusalem eign mission boards of the United Council differed f,rom the Edin- States and Canada. This new body, burgh Missionary Conference and the International Missionary Coun- from every other missionary or cil, consisted of seventy members church conference which has ever chosen by the constituent agencies been held. which included the three national The International Missionary councils or committees of the Council is the successor of the Con- churches and missions in Japan, tinuation Committee of the Edin- China and India. It was expected 421

to meet every second year and Jeremiah's home, and down across three such meetings had been held the barren wilderness of Judea to -in 1921 at Lake Mohonk, in 1923 the valley of the Jordan and the in Oxford, and in 1925 in Rattvik, green fields about Jericho, to the Sweden. It was felt, however, that Dead Sea, in clear view, and to the in view of present world conditions mountains of Moab and to Nebo in the foreign missionary under- where the angels of God laid Moses taking a larger and more prolonged to his rest. Westward we looked conference was needed. In conse- down the slope of Olivet to Geth- quence, with the approval of the semane and the valley of Kedron and national organizations, the mem- just beyond, to the whole city of bership of the Council for a special Jerusalem spread out beneath us, gathering was trebled, a number with its walls and the Sheep Gate of special counsellors were invited, by the Pool of Bethesda, and the provision was made for a unique Gate Beautiful closed up in the representation from the native or wall, with the Temple area and the indigenous Churches and the en- domes and minarets of the mosques larged Council met in the birth and the domes and towers of the place of the Christian faith for the churches and Gordon's Calvary and fortnight ending with Easter. the Tomb in the Garden just north Time alone will reveal the true of Herod's Gate. The dearest and significance and result of the gath- holiest of all the memories of hu- ering but those who were present manity flowed about the Council regarded it as the greatest experi- and filled with their sweetness ence of their lives and it will be every hour and every heart.

well to try to give the readers of The unity of these memories and the REVIEW a brief account of its the faith and love beneath them character and proceedings. bound together the men and wom- The Historic Memories en who had come from all the ends of the earth to Jerusalem, from The Council met on the Mount fifty-two different countries and of Olives in the great stone build- from all the races, thirteen Chi- ing erected by the Germans as a nese, fifteen Indians, five Japanese, hospice and sanitarium which had four Koreans, four Latin Ameri- been taken over as headquarters cans, Burmese, Singalese, Egyp- of the government of Palestine aft- tian, Malagasy, Filipino, Siamese, er the war, but which the govern- African, and the races of the West.

ment had given up for such use We came from all the evangelical after the earthquake of last year Churches. From the United States which seriously damaged the build- and Canada there were fifty of us ing and also the new Jewish Uni- and from Great Britain thirty, versity near by. The damage had from Germany ten, from Nether- been measurably repaired and the lands three, from Scandinavia delegates lived in improvised bar- eight. There was one bishop from racks and ate together and as- Japan and there were eight bishops sembled in the meetings of the and four canons of the Church of Council in the great halls of the England who rendered immeasur- sanatorium. Eastward from the able service to the cause of the place of meeting we looked over Gospel and to the missionary en- Bethany and Anathoth, which was terprise. No one spoke with deep-

CHRISTIANS OF MANY NATIONS AT JERUSALEM

er evangelical loyalty or purer V. Christianity and the Growth of fervor or devotion. VI. Industrialism in Asia and Af- rica. William Paton. There was an erect, straight- VII. The Christian Mission in Relaspeaking chief of Uganda and there tion to Rural Problems. Papers were extraordinarily capable and by Kenyon L. Butterfield, Wilcourageous women not from the liam J. McKee, and Thomas Western lands alone but also from Jesse Jones. China and Korea and India and The Future of International Mis- sionary Cooperation. J. R. Mott.

Japan. And the German delega- VIII. The Unfinished Evangelistic Task. Charles H. Fahs. tion brought a note of the simplest and most unswerving faithfulness Not all of these were taken up to the New Testament and to the for consideration but for the first convictions and principles and week from a half day to two days was given to each major subject. ideals of primitive Christianity. Each of these was opened and then The Subjects Considered discussed in seven-minute speeches The plan of the gathering was and then referred to one of the ten very simple and efficient. A series sections into which the Council of papers had been prepared and broke up for the second week.

circulated in. advance of the Coun- Each of these sections in turn, cil meeting on the following topics: when it had reached a conclusion, 1. The Christian Life and Message appointed a findings committee to in Relation to Non-Christian draft its mind. The reports of Systems. . these committees were then pre- 1. Christianity and Islam. W. H. sented to the Council as a whole T. Gairdner. 2. Christianity and Hinduism. Nicol Macnicol. and debated and corrected and re- ferred back for revision and then 3. Christianity and Confucian- ism. J. Leighton Stuart. finally adopted in plenary session. 4. Christianity and Northern Buddhism. A. K. Reischauer. In this way extended statements 5. Christianity and Buddhism. were issued as the mind of the Kenneth Saunders. 6. Christianity and Secular Civ- Council on the following themes: ilization. Rufus M. Jones. The Christian Life and Message in Re- 7. Our Christian Task in a Ma- lation to Non-Christian Systems.

terialistic World. Rufus M. Religious Education, Jones. Christianity and Industrial Problems. 8. Religious Values in Confucian- Christianity and Racial Relationships. ism: A Source Book of The Christian Message in Relation to Facts and Opinions. D. Wil- Rural Problems. lard Lyon, ed. II. Religious Education. Luther A. Relations of the Older and Younger Churches. Weigle and J. H. Oldham. III. The Rei a t ion between the Medical Missions. Cooperation and The Home Base. You n g e r and the Older IV. Churches. A. L. Warnshuis. Then there were briefer resolu- The Christian Mission in the Light of Race Conflict. tions on work for the Jews, the 1. Relations between the Black Protection of Missionaries and and White Races in Amer- ica. John Hope, T. J. Woof- War. The findings, of course, had ter, Jr., and others. regard for the character of the 2. Relations between the Black Council as a missionary body. But and White Races in South two things were clearly seen, one Africa. J. Dexter Taylor. that all Christianity must be mis- 3. Relations between the Occi- dental and Oriental Peoples sionary and the other that all mis- on the Pacific Coast of North sions and missionary practice and America. Galen M. Fisher.

preaching and ideal and conception but ultimately men came to see the must be Christian. The first of necessity of a statement firm in its these issues became very clear in grasp of the central issues, but a discussion which originated from flexible and comprehensive in its China and Japan over the proposal view of method. Several para- to change the Council's name from graphs may be quoted: International Missionary Council "No more important problem confronts to International Christian Council. the older and younger churches alike It was easy to understand and sym- than to discover the secret of a living, pathize with the purpose of the indigenous Church. A Church, deeply suggestion. In China there is only rooted in God through Jesus Christ, an one national organization, the Na- integral part of the Church Universal, tional Christian Council, embrac- may be said to be indigenous: ing both Chinese and missionaries, and it was felt that a foreign mis- "(a) When its interpretation of Christ sionary council would not ade- and its expression in worship and servquately represent the international ice, and in art and architecture, incorinterests of this National Chris- porate the worthy characteristics of the tian Council. This is quite true people, conserving at the same time the and such a Council as this in China heritage of the Church in all lands and should be related, in its wider as- in all ages. pects, to world movements like the Stockholm Conference on Life and "(b) When through it, the Spirit of Jesus Christ penetrates all phases of Work and the Lausanne Confer- life, bringing to His Service all the ptlence on Faith and Order, and to tentialities of both men and women. any international association of national Christian Councils or Fed- "(c) When it actively shares its life eral Councils. But on the other with the nation in which it finds itself. hand it was clearly seen that the life and power of the Internation- " (d) When it is alert to the problems al Missionary Council are based on. of the times and, as a spiritual force in its distinctive missionary or ex- the community, courageously and sympapansion character and that in the thetically makes its contribution to their solution. West the agencies which enter into it have only such a charter from "(e) When it is kindled with the mistheir Churches and also it was in- sionary spirit.

"The fostering of such an indigenous Church depends on the building up of its spiritual life through communion with God in prayer and in public and private worship; throughk'nowledge of the Bible i'n the vernacular; through a sense of Christian 'stewardship; through an in- digenclUs leadership of men and women who will' share their religious experi- ence; and through adventure in service and self-exp'ress'ion. In such a Church, the problems of discipline, polity, control and financial support will naturally as- sume their proper places."

creasingly recognized by the These paragraphs are followed younger, indigenous Churches that by sensible sections on self-sup- what they supremely need is to lay port, on institutions, leadership, hold of and to be laid hold of by Christian literature, and Christian the missionary ideal and obligation unity.

as the central and essential element The Findings in the idea of a real and living It would be well, if there were church. space, to present here in full all This indeed was made clear in the the findings of the Council or at ultimate findings on the subject least to summarize them. That is of the Relation of the Older and not possible, but they will all be Younger Churches. At first there made available in report form as seemed to be hopeless confusion or soon as possible. Something may divergence of view on this problem be 'S}tid,' however, on three matters.

CHRISTIANS OF MANY NATIONS AT JERUSALEM

First as to the protection of mis- fence of their' missionaries and their property. sionaries. It was felt by some of "Further, the Council instructs its the European members of the officers to collect and circulate to the na- tional missionary organizations informa- Council that it was not the function tion concerning any action regarding of the Council to deal with this but this matter that has been or may be it was recognized that if such a taken by the missionary societies. subject was not appropriate for the Council's action surely much that "Finally, the International Missionary Council desires to record its conviction that the foreign missionary enterprise it had done was inappropriate. It is a spiritual and moral'and not a powas felt also by many that the litical enterprise and its work should be subject had been seen very much carried on within two great human out of proportion by some and that rights alone, the right of religious freea phase of missionary problem in dom for all men, and the maintenance by each nation of law and order for all within its bounds."

a limited area of one land, where Something should be said also extra-territorial and political dis- with regard to the place of women organization presented exceptional in the Council. There were thirtyconditions, had been untruly uni- four women delegates and no conversalized. People from most lands tribution was more impressive than thought the proposed resolution to the witness of women from Japan, be unreal and even misleading for China, India, and Korea, and the them but after a long and earnest Moslem Lands as to the place of discussion lasting till midnight of women in the different religions the closing business day of the of the world and as to what Chris- Council the following statement tianity had done for those who was adopted, though not without spoke and for the womanhood dissent: which they knew. In no enterprise "Inasmuch as Christian missions in- have women come nearer to their volve the largest possible identification of the missionary with the people of the right place than in foreign miscountry of his adoption; and sions but even here it is still hard "Inasmuch as missionaries have gen- for many men to discern what Mr. erally relied upon the goodwill of the lleollie among whom they live and the Kidd set forth with such insight protection of the government of the lo- and prophecy in his posthumous cality for the protection of their lives book "The Secret of Power." But and property; and slowly the power which God'taught in the miracle of The Virgin Birth "Inasmuch as missionaries, both as in- makes its way. When God sent dividuals and in groups, and several forth His Son it was enough that missionary societies have asked that he should be born of a woman. steps be taken to make plain that they After the Council had adopted a do not depend upon or desire the protec- bold and Christian declaration on tion of foreign military forces in the country of their residence; and "Inasmuch as the use or the threat of armed forces of the country from which they come for the protection of the mis- the question of race about which sionary and missionary property creates foreign missions must be Christian widespread misunderstanding as to the underlying motive of the Christian mes- or be doomed, a resolution was ofsage: "The International Missionary Coun- fered which the chief from Uganda cil places on record its conviction said took his breath away though "(1) That the llrotection of mission- it was right, and the Council aries should only be by such methods as passed it without a word of debate will promote goodwill in personal and or dissent: "The principles and official relations, and urges upon all mis- ideals which this Council has sionary societies adopted in the Report on Racial "(2) That they should make no claim on their governments for the armed de-

Relationship with regard to the addresses that day were two de- equal rights of races, this Council votional addresses by Mr. Max declares and maintains with regard Yergan of Africa and Mr. K. T.

to the equal rights of men and Paul of India. Monday evening women in and among all races." Dr. David Yui of China, Tuesday, What an upheaval is ahead of the Dr. S. K. Datta on India, Wednes- world when at last St. Paul's great day, Bishop Temple of Manchester, principle in this matter begins to on "The Historic Christian Fellow- operate, "neither male nor female." ship," Thursday, Bishop McCon- The Future of Missionary Work nell of Pittsburgh, and Prof. R. H. Tawney of London, on "The Bear- The one other matter out of a ing of Christianity on Social and multitude of which one must speak, Industrial Questions," Friday, Prowas the unmistakable answer of fessor Heim of the the University the Council to the idea that the of Tubingen, on "What is it in the work of the foreign missionary is Gospel which Commands us?" and done. The immense unreached on the following Monday, Profesareas came clearly into view. The sor Hocking of Harvard, who younger Churches declared their brought great help with him, on inequality to the vast task before "Psychological Conditions for them and their need of continuing Growth in Religious Faith." The and enlarged cooperation from the other evenings of the meetings Churches of the Council in the ex- were given to other general dispansion of their effort and the gift cussions except the Sunday eveof their best men and women. Mr. ning of April first when three true Paul of India, named as the two missionaries made noble addresses best loved and most desired for- on the fundamental evangelistic eigners in India north and south, purpose of our foreign missionary two Christian missionaries. In all work-Dr. John Mackay of South lands Christ is the supreme need America, Bishop Linton of the and therefore men and women in Church of England Mission in Perwhom Christ lives and through sia, and Dr. Stanley Jones of Inwhom Christ goes forth to the dia. Throughout the Council these world are needed everywhere. three spoke always of the great central convictions of the Gospel It was agreed by all, however, and embodied its great spirit. that the most significant thing in the Council meeting was the ab- Christian Communion solute unanimity of the Council at the point where it seemed most dif- Among the meetings those which ficult and improbable. Before re- will linger in our hearts were the ferring to that miracle however, two communion services in which something should be said in the all who wished, and who could, way of report of the general meet- came together in perfect fellow- ings and spirit of the Council. It ship and love about the table of was opened with a general address our Lord; the Sunday afternoon by Dr. Mott on Saturday evening. talk by Bishop MacInnes, as we The sermon on the first Sunday sat on the slope of Olivet overlook- morning was by the Bishop of ing Jerusalem, and as he described Salisbury on the text "Behold I the building of the city and pointed make all things new." The evening out the scenes of our Lord's life

CHRISTIANS OF MANY NATIONS AT JERUSALEM

in it; the morning walk on Palm keen ecstasy of the hour when the Sunday from Bethany to Olivet Bishop of Manchester came to the with scripture and prayer and last words of the statement on the hymn on the way; the Thursday Christian Message, and we knew evening Communion at Christ that God had given to the Council Church near the Jaffa Gate and the a restatement of the Gospel in walk through the silent streets of terms, rooted in reality, emerging the city, through the Sheep Gate, from a profound and coherent to Gethsemane; and the hour of theology, and vibrating and real prayer under the olive trees with for the new generation. Of all ut- the Paschal moon shining on the terances given since the War temple area across the valley of through corporate Christian wit- Kedron ; and the last service, ness this seems to the writer to where men and women of many be incomparably the greatest."

races spoke and the Bishop of The REVIEW prints the message en- Salisbury made a simple and noble tire in the present issue.

appeal to us all, and Dr. Mottsaid With the adoption of the report the appropriate closing words. the Council knew its way and But the last words of this report passed on in joy to the closing days.

must refer to the unity to which in And then in the strength of the His great grace God brought the Resurrection it waited together on Council with regard to "The Chris- that ever memorable Easter Day tian Message." Many had feared and on Easter Monday separated that here at the very centre and on the ways that cross the world, heart of all it might be found that but to walk together in that one we could not speak with the old way of which I read afresh in the and authentic and united witness. quietness of the Church that Many, it was known, could do so, Maundy Thursday evening not far but had there been in the foreign from the spot where Jesus stood mission enterprise a faIling away? in Caiaphas' house; The Continental delegates had met He who would valiant be in advance in Egypt on their way 'Gainst all disaster, to Jerusalem and had voiced their Let him in constancy misgivings. But the Spirit of God Follow the Master. wrought a wonder, and when, after hours of work, the committee Thus no discouragement on the Message made its report Shall make him once relent, His first avowed intent To be a pilgrim.

through the Bishop of Manchester, Whose beset him round the Council knew that its mind was With dismal stories, one and that the words to utter Do but themselves confound; it had been found. The first His strength the more is. thought was to adopt the report No foes shall stay his might, Tho' he with giants fight; without a moment of delay but in He will make good his right patience the Council waited until To be a pilgrim.

the morning following and then Since Lord Thou doest defend without dissent and rising as in Us with Thy Spirit, the unity of Christ it made the message its own. "No one indeed, We know we at the end who was present," says Mr. Basil Shall life inherit; Mathews, "can ever forget the Then fancies flee away, I'll fear not what men say, I'll labor night and day To be a pilgrim.

A SOUTH AFRICAN VIEW OF THE

BY PROF. DAVIDSON D. T. JABAVU, B.A., Fort Hare, South Africa South African Native Oollege~ Alice, Oape Province O NE almost doubts if there per cent of the aborigines are ever was such a unique as- dwellers in rural districts but many semblage as that which are landless; and the Lands Act of gathered at Jerusalem in March. 1913 has allocated only twelve per Africa was represented, apart cent of the land of South Africa from the white missionaries who have made her the land of their for its four and a half million adoption, by three unbleached sable blacks as against eighty-eight per sons of the soil, namely, the Rt. Rev. Adolphus W. Howells, a cent for one million and a half typical Negro from Nigeria; by Europeans. Those who have land the Chief Kulubya of Uganda; by the present writer from Cape need the assistance of Farmers' As- sociations to guide them in their Province. The first general subject was operations. It will therefore cheer my people to observe among the Christianity in Relation to Other findings the following paragraph: Religious Systems; the second was The Relations of Older and "The rural work in mission fields is Younger Churches. This was fol- an organic part of the service demanded lowed by Christian Religious Edu- of the Church everywhere, East and cation. But the subject that struck West, to lead in the effort to build a one with its surprising freshness rural civilization that shall be Christian was The Christian Message in Re- to the core. This effort looks toward the lation to Rural Problems; because development of an intelligent, literate it revealed that in almost all the and efficient rural popUlation, well organnon-European countries Christian- ized and well led, who shall share the economic, the political and the social emancipation, as well as the continual advancement of the masses of men, who shall participate fully in world affairs, and who shall be motivated and inspired by the Christian spirit."

ity was concerned with predomi- South Africa will naturally be nantly rural populations. Some of profoundly interested in the discus- the difficulties specially associated sion on Racial Relationships by Dr.

with such people were: poverty, il- Hope and Dr. Woofter of the United literacy and ignorance. Such folks States of America and by Dr.

were invariably at the mercy of Dexter Taylor of South Africa.

superstition, quack doctors, ex- The discussion was led by three tortionate money-lenders, a pen- colored speakers, the first of whom chant for litigation, debt, low was Dr. I. Hope, President of wages and inadequate land. Among Moorehouse College, Atlanta, Ga., the solutions proferred was the who cautioned the audience against establishment of Farmers' Unions the growing and voluminous litera- along with the training of agricuI- ture on the subject by ambitious tural missionaries who, as Dr. Dif- people who chose this subject as an fendorfer maintained, should be easy thesis for graduation inas- trained not in the city but in the much as the examiners know country, and preferably nationals. little or nothing about it! He re- In South Africa eighty-eight marked, white people often main- 428 tain lofty ethics in dealing with registered in the statute books of each other but strangely enough the Union Government of South leave out the Negro in their code. Africa. Mr. Basil Mathews (Ge- Even a good character on the part neva) proposed the adoption of of a colored man does not solve the a program of investigations by exinterracial problem. Even educa- perts with a view to an authoritation, taken by itself, provides no tive collation of the facts, in which salvation. Dr. Hope pinned his the causes of racial friction shaH faith in the fine sense of justice be codified and solutions sought as found among the best citizens and to the light shed thereon' by the the inexorable working of the teaching of Jesus Christ. The present writer explained how in spirit of Jesus Christ in the hearts of men.

Rev. Max Yergan of South Africa pleaded for a better recognition of personality in all men irrespective of their color; and for the development of cooperation with constructive aims by means of Joint Councils and the Student Movement. Bishop Uzaki of Japan urged the Christian principle of the Golden Rule.

During the subsequent discussion several important phases of the question were brought out: Dr. Zwemer pointed out that racial pride was one of the weaknesses in Christian practice as against the practice of some of the other religions. The Rev. RaIla Ram (India) said this weakness was un- DR. JOHN R. MOTT, THE BISHOP OF fortunately characteristic of some MANCHESTER AND THE PRINCE OF races other than European as, for UGANDA AT JERUSALEM example, the caste system in India with its despised class of untouch- South Africa the young men and ables. Among the English it was women who belonged to the Stucharacterized by social snobbish- dents' Christian Association are ness and the domination complex. taking the lead and showing an The present writer asserted that advanced outlook in the matter race prejudice was a stumbling- thus proving that Jesus Christ is block and a veritable hindrance to the only solution of the problem. the progress of Christianity because it produces pride in those The subject "Christianity and who favor color discrimination as Industrial Problems" drew a well as social insults and ostracism highly informative discussion with the exploitation of the help- showing that organized Chrisless, not to mention the series tianity throughout the world was of anti-native legislation or laws keeping abreast of modern views. such .as were being continuously Dr. Ren Yen Lo of Shanghai urged that

"We should be clear in the statement tained-such as missionaries and of our attitude that we are neither cap- nationals, home and foreign italists nor oppressors, as against the spheres, conservatives and modernaccusation that we Christians act as ists, fundamentalists and sciopiates to drug backward peoples, and entists. Classes, he said, had faded that we are merely tools of imperialists. away together with the problems We should make it clear that the Church of Europe. We did not settle the stands for the salvation of individuals as differences but transcended them! well as society and nations." Marginal things had become cen- tral. In our outlook and attitudes The present writer informed the we were unified by the spirit of Council that organized Christianity Jesus Christ just as when Peter had a duty to perform in helping at Pentecost spoke and all hearts and evangelizing such growing beat together as one. All of us, whether Anglican or Quaker, and inevitable movements as the Methodist or Presbyterian, have I. C. U. (an aboriginal trades union been under the fire of critical of industrial and. commercial scrutiny from within and without. workers in South Africa) which Our test is: Are we tentative? claimed quite a fifth of the total of urbanized African laborers but Are we stammering? No! We had unwittingly done its cause have proved ourselves under God irreparable harm by the use of to have the courage to give our violent language, with the result message in unmistakable accents. that the Government had passed specific legislation to curtail liberty The final appeal of the Council of speech and meetings among was a Call to Prayer and a Revival African indigenous races. The urged by the Bishop of Salisbury, conference was asked to pass a and this was followed by the conresolution in favor of the principle cluding address of the chairman of the legitimacy of workers' (Dr. Mott) who rose to the height organizations and also their recog- of his well-known oratory: "We nition by their respective govern- shrink from parting and from ments on the lines approved by the thinking of the gigantic problems International Labor Bureau. The before us. We need superhuman findings under this head constitute power! Christ demands and coman epochal forward step by world mands our superhuman strength. Christian missions because in them Our secret shall be the use of our the Council has given expression to memory in recalling the events of its conviction that "the Gospel of the conference at Olivet and our Christ contains a message, not only pilgrimage thereto; the use of our for the individual soul, but for the imagination in gazing at our New world of social organization and Jerusalem; our practice of the economic relations …… and that presence of God. Christ went out the advancement, by thought, as His custom was to the Mount of speech and action of social Olives to pray, to preserve His righteousness, is an essential and contact with God and to recharge vital part of the Christian message His spiritual battery. If Christ found this necessary, what preto mankind." sumption and folly will it be for Dr. E. Stanley Jones summarized any of us to attempt to do without communion with God!" the impressions created by the conference, singling out in particular the fusion of seemingly discordant elements that it undoubtedly con-

FROM OLIVET CALLING INDIA!

BY REV. AUGUSTINE RALLA RAM, Madras, India Student Ohristi-an AS8ociation 01 India T HERE CDuld be no. fitter place wDuld fail us in speaking Df variDus than this city of our dreams aspects of our gathering, and so. fDr the hDlding Df this memD- we will content ourselves by speak- rable gathering. The name Df this ing Df SDme distinct calls that come place is written across the Holy from this conference to India, our Writ that is our solace and joy. It motherland: was in the near vicinity of this First. India's destiny is bound city that the Prince Df Peace was up with the rest of the world. She born. Prophets and martyrs lie shDuld take her part in a world buried in and around it in their program of redemption and ad- hundreds, it was here that the vance. Her citizens must cultivate Redeemer often returned to re- an international mind and should claim a rebellious nation, and it realize that they are units of a was here that He finally died and brotherhood that respects no.

rose again for the redemption of geographical frontiers. The world mankind. is fast shrinking and its neighbor- Ambassadors from about fifty hood is being knit into a more nations and countries poured into closely compacted whole. Bare se- the Holy City. We did not wait eluded nationalism will not do, it for formal introductions and,wear- will be in close relation with Dther ing our names on cards pinned in countries far and wide that there front, we were SODn meeting per- will come bounding on its own sons of different colors and shDres waves laden with hitherto tongues. Here comes a famous unknown treasures.

preacher from Scotland, there goes Second. India cannot afford to a daring and believing nationalist pin its faith on a national and from China, we have just en- secular civilization. Material ad- countered an African chief. We vancement divorced from spiritu- were smiled at by a negro bishop. ality will only hasten a nation to a In anDther perSDn Brazil extended yawning abyss of destruction.

its hand of fellDwship across the ThrDughout the world forces are globe to greet an East Indian. We at work to wean us away from were awestruck as we were told religious consideration and to.

that the yonder man was the plunge us into. a stupor .of secular- writer o.f the bo.ok that had greatly ism and materialism. If it be influenced us. Secretaries of vari- granted that what we say is true ous missio.n boards, professors of then it is only fair that India give world-wide reputation, bishDps its full heed to religious quest and from various sees, and other in- consequently should cDnsider dividuals of distinction crossed Dur afresh the person and claims of paths on every side. But we all Jesus of Nazareth. In His per- met as a big family, nDt one Df us sonality there is presented to us a seemed consciDus of any dignity solution of our immediate and re- that had come to any of us. Time mote difficulties. We should turn 431

to Him with an unbiased mind and years to come. It cannot be denied inquire of Him as to what He that introduction of factory and would have us learn in seeking machinery is a salient feature of solution of all our enigmas. Does modern life and that India the He give us the true principles of an home of inexhaustible raw material all-round human development? Can is bound to become an industrial we establish peace and brotherli- country. Does it not behoove our ness in accepting His program? nation to take timely warning from Can He bring to us forgiveness and all the sadness and misery that peace of mind? Is there available have come to the West in the wake for all in Him a strength and of industrialism and so to profit power that can release us from all that it shall be able to build a sane fetters, and having released us can program of industrial contentment sustain and continually refresh us? and advancement? Once again In all dark valleys of life and be- should we not turn to Jesus of yond death is He able to illumine Nazareth and inquire of Him as to all our darkness and bring to us the what He has to say to us in facing assurance of a glorious hereafter? situations such as this?

If such are our human needs, needs Fifth. India is essentially agri- that must ~e satisfied, shall we not cultural today and it behooves us turn to Him and throw ourselves to cooperate with all forces that are open to His personality and pre- at work to build an abiding rural cepts? civilization. With more than 85 Third. Our millions still lie in per cent of our people living in illiteracy and consequent darkness. villages, we cannot help admitting What are we going to do to bring that they are the backbone of our to them these privileges which only nation. Ridden as they are with a few of us enjoy? Are our sons illiteracy, appalling infant mortali~ and daughters selfishly going to ty, inextricable indebtedness and seek their personal gain alone? with various other evils, what are The appalling ignorance of our we going to do to bind up their masses is an insistent challenge to wounds? Have we in our minds us, to cease from selfish advance- their sorrows and their trials? Are ment, to share with our un- we· going to bring to them cheer fortunate multitudes the blessings and sunshine in days to come?

that have come to us. But let us Sixth. Jerusalem speaks in par- bear in mind that religion and ticular to the Church in India.

education must proceed alongside Ambassadors of Christ from one of another, that more intel- abroad in association with in- lectual attainment can never be digenous workers have established sufficient, and that we must give a widespread community ot be- religion its central place in all our lievers. The call of Jerusalem goes program of instruction and learn- in particular to the Church in ing. India to attempt great things for Fourth. For better or for worse God and expect great things from industrial changes are fast coming God. It must become a "creative over the East. We dare not hood- fel1owship" under God and with wink ourselves by believing that initiative and adventure it must the hitherto agricultural India will cut its moorings away from all continue in its rural simplicity in false contentment. The Church

1928J VOICES FROM OLIVET CALLING INDIA!

SOME EAST INDIAN DELEGATES AT THE JERUSALEM CONFERENCE Jerusalem is seen in the background. In the picture are Rey.Agustine RaIla Ram (seated left), K. T. Paul (white turban) and Rey. Stanley Jones (standing rear, fifth from right)

must in a new sense become a mis- are chock-full of schemes and re- sionary church. It must have a ports, but what we need is a fresh message for all aspects of our vision and anew obedience to the modern complicated life. We the vision vouchsafed to us, With our ambassadors from India assured unwavering faith in the validity, the older churches of our kindred- authority and sufficiency of the ship with them and conveyed to Christian message we must go for- them our gratitude and asked them ward with our romantic enterprise.

to send their emissaries to come In Christ we have been given a and identify themselves with us in complete revelation and atonement, working out the salvation of our His work cannot be duplicated, country. We on behalf of the what we need is a dynamic that Church in India committed it in un- would urge us out of our pettiness mistakable terms to a program of into the wide expanse before us.

evangelization in years to come. Dr. Speer, another ambassador Seventh. The International from the West, reminded us that Council in clear terms denounced we must disentangle Christ from war as a method of settling dis- all that confuses Christ and carry putes and in unmistaken language ,Him into all human relations, declared its faith in racial equality. and in all love implicate Him Do not these two facts bring to us everywhere. Another voice right- a timely message? In all our ly said to us that our main national regeneration should we business is not to compare opin- have any faith in the use of force ions but to do cooperative think- at all? Is it worthy of us to give ing. What we need is not a new way to racial animosity of any Christianity, but a new discovery kind? Does not the belief in racial of Christianity. Let us remem- equality throw to us in India a ber that the message of Christ challenge to banish the caste su- is misunderstood today because of periority complex from our midst? contradictions in what we say, and Is not "untouchability" a shame what we do. The Church in India and curse of us all? must get abreast with all har- With these calls ringing in our bingers of the dawn. She must ears let us state anew in words of be pulled out of complacency and the Bishop of Salisbury that we practice heroic living and heroic are workers together with God- teaching. We are face to face with our perpetual creating Father. God opposition, indifference and far wills His union with us and our too much of loose scholarship is union one with another. A great pounding at our doors, but with motive force has been released to sympathetic insight we must dis- us through the Evangel. A big cover with others the hidden secular civilization is surging powers available in Christ for us around us, our task is to preserve all His children. Allying ourselves the good we find in other systems, with all movements for good we and build on sure foundations the must take a long view of things city of our God. An all-round-hu- and build for eternity. God is work- man development is our program ing his purpose out and one day by and the hour calls for creative His grace we shall see big mass Christian statesmanship. We lack movements sweeping the higher today faith, adventure and fire, we classes.

MEANING TO LATIN

BY REV. JOHN A. MACKAY, Litt.D., Montevideo, Uruguay T HE World Missionary Con- gelical Christianity has taken root ference, at Edinburgh in in Latin America. In Brazil, espe- 1910, excluded Latin America cially, its day has come in a quite from its purview. It had its own remarkable way. There are today reasons for doing so. I need not in this great republic as many enter into them here but I remem- evangelical Christians as there are ber how much I resented the omis- in France. The Brazilian Church sion. I now look back on that is also a national church with its omission as the "Blessed Fall" of own mission to Portugal. As the modern missionary history for it Conference looked at Dr. Erasmo led to the formation of the Com- Braga and listened to his wise mittee on Cooperation in Latin words on different subjects of com- America, and to ~he special study mon interest, it became aware of of this great field and its needs in what evangelical Christianity in the CongresseS held in Panama aT' Latin America is producing. Be- Montevideo in the years 1916 and cause of its recognition of the fact 1925, respectively. that the evangelical churches in The Jerusalem Conference marks Brazil and in other Latin republics a new outlook upon Latin America. are indigenous and active, the con- Two facts are worth noting in this ference assigned to Latin America connection. In those Latin repub- three seats in the Committee of the lics of arteheranpeiwdlywtoarkldi~gsoampelaocef Council. which The late Jerusalem meeting real- in the vanguard of progress, the ized the ideal of perfect Christian vast majority of educated people fellowship, enhanced the mission- have abandoned all religion. It is ary objective and incorporated into here that secularism is doing its jts field of vision a new world.

most perfect work. A distinguished God grant us wisdom in these coming Argentine writer, the rector of one days, of the state universities of his country, recently said that through- And eyes unsealed, that we clear visions out the religious history of South see America, Christianity has been apprehended purely as a culture, but Of that new world that He would have us build, To Life's ennoblement and His high min- istry.

never as an experience. He speaks God give us sense,-God-sense of Life's about the "irreligiosity" of the new needs, Southern Continent, and calls it the most irreligious part of the And souls aflame with new-born 'chiv- Western World. The Jerusalem alries- Conference took cognizance of this To cope with those black growths that foul the ways- To cleanse our poisoned founts with God- born energies.

situation and fully appreciated the To pledge our souls to nobler, loftier life, need for sharing with Latin Amer- To win the world to His fair sanctities, ica our experience of the living To bind the nations in a Pact of Peace, Christ. And free the Soul of Life for finer The second fact is that evan- loyalties. -John Oxenham.

435

FROM THE JERUSALEM COUNCIL

Pa.gan America I come from a nation which is in many respects pagan. We subscribe to the doctrine of militarism, to the god of materialism, and have given ourselves over to the pursuit of wealth and pleasure. We should not be complacent regarding paganism wherever we may see it, but let this meeting become a challenge to it.

BISHOP FRANCIS J. MCCONNELL, of the Methodist Episcopal Church of America.

China.'s Need The Goliath of militarism must be killed. Illiteracy, poverty, isolation, prejudice and influences that break down moral sanctions must be. put away.: But in building the new China the most potent power is Christ and the men and women that Christianity can produce. God calls us to project our Christian character and influence into all the realms of life and so help to purge it.

DAVID Z. T. Yur, LITT.D., of China.

Thc Uganda Policy In Uganda the policy from the first coming of missionaries fifty years ago has been to create a self-governing native Church, and all the representative bodies, from the local Church Council to the Synod, have a large majority of Mricans. In the synod there are ten Africans to one white man. Even in the native Parliament, native Christian chiefs are in the majority.

CHIEF SIRUANO KULUBYA, Uganda, British East Africa.

Education Without Religion If the older generation is motor-mad, radio-ragged, jumping with jazz, hungry with lust, we may well expect the younger generation to go further and faster along the same road. Education without religion is incomplete and abortive, religion without education becomes ignorance and superstition.

PROFESSOR LUTHER A. WEIGLE, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

Jesus' Method Modern educational science is beginning to realize how perfect was the educational method of Jesus. He created the right atmosphere and did not attack His hearers' existing ideas, but built upon them a new teaching which He carried through by the project method from hero worship to a sense of vocation.

CANON CHARLES E. RAVEN, Liverpool Cathedral, England.

Right and Wrong You might have read whole encyclopedias on education, but when the child comes to you for decisions as to the right and wrong of certain actions or as to what to do in certain circumstances, you must rely on decisions based largely on fixed standards and in- fluenced by your whole educational past.

BARONESS VAN BOETZELAER VAN DUBBLEDAM, Bilt, HoUand.

436

A CALL TO PRAYER FROM

T HE International Missionary Council, meeting on the Mount of Olives (March 24 to April 8, 1928) has been brought to a deep and fresh realization of the place of prayer in accomplishing its essentially spiritual task, and the definite challenge with which it is faced.

The Council recognizes that the Kingdom is the gift of God, that activities to spread the Kingdom and to extend the Gospel reach full significance only when they are a kind of "acted prayer," that "we have to struggle not with blood and flesh, but with . . . the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly sphere."

The Council has also come to realize that it faces a definite challenge. It has seen some of the implications of the Christian mission and realizes how pitifully short its achievement has fallen, but the challenge of Christ still holds, "if two of you shall agree on earth as touching anything that they shall ask, it shall be done for them of my Father."

Throughout the fortnight the Council has been led to place its chief emphasis on a central daily united intercession, and day by day its work has been prefaced by groups which met for prayer, or for the celebration of the Holy Communion, and by private and individual meditation and prayer.

In the reports which have come from the varying sections into which the Council has divided, requests for prayer have found a frequent place. These give to the following eight objectives for prayer adopted at Rattvik in 1925 a new urgency, and a fuller content, and provide ground for thanksgiving for answers already received. The Council therefore asks its members, and Christian people in all lands, to continue in meditation upon the example and the teaching of the Lord Jesus in regard to prayer, and to make definite supplication: 1. For a Missionary Spirit. That the Church may see the whole world's need for Christ, and may be ready for any sacrifice in order to make Him known to all mankind.

2. For a Spirit of Prayer. That Christian people may learn to pray as Christ prayed and taught His disciples to pray; and that an ever-increasing number of interceders may be raised up until the whole Church is awakened to prayer.

3. For a Spirit of Sacrifice. That the Church may be willing, at whatever cost, to follow and to bear witness to the way of Christ as she learns it.

4. For a Spirit of Unity. That the whole Church of Christ may desire and experience a new unity in Christ.

5. For the Gift of Interpretation. That the Church may learn to preach the eternal Gospel by word and life in terms that the men and women of this age will understand.

6. For Courageous Witness on Moral Questions. That the witness of the Church on the moral questions of our day may truly reflect the mind of God and may be known and felt throughout the world.

7. For a Spirit of Service. That a great number of men and women may offer themselves unreservedly to do Christ's work at home and abroad in our generation.

8. For the Completion of Our Own ConvM·sion. For the removal of all hindrances in our own lives to the manifestation of God's redeeming love and power.

437

A DELEGATE'S NOTE

BY MILTON T. STAUFFER, New York Secretary 01 the Foreign Missions Conference of North America W E MEET, not as repre- Christianity must find its central sentatives of churches or act and emphasis in the Resurrec- Boards, but rather as rep- tion, which is purely in divine resentatives of great Christian dimensions. In the light of the constituencies and great fields of Resurrection the Cross will shine interest and service which reach forth more clearly. We are specialbeyond all personal connections. ists in religion if we are mission- Our Father has brought us to- aries at all. Weare not asked to gether from the ends of the earth be specialists in the science of refor a common quest. He who ligion but in religion itself.

started the missionary movement DR. HENDRIK KRAEMER, on these hills has His own unselfish, expans~ve purposes for this Netherlands Bible Society. gathering. He never brings His children into any quest in vain. *** JOHN R. MOTT. Evangelical missions are based absolutely on an unique act of God. *** As missionaries we are messengers and proclaimers· of this unique There is more criticism of Chris- revelation of God. tianity in China since the anti- Christian movement began· than DR. JULIUS RICHTER, during the 120 years of Christian missionary effort preceding. Much Vice-Chairman of the German of this criticism is due to mis- Missionsauschuss. understanding. Much can be ignored but some must be fear- *** lessly faced and dealt with. Our churches will not hold the DR. C. Y. CHENG, ground they have or regain the Secretary of the National Chris- ground they have lost unless they are prepared to carry the Chris- tian Council of China. tian principles into new areas. The world in which they must be saved *** and which the majority of people know cannot be relinquished by the Are we going back from Jeru- Church. If Christianity cannot salem as nations, races or denom- command the whole of life, I am inations, or as one great family convinced it cannot command any filled with "Divine foolishness," at all. We confine the paradoxes determined to believe in the faith of Christian teaching where apand ethics we hold? The cost will plication is easiest. Either the be to jeopardize or even sacrifice Church will be overwhelmed by the the welfare of our family, church rising consciousness of mankind and nation. One pays if one lives that Christianity has no meaning up to truth. for it, or the Church must seek to control the social order and eco- REV. MAX YERGAN, nomic system, as fully as the Secretary of the Student Native Christian Association, South Africa.

438 Church now seeks to control per- Christianity should enlarge its sonal life and character. own conception of religious truths. We cannot be sure we completely PROFESSOR R. H. TAWNEY, possess our own religion until we University Lecturer, London. are ready to commit it like yeast in meal. Christianity must con- ""* tinue to grow if it is to continue to live. The objectives in the Christian PROF. WM. E. HOCKING, movement in China are: Harvard University, Cam- 1. All future activity on the pllrt of bridge, Mass. the churches should be church-centric and not mission-centric. ""* 2. To do all possible to deepen the We must make our religion more Christian life. spiritual because the area we must conquer is greater than ever be- 3. To encourage and cooperate with fore. Christianity comes as truth the Chinese in building indigenous from God. The fact that God is Christian movements. love ought to frighten us out of our wits. If He is love, then there 4. To continue to send missionaries is not much chance for us. "All auunder the direction of the Chinese thority in Heaven and earth is Church. given unto Me" is true or it is not true. The great missionary enter- 6. To desist from forcing on the prise had its most glorious period Chinese Church Western ecclesiastical when Christians held their faith in forms, rituals and organization. less complex form. We do not think out the results of our own 6. To regard all missionary property actions far enough. We have the as intended for the use of the Chinese same message and that message is Christian movement and as soon as may the Gospel of Christ but we must seem wise to transfer the use, control extend it over a wider area because and ownership of this property to life is more complex and broader Chinese bodies. today and we must give our reli- gious message more manifold ex- DAVID Z. T. Ym, pression.

General Secretary Y. M. C. A. BISHOP WILLIAM TEMPLE, Manchester, England. of China. *"* ""* Secular civilization has egotisti- The more I study non-Christian cal and altruistic aspects. When- ever an individual or group pursystems, the more I see a reaching sues self-interest, they become sec- ular in an egostical sense. Secular out for what we have in Jesus civilization has also altrustic as- pects-when we seek the good of Christ. others.

DR. A. K. REISCHAUER, JOHN A. MACKAY, Litt.D., Religious Work Sec. So. Ameri- Professor in the Meiji Gakuin, can Y. M. C. A., Uruguay. . Tokyo, Japan.

"""

Syncretism combines life in Christ assimilates. Christ claims His own when we claim the truth which is in other religions. If Christ is universal, then He is both superior and unique. In our dealings with the non-Christian religious systems we must combine sympathy with certainty. In Christ we do not merely have a medicine or a way, but in Him we have life itself.

DR. E. STANLEY JONES, Missionary to India.

The ethics of the cross and the The population increases at the way of Jesus are terms glibly used. Let us face it by deepening and ex- rate of 1112% per year. No questending the application of Christianity. How is Christianity to tions of health, education or relibaptize our new learning and our gion can be considered in India new social order? The effort to without regard to the rural work. bring this about will break every In 1901 we had thirty-six million shred of self-dependence and self- illiterates in the Province of Madcomplacency. It will drive us to ras; in 1921 we had thirty-nine the unlimited resources of God. As million illiterates. It will take we enlarge our understanding of forty years to provide schools for the work of the Holy Spirit and the present growth of the populamake more real our dedication to tion at the present rate of school the service of the Holy Spirit, and growth. bring down into actual experience our sense that we are God-pos- K. T. PAUL, B.A., sessed, only so can we deal success- Secretary of the Y. M. C. A., India. fully with this problem. … … … CANON CHARLES E. RAVEN, D.D., Liverpool Cathedral, England. There are four things that Chris- tians should do in rural areas: … … … 1. Inform themselves as to what The religious' experience into the church is doing in rural areas. which you enter is not due to anything you have done but rather to 2. Arouse conscience and action. what Christ has done and you have 3. Make known to rural districts entered into it by His grace. what the Church stands for and convince them that the Church does RT. REV. WM. TEMPLE, D.D., not stand for an anti-social pro- gram. Bishop of M.a.. nc..h. est…er, England. 4. Establish and promote good will between the farmers and the yve are working for a change of churches. … … … Climate, not to slay the monsters of We have 4112 million blacks and industrialism but for a new climate 1% million whites in South Africa, in which these monsters can no yet 88 % of theland is in the hands longer live. All we plead for is the of the whites and 12% in the hands of the blacks. Has this Conference application of Christianity to anything to say regarding the Christian view of subject races? wider areas. We plead for condi- PROF. DAVIDSON, D.T., Jabavu, tions that will make possible a South African Native College, fuller personality. All the Church Alice, South Africa.

can do is to get a public opinion * .. * which will make this change pos- In the Congo when our natives wish to refer to the scanty amount sible. of Christian literature available they say: "The God of the Roman BISHOP FRANCIS J. MCCONNELL, Catholics has no books."

D.D., REV. CHARLES E. PUGH, English Baptist Missionary Methodist Episcopal Church of Society. … … … N.A.

Ninety per cent of the people of India are dependent upon the land.

FROM A DELEGATE'S NOTEBOOK

Our Government doctors tell me only bodies entitled to determine that there are 100 million living in missionary policy are the churches India beyond the most limited and the missionary societies and amount of medical help. In Kenya boards, representing the churches. Colony the death rate among children under twenty months is as It is recognized that the successhigh as 600 per 1,000; in Bengal ful working of the International as high as 414 per 1,000. Missionary Council is entirely de- pendent on the gift from God of the K. T. PAUL, spirit of fellowship, mutual under- National Y. M. C. A. Secretary, standing and desire to cooperate.

India. II. Membership and Meetings- The Council is composed of the * '" * national missionary organizationst and the National Christian Coun- Instead of seeking the fulfillment cils in the following countries, of our own science and personali- (with number of members indities, let us seek the fulfillment of cated), namely: God in us. United Missionary Council of Aus- DR. KARL HElM, tralia. (1) Prof. of Theology, University Societe BeIge de Missions Protestantes of Tubingen. au Congo. (1) *** National Christian Council of China. (2) The New Council Congo Christian Council. (1 ) The following reasons are given Deutscher Evangelischer Missionsbund. for the continuance and larger development of this council (which (1) was inaugurated under another Societe des Missions Evangeliques de name at Edinburgh in 1910) : Paris. (2) Conference of Missionary Societies in a. The missionary enterprise is in all Great Britain and Ireland. (5) lands actually and manifestly interna- National Christian Council of India, tional. Burma and Ceylon. (2) National Christian Council of Japan. b. It is necessary to reveal the awareness on the part of the missionary move- (2) ment of the international consciousness which pervades all departments of hu- Korea Christian Council. (1 ) man progress. Committee on Cooperation in Latin America. (3) c. There are many world situations Commissie van Advies (The Netherinvolving missions with which it is im- lands), (1) possible to deal except internationally. Netherlands India Christian Council.

d. A Christian missionary interna- (1) tional organization is needed to represent missions in relations with other National Missionary Council of New representative international bodies. Zealand. (1) e. The essential spiritual unity already Foreign Missions Conference of North existing among Christians demands man- America – United States and Canada. ifestation in international missionary cooperation. (7) Missionary Conference of Northern *** Europe. (2) Evangelical Union of the Philippine The Revised Constitution* Islands. (1) Missionary Societies of South Africa. I. Preamble-The Council is established on the basis that the (1) * This as an abbreviated statement of the Association of Missionary Societies in Switzerland. (1) Constitution. Complete copies may be had by Christian Council of Western Asia and cll,itjl§ ~~u~~~ i~t:~~:,tl&~~l ~~~.ionary Coun- ~orthern Africa. (2) t The term '·miseionary" is used in this con- stitution to describe the work of the churches in all countries.

The meetings of the Council shall mittee shall be elected by the be of two kinds, namely: (a) Gen- national missionary organizations eral Council Meetings, and (b) and Christian Councils. The Com- Special Meetings for the considera- mittee may elect other members, tion of particular subjects. The not exceeding five in all, to be call for these general or special nominated by the officers, in order meetings shall be issued by the to supply special knowledge or ex- Committee of the Council …. perience, who shall be consultants The number of representatives without voting powers.

which each national missionary The Committee of the Council organization and Christian Council shall meet at the call of the officers will be entitled to appoint for each of the Council. or upon request of meeting of the Council shall be as a majority of the members of the stated by the Committee in its Committee or upon the request of proposal to call a meeting and as three or more of the constituent ratified by national bodies in their national organizations. Ten mem- approval of the proposal ….. . bers of the Committee other than III. Functions-The functions the officers shall constitute a of the Council shall be the follow- quorum, provided. however. that ing: these represent national mission- ary organizations or Christian 1. To stimulate thinking and investi- Councils. members of the Council, gation on questions related to the mission in three different continents. and expansion of Christianity in all the world, to enlist in the solution of these V. Officers-The officers of the questions the best knowledge and ex- Council shall be a Chairman, two perience to be found in all countries, and to make the results available for all who Vice-chairmen, Treasurer, and share in the missionary work of the Churches. two or more Secretaries. These of- 2. To help to coordinate the activities ficers shall be elected by the Comof the national missionary organizations mittee of the Council. and Christian Councils of the different countries, and to bring about united VI. Expenses-The Committee action where necessary in missionary of the Council shall prepare annual matters. budgets two years in advance, 3. Through common consultation to which shall be submitted to the help to unite Christian public opinion in constituent national organizations support of freedom of conscience and for approval and toward which religion and of missionary liberty. they will be invited to contribute in a proportion to be recommended 4. To help to unite the Christian forces of the world in seeking justice in international and interracial relations.

5. To be responsible for the publica- by resolution of the Committee. tion of the International Review of Mis- VII. Procedure-It is under- 8ion8 and such other pUblications as in the judgment of the Council may con- stood that the Council and the tribute to the study of missionary questions. Committee of the Council will function internationally, and that 6. To call a world missionary conference if and when this should be deemed the members of the Committee of desirable. the Council in anyone country will IV. The Committee of the Coun- not take action as a national group cil-This Committee shall have the though they may be caUed together power to act for the Council in the by the officers of the International intervals between its general coun- Missionary Council for purposes of cil meetings. consultation if this should seem The membership of the Com- necessary.

CHRISTIAN MESSAGE TO ALL MEN *

EXpre88ed by the International MU8ionary Oouncil" in its Meeting on. the Mount oj Olives, Jerusalem T HROUGHOUT the world there that the world has come to know. is a sense of insecurity and in- Many who have not hitherto been won stability. Ancient religions are to His Church yet find in Him their undergoing modification, and, in some hero and their ideal. Within His regions, dissolution as scientific and Church, there is a widespread desire commercial development alter the cur- for unity, centered in His person. rent of men's thought. Institutions regarded with age-long veneration are Our Messsage Is Jesus Christ discarded or called in question; well- He is the revelation of what God is established standards of moral con- and of what man may be. In Him we duct are brought under criticism; and come face to face with the Ultimate countries called Christian feel the Reality of the universe; He makes stress as truly as the peoples of Asia known to us God as our Father, perand Africa. On all sides, doubt is ex- fect and infinite in love and in pressed whether there is any absolute righteousness; for in Him we find truth or goodness. A new relativism God incarnate, the final, yet ever-unstruggles to enthrone itself in human folding, revelation of the God in whom thought. we live and move and have our being.

Along with this is found the ex- We hold that through all that istence of world-wide suffering and happens, in light and in darkness, God pain, which expresses itself partly in is working, ruling and ever-ruling. a despair of all higher values, partly in Jesus Christ, in His life and more a tragically earnest quest of a new especially through His death, has dis- basis for life and thought, in the birth- closed to us the Father, the Supreme pangs of rising nationalism, in the ever Reality, as almighty Love, reconciling keener consciousness of race and class the 'world to Himself by the Cross, oppression. suffering with men in their struggle against sin and evil, bearing with Amid widespread indifference and them, and for them, the burden of sin, immersion in material concerns, we al- so find, now in noble forms and now forgiving them as they, with forgive- in license or extravagance, a great ness in their own hearts, turn to Him yearning, especially among the youth in repentance and faith; and creating of the world, for the full and untram- humanity anew for an ever-growing, melled expression of personality, for ever-enlarging, everlasting life. spiritual leadership and authority, for reality in religion, for social justice, We reaffirm that God, as Jesus Christ has revealed Him, requires all for human brotherhood, for inter- His children, under all circumstances, national peace. at all times, and in all human relation- ships, to live in love and righteousness In this world, bewildered and grop- for His glory. By the resurrection of ing for its way, Jesus Christ has drawn to Himself the attention and Christ and the gift of the Holy Spirit, admiration of mankind as never be- He offers His own power to men that fore. He stands before men as they may be fellow-workers with Him, manifestly greater than Western civi- and urges them on to a life of adven-. lization, greater than the Christianity ture and self-sacrifice in preparation for the coming of His Kingdom in its fullness.

The vision of God in Christ brings and deepens the sense of sin and guilt.

443

Weare not worthy of His love; we fellowship of service, of prayer and of praise. have by our own fault opposed His "The Gospel is the prophetic call to holy will. Yet that same vision which sinful man to turn to God, the joyful tidings of justification and of sanctificabrings the sense of guilt brings also tion to those who believe in Christ. It is the comfort of those who suffer; to the assurance of pardon if only we those who are bound, it is the assurance of the glorious liberty of the sons of God. yield ourselves in faith to the Spirit The Gospel brings peace and joy to the heart, and produces in men self-denial, of Christ so that His redeeming love readiness for brotherly service, and com- passionate love. It offers the supreme may avail to reconcile us to God. goal for the aspirations of youth, strength to the toiler, rest to the weary, We will not ourselves offer any and the crown of life to the martyr.

further formulation of the Christian "The Gospel is the sure source of power for social regeneration. It pro- Message, for we remember that as claims the only way by which humanity can escape from those class and race lately as August, 1927 the World Con- hatreds which devastate society at present into the enjoyment of national ference on Faith and Order met at well-being and international friendship and peace. It is also a gracious invita- Lausanne and that a statement on this tion to the non-Christian world, East and West, to enter into the joy of the living subject was issued from that Con- Lord.

ference after it had been received with "Sympathizing with the anguish of our generation, with its longing for intelfull acceptance. Weare glad to make lectual sincerity, social justice and spiritual inspiration, the Church in the this our own. eternal Gospel meets the needs and ful- fills the God-given aspirations of the "The message of the Church to the modern world. Consequently, as in the world is and must always remain the past so also in the present, the Gospel is Gospel of Jesus Christ. the only way of salvation. Thus, through His Church, the living Christ still says to "The Gospel is the joyful message of men 'Come unto me!. ….. He that folredemption both here and hereafter, the loweth me shall not walk in darkness, gift of God to sinful man in Jesus Christ. but shall have the light of life.' "

"The world was prepared for the com- The Missionary Motive ing of Christ through the activities of God's Spirit in all humanity, but especial- If such is the Christian Message, ly in His revelation as given in the Old the motive for its delivery should be Testament; and in the fulness of time plain. The Gospel is the answer to the the eternal Word of God became in- world's greatest need. It is not our carnate and was made man, Jesus Christ, discovery or achievement; it rests on the Son of God and the Son of Man, full what we recognize as an act of God. of grace and truth. It is first and foremost "Good News." It announces glorious truth. Its very "Through His life and teaching, His nature forbids us to say that it may be call to repentance, His proclamation of the right belief for some but not for the coming of the Kingdom of God and others. Either it is true for all, or it of judgment, His suffering and death, is not true at all. His resurrection and exaltation to the right hand of the Father, and by the But questions concerning the mismission of the Holy Spirit, He has sionary motive have been widely brought to us forgiveness of sins, and has raised, and such a change in the habits revealed the fulness of the living God, of men's thoughts, as the last generaand His boundless love toward us. By tion has witnessed, must call for a rethe appeal of that love, shown in its examination of these questions. completeness on the Cross, He summons us to the new life of faith, self-sacrifice, Accordingly, we would lay bare the and devotion to His service and the service of men. motives that impel us to the mis- sionary enterprise. We recognize that "Jesus Christ, as the crucified and the living One, as Saviour and Lord, is also the center of the world-wide Gospel of the Apostles and the Church. Because He Himself is the Gospel, the Gospel is the message of the Church to the world. It is more than a philosophical theory; more than a theological system; more than a program for material betterment. The Gospel, is, rather, the gift of a new world from God to this old world of sin and death; still more, it is the victory over sin and death, the revelation of eternal life in Him who has knit together the whole family in heaven and on earth in the communion of saints, united in the

THE CHRISTIAN MESSAGE TO ALL MEN

the health of this movement and the impulse to share Him with others. We health of our souls demands a self- are constrained by the love of Christ. criticism that is relentless and exact- He Himself said, "I am come that they ing. might have life and have it more abundantly," and our experience cor- In searching for the motives that roborates it. He has become life to us. impel us, we find ourselves eliminating We would share that life. decisively, and at once, certain motives that may seem, in the minds of some, We are assured that Christ comes to have become mixed up with purer with an offer of life to men and to motives in the history of the move- societies and to nations. We believe ment. We repudiate any attempt on that in Him the shackles of moral evil the part of trade or of governments, and guilt are broken from human peropenly or covertly, to use the mission- sonality and that men are made free, ary cause for ulterior purposes. Our and that such personal freedom lies at Gospel, by its very nature and by its the basis of the freeing of society from declaration of the sacredness of human cramping custom and blighting social personality, stands against all exploita- practices and political bondage, so that in Christ men and societies and tion of man by man, so that we cannot nations may stand up free and comtolerate any desire, conscious or un- plete. conscious, to use this movement for purposes of. fastening a bondage, We find in Christ, and especially in economic, political or social,. on any His cross and resurrection, an inexpeople. haustible source of power that makes us hope when there is no hope. We Going deeper, on our part, we would believe that, through it, men and repudiate any symptoms of a religious societies and nations that have lost their moral nerve will be quickened inimperialism that would desire to im- to life. pose beliefs and practices on others in order to manage their. souls in their We have a pattern in our minds as su.pposed interests. We obey a God who respects our wills and we desire to what form that life should take. to respect the wills of others. We believe in a Christ-like world. We know nothing better; we can be con- Nor have we the desire to bind up tent with nothing less. We do not go our Gospel with fixed ecclesiastical to the nations called non-Christian betraditions which derive their meaning cause they are the worst of the world from the experience of the Western and they alone are in need-we go be- Church. Rather the aim should be to cause they are a part of the world and place at the disposal of the younger share with us in the same human need churches of all lands our collective and -the need of redemption from ourhistoric experience. We believe that selves and from sin, the need to have much of that heritage has come out of life complete and abundant and to be reality and will be worth sharing. But re-made after the pattern of Christwe ardently desire that the younger likeness. We desire a world in which churches express the Gospel through Christ will not be crucified but where their own genius and through forms His Spirit shall reign. suitable to their racial heritage. We do not desire to lord it over the per- We believe that men are made for sonal or collective faith of others. Christ and cannot really live apart from Him. Our fathers were im- Our true and compelling motive lies pressed with the horror that man in the very nature of the God to Whom we have given our hearts. Since He should die without Christ-we share is LOVE, His very nature is to share. that horror, but are impressed with a Christ is the expression in time of the deeper one—the horror that men eterJlal self-giving of the Father. should live without Christ. Coming into fellowship with Christ, we find in ourselves an over-mastering Herein lies the Christian motive. It is simple: We cannot live without

Christ and we cannot bear to think of to be made good and that the record of other men living without Him. We Christendom hitherto is not sufficient cannot be content to live in a world to sustain it. Nor has it sufficiently that is unChristlike. We cannot be sought out the good and noble elements idle while the yearning of His heart in the non-Christian beliefs, that it for His brethren is unsatisfied. might learn that deeper personal fel- Since He is the motive, the objective lowship with adherents of those be- of Christian missions fits in with that liefs wherein we may more powerfully motive. Its objective is nothing less draw them to the living Christ. We than the production of Christlike know that, even apart from conscious character, in individuals and societies knowledge of Him, when men are true and nations through faith in and fel- to the best light they have, they are lowship with Christ the living Saviour, able to effect some real deliverance and through corporate sharing of life from many of the evils that afflict the in a divine society. Christ is our world, and this should prompt us the motive and Christ is our end. We more to help them to find the fulness must give nothing less, and we can of light and power in Christ.

give nothing more. But while we record these failures The Spirit of Our Endeavor we are also bound to record with thankfulness the achievements of the Our approach to our task must be Christian Church in this field. The made in humility and penitence and difference between the Europe known love. In humility, because it is not to St. Paul and the Europe known to our own message which we bring, but Dante, to Luther, to Wesley is plain God's; and if in our delivery of it for all to see. From every quarter of self-assertion finds any place we shall the globe comes testimony to the lib- spoil that message and hinder its ac- eration effected by Christ for women.

ceptance; in penitence, because our Since the vast changes made by the fathers and we ourselves have been so development of industrialism have blind to many of the implications of come to be appreciated, every country our faith; in love, because our mes- has had its Christian social movements sage is the Gospel of the Love of and the Universal Conference on Life God, and only by love in our own and Work, held at Stockholm in 1925, hearts for those to whom we speak revealed how widespread and in- can we make known its power or its fluential these have now become. Truly true nature. our efforts have not been commen- Especially do we confess the slug- surate with the needs of the world or gishness of the older churches to with the claims of Christ; but in what realize and discharge their responsi- has been accomplished and attempted bility to carry the Gospel to all the we have already great encouragement world; and all alike we confess our for the days to come. In particular neglect to bring the ordering of men's there is a growing sensitiveness of lives into conformity with the Spirit conscience with regard to war and the of Christ. The Church has not firmly conditions that may lead up to it.

and effectively set its face against For all these indications of the race-hatred, race-envy, race-contempt, growing power of the Spirit of Christ or against social envy and contempt among Christians we thank God. And and class-bitterness, or against racial, we call on all Christian people to be national and social pride, or against ready for pioneering thought and ac- the lust for wealth and exploitation of tion in the name of Christ. Too often the poor or weak. We believe that the Church has adopted new truth, or the Gospel "proclaims the only way by new goals for enterprise only when the which humanity can escape from class danger attached to them is over.

and race hatred." But we are forced There is a risk of rashness; but there to recognize that such a claim requires is also possible an excessive caution

THE CHRISTIAN MESSAGE TO ALL MEN

by which because His Church hangs receive in its completeness; only in back, the glory of new truth or enter- the fellowship of Christ's disciples.

prise which rightly belongs to Christ We call all followers of Christ to take is in men's thoughts denied to Him. their full share as members of His The Call to the World Body, which is the Church; no discon- tent with its organization or tradition Filled with conviction that in Jesus or failings should be allowed to keep Christ is indeed the Saviour of the us outside its fold; the isolated Chris- world, and conscious of a desparate tian is impoverished in his spiritual life need in ourselves and in all the world and impotent in his activities; our for what He only can supply, we call strength both inward and outward is upon our fellow-Christians and all our in the living fellowship. But in these fellowmen to turn again to Him for hurried and feverish days there is al- pardon and for power. so more need than ever for the deepen- (a) To all the Churches of Christ ing of our spiritual life through we call that they stand firmly upon the periodical detachment from the world rock of Christian conviction and whole- and its need in lonely communion with heartedly accept its missionary obliga- God. We desire also to call for a tions; that they go forward in full greater volume of intercessory prayer.

loyalty to Christ to discover and to The whole Church through all the express, in the freedom of the Holy world should be earnest and instant Spirit, the treasures in His unseach- in prayer, each part for every other, able riches which it is the privilege and all together for the hallowing of and duty of each to win for the Uni- God's Name throughout the world.

versal Church; that they strive to Further, we call on Christians deliver the name of Christ and Chris- throughout the world who are trained tianity from complexity in any evil in science, art, and philosophy to de- or inj ustice. vote their talents to the working out Those who proclaim Christ's mes- of that Christian view of life and the sage must give evidence for it in their world which we sorely need to secure own lives and in the social institutions us against instability, bewilderment which they uphold. It is only by "liv- and extravagance.

ing Christ" among men that we may Lastly, we urge that every possible most effectively lift Him up before step be taken to make real the fellow- them. The spirit that returns love for ship of the Gospel. The Churches of hate, and overcomes evil with good, Europe send missions and missions-of- must be evidently present in those who help to the Churches of Europe and would be witnesses for Christ. They America, not to ask for assistance, not are also bound to exert all their in- to advertise their own need or their fluence to secure that the social, inter- own development, but to minister of national and interracial relationships their treasure to the spiritual life of in the midst of which their work is those to whom they come.

done, are subordinate to and expres- (b) To non-Christians, also, we sive of His Spirit. Especially must it make our call. We rejoice to think be a serious obstacle to missionary that just because in Jesus Christ the effort if the non-Christian country light which lighteneth every man feels that the relation of the so-called shone forth in its full splendor, we find "Christian" countries to iself is moral- rays of that same light where He is ly unsound or is alien from the princi- unknown or even is rejected. We wel- ples of Christ, and the Church must come every noble quality in non-Chris- be ready for labor and sacrifice to re- tian persons or systems as further move whatever is justly so condemned. proof that the Father, who sent His The task before us is beyond our Son into the world, has nowhere left powers. It can only be accomplished Himself without witness.

by the Holy Spirit, whose power we Thus: merely to give illustration,

and making no attempt to estimate the to Him is always self-surrender. We spiritual value of other religions to must not come in the pride of national their adherents, we recognize as part heritage or religious tradition; he of the one Truth that sense of the who would enter that Kingdom of God majesty of God, and the consequent must become as a little child, though reverence in worship, which are con- in that Kingdom are all the treasures spicuous in Islam; the deep sympathy of man's aspirations, consecrated and for the world's sorrow and unselfish harmonized. Just because Christ is search for the way of escape, which the self-disclosure of the One God, all are at the heart of Buddhism; the de- human aspirations are towards Him, sire for contact with ultimate Reality and yet of no human tradition is He conceived as spiritual which is promi- merely the continuation. He is the nent in Hinduism; the belief in a desire of all nations; but He is almoral order of the universe and con- ways more, and other than they had sequent insistence on moral conduct desired before they learned of Him. which are inculcated by Confucianism; the disinterested pursuit of truth and But we would insist that when the of human welfare which are often Gospel of the Love of God comes home found in those who stand for secular with power to the human heart, it civilization but do not accept Christ as speaks to each man, not as Moslem or their Lord and Saviour. as Buddhist, or as an adherent of any system, but just as man. And while Especially' we make our call to the we rightly study other religions in order to approach men wisely, yet at Jewish People, from whose ScriptUres the last we speak as men to men, inwe have learned, and "of whom is viting them to share with us the Christ as concerning the flesh," that pardon and the life that we have with open heart they turn to that Lord found in Christ. in whom is fulfilled the hope of their nation, its prophetic message and its (c) To all who inherit the benefits zeal for holiness. And we call upon of secular civilization and contribute our fellow-Christians in all lands to to its advancement we make our call. show to Jews that lovingkindness that We claim for Christ the labors of has too seldom been shown towards scientists and artists. We recognize them. their service to His cause in dispersing the darkness of ignorance, supersti- We call on the followers of non- tion and vulgarity. We appreciate Christian religions to join with us in also the noble elements that are found the study of Jesus Christ, His place in in nationalist movements and in the life of the world, and His power patriotism, the loyalty, the self-devoto satisfy the human heart; to hold tion, the idealism which love of fast to faith in" the unseen and eternal country can inspire. But even these in face of the growing materialism of may lead to strife and bitterness and the world; to cooperate with us narrowness of outlook if they are not against all the evils of secularism; to dedicated to Christ; in His universal respect freedom of conscience so that Kingdom of Love all nations by right men may confess Christ without are provinces, and fulfill their own separation from home and friends; true destiny only in His service. Beand to discern that all the good of cause patriotism and science are not which men have conceived is fulfilled consecrated, they are often debased and secured in Christ. into self-assertion, exploitation and the service of greed. Indeed, through- Christianity is not a Western re- out all nations the great peril of our ligion, nor is it yet effectively accepted time arises from that immense deby the Western world as a whole. velopment of man's power over the Christ belongs to the peoples of Africa resources of nature which has been the great characteristic of our epoch. This and Asia as much as to the European and American. We call all men to equal fellowship in Him. But to come

THE CHRISTIAN MESSAGE TO ALL MEN

power gives opportunity for wealth of deed and life, by righteousness and interest, and, through facilities of lovingkindness, by justice, sympathy communication, for freedom of inter- and compassion, by ministry to human course such as has never been known. needs and the deep want of the world.

But it has outgrown our spiritual and As together, Christians of all lands, moral control. we have surveyed the world and the Amid the clashes of industrial strife, needs of men, we are convinced of the the Gospel summons men to work to- urgent necessity for a great increase gether as brothers in providing for in the Christian forces in all countries, the human family the economic basis and for a still fuller measure of co- of the good life. In the presence of operation between the churches of all social antipathies and exclusiveness nations in more speedily laying the the Gospel insists that we are members claim of Christ upon all the unoccupied of one family, and that our Father areas of the world and of human life.

desires for each a full and equal op- Weare persuaded that we and all portunity to attain to his own com- Christian people must seek a more plete development, and to make his heroic practice of the Gospel. It can- special contribution to the richness of not be that our present complacency the family life. Confronted by inter- and moderation are a faithful expres- national relations that constantly flout sion of the mind of Christ, and of the Christ's law of love, there is laid on meaning of His cross and resurrection all who bear· His name the solemn in the midst of the wrong and want and obligation to labor unceasingly for a sin of our modern world. As we con- new world order in which justice shall template the work which Christ has be secured for all peoples, and every laid upon His Church, we who are met occasion for war or threat of war be here on the Mount of Olives, in sight removed. of Calvary, would take up for our- Such changes can only be brought selves and summon those from whom about through an unreserved ac- we come, and to whom we return, to ceptance of Christ's way of love, and take up with us the Cross of Christ, by the courageous and sacrificial liv- and all that for which it stands, and to ing that it demands. Still ringing in go forth into the world to live in the our ears is the call "Be not conformed fellowship of His sufferings and by to this world, but be ye transformed the power of His resurrection.

by the renewing of your minds."

In our conference we have seen more LET US GIVE THANKSclearly the fulness and sufficiency of the Gospel and our own need of the For the living faith, the loving servsalvation of Christ. The enlarging ice, the courage and patience of the mis- sionaries.

For the rise of the national churches on the mission field; for the rootage of thoughts of the generation find the Christianity in new soils. Gospel and the Saviour ever dcher and greater than men had known. For the wide acceptance of the moral authority of Christ. This deepened assurance of the adequacy and universality of the LET US CONFESS- Gospel, however, is not enough. More The indifference and ignorance of the Church at home, and its inadequate obedience and love. effective ways must be found for its The hindrances erected by our failure proclamation, not to systems of opinion only, but to human beings, to men and as individuals and as nations to practise women for whom Christ died. The the Gospel. most thorough and convincing intellectual statement of Christianity is LET US PRAYnecessary, but such statements cannot suffice. The Gospel must be expressed That in all mission fields and in our also in simplicity and love, and offered churches we may more faithfully follow to men's hearts and minds by word and 'Christ and display His mind and spirit.

That men and women and money may be laid at the feet of Christ in adequate measure for the fulfilment of the duty of this generation.

3

NEW WAY-DIt. AND MRS. SPRINGER TRAVELING IN CENTRAL

THE OLD WAY-DR. SPRINGER CROSSING 'l'HE RIVER IN A DUG OUT CANOE 450

IN CENTRAL

BY REV. JOHN M. SPRINGER, D.D., Katanga, Central Africa M-i88ionary oj the ..lIcthudist Episcopal Ohurch AFABULOUS wealth of rich trail and on two occasions saw copper ores was the magnet slaves in chains ready to be that deflected the Cape to marched out to Angola and be sold. Cairo Railway westward from its The Benguella Railway is now runoriginally intended course along ning over that same slave trail, Lake Tanganyika and brought it practically, and reached the border to what is now Elisabethville, the of the Belgian Congo Nov. 30, 1927. capital of the Katanga, the southernmost of the four provinces of Last year Dr. Piper entered the the Belgian Congo. Katanga with his wife and two daughters by means of this rail- But even though Elisabethville road as far as it went and then by is in the very heart of Central his motor car from railhead to his Africa, it is now easily reached station. It is expected that this from the western, the eastern as rail route will link up with the well as the southern coasts by rail- Cape-to-Cairo near the mines by roads supplemented in some cases 1930. by river and lake steamers. Motor roads radiate from Elisabethville This mineral field not only has in all directions so that it is not what is commonly stated to be the infrequent now for parties to drive largest and richest known body of in ·an auto between here and the copper ores in the world, but it is west coast and to Capetown 2,500 also rich in radium ores, cobalt, miles to the south; it is possible lime, iron, coal, lead, silver, zinc, to drive to the Indian Ocean, and gold, palladium and diamonds. of the making of motor roads there Immense smelting plants for the is no end. production of metals are in opera- tion and others are being built; the The vast mineral wealth of the Koni Falls are being harnessed to Katanga has been the lode that has give an almost unlimited supply of drawn six thousand Europeans electricity, and other foreigners from the ends of the earth into this province, Naturally these commercial acseeking their fortunes and not a tivities require native labor and few are finding them there. hundreds of thousands of natives from every tribe in the mid-con- This means that changes are tak- tinent are being drawn to these ing place that are astounding even mining centers annually. to those of us that have been familiar with this section for the last Old customs and manners of natwenty years. When we first tive life are hereby turned topsyreached these mines in 1907 on our turvy and in this chaotic state the way across Africa, we were told missionary is needed even more that Mrs. Springer was the first than he is among the untouched white woman to arrive at Kam- heathen. For more than two years bove. From there we traveled for we had been in the interior among weeks westward along the old slave the very rawest of natives and had been so isolated that during that 451

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time Mrs. Springer had not seen of the trip. We reached Kambove another white woman, and barely about one o'clock in the afternoon a half dozen white men had passed and an hour later as I was cycling through our station, when we along the narrow path of the camp, moved to these mines to begin mis- a native rushed out and hailed me sion work there in 1913. with the greeting, "Bwana, have Our trek from the interior to the you any books to sell? I want to mineral belt was during the latter buy a hymn book." He had known part of the rainy season and we me years before at Broken Hill and had to wade through swamps and recognized me at once and rushed vleis most of the twenty-one days out with the hope that he could

WEALTH IN CENTRAL AFRICA

buy not only a hymn book but a too few. Many of the languages Bible and other books as well. have not yet been reduced to writ- ing and in those that have, there Having come from the interior, are frequently less than a dozen I did not have books of any sort books in print altogether. Our with me to sell or otherwise, as own little press has been kept busy nine of my carriers had deserted to meet the demand, as far as we and I had had to leave the nine could, and to be able to sell the loads on the veld by the side of the books at the lowest possible price. path. But. I immediately ordered books and that was the start of our In 1913, the railroad construccolportage work that has loomed tion was in progress approaching large in our missionary activities Kambove. Cycling along the level in that whole region. It is note- road bed before the rails were laid, worthy that the original capital of I was halted one day by another this book store was ten dollars native who stood at attention, gave which had been voluntarily given me the military salute and then me by a German Jew in 1907 and exclaimed, "Mufundisi (teacher) DR. SPRINGER'S CARAVAN TRAVELING THROUGH THE LUKUNGA SWAMP IN 1910 to this was added another ten dol- Springer, all the boys are crying lars by a Russian Jew here at Kam- for school."

bove in 1913. I had known this boy Mack back Since that day following our ar- in Broken Hill in 1907 when he rival in Kambove, our mission has and his mates had been at work at sold hundreds of thousands of railroad construction there, and I Bibles and hymn books, primers had been able to provide a school and other school books. We have for which they had pleaded then.

used our Christian laymen prin- So with this fresh caB, we began cipally to sell to those working afternoon and evening schools with them in the same camps and which were at once crowded with compounds and to visit the scores eager pupils. Such schools have of other mining and wood camps multiplied a hundred fold and around them where they always have been adapted to all the diffound a ready sale for their Wares. ferent groups from the raw native We aim to carryall available just out from the interior working books in every language spoken with pick and shovel to the women within 500 miles of the mineral and girls, and with French classes belt and in some much farther for those desiring to learn that away. Even so the books are all language. The pupils in the French

THE OLD- A FEW KABONGA'S WIVES, A DISSOLUTE CHIEF IN COUN'l'RY classes include a number who have preacher among them. How did had a good English education in they hear the Good News? Why British territory. some Christian layman who is one of themselves has naturally takell Wherever possible we have tried the lead and become a voluntary to place trained teachers in the teacher. They have been able to many widely scattered camps. But buy a supply of books from our colso far it has been obviously impos- porteurs-primers, hymn books and sible to respond to the call from Bibles-in the order mentioned, scores of these camps which are and have been led to Christ in that always shifting. But by selling way. primers, hymn books and Bibles in these camps, we find that thou- In order to meet the need for a sands of natives are able to find trained native ministry, we started some one in the camp who has the Fox Bible Training School in learned to read and who will teach 1910 while on the path to the inthem and so the work develops. terior. Twelve native young men from nine different tribes were en- Our missionaries are often sur- rolled before the end of the first prised when groups of from ten year. This school was later located to twenty or more natives come to at Kambove and scores of pastorus from long distances and ask to teachers and Christian laymen be enrolled as catechumen or pre- went out from there and the most paratory church members. They of them have been doing faithful have had no regular teacher or

WEALTH IN CENTRAL AFRICA

work for the Master all these years. had asked me to secure for them, While still building our station from night school fees and Sunday collections and doing all the teachat Kambove in 1914, I received an ing and preaching voluntarily till extraordinary letter signed by our return from furlough. We twenty-four native young men in were then able to build a small Elisabethville, 100 miles away, ask- brick church that would seat 350 ing me to come down there and or- people, which we are still using ganize them into a church. It was though the work has long since outimpossible for me to respond at grown its capacity. On the sides once but, when the Rev. Roger S. of the audience room are eight Guptill and wife joined us about smaller rooms that have served as that time, we went down as soon book store, printing press, offices, as we could arrange to do so and THE NEW-BOYS BEING TAUGHT CARPENTRY Nl' OLD UMTALI, RHODESIA met the request. We received quite classrooms and for various other a large class on probation and bap- purposes. tized several children both among natives and whites. For from the From this small beginning, there time it was established in 1910, the were at last reports 556 full memtown of Elisabethville had no resi- bers, 648 probationers and 3,773 dent Protestant missionary till hearers connected with this church. 1917. The Government has made us a grant of a valuable plot of land For two years that little band of just across the street from this natives-most of whom were con- church and a good friend here in verts of that most notable mission- the United States has given us the ary in Central Africa since David funds to build a new church that Livingstone, Dr. Robert Laws of will be more adequate for present Nyasaland, 500 miles east of Elisa- needs. The old building will conbethvill~arried on the work tinue to be used for day and night alone, paying the rent of the small schools and for many other imporcorrugated iron store that they tant purposes.

PIONEER DAYS-CORRUGATED IRON BUILDING USED FOR CHURCH AND SCHOOL AT ELISABI!l'l'BVILLE Panda was started as a mining The board of stewards, teachers center about 1917 and now has im- and class leaders passes on the mense concentrating, leaching, character and attainments of those electrolysis, flotation and smelting seeking admission into memberplants. But our Mission – and ship. And let it be known right there was no other-was not able here that they are inclined to be to place a resident worker there very strict and rigid in matters of until 1922 and he had to leave soon discipline. Knowing as we do the after on account of health. The fearful tides of evil and temptawriter then went there and carried tion which our native Christians on for a time. The natives re- have to breast continually, we sponded in such fashion that dur- sometimes feel that it is a miracle ing the first year there were 500 that they stand as weil as they do. who joined the church as hearers These brethren of theirs who are and converts. This number has in the same positions as themselves, continued to grow rapidly under know the importance of no commy successor until now that church promise and hold them strictly to is almost up to that of Elisabeth- account for keeping in the straight ville in numbers. and narrow way, paying their church dues so as to send the gos- These churches are so organized pel light on to others and in all as to put large responsibility on respects living up to their church the native members and especially vows. on those chosen as class leaders and stewards. All of our adher- In the fifteen years that the ents and members are given cards Methodist Episcopal Church has with the dates of the fifty-two Sun- been occupying these mineral fields days of the year on which are and also stations in the territory of marked their weekly contributions the Luunda and Luba tribes, we and now these congregations, to have trained and sent out fully 150 the extent of the support of their pastor-teachers~ One of these who native pastors and teachers, are started with our Mission at Kammore than self-sustaining. bove as Mr. Guptill's cook boy,

WEALTH IN CENTRAL AFRICA

Nelson Capempe, has been ordained was a contemporary of Dan Crawto the ministerial order of deacon ford, having gone with him in the and is worthy of the position. same party that Mr. Fred Arnot was taking to Africa, came to One interesting case of an in- Elisabethville and told Mr. Gupdividual won and of large results till that some 200 people had been through him came out of an open- converted on his station largely air meeting held where the natives through the influence of this same congregated by the thousands on man. In relating his experience to Sunday afternoons to promenade Mr. Fisher, he had said that at and dance. first he was furious with Mr. Gup- till for breaking up the dance. On one occasion Mr. Guptill Then as he heard the hymns and came upon a very obscene dance the gospel story told again, he had there. He joined the group and by become convicted of the horrible a clever ruse soon got control of depths to which he, a professed the drums and then began to sing Christian on leaving home, had a hymn. The dancers flocked fallen since reaching the mines, eag-erly around him while the or- and had gone off and had wrestled ganizer and leader of the dance all night, as it were, with the stood to one side glowering with demons themselves. At last he had anger and finally stalked off and gained the victory through Christ. left the scene. That was the last Guptill heard or saw of him for He had then left the mineral years. . fields and returned to his own kraal which was hundreds of miles Some two years or so later, a son of the Dr. Walter Fisher who THE FRUiTAGE-A CHRISTIAN CONGREGATION GATHERED IN TWENTY·FIVE YEARS

away and from that time, Mr. dozen or more other Protestant Fisher reported, this man had been missions of Central Africa from a very active Christian and had whose territory natives come to won large numbers from heathen- work on the mines. Our great ism to Jesus Christ. How many theme is Jesus Christ as Saviour others have been similarly reached and we stress the teachings and we may never know, but this shows standards of Christian life on what tremendous opportunities which we all agree. On their rethese mineral fields offer for win- turn to their villages, we send our ning souls to the Master. members and adherents back with 'l'HE WORSHIPERS COMING OUT 01' THE ELISABETHVILLE CHURCH, CENTRAL AFRICA The work we have been describ- letters of commendation to their ing is not the interest and concern nearest mission stations. Here is of one mission or church. For, as an instance of that unity for which the only evangelical mission oper- our Saviour prayed, a real unity in ating in the mineral fields, we hftve service for the rudely awakened, always most cordially welcomed bewildered and rapidly changing the members and adherents of the natives of Central Africa.

DR. LAWS LEAVES LIVINGSTONIA * D R. ROBERT LAWS left Blan- of missionaries which over fifty years tyre at six on September 8th to ago claimed Nyasaland for Christ. return to Scotland after more than fifty years of labor in Africa. Dr. Laws is broken in health, white of hair and beard, a little bowed and In the grey dawn a little group shrunken, but with the stamp of greatgathered at the station. Commerce, ness unmistakable. government, missions were all represented-significant of the growing life The roads around Blantyre were of the young country whose doors he filled with Africans going to their has been so largely instrumental in day's work – clerks, storekeepers, opening. He is the last of that band motor-drivers, artisans. To that old man sitting in the railroad train, more • From the Mis8i01' RecordJ November, 1927. than to any other, is the marvelous change due that has brought these

WEALTH IN CENTRAL AFRICA

Africans out of the barbarism and redeemed from slavery, ignorance, and superstition, and a civilization is aimed ignorance of their fathers. He has at and already partially realized, where proved that Faith works-that there Christian principles lie at the foundation is nothing God cannot do in and with and guide the growth.

a man who wholly and sincerely sur- "The great educational movement renders himself. He gives all the which has placed Nyasaland in the fore- front of all Bantu countries was begun glory to God. W. P. YOUNG. at Cape Maclear fifty years ago, and has *** been developed from stage to stage until today the Liv;ingstonia Mission may re- The Livingstonia Mission Council gard itself as it is regarded by many in Africa as a leading force in the training adopted the following minute regard- ing Dr. Laws. It is an excellent sum- of a race. The Overtoun Institution has grown under the fostering care of Dr. mary of his work, and we give the Laws to be a great centre of education following extracts: in almost every department of progress "For many years Dr. Laws has been in which Africa needs instruction. In in a preeminent sense the Apostle of the preparation of men for preaching the Central Africa, extending his energies Evangel, for healing the sick, for teachfar and wide throughout the great land ing the young, for guiding the industrial to which he gave life and heart and development of the people, the Overtoun mind; not merely giving counsel and Institution as the Director of Education guidance to his own fellow-missionaries recently said, coupling with it the name and to those of other churches in other of the Henderson Institute at Blantyre, spheres, but also taking his share in the 'form educational centres of which any material development of the country; British Colony could justly be proud.'

consulted in all affairs, speaking with "Dr. Laws would be the last to claim acknowledged authority on all matters that all this was the work of one man. connected with the welfare of the people Many men and women, and many types of the land, and when the need arose, of mind, have engaged in the task with standing up to advocate with conspicuous courage and enthusiasm. But Dr. Laws success their right to fair dealing and has seen and in his own measure guided honorable treatment. Sir Lawrence Wal- the movement from the beginning.

lace, a recent governor of Northern "His colleagues in the Mission feel that Rhodesia, expressed the opinion that Dr. they have shared in a great period of Laws was the biggest man who ever African history in which Dr. Laws has came .into Central Africa. been an outstanding figure. They are "But when his great work in the Mis- proud of their connection with him, and sion with which his name is identified they feel that now, in the time of his comes under review the Council feels honorable retirement, they part with one that the preeminent position which Dr. who has been gifted of God to Africa Laws will occupy in the minds of suc- for great purposes. They part from him ceeding generations of the African peo- with profound regret and with the ple will be a much more eloquent tribute warmest goodwill, and they pray that to this worth than anything that can now in the years that are yet before him he be said. Few are left in the Mission may still have the joy of planning and whose minds can go back to the great working for the further progress of the days of the beginnings, but none are on great task of the redemption of Africa to the staff who are not in some measure which the many years of his vigorous aware of the manner in which the skill, manhood were dedicated. courage, and great human heart of Dr. Laws led the Mission on from step to "The Council feels that it cannot close step, always cautiously advancing from this Minute without an affectionate refone achievement to another, never ac- erence to Mrs. Laws, of whom so many knowledging defeat, yet ever ready to warm recollections rise in the minds of alter plans when ripening occasion called the older colleagues of her husband. Mrs. for fresh methods. Laws was the first lady to come to Lake Nyasa; she was a pioneer of work among "Dr. Laws found a country sunk in the women of the land; her hymns barbarism and heathen superstition. He nourished for a generation the spiritual sees it today a land where no man lives life of the people; her hospitality was beyond the sound of the Gospel, and such as became her husband's position where a great native Church has been in the countrv; and Dr. Laws' friends established, set deep in the hearts of the are not unaware of how frequently her people and already in some degree itself high courage was his own strength and a missionary Church. The land has been stay in many a difficult position."

FRIEND, THE SHULLA

BY MRS. D. S. OYLER, Doleaib Hill, Egyptian Sudan Missionary of the United Presbyterian Ohurch, U. S. A.

BACK in the 70's, when the to get ready to leave the village. Egyptian Sudan was in the Any who resisted were killed. clutches of political turmoil, a certain young woman lived in This young woman was torn one of the numerous villages of away from her relatives and was the section of the White Nile, taken to the Northern Sudan, which flows through the Shulla where she was sold as a slave. Many a time she longed for death. country. Sometimes she had food to eat, but She was a comely young woman; more often she went hungry. Sometimes she had clothes to wear, tall, erect in carriage; with teeth but frequently a mere rag covered as white as pearls; and with skin her nakedness. These days were as black as ebony and smooth as full of unspeakable horrors over velvet. Like the other girls in her which we mercifully draw a veil. tribe she spent a care-free existence, helping with the household Years passed. Finally she found work, going to dances, and talking some of her Shulla friends, and about the time when she would with them made her way back to have a home of her own. their village. Here they found that all was changed. Only a few Hundreds of thousands of girls scattering houses stood where in the Shulla tribe were living just there had been a large village. such a life, when there began to When this young woman found one filter through the village rumors of her relatives, her joy was unthat an army of men from the bounded. north was working toward the south, and on their way seized men Later she married a Shulla and and women, boys and girls, and life once more seemed pleasant. carried them into slavery. Such Then came the Mahdi's soldiers, rumors were discussed, but they and she and her husband were did not greatly worry the people obliged to flee south into the Dinka of the village. To the African country. Here they remained with mind the pleasures of today are their little family until danger was far more important than the evil past, after which they returned which may come tomorrow. once more to their village.

My acquaintance with Nya Suddenly one morning these peo- Shodkwaich, for such was her pIe found their village surrounded name, began about five years ago. by Arabs, each of whom carried a I asked her daughter if she were gun or a sword. The people were willing to accept Christ, but she ordered to bring out all their kaffir said that her mother would never corn which had been stored in give her consent. Later, however, their houses. After this the old Nya Shodkwaich gave her permisand infirm were shot, amid the sion and the daughter and her husscreams and groans of their loved band were baptized, together with ones. All the others were ordered their two little girls.

460 For years when I went out to to save Shullas from their sins, as hold meetings in the village where well as the foreigners."

her daughter and son-in-law were When I asked Nya Shodkwaich living, Nya Shodkwaich talked in if she were willing to pray she an undertone, and sometimes said, "I have prayed in secret these laughed, especially when prayer many moons. Sometimes Nya Dei- was being offered. Then her wul (the Bible woman) and I have daughter and son-in-law moved to prayed out in the corn fields, while the mission compound, where they we were hoeing. But I do not had been given regular work, hired know how to pray like the other by the year, instead of by the day. Christians."

The grandmother continued to live We three women prayed together with them and came to the meet- that afternoon, and the prayer ofings held in the little mud-walled fered by Nya Shodkwaich will alcommunity house. She still talked ways stand out in my memory. in the meetings, but she did not do She told the Lord that she had been it as frequently as in former times. taught to break the seventh com- One day she remained after the mandment while she was a slave. women's meeting, and with her Then she went on to review her was our Shulla Bible woman. We whole life's history. Following sat on tanned gazelle skins, which this, she closed by saying that she had been spread on the earthen was an old woman, and perhaps floor, and talked. Finally Nya her days were few, but she wanted Shodkwaich turned to me and said, to confess Christ and to be a Chris- "My talk is finished." This is a tian because there was no other very common expression in Shulla "talk" as sweet as the words of land, and I did not know to which "talk" she referred. She contin- God. ued: Nya Shodkwaich was baptized "Many a time I deliberately on the same day that four of her Shulla sisters and fourteen men tried to disturb your village meet- and boys were taken into the ings. You did not scold me. Your church. It was a blessed privilege eyes told me that you were not to see the change in this dear, old pleased. I told the other women grandmother's attitude. Instead to remain in their houses when you of laughing, she sat quietly came to the village. through each service, and was al- "Then my daughter said that ways willing to take part. If there she wanted to have the 'water of was the slightest disturbance in God' (baptism) put on her head, that little community house, she and I was not happy. I thought it reproved the offender in a kindly was foolish because she said she spirit, saying that the house of also wanted to have her two daugh- prayer was a place to be reverent.

ters baptized. A week before Dr. Oyler and I "But my insides (conscience) left our station to come home on would not give me rest. I had furlough, Nya Shodkwaich offered learned that I would be cast into a prayer which is one of my pre- the everlasting fire if I did not be- cious memories. She prayed for lieve. I learned that Christ, the our safety on the long journey Son of God, died many years ago home, and that we might find all

our relatives when we reached our Word has reached us that Nya "village." Then she prayed for Shodkwaich has been called to her her tribe, and those who have ac- eternal home. She is the first cepted Christ, that none of them Shulla Christian woman to receive would become cold, or turn aside the summons to go up higher. She from Christianity. She closed her will not be standing on the river prayer with these words: "I have bank at Doleib Hill to greet us lived many years. My eyes have when the steamer draws up to the seen much of evil. Perhaps I will landing, twenty-five hundred miles not be here when my friends return up the Nile River, but Christ has from their country. Keep me from led her safely through the "valley committing sin. And when they of the shadow of death," and she return, may I have some one in my will be on the Heavenly Shore to hands, who has learned the 'talk of welcome me when I too am called God' from lne~" Home.

THE LORD'S PRAYER* In Kopapingo Literal Translation Indi Wongine Bapa napooroong- Great one Father our the place goo wonga noora garrowa ka- you rest in is heaven, there you ninna. abide.

Bitchan ka-billi ka-ninna. Thus always you abide.

Ni namakaroo, nungoo yakoo You are good, your name is namakaroo. good.

Ni konggaityooro, napooroona You help us keep your good law kangoo nungoo mainmuk rorm di- here in world this. palla wonga lilli.

Bayyanya nakoona wallala ka- The same as they keep it there kama onna garrowa. in heaven.

Biakoo billi biakoo, billi gooroo- Every day, every day give us pooloo natta galnawa. food for our bodies.

Ka ni bai lakarangoo ballangoo And you forgive us sins our as djirri napooroonggoo ooni billi no- we forgive those who wrong us. pooroona bai lakarangoo oorakoo wallalunggoo yorlkor yaitchirri. Lead us, look out for us in the good way, and keep away from Garngoo napooroona, djaga na- evil things us. pooroonggoo namatungoo dookarr, lilli ka roongunmurra yaitnooroo Always is good law. Always napooroona. you are powerful.

Billi nungoo namakaroo rorm. Billi dal ni.

Ni Bapa ballanya natilli na- You Father like this first be- koona yooroona wonga dooala. Ni fore, afterwards this world. You tooka ballanya yooroona dooala will be like this after this world finished. Amen. wonga. Baina-yirri.

• From the Mi8Bionary Review of Australia. A South Sea Island Language.

WORLD'S SUNDAY SCHOOL

Preparations for the Tenth World's Sunday School Convention at Los Angeles BY REV. SAMUEL D. PRICE, D.D., New York A8sociate Secretary oj the World's Sunday School .Association T HE world is always under re- preparation of lesson materials view when the work of the adapted to the various countries World's Sunday School Asso- and climes. Japan has made re- ciation is considered. Effort is con- markable progress and now has tinuously being made through the eleven years of graded lessons.

various units, the National Sunday Adequately equipped teachers School Associations, to accomplish are essential wherever satisfactory three definite objectives: (1) Win results are to be obtained. This souls to Christ; (2) Build them principle applies especially in the up in Christ; (3) Send them out realm of religious education where to work for Christ. Human nature, man's needs and spiritual realities are the same everywhere, and the same power is required to bring success anywhere.

Christian Sunday-school work is continuous. The tenth convention of the World's Sunday School As- sociation· will be held in Los An- geles, California, July 11-18. The ninth was in Glasgow, 1924, and the eighth in Tokyo, 1920, and a:n one is being prepared for life in invitation will be presented to hold two worlds. Law requires that the the eleventh, in 1932, in South prospective operator of a motor America. Fifty-five nations were vehicle shall give a satisfactory represented at Glasgow and at Los demonstration of his ability before Angeles a registration of 7,000 is he is permitted to take a car on anticipated. Leaders in religious the highway. Too often, scarcely education throughout the world a question is asked of the teacher have been invited to make ad- who is entrusted with the leader- dresses or to participate in the dis- ship of a child. The work of teach- cussion and nearly three-fourths of er training is being developed in them will come from outside the every country where there is a United States. field secretary of the World's Sun- Marked progress has been made day School Association. Courses during the past quadrennium in are conducted throughout the year, the preparation of lesson materi- training schools are held each sum- also It has often been said that an mer, correspondence courses are adequate curriculum is one that followed and seminaries are urged meets the need of the pupil in every to give more comprehensive atten- stage of his development. Careful tion to religious education as an attention is being given to the essential department. In many in- 463

stances, the World's Secretary is national Daily Vacation Bible invited to give a series of lectures, School Association has been in ac- if not to direct the entire course of tive cooperation in prosecuting such study. this work. In some countries a Korean students are enthusias- literature had to be created both tic in their eagerness for teacher for the instructors and students.

training. They journey long dis- A special department was organ- tances on foot, carrying their bag- ized in Korea. The last report of gage, that they may have the help D. V. B. S. in Korea gives 311 of a school in their area. The schools, 2,246 teachers and 29,403 largest meeting place is all too pupils.

small. In Northern Korea recent- In South Pyeng An Province a ly, where ice was two feet thick little girl came to the vacation on the river, about 700 students school in her home town and there were present during the day ses- learned something about Christ. sions. When the time came for the Every morning at home, however, more popular evening meetings, she saw her father prostrating those who lived in the more imme- himself before family ancestral diate neighborhood were eager to tablets. One day she asked, "Fareceive the benefit also, but the ther, why do you bow down before floor space was filled by those al- that old box?" When the father ready seated. The chorister in- thought it over he could find no vited all to stand for a song, and good reason why he should conthen told the people to step for- tinue to do so, with the result that ward close to the person in front. he stopped such worship and with After the singing they were in- his family came to the church to structed to sit down just where find out more about what his little they were. They managed this and daughter had learned. so left some space at the rear of the hall and this was quickly fined Near the city of Taiku were a by others. The same process was number of young men who thought repeated, until 1,500 were packed socialism, even communism,· to be in, almost to suffocation, when the a good thing, and so they thought evening messages were delivered. too that they were very much op- They planned for an attendance of posed to Christianity, knowing 1,000 at the last All-Korean Sun- nothing about it except false re- day School Convention in Seoul, ports. When a vacation school but when the delegates were was begun in their town they counted, 1997 were recorded. thought they would surely have to Twice as many came as were ex- oppose it, but finally some, more pected! They are now thinking in open-minded then the others, went terms of 4,000 for their next na- to see for themselves what was be- tional convention. ing done. The result was that, Daily Vacation Bible Schools finding Christianity to be some- have had their beginning in a num- thing! very different from what they ber of countries during the quad- had supposed, they took up an of- rennium. Their benefits have been fering among themselves and their repeatedly established in China, friends amounting to 70 yen and Korea, Japan, Philippine Islands, gave it to the church they had Bible Lands and Brazil. The Inter- thought they hated with the re-

THE WORLD'S SUNDAY SCHOOL PROGRESS

quest that it be used as the church material has been issued in the saw fit. National Phonetic Script, in which Approach to the Moslem has al- thirty-nine characters represent ways been a most difficult problem. the sounds of the Chinese language.

Therefore it is very significant to Thereby an illiterate person is able state that there has been a decided to learn to read in about a month's increase in Sunday-school member- time. A very helpful result has ship in Egypt. The attendance at recently been attained through the all the well-established schools has work of Chinese artists and devel- grown. Thousands of Moslem chil- dren have been taught in the streets of Cairo, Alexandria and other centers. The small Bible les- son picture card has been a materi- al factor in gaining the attendance and in holding the attention of these boys and girls. They assem- ble in some open place rather than in any building. In fad there would be an added problem in try- ing to get them into a building for their Sunday-school sessions.

During the past four years, the special Sunday-school work on the continent of Europe has been un- der the direction of James Kelly, the Field Secretary under the Brit- ish Committee. In his reports, ac- counts are given of genuine prog- ress in no less than fifteen countries. Mr. Kelly has made re- peated trips to those nations and has been in helpful conference with the various national Sunday School THE CONVENTION POSTER Associations as organized. A re- opment in China of the art of color cent project was an important printing whereby very satisfactory deputation trip of two Danish Bible lesson pictures, both large clergymen to Iceland in the inter- and small, have been made availest of the Sunday-school move- able. These pictures carry local ment. color in a double sense and make an unusual appeal to the Chinese In spite of the war problems, the mind. China Sunday School Union has been able to maintain its work. Looking Ahead Only parts of that great area have been affected at any time by the In facing the coming quadren- local strifes. At all times current nium, 1928-32, the purpose is to Sunday-school literature has been develop all the work now in hand, furnished, as usual, for all the rest make more help available to the of the more than 200,000 in their existing National Sunday School Sunday-school membership. Much Associations and assist other na- 4

tions as rapidly as funds and lead- each of the national units composership can be obtained. ing the World's Sunday School As- sociation. So that the country with The National Sunday School As- the largest Sunday-school memsociation has always been in the bership and which contributes the program to work through the mis- major amount of money can never sionary agencies on the field and be in a position to exercise any the national churches as organized control, it is purposed that not into a Sunday School Association more than one third of the total for that particular country. This membership of the Executive Comis in accord with the trend in re- mittee shall reside in anyone cent years to help locally rather country. More and more the re- sponsibility for providing the than superimpose any method on money, including the cost at headanother country. By-laws have quarters, and guiding the work, been altered and will be further will be allocated among the various changed at "Los Angeles-1928" to enlarge the consciousness of re- units according to their abilities. sponsibility and opportunity in CAREY'S INFLUENCE CONTINUES BY ALTON B. JACOBS, Angwin, California ; FTER years of strain due to "In those days it meant more to be a Christian than it does now when there f l toil and study as factory are more who have taken their stand for Christianity. A short time after my manager, preacher, profes- great-grandfather accepted Christianity, sor, translator, and compiler, Wil- my grandfather was born. The relatives liam Carey, pioneer of the Cross to of my great-grandfather now found a India, wrote: "I feel as a farmer way to inflict more persecution upon him. does about his crop." It was not They sought an opportunity to put an until these years of labor in Bengal end to the life of the new-born babe. were past, that he saw any results So one evening when my great-grandof his seed-sowing. His first Ben- mother went out of the home on an ergali Brahman convert was a man rand, she snugly laid the baby (my named Mukerjee. The fruitfulness grandfather) asleep on a rice winnower of this work is shown in the word and went out. The relatives took advanreceived recently from L. G. tage of the absence of the mother and Mukerjee, a native C h r i s t ian carried the sleeping baby out in the worker, and great-grandson of the grove near the home, and left him among first Bengali Christian. He re- the bamboos. expecting that the wild ports that his grandfather, Lal jackals would kill him. Chand Mukerjee, the son of Carey's convert, died at the ripe old age "When my great-grandmother reof ninety-nine years. In his home turned home, she searched high and low was formed one of the first native for her baby, but failing to find him, she churches in India. He thus carried went away and never returned, probably on the precious faith which his fa- committing suicide by throwing herself into the Ganges. . . . ther had received. The younger Mukerjee writes: "Grandfather studied many denomina- tional books but his favorite books were the Bible, The Lord's Dealings with George Muller, and the 'Life of John Wesley.'''

William Carey did not sow in vain. The influence of his work still abides.

"UNNAMED CHRISTIANITY" IN

The Attitude of Turks toward Mission Schools J LTHOUGH the Turkish Gov- of the parents of children at .£"l. ernment has declared that Brousa, and their united action in State and Church, national- withdrawing their children from ism and religion, are separate and the School, …… then we come to distinct in Turkey, the application realize that we are not facing an of this principle is difficult. Islam ordinary, simple event. It has was for so long a time the religion made such a profound impression of the State and apostasy was so in Turkish society, that even the generally considered treason that Board of Education of a secular it is difficult for the Turks today Republic has seen the necessity of to think that a Turkish Moslem interfering with it.

can become a Christian and con- "We ought to consider first: tinue to be a loyal citizen of the Why are there American schools Turkish Republic. Theoretically in purely Turkish towns like and legally adults are permitted to Adana, Smyrna, Brousa, Cae- choose their own form of religion, sarea, etc.? Why are there French, or to be irreligious, but practically Italian, German, English, Austrian many great obstacles are put in and other foreign schools for boys the way of those who would leave and girls in Constantinople? It is Mohammed for Christ. It is for- evident that the duty of a school is bidden by law to influence minors to give education; and the work to change their religion-especially of education is to infuse in the to influence them to become Chris- young generation the common tians. The teachers in the Mission ideas, feelings, aims and ideals of school at Brousa have found that, the society to which it belongs.

though they obeyed the Turkish These can only be passed to the law, there is bitter opposition to younger generation through the any Christian influence being souls of the thoughtful and cul- exerted on Turkish youth. tured leaders of that society.

The following echoes from the Therefore, the existence of Amer- Turkish press show the trend of ican and foreign schools in Turkey Turkish thought (From Hovat, is useless, serving no purpose.

February 2, 1928) : "And yet the foreign schools in "Some of the girls of the Amer- Turkey are not useless altogether.

ican School at Brousa (Turkey) Foreign schools mean foreign cul- have embraced Christianity. This ture, and the contribution of this incident by itself is nothing but culture is expressed in the exist- the movement of a few individuals, ence of foreign languages, foreign out of the Mohammedan mass of national ideas and foreign religion.

several hundreds of millions into The function of a foreign school the Christian mass of several hun- is to engraft this culture in the dred millions. But if we consider native youth. Moreover, the for- the reaction of the events-the eign schools in our country are not publications of the press, the panic empty; instead they are crowded.

467

If you ask the administration of education come from being real these foreign schools, what their Christians. motives and reasons are which lead them to open and sustain these "In brief, there is Christianity schools, they answer that their aim in the schools, there is Protestantis humanitarian and they want to ism. But the influences on the promote education in Turkey. pupils are all indirect without Protestant schools don't teach reli- bearing the name of Christian. In gion directly in their schools, fact, the American missionaries moreover, they seem to be loyal to themselves name their new activithe laws and regulations of the ties in Turkey 'Unnamed Chris- State…… . tianity.' By creating a complete Christian environment for the "Let us consider the educational Turkish youth to live in, their aim activities of these schools. Here, is to instill in them gradually and first of all, we face moral educa- unconsciously .Christian ways and tion. They speak continuously from beliefs under the name of characthe point of view of character- ter-building, and so forth….. . building and this responsibility is "We may easily imagine the imalways and by all means under- pressions which these indirect taken by American teachers. All methods make on the souls of the other activities of the School young girls. The Brousa case is move towards that goal. One of a strong evidence of this. Probthe most attractive activities of the ably few persons will object to School is athletics, which is con- such an attitude by saying: 'Shall ducted always under the leadership we still discuss religion in a secuof a young American teacher, care- lar Republic?' It is true that every fully trained under strong reli- Turk of age is free to choose his gious influences….. The directors own religion; he may become a of the American schools have Catholic if he so wishes, or a Budlearned well that the method of in- dhist, or he may remain a Moslem direct religious teaching is the or an atheist altogether. But we most effective. The influence of a must not forget the fact that every good sports teacher has been very religion is an idea which can be deep-going and abiding on the applied to life. A young Turk who morals of the (Turkish) youth. has become a Protestant can find The essence of the teaching for no more satisfaction for the thirst character building is taken from of his soul in the society of Turkey. the Gospels, but in the beginning He looks to the great social order their sources are not openly stated of Protestantism; whereas the to the children….. . eyes of every young Turk should be fastened on his own (Turkish) "Teachers, male or female, are society. very polite and courteous. They are fine-looking, full of the human- "Therefore, foreign schools are itarian spirit, and obviously very not only abnormal institutions but much Christian. Moreover there is also obviously dangerous agents to an effort to make a gradual and our society. Those who shall presteady impression on the minds of pare the young people of a society the pupils that all their courtesy, must be only the thoughtful and humanitarian spirit, and refined cultured men of that society. It is

"UNNAMED CHRISTIANITY" IN TURKEY

not possible for the foreigner, with the fact that they are practically con- the greatest good-will, to influence fined to the children of our wealthy families because of their excessive the youth of a country according tuitions. The worst harm for a democto the ideals of that country. The racy is a class education. To eduforeign teachers of the foreign cate the children of the wealthy class schools in our country, with their in different ways from those of the great 'good-will,' are trying to sep- common people is a social fallacy, arate the Turkish youth from which is full of dangers in the conse- Turkish society. Do they desire to quences.

do evil to Turkey? Evidently not. "If these schools are abnormal and But the net results of their work even dangerous and harmful, why are undoubtedly evil. then are they crowded with pupils? "Consider the harm which for- First of all there is a total misappre- hension of the functions of education eign schools produce, as abnormal among the heads of families, espeagencies, on the moral education cially of those of the higher classes. of the youth of our country: Piano, 'etiquette,' and a foreign 1an- "1. The inner life of the boarding- guage are thought to be the three eleschools especially is very far from re- ments of education. Second, there is flecting the life of Turkish society. The a general indifference on the part of national days' of the Turks, which are the parents towards schools. Many a the main sources of national enthusiasm and elation, cannot be observed in these head of a family considers himself alschools; whereas the religious and na- together relieved from all his respontional days of the country which the mis- sibilities for the education of his chilsion represents are celebrated in a most dren, if once he entrusts his children impressive and inspiring way.

"2. The aim of the educational activi- to the care of a school. For such parties, which are carried on in these for- ents, boarding-schools are very ateign schools under the watchword of tractive; and the foreign boarding- 'unnamed Christianity,' is to infuse schools are ideal. Christian beliefs and doctrines in the minds of children in a subtle and peda- "The first responsibility rests with gogical way; for example, to inject parents whose children crowd these Christianity gradually, unconsciously schools. And the second responsibiland even without mentioning its name. ity is incumbent upon the Ministry of "3. The influence of these foreign Education. schools is most effective on the sensitive "The teachings of these foreign souls of our young girls. schools have not been found thus far "4. Foreign schools exert political in- superior to those of our national fluence also on the youth. They teach history from foreign sources and foreign schools. Look at the men who have points of view…… 'The freedom of the more or less social standing in the persecuted nations from the yoke of country and see how many of them Turkish tyranny!'…… are ideas which have been graduated from these forare frequently met in these sources.

"In short, these schools with all their eign schools. Look at the great aims and methods of education are in- leaders of the country; none of them stitutions which sever the Boul of the have ever studied in a foreign school! Turkish child from his own society and As to the language, nowhere a foreign bind him to another society which is not Turkish …… The occasional instances language by itself has been an aim in of conversion which break forth now and then are obvious manifestations of education; it is a means only, a means the indirect influence which these schools for the inter-communication of minds. exert on the minds of the pupils who at- The old Turkish school in spite of its tend them. The most powerful influence many faults, prepared great Turks; of a foreign school is the one which is exerted indirectly. the modern Turkish school is also pre- paring great Turks for tomorrow.

4. "Another harm of these foreign "Character is very largely a national schools which is not less important, is matter. It can be formed only in a na-

tional environment, through the good are based on righteousness, truth and bad influences of that environment. and brotherhood. But Christian Character cannot be imported from out- mission schools lose sight of their side, because it cannot have a foreign main reason for existence if they nature. Foreign schools, will build char- fail to put first the training of acter after the pattern of their foreign youth to know and believe in and ideas only; whereas such a character is follow Jesus Christ and to put into dangerous for the Turkish national practice His principles and teachideals, whether it be a political or a re- ings in all relationships of life. ligious thing." This should produce better chil- dren and better citizens-unselfish, The distinction between religion friendly, faithful and intelligent servants of God and man. and national loyalty should not be an impossible one for Turkish minds. A Christian can be a good citizen of any country whose laws NUGGETS FROM THE JERUSALEM COUNCIL MEETING Betraying Christianity Religion should control the whole of life. To ignore economic problems is to betray Christianity. Social conditions fix the environment in which religious influences have to work, they mould character and are responsible for forces we cannot control. We cannot successfully appeal for a life of self-sacrifice in an environment controlled by a ruthless competitive industry. We cannot have one standard of social ethics in personal relations and one in economic affairs.

R. H. TAWNEY, ESQ., London School of Economics, England.

The Burden of India Everything called India is rural India. Millions of peasants are not only paupers, but bankrupts. Their poverty means lowered vitality and fatalistic depression. Their ignorance leads to quacks, malnutrition, litigation, money lenders and middlemen. Many early marriages, although the extent of these has. been greatly exaggerated, lead to devitalized children, and over-burdened parents. It costs two cents a day to keep a man well in the best Indian prisons, yet the average income per family of several persons is from two to three cents a day. Education of the young is not enough. There must also be adequate adult education.

K. T. PAUL, B.A., Indian Secretary of the Y. M. C. A. in India.

Raee Prejudice All Christian forces, dedicated as they are to prepare for the establishment among all mankind of the Kingdom of God, are bound to work with alI their power to remove race prejudices and adverse conditions due to it, to preserve the rights of peoples, and to establish educational, religious and other facilities designed to enable all alike to enjoy equality of social, political and economic opportunity.

-Report on "Racial Relationships."

THE READING ROOM OF THE MISSION IN

THE IRISH CHURCH IN DAMASCUS BY REV. ELIAS NEWMAN, Damascus, Syria Missiotuw'll of the Irish Pre8byterian Church N EARLY ninety years ago (in Church to continue the mlSSlOn 1839) The Church of Scot- alone. Later on the Church of land sent out a delegation England, through the "London of enquiry to the Jews of the Jews Society," entered the field world. The result was the open- but after the Great War they too ing of Jewish Mission work in . left Damascus, so that the Irish Palestine and in different parts of Mission is now the only one work- Europe. ing among Jews in Syria. During One of the Scottish delegates, the last two years we passed the saintly Rev. Robert Murray through a great deal of trouble and McCheyne, visited Belfast and as a distress owing to the revolution result the Irish Presbyterian Gen- and the bombardment, but now eral Assembly decided to fol1ow Damascus is again normal and the the example of their Scottish work is in full swing.

brethren and opened a mission in Our church has recently pur- Damascus in 1843. chased a new building which has About the same time the United been equipped as a mission head- Presbyterian Church of North quarters. In it we have our Jew- America sent two missionaries to ish boys' school with over 100 Damascus commissioning them to students; our Arabic, French and go "to the Jew first and also to the English night school; a chapel and Gentile." After twenty-five years lecture hall for gospel services. A the United Presbyterian withdrew Lenten service was recently at- from Damascus and left the Irish tended by 300 Jews, and about 500 471

were turned away for lack of room. Under the old Turkish regime As it was the service had to be held it was not always possible to do in the courtyard. work openly among Jews or Mos- lems in Damascus. But the new In addition to Christian educa- conditions have made the missiontional work among Jews and J ew- aries more free, and have given esses through our day schools, we more opportunities. A new era are pushing the .work of general has dawned and the door for servevangelism among the Jews of the JEWISH DAY SCHOOL PUPILS OF' 'l'HE IRISH P RESBYTERIAN CHURCH, DAMASCUS oldest city recorded in history and ice among Jew and Moslem is now still inhabited, Bible women are wide open. daily at work in the Jewish quarter and are welcome in the homes "USE ME!" of the Jews. Evangelists and colporteurs visit the shops and places I am the Bible. of business in the different ba- I am God's Library. zaars, cooperating with the British To the weary pilgrim I am a Strong and Foreign Bible Society, the Staff. Scripture Gift Mission and The To the one who sits in gloom, I am Glo~. Trinitarian Bible Society. rious Light. To those who stoop beneath heavy bur – The Irish Presbyterian Church dens, I am Sweet Rest. is taking advantage of the new To him who has lost his way, I am a spirit of enquiry among the Jews Safe Guide. all over the world and is concen- To the discouraged, I whisper a glad trating on Jewish work more than message of Hope. in the past. To those who suffer in loneliness, I am a Friend. Use Me!

-Adapted from " World Call."

Of THE

The Significance of the J erusa- 8. Should the Christians at home be judged by the same standards as con- lem Council verts abroad-more or less strict?

O NLY God and time can de- 9. Should Christian missionaries and termine whether or not the their families appeal to their home gov- Missionary Council, recently ernments for protection in foreign lands, held on the Mount of Olives, was an or should they look only to God for epoch-making event. It is clear orders and protection and be ready to that a new crisis has come in the suffer and die in the pursuit of their history of Christian missions. The calling? work is subject to scrutiny and criticism, nQt only from its op- 10. Should Christian missionaries sub- mit to all national regulations in foreign countries where these prohibit preaching the Gospel in schools and in other ways interfere with religious liberty?

11. Should some missionaries, sup- ponents, but from its advocates. ported by churches at home, devote energies chiefly to reform movements in Many questions are being asked in industry, to improved sanitation and the home lands and on the mission other enterprises relating to physical betterment, or should all give themselves fields. wholly to the spiritual work of preaching 1. What is the real justification for the Gospel and training native Chris- Christian missions to those of other re- tians? ligions? What are the aims and objectives? 12. How far is organic union desirable in the churches at home or in the various 2. What is the vital content of the fields abroad? Are unity in aim, prin- Christian message? Is it primarily per- ciple and message and full cooperation, sonal or social; does it relate chiefly to without friction or overlapping, possible the future life or to all phases of the without organic union?

present life? The Missionary Council at Jeru- salem, with its 275 delegates from 3. How is the size of missionary in- all races and lands, and from most come and expenditure related to mis- of the Protestant Christian comsionary success? Are the chief assets munions, met to consider some of financial or spiritual? Is the personnel these problems. They did not meet or the program more important?

4. What methods in missionary work have produced the best and most abiding results? Have modern missions become to hear long addresses or to legistoo much institutionalized, too expensive and too elaborate? What proportion of late for Boards at home or for mission funds should be devoted to edu- churches aboard. They met to cation, evangelism, home expenses and study and think and pray together other purposes? -for Christian "corporate think- ing" in the interests of truth, 5. How large a responsibility should be placed on the native Christian con- verts and churches? What should be the harmony and progress. They standard required for native Christians before they are accepted as equal with thought interdenominationally, inforeign missionaries in authority and ternationally, interracially. They standing in church and social circles? endeavored to reach agreement on 6. What is the relation between self- some of the more important probsupport and self-government? 7. What signs of effectiveness has the lems and thus to realize more of Church at home a right to ask of its rep- the unity for which Christ prayed. resentatives abroad in order to warrant In so far as it is carried out in their support by sacrificial giving?

473

actual missionary experience, so stated. If it is realized, then this far the Council meeting at J erusa- will have been an epoch-making lem will prove to be epoch-making conference.

in missionary history. 3. New responsibilities for Na- Reports printed elsewhere in this tive churches. The time has passed issue, and to appear subsequently, in most mission fields when the show definite promise of some im- young Christian converts and portant results: churches are willing to be con- 1. New unity in the Christian sidered as children under mission- enterprise. Men and women of ary guardianship. They now ex- many races and nationalities met pect to be treated as brothers at Jerusalem on the basis of Chris- and they are ready to assume re- tian equality. Differences in sex, sponsibility for the development of in color, in dress, in social stand- the churches in their own lands.

ing, in wealth and language made They are not strong in numbers, no difference in the spiritual unity resources or learning, but they are of the delegates. They all recog- ready to grow and to accept help nized one Master. In Christ there from those who are stronger.

is no male or female, no Jew or This new recognition of the Greek, no bond or free, no rich or national Christians is shown poor. There are differences of gifts especially in the new basis for the llnd administration, but one Spirit organization of the International and one Lord. If this ideal can be Missionary Council. In place of realized in the relation of mission- representing only the home base aries and native Christians in the churches of Europe and America, Church at home and abroad, then it will represent the twenty-three this will prove to have been an national Christian councils of the epoch-making conference. world. This is a truly great step 2. New statement of the Chris- and places the missionary enter- tian message. No new message is prise on a new basis-not of needed; nothing different from the foreign propaganda but of spiritual Gospel proclaimed by Christ and fellowship and extension through His apostles is desired. But con- witnessing and cooperation among ditions have changed and phrase- Christians of all nations and de- ology has changed. The Council nominations. The value of human adopted a clear statement in regard leadership depends on conformity to the Christian message that must to Christ's leadership. If this is be given to the world today. Other realized more practically, then this religions contain truth and ideal- will prove to have been an epoch- ism, but they have no vital truth to making conference.

be added to the Gospel of Christ. 4. New dependence on God. The His message is to all-whatever necessity for fuller reliance on the their religion or absence of religion leadership and the power of -for all have sinned and there is the Spirit of God was another im- no other Saviour than Jesus Christ. portant emphasis at Jerusalem.

He is able and ready not only to No method is of supreme im- save from eternal death but to save portance. God works in diverse for life. His life and power are to ways at diverse times. Money is be applied to all departments and not the sine qua non. Great relatienships of life. This is clearly spiritual undertakings are often

TOPICS OF Il'HE TIMES

hindered rather than helped by an away freedom of action on the part abundance of money. Even many of those who do not accept their workers are not required to attain doctrines, but also promotes dis- success. One man, moved by the order, lawlessness and immorality, Spirit of God, is a mightier force a disregard of the rights of others, than a million depending only on and a low conception of the value human wisdom and resources. We of human life. Atheism destroys cannot expect peace propaganda, true liberty which is protected by physical or industrial or social the highest laws of life.

betterment agitation or intellectual A recent letter from an evangel- advancement to solve the world's ical Christian in Leningrad conproblems. A spiritual force and so- tains the following evidence as to lution are required; therefore our present-day conditions: great dependence is on the leadership of Christ, on the power of the Several evangelical preachers were ar- Spirit of God, on an intelligent rested and imprisoned by the Bolsheviks understanding of the revealed pro- some months ago, without any charge gram of God, on a sacrificial de- being laid against them. Now they votion to the service of God and have been sent into exile for two years humanity, and on keeping in with hard labor, to the town of Kem in harmony with God through prayer. the far north, near the White Sea and Arctic Ocean….. . If these elements and principles more fully characterize the mis- Seeing them peacefully going away sionary enterprise in the coming amongst the soldiers, .brought to our years because of the Jerusalem minds the words of the Prophet, "Led as Council meeting, then that will in- a sheep to the slaughter and as a lamb deed have been an epoch-making before her shearers is dumb." The solconference. God grant that it may diers standing in rows did not let us be followed by these results! come near them, but we spoke to them with our eyes.

There went forth our good brethren, with whom we knelt so often in prayer, fighting against sin, and with whom our hearts have grown together in brotherly love, whose only aim in life was to fight against unrighteousness and sin, so that with pure hearts they could serve the A theistic Propaganda Lord. Now they are sentenced.as crim- inals–sentenced in an arbitrary way, I T IS difficult to understand the without trial and without justice and mentality of those who en- without any possibility of defending themselves or appealing to a higher deavor to propagate atheism. court…••• The results are so clearly evil that As regards the spiritual state of the the natural conclusion is that the devil is the. instigator and leader in Church, left pastoriess now, thank God, the movement. Russian commu- this happening has done much good, benists and anarchists have been a cause there is greater sincerity and big factor in the spreading of athe- boldness. All see that the words of Jesus are fulfilled and that the· day of His Coming is rapidly approaching. Remem- ber :us in prayers.

ism in China, Turkey, Europe and Russia has now been under the America. They appeal to a mis- Communistic Soviet Government taken idea of freedom and self- for ten years, but liberty and interest, teaching that belief in righteousness seem to be as far God brings servile submission to from realization as ever. . Many outside control and, therefore, de- experiments have been tried and stroys personal liberty. They do found wanting-the abolition of not point out, however, that com- private ownership and inheritance, munistic control not only takes destruction of private trade, free

postal service and transportation, "Gideons," the Christian traveling the practical abolition of marriage salesmen who have placed millions and of religion. The communistic of Bibles in American hotels. The "Heaven on earth" has proved "Four A's," as the atheist organi- "ea:rthly, sensual, devilish." The zation is called, is endeavoring to leaders have been forced to restore destroy alI religious belief and all some private rights and have aban- Christian and Jewish institutions.

doned the application of many They recommend books-some by theories of industrial management professedly Christian writers- and of education that have proved that they think will destroy faith disastrous to business and morals. in God, Christ, the Church and the The country and people have Bible. As a result they hope to been brought to the verge of ruin undermine Sunday observance, the by a disregard of the fundamental sanctity of marriage and similar laws of God and of humanity, but institutions. The aim of atheistic still the leaders seek to spread communism is to overrun the these theories and methods into world, to establish the rule of the other lands on the plea that the "proletariat," and to destroy the dissemination of atheistic commu- rights of private property and re- nism over the whole world will ligious liberty.

change a local curse into a univer- How can we stem the tide of sal blessing! "Today," says Mr. atheism and infidelity in America A. F. Kerensky, the one-time leader and other lands? It is the testi~ of the Russian revolution, "after mony of experience and of thou- ten years of Bolshevist domination sands of educationalists, jurists Russia stands at the starting point and judges that the chief bulwark of the circle of Leninism-terror- of society and of morality is the ism and severe economic crisis. Christian religion as presented in The results are acute, unnatural, the Bible and the life of Jesus artificial economic and political Christ. The most effective way to evils, collectively expressed in dic- overcome atheistic and Bolshevist tatorship which stifles independ- propaganda therefore is to build ence." up a vital and intelligent faith in The propagandists are endeavor- Jesus Christ as the Son of God and ing to reproduce in America the Saviour of Man.

evils that mark atheistic commu- Every agency that works effec- nism in Russia. Two of the chief tively toward this end should be agencies at work are "The Anti- supported. A Christlike life, tes- Bible Society" and "The American timony, the distribution of the Association for the Advancement Bible and other Christian liter- of Atheism." These organizations ature, the adequate support of the are evidently working in close har- Church and of alI Christian agen- mony with Bolshevik agents. They cies and an insistence on Christian publish papers, tracts and other rather than agnostic or atheistic literat:ure and claim to be making instructors in our institutions of many converts among college and learning, will greatly strengthen high-school students and among the forces of righteousness and, discontented classes of society. The with the help of God, will put to Anti-Bible Society is waging war rout the enemies of truth and of against the Church and against the Godliness.

TOPIC,S OF THE TIMES

What Is Happening in China? vigorous action. The Northern troops have retreated and the "GOD moves in a mysterious fall of Peking is expected. Ef- way His wonders to per- forts to unite the two great form"-but still He moves factions of China, in face of for- eign intervention, have failed. and He manifestly performs won- Communism and anti – foreign, ders. China, with its great mass anti-Christian feeling seem to be of humanity, nearly one-fourth of on the wane, but evidences of the earth's population, is also mov- sanity and unselfish patriotism are ing in mysterious ways, but when still rare. China comes into step with God's plans then peace and righteous- Another peril faces China from ness will reign. within. Famine again menaces Shantung, and other sections, due Today China is in turmoil. The largely to the destruction of crops forces striving for self-determination, the forces working for out- by soldiers and raiding bands. side domination and the forces Christians are giving relief and moving for the recognition of thousands of starving Chinese are God's authority are clashing. The looking to foreigners for food, Southern troops, under General while others are seeking to drive Chiang Kai-Shek and General Feng these same foreigners from the Yu-Hsiang, have been driving land. Suffering may bring some back toward Peking the Northern measure of sanity into the situatroops under General Chang Tso- tion. Temporarily, most of the ling, the Manchurian ~arlord. missionaries have been withdrawn The province of Shantung IS over- from the areas where fighting i run by Cantonese troops, so .that most severe, but many remain at murder, pillage and other dlsor- their posts and over seventy p~r ders accompanying war are the cent of the missionary force IS order of the day. still on the field. The Chinese Christians are standing true and Without reason and against are carrying forward the work of reason, another American Presby- churches and schools and general terian missionary, Dr. Walter F. evangelism to the best of their Seymour of Tsining fu, Shantung ability. Province, has been murdered by a Cantonese soldier, as Dr. John Wil- The Chinese Christian Student, liams was murdered in Nanking a a magazine published in Boston by year ago. Japanese residents of Chinese in America, has this to Shantung have also been killed and say in a recent issue: Japanese troops have been dispatched to the scene to protect life One year ago the northward drive of and property. This means interna- the Nationalist armies from Canton up tional complications. Reason does to Hankow and down the YaI!gtze V!llnot rule in China, and the bandit ley to Shanghai and Nankmg, WIth soldiers are not under control. The sweeping influence .and new. deve!opresult of the killing of Japanese ments, seemed to indIcate the ImmedIate has been a despatch of troops. unification of the country under the Na- Strong foreign governments will tionalist rule……. Last December, the not stand idly by and see their na- uprising of Communists in Cant?n was tionals murdered without taking subdued. The downfall of Borodm, ,!-nd the violent denunciation of CommuDl~m by the Nanking Governmen~ clearly m- dicate a sign that CommuDlsm had not gained a hold on China. But this pass-

ing of the Russian influence doesn't Christ–the interior of Africa, the mean the end of its evil effect. inland highlands of Asia, and the hitherto unexplored portions of China is in acute difficulties. She has South America. But with a Protnot had a chance for self-determination estant Church membership of 190,- yet. The grip foreign nations have on 000,000, and an annual income of, China makes the situation harder. In at the least estimate, $200,000, relation to this the Nationalists at Nan- 000,000, the whole Protestant king issued a declaration: 'To abrogate Church sends to the whole foreign completely all unequal treatie3, restoring field less than 25,000 missionary to us thereby our national sovereignty workers, or one in 8,000 members! and our rightful position in the family The gifts for world evangelizations of nations…… The terror of militarism, average less than twenty-five cents the corruption of the mandarinate, the a year per member. bankruptcy of our national finance, the resulting poverty of our people, the loss Rationalism and agnosticism, of our sovereignty and the injustice suf- criticism and their natural results, fered by our nationals abroad may all be lax notions of the authority of traced to the unequal treaties.' God's Word and of Christ's Gos- pel, cut the nerve of missionary But the misfortunes of China are consecration. Even where there is due to internal causes and the Russian some enthusiasm about missions influence in China. Unless there is a as a "humanitarian enterprise," genuine Nationalist movement which is there is lacking a true devotion to to be a popular movement coming from the work as the great campaign of all parts of China identified with no one the Lord for the salvation of men party, and with a real spirit of not only and the establishment of His Kingtoleration but·of cooperation in eliminat- dom on Earth. ing the internal causes and the outside pressure, the hope of an ordered gov- World-wide Christian missions ernment is slight.

There is needed an all-China conference of all prominent Chinese factions- North, South, East and West, with adequate representation of the people, at a round table as a means of forming a constitution for all China. In the meantime the foreign nations should re-define their relations to China. Will China fight herself to a state of sheer exhaustion or take a better road toward the goal of unification?

must be saved from decline and The Missionary Situation defeat by an apostolic revival of W HILE the world is open to what may be called the seven prin- the Gospel as never before, ciples of missions: the Church is becoming 1. Absolute obedience to our Lord's more critical of missionary meth- great Commission. ods and is withholding adequate support. The missionary income 2. Honest acceptance of stewardship does not keep pace with either the in money and other talents.

3. Consecration of children to God from birth.

increased opportunity nor with the 4. Impression of missionary obligaenlarging membership and ability tion on the individual consciences. of church members. A responsive Christian life shows itself by a 5. Widespread information about the world field and its spiritual needs and the work of God in all lands.

quickened spiritual pulse. Nearly 6. Separation from unwholesome and weakening worldly contaminations. every part of the world has been thrown open to messengers of 7. Praying in the Holy Spirit for the whole field, the work and the workers. KEEPING IN TOUCH WITH THE whole number through if he begins. If he has had any doubts and difficul- ACTS OF MODERN APOSTLES ties he will have forgotten them when he finishes and will be praising God By REV. WILLIAM S. MARQUIS, D.D., for the victories of his Lord. Through Montclair, N. J. all my fifty years of ministry, when I have needed fresh enthusiasm and Emeritus Director of the Department of zeal, the reading of the REVIEW has Mobilization, General Council of the helped to kindle them. Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. An Aid in Preaching- Having been a subscriber to the MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD At the right hand end of my desk from its first issue in 1878, with the hung two alphabetically indexed, files exception of a very short time, other filled with sermon paper. On the pastors may be interested to know lower right hand corner of each sheet why I have b'een such a continuous was boldly printed a key-word, such reader of its pages and how it has as "Faith," "Consecration," "Witnessproved of value in my Christian life ing." Whatever I read or heard, that and work. aptly illustrated any of these topics, was indexed on these sheets. Clip- A Help to Faith- pings were pasted on the sheets and The REVIEW has fed my own faith references to books, magazines and reviews were indicated by a brief senand quickened my spiritual life. I tence, with volume and page. Thus was a Junior in Princeton Theological when I came to prepare a sermon or Seminary in 1878. We were wrestling a missionary address, these sheets with hoary "isms" of the past and furnished me with the finest kind of the new theories of Higher Criticism. facts, statistics, illustrations and quo- They often left me weary and con- tations. They were fresh from the fused. I found that the REVIEW was current of the world's life and so had a veritable modern Acts of the Apos- exceptional force. ties. Every number was filled with facts revealing the power of the Bible and its gospel message to save all kinds of sinners in all lands. Like the shining of the sun it lifted the fogs Often these facts and illustrations and sent me on my way rejoicing. were printed in our little church paper There is no better apologetic for and were circulated free through the Christianity than the simple facts of whole congregation. When any memmissionary work at home and abroad. ber of one of the missionary societies Let any pastor take up the January, needed material on any field, the pas- 1928, number of the REVIEW and read tor could furnish it from the REVIEW. some of its Jubilee articles: "Com- The Monthly Concert of Prayer for parisons of Then and Now," by Rob- Missions was not held with deadly ert E. Speer; "Turkey Fifty Years regularity on the first Wednesday eve- Ago and Now," by Charles T. Riggs; ning of each month. Sometimes it "Japan, Then and Now," by William was held on a Sunday evening or even Elliott Griffis; "The Growth of Mis- on a Sunday morning. The women, sionary Cooperation," by James L. the men, the Sunday-school, the Barton. He will want to read the Young People's Society might have 479 charge of it. While it covered all read or an interesting bit of news fields in the course of a year or two, about him was related. The object it also put on its programs the up-to- was to plant the spirit and facts of date missionary events and problems. missions in the life and program of Thus it was always a live meeting and the church. Without continually was well attended; it reached every preaching upon the subject, without class in the church. If any wished to frequent appeals for money, it was dodge these meetings they found it possible to remind the members of the difficult. The REVIEW was essential congregation that to publish the Gosto the building of these programs. It pel at home and abroad was the sufurnished a world-vision wider than preme business of the Church. any denominational publication. The young people of my church do- Spreading Enthnaiasm- nated the REVIEW and a list of new missionary books to our city library The pastor's copy of the REVIEW every year. We induced other young was often placed in the hands of some people's societies to do the same. They one who was lukewarm on the subject were welcomed cordially. Thus we of missions. Care was taken to mark built up a fine missionary alcove in our articles that were especially interest- public library. ing, informing and inspiring rather __ ~This interest in missions also kept than argumentative. What people need -alive the evangelistic spirit in the on the subject of missions is light £huTch; it united the membership in rather than l{)gic. the program, not only of our particu- hlr: church but of the whole Christian Interesting missionary news-items world and fostered a catholic spirit. were often put into the hands of young It called forth the resources of the people to copy and post on the bulletin congregation for both local support board in the vestibule of the church and for building enterprises; it where they silently did their work. nourished the spirit of cheerful giv- Turn to the' "World-Wide Outlook" ing to the benevolence boards and to department in the March REVIEW and all· Christian causes that have sprung note such items as the following: 00t of the heart of Christ in the "Methodism in Mexico," "Evangelicals Church. in Spain," "German Bibles Forbidden in the Tyrol by the Italian Govern- Helping' Othersment," "Japan's New World Outlook," "Bibles in Korean Hotels," "Russia to The REVIEW has also proved indis- Try Buddhism." Is it not certain that pensable to my work as a chairman of such items would attract many read- the denominational committees on ers? mISSIons. For more than a quarter of a century I served in these posi- Sometimes the pastor would take tions. To do this work intelligently two of the young people into the pul- and effectively required wide acquaintpit with him and ask them to relate ance with the progress and the leaders these interesting news-items; then an of the mission enterprise. This the elder or one of the missionary women REVIEW gave me. When it came to the would be called on to lead in prayer. wider work of a promotional secre- After this the service went forward tary and organizer, the REVIEW bewithout reference to missions. came my travelling campanion. One always has an abundance of facts, sta- Sometimes a large photograph of a tistics, illustrations, practical methprominent home or foreign mission- ods of work at hand if he has one or ary was put in a frame, kept for the two copies of the REVIEW beside him. purpose, and was set on an easel on Three suggestive departments, "Meththe platform beside the pulpit or near ods for Workers," The Women's the superintendent's desk in the Sun- Home and Foreign Bulletins, and day-school. This missionary was introduced and a letter from him was

METHODS FOR WORKERS

"Books Worth Reading," furnish a A UNIQUE PROGRAM pastor monthly with the newest and best working material from all denom· By MRS. EDWARD JORDAN, inations and many lands. Lancaster, Pa. If a pastor will keep mission literature circulating in his congregation The federated churches of Lanand community, he can develop many caster, Pennsylvania, on February missionary leaders both clerical an 24th, observed the annual "World Day lay. Especially should older pastors of Prayer." Women from various help young pastors in this way. It is churches had charge of the morning not good Christian stewardship to let sessions, and in the afternoon a unique inspiring books lie imprisoned on the sketch was presented by a group of shelf, when, if sent forth with a good five women. Each character imperword and a prayer, they have the sonated a different country. The power to enlist others in the Master's whole program was based on the conwork. tents of the Jubilee numbers of the MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD, a The Presbytery of Rock River, m., conception originated by the president of the Federation, Mrs. P. Geo. Sieger. was once persuaded to put all the churches in two divisions, A and B, A LIVING REVIEW OF THE REVIEW and a minister and layman in division A was a,ssigned to give mission- A huge facsimile cover of the Janary addresses in a designated church uary number was made of board on in division B on a certain date. The which was painted the Table of Connext week the ministers and laymen tents. The president gave a brief from division B visited division A. synopsis and then China, attired in Thus within about two weeks every native costume stepped forth from the church in the presbytery had a spe- pages of the REVIEW. She presented cial address on foreign missions, and impressively the problems, the early every minister and one of his laymen religious activities, customs and methmade an address. One pastor, who ods of industry in past years as comhad been in the ministry many years, pared with the present day. She reconfessed to me that he had never tired and forth came India clad in preached a missionary sermon, and native dress. She told of the ancient had no missionary books or literature. religions and compared the past with He came and asked me to help him the present day. She was followed by out. As a result he prepared a good Turkey, impersonating a Moslem wommissionary sermon and became so en- an, who described the situation, then thusiastic over this fresh field that he and now, in public instruction, health kept up speaking on missions until and in religious ideas. Africa in very his people wondered what had awak- simple dress and cap, next presented ened him. Other pastors who have her problems, past and present. She never given mIssIonary messages told of Livingstone and Stanley, of would have a similar experience if early methods of transportation, labor they would enter this field where God and government; she stressed the is revealing the miracles of His grace. Missionary work is a Jiving issue.

It would be a great blessing if some benevolent friend of missions would donate the REVIEW to every senior in our theological seminaries as they are about to be graduated. It would help to make many missionary-minded pastors and so would help to extend the Kingdom of God.

S

need for prayer for our sisters in feet was inspirational, educational and Africa and ended by reciting the in- enjoyable. The time spent' in prayer spiring poem, "Out of the Night," by and preparation of the entire program Ella Wheeler Wilcox. was worth while. All the material used by the impersonators was taken Once more the pages of the huge from the Jubilee Numbers of the REbook opened and "America," dressed VIEW. in the fashion of half a centry ago, hooped skirts, tiny bonnet and lace OLD TESTAMENT MISSIONARY shawl, came forth as the last and youngest country of the group. She TEXTS told her story of hardships in the sixties and seventies, due to dimin- "All nations whom Thou hast made ished salaries and the religious con- shall come and worship before Thee, 0 Lord; and they shall glorify Thy name." .

MISSIONAR.Y "Look unto me and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth; .for I am God, lEW lfeWORLD and there is none else. By myself have J sworn, the word is gone forth from my mouth in righteousness, and shall not return, that unto me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear."

"Behold darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the peoples; but the Lord shall arise upon thee, and His glory shall be seen upon thee. And nations shall come to Thy light, and kings to .the brightness of Thy rising."

M~S tAIIPA WILSON "From the rising of the sun to the going down of the same my name shall FIFTY YEARStiCHU~H fiiMTH be great among the Gentiles; and in every place incense shall be offered "'''' EDWAPD JORDAN unto my name and a pure offering; for my name shall be great .among ·the Gentiles."

"For the earth shall be ·filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord, as the waters 'cover the sea:"

THE FACSIMILE COVER troversies following the Civil War. AFRICAN PROVERBS . She recalled some of the leaders of that day and then described the ad- "He weeps with one eye," meaning: vent of a new interdenominational He is insincere. periodical, THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD, meeting a real need "You kindle a fire and leave it," that and standing for high ideals, hoping is to say: You are a talebearer. to double the Christian giving, praying, going and working in the name "Water never tires of running." Said of folk who talk too much. of Christ. A quartette sang "The Peace Hymn *** of the World," the audience joining For those who stay, dear Lord, we ask in the chorus. During the presenta- The vision that exalts the task. ' tion, native music of various lands May toiling Marthas find it sweet was played softly on a harp. The ef- To sit with Mary at Thy feet. ., Thy will be done on earth we pray By those who go, and those who stay.

~Selected .

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION

EDITED BY ELLA D. MACLAURIN, 419 FOlTRTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CENTRAL COMMITTEE ON THE ing year on Africa. Miss Mackenzie's UNITED STUDY OF FOREIGN chapter outlines are as follows: MISSIONS Chapter I. The New Fact of Africa. Chapter II. A Human Problem. FRIENDS OF AFRICA Chapter III. The Friend as Doctor. Chapter IV. The Friend as Teacher. By MRS. HENRY W. PEABODY, Chairman Chapter V. The Friend in Exile. Chapter VI. Henceforth Friends. Orders are coming rapidly for our new study books on Africa. The outlines of the book are very clear and usable, but in addition we We do not need to advertise Jean shall issue "How to Use" by Miss Ger- Kenyon Mackenzie. She has a na- trude Schultz, which will give very tional and international reputation as practical suggestions and programs authority on Africa, while her literary for those who plan to adapt the book charm has given her access to the to the regular missionary meeting. great magazines of our country. We are especially fortunate in having our Miss Mackenzie's book should be in textbook for women and girls this every public library and be reviewed year by Miss Mackenzie. She has in as many of the newspapers as posbroadened her field. Her former sible. You can render great assistance book, "An African Trail," carried us to Africa through the sale of this to her own mission field under the book if you will send your review to Presbyterian Church in the Cameroon. your local paper. Today we are facing a new Africa and Miss Mackenzie has not only given her FRIENDS OF AFRICA own careful study and experience with By JEAN KENYON MACKENZIE her magic touch, but has secured material from outstanding leaders both Published by the Central Committee on in England and America. Among the United Study of Foreign Missions these are J. H. Oldham, author of Box 4, North Cambridge, Mass. many textbooks in Great Britain, who 260 pages; 24 fuIl-page illustrations has written a brief Introduction for Price, paper covers, 50 cents; each chapter, touching on the main cloth covers, 75 cents. points of Miss Mackenzie's outline. A most valuable and exciting chapter is HOW TO USE written by Mrs. Donald Fraser. Dr. By GERTRUDE SCHULTZ and Mrs. Fraser, who have given their lives to medical missionary work in Price, 15 cents. Africa, are the outstanding leaders today. We are to welcome them this The Junior Book CAMP FIRES IN THE CONGO By MRS. JOHN M. SPRINGER summer at Northfield and Chautauqua Chapter I. Old Camp Fires and New. and shall hear from both of them on the material in Miss Mackenzie's book. Chapter II. Fresh Camp Fires Every Dr. Frazer's own book is an extremely valuable reference book for "Friends Night. Chapter III. Steamers and Crocoof Africa," the title of Miss Mackenzie's book. dLieleasr;ninRga. ilways and Zebras; Lions and Chapter IV. Thrilling Experiences Throughout the country our wom- and Wonderful Sights. en's missionary societies and mission study groups will specialize this com- Chapter V. Romantic Rhodesia, the Land of King Solomon's Mines.

Chapter VI. Around the Congo Camp Fires Again.

483

The chapter headings indicate doctor, no help until kind David Livsomething of the vivid and picturesque ingstone came as a missionary. There nature of this book. It should be are eight chapters simple enough for studied not only by the boys and girls any child to read. The chapter titles in our Junior Societies but might well be taken by Sunday-school classes. A are: Saturday afternoon around a camp fire would repay any leader or teacher Chapter I. David on the Hills. in the increased knowledge and inter- Chapter II. Susi in the Forest. est on the part of boys and girls who Chapter III. David at School. must meet the whole African problem Chapter IV. Susi Hunts Elephants. later. The long experience of Dr. and Chapter V. David Becomes a Doctor. Mrs. Springer in many varieties of Chapter VI. Susi Asks Questions. work in Africa gives a remarkable Chapter VII. Gold and Diamonds. background. We can see the camp Chapter VIII. The Rest of the Story. fires and the boys and girls around Chapter IX. The Christmas Tree. them, eager boys and girls seeking education, longing for knowledge and The last chapter is a little play for so easily reached with the message of four children which five-year-old Jesus through such missionaries as youngsters could put on with great Dr. and Mrs. Springer. Suggestions dramatic effect. It is entitled, "So for Junior leaders will be provided. This Is Africa," and depicts David and Susi, the African nurse, Anna, CAMP FIRES IN THE CONGO and the teacher. It i~ surprising to By MRS. JOHN M. SPRINGER see the quickness with which children catch the dramatic idea and carry out 144 pages; 24 full-page illustrations the plan. It is really a good game and Capital Outlines impresses the points on their minds.

Price, paper covers, 50 cents; Price, heavy leatherette paper covers cloth covers, 75 cents. printed in color, 25 cents.

SUGGESTIONS FOR JUNIOR LEADERS It makes a gift for little children, serves as a good birthday or Christ- Price, 15 cents. mas present in Primary classes or a Christmas card for some child in a E17eryland Children Series home where perhaps such literature is not often found. The deep-lying DAVID AND SUSI-BLACK motive of the book is against race AND WHITE prejudice and for international friend- ship. This, however, is put in the By Lucy W. PEABODY form which the youngest child ean unconsciously take in and enjoy. Race This is the third little book in the prejudice is an acquired prejudice, it Everyland Series for Very Little Chil- does not exist among little children. dren, ages 4-7, which provides material for the Primary Class, the In addition to these study books younger ones in the Junior group, and which are ready and will be taught in for home reading. Sixty pages, with our Summer Schools and used in our pictures on every page, and delightful Women's Societies this coming year, colored decorations by Marjorie Wood- we hope later to present a series of bury Smith. studies on International Peace which is in preparation by Mrs. Carrie Chap- This little book is a story told most man Catt. We shall hope to give an simply of David Livingstone and his announcement of this book which will black friend, Susi, out in the African be featured at some of the Summer forest. It begins with little David in School forums. his Scottish home in the hills. It carries him along through his education, Those who are interested in the out on a great ship to Africa, where translations of our study book of last he meets Susi. This little black boy year, A Straight Way Toward Toborn in the forest had no school, no morrow, may secure a copy of the Chinese or Japanese version by send-

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN

ing to our headquarters, Box 4, North missionary societies. United study of Cambridge, Mass., with a check for foreign missions, which began in 1900, fifty cents each. It is a continued joy led, naturally, to the organization of to realize that at last Christian wom- schools for training leaders who en around the world have united study should be fitted to teach the textbooks.

and are sharing this most profitable We began at Northfield in 1903, and book by Mrs. Frederick G. Platt. that first Summer School will celebrate Those who have not taken the book its 25th anniversary at Northfield. All for study this year have lost a great the early members are urged to come opportunity and should immediately back on this occasion. There will be add to their libraries a copy of the an appropriate anniversary program.

book which presents much material Great attractions are offered. We not found elsewhere, and in the or- shall have as leaders of our classes in derly, finely arranged way for which the study of Africa, not only our Mrs. Platt is famous. Price, 50 cents Helen Barrett Montgomery, Gertrude paper covers, 75 cents cloth covers. Schultz and others, but we shall wel- come Dr. and Mrs. Donald Fraser of Important Announcements Africa. Dr. Fraser will teach the Already questions are coming re- Bible Class in the auditorium, and will garding the study books which will comment on the book during the week.

follow this year. His own book will be taught in one of Mrs. Helen Barrett Montgomery is the study classes. Mrs. Fraser will writing our book, "From Jerusalem to also be the guest at Northfield, arid Jerusalem," which will go to press in will be especially interesting as she the early fall. It will be a unique com- has written the second chapter of our bination of early history beginning book-"Friends of Africa." There will with the apostolic period coming down be all the usual attractions, camps to the present conference held in Jeru- for girls under the denominational salem. No one could be better quali- leaders; the Round Top services, with fied to write this book than Mrs. Mont- their deep spiritual messages; a class gomery. by Miss Conde, so helpful to young The Junior book, which will tell our women; a forum under the general children how the Gospel came to us, direction of Mrs. Katharine Willard is being prepared by Margaret Apple- Eddy, Miss Schultz and Mrs. Peabody.

garth. In these days of emphasis on The little children will have an out- the opinions of youth it might be well of-door study class which will be a for all of us to recapitulate and inform normal method for showing Primary ourselves anew of the great triumphs teachers and Junior leaders how to of missions which began in the Acts help children to love missions. Mar- of the Apostles and have continued garet Applegarth will be present with through all the centuries to the pres- her genius for interesting girls.

ent day. Our young people can hardly There are many other attractions, and plan for the future unless they have everybody is cordially invited to come some clear knowledge and study of the to the birthday party. Some will bring past, and perhaps some of our older their old-fashioned costumes showing leaders need also to refresh their just how we looked twenty-five years memories on methods and victories at- ago.

tained through those methods. *** *** Courage, as well as conscience, is The Northfield Summer School of needed for the making of an idealist.

Foreign Missions will be held at East No other test of character-not even Northfield, July 13-22. It is a great the sudden rush of a mighty and un- occasion, being the 25th anniversary €xpected temptation-is so great as of the organization of the first Sum- the subtle and insidious inducements mer School of Missions for women's to lower one's standards.-W. T. Ellis. EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 EAST 22ND STREET, NEW YORK Last month u sli ort account of the Mission- November. At a called meeting of ary Union in Carthage, Ill., that was formed the Union, during the same spring, forty-eight yeaTs ago, appeared in the Bulletin. the first constitution was adopted.

T his mon th a thirty-year-old is 011 the air. The Union has continued active ever since, with growing interest and Vho will hroo.dCLl st her age n ex t'? The ed itor influence. An annual meeting has been would welcome a short account of formation, held every year for the past thirty ('arly work 811(1 present SCOP(~ of nc tivities of ally women's iutHdenominationa l group–local, county or state- twenty years of uge 0[" uhlcr- t he oItler, tlH~ ucttcr.

THE WOMAN'S MISSIONARY FED- years, well attended, full of interest ERATION IN ST. LOUIS and instruction with one exception. In 1918 all public gatherings were pro- Over thirty years ago, in October, hibited on account of the influenza epidemic. The objects are: 1897, several . St. Louis women at- sio(n1a)ryTowoenrklarcgaerroieudr konnowbyledaglle tohfemdies– tended a general missionary conven- nominations in the Federation. t I·on at Sprm. gfield, Ill" and th ere mOlS, heard an address on the Missionary Social Union idea. This so deeply im- (2) To enkindle greater interest and pressed them that they had a talk enthusiasm by mutual conference of ofwith Mrs. Catherine Lindsay, who is ficers and representatives regarding suc- cessful plans and methods for the conreally the mother of the organized ef- duct and improvement of our separate fort. A goodly number of women, societies.

representing ten of the evangelical (3) To secure concerted action in matchurches, met on February 24, 1898, ters of Common interest, and cooperation and the union was effected. Officers in movements for the moral and social for the ensuing year were elected and betterment of the people. (4) To stimulate a spiri t of systemat- the time of the annual meeting was ic and liberal giving for the support of set for Thursday, the second week of missions.

486 (5) To promote mutual sympathy, and beautifully furnished parlor for united prayer and effort for the exten- our monthly board meetings, other sion of the one Kingdom of our Lord, rooms for committee meetings and Jesus Christ. help and inspiration from the officers and co-workers of the Church Federa- In January, 1898, the Day of Prayer tion. was held in the chapel of the Cumberland Presbyterian church and time on Some years ago the women of Amerthe program was graciously granted ica united in one big effort to raise for a brief explanation of Social Union enough money to establish colleges in principles and for a plea for this union the Orient-to train native folk as among the St. Louis societies. The leaders. Fifty thousand dollars was Christian women of the city had for Missouri's quota; divided between a number Qf years held a union Day Kansas City and St. Louis and their of Prayer on the Thursday of the annual week of prayer; but there had been no permanent organization.

January, 1903 the annual Day of Prayer lapsed, and the Missionary Union then adopted it as their special charge, thus making two public meet- ings each year. On January 2, 1919, a combined annual meeting, Day of Prayer and Thanksgiving service was held. The Federation has continued to observe an annual Day of Prayer.

It has been our custom heretofore to send our Day of Prayer contributiGlls to the Daily Vacation Bible Schools.

This year one half went to the Bible schools, one fourth to the Council of Women for Home Missions and one fourth to the Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions.

In November, 1915, the name was changed from "Woman's Missionary Social Union" to "Woman's Mission- MRS. JOHN MATTHEWS, FIRST ary Federation." The home of the PRESIDENT president in office was the address to which all mail for the Federation was adjoining districts. St. Louis raised forwarded. Any church or assembly about $12,000.

hall that would open its doors and give The most important feature of our us a corner wherein to hold the regu- program at the present time, and one lar monthly meeting of the Executive in which we have participated for the Board and Board of Directors, was past eight years, in cooperation with accepted with gratitude. Later the the Chicago Tract Society, is the sup- monthly meetings were held in the port of the missionary in charge of Mission Study Room of the Y. W. C. A. the Near East Mission of St. Louis, At the annual meeting, November, which carries on among the Slavic 1919, it was voted to affiliate with the groups, Armenians, Greeks and Al- Church Federation. This affiliation banians. The Federation pays one has proved a blessing to the Woman's hundred dollars toward his salary Missionary Federation in many ways. every month. The purpose of this Today-1928-headquarters are Met- mission is to help these foreign-speak- ropolitan Church Federation rooms, ing peoples to adjust themselves to Y. M. C. A. Building. We have a large the new environments, to aid in solv-

ing their economic problems, to elevate the yearly every-member canvass by them socially, intellectually and mor- the members of the Larger Parish aL ally-in other words, to help them be- each prefers and indicates. come good American citizens. The work of the Oxford County By participating in the Woman's Larger Parish (of Maine), with which National Exposition held in St. Louis, I am associated, is unified in the fol- 1926 and 1927 we received scholar- lowing fundamentals in which all ships which enabled us to assist a Christians agree. The sick are visitstudent in entering and carrying on ed in the name of Christ. They are his course of education in the Inter- healed by medical, clinical and hospital denominational School of the Ozarks, care, and by the healing power of t at Hollister, Missouri. greatest of all physicians, Jesus Christ. The lonely on isolated farms, In November, 1927, the Dayton miles from nowhere, are visited in the Westminster Choir gave a concert name of Christ, and God and Jesus under the auspices of the Woman's Christ are left as their constant com Missionary Federation. Our part of panions, whose strength can relieve the proceeds furnished funds for one loneliness, and whose love never failyear's salary of a missionary worker eth. The sinful are confronted with in the City Hospital. Jesus Christ and His power to cleanse, relieve, and fortify. Lives are reborn This Union is affiliated with the and remade, because Jesus is seen and Council and Federation giving us a chosen as their Redeemer and their Guide. The sorrowing are comforted world-wide vision.* by the living Christ with His message of eternal life and of immortal love, On February 24, 1923, we celebrated 01J' these fundamentals the Oxford our Twenty-fifth Birthday at the County Larger Parish is founded, as Gatesworth Hotel with a capacity a work of the living Christ. crowd. An Historical Sketch was written by one of the charter members The ministers of this Larger Parand the characters were, as far as pos- ish see sacred and holy meaning in all sible, taken by charter members. On baptisms. Recognizing various depths February 24, 1928, we observed the of water in baptismal services, they Day of Prayer and commemoration of demand together this one thing-that our Thirtieth Birthday at an Anniver- the life of every church member be sary Luncheon at the Coronado Hotel opened through the cleansing symbol attended by 500 women. ism of water, to the living spirit of Almighty God; and that Heaven, not WHAT IS THE LARGER PARISH? the water which God made, opens for him as he hears God's voice saying, By MRS. HILDA L. IVES "This is my Beloved Son in whom I am well pleased." This Larger Parish The Larger Parish is a combination sees holy meaning in every detail of of several small rural churches of vari- Christ's birth, but agrees to accentuous denominations into a unified ate the fact that Jesus' birth means Church of the Living Christ. In it, rebirth for every human life. The theological differences and varying in- Larger Parish is teaching through its terpretations of the gospels are clear- Sunday-schools and Church Vacation ly recognized as existing in the minds Schools that Jesus, :first of all, is Life, of the members, though not enshrined and Life abundantly; Jesus is the in their hearts. Such differences are Righteousness of Life, the Kindness recognized, not ignored. So denom- of Life, the Tenderness and Forgiveinational conferences are regularly ness of Life, the Enduring Strength attended by proper delegates from the of Life, the Love and Power of all Larger Parish; denominational mis- boys and girls. It is proven, that when sion fields are chosen at the time of • Abridged and adopted from "The Church at Work" and a press article.

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN

first things are put first, theological with the Larger Parish Council, givdiscussions diminish, so challenging ing invaluable advice, guidance and are the works of Christ and the life inspiration. of prayer. Sincere prayer and adoration of God and Christ, and not the- The Church Federation of Portland, ological creeds, are recognized as the the largest and most influential in the transmission wires of God's power. state, has a rural department, which Love, not ritual, is recognized as the has interdenominational committees to solvent of difficulties, and tolerance of cooperate with this rural parish. A spirit is recognized as the road to fur- hospital committee stands ready, at all ther wisdom, and to further revelation times, to send automobiles to farms to from God as to just what the unified bring the sick to the Portland hos- Church of Christ must be. All minds pitals; to provide free beds when it do not accept the same guideposts on is necessary; to visit the patients; the road to Christ. If each disciple and to send word to the Larger Parish comes into the presence of Christ and when the time comes for their return finds Him, then the road on which that home. A Young People's Committee disciple travelled is sacred ground. So provides for an interchange of young the sacramental communion service is people's plays, pageants and services the strength and power of a united between the Larger Parish and Portchurch where all meet, pray, are land churches. A committee on marcleansed of sin, and receive the life, keting of farm products is composed the love and the power of God through of Christian wholesale and retail deal- Jesus Christ our Lord. For it is a ers. They facilitate the rural minisservice in which personal interpreta- ters in assisting the poor farmers, who tion of Christ cannot be offered. In have a small surplus of farm products, His real presence, assumption of to gain an idea of cooperative marketknowledge above other Christians is ing by sending together an occasional unthinkable; and persistent insistence on creeds and doctrine is impossible ir truck load of produce to the Portland the light of His matchless personality markets. This committee thus does a and glowing love. Christian, though really not a finan- cially profitable service. There is a The Larger Parish can succeed only committee for sending music or speakwhen its ministers are interdenominationally minded, and when the state ers to special services in the rural denominational secretaries represented communities, and for notifying the in the United Parish are cooperative in action and interdenominational in Parish of Training Schools of Relispirit. Only so, can a Larger Parise gious Education, interesting events prove its spiritual power. This is and conferences. proven in Maine in the Oxford County Larger Parish. Seven small tOWJ1~ Economic pressure is forcing a spirhave united into a Larger Parish. A itual unity in rural districts. Thus trained ministry, a staff of three men, spiritual unity springing from the serve all seven communities as one same setting as that in which the church area. They receive salaries of greatest spiritual unifier lived, will $2,500, $1,800 and $1,800 respectively. flow into the life of our city churches. Universalist, Congregational and It is happening now. How fast it will Methodist denominations are included come, no one can tell. I see the rural in this unified program. The Meth- Larger Parish as God's holiest laboraodist District, the Congregational tory, from which He will reveal to the State Conference, and the Universalist "VorId the spiritual power of Christ State Convention are all contributing not yet apprehended by our diversified, to the work, and denominational Con- denominational groups of Christians. ference Leaders are actively working The best name*by*wh"ich we can think of God is Father. It is a loving, deep, sweet, heart-touching name, for the name of father is in its nature full of inborn sweetness and comfort.

ORlD=WlDf

AFRICA equipped in faith. It was one of the Medical Cooperation in Africa unique enterprises in mission history.

TWO important proposals for carry- They rejoiced, when they heard that ing on medical work in Africa their ship had reached Madagascar, more effectively were adopted by the but how disappointed they were, when Conference on Medical Missions held word reached them that all doors into in April under the auspices of the For- Abyssinia were closed to the missioneign Missions Conference of North aries! God had other work in store America. One was that an interna- for them and the answer to the prayer tional advisory medical board be estab- of faith was that the Hermannsburg lished for the development of medical people were to turn to South Africa. missionary work in all of Africa, for It i.s now 63 years since Louis Harms the fostering of cooperation between was called to his heavenly reward and missions and governments in their at- in these years his followers have been tack upon Africa's great scourges such instrumental in gathering more than as the sleeping sickness, and for the 100,000 souls into the Kingdom. Now development of public health work. has come a new turn! The doors that The Foreign Missions Conference was were closed have been opened and toasked to take this matter up with mis- ward the close of the last year, the sion groups in other countries, with a Hermannsburg Mission was able to view to the development of this send out its first missionaries to Abys- African board at an early date. The sinia.

other proposal favored the establish- A Jungle School of the Prophet. ment of "at least one medical school even on a modest scale rather than UNDER this title Rev. Melvin waiting for a large commitment." It Fraser describes the theological and Bible training school at Lolodorf, was pointed out that there are no- West Africa, of which he is president. where in Africa adequate school facili- ties for the training of natives as phy- He says: "Our nine theological stu- sicians and only a few for the training dents in the 'school of the prophets,' if of native nurses, while there is an they turn out like most of their stu- appalling and pressing need for both dent predecessors, will fill large places doctors and nurses. with their crying in the African wil- Doors Opened in Abyssinia derness. Each one will prophesy ac- cording to the grace given unto him, I N 1853 that saint of God, Louis and by his good works and godly life Harms in Hermannsburg, sent out suggest that he has come to the Kingthe first missionaries whom he had dom for such a time as this. These filled with the missionary spirit. His nine young men, all of them married great hope was to preach the Gospel and having children, represent nine in the land of the Ethiopian Eunuch. different tribes. Less than thirty Students of missions know of the years ago when tribal feuds and fight- great enterprise of prayer that was ing were as familiar as meat and thus launched and how the hope and drfnk, and a lot more familiar than faith of those simple Christians of clothes, they could have met only with the Luneburg Heath followed the ship spears and guns; while today, in Candace which they had built and amused triumph over the idea that 490

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their fathers and mothers could ever AlIlerican University at Cairo have hated each other, they sit to- T HE ancient land of Egypt and the gether in brotherly love, in the spirit new land of America joined on of the Man of Nazareth, perceptibly April 11th in celebrating the dedicagrowing day by day." tion of Ewart Memorial Hall, the first Confuting the Witeh Doctor new building to be added to the old buildings in which the American Uni- THE native trained in medical work versity at Cairo is being conducted. is becoming a main factor in bring- Speakers at the dedication ceremonies, ing about the new day in Africa, including Egyptian leaders of national states The Missionary Herald, an thought, characterized the American English Baptist monthly. It says institution as one of the great forces further: M. Louis Franck's humorous to shape the Egypt of the future. A description of the native medical as- brilliant assemblage, headed by the sistant confronting the witch doctor representative of King Fuad, and incould be echoed by every missionary. cluding members of the royal Cabinet, "Standing before the witch doctor he ministers and members of the says to that ancient charlatan-'You Egyptian Parliament, representatives are an ass; and then proceeds to prove of the British High Commissioner in it. 'Look,' says he, 'through the lens Egypt, and prominent Americans atof my microscope at the minute crea- tended the ceremonies, which were ture shown there. This is the cause held in the auditorium of the new of disease, not the entrance of an evil building. Nearly 350 Egyptian boys spirit. You know nothing at all about and young men are now enrolled in it. I am the one who knows.' Hence the American College of Arts and the end of the witch doctor's in- Sciences, and a majority come from fluence." the leading families of Egypt. The Bible Teaching in the Sudan University's courses leading to a bac- calaureate degree require eight years' MRS. D. S. OYLER, of the United work, and as it was opened in 1920 its Presbyterian Mission at Doleib first Bachelor of Arts and Sciences Hill in the Sudan, who is now on fur- degrees wiJI be awarded at the Comlough, writes of some aspects of the mencement in June. religious education which is being given by that mission: "The kindergarten in the girls' boarding school at Fa.ithful Congo Christians R Khartoum North is the only kinder- EV. L. A. McMURRAY, of the Southern Presbyterian Church, garten in a country as large as the United States east of the Mississippi. writes from Luebo in the Belgian It has been in operation for only four Congo of a recent trip through the years, but its influence is already be- forest: "One village had not been ing felt in the northern part of the visited by a missionary for eight land of the blacks. In all our mission years, yet the Christians had main- schools in the Sudan it is understood tained a church shed, an evangelist, that a child shall receive a Bible lesson their meetings, a school, and a spirit a day, in addition to secular instruc- that was remarkable. In one place we tion. Who can estimate the fruit baptized a man, his wife, and their which has been brought forth by this little child, all in the same service, and patient, daily teaching of the Word? the evangelist there testified as to Every Sabbath either before or after their perseverance in spite of opposi- the regular preaching services, men tion and ostracism. In another village and boys, women and girls, are taught a middle-aged man had walked for a Bible -lesson, and are encouraged to miles to meet us, and to renounce his go out and teach that lesson to some- medicine. In another a man was rais- one else." ing his two little daughters by him-

self, his wife having recently died, go- the latinized alphabet will be com- ing with them to school, learning with pulsory in Turkey.

them, both the things of the mind and The chief argument in favor of the the things of the heart. This is the change is the difficulty in learning and sort of experience that restores our writing the Arabic characters, a diffi- faith in our fellowmen and in God's culty in a large degree responsible for purpose for them." the illiteracy in Turkey. The Arabic alphabet has 32 characters but modi- The Mary Slessor Jlospital fications of these increase the actual T HE United Free Church of Scot- total to 96, whereas the Roman alpha- land Mission at Itu, Nigeria, has bet has only 26 characters, always recently dedicated a new building for written the same. The reform is the hospital begun in 1906 and named strongly . advocated in educational for Mary Slessor who opened 1tu as circles since children can learn the a mission station in 1903. During Roman alphabet from four to ten 1927, 30,000 new patients received times faster than the Turkish. Pub- lishers and businessmen also desire to treatment. These come from a wide change on account of the greater stretch of country, traveling anything facility in setting type and in the use from one to eight days' journey to of the typewriter. reach the hospital. About three years ago, the work of twin rescue and child The movement for the adoption of welfare was begun. During that time this Roman alphabet in Turkey began fifty twins and motherless babies have twenty years ago when the young been saved. About a year ago an Turks came into power. Opposition effort was begun to help a few lepers has been strong on the grounds of by treating them with the new ex- tradition and patriotism, and in the interests of art and religion. The tracts. More and more came each Arabic alphabet lends itself to very week, until now there are over eight beautiful calligraphy and has been hundred on the roll. A colony has used largely for decorative purposes been established in the vicinity of the in manuscripts, mosques, and other hospital where the majority of these designs. It has been against the law, have erected huts for themselves. The until recently, to translate the Koran results have been very encouraging. from Arabic, the "Language of The new hospital is built of cement Heaven," into any of the "infidel" blocks, and contains sixty beds. There tongues. Turkey is the first country is a large and splendidly I'lquipped to decree a substitution of the Roman operating theater. alphabet for national characters. Th-e TJIE NEAR EAST reform will involve a change in the habit of reading, the Arabic being A New Turkish Alphabet read from right to left and Romanized words from left to right. Arabic and THE Angora Government has again Turkish books also begin at the op- shown a desire to modernize Tur- posite end of the volume from that key by passing a law calling for the used in other European literature. substitution of the Roman alphabet to replace Arabic characters. A new dictionary is to be prepared and the One Physieian's Reputation A nation is to be instructed in the char-FELLOW missionary writes of Ellis H. Hudson, M.D., who is at acters now used throughout most of the Anglo-Saxon and Latin nations of work at Deir-ez-Zore, near Aleppo, the world. Newspapers will be printed Syria: "His reputation in and around partly in Arabic characters and partly Deir is that of telling the truth-if in Roman characters and the hitter the Doctor says so and so about a per- will be used in all official documents. son's recovery that is what invariably At the end of fifteen years the use of happens. This has so impressed the

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people that they are desirous to hear daily, five days a week, using the new what he has to say about his religion. school building. We limited the mem- They are not at all adverse to hearing bership to Moslem boys who had never about Christ, for is He not one of been in any school whatever, as we their prophets? The younger men, wished to benefit the entirely unespecially, who come to the Doctor's privileged class. Fifty boys were enhome, are keen to know about the rolled and most of them came for a West and what it has to offer. Their good proportion of the time. The own religion does not satisfy them. average attendance was twenty, but They know there are many good the absentees were never the same things in the West, and they want to from day to day." The program inknow more about the religion of cluded health talks, singing, gymnas- Christ that makes one tell the truth tics, games, and handwork, beside a and deal honestly with one's fellow- daily Bible story, two weeks from the man in his business as well as in his Old Testament and two weeks from the social life; that elevates the position life of Christ. This period often inof women; that makes for a more cluded dramatization, and the children abundant life." of Israel crossing the Red Sea, the Good Samaritan, the Lost Sheep, and A Remarkable Persian Woman David and Goliath, were acted out with great spirit and enthusiasm and vivid REV. WALT~R A. GROVES writes local color." from Teheran: "We know of one woman who manages the very large estate of her husband, a prince of the Christian Books in Iraq royal family that was. The common REV. PAUL ERDMAN writes from report is that if the wife did not take the Beirut Mission Press: "The care of the property it would not last opportunity comes from time to time to long in the hands of the husband. This get useful books into the hands of inwoman oversees workmen, attends to dividuals. One such opportunity was financial matters, has even been known during the visit of the private secreto go down a deep well by rope, hand tary of King Feisal of Iraq, who over hand, to see that the men at the brought his wife to the Hamlin bottom were not 'soldiering' on the job, Memorial Sanatorium for treatment. and all this still wearing the long black With him was a prominent sheikh of chuddar, which must never be removed Bagdad, whose son is now in the in the presence of men who are not of Beirut University. To each of these the immediate family. She has ideas men was given a copy of Dr. Ford's of her own, and one of them has been 'Light of the World,' reprinted in encarried out in the education of her six larged form this year, and one of sons. Each one of them has taken his 'Repentance,' which is a chapter from college education in a different a book by the famous Moslem mystic European country, an idea in 'inter- El Ghazali, with Bible verses on renationalism' to which some of us pentance as marginal notes. Mr. Wilmight aspire." loughby of Mosul wrote recently of 'Nur al A lam' (Dr. Ford's 'Light of First D. V. B. S. in Arabia the World'): A DAILY vacation Bible School held "'Tell the Director of Distribution in Basrah for a month reached a that "Nur al Alam"is selling well. I class of children hitherto unreached price it at one anna, which is a slight by any type of work, and is described loss, and it goes rapidly. Mo.st of the by Mrs. John Van Ess as "a joint people who get hold of it consider that educational and evangelistic enter- it is the work of the automobile manuprise." She writes further of it: "It facturer Ford, and that its cheapness was conducted for two and a half hours is a form of his philanthropy.' ..

INDIA AND BURMA There is growing up now a strong body How the Conscience Clause Works of intelligent and articulate public opin- ion among Indian women . . . It is a I N THE Presbyterian high school for happy circumstance that the address of boys at Dehra Dun in the Punjab, Lady Irwin with which the Conference "a dozen Indian Christian men and one opened was not a mere ceremonial speech American missionary," writes the mis- but a fine analysis of the problems consionary in question, Rev. M. R. Ahrens, nected with the education of women in "are striving daily to present Jesus India. Her statement that the further- Christ to 558 boys ranging in age from ance of education "means nothing less eight to twenty, in order that He may than an attempt to build the city of God become their personal Saviour. It is in the homes of this country" cannot be my privilege to have just seventy bettered. She sees the difficulties which young men in my Bible class, and it is are enormous, but she trusts, and quite noteworthy that they show a much rightly too, to the patience and courage, characteristic of womanhood to conquer them.

keener interest in their Bible study By-Products 01 Christianity B than in English or mathematics… For ISHOP FREDERICK B. FISHER of the Methodist Episcopal the fourth year we are working under the so-called Conscience Clause, Church, stated in a recent address which was expected to affect the volun- that it is often said that various In- tary attendance upon the Bible study dian Samajis are in many ways half- and prayers in the school; but we find way houses toward the ultimate goal.

that the pupils and their guardians He continued: "These societies, have absolutely no conscientious whether they are ends in themselves scruples against attendance upon our or merely half-way houses toward the religious exercises. The Bible is being greater ultimate end, are a proof that taught within the regular school hours, there has been through the years a and not a single boy nor his guardian series of definite turnings toward has ever so much as raised the ques- Christ. Meantime, Hindus and Mos- tion as to whether he might be ex- lems have gradually and partially cused from attendance." Christianized their religions. The Seva Movement of the Ramkrishna Indian Women in Conference Mission is certainly borrowed from STRIKING success is reported to Christianity. Certain of the mission- have marked the All-India Wom- ary methods and ideals of the Arya. en's Conference on Educational Re- Samaj have likewise been so obtained. form, held at Delhi in February, and Many of the ideals of the Brahmo attended by about two thousand wom- Samaj are Christian in their origin en. The wife of the Viceroy, Lady and application."

Irwin, who opened the Conference, the Outcaste Christia.n's Honesty Begum of Bhopal as its President and Mrs. Naidu made remarkable speeches I N SWEEPING out the courtyard of and the Conference passed a resolu- a Hindu farmer, for whom her fa- tion that the legal marriage age for ther worked, a young Christian girl, a Indian girls and boys should be made C.M.S. convert, discovered one day a sixteen and twenty-one, another reso- piece of jewelry embedded in the dust lution being that two seats be given heap. Immediately she covered it with to women in India's Central Legisla- her foot, and quickly transferred .it ture. This All-India Women's Con- to a fold of her chaddar where she ference is now an annual affair, and tied it up securely. Her sweeping twenty-two provincial conferences ended, she trudged off with her basket along similar lines have been held dur- and broom to the outcaste quarters, ing the past year. A South Indian dwelling with delight and excitement daily paper, The Hindu of Madras, upon the thought of her new possessaid of the Delhi Conference: sion. But as she took it out to gaze

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at it, standing on the threshold of her Indian life in every direction; second- own house, a voice in her heart seemed ly, it has been of value in giving to say: "Thou art a Christian, a prominence to the fact that the present Christian must not steal I" In vain arrangements in the excise administra- she tried to quiet that still, small voice. tion of both the imperial and provincial Almost in spite of herself she turned governments are unsatisfactory; and and slowly wended her way back to thirdly, the value of the League's work the farmer's compound. There, hand- during the past two years is evidenced ing back the ornament to a group of in the strong opposition it has Hindu women seated on the bedstead, aroused." she said: "You have often jeered at me for being a Christian, but will you Sir Purshotamdas Thakurdas said: scoff to-day when my Lord Christ makes me give back the jewel I might The first legitimate demand of the pro- have stolen from you 1" hibitionists throughout India, both to the imperial and the provincial governments, An Indian Colporteur at Work is that there should be no further ex- pansion of the excise revenue. Their T HE methods of a certain Indian second demand is that the central gov- colporteur are thus described in ernment must come to terms with the Dnyanodaya; "He has acquired con- provincial governments as regards a comsiderable skill cin selling Scripture por- mon goal of regulation and restriction tions and his persuasive words and with an ultimate view to total prohibipleasant manner help him greatly in tion. A sane, sound, well-thought-out finding an opening even in unpromis- policy is overdue, if the present grave ing quarters. He is often seen en- complaint against the Government is to gaged in carrying on an argument stop. The great illiterate masses must with persons who are inclined not to not have the temptation to drink thrust touch his books through a spirit of upon them as it seems to be today. bigotry. 'These books are dangerous,' says a person, 'and will pollute us if AnaDlese Boy Starts a Church we touch them.' 'Has anyone ever proved the truth of such an assertion l' MRS. s. A. D. BOGGS, an American retorts; 'now listen to these words,' Baptist missionary in Jorhat, Asand here he will read a few verses sam, writes: "Every year, before the from the Sermon on the Mount or boys of the Bible School leave Jorhat from one of the parables and ask, for their vacation, Mr. Boggs gives 'What is wrong with these words? them a glowing picture of the op- How true are they I Instead of pollut- portunities each one will have to show ing a person, will they not rather his love for Christ in winning others purify him?' and so on. He is thus to Him in his own home and village. able to dispose of a book or two where When they return, reports of their a less persistent man would fail." vacation days are given in chapel. One boy went home for a few days to Prohibition League of India visit his parents who are not Chris- tians. He then went to a village where I N THE first biennial session of this no Christian had ever been before. organization held at Delhi, the Gen- There he started a school-probably eral Secretary, Rev. Herbert Anderson, under an open cow-shed. As the boys said that the League "though not hav- and girls became interested in all the ing achieved very much in the way of new things taught them, the parents total prohibition had distinctly shown were interested too, and in the eveits need and value in three directions. nings were willing to squat around the First, it has kept before the public the teacher and hear wonderful new facts fact that prohibition is a religious, themselves, especially of the God who ·social and cmoral question, touching had a loving spirit, and had sent His only Son to earth to tell men all about it, and to invite them to accept Him as their own personal Saviour. The result was that a pflrmanent teacher

was sent to that village school, and a in the work of the building according church was formed with thirty-seven to his ability. Some help in the game charter members. This same boy at room; some on the playground; and another time visited thirty villages others in secretarial and other capaciduring his vacation." ties. All do not measure up to their re- sponsibilities, but the majority are Hindu Exalts Christian Ideals found to be trying. Situated in one of the most congested areas in the world, REV. E. E. WHITE, of the Madura the Nagpada Neighborhood House is Mission of the American Board at endeavoring to stand out as a city upon Aruppukottai, South India, feels that a hill." "it is great to be a live missionary in India today." In proof of this he A Centennial in Burma says: "At the invitation of members of three separate large caste com- T HE American Baptist Mission in munities in and around Aruppukottai Burma celebrated in May the one town, I have presided over mass meet- hundredth anniversary of the baptism ings at which special speakers gave of its first Karen convert, Ko Tha Byu. addresses on subjects like 'Education,' He had been a member of a robber I)r 'The Way to Elevate Our Com- gang, but he had fallen out with his munity.' In each case they have fellows and was in debt, and so was cordially invited me to choose the sub- sold as a slave. A Burman Christian ject and have given good attention, found" him in the Rangoon bazaar beeven when I preached Christ right at ingoffered to the highest bidder. As them. At one such meeting I was he knew that Dr. Adoniram Judson thrilled to hear a scholarly high-caste was anxious to get in touch with these Hindu make a strong plea that Indians people he bought him for twenty should study the 'Ramayana,' a famous rupees. After several months of teachepic poem of India, and also urge with ing by Dr. Judson, he accepted Chrisgreat earnestness: 'We find in this tianity, but such had been his record poem the Christian ideals of humility, that the Burman church was not ready love, and sacrifice for others and we to admit him to baptism. Mr. Boardmust all try to attain these ideals.' man was soon to move to Tavoy, and Think of a Hindu pleading for Chris- Ko Tha Byu went with him to that tian ideals before Hindus I" new station, was shortly baptized, and immediately asked permission to seek Boys in a Bombay Hostel out the Karen villages hidden in the hills and spread the good news to them. ONE feature of the Nagpada Neigh- At the time of his death twelve years borhood House, opened in Febru- later, there were 1,275 members of ary, 1927, by the Marathi Mission in the Karen churches and probably three a crowded section of Bombay is the or four times that number waiting for hostel. A missionary writes of it: admission, for in those days admission "Twenty-four young men live together was not an easy matter. Now at the here. The boys in the hostel are of end of the first century, there are in two types: those whom we hope to the Karen Baptist churches 63,750 train as social workers, and boys who members. have just come to Bombay, and who have not as yet succeeded in getting a CHINA AND TIBET good start in the city. Five are Moslems, two are Jews, three are Famine Relief for China Hindus, and fourteen are Christians. Of the Christians, three are Roman A CABLE message from the Famine Catholics. The rule of the hostel is Relief Commission of Peking reservice. Every man who enters ceived in New York in April stated promises to take definite responsibility that according to reports from mis- sionaries in the northwestern part of

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the Province of Shantung appalling been joined by English Baptists. The famine conditions prevail. The situta- units of government in the new body tion, which has been growing worse are as follows: (1) "The Local for many months, is now so bad that Church," the organization of which is nine tenths of the population are re- to be decided by the District Associa- ported to be eating unwholesome food tion. (2) "The District Association,"

substitutes. A half million people are answering to the Presbytery under actually starving and 4,000,000 more the Presbyterian system. The District face similar conditions in the next two Association is at liberty to continue months. Deaths are increasing. Men the session form of government in the have abandoned their homes and gone local churches if so desired. (3) ''The to Manchuria in search of work. Divisional Council," which has much Children are being offered for sale; the same functions as the Presbyterian boys of six selling, in some instances, Synod. One point of difference lies in for the equivalent of $5.00 American the power of the Divisional Council currency. instead of the Presbyteries to elect commissioners to the General As- Ohinese Faith and Patienoe sembly. (4) "The General Assembly."

A LETTER from a Cinese evan- The realm of activities of this highest gelist in Fukow, Honan Province, court is much the same as that of the is quoted in China's Millions as fol- General Assembly of the Presbyterian lows: "Four 0 days ago the county Church. In addition to these four magistrate and the Political Bureau courts, provision is made for "The officers said to us that all the living General Council," which shall consist rooms of the foreigners must be of the moderator of the General As- emptied of all their contents without sembly, one representative of each delay and given to the Political Divisional Council, and three members Bureau. I said to them, 'Where shall at large.

I be able to store all these things be- longing to the foreigners l' They said, Women Theological Students T 'That is no concern of ours. Turn HERE are now sixty-one young men and thirty-two young women things out quickly.' I also said to them, 'How shall we have worship l' enrolled in the North China Theo- They coldly smiled and said, 'Ha! Ha! logical Seminary at Tenghsien, Shan- You still want to have worship, do tung Province, and, writes Rev. W. M.

you 1 Later on you church members Hayes, "I have never seen a more will not be able to have worship.' earnest, appreciative body of students.

Therefore we had no way but to move … The young women deserve especial all the things to a large inner room in credit for having returned, as most the west yard…….When we moved of them came on trains crowded to the the things out it was raining slightly limit with the rude soldiery, and with- and they stood by and laughed at us. out conveniences of any kind. I had It certainly made it difficult to be written to all those within range that, patient. Now we have only three small while we would do our best to protect rooms in which to have worship. Please them, yet we could not guarantee their pray much for us. I do not know what safety, but they reasoned that they the future will bring, but trusting in were also in danger of being carried the Lord we go on." off by bandits if they remained at home, and the comparative danger was Ohinese Ohurch Governm.ent not great enough to justify delaying T HE new "Church of Christ in their school work. The question came China" as described in the Decem- up in faculty meeting what should be ber REVIEW was made up of members done in case the bandits did carry them of Congregationalist, Presbyterian off, and two of the Chinese staff and Reformed churches. and has since volunteered, in case of that emergency, 6

to offer themselves as ransom for the Osaka Mainichi ran for more than young women." thirty days a drama called 'Christ,' which tells the simple story of Jesus. Tibetan Ohristian Pioneer All the women's magazines write about Christianity every month, and so FROM the Welsh Calvinistic Mission everywhere, even in the mountain dis- in Assam comes the story of the tricts, Christianity is being spread experience of a Tibetan youth, the first through the magazines. Some one has from the great closed land to enter a said that the Japanese women are Christian educational establishment. more Christian than the men, because He decided for Christ, and when the they read more Christianity in the news reached his people he received magazines." letters that imported ill for him on his return to their midst. After receiving Japanese Americanization these communications, the young Tibetan informed his headmaster of his in- REV. T. KATAOKA, a Japanese tention to lay aside all the books in the clergyman who is now studying curriculum and of giving his whole at the General Theological Seminary, time to the study of God's Word; and writes in The Spirit of Missions of then in order to be able to give a rea- some work which he saw last sumson for the hope that was in him, and mer: "There are six hundred Japanto meet argument with argument, he ese in Nebraska, one half of whom drew up a list of questions that might are children born in America. They be put to him by his heathen relatives, have formed the 'Japanese Ameriand set down the answers he would canization Society,' the general direcgive should those questions be put to tor of which is Mr. H. Kano, a Chrishim. He has returned, and says The tian, son of the late Viscount H. Kano, Christian (London), "If he does not a member of the Japanese House of meet a martyr's fate, and holds fast Peers. his confidence, who can foretell the possibilities of good that his life and "The Japanese Americanization Sowitness may lead to, in a land that ciety is a separate, independent body. hitherto has practically been im- However, as the head is a Christian penetrable to the Gospel 1" and the people trust him and appreci- ate his religious teaching, it may be JAPAN-KOREA recognized to some extent as a part of the Church's work." Morals in Japanese Papers Japanese Pastor'. Schedule MANY of the most ,popular maga- zines in Japan, according to A J APANESE pastor, connected Toyohiko Kagawa, are now devoting with the mission of the Reformed their pages to moral education. He Church in America, recently invited a says: "Some of these sell over 500,000 small group of friends to celebrate copies a month. The Fuji magazine, with him the tenth anniversary of his which is devoted to the uplift of baptism. He talked with them of his national morality, is very popular, and early prejudice against Christianity is purely a secular magazine. Hope, and his devotion to Shintoism, and the magazine which is the organ of the sketched in outline the way in which, Kibosha, an ethical society of young he said, God had led him in these past people, sells over 250,000 copies month- ten years. A missionary who was ly. Its editor is a Christian, and the present writes of Pastor Y's activities: contents of the magazine are the best ethical teachings of Christianity, Con- For more than six years he has confucianism, and Buddhism. Since the ducted a full schedule of services–two popular magazines are of this nature, preaching services, a prayer-meeting and it is no wonder that the daily news- at least two Sunday-schools weekly. His papers publish Christian articles. The church has a flourishing women's society and young men's club. Both render val- uable aid at special evangelistic meet-

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ings, frequently held, during the sum- The question was asked, inevitably, mer, for weeks at a time. Mr. Y. is 'Why, because the two churches in without doubt the best out-of-door evan- America are unable to unite, should gelist among our twenty-odd evangelists. Methodism be divided in Korea? We For two years he has been teaching Bible are one in spirit, method, purpose; three times a week at the large Meth- why should we not be one in body?' odist girls' school here, and turned in to Just as Japan asked twenty years ago, the Evangelistic Committee the twenty- 'Why should there be three Methodfive yen per month received as honor- isms in Japan rather than one 7' so arium. He takes his turn, in a very ac- Korea is now applying common sense ceptable manner, in leading the inter- to the same problem. The two Methdenominational activities of the city. In odist churches in Korea have separate addition to his regular assignment of but contiguous territories. Only in work under our mission, he has been an Seoul do they cover the same ground, ardent but discriminating reader of where they are working unitedly in Christian books, mastering English and six institutions, including the theol- Esperanto to gain access to the religious ogical seminary. Between the two works written in these languages. Here bodies there is marked harmony of is an all-round pastor and evangelist, a feeling." The first steps have now wise administrator, a man of industry been taken which are expected to lead and perseverance, always growing, like to organic union. Paul, "forgetting the things which are behind, and stretching forward to the things which are before."

Prohibition Gains in Japan JAPAN has taken another step to- Evangelizing Chinese in Korea ward liquor removal. The sale of Nake, the national intoxicating bever- REV. E. H. HAMILTON, a Southern age of the country, has been abolished Presbyterian missionary in Korea, in army canteens. The last anni- writes: "Mr. Chang, my associate in versary of tbe earthquake disaster, the work of evangelizing the Chinese September 1st, was generally observed in Southern Korea, is a Korean, but throughout the country as a National he speaks Chinese perfectly, having Temperance Day. In Tokyo, a great spent three years studying in a semidemonstration and lantern parade took nary in China. He has a real love for place; many thousands of men and the Chinese people, and a real care women participated, each carrying a for their souls. Our plan of evangelizred paper lantern on which were the ing the small towns is as follows: We words "No Sake Day." More than go to a Korean inn and engage a room; 25,000 sets of posters describing the then we go on the street and visit all evils of drink and its effects on grow- the Chinese in their shops, inviting ing boys and girls, were recently dis- them to come to our room that evening tributed in the primary schools of one to talk together and to hear the Gospel. of the cities of Japan. The principals Last night, for instance, here in Rashu of the schools have instructions from we went to the three cloth shops and the Department of Education to de- the one Chinese restaurant, and inliver lectures on the liquor habit. vited them to come to our room. Ten Chinese, out of about twenty who live Methodist Union in Korea here, crowded into our little room at the inn, and for about an hour we BISHOP HERBERT WELCH, of sipped tea and nibbled cakes with the Methodist Episcopal Church, them, and discussed the present situa- North, writes from Seoul: "The tion in China and in Korea. Then present movement to form a Korean after they had loosened up, we sang Methodist Church is the direct and, and explained a couple of hymns to shall I say, the natural result of the them, passed around pocket Testafailure in the United States of the gen- ments (furnished free by the Million eral plan for unification with the Testament Campaign for China) and Methodist Episcopal Church, South. read the Bible with them. Then Mr.

Chang preached to them, after which sioner of the District. He has given I added a word of exhortation." all possible help in establishing the work." Korean Men's Bible Class Home Missions in New Guinea T HE devotion to Bible study shown by Korean Christians has often MEMBERSHIP in the churches in been reported. A recent instance of New Guinea runs now in thouthis was the men's Bible class for sands where before the World War it Pyengyang District, which was at- ran in scores only, according to an tended for a week by more than 1,300 article in the Sunday Schoo~ Times, men who came from all parts of the which continues: "Best of all is the province. A remarkable feature of the eager spirit of evangelism. There is class was the six o'clock morning no church without its own mission. prayer meeting to which a thousand The London Society in the earlier or more men came out each morning in years sent six Samoans to evangelize the bitter cold in the dark. At the under the direction of the Rhenish Sunday night service those over fifty Society. There are now some eighty years old who wished to reconsecrate native missionaries, and the change their remaining years to God and His has come in ten years ….. The native service were asked to stand, while one Christians often go into heathen towns of their number led in a consecration to settle, with the idea of both preachprayer. Next; the middle-aged men ing and living the Gospel before the went through the same dedicatory heathen. They are sent forth not by service, and last of all the young men missionaries but by the churches under thirty years of age were asked themselves, who provide their repreto stand, if they whole-heartedly de- sentatives with food and other supplies sired to give themselves with all their in these remote posts. The whole of young strength to God's service. Dampier Island has, in this way, been covered with a net of volunteer evan- ISLANDS OF THE SEA gelist stations. Now and then the evangelists return to tell their ex- Reaching a New Filipino Tribe periences." In some places they are building good-sized churches. A. T ZAMBOANGA, on the southwest 1'1. coast of Mindanao, the most Maoris Prize Their Bibles southerly of the Philippine Islands, A COLPORTEUR of the British the Protestant Episcopal Church has and Foreign Bible Society in the had for years a church, hospital and New Hebrides who has sold many school among the Moros, but the in- copies of the new edition of the Maori terior of the island has been until Bible tells of how pleased the Maori about a year ago untouched by any are to have a Bible of their own; Christian influence. A writer in The they even go without food to save Spirit of Missions says: "We have money to buy one. A young Maori, recently opened a mission at Upi, the twenty-three years of age, came to the central barrio, or village, of the lady missionary to whom he owed Tirurais, a pagan tribe which occupies spiritual enlightenment and asked for the mountain province of Cotabato. a Bible and a prayer-book. With them They are a most interesting people, he went back to the sawmill camp and are very responsive to our church where he lived and started most acteachings. They have a belief in one ceptable services among his own God, and 'have a tradition that they people. were people of Heaven who wandered away and were lost. They expect and A missionary of the United Free await a Saviour who will take them Church of Scotland writes of the back to heaven …… The mission at presentation of a new Maori Bible to Upi is fortunate in having a friend in those in charge of the meeting-house: Captain Edwards, the Deputy Commis-

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

The Bible was taken home by one of service has been prepared and has Rua's followers and read, with the re- been translated into many languages. sult that the Light shined in his soul. This service, in Korean, has been sent Since then his wife, too, has taken Jesus to more than 4,000 Sunday-schools as her Friend. We read of the Bible in in that country. Sample copies, in foreign countries having given its silent English, can be had by adressing the message and changed the hearts and World's Association, Metropolitan lives of those who received it. The same Tower, New York. The nominal thing has happened here, and we pray charge for quantities is fifty cents per that the reading of God's Word may hundred. They will help to promote bring many into His Kingdom. very real world fellowship in Christian worship on World's Sunday School NORTH AMERICA Day.

Youth's Threefold Crusade Gospel for Boston Jews T HE theme of the International I T IS estimated that in greater Christian Endeavor Convention Boston there is a Jewish population last July was "Crusade with Christ," of 100,000. Mr. Herman B. Centz has and the appointment of three represen- been engaged in missionary work in tative commissions to carry out this that city for over a year, but on crusade along three lines-evangelism, January 16, 1928, the work came under world peace, and Christian citizenship the auspices of the Presbyterian Board -was announced in the October of National Missions. REVIEW. Indorsements and expressions of cooperation have come rapidly During the last fifteen days of since then reports the national Chris- January there were thirty-one Jewish tian Endeavor headquarters, (1) inquirers at the reading room in Bowfrom the Interdenominational Young doin Square, among them Socialists, People's Commission, in charge of Communists, orthodox believers, and young people's societies in twenty-one philosophically-inclined agnostics. As denominations; (2) from the Sunday- a result of the interest aroused by schol workers among young people of personal conversations, three purmore than thirty denominations; (3) chased complete Bibles and three from a group of official representatives others bought New Testaments in of young people's agencies within and Yiddish and Hebrew. A number of without the Church. Jews also came in to ask for a free copy of the Gospel of Matthew. This Easter morning witnessed the in- Gospel, opened at the fifth chapter, auguration of a Crusade with Christ was displayed under a sign which read, participated in by many of the Chris- "If God were King-the Most Distian youth groups of the United States. cussed Sermon-a COpy Free." Mr. Thousands of Christian youth at- Centz speaks appreciatively of the tended the Easter sunrise prayer serv- cordial support he is receiving from ices held in hundreds of cities and friends of the work. He is encouragvillages throughout North America, in ing pastors to include Jews living which the three-fold Crusade of Evan- about their churches in their ministry, gelism, World Peace and Christian and is cooperating in this service. Citizenship received its first popular acceptance. Expert Missionary Education World's Sunday School nay T HE International Council of Re- ligious Education conducts its J ULY 15, the Sunday when the studies and investigations through Tenth Convention of the World's what are known as professional ad- Sunday School Association will be in visory sections, organized for elemensession in Los Angeles, pastors tary, young people's and adult groups. throughout the world are requested to There are sections also for editors, use the Convention motto, "Thy Kingdom Come," Matthew 6: 10, as their sermon text. An appropriate worship

professors and specialists in religious nominations has drawn up the follow- education. The recommendations of ing expression of things held in com- these various advisory sections clear mon: through the Committee on Education. Each Church has the congregational At its recent annual meeting the form of government. Council established relations with the Missionary Education Movement, In each, the individual church is the through the organization of a profes- unit of authority. sional advisory section on missionary education. Active membership in this Each Church accepts and practices repsection is to consist of those profes- resentative government with regard to sionally engaged in denominational or matters of common concern to the interdenominational work. churches.

Missions comments: Each Church accepts the Bible as the rule of faith and practice, recognizing It has been recognized now for some the right of free individual interpretatime by the religious education leaders tion. that the most vital illustrative material in applying the principle of religious edu- Neither Church holds to a creed which cation is found in the field of missions; is binding upon individuals or upon and a growing conviction of the im- churches. portance of missions in the whole scheme of religious education has led to this new Each is agreed upon the general plan of correlation, which will greatly foundational tenets of our common widen the sphere of influence of our mis- Christianity. sionary education agencies. An Indian Chief's Appeal CHIEF AHPEAHTONE, a Kiowa Indian, in a recent appeal to the Secretary of the Interior, in view of the extension of the trust period for Two Churches Consider Union the Kiowa, Comanche and Apache NEGOTIATIONS that have been tribes, said: "When the present trust going on for some time between period expires, it is my wish that you the Commission on Interchurch Rela- and the other representatives who look tions of the Congregational Churches after the welfare of the Indians be and the Commission on Christian extremely careful to see that more ex- Unity of the Christian Church have tension be granted mainly for the reached the point of joint recom- benefit of the younger generation. I mendations looking toward organic believe the time has not come for the union. The "Christian Church" in Government to relinquish its hold on question is not the Disciples of Christ, the property of the Indian for his known as "Christians" in some parts benefit. I know that at the present of the United States, but the "General time numerous persons are awaiting Convention of the Christian Church," the end of the trust period. They think whose headquarters are at Dayton, it is going to be one of the greatest Ohio. The report of the Census boons. I see it as the beginning of the Bureau tabulates 1,044 churches, with end for my people. I predict it will 112,795 members. There are 182 take fifty years more before the good churches in Ohio, 174 in Indiana, 151 Government can safely relinquish their in North Carolina, 88 in Illinois, 74 in hold. Be guided by your wisdom, and Virginia, and 52 in New York, with may God, or the Great Spirit, guide smaller numbers in other states as far you in all your undertakings."-Miswest as Kansas. There are some sions.

churches in New England, but the greater strength lies in the interior LATIN AMERICA 1, and in the South. The churches in "Friendship School Bag" Plan Ohio and Indiana, for example, are in HE project of sending "Friend- sections where there are only a few ship School Bags" to the children Congregational churches, and the same of Mexico, sponsored by the Committee thing is true in the Southeast. of the Federal Council of Churches on A joint committee of the two de- World Friendship among Children,

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

was described in the January REVIEW. Porto Rican Presbyterian_ This committee, which carried through its first project, the "doll messengers" THE Board of National Missions of to Japan, with such remarkable suc- the Presbyterian Church (U. S. cess in both countries, reports increas- A.) announces that with the retireing interest in this new plan for ment of the Rev. Arthur James from developing international good will. work in Porto Rico in April, there has School bags were chosen for the ex- begun "one of the most significant pression of friendliness because of the phases of Protestant work on the Isgreat movement in Mexico for popular land. From this time on entire reeducation. The bags, which are dur- sponsibility for the promotion and able, in three colors, and beautifully administration of the work of the embossed, may be obtained from the Presbytery of Porto Rico will rest in Committee, 289 Fourth Avenue, New the hands of native Porto Rican York City. Classes, groups or in- pastors. When the work was begun dividuals may fill them with service- thirty years ago the supervision as able and appropriate gifts having some well as a larger part of the pastoral connection with school life. The bags work was carried by missionaries sent are being sent to the Department of by the Board from the north, but as Education in Mexico City for distribu- native ministers, trained under their tion among the primary school chil- supervision, showed ability to assume dren on Mexico's Independence Day, leadership, man after man was with- September 16th. Some have already drawn and his responsibility placed arrived, and Dr. Moises Saenz in upon a Porto Rican pastor. Mr. James acknowledgment writes that the De- is the last of these, and he has been partment of Education is "thrilled" succeeded by the Rev. Angel Archilla, with this evidence of the friendliness pastor of the Central Church in of the American children. Mayaguez. The thirty mission centers are now in charge of native pastors. Christian Homes in Guatemala Dr. JamesA. McAllister, president of the Seminary of Rio Piedras, and Dr. MISS ANNA VAN HOOK, of the J. W. Harris, president of the Poly- Central American Mission, writes technic Institute, are members of the from San Marcos, Guatemala: "Last Presbytery but are engaged in educanight we held an extra service in San tional work entirely." Pedro in the home of a widow who believed, with all her house, two years ''Bellt Seller" in Brazil ago. She used to keep a saloon and was herself a woman of ill repute. REV. J. H. HALDANE, representa- Now the Lord has set her free and she tive of the Evangelical Union of uses her home for His glory. She had South America in Pernambuco, North invited the whole neighborhood and all Brazil, narrates several instances of her friends. There were about twenty former persecutors who now listen unconverted, some who had never been gladly to the Gospel and continues: in a service before. What a joy it is "A few years ago when the colporteurs to bring the message to those who went round selling the Scriptures, have never heard! The believer who they took their lives in their hands. preached is himself a converted ma- Constantly they had to see their books rimba player who once wasted his life torn up or burned. But now every in drink and fiestas-don Marcelino. town is open to them, and the people The Lord is undoubtedly preparing welcome them; the people come seek~ this brother for a more extended serv- ing for the Scriptures. The Brazilian ice and he is becoming a very clear likes a good novel, and they have some and forceful speaker. His wife, too, good authors, whose works enjoy a is growing spiritually and their home large circulation, but the book that has is a powerful testimony." the largest circulation in Brazil today is the Bible."

Needy Indians in Amazonia are taking hold of the work in an in- TT ENNETH G. GRUBB, who has spiring fashion. The Tocopilla church .l~ been making a special study of plans to become self-supporting within the Indians of the Amazon Valley, the next year."

writes: "The period since the war EUROPE has witnessed the resuscitation of prayer and service on behalf of Ama- Livingstone House in London zonia. It is more than important that this movement should be fostered by T HE London Missionary Society has the prayer and labor of devoted souls. given the name of its most famous The opportunity of fulfilling our missionary to the new headquarters building which it has erected behind divine commission to these Gentiles the premises occupied by the Society can never again recur. This genera- since 1920. The new address is tion is the last for the Amazon In- Livingstone House, Broadway, Westdian as such. Rather, we cannot minster, London S. W. 1, and Westescape the truth that we are a genera- minster Abbey is only two minutes' tion (and more) too late. The eco- walk away. On March 6th the building nomic development of the Amazon has was formally opened by Sir Frederick antedated missionary expansion in Whyte, K. C. S. I., ex-President of the region by twenty years. Com- the Legislative Assembly of India and son of the late Rev. Alex Whyte, D.D., merce has stretched out her hand at of Edinburgh, and on the two succeedthose frowning forests and with- ing days a reception for representadrawn her' advances. She has left tives of kindred societies and a more than abandoned rubber posts meeting of London ministers were and river ports in somnolent decay. held. Up to March 1st the income of She has left a sinister feast for the the L. M. S. had increased £22,000 over bird of prey, the whitening bones of that of the preceding year, and many the worn-out slave, the mind tainted additional contributions were hoped with the lust for gold, the 'foul traces for before the end of the fiscal year, of congenital disease, the moral and April 1st. spiritual degradation, and the embit- tered soul fed with hatred and "Petrified Souls" in Belgium despair." REV. A. MIELES describes Malines, Belgium, as "a town where the New Attitude in ChUe T HE Chilean Church is growing souls of men have been petrified by the rapidly, reports Rev. Irven Paul, Roman Catholic Church." He writes Presbyterian missionary in Taltal, who in The Missionary Voice: "We are says: "When I came here a few years looking in every corner of Malines to ago they were worried about how they find a place for gospel preaching in could get more money and more mis- one of the suburbs. Sometimes I have sionaries from the United States to found a little hall good for our pur- evangelize Chile. Now they say, 'Let poses, but regularly after some days us not ask for more foreign money or I have been told, 'I am sorry, but I missionaries, but let us do the work cannot rent you the place. My wife ourselves and be responsible for it. In- fears the Church'; or, 'I had for- stead of paying only thirty national gotten I promised the hall to another.'

pastors higher salaries, let us turn our The priests robbed us of about eight 1,380 members into missionaries and children in our children's work by pastors and form a Chilean National menacing the parents. But new chil- Church. That is what we should have dren came in. A woman's meeting has done fifty years ago, don't you think?' begun, first a little weak thing, but At any rate the plan works well. They we are praying and believing for more.

elected an elder as moderator of the o • 0 0 One poor woman, born in England presbytery this year and the elders and married to a Belgian workman,

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

said, 'I thought the Lord was every- All the Protestants in France, includ- where the same, but here in this dark ing those in Alsace, number about one country I see no more the Lord of my million. The Paris society has 260 father and mother, only a Roman missionaries in 8 mission fields, the Catholic God, asking for money and majority of them in the French col- more money.''' onies in Africa. It also has an im- portant mission field in British South A Spanish Woman Imprisoned Africa, among the Basutos and along THE case of Carmen Padin-an un- the Zambesi. In view of the deprecia- educated village woman-has at- tion of French money, it is not surtracted much attention, according to prising that the society is working Evangelical ChristendO'J'l1" which says: under great difficulties. Its budget "In a village apothecary's shop she for the present year is estimated at entered into a discussion, and denied 4,200,000 French francs, of which that the Virgin Mary had no other there is only one half in sight!

children, saying the gospels give the names of her sons and daughters. It Temperance Day in Bulgaria F is difficult for us in England to realizeEW Americans may be aware that January 16th is a red-letter day in what this means in Spain, part of which is called 'the Land of the their history, but the Bulgarians, says Holiest Virgin.' Her words were re- The Congregationalist, "have been sented by the local ecclesiastical au- celebrating it as such for the past thority, and she was charged with eight years. It is known as Tem- escarnio, contempt of, scoffing at, re- perance Day in Bulgaria, dating, of ligion. As the perpetual virginity of course, from the going into effect of the mother of our Lord is the most the Eighteenth Amendment to the deeply rooted belief of Spanish Roman- Constitution of the United States.

ism, for a person to say otherwise is, This year, the day was celebrated in in Spanish law and Roman Catholic Sofia by a mass meeting in the opinion, a very heinous offence. We Theater Odeon, at which Dr. H.

have read carefully the judgment of Neichev gave an illustrated lecture, in the court and that of the Court of Bulgarian, on the effects of Prohibi- Appeal, and no other offence is laid tion in America, followed by a musical to the charge of Carmen Padin. For and literary program. The theater these and no other words, she has been was packed with an enthusiastic condemned to two years' imprisonment crowd, composed largely of young peo- and forfeiture of civil rights. The ple, long before the hour of opening.

Spanish Branch of the World's Evan- This day was celebrated not only in gelical Alliance defended her in the Sofia, but throughout the country- Provincial as well as in the Supreme wherever there were temperance so- Court of Madrid, but in vain. The cieties. Everywhere, America is sentence was pronounced and con- looked upon and lauded as the leader firmed, and she is now serving her in the movement for 'keeping alcohol sentence in Segovia." for our machines and clothes-cleaning establishments, and keeping it out of The Paris Mliaaion our stomachs,' as Dr. Neichev ex- T HIS mission society grew out of pressed it." an auxiliary to the Basel Mission, which was founded in 1882 and for The BUnd in Hungary T many years was closely connected with HE American Bible Society has been asked to assist an enterprise the Swiss Society. During the War it had charge of the Cameroon Mis- which is thus described in the Bible sion and at present its missionaries Society Record; "Through Dr. Adolph are manning the Cameroon territory. Keller, of Zurich, Switzerland, comes

word of a generous service to the GENERAL blind being rendered in Hungary. It is notable as an evidence of how Chris- Medical Needs of the World tians in Central Europe are trying to help themselves and their fellows. It MEDICAL missionary work in foris more notable because this work was eign lands will more and more inaugurated, and is being carried on, take the form of public health educa- by a lady who is herself blind in one tion and the training of nationals as eye and also a partial invalid. Bishop physicians and nurses, rather than the Ravasz of the Reformed Church of treatment by Western-trained special- Hungary commends the work highly. ists of individual patients in hospital He reports that the lady is the wife and clinic and through surgery and of a professor in the University of medicine. This was the consensus of Budapest. On her country place she opinion of the one hundred medical has had a small house altered for the missionaries-furloughed doctors and purpose, and set up in it a practical nurses and board medical secretaries Braille printing hand machine. Al- -who attended the Conference on ready she has embossed 400 copies of Medical Missions held at Riverdaleparts of the gospels, and 100 copies on-Hudson, April 3d to 5th, under the of Paul's epistles. These are distri- auspices of the Foreign Missions Conbuted to the blind free." ference of North America. "We recognize the continued challenge that Riga "Salvation Temple" the medical needs of a large portion of the world present to the Christian I N THIS building work is being car- Church; we realize how inadequate ried on, under the general direction are the forces, both personal and of Pastor Fetler, for both Russian and financial, that are trying to meet these Letts. A recent article in The Friend needs; and we challenge the present of Missions says: "As a new feature student generation with this problem," in the Russian work, may be men- say the findings of the Conference. tioned the gospel meeting on Wednesday evening, which is well attended. Missionaries' Children Succeed Sometimes this takes the form of a testimony meeting, when many of the PROFESSOR ELLSWORTH church members give brief testi- HUNTINGTON, of Yale Univermonies, about five minutes each, tell- sity, presented recently to the Ameriing what the Lord has done for them. can Eugenics Society a report which In these meetings, also, the spirit of has been widely quoted. His study of prayer is manifest. The Sunday eve- the graduates of Yale and Harvard in ning meetings in the large hall are the past thirty years shows that the well attended by people who seem to largest measure of success in college be really interested in the Gospel. Re- and after has come to the sons of miscently, we have had meetings at the sionaries. Next come the sons of proend of the service when 100 to 120 fessors, and close to them the sons of people remain together for prayer; ministers, serving churches at home. many at these after-meetings are A partial explanation of these records really seekers after the truth, and is found by Professor Huntington in pray for the first time. The work in the fact that "missionaries, both men the Sunday-school is progressing and women, must have good health, a somewhat slowly but surely. It is not spirit of adventure, energy, religion so easy for the Russian children to and moral fervor." The New York come to the school as it is for the Times, commenting editorially, says: Letti.sh children, because many of their parents are against it. They The promise that was made to the first would like to see their children any- missionaries of a gospel whose preachwhere but in the Salvation Temple." -jng has now enehe1ed the earth-that "the last shall be first"-has had a lat- ter-day fulfillment in that the mission- aries of our time, who are least in their material rewards, are first in the relative

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

achievement of their children. There is India, Burma, and Ceylon. A special something to be said for a system which arrangement committee, on which the makes possible this remarkable contribu- National Christian Council, the Y. M. tion to human biography. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., and the Na- tional Missionary Society are repre- Follow Up Lausanne Conference sented, is working in the closest co- operation with the executive commit- T HE ninety-five churches which tee of the World's Student Christian sent representatives to the World Federation. One feature of the pro- Conference on Faith and Order held gram will be a presentation of India's last August in Lausanna, Switzerland, religious and social contribution to have been asked to express their opin- the world by non-Christian, as well as ions as to the next step in carrying by Christian, speakers. forward the Christian unity movement. -This request is made in a letter COMING EVENTS mailed by the international Continuation Committee appointed at Lausanne Schools for Pastors to the executive officers of the principal Protestant and Eastern Orthodox June 4 to 15. New England School bodies in thirty-seven countries, in for Town and Country pastors. Boston every quarter of the globe. Since the University, Boston, Mass. Rev. K. C. governing bodies of many of these McArthur, Sterling, Mass., Director. churches meet only at long intervals, considerable time will elapse before a *** consensus of these opinions can be obtained. Meanwhile, the educational June 4 to 15. California Ministers' work of the movement is being carried Summer Institute at Pacific School of on by local meetings in every country Religion, Berkeley, Calif. Dr. E. W. represented in the conference, and by Blakeman, Director. world-wide dissemination of literature. * >I< '" "The Monoplane Testament" June 11 to 28. School of Community T HIS is the title given by the Pa- Leadership, Kansas State Agricultural cific Agency of the American Bible College, Manhattan, Kansas, Roy Walter Society to a special edition of the Burr, Director. New Testament and Psalms, stamped with a monoplane and lettering in " … '" gold. Rev. A. Wesley Mell, secretary of the Agency, writes: "The volume June 18 to 29. Pastors' Summer has met a popular demand as a gift School, Ohio State University, Columbus, book for aviators and youths inspired Ohio, Prof. C. E. Lively, Director. with flying ideals. At the time of Lindbergh's visit to the Pacific Coast '" >I< '" we sent the first copy to him by air mail on his entrance into the Pacific June 25 to July 6. Wisconsin Rural Agency at Spokane, Washington. Church Summer School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Dr. J. H. w. S. C. F. to Meet in India Kolb, Director.

EUROPE, North America, Japan, '" >I< '" Constantinople, China have in turn welcomed the World's Student July 2 to 19. Auburn Summer School Christian Federation for either a gen- of Theology, Auburn, New York, Rev. eral committee meeting or a larger Harry Lathrop Reed, Director. conference. Its last big conference was held in Peking in 1922, and its '" July 9 to 20.'" S'"ummer School for next meeting will be held in Mysore, India, in December, under the auspices Rural Pastors, Michigan Agricultural of the Student Christian Movement in Colle~e, East Lansing, Mich. Dr. Eben .. ..'" Mumbord, Director. July 9 to 21. Summer School for Town and Country Ministers, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Prof. R.

.. .'" A. Felton, Director. July 18 to August 1. Estes Park Pas- tors Fellowship School, Estes Park, Colorado. Dr. W. H. Wilson, 156 Fifth Ave., New York. Director.

*** September 3 to 14. Summer Confer- pnce for Town and Country Ministers, Washinorton College, Chestertown, Md. Dr. P. E. Titsworth, Director.

WORTH

Any books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

The Gospel for Asia. Kenneth Saunders. undertake this essay in interpretation 245 pp. $2.50. New York. 1928. and comparison. With the background The International Missionary Coun- of honors at Oxford and Cambridge cil set the following as the first ques- he went to Ceylon where he studied tion in the preparatory studies for the Buddhism at first hand for four years.

recent meeting at Jerusalem: "In Extensive travel in the East and years countries where the minds of men of scholarly research have helped to have been molded by other faiths than make possible a series of valuable vol- Christianity, what are the' sources umes~"Buddhist Ideals," "The Story from which chiefly they draw strength of Buddhism," "Adventures of a Chris- and comfort? What are the chief in- tian Soul," "The Heart of Buddhism,"

sights which they have gained into the "Gotama Buddha," and "Epochs in meaning and purpose of life?" I Buddhist History."

know of no book which better answers His present volume is a deeply mis- such a question for three great re- sionary book. It not only unfolds to ligions of Asia than this new volume the West the kernel of two great re- by Prof. Saunders. ligions of the East, but it offers the His book is an effort to bridge the "Fourth Gospel" to the Oriental world gulf which tends to separate educated as an expression of the central Chris- people of the East and the West, for tian truth in terms that will appeal the author believes that a study of the most to it.

religious masterpieces of three great In these times of readjustment in civilizations can bring men together missionary thought it ought greatly and help them to understand the unity to strengthen our impulse to share the of civilization. To know India one riches we experience in Jesus Christ, must know the Bhagavad-gita. To to see how definitely and explicitly a understand Japan, the Lotus Scripture scholar of Professor Saunders' knowl- is almost as important. While the edge and insight registers his convic- Christian "Fourth Gospel," with its tion as to the supremacy of Jesus Logos doctrine and mysticism, is Christ. "Krishna and Sakyamuni deeply significant for the West. Per- may indeed, like Elijah and Moses of haps two thirds of the human race are the Transfiguration, gain a greater today receiving light in greater or reality by being set beside the Christ.

less degree from these three books. . . . And if some, like the impetuous "All three belong to great periods of Peter, now desire to make three taber- the springtide of the Spirit, when nacies, we cannot doubt that they will creative personalities had called forth some day learn, as he learned, that a response of devotion and gratitude. these others are there to worship, not They are all works of mystical wor- to be worshipped." The author holds ship of a loving Saviour . .. For all that in Christ, the Son of Man, is of them this is the Eternal speaking found the personality and the power in time; and they all realize that a that will unify and reconstruct the great Idea must tabernacle in human great faiths of Asia. In Him is flesh to have redemptive power." neither East nor West, and in His The author is peculiarly qualified to Cross is the only motive power strong 508

BOOKS WORTH READING

enough to overcome the tremendous and surprised by what has been acobstacles in the way of unity. complished from the feudal days and Chinese education of 1854 to the D. J. FLEMING. 10,532,561 pupils of today, with a schoolgoing age enrollment of 99.30 Japan in the World of Today. By Arthur per cent of boys and 99.03 per cent J. Brown. Illustrated. 322 pp. New of the girls-the world record at pres- York. $3.75. 1928. ent. Yet it is saddening to read that seven out of every eight candidates A worthy volume calls for a strong for college cannot be cared for befoundation. And that we have here. cause of inadequate provision for "The materials for this volume were them; and still more sad is it to know gathered during an administrative re- that while "an American student who lationship of over thirty years with fails to pass examinations never thinks missionary work in Japan, two visits of killing himself, every year Japanese to that country, an extensive cor- students end their lives for this rearespondence, and many personal con- son," especially by throwing themferences with Japanese of all classes, selves into the beautiful Kegon Waterand with Americans and Europeans fall, near Nikko, and the volcano of who are or have been in Japan as mis- Asama. Of these Dr. Gulick tells us sionaries, business men, editors, that "in 1912 no fewer than 248 men teachers, consuls and ambassadors." and women ended their lives in that Dr. Brown's membership of a Com- tragic way at Kegon alone. How mission on American and Japanese many had ended their lives in the Relations and also of one on Interna- crater of Asama no records can show." tional Justice and Goodwill are further "Social Problems" affecting the lives indications that we have the opinions and morals of the Japanese are plainly of a recognized authority on "Things indicated and narrated in a way to Japanese." Other productions of his make the Occident compare Japanese bear out the claim of his fitness to shortcomings with our own sinful write upon Japan. estate. After an unduly long and not alto- Japan in Korea, in Manchuria and gether germane chapter on "World Conditions,"-most of which appeared Siberia and in the World War, as well first in A.~ia-a somewhat vague chap- as our own relations with Japan, so ter upon "The Country and People of helpful at first and ending in' the .Japan" and an essential one upon shame of our exclusion law of 1924- "Autocracy and Democracy," he enters never to be forgotten and resented as upon his really contributory interpre- a damning blot upon our national tation of Japan as it has entered into escutcheon-are perhaps the most im· the world of today. From a well-in- portant chapters in the volume, and dexed mass of readings and interviews are naturally followed by one on "The and also from what was claimed for War Bogey"-which becomes plainly Dr. Arthur Smith-that he had a only a bogey concocted by yellow jourcapacious storehouse of facts in the nalists and by timorous and alarmist back of his own head-he pours forth business men and a few naval officers. a wealth of information and argument that is rarely seen in print. The work ends with religion, first a comprehensive account of indigenous What he tells us of Japan's army religions, followed by sketches of and navy would be hardly credible Roman and Russian Catholic Missions, were it not abundantly documented; and last and most effective of all those but it is not used here as it has been of Protestantism. In these thirtyby jingoists. "Trade and Manufac· four pages is a convincing reply to the turers" will be an "eye-opener" to question, Do Japanese Missions Pay? most business men, and is equally as- as the last chapter, "Christianity as tonishing. Educators, from kinder- Japanese See It. Do They Want It?" garten to university, will be fascinated

answers the query, Shall Missions Be mindful of the true character of the Given Up in Japan? H. P. B. missionary enterprise. Several state- ments are not in accord with known China, a Nation in Evolution. Paul Mon- facts. She confuses Christianity with roe. Illustrated. 8 vo., 447 pp. $3.50. Western civilization, admits that it New York. 1928. "has helped to bring about the great There are many books on China, but awakening among Asiatic peoples," this is particularly worthy of thought- but says that "bitter antagonism to ful study. The author is the Director Christianity is widespread." As a of the International Institute and matter of fact, the antagonism is anti- Barnard Professor of Education in the foreign rather than anti-Christian. Teachers' College of Columbia Uni- In proportion as Asiatics understand versity. It would be difficult to name the altruistic purpose of the missionany American more competent to write ary and the beneficent influence of his upon China. He has visited it several work, they are friendly. This was times, is a trustee of two China uni- notably illustrated in the tragedy in versities, and has been expert educa- Nanking where the trouble was tional adviser of the Government. Dr. created by soldiers from another prov- Alfred Sze, Chinese Minister in Wash- ince who did not know the difference ington, who writes the Fqreword, says between missionaries and other forthat Dr. Monroe "has not only a first- eigners and where the people of the hand personal knowledge of the coun- city did everything they could to help try and people but also a truly sym- the missionaries. pathetic insight into their needs and aspirations." This attractive volume The statement of Miss Harrison abundantly justifies the reader's ex- "that more of them (Japanese Chrispectation. The discussion of Chinese tians) have become baptized from a social, intellectual, economic, political desire to learn English and to write and religious conditions is remarkably on the typewriter than from love of able and the analysis of the present Jesus Christ," is palpably absurd, situation is so clear and readable that since Japanese who wish to learn the reader is carried along with un- English can do so at the government abated interest to the end. A copious schools. In reality, Japanese Chrisindex renders the rich and varied con- tians show the genuineness of their tents readily accessible for reference. faith by supporting many of their churches without foreign aid. ARTHUR J. BROWN. It is a pity that a book which con- Asia Reborn. Marguerite Harrison. 8 vo., tains much valuable material should 389 pp. $4. New York. be marred by such inaccurate state- ments and such crude opinions. This comprehensive review of the changes that have taken place in Asia ARTHUR J. BROWN.

since 1914 discusses the effect of the Stewardship in the Life of Women. Helen World War upon the peoples of Asia Kingsbury Wallace. Introduction by and the movements influencing present Helen Barrett Montgomery. 88 pp. developments. In spite of occasional $1. New York. 1928.

errors the author shows considerable This is no academic discussion, but knowledge of political, social and eco- is alive with experience and practical nomic conditions. She attributes to suggestion. It is a subject that re- King Rama VI of Siam reforms be- quires treatment by a writer of un- gun by his father Chulalongkorn, and usual qualification, such as Miss Wal- she refers to the present King as the lace. She is a wide-awake young wom- son of Rama, the fact being that he an who has been developed in an is a brother. She includes Christian- atmosphere of practical stewardship ity in "The Springs of the Asiatic in the fullest sense of the term. Out Renascence," but she is apparently un- of both Old and New Testaments, she

has called together a remarkable sex- that distant part of the world. It is tette of women who speak in action written for the purpose of showing the pictures on the stewardship of Hospi- need of Chinese for the Gospel, and the tality, of Sewing, of Money, of Time, compensations of work among them. of Family and of the Gospe. Here is described a woman's stewardship in Securing Christian Leaders for Tomorrowher use of a little room, of a needle, A Study in Present Problems of Reernit· of a costly offering, of an hour, of a ing for Christian Life Service. By Sam· little son, and of a message. With uel McCrea Cavert. 12 mo. 179 pages. these instruments of the "common round, the daily task," the book brings Price $1.50. New York. 1926. home the high organizing principle of stewardship which Jesus makes cen- The author might as truthfully be tral in the life of every disciple. called the editor, for the book is really Motherhood is the most important of a compilation of the group discussion all stewardships. Only when the roots and research of eight leaders of reof stewardship are planted in the cruiting in different fields. The findhome, will its fruits abound in the ings of this group were also read and work through all the Church. constructively criticized by nearly a score of others, also leaders in va- DAVID MCCONAUGHY. rious fields of recruiting.

The New Africa. Donald Fraser. 12 mo. It is a serious effort to present the 202 pp. New York and London. 1927. problems of recruiting for Christian callings and the efforts now being Africa and Her l'eoples. F. Deauville made to secure their solution. Walker. 12 mo. 144 pp. London and New York. 1927. It occupies a new fielcJ. and empha- sizes the need for the Christian motive Africa is the Foreign Missions in choosing a life work. study topic for 1928-1929. Here are two valuable helps to the understand- The chapter headings suggest the ing of the Continent, the people and scope of the book: their religions, the mission work and the progress of Christianity. I. The Christian View of Life·Work. II. Beginning with the Child. Dr. Fraser, who has spent a fruit- III. Continuing with the Yonth. ful lifetime in Livingstonia, describes IV. R~aching the College Stndent. graphically the people and how they V. The Right Person in the Right Place. live, the entrance of the Christian VI. Some Conclusions. Church and its influence on education and life, the problems and their only The book should be of interest to all solution in Christ. Christian workers and especially to Mr. Walker, whose book was first written four years ago, gives a more those who are concerned about misgeneral and comprehensive view of the Continent and its progress; the sionary leadership. African family and their beliefs and practices; the progress of Islam and It has many clear compact statethe influence of exploration, science, commerce, and education in making a ments quite quotable-" A man's vonew Africa. Christianity and missions are touched on only incidentally. cation should be the chief manifesta- The Green Gods. .Tosephine Hope Wester- tion of his spiritual life."

velt. 12 mo. 140 pp. $1.50. New York. "The one great way of assuring the 1927. needed leadership for tomorrow is to Indo-China is not well known in make the Church of today what the American circles. This attractive story tells of life and adventure in Church at its best has always been- a center of attraction for the noblest and most heroic souls. " L. B. H.

Der Gegenwaertige Geisteskampf um Ost- a,sien. Theodor Devaranne. Leopold Klotz, Publisher. Gotha. Three Marks. 96 pp.

This very thoughtful book is the fruit' of a trip to the mission field of the Ostasien-Mission, of which the

author is a mission inspector. It is a "The Perfume of Prayer." A unique study from the double viewpoint of feature is the alliteration of the table comparative religion and theory of of contents.

missions. To express the purpose of The author does not shun such the book in the words of the author, topics as the philosophy of prayer and we would quote the following from his modern scientific doubts, but he does foreword: "It is the aim of Christian not give them much space. He is missions to assist the groups of Chris- writing for the everyday Christian tians that already exist in all Asiatic and trusts to positive Scriptural teach- countries, to create for themselves a ing to furnish the light which will Christianity of their own and rooted solve difficulties, and make prayer in their own soil. In how far the re- more enjoyable and profitable.

ligions of eastern Asia still possess The introduction by Dr. W. B. Riley vitality and in how far the events of of Minneapolis, and the carefully t~e present call out a 'quo vadis'? to chosen quotations which precede each Christian missions, that is the aim of chapter greatly enrich the book. At this book to set forth." the conclusion of his preface the The book is a very valuable con- author says, "If the reader will pray tribution to the efforts that are being over each chapter as it is read, openmade, more or less successfully to ac- ing wide the door of the heart so that quaint the West with the hereditary the Holy Spirit may make his throne viewpoints and backgrounds of the there, and at the same time pray for others who may also be reading this nations of the far East. c. T. B. book, a real circle of prayer will be The Potency of Prayer. A Handbook on created which will mean mighty things Prayer for the Everyday Christian. for God. Pray ye, therefore1" Thomas C. Horton. 192 pp. $1.75. New York. 1928. WM. S. MARQUIS.

Many books on prayer are coming Lutherisches Hissionsjahrbuoh fur das from the press. Many circles for Jahr 1928. Pfarrer Gerber, Missionsunited and intercessory prayer are be- Insp. in Leipzig. Leipzig. H. G. Walling organized. Manifestly there is a baum, Pub. quickened interest on this subject, This is the 41st Year-Book of the both within and without the Church. Saxon Mission Conference. It is a It is an ~mcouraging sign. worthy successor to those of former years. To one who would be informed This book, by the founder of the on the Mission Societies of Germany Bible Institute of Los Angeles, after in general and the Lutheran mission forty years of experience as a groups of the world in particular, preacher, pastor and teacher, has there is nothing to equal it. We would been prepared as "a handbook on not like to miss it from our reference prayer for the. everyday Christian." It is very positive in its teaching and library.

every teaching is supported by Scrip- Beside the current review of mis- ture quotations and references. It is sion events, which it presents every practical and has a wealth of facts to year, as well as the statistical and support the belief in prayer as a real bibliographical reviews, there are a help in life. It is also comprehensive, number of papers of current interest with twenty-six short chapters on the on the Lutheran work in the far East, principles, purpose, privilege, prom- and the discussion of several problems ises, price, power-in fact, all the which are of importance among the more important topics on the subject presentations at Jerusalem. These of prayer. The two last chapters deal points will elucidate the contents of with "The Premillennial Prayer," and this valuable year-book. c. T. B.

The Missionary Review of the World — April 1923

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VOL. APRIL,1923 NUMBER LXVI FOUR CHINESE STUDENTS AND CHRISTIANITY T HE strong anti-Christian movement which broke out among students in China a year ago following addresses by Bertrand Russell and Professor Dewey, of Columbia, and just before the Conference of the 'World's Christian Student Federation in Peking, has apparently been comparatively short lived. Some leaders of the Chinese Rennaissance Movement, sUf)h as Tsai Yuan-pei, Chancellor of the Government University at Peking, supported the propaganda and gave courage to students to attack Christianity. They gave a patriotic tone to their charges and won those of socialistic sympathies by saying that Christianity was a capitalistic movement from the West. It is interesting to note that the women students did not join with the young men in the agitation and as there was nothing constructive about it the leaders found little fuel to keep the flame burning.

The failure of the attack was evidenced by the fact that last autumn the Christian mission schools and colleges enrolled larger numbers than ever. Nanking University, with over one thousand students, could only accept one-fourth of the applicants for admission, although tuition and board fees were 150 per cent higher than in government institutions of the same rank and although at Nanking University it is known that students have positive Christian teaching.

Mr. V. P. Ting, a Chinese in Nanking, writes in The Weekly Review, (Shanghai, November 25, 1922) concerning the anti-Christian movement from a Chinese viewpoint: Since the anti·Christian movement which created a momentary excite· ment among the non·Christian Chinese students of Nanking, there has developed a complete lull on the part of its self.important agitators and, on the whole, this unreasonable movement has gradually died down … During recent months, the non·Christian students' attitude toward Christianity has not been so aggressive as during the conference at Peking last year. On the contrary, there have been more non·Christian students of the National Southeastern University, Teachers' College, and their affiliated institutions, who have vol· 245

untarily enlisted themselves as students of Bible classes than ever before. A large number of others have expressed their intention to study the Holy Bible under foreign missionaries. Perhaps some of these students have really wanted to make a serious study of the Bible with the view of grasping the vital principles of Christianity but the majority of them have entered the classes with the motive of brushing up in the English language and literature …

Up to the present, nothing further has been heard of the anti-Christianists. Consequently, in all probability the anti-Christian movement has not borne any serious and detrimental effects on the onward progress of the works of our foreign missionary friends and colleagues.

Mr. B. S. Ding, a Baptist student at Georgetown College, Kentucky, writes in the Home and Foreign Field: "The greatest need of China is not American civilization and education but the simple Gospel of Christ. .. With the salvation of Christ, the Chinese can make their own national prosperity." He strongly deprecates any teaching that is rationalistic or destructive for he says, "The Chinese are naturally skeptical and when leaders from whom they received Christianity cast doubt on God's Word, the Chinese are ready to throw all religion overboard. Under such destructive teaching, students who have been brought up with sincere faith will lose their spiritual.ideals and become infidels."

Non-Christians are perplexed by conflicts between the teaching of those who cast doubts on the truth and authority of the Bible and those who uphold it as the Word of God. They do not see how both views can be true. As the Chinese Monthly states, "young China finds that what is taught by Dewey and Russell is radically different from what the missionaries teach." The tendency to emphasize secular education and social service as the way to life, rather t1an to proclaim the salvation of Christ, leads the Chinese to materialistic views and ambitions. If missionaries lose the self-denying spirit of their Master and fail to put spiritual things first, they must lose their power to build up a strong Christian Church. Mr. Ding says, "Observations by Chinese students of the condition in various nations, especially in the United States, causes many to reject religion blindly. They sometimes observe only the worst side of society and attribute the evils to a lack of power and reality in Christianity. Unwholesome moving picture stories and social exclusion germinate hatred in their minds. They do not realize that Christianity has not fostered these evils but that they are due to a lack of obedience to God's Word." On the whole, the anti-Christian movement seems to have bene- fited the Christian mission work by bringing Christianity to the attention of many who might not have given it serious thought. Chinese leaders of the Church have also been stimulated to examine the foundations of their faith and have not found it difficult to disprove the unfounded charges made against the missionaries and the Chinese Christians.

EDITORIAL COMMENTS

Dr. John E. WilliamsI Vice-President of Nanking University, writes, "I believe that the anti-Christian movement has, on the whole, been a good thing for Christianity in China. It has compelled more careful thinking on the part of nominal Christians, and even Christians of acknowledged leadership, to understand what Christ's teaching really means for China and for their own personal lives. Men prominent in politics, commerce and education who were professing Christians have taken a more positive stand and others who had not done so are giving far more attention to the study of Christianity. "

No movement designed to defeat the cause of Christ can succeed if His followers remain true to Him. No weapon that is formed against the Church shall prosper. The members of Christ's' army need not fear attacks from without but we must guard carefully against any lack of loyalty within the ranks of His ambassadors.

TURKISH DIPLOMACY AND CHRISTIANITY n;FTER the Smyrna tragedy there was a wide appeal from the missionary and religious organizations of America to Presi- dent Harding and to the State Department that the United States should do something to prevent the transportation of the Smyrna tragedies across the Bosphorus into Constantinople and Europe. This appeal included a request that the United States should have official representation in the conference and be ready to take its share in its conclusions. The sentiment of the country was said to be more united on the question whether America should take her place in stopping the tide of barbarism that was threatening to sweep across into Europe. American observers went to Lausanne but were in a difficult position because it was understood that, no matter what was done at Lausanne, the United States would take no responsibility for the result and would join no demonstration against Turkey nor assume any responsibility for the conclusions of the conference.

For three months the discussion continued and the Americans stood for certain specific things. They helped secure the freedom of the Straits and struggled to secure an Armenian National Home but were unsuccessful. Another point was the old question of whether Christians should be driven out of Turkey. Dr. Nansen suggested exchange of populations but that means chiefly driving the Armenians out of Turkey. In some places Turkish notices to Armenians were worded as follows: "You have liberty to go out of the country. If you fail to go now, the government will not be responsible for anything that happens to you later. I, Practically the whole Armenian population evacuated except the men from fifteen to fifty years of age who were compelled to remain as prisoners. The exchange of popu-

lations came to mean the elimination of the Armenians from the Turkish Empire except in Constantinople, and many there have received notice to leave.

At Lausanne, it seems that, in the first place, the Turk has won control of Constantinople and the right to expel a non-Mohammedan population. It seems beyond belief that at a conference of seven nations Turkey was virtually accorded the right to expel her Greek and Armenian populations because they were not satisfactory to her. It is a dangerous precedent to say that a nation that wants to rid itself of any part of its population should have the right to send them out with no warning and no place to go.

Turkey also secured the "right" (under protest), to abrogate previous engagements that she had entered into. All the concessions, all the capitUlations, all the permits, all the agreements that have been entered into by previous Turkish Governments prior to 1918 are abrogated and the Turks are starting anew.

The Turks have also won the absolute elimination of the Armenian question from any futnre discussion. This is the first international conference in Europe that has been held to consider matters of the Near East since and including the Berlin Conference, where the Armenian question has not been up for consideration. The treaty does not mention them except under the name "minority population. " There was much said about the atrocities that have shocked civilization but in the final conclusion there is no indictment of the Turk.

It seems inevitable, unless some Higher Power intervenes, that the Greeks must evacuate the country they occupied two thousand years before they ever heard of Turkey. The Armenians will not be given a National Home within the boundaries of the Turkish Empire, even though it be contrary to every moral sentiment. The Turk has also been allowed the right to expel any other populations he does not like, and the Turks feel toward the Kurds much as they do toward the Armenians.

Dr. James L. Barton, who was an unofficial American observer at Lausanne, gives the following conclusions: "]'irst, we are forced to consider this Turkish case closed. The Turk has carried on his government by processes of massacre for a generation. He has been tried by a court of his peers and they have found no indictment against him. Some say, 'Appeal to the moral judgment of the world.' It was appealed to in 1915 and after the tragedy of Smyrna. It was appealed to when that tragedy was in danger of being repeated in Constantinople. Nothing came of it. The United States can now do nothing for the protection of the Armenians unless it were to declare war on Turkey. We could have joined, three months ago, with England, France and Italy in a firm stand. Then the case could have been settled right and without war.

"We have seen physical force fail in dealing with the Turkish Empire. We are driven to the one thing we can stand for, namelymoral force. The only course open to us is to muster our Christian forces. We have not lost faith in the power of Jesus Christ to win a nation and a people. We are driven from confidence in physical force to our absolute belief and confidence in the power of the Gospel of Christ to change conditions in the world. The Turks in Lausanne recognized that there is a moral need. They said they want missionaries; that religious liberty is accorded. Turkey is no longer a theocracy. The government is divorced from religion. Religion centers in Constantinople and the civil government in Angora.

"Turkey is going to need help to reorganize her government. The Turks will be slow to take experts from Great Britain, France and Italy. America must be ready to fnrnish these. I believe that if we go into the League of Nations with Turkey we can bring to bear on Turkey a moral force that will have weight with her and will help her to be worthy of a place in the sisterhood of nations."

We can and must also continue to send relief to those who suffer from Turkish cruelty, and must send missionaries to the Near East.

"C THE PRESENT PERILS IN CHINA ONDITIONS in China are at a cri_sifl," writes a well-informed correspondent under date of December 20, 1922. "Things cannot go on as they are. Either the foreign powers must intervene or the Chinese must establish a decent, stable government. Many leaders are pocketing the money that should go to railroads, schools, adequate protection and reforms. In the north, bandits have been burning and looting towns and villages, dragging off women and girls for their own wicked purposes. Seventeen foreigners have been seized and held for ransom. Some were civilians and some missionaries."

Mr. F. Frederickson of the Norwegian Lutheran Mission at Lushan, Honan, writes that four or five thousand Chinese bandits and disbanded soldiers entered the city (June 5th) at 3 A.M., the city gates having been opened for the marauders by soldiers placed there to guard them. The city was looted and one third of it was burned, including the city "yamen" and all business and official houses. About two hundred people were killed and thousands were carried off and held for ransom. Mr. Frederickson says: "The mission station was attacked and Mrs. F. Frederickson and I with Miss M. Staurseth lost everything. The houses were set on fire and we, together with the Chinese Christians, were taking shelter in the chapel when the robbers came and ruthlessly took us captive, with threats to kill us all. It was only the protection of God that hindered them from doing so. Mrs. Frederickson and the baby were not al-

lowed to go with me and Miss Staurseth was bound and led away. After seeing the bandit chief, I secured the release for myself and family but Miss Staurseth was taken to the mountains and held captive for four days. When we returned to the station, destruction met our eyes and we did not have a change of clothing, food nor any money except what Ohinese friends gave to us. After a week among the ruins, a soldier escort was secured and took us to the neighboring mission station of the Augustana Synod Mission at Kiahsien where fellow missionaries gave us aid."

A correspondent writes that the kidnapping of a child stirred the diplomatic body in Peking and they sent word to Gen. Wu Pei Fu through the government at Peking, that unless something was done to end the outrages the foreign powers would intervene. General Wu, who had previously done nothing to stop the abuses, sent troops against the bandits who retreated to the mountains. Aeroplanes bombed their strongholds and in terror they set the caphves free.

"Not since the days of the Boxer rebellion have there been so many outrages committed as during the past year, " says the Chinese Recorder. The foreign residents' committee has made a report of these outrages, part of which we quote: "The Augustana Synod Mission has five main stations in Honan, Hsuchow, Yuchow, Juchow, Kiahsien and Honanfu (Loyang). All of these stations had to be abandoned by the foreign missionaries, except Hsuchow. But also at Hsuchow on the Peking-Hankow railway the mission schools have been closed and practically all work has been at a standstill. More than twenty adults of the Augustana Synod Mission took refuge in Hankow, Ohengchow, or Peking.

"At Juchow the two missionaries, A. Lundeen and A. O. Forsberg, were taken captive. The station was looted, the missionaries losing most of their personal belongings. The China Inland Mission has also suffered heavily. Shangtsai station was looted in part. From this station the bandits carried the Rev. H. E. N. Ledgard. Shengchiu station was looted and partly burned. Mrs. and Miss Soderstrom were carried away from this station. At Yingchowfu in Anhwei the brigands looted the station and burned the new residence of the foreign ladies which had been occupied only a week or ten days.

"These three stations as well as Kwangshow were all abandoned by the Ohina Inland missionaries. In all, twelve adults from these four stations are refugees at the time of writing. Besides these four, four other stations were temporarily vacated by the missionaries.

"Kidnapping of foreigners has become a common thing. In the early part of 1922 Rev. W. H. Oldfield of the Christian and Missionary Alliance was captured by bandits in Kwangsi. Later, a French priest of Wuchan, Kweichow, was sent out to plead with the robbers not to loot a town. He was held as hostage on condition that the remaining $8.000 of the $10,000 which had been demanded, be paid.

EDITORIAL COMMEN'fS

Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor of the China Inland Mission were captured at a small village not far from Yunnanfu. Mrs. Taylor was released in order to bring the terms upon which her husband might also be released. One of the conditions was that the advance of soldiers should be stopped.

"The climax has been reached in the recent outrages in Honan. During the fighting last May between Wu P'ei-fu's and Chang Tsolin's forces, the military governor of Honan, Chao J'i, took sides against Wu P'ei-fu with disastrous results to himself and his followers. Many of his defeated soldiers and officers thereupon turned brigands and have been the backbone of the brigand forces which have ravaged Honan the past few months. " Lushan, where Mr. and Mrs. Frederickson were captured, is less than seventy-five miles from the headquarters of General Wu P'ei-fu.

China is in despair. The people do not want another revolution nor do they wish foreigu intervention to produce order but they do desire above all things peace and stability. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have failed to lift the country out of this evil state and now Christianity has a great opportunity. Those who have put Jesus Christ to the test know that He gives the foundations for character. Only the power of God can save an individual or a nation.

THE WOMEN'S COLLEGES IN THE ORIENT T HE story of the raising of the $3,000,000 fund for the Women's Union Colleges in the Orient is told on another page. Success was due chiefly to the faithful and self-sacrificing service of Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, who, with the help of many other devoted women, planned and carried on the campaign. Mrs. Peabody was herself a missionary in India and from first hand knowledge speaks of the need of educated Christian leadership among the women of the Far East, where women are making their influence felt in many walks of life.

Graduates from the colleges and medical schools are already working for their less fortunate sisters and are founding Christian homes and schools. One of the students in an Indian college said to her Bible teacher, "I was a Buddhist when I came to college, my father is one of the leading Buddhists in Ceylon, but the Bible is so wonderful, and after a year with you I, too, was a Christian. I have waited another year to be quite sure. Please allow me to go back to my own people and be baptized. You here are Christians. My testimony would have no special weight but it may be that some of my people who have never known will find the way through me." Her own mother came first through her "testimony" and now she is going back to lead her own people to Christ.

The people are demanding an education and teachers are greatly needed. It is not good to employ non-Christians in mission schools

and Christian colleges alone can supply trained Christian leadership. Other forces are active and non-Ohristian or anti-Ohristian teachers may undo much that missionaries have done.

Many reforms are needed in family, social, industrial and politicallife. These cannot be wrought by foreigners but when a sufficient number of native Christians are trained to influence public sentiment, they will demand that the evils cease.

Last year a questionnaire was sent out to 218 college women in Japan. One question was, "What changes would improve the homes in Japan?" A large number entered a protest against the geisha contracts, calling them an insult to Japanese womanhood. This shows that college women are at work to change the prevailing evils that hinder the development of their sisters. Thousands of girls in India, Ohina and Japan desire to be educated in order that they may help their own people. Nothing short of a truly Christian education will fit them for the task.

Now that the financial future of these seven colleges is assured, the Ohristian women of America who have given to the fund must see to it that the training is kept thoroughly Christian-that Jesus Christ is exalted in these colleges; that His deity is acknowledged and that these young women are taught to look to Him as the only Saviour from sin. The Bible must be taught as the Word of God and final authority in all matters of religious faith and practice. Then these colleges will succeed as dispensers of light in the Orient.

THE TWOFOLD FAMINE IN RUSSIA T HERE is in Russia both a famine of bread and a famine of the Word of God. Among the greatest sufferers are the students, professors and religious leaders. The European Student Relief of the World's Student Christian Federation has done valiant work since 1917 in keeping alive, largely through self-help schemes, thousands of the student class in central and eastern Europe. The following description shows something of the life of a typical Russian professor today: "If he is an instructor of engineering or medicine he is supposed to receive as food a monthly allowance of bad fish, some rye flour, and a quart of sunflower oil. Even a technical expert is really fortunate if he receives one such ration in three months. The professors and students of the so-called liberal arts get nothing. They are looked upon as parasites and hence are hardly tolerated. Professors as well as students last winter bartered every salable thing which they possessed for food, clothing, lodging, or firewood. This winter they have nothing to sell. There are no regular jobs to be had as laborers, the average lodgings available for theit limited funds are impossibly foul and desperate, the fuel, if they have any, must be gathered per-

EDITORIAL OOMMENTS

sonally in the forests, and they have no light by which to study except lamps made from empty containers and kept burning with the almost priceless sunflower oil, each drop of which when burned means so much less with which to satisfy their ever-present hunger. With no help whatever this winter a strong professor or student must work from sixteen to eighteen hours to meet expenses for himself. This leaves nothing extra for a family. Further help must be given by the outside world or the light of education and learning in Russia will be extinguished altogether."

The American Relief Administration reports from Moscow that eighty-five of the students who are being fed with American food are making a big return upon that investment. They receive one meal a day at the student-feeding kitchens of the city, maintained by the Student Friendship Fund of the WorId 's Student Christian Federation of which the Y. W. C. A. and the Y. M. C. A. are the American representatives. They give one day and one night out of every three to the work that the American Relief Administration is doing for refugees and for children. Themselves poverty-stricken, they give generously of their only possessions, time and love. Their particular department is the collecting and distributing work, and their special field consists of the seven railroad stations into which trains from the famine-stricken areas run. It is a hard and a dangerous work. So many of the refugees who come into the Moscow stations have typhus that more than half the eighty-five students working among them have already suffered from that dread disease. More than 10,000 students in Russia are receiving one meal a day in the student kitchens maintained by the Student Friendship Fund.

The American Friends Service Committee, in announcing a budget of $2,675,000 to cover its work in Russia until September, 1923, stated: "We make feeding our first object, and use funds for reconstruction only after famine relief has been provided. It should be realized, however, that agricultural and other reconstruction work is itself famine relief work in the broadest sense of the term. Until the agriculture of the famine zone is reconstructed, the famine cannot be terminated; and our reconstruction program is just as essential to permanent saving of life as is relief feeding. All reports indicate that the suffering in the famine area is going to be almost as great this year as last. The great shortage of horses and seeds made it impossible for the peasants to plant enough for their needs, and a :very severe drought during the summer of 1922 very seriously affected what little grain was planted. Large numbers survived the famine last year by eating their livestock, but this year little stock remains to be eaten. Last year famine sufferers who ·had clothing or other valuable possessions sold them for food, but this year they will not have that resource either. They will depend more completely than ever upon outside relief for their lives."

Other Christian relief agencies, like the Efficient Russian Evangelization Society of New York, are working particularly to save the evangelical Christians of Russia and are at the same time feeding the people with the Word of God.

The need of spiritual food is quite as great as for temporal bread. According to a British newspaper correspondent, if we would correctly understand the position of Communism in regard to Russian life and the internal and external policy of the Soviet Government, it is necessary to see Communism in its true light as a new religion, the state religion of Russia. Mr. Duranty finds that Communism is the accepted doctrine of the Russian State, and cites the statement of Lunacharsky, the Soviet Minister of Education, that Communist teaching would form a part of the Russian scheme of instruction, from elementary schools to the universities.

The Christian message to Russia will not only bring practical help for the problems of every-day life but will bring about right relations to God and preparation for the life to come.

UNOCCUPIED CHINA Almost one-fourth of China proper still remains unclaimed by any Protestant Church or Chinese Home Missionary Society. In addition an area exceeding in extent the whole of China proper and embracing almost all of Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Sinkiang, Kokonor, Chwanpien and Tibet remains unclaimed and practically unentered. To these great stretches of unclaimed territory we must add cities of Indo-China, Formosa, the East Indies and other places where Chinese estimated at over eight million in total number reside, and where as yet comparatively little Christian work is done among these relatively influential countrymen. No missionary society has assumed evangelistic responsibility for forty per cent of Kweichow, Yunnan, Kansu and Kwangsi. The population of these unclaimed areas is fifteen million. There is not one foreign doctor in Inner or Outer Mongolia. . Of the three-fourths of China proper for which Christian missions have now acknowledged responsibility, many sections are so' poorly worked that 380,000 square miles, or one-quarter still lies 30 Ii or more beyond any reported evangelistic center. Add this to the unclaimed area and approximately 46 per cent of the total area of China proper still remains relatively unoccupied for Christ.

We have only begun to bring in the harvest. The great need of the Church of Christ in China is to receive a fresh spirit of Apostolic evangelism. It is possible to be busy organizing, raising our educational standards, increasing our hospital efficiency, multiplying our expressions of Christian service and yet overlooking the supreme and immediate need of harvesting the ripened grain.

A GROUP OF OUTCASTES-THEl "UNTOUCHABLElS"-IN

The New Opportunity in India BY REV. W. L. FERGUSON, D.D., MADRAS, SOUTH INDIA Missionary of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, 1895- T wo forces are struggling for the mastery in India today, The Past and The Present, The Old and The New. The Past is sayiug, "Back to the Vedas and Shastras, to the ways and works of the Ancients." The Present is saying, "Let us break their bands asunder and cast away their cords from us." The Old stands fearful and frowning, with warning voice and uplifted hand, saying, "Beware!" The New is young and fair, "like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and as a strong man to run a race," ready, eager, confident, impatient at either warning or restraint and anxious to be off and away upon the unknown and untried course called The Future.

255

What will be the issue of the struggle 7 Will India break with her pasU Will she, dare she, abandon her caste, her ancient social, economic, educational, commercial and political systems and substitute for them the modern spirit of progress, equality and fraternity; give freedom of choice to the individual in such vital and important matters as selecting a trade, vocation, profession or a wife; adopt with all its possibilities for good or evil the new scientific learning of the West; employ to the full the machinery and processes of present day commerce and merchandising; and accept with all its implications the doctrine of democracy, giving it practical application in local, provincial and national government? And more important than all, Will she, dare she, change her ancient religious systems for a new and more aggressive faith f Will Hinduism, Buddhism, Mohammedanism and many others pass with the old order, as did the religions of Greece, Rome and the rest of Europe and will CHRIST win His way to the hearts of all?

To give adequate answer to all these questions would require the writing of a book. The most that can be accomplished here is to give some hints or what has been and now is going on.

That India is moving in the direction of Christ there can be no doubt, especially when one compares the India of today with the India of a century or a century and a half ago. History has a way of repeating itself, sometimes down to the last detail, and this is true of India and the spread of the Christian faith. Look at that old India, closed fast against the entry of the missionary; that India inunersed in satis£.action with its caste and its religion; that India with lords many and gods many-330,OOO,OOO; that India with its idolatry, human sacrifices and widow-burning; with its outcastes, Laws of Manu and self-inflicted woes; with its priestly caste in practical possession of the keys to knowledge, privilege and power; with its high lights of wisdom and philosophy on the one hand, the possession oithe few, and on the other hand its dense darkness for the people as a whole.

Now place over against that the coming of CHRIST and His message and see what the years have wrought. At first the missionary was ignored or treated as a curiosity, just as he was in Athens in the first century. "Some said, ·What would this babbler say? others, He seemeth to be a setter forth of strange gods; because he preached Jesus and the resurrection." Then arose at successive stages disputations, oppositions, persecutions and ostracism, so that those who followed The Way ultimately became "The sect everywhere spoken against." From Brahman convert to outcaste convert all who accepted Christ had to endure the ban of fire and water, the loss of friends, property, worldly prospects and family ties. This still continues in greater or less degree; but with less strength many times than in the past.

THE NEW OPPORTUNITY IN INDIA

At present the conflict has advanced to the literary stage, where tracts, books and pamphlets in refutation of the Christian message are being freely produced, and to the active counter propaganda of public preaching by Hindus and Mohammedans whose aim is to -confute us and to confirm their own adherents. Down to the last detail the methods of the Christian missions are being imitated or duplicated, in young people's work, in Sunday schools, in work for women shut in their homes and in open proclamation in the streets. The day of organized and vigorous resistance is upon us; but we do not fear because the light is shining with ever increasing brightness. It is interesting sometimes to observe what ancient charges are renewed.

Once, in a village some miles back from the main highway I heard a man reproach one of the Christians who had just been attending worship and the observance of the Lord's Supper, saying, "Your religion is abominable; I want nothing to do with it. You have just been drinking the blood of a baby who has been sacrificed." Students of early. church history will recognize this as one of the indictments brought against Christians in the Roman Empire. One could adapt Paul's descriptive words (1 Cor. 1: 22-24) thus: Mohammedans ask for signs and Hindus seek after wisdom; but we preach Christ crucified, unto }fohammedans a stumblingblock, and unto Hindus foolishness; but unto them that are called, both Mohammedans and Hindus, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God. Because the foolishness of God is wiser than men; and the weakness of God is stronger than men.

The constant preaching of the message: There is one God and Father of all; there is one Lord and Saviour of men; there is one hope and way of salvation; there is equal opporhmity for king and beggar, for caste and outcaste in the kingdom of grace, for God is no respecter of persons-the preaching of these elemental truths of the Gospel and the practical exemplification of them in service has made a deep and an abiding impression upon India so that she is no longer the same. These basic words are becoming the common possession and belief of the multitudes and the effects are correspondingly noticeable. While the major portion of the changes to be noted is doubtless due to the Christian message, the interplay of other forces, such as the British administration in government, modern education, commerce with the outer world including foreign travel and the Great War, should not be forgotten, and whatever credit is due should be assigned to them.

These are some of the changes which one long resident in India and familiar with its customs may note: Oaste i& undergoing great and constant changes. Its spirit and attitude toward the lower castes and tne outcastes is modified to such an extent that Brahman and other leaders are instituting :3

WHERE MISSION WORK IS BEGUN-A HlTT USED FOR A VILLAGE SCHOOL measures for the social, intellectual and economic uplift of these depressed classes. Such efforts are not new in India, for missionaries and government have been at work on these tasks for nearly a century. The thing that is new is to have the high castes recognize the manhood and the needs of these humble folk and to begin to bestir themselves for their reclamation. Caste-intermarriage has not yet become popular; but caste-interdining with social and political fellowship is rapidly increasing, especially in the cities and larger towns. Political and social reformers of all parties are discussing the caste problem; most of them are unsparing in condemning the system; and many are seeking ways and means for freeing themselves and the people from its rule.

Idolatry is scotched; but not killed. Like caste it will be long in dying out. Its defenses are weakened and one now hears little of the theory that the particular god represented by the image is resident in the image, having come in at the time of dedication. Rather is the defense similar to that which is made by a devout Roman Catholic for the use of his images, that they are aids to worship and faith.

Polygamy is declining as an institution both among Mohammedans and such classes of Hindus as once openly practised it. Men are more and more becoming ashamed of it and are ceasing their efforts to defend and uphold it. Monogamy is becoming the universal custom.

THE NEW OPPOR'l'UNITY IN INDIA

W idow-remar'riage is becoming common. It has always been lawful for a man to remarry after the death of his wife; but until recently women have been compelled to perpetual widowhood, with all the domestic and social deprivations which Hinduism imposed. The reform began with the remarriage of virgin widows,-those girls who in infancy had lost their husbands through death. I well remember the day when the senior missionary at a great gathering stood on a chair and read out to the entire assembly the news of the first widow-remarriage to occur during his long service in India. Today such events are so common as to provoke scarcely a comment in the press. "When one considers that there are some 26,- 500,000 widows in the land the importance of this reform becom~s apparent.

Child-marriage is slowly dying out. "The census tables of 1911 show that at that time there were more' than 2,500,000 wives under ten years of age, and over 134,000 under five; and 13,212 under one year old. The system is under condemnation by the best social reformers, and the two Native States of Mysore and Baroda have passed laws making it unlawful to marry girls under the ages of eight and nine years of age in these respective States. Besides the Christian missions and churches, two other religious organizations, A center where new Cbristian leaders are being trained

the Brahmo Samaj in Bengal and the Arya Samaj in North India, are working to overthrow the custom.

The practice of dedicating girls and women to the service of Hindu temples is being attacked by Hindu reformers. Many of these girls and women have been formally married to the idols in the temples, have been taught to sing, dance and perform publicly at Hindu festivals, at marriages and on other great occasions. What such a system has produced in the way of moral degradation and shame is known only to the women themselves and to those who have gone among them as friends carry- ing the message of hope. All honor to the enlightened ruler of Mysore, His Highness the Maha- raja, who at one stroke of his pen abolished the system in the temples within his domain! Hindus them- selves must handle this reform, for since it is connected with reli- gion and the administration of the temple and its worship, the British 'Government, which is pledged to religious neutrality, cannot touch it with legislation.

Obscene carving$, and orna- mentations on the temples and A PRODUCT OF HINDUISM temple cars are becomil!-g less in A Hindu "Holy Man" receiving alms evidence. In South India, in the parts most familiar to me,. during the past fifteen years I have not known of more than one new temple to be built with these objectionable objects exposed to public view; and in the restoration of temples such figures are being omitted.

All these things and many more which might be cited indicate that there is now in India such a thing as public opinion and a growing conscience to which appeal can be made, and successfully, for reforms. A new day is dawning for the 50,000,000 outcastes, the 500,000 blind, the 200,000 deaf and dumb, the 81,000 insane and the 110,000 lepers. CHRIST has come to India; his voice has been heard pleading for the widow, the poor, the oppressed, and for him that. had no helper; and his voice is prevailing. In each forward step India is moving towards HIM. The people as never before are aware ()f themselves and of each other. The spirit of liberty and of democracy is abroad and the masses are beginning to claim and to clamor for manhood rights, suffrage, prohibition of the drink traffic, universal elementary education and much more. Sunday is generally

PRE NEW OPPORTUNrry IN INDIA

observed as a holiday in the cities and chief towns; Christmas is celebrated increasingly by Mohammedans and Hindus; and Chris- tian standards prevail in courts of law, in marts of trade and in the practice of journalism and the learned professions. Yes, the trend is certainly toward CHRIST in the country as a whole. Thus great has been the impact of the Christian message and the influence of the nascent churches, whose membership and· clientele now number more than 5,000,000 of every name; whose increase dur- ing the past decade has been fully 60 per cent.

Prospects for future advance? Is there any reason to hope for the speedy evangelization of India; and what is onr present opportu- nity for pressing on and completing the task ~ Let the answer be brief and to the point, namely, The prospects never were better. There are no obstacles more difficult to overcome than those which have already been faced and in a meas- ure conquered. The main tools for our task have now been fashioned and their worth proved.

There are the translations of the A PRODUCT OF CHRISTIANITY Bible into all the main tongues spoken An Indian physician and his bride (also a in the Empire. phYSician) ready for se!'Vice There is a growing volume of Christian literature which is refreshing and fertilizing the thought of aU classes, men and women, boys and girls.

There are the thousands upon thousands of village schools conducted by the missions and churches, with their daily teaching of scripture and their emphasis upon right living both before God and man.

There are the scores of high schools under Christian management where thousands of the choicest youth of the land, both boys and girls are being taught.

There are the Christian colleges dotted over the Provinces and Presidencies, in which the best and soundest learning of our day is being imparted to the future leaders of India, colleges for women a few and for men many.

There are the normal training schools for teachers, the industrial and trades schools for youth of both sexes, the theological institutions for preparing evangelists and pastors for their life vocations.

There are the medical schools and nurses' training schools for women, the hospitals, dispensaries, the homes for the blind, the lepers, the orphans, the aged and the infirm.

Last, but not least, there is the indigenous Christian community, which is feeling as never before its strength and its responsibility for the aooomplishing of the work yet to be done.

Recent years have witnessed a marvelous development in self-government, self-support and self-extension.

Home and foreign missions are being maintained and successfully prosecuted by the churches of India.

Christians are exerting an influence on the thought and life of the country all out of proportion to their present numbers. Let none underestimate their importance in shaping the future and let none minimize the greatness of the work hitherto aecomplished in bringing such forces into being.

On the other hand, let none fail to recognize the gigantic proportions of the task yet to be done. As yet only a little more than one out of seventy of the population is in any sense Christian; there are many areas only partially occupied by missions, where strong reinforcements are needed; there are other areas wholly unoccupied and unevangelized and these ought speedily to be pre-empted for Christ. Moreover there is the changing social, religious and political order previously noted in this article, the outcome of which none can foresee. There is always the possibility of reaction setting in and stopping the course of progress.

But none of these things, nor all of them together, should move or dismay ns, for the people are open-minded and the only possibility of defeat lies in a lagging programme and in failure to cooperate with God while His Spirit is abroad ill these wonderful days.

INDIAN CHRISTIANS AT AN ANNUAL CONFERENCE ObUVJOll8 to the passing of time, they listen attentively to messages on sin and the Divine Saviour

Thoburn-A Practical

BY REV. HARRY FARMER, D.D., NEW YORK CITY Associate Secretary of the Board of Fo.reign Missions, Methodist Episcopal Church A T Meadville, Pennsylvania, 011 November 28,1922, ther e passed. away, at eighty-seven years of age, one of the great leaders of modern missionary enterprise. }i'or fourteen years James M. Thoburn had been living in retirement and to his home in Meadville, there went from time to time great leaders of the Christian Church to consult with him or to receive his advice and benediction upon their work for world conquest.

For over fifty years he was an active missionary in India and during twenty years exercised the office of Bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church. In his latter years present day affairs gradu- ally failed to impress him. India filled his thoughts. Once hearing a visitor tell of just having come from Columbus, 0., he inquired, "'Vhat country is that in ' " and on being informed it was America, he .replied: ' "I went to school in America when a boy, but I live in India now."

James Mills Thoburn was A RECENT PORTRAIT OF BISHOP born in St. Clairsville, Ohio, on THO BURN March 7, 1836. He was the seventh of ten children, born to his parents Matthew and Jane Lyle Crawford Thoburn. He received his early training in a Methodist home and church and after being graduated from Allegheny College in 1857 he sailed for India as a missionary in 1859. He became known far and wide in heathen countries and Christian lands as one who exemplified the life and words of Christ. He was small of stature, almost insignificant in bearing, and might pass unnoticed by those who did not know him. When he returned on furlough after ten years of service in India, preachers and church officials paid him but little attention, and not many pulpits were opened to him. At an Iowa Conference of preachers, he could not secure an opportunity to speak, until the ladies of the Women's Foreign Missionary Society, lacking a speaker 263

at their anniversary, invited him to make the address. A few remain who heard him and they testify that it was the most compelling and thrilling address of their lives. Immediately invitations for missionary talks were pressed upon him, and in a short time he had collected the $25,000 needed for his special projects, and returned to the field to carry on his work.

Having given his life to India Bishop Thoburn never once turned back. whell the Board could not supply funds to keep pace with God in the forward movements, Bishop Thoburn appealed directly to the Church, and began the campaign for special gift support, which brought in to the India work before his retirement, several hundred thousand dollars annually, and which netted a yearly income of a million dollars to the Methodist Board for all foreign mission fields.

Bishop Thoburn was a pioneer in every sense of the word. Like Saint Paul, he liked to travel new paths and to sail unknown seas. He could not resist the call of the needy, and seemed to have a sixth sense which led him into strange places. One incident is typical. He was at work on his Sunday sermon one Saturday and could not keep his mind on the subject. At last he arose and put on his coat and hat and went out into the storm. He went into strange streets and at last was led to enter a house and inquired whether anyone there needed the services of a pastor. He found a man who was in despair and in contemplation as to how he might take his life. In a short time, Dr. Thoburn made this wayward son acquainted with his Friend and Saviour, and left him full of life and new hope.

The Eurasian people made up a large part of the English speaking community in every large city in India, and in Thoburn's early missionary experience, very little was done for them. I,earning of the evangelistic tours of William Taylor, Dr. Thoburn invited him to come to India, and planned the series of meetings in Bombay, Calcutta, Lucknow and other large cities of India, which swept many thousands of people into the Kingdom. These converts were organized into self-supporting churches, which today are the centers of great missionary influence. When William Taylor returned to the United States, Thoburn gave up his missionary connection and support, and for many years led this evangelistic movement among English speaking people in India.

A country with more than 300,000,000 people might well constitute a sufficient challenge for any man, but to this missionary, whose ear was so delicately attuned, there came other cries from great distances. He crossed the Bay of Bengal, and preached to the hungry for righteousness in Rangoon, Burma. Soon he passed on to Singapore where many rallied to his call. Large English speaking churches resulted, and became the bases for reaching the native population of Malaysia. From Singapore, the work spread through-

BISHOP THOBURN- A PRACTICAL PROPHET

out the Malay Peninsula, into Borneo, Java and Sumatra. On one .occasion, while offering prayer in the Singapore Church, Bishop Thoburn was led to pray for Manila, the only city in the East then closed to the Gospel messenger. H e pled for these people who were without the Bible and the free Gospel. Before ending the prayer, he seemed to see in a vision the barred gates of Manila open, and he broke into praise and thanksgiving for a prayer-answering God.

Bishop Thoburn was both saint and seer. His life was holy, but this did not seem to separate him from men. It rather attracted them to him. His preaching in India was attended by constant revivals. Christians came to him for advice and direction; sinners came for confession and prayer. He would not be discouraged nor overwhelmed by the masses of ignorant low-caste people and untouchables, nor by opposition and persecution of the Hindus and Mohammedans. He turned to the oppressed and needy With a sure faith that his Saviour was sufficient to care for them and to train leaders to instruct and guide them. While loyal to the practices of his Church, he did not hesitate to use his own judgment in organizing the new converts into churches, and in- stituting plans unknown in the ;.s JAMES THOBURN SAILED FOR INDIA home Church. He established village schools and simple church services. He brought the leaders together into District Conferences and Institutes-a method since adopted in America. He introduced Indian tunes with specially written hymns, and in every way tried to adopt the right method in preparing a service of worship and praise for these new-born Christians.

His heart was greatly touched by the abject condition of woman and her lack of recognition in the Indian family. His keen perception grasped the truth, that she could be rescued only by the efforts of consecrated Christian womanhood. He induced his sister Isabella to give up her home and profession and return to India with him. Her work was successful and marked out the way for others, so that

she not only left her name to the Women's College of Lucknow, but it is forever written on the hearts of Indian womanhood.

Bishop Stuntz, who was called into India by Bishop Thoburn, said of him: "In all that he said or did there was the prophetic note. He looked into the future. He looked at totals, not at items. He sought the currents, because he was not satisfied to move about the eddies."

At the Laymen's 1:nssiou'ary Congress in Chicago in 1909, the Chairman introduced Bishop Thoburn as the greatest missionary statesman of his generation, and he had the honor of opening the first session with prayer, and closing the last session with the benediction. The Christian Advocate has well described him: "Without spectacular qualities, with no special gift for dramatic eloquence, nevertheless by sheer force of spiritual endowment, breadth of sympathy and administrative skill, he won recognition in India, in America and the world, as perhaps the greatest missionary leader that ).1:ethodism has produced."

<When retired by the General Conference in 1908, he said: "My parting word to you is that you will carry with you always the conviction that when .Jesus Christ said: 'I am with you always,' He meant what He said."

Bishop Thoburn walked with God-not ahead of Him, nor behind Him, but with Him, in such familiar, joyful fellowship and service that his aims and utterances were divinely inspired. He knew his IJord, he knew the Word, he knew the human heart and the only cure for sin, and he spared no effort in striving to make Christ known. He early saw that missionaries could never evangelize the people that must be reached, and that only by the enlisting of multitlldes of converts, both of men and women, to tell the Wondrous Story in their own tongue, could the work be accomplished.

In 1900, at the Ecumenical Missionary Conference, New York, he said: "If this Conference and those whom it represents will do their duty, within the first decade of the new century, 10,000,000 souls might be gathered into the Church of Christ.'.' .The Living Christ was his favorite theme. "It is not enough," he said, "to proclaim the fact that Jesus rose from the dead; but to add to this the supreme assertion that He who was dead and rose to life again is living still; that he is the King of nations, the Saviour of sin- ners, the Helper of universal humanity." This conviction characterized his whole career. The Indian Witness.

Probably the most striking thing about Bishop Thoburn was the way in which he combined the supernatural and spiritual elements with the practical and business qualities of life. This combination was in his case so perfect that it gave to his life a symmetry and value altogether unusual. His piety was of the type that could stand any test, yet his ideas and plans fitted in perfectly with the daily life of "small things" that mark all our lives. He touched great affairs of the kingdom and petty matters of daily routine with the same consciousness of God's· presence and realization of His leading.

Rev. Benton T. Badley.

MOSLEM PROPAGANDIST

(1) The Message. Colombo, Ceylon. Tamil edition. (2) The Light. Published in Lahore, India. Edited by MUstafa Khan. (3) Liwa·el-Islam. In Arabic. PUblished in Berlin; (4) Echo de l'Islam-in French. Published jn France. Organ of the Islamic Bureau of Information. (5) The Muslim-organ of tbe Anjurman-i-Jslam. Singapore. (13) The Moslem Sunrise, Chicago. Ahmedj sect. Edited by Mufti Muhammad Sadiq. (7) The Islamic Review. Tamil edition, Madras, India. (8) Tbe Islamic Review. Urdu edition, India. (9) The Islamic Review, Waking, England. Edited by Khwaja Karval-ud-din.

The Situation in the Moslem World An address given at the Fore'i,qn Missions Conference, BethLehem, Pa.

BY REV. SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, D.D., F .R.G.S., CAIRO, EGYPT Editor of The Moslem Wol'ld A LTHOUGH the political chaos in the Near East rivets the attention of the public and the press, it is not the vital factor in evangelizing the Moslem world. Nor does this political situation, however perplexing, concern the whole Moslem world, but only a small fraction of its vast population.

The economic and social condition of the world of Islam is today such, and has been such for decades and centuries, that to rehearse its elements would" stir a fever in the blood of age," and would make all of us willing to devote our whole time aud strength to social service in any land where women and children live under Moslem conditions.

267

But the social and economic condition is not the vital factor in evangelism. The vital and determining factor in the consideration of the Moslem world situation from a Ohristian point of view is the spiritual factor. Back of the other conditions is the religious factor, both on the side of Christianity and on the side of Islam.

There are grave and age-long chasms that divide Islam, from Islam, such as the Shiah and the Sunni sects, and other divisions almost equally deep, but in the present world situation, there is a' unity in the Moslem world, the 15,000,000 Shiahs, as well as the nearly 195,- 000,000 Sunni Mohammedans, which consists, among both Shiah and Sunni Mohammedans, in age-long antagonism to Ohrist and Ohris- tianity. 11 i The real unity of the Moslem world consists not in geographical proximity, although it might appear so as outlined on a map, for Islam has invaded all continents and crossed the seven seas. Nor is that unity political, in spite of the Caliphate movement in India, and the pan-Islamic movement on the part of the Turks. The Mo- hammedaI). dervish orders (which spread like a network all over the map) may be considered a political danger, but that is not the real and binding unity of the Moslem world. Nor is the unity racial, for all the races are represented.

Neither is it linguistic, although the dominating sacred language, that binds together these Mohammedans, is the speech of the Koran, Arabic. This linguistic unity is at first blush most remarkable.

There is a journal published in Oairo called El Hillal which has a department of questions and anwers. It has agents in Baltimore, in South America and in Malaysia, and in the November number subscribers asked questions on religious and social matters from Alexandria, Jerusalem, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Richmond; J a- maica; Linga, Persia; Oordova in Argentine; Portland, Oregon; and the Transvaal. One letter came from French Guiana, asking in regard to Mohammedan burial customs and modernism. Such a magazine proves the marvelous linguistic unity. Yet that is not the unity of the Moslem world.

Nor is it primarily social, although the social system of Islam is well nigh universally the same in its treatment of the child and womanhood. Nor is it ritual. To the world traveler, the muezzin's call and the minaret, and a half dozen other 'peculiarities like the Moslem's rosary are evideuce of an external unity of ritual.

The real unity of the Moslem world is the blending of all these elements and the vitalizing of them by the dynamic of the spirit of lslam-a spirit of faith, of conviction, of intolerance, if you will, but an intolerance that has many points worthy of admiration.

The unity of Islam is a unity of the spiritual life, based on the conviction that Allah is the supreme and only Deity; that Moham- med is the final revelation of that Deity's will and goal and purpose

THE SITUATION IN THE MOSLEM WORLD

for humanity. In the great Mohammedan mosque, the former Christian Church, of St. Sophia, there hang high two shields-on one of which is written "Allah," and on the other "Mohammed."

Those two names dominate the whole Moslem world, Shiah, as well as Sunni, and this spiritual unity was never so real as it is today. Dr. J. Campbell White has often said that "there are four things that bind men's souls together with bands of steel: A common faith, a common hope, a common task, and a common peril." If you were a Mohammedan, Shiah or Sunni, think how your heart would throb at each of these conceptions and you would feel that there is a real unity in Allah's program for the world under the leadership of Mohammed.

. The second factor in the present situation in Islam is the marvelous accessibility of all Moslem lands and of all classes among Moslems to the messengers of Christ Except Afghanistan, the holy cities of West Arabia, and the present disturbed areas in Turkey and around the Caspian, the whole Moslem world is open to the missionary. Seven-eighths of the Moslem world's population and nearly as much of the Moslem world's area is accessible. We can make no valid excuse for not carrying the Gospel to these Mohammedans. If there ever was any excuse for failing to go to Moslem lands because of closed doors that excuse has been forever abrogated by Western invasion and colonization. All doors are wide open.

In North Africa last summer, I never was compelled to use my passport for I was still on French soil and was able to travel over Morocco, Tunis, and Algeria, giving missionary addresses in cities where there were no missionaries and to audiences that were wholly Mohammedan or with small groups of Christians. There is no hindrance to the messenger of Christ. The same is true of the vast population of 70,000,000 Mohammedans in India and the 45,000,000 in the Dutch East Indies. Yet how large a proportion are still utterly neglected because the missionary societies are unable to cope with the situation.

This wonderful accessibility of the Moslems in Persia has been shown by the testimony of Dr. Speer; has been proved by Dr. Paul W. Harrison who, as a missionary, was able to visit Riadh, the capital of Central Arabia. It is also shown by the experience of Miss Jenny de Mayer, who has gone into the heart of Central Asia, and has proved that even a lonely woman can preach the Gospel of Jesus Christ freely in these unoccupied Moslem lands.

This fact that all these lands are open, is a challenge to the Church of Jesus Christ to occupy them before He come.

In the third place, correspondence from many lands, and my own experience, shows an increasing responsiveness among Mohammedans to the missionary message. The medical missions in Arabia, south and east, have proved this beyond the shadow of a doubt. In

Palestine, the colporteur who followed Allenby's army, and is now carrying on work under Mr. Archibald Forder, is proving that all Syria and Palestine is open to the message of the printed page.

Public meetings held last year in Algiers, Casablanca, Tunis, Alexandria, Cairo and other great centers, proved that one can gather together groups of intelligent Mohammedans anywhere and can tact- fully, lovingly, present the Gospel of Christ without hindrance. At Modjowarno in Java I spoke in a crowded church for an hour on the death of our Lord and its significance as a ransom for sin. Nearly half of the audience were Moslems and the others, converts from Islam. When Sherwood Eddy came to Cairo, we could not find theaters large enough for the crowds that came to hear his message. A converted Mohammedan on the platform read the entire Sermon on the Mount, pronouncing every word distinctly. Dr. Sherwood Eddy spoke on the text, "What shall I do with Jesus who is called the ChrisU" and fearlessly proclaimed Christ as a Saviour from sin. Copies of the Sermon on the Mount were not only read, but were taken home.

The responsiveness of Moslems is one of the remarkable facts in the ,present situation. This is proved also from the output of every press that is printing the Gospel and Christian books for Mo- hammedans. There is today a hunger for the Word of God, prac- tically in every place where it is offered.

In the fourth place, there is an increasing activity and hostility on the part of the Moslem press. -We expect this, because the Bible itself, as Christ, is always "a sign that shall be spoken against." Opposition is a proof of progress. Hatred and persecution are evidence that the Gospel of .resus Christ is winning its way. I have a large number of Mohammedan newspapers, most of them printed in English, that prove the present day hostility in its vicious attack on the character of our Lord Jesus Christ, on the character of Christianity and our missionary efforts.

A Moslem paper published in Chicago is called the Moslem Sunrise, and another called the Moslem Sunshine, is published in Perth, Australia. There is, in the latter, a very bitter article regarding the atonement. The Muslim Review is published at Singapore and at the office of that magazine we saw a complete file. Another, published at Colombo, in two languages, Tamil and English, is the Moslem Message. Another is called El Lewa, published in three languages, Persian, Arabic and German, and is published by Moslems in Berlin. It gives the largest amount of space to news about Central Asia, Islam, Bolshevism. Three are published in France. The leading one is Echo d' Islam, copies of which we saw in Batavia, Java. We ·found a complete file at Solo, Java and an agency at Singapore. In India there is a paper called the Epiphany, published by the Cambridge Mission Band to lead Mohammedans and Hindus to in-

quire regarding Christianity. Now, for the same price and of the same size, the Moslems publish a similar weekly paper called the Light, to lead men to Islam. There is a ceaseless propaganda of the Mohammedan press in the East and the West to combat Christianity.

The fifth outstanding fact is the continued paucity 0/ definite results in conversions from Islam. If you ask what have been the missionary results in regard to those who have changed their allegi- ance and have said, "1 follow not this man but Jesus Christ," then we must answer, in the words of Peter to his Lord, when he said with truthfulness, "Master, we have toiled all the night', and have taken nothing, nevertheless at thy word we will let down the net."

Critics at home have said, "You have caught nothing because your methods are wrong, or because your lives are wrong." They have indicted Raymund Lull and Henry Martyn and Karl Gottlieb Pfander, men of God who poured out their tears and life-blood for these Mohammedans, saying that they were mere controversialists.

But we confess, without fear of contradiction, the faithfulness of the workers in Moslem lands. They have not been slumbering; they have not loitered; they have toiled all night. Dr. John C. Young, for thirty-three years has toiled at Aden and has drawn in an empty net but hope deferred has not made his heart sick. I visited Miss Trotter, who has spent thirty-six years in North Africa, and found her ill. Over her bed hung a map of the North African field with the words of a prayer for these lost sheep-still on the dark moun- tains. She had gathered there a little band but how many have disappointed. At Fez, Morocco, two lonely women are holding out in that great stronghold of Islam, with 147,000 people. One of these women who has been there sixteen years said to me: "We have one living convert. I will take you to see him." .

"We have toiled all the night." Can you point out more faithful missionaries than those who have toiled in Turkey and Arabia and on the borders of Afghanistan ¥ Can you point out greater heroism than that of the thin red line of workers from Teheran to Tangier who have measured their lives on these dead lands, as Elijah meas- ured his body over the dead child1 "But there was neither breath nor life."

They have been faithful, but they also confess in the second place that they have failed. In other fields, when we hear the story of l~rge success in the numbers of converts reported there may be a danger suggested by those words in H"abbakuk, "They sacrifice unto their net and burn incense unto their drag." Missionaries are at times tempted to glorify this or that method, medical work, education, popular evangelism-whatever it may be. All have been tried in Arabia and Egypt and Turkey, but have failed to win any large number of Moslems.

Look at Arabia. After thirty-three years of work, not thirty converts from Islam in the whole peninsula. In all North Africa, including Egypt, where forty thousand Christians have been en- rolled in the Evangelical Church-all Egypt, all Tripoli, all Al- geria, all Tunis and all Morocco together could not muster baptized living converts frcnD Islam to the number of three hundred.

In Java and Sumatra (after long waiting had made my heart sick) how I rejoiced to see a church full of Moslem converts at the prayer-meeting at Modjowarno. We said to these Dutch mission- aries and German missionaries, "I~et us thank God for the wonderful results you have here-45,OOO living converts in Java, Sumatra and the Islands." "N0," they said. "Our work among Mohammedans has been comparat'ively fruitless. Ve have 860,000 converts from heathenism and less than 45,000 from Islam."

Master, we have toiled all night and taken nothing. God wants us to face the facts and not to camouflage them by the statistics of a people won from the Oriental churches. Unless we face the clear issue of carrying the Gospel of Jesus Christ to the Moslems, we are not meeting the missionary situation in the Near East.

But, finally, we say the word with Peter: "Nevertheless at thy word we will let down the net." Weare not hopeless. If the missionaries hold fast to their faith, and will not let hope die, and if their love kindles with a new flame, at every rebuff, and the more they drive the nails of hate in Turkey, we can pray, "Father, forgive them for they know not what they do," then there is going to be daybreak in all Moslem lands. And with the morning light there will be a great draught of fishes to fill our nets.

If the Church of Jesus Christ does not abandon Moslem fields, but occupies new ones, then there is hope in the Moslem world situation. If we confess our faithfulness, and confess our failure as He knows it, and then say, "Nevertheless, at Thy word, we will let down the net." Mark you, it is the same net and the same disciples, the same ship and the same Master-we do not need some different method, or compromise with some other Master to give us the haul of fish! It is going to be the same ship, the Church of Christ. It is going to be the same net of testimony, which was in Moody's hand and Spurgeon's and in every one's hand who has ever caught fish for Christ. But we need to have the old spirit of a dauntless faith to launch out into the deep and cast the net at the word of our Master. Then we will find our methods insufficient, and our organizations inadequate, and the nets will break; and we will beckon to our comrades in the other ships-the Oriental churches, who are also Christ's, and they with us will haul in that great shoal of fish. Christ meant what He said to Peter and to you and to me, "Follow after me, and I will make you fishers of men."

of the Times in

BY REV. JAMES E. NAPP, B.D., SANGLI, INDIA Missionary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions T HE members of the Indian National Congress have been meet- ing in Gaya, a little town in the north of India, made famous to the Hindu because a footprint of the god, Vishnu, is claimed to be still in existence. 'When one compares the coming home of the members two years ago and last year, with this return from the Congress, one cannot help feeling that a wave of disappointment must have passed over the members of the Congress at Gaya. A leading Non-Cooperationist said the other day, "It is all up for us now. The only thing that we can hope for is that our children or grandchildren may live to see the dawn of Swaraj." Instead of the twice or three times a week meetings that were held in almost every place of any size after the former Congress meetings, this year there are none at all and the followers of Gandhi are very reluctant in speaking of Swaraj.

One cause of such a vast change in such a short time is that the leader of the Extremist party is in jail. Mr. Gandhi, who has a mag- netic personality and who in many ways is an ideal leader appealing to many of the better feelings of the Indians, is out of the run and there being no other man who can compare with him, the Congress fizzled out for lack of a leader.

Another reason is the return to India of one of her own sons who has been making a trip through all the British dominions and study- ing the status of countries which are free and yet are under the British flag. His report shows that there is hope for India in the British Empire and that Britain is not such a ravenous monster as many Extremists delighted in showing her. This returned emissary has assumed the leadership of what is known as the Liberal party which favors remaining in the British E;mpire and working the councils here to the best advantage to show England and the whole world that India is ready or will shortly be ready for self-government in the British Empire. This party thinks that India is in the senior year of college and when she gets her degree, as· she soon will, she will be able to run herself.

A third very clear reason is that the Extreniist party has not been able to pass the goods over the counter, the very things they advertised. All of the five great planks in the platform of the party have proven too weak to bear the weight and so there has been a smash. The first plank, that of boycotting the schools and colleges, soon showed itself to be a very flimsy affair. A year and a half ago it seemed that this first proposition might carry but it was a wave of 3 273

enthusiasm that was soon spent. Not only did the government schools not decrease'perceptibly in numbers for any length of time, but there seemed to be an increase of students and enthusiasm. The national schools, established by the Eoctremists, soon petered out for lack of funds and high-class teachers.

The second proposition, that of renouncing all government honors and titles, did not even have the strength enough to be born. Very few gave up "Khans," "Bahadurs," and C. I. E. A few here and there did send back medals and offered an "I thank you" for new ones but most of these now would again like to be known by the high sounding titles. This last New Year's list of honors was a large one, two whole columns in a newspaper full of names, and I have not heard 'of one being refused.

The third proposition was the boycotting of law courts and the establishment of natioIial courts in which all business would be justly settled. This was a complete fizzle. Too few men were found who were willing to give up lucrative practices bringing in thousands of rupees per month for the uncertain emoluments of national courts, which were as yet not established and if established would not be able to carry out its decisions. These national courts have no power to protect human persons and property and people can not renounce the rights pertaining to these and therefore these courts are a dead letter. In many cases it was found that there was bigger graft than ever and India is the land of graft "par excellence."

For a while it seemed as if the fourth principle, the boycott of all foreign goods and especially English goods, would sweep the country, for everywhere one heard and read about the immense amount of foreign cloth that was being burned. There was a terrible waste of money in burning cloth while great sections of humanity, especially here in India, were shivering with cold. Perhaps if these heated Extremists had listened to the cries of hundreds and thousands, yes, millions of India's women and children and had answered their cries by clothing them instead of burning good cloth, a large blessing might have alighted on them. Merchants who had large stocks of foreign cloth on their shelves were loth to part with them at a considerable or total loss and so kept them hidden to see first what would happen. Today the market is flooded with foreign cloth as well as other foreign made articles. Good American cloth is selling here for half the price that is asked for native cloth and it is much more durable. The native spinning wheel and the native loom cannot compete with the machines in the foreign countries that turn out hundreds of bolts while the native loom turns out a yard. Besides, it was the Indian wife and mother upon whom the extra burden fell and they cannot bear any more than they had before. In fact, it is their burden that must be eased before the country can advance; a greater burden must be put on the husbands and fathers of the country, and also the

SIGNS OF THE TIMES IN INDIA

students in the high schools and colleges, who think that going to work in the morning at eleven and stopping at four or five in the afternoon, with whole day's vacation about one-third of the time, is all that the world can demand of men. The world may demand twenty-two hours of every twenty-four of a woman in India but it must not demand more than four or five hours of fiddle diddle work of men. They must be left free to discuss politics. Not until the men in India can come to see that there is no disgrace in work, that there is no disgrace in lightening the load of the overburdened women of the country, will India's future be bright.

The first four principles upon which Indian self-government was to be obtained proved to have been so unsatisfactory in their working out that the fifth principle was dead before it was more than born. Non-payment of taxes and civil disobedience was what was going to cap the climax ane} force Britain to her knees. The order never went out from headquarters except in a very thickly veiled form. Any section of the country that was fully prepared and sure of success might, if it wished, try civil disobedience-breaking the laws and refusing to pay the taxes. One section of the country answered but when the owners of property found their all just simply changing hands and they becoming the poorer while, perhaps, their enemies, were becoming wealthy over night, they soon dropped it. There may have been other places than Guntur that tried civil disobedience but I do not know of any of them.

UNWILLING TO PAY THE PRICE Another reason why this halt has been brought in the march of India to this rapid self-government, is that India was not willing to pay the price. An exceedingly high price was demanded by Gandhi but not a bit too high. He is a prophet in that he sees that India must pay the extreme price before she can lay claim to the right to govern her own people. India as a whole does not know the principle of selfsacrifice and sacrifice was the price demanded. One cannot help but admire this apostle of non-cooperation, Mr. Gandhi. He paid the price in full and with hini a few others-but only so few. The left hand digit of the price was "casting over of the greatest evil the world has ever known-caste.'~ India's millions of Hindus could not quite, or rather could not at all, bring themselves to go this far. Hinduism is founded on caste and as soon as caste is done away with and the Braham and the Sudra can look upon each other as brothers, Hinduism will lose the pillar that holds it up. So intricately is this caste idea woven into India's religions and society that when it is ripped out Hinduism will disappear or, at least, become but a shadow of what it is now and Indian society will have to be remade which will be a blessing to the whole world. India is not willing to pay the

price but until India is willing, India cannot be the democracy that Gandhi or any lover of India wants it to be.

If it had not been for the recent successes of the Turk in Asia Minor and his being able to dare to stand up and face the civilized world with a big stick in his hand, the Gaya Oongress would have been less successful. The Indian Mussulman cannot get over hiphip-hip-hurrahing over Kemal Pasha and feeling now that Britain cannot help but either give Turkey what he wants, even though it be London as a capital of the Turkish Empire, or else lose India as a dependency. He is wielding the big stick with all his might. The Khilafat is what is holding India back from rapid forward strides for the Mussulmen of India, numbering some 70 millions, are not going to lay down for the ploughshare what seems to .them the great instrument that will bring Islam to the front.

The Moslem of India is a Moslem a hundred times before he is an Indian once. And yet the Moslem of India is in a quandary. He cannot quite fathom the meaning of Angora and the separation of Islam and the State. He supports Turkey because Turkey is the protector of Islam but now that Turkey has separated Islam from the political side of the State. Naturally the Moslems all over the world are debating just where their duties lie. Any violent action on the part of Angora may sever the Indian Moslem from Turkey and cause him to adhere to the former Sherif of Mecca or to the Amir of Afghanistan as the champion of Islam. Any great dispute between the Arab and the Turk in the near future may strain the relation between the Turk and the Indian Moslem still more. And should the Arab come out victorious, the Indian Moslem, being more Moslem than a native of any country, will, doubtless, throw Turkey overboard. But here comes in that national question again. If the Arab does resist the Turk he will do so supported by the mighty British arm and this is offensive to Moslems all over the world and especially here in India. They want no Islam that is bolstered up by the power of any Ohristian nation. The more thoughtful of the Indian Hindus are now rather doubtful of the old slogan, "Hindu Moslem Unity." It appears that in the Khilafat branch of the national congress practically all the attention of the members was directed to the Angora problem, neglecting what the Hindu members of the congress considered the main reason for meeting, viz. the fixing of a definite policy for India's Home Rule. The Hindu members feel that the entrance into and the absorption of all time of the Oongress by Ulemas, Moslem theologians, who tried to decide whether standing for election into India's councils was contrary to or in line with Islamic theology, was but a sad prophecy of the meaning of Hindu- Moslem Unity. They are asking, "Is this the price that we have to pay for itT Very little, apparently, was accomplished at this Oongress.

Instead of getting the air cleared so that one might see the path along which to go, the air has been darkened by misunderstanding and selfish aims. As I see it now there are five parties. The Gandhi party, standing for the boycott of and the driving out of the British is the first party. Its motto is "HATE." The party lacks the nobler and finer spirit of Gandhi now.

The second party is the one that split off from the first party at this last congress meeting and I may call it the Das party after its leader C. N. Das, of Bengal. The idea of this party is to enter the country's councils and seize the power of the country in so doing.

The third party is the Khilafat party, formed of Moslems whose sole aim now seems to be to help Turkey and down Britain. They have gained the idea that the whole dispute is between Christianity and Islam to see which one will win.

The fourth party is the Liberal party, headed by a man of wonderfully keen ability and supported by some fine men who want India a part, but a free part, of the British Empire, like Canada and Australia, and who believe that the road to that goal is by the way of cooperation with the British until-it must be in the near future, they say-Britain hands over India to be ruled by Indians.

Then comes the fifth party which seems to have the cream of all the parties-the Christian party. This party also wants freedom, but believes in getting it in the road of progress. This party sees very plainly where India is still weak in education and in industry, and wishes to develop and strengthen these sides to such an extent that the government of India will in reality be a government of the people, by the people, instead of a government of all by a few and those few men who have no care for the great mass of India's teeming millions. One cannot but feel proud that the Christians are thus coming to the fore and with a sane program too. Dr. Datta, the Indian who was appointed to succeed Dr. J. C. R. Ewing, as principal of Forman Christian College but who modestly declines the honor, was the president of this Christian Congress. Another name appearing very frequently in the newspapers as one of the leaders of this Christian Congress was that of a woman, Miss Maya Das.

A MISSIONARY'S EQUIPMENT A life yielded to God and controlled by His Spirit. A restful trust in God for the supply of all needs. A sympathetic spirit and a willingness to take a lowly place. Tact in dealing with men and apaptability toward circumstances. Zeal in service and steadfastness in discouragement. A healthy body and a vigorous mind. Love for communion with God and for the study' of His word. Some experiebce and blessing in the Lord's work at home.

Rev. J. Hudson Taylor.

WHAT A SECRETARY SAW IN THE NEAR EAST By C. V. VICKREY A thousand boys, potential leaders of a New Near East, occupying the Kaiser's Summer Palace at Corfu.

Another 1;400 Armenian hoj·s, driven out of Asia Minor, tem- porarily domiciled in a half-ruined, abandoned warehouse.

Nearly a thousand boys, recently arrived from "Pontus in Asia," sleeping on the floors of the Zappeion Exposition Hall in Athens.

Four hundred girls, now safe from Turkish oppression, occupying the Royal Palace facing Constitution Square in the heart of Athens. . Another 1,300 Armenian girls, salvaged from the orphanages of Constantinople, transplanted to begin life anew in a strange land.

Sixty-seven younger girls, all of them suffering from conjunctivitis, crowded into one room 20×20 feet in size, a cold rain falling outside, with no other place of abode, eating, sleeping, working or playing, night or day.

In another room, scarcely larger, sixty-six infants, most of them under three years of age, some of them dying as a result of the weeks of under-nourishment and hardship endured during their migration in mid-winter from the interior of Asia Minor to Greece.

A part of the 9,000 Armenian orphans who are temporarily occupying summer hotel buildings, but for whom we must provide other shelter before summer.

Three ships in the Piraeus Harbor, crowded beyond capacity with over 10,000 refugees from Anatolia, who could not be disembarked from their long journey and unsanitary environment on account of inadequate quarantine accommodations.

A single ship, that had carried 27,000 refugees from Smyrna to safety, transporting the incredible number of 11,500 on one voyage.

In Constantinople Harbor another ship, decks packed with refugees obliged to flee from their hDmes in Asia Minor, biIt having no place to land except-Greece, war-stricken, impoverished, over-popUlated, the country that can least afford to extend hospitality to foreign refugees.

In one ramshackle building in Constantinople 300 newly made orphans whom Near East Relief workers picked up in the streets and abandoned homes of the one town of Ordu, Asia Minor.

25,000 Armenian orphans are dependent upon American relief for daily food in the Caucasns and another 11,000 orphans in Syria and Palestine, more than 9,000 of whom are Armenians recently driven out from Harpoot, Cresarea, Marash, Konio (Iconium) and other areas.

These Armenian children, grown to manhood and womanhood, will bear the impress of A.merican: benevolence on their lives, with the lessons of forgiveness, love and unselfish service ingrained in their character. These boys and girls are the potential leaders of a New Near East, and will pass on to generations yet unborn the gospel of love, good-will and service which they receive from Christians in America.

What battleships and battalions have failed to accomplish, love and unselfish service will yet achieve in the name of Christ.

THEY COME-A MOUNTAINEERS' CABIN IN" THE CUMBERLAND

Living Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Teaching Independence, Industry a,nd Christian Service at Cumber- land Gap BY GLADYS PARKER WILLIAMSON, CUMBERLAND GAP, TENNESSEE M ANY memorials have been erected to Abraham Lincoln- statues and monuments, but the living memorial where the spirit of Lincoln abides, where he still serves, is the Lincoln Memorial University at Cumberland Gap, Tennessee, where three states join, in ,the heart of the 'rennessee mountains, and readily accessible by railroad.

The purpose of the Lincoln Memorial University is its dedication, once and for all, to the supreme ideal of "worK and study"- "independence and education." Surrounded by a beautiful campus and approached by avenues of magnificent trees, it owns 792 acres of land, much of which is under cultivation and also 2,080 acres of forest on the south side of Cumberland Gap. Beginning twenty-five years ago with less than two hundred students, it now enrolls seven hundred and fifty, with the thousand mark easily in sight.

A friend of the University expressed its purpose thus: To teach the mountain youth the best methods of farming and the mechanic arts; to provide them with normal and academic training, and, as needed, the higher branches; to build a worthy memorial to Abraham Lincoln among the people of his own nativity.

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Every student here feels that here is a university for him; one that breathes the spirit of Abraham Lincoln, stands for what he stood for in character, manhood, high purpose, work and the wil- lingness to work gladly. In proof of this, not only are the greater number of the present students referred by other students, but each and every one is animated by an intense desire to pass on the benefits he or she receives to the people of his or her home spot as soon as possible. '

Light of education and Christian living is also radiating through the hills from this place of learning. Every Sunday students carry the message of service and righteousness to the little crude shacks used as "church houses." Some are Sunday-school teachers, some are student pastors, some are merely co-worshipers at this school where reverence to God and patriotism are stressed even before in- dustrious labor and intellectual development.

Hemmed in by the mountains for hundreds of years the people of the hills have lived in primitive isolation, untouched by the in- sidious propaganda of the various modern sects and "isms." Deep in the hearts of these untaught mountaineers, however, is the inherent love of God and the Bible. Few homes, however bare, are without a family Bible and while they may be uneducated they are at least virgin and fertile soil, save those who have unfortunately come in touch with the traveling "holy-roller" preachers who are fast learn- ing the extent to which they can profit by the ignorance and super· stition of these people.

Interesting and unique is the philo~ophy one discovers by talk- ing with some of the patriarchs of the hills. Many believe that by knowing nothing they sin in nothing and this belief led one man to remark that he thanked the Lord he and his family were ignorant; he wished they were "ten times ignoranter" than they were. .Another insisted that the Bible was "agin" teaching "round" geography.

The earth was flat as plainly stated, he declared, in the first verse of the seventh chapter of Revelation-"I saw four angels standing on the four corners of the earth," and how could anything with four corners be round?

Spiritualism has not invaded the hidden coves and valleys yet, unless one could interpret the belief in "hants" as such. One little boy, when asked to tell the difference between a ghost and a "hant,"

replied that" ghosts air purely imaginary but a hant you air likely to meet up with anytime. I.'

In many communities in these mountains there has never been an organized Sunday-school. Not long ago one of the students from Lincoln Memorial University returned to his home eager to pass on.

some of the good things he had gained. When he suggested the organization of a Sunday-school his father declared that the people of the neighborhood would not stand for any such "new-fangled"

LIVING MEMORIALS TO ABRAHAM LINCOLN

notions. The boy explained that Sunday-school was merely a place to study the Bible and finally convinced his father that it would be a good thing, convinced him to the extent that the old man gave him money to buy literature and hymn books. The announcement went out that this strange affair would be held in the schoolhouse the following Sunday and the crowds came through curiosity. The next Sunday came back and when the boy went away to war a leader was found to take his place. When hE' returned he was overjoyed to find the little organization flourishing. Turbulent episodes sometimes accompany the birth of these little churches and Sunday-schools. One woman told an officer of A BOYS' DORMITORY AT LINCOLN MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY the University not long ago that she "never had no peace 0' mind while Bill and the boys was at meetin' on account 0' the shootin' scraps they'd git into." The story is told that one old man who had been convinced that a church would be a good thing told his son to go ahead and start it and if anybody tried to raise a disturbance he'd take his gun and see that they quit it.

A journey of a few days through these hills and a glimpse into some of the cabin homes out of which come the students of Lincoln Memorial University would convince anyone that here is a field ripe unto the harvest. Crude quarters where there is ignorance of the laws of sanitation and ventilation, one-room dwellings where families of ten or twelve cook, eat and sleep demonstrate the need of the knowledge that cleanliness is next to godliness, as well as that to make bodies fit temples for his Spirit there must be the proper development of mind, body and soul.

Yet in spite of all their unfavorable aspects the sight of the big family Bible is a familiar one in these homes. In one cabin last summer I found a lurid representation of Noah's Ark, a chart about a yard square occupying the place of honor on the log walls and the mother pointing to it proudly told me she had had it "nigh on to twenty year" and added with a sigh of satisfaction, "I've jes' raised my family on that pitcher."

Happily, the principle of service has found its way into the minds of the boys and girls who come to I-,incoln Memorial University. "I was born in a renter's family in a mud-dauby hut not far from the Holston river," one of the students wrote me. "When I was nine years old we moved fifty miles farther west to Claiborne county, two miles west of Tazewell. Here I 'went to Sunday-school for the first time. Although my folks were religious we had lived at a distance from the church house and I had not gone very much. When I was eleven I won a Bible for attending every Sunday in a year a Sunday-school two miles and a half from where I lived."

When the students are asked as to their plans for the future the answer is almost iuvariably that they will follow some line of service to others. Some of them are getting their preliminary education at Lincoln Memorial University preparatory to taking regular theological training later, one of them having already heard the call to the far-away mission field of Africa. Bome are I:lt presl;lnt acting as student pastors, many are teaching in Sunday-schools in near-by communities, and practically all of those who have graduated are taking active parts in the churches of their home communities;- One boy interprets Christian service in the form of agricultur~ and says he is going to teach people how to produce better,,; atld cheaper crops and how to make home happier and more ath.i£i.vel. One feels he will find a place for service as a newspaper man, some as teachers, others as business men. Invariably they state in different words the same thought, "I want others to know what I have learned."

While agricultural training, forestry, and engineering appeal most specifically to the men of the region, the college is co-educational. Women are admitted on equal terms to all academic courses, and under the direction of the "Vomen's Advisory Board, special courses in domestic science and hygiene, in industrial crafts and household arts have been inaugurated. With a student enrollment of some seven hundred and fifty the greater per cent of whom are working to pay a part or the whole of their tuition, Lincoln Memorial University is helping to break the shackles of ignorance and isolation which so long have fettered the boys and girls of this great region. The arms of its service extend into many neglected regions; the demands upon it are great; its facilities are all too few.

SHELTERED IN A TOWER OF THE ANCIENT BYZANTINE CITY

OF CONSTANTINOPLE Searching for Facts in Constantinople The Pathfinder S1~r'()ey and its 1I1eaning'"

BY REV. CHARLES T. RIGGS, CONSTANTINOPLE I T IS a difficult task to make a survey of a cosmopolitan city in which there are many varied elements of population and where no census has ever been taken. The city is thought to contain about 1,200,000 inhabitants, of whom about 560,000 are Turks, 384,000 Greeks, 118,000 Armenians, 50,000 to 120,000 Jews, and the rest include large numbers of Kourds, Arabs, Persians, and Russians. The predominance of Greek influence is traced from the founding of Byzantium to 1453, despite Latin domination under the Emperors from Constantine to Justinian and again after the disastrous Fourth Crusade. The Greeks have contributed to the city wealth, learning, the study of law, the development of art, and in later times, the impetus to philanthropy. The Armenians, who in the earlier days contributed three Emperors, became under the Turkish dominatio!l the bankers, printers and goldsmiths of the city, and were for a long time in charge of the Imperial Mint. The Turkish conquest in 1453 • The idea of the Social Survey of Constantinople was first developed by the late James Perry, a Y. M. C. A. Secretary who was soon afterwards killed by brigands In Cilicia. It took shape in the organizing of a Council of Fifteen, representing the American Mission, the American Chamber of Commerce, the Y. J'v[. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., the two American Colleges, the Near East Relief, and the American Red CrOSB. Heading up the actual work was Prot. Clarence R..Johnson, of Robert College, trained at Brown University as a social expert, who bas been the Director. The scope of the Survey being lim.ited by financial necessity, it was decided to call the resulting book, «The Pathfinder Survey of Constantinople," published by the Macmillan Company, New York, at $5.00 net. The illu,stratinns tn this article are used by courtesy of the MacmilJan Co.

"The PathfinderC3urvcy" Inc1udes ten sections, prepared by committees under the guidance ~!g¥:[fu~~ ~~l ofb:~it:~i~~S,Sfu~~: :eH~~l~ ~~dt~!gIigu:j~e:.e w~e~ ~¥~~~C~p fJ: 1:~: o!i~~e~~~: funds. These ten are entltled :-Hlstorlcal Setting. Adult Dellnquenoy, Orphanages, CIty Admln- Istratlon, Retugees, Irdustry, Widowhood, Community Organlzat<>D, Education and Recreation.

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brought in an empire which flourished by the official business of conquest, and waned when that declined. The Spanish-speaking Jews, driven from Spain in the times of the Inquisition shortly after the Turkish conquest, came hither for refuge under Moslem rule from their Ohristian persecutors, and their contribution to the life of the city has been along commercial lines.

With an estimated school population of 180,000, Oonstantinople has only about 600 schools, and only half of these are housed in buildings built for school purposes. Less than half the children who should be in school are there, and all nationalities are about equally at fault. The government system of public schools is inadequate, but the parochial or community system is not much better. The buildings are poorly ventilated and unsanitary, mostly of wood and none of thorn fireproof. Nearly all are poorly designed, and none of the schools possess what would pass for libraries. Still, in many schools, including the Imperial University, surprisingly good work is being done. In contrast with the native schools, a number of French and Italian schools, some English, two American colleges, and three high schools, serve as a model to the other institutions. The need is clearly shown for normal preparation for teachers, and of adequte salaries to secure better teachers. In the Turkish schools they are often months behind on their salary; and strikes of teachers have occured to secure the pittance due them.

A study of four hundred homes, one hundred in each of the leading nationalities, where widows are struggling with the problem of bringing up the children, revealed conditions fortunately rarely equaled in any American city. On the average each family has one room, with from two to ten persons in it. Of the Turkish widows many live in mosques or school buildings or old soup-kitchens. These dependents (for many of them are unable to earn their own support), have no municipal care, can rarely secure meat, eggs, fresh milk or fruit but live mostly on bread, onions, olives, fish and potatoes. They have no recreations, no books, toys or games. Over half the mothers were found to be illiterate, and more than half of them needed medical treatment, as did a large proportion of the children. The average mother could earn only $4.14 per month for the support of herself and an average of three children. The Near East Relief is doing much to secure for them better living conditions. Under-feeding and overcrowding, unsanitary lives and harsh treatment are the chief troubles to be reckoned with.

Industrial conditions were investigated under difficulties, for many of the proprietors of establishments refused to give information and probably have something to conceal. The industries of the city do not include any large establishments, for ther~ are only three factories that have over 100 workmen each, and the two largest stores employ only 250 and 140 respectively. Wages in factories average

SEARCItING FOR FAcTS IN CONSTANTINOPLE

.!.!.I POLICE STA'l'lONS ~ ~D 1. EmlnEunu A. Old Central ll. Bt.Sophia B. NewCentral 8.0uriKapan C. Pera 4. Fan…. ~ D. ScutaEi 6. Kara Gewnriik 6. Fatih ALLIED POLICE 0 7. Bayazid E. Hotel Kroecker So AkSeral F. Arabian Ban 9. Koum Kapou G. Stambou1 Station 10. Psamatia RltD LrGHlr DISTRICTS:: 11. Shehi. Emlnl H.Zlbsh l2. Eyoub I. Abanos J. Galata IS. Makrlkeuy K. Scutari L. Kadikeuy 14. Galata 16. P ..a 16. Ta:xIm 17. Kasim Pasha 18. Dolab D..<! 19. Panga!t1 20. Hasl<euy 21. Besblktasb 22. Amaoutkeuy 28. B~kdere 24. De,,1z 26. Seutari 26. Iskele 27. Kadikeuy 28. Chinili 29. Kizil Toprak 30. Erenkeuy 81. BeikDz 82. Adalar A 0F MARMORA AN ADULT DELINQUENCY MAP OF CONSTANTINOPLE about $24 to $40 per month for men, depending on skill, and about half that for women, the minimum discovered being $8 per month. In stores, wages are $50 to $60 for men and $20 to $25 for women, and the cost of living for persons in ordinary circumstances in Constantinople is not very different from what it is in New York City today. City bakeries employ about 3,500 men. Unfortunately the sanitary conditions were found to be bad, the morals of the men are still worse, while they work in crowded quarters and without machinery of any sort.

Children in industry include 2,500 boys under fifteen, averaging eleven years. They work from nine to eleven hours per day in the shoemaking trade and make wages of from 40 cents to $2 per week. About 800 children averaging thirteen years, work in the gannent

trade, with a ten-hour day, and 500 more are in the few factories; Of 170 in a tobacco factory, averaging ten years, more than half were found to be physically subnormal. The employers usually think of the children simply in terms of what they net them, with never a thought for the child. There are many many others in what are classed as street trades, including beggars, peddlers, carriers or porters i and these are of all nationalities, Turks and Jews predominating. The vast majority of these were found never to have been to school at all. Many of them earn a surprisingly large sum per day, and some of the beggars support two or three other members of their families.

TURKISH CHILDREN GOING HOME FROM SCHOOL IN CONSTANTINOPLE The Study of Community Organization deals with the churches, mosques, synagogues, Christian Associations, Sailors' Club, University Club, Union FranQaise, Club de Constantinople, and Masonic lodges, as well as athletic and social and literary clubs which are always under some national organization. The mosques are supported by the Ministry of Evkaf, which administers properties deeded to such pious purposes. There are fifty-two, or more, Catholic churches under French orders, also twenty-four orphanages arid two hospitals. The Survey discovered two Persian mosques, three Bulgarian churches, two Russian churches and a Russian monastery.

There are now being cared for in the orphanages of Constantinople, some ten thousand little ones, of whom about 4,000 are Armenians, 2,800 Turks, 1,500 Greeks, 700 Jews, and 280 Russians. The largest orphanage is one for Armenian boys, with a thousand happy youngsters learning to be self-supporting. Seven of the eight

SEARCHING FOR FACTS IN CONSTANTINOPLE

Turkish orphanages are supported by the Government j but their resources are diminishing and consequently the diet is deteriorating, the salaries of workers are long unpaid, and their future is uncertain. Two of the four Greek orphanages are on islands near the city, where they have the best of air. At least three institutions are wholly for orphans with the dread eye disease known as trachoma; and as fast as cured, they are put elsewhere. Not enough attention is being given to the industrial side of education, looking to self-support. The Near East Relief is giving much assistance and direction to these orphanages of all nationalities j and the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. have done much to introduce recreation, in Boy Scout Troops, and 'rURKISH BOY SCOUTS CROSSING THE GALATA BRIDGE, CONSTANTINOPLE organized games. So far, the Jewish orphanages have not recognized adequately the need of this department; but in eight girls' orphanages and five boys, of other nationalities, compulsory physical work has been introduced.

The Study of Adult Delinquency describes the Turkish courts, criminal, civil, commercial and religious; also the foreign consular courts, and the mixed court system in vogue before the war, where foreign judges sat with Turkish in cases where a foreigner was involved as plaintiff or defendant. The Turkish police system employs 3,470 men and the city is divided into three main sections with 32 central police stations. The Turkish police are gradually being given a special school training. The Interallied Police, with its men, is functioning side by side with this system, helping to keep order and spurring up the Turkish police to better work. Turkish prisons, into all of which the investigators were allowed to go, are described. The

old Central Prison in Stamboul, occupying buildings some of which are 600 years old, is a sad place; most of the rooms are dark, unsanitary, and overcrowded; but the worst features are the indiscriminate herding together of hardened criminals and newcomers, with no attempt to check the teaching of crime by the adepts to others who may in some cases be utterly innocent. There is also lack of any employment, the vast majority of the prisoners being idle all day long. There is an attempt to separate the boys of seventeen and younger from the men; but among these young boys, the vicious are perfectly free to contaminate the less initiated, till the prison becomes a hotbed of crime. The prisoners have no reading matter, are not properly clothed, and almost nothing is done for their moral welfare. The newly-built prison near the mosque of St. Sophia is somewhat better in its arrangements, but here too, there is not isolation enough nor employment.

There are said to be 2,171 licensed prostitutes in Constantinople, but the Government acknowledges the presence of 4,000 to 4,500 at least of these unfortunate parasites. Regular inspection by the city authorities, and a special hospital for such as are found suffering from venereal diseases, are ineffective in combating the baneful results of licensed vice. All races in the city are affected by it, but the medical statistics indicate a greater number of Moslems than of either Christians or Jews recruited in the sad business. One quick result of the Survey has been the institution of measures to rescue girls of under eighteen who are found to have been dragged into this life.

Refugees in the city number approximately one hundred thousand, despite the fact that very many thousands have been sent on to other countries. This horde of Russians, Armenians, Turks, Greeks, and a dozen other nationalities-the flotsam and jetsam of prolonged and still continuing war-is being cared for by over a score of benevolent organizations, six or seven of them American, which are trying to put into permanent employment all they can.

Before the Turks returned to take possession of the city, there was organized a Civic Welfare League, on whose Executive Council are members of every important nationality in the city. This body undertook to better conditions of life by cooperating with the city government in enforcing existing laws, as well as by introducing improved regulations when called for. It succeeded in putting into actual operation ordinances regulating traffic on the crowded streets, preventing profiteering on foodstuffs, securing two official inspectors for the protection of animals, and other benefits. It tackled the difficult problem of the wayward girl and how to reclaim her, as well as how to stay the spread of licentiousness. What changes will take place with the return of the Turks to Europe, none can foresee and it is impossible to foretell how much opportunity will be given to correct the many evils disclosed by the Survey.

Forces in

BY REV. RAYMOND N. CRAWFORD, RANGOON Judson College, Rangoon, Burma.

T WO great religious teachers are saying farewell to their fol- lowers. One is seated out of doors, his yellow-robed monks gathered about him in the shade of a tree; the other is in an upper room, his disciples reclining beside him at the table. Each master knows that the last meal has been eaten and that thd end has come. Yet each master, according to the records, is calm and poised, able to give a memorable parting word. Each group of disciples, however, is distressed; each anxiously asking the same question: "Master, when you are gone, who can show us the way to salvation ~"

The Buddha who has taught that there is no god, nat or man who can help a person to salvation, replies: "Be lamps to yourselves, be a refuge unto yourselves. Betake yourselves to no external refuge …

I…ook not for refuge to anyone besides yourselves. ,,* The Christ answers: "1 will pray the Father and He shall give you another Comforter that he may be with you for ever."

And yet some people say that each nation's own religion is the best for the people of that nation.

This has not been true for the Burmans. Such a fatherless religion, taught to animists, has not proved strong enough to destroy belief in demons. The greatest shrine of Southern Buddhism, the Shway Dagon Pagoda itself, is crowded with images and symbols of demon nats. The human soul is too conscious of its weakness, too hungry for God, to deny the existence of all supernatural powers. Again, a religion which teaches that there is no helper, that each individual must work out his own salvation without aid from Buddha, god, nat or man, is so anti-social that it brings out all the selfish, individualistic tendencies inherent in humanity. Therefore Buddhism is one of the main causes of the predicament in which the Bunnans find themselves today. In business dealings, there is so little faith and honesty, there is so much snspicion and mutual distrust among the Burmans, that they have been unable to form any number of companies or joint enterprises to take advantage of changing economic conditions. As a result, they are losing the trade and the very land. During the last thirty years, Eastern aliens-non-Christians it is true, but non-Christians with gods or something of social spirit in their religions-have made inroads that threaten the total submergence of the Burmans. Religion or lack of religion influences all a man or nation does. For the Burman, little as he comprehends the fact, it is change of religion, Christianity or extinction.

Burma is centrally placed and rich in resources. To the east, • T. W. Rhys DavIda Lectures on the Oriu>n and Growth of RoHuw».

4 289

accessible by caravan over the mountains or by steamers around the south, lies Ohina with its virile population. To the west, easily accessible by sea, lies India proper, crowded, poverty-stricken, starving. Between, is Burma, never visited by wide-spread drought; exporter of eighty per cent of the rice taken from all India j rich in oil, silver, lead and teak; outlet for jade; source of practically all the world's rubies. As the wealth of America attracts the poverty of Europe, so the riches of Burma attract China and India. Already Mandalay, hundreds of miles from the sea, has a large Indian population and Rangoon is more Ohinese and Indian than Burman.

When Adoniram Judson, America's first foreign missionary, landed at Moulmein in 1813, conditions were far simpler. On the great central plains lived the dominant Bmmans. In the surrounding mountains. and to a limited extent on the plains as slaves of the Burmans, were the hill peoples: Karens, Ohins, Kachins, Shans and many more. Though divided by languages so numerous that there was room for the recent humorous request of a hill missionary for an adding machine that he might compute the dialects of his district, racially all were Mongolian. Religiously the hill peoples were animists; the Burmans, in profession, Buddhists: at heart, largely animists.

Missionary work was started for the Burmans first, but they had enough of Buddhism to be unresponsive. Soon, however, there opened from an unexpected direction, a work of great promise. The animist Karens had a tradition that they once had a "white book" given them by God; that through neglect to read and care for it, they had lost it and that it was to be restored to them by a "white foreigner who was to come from the west with white wings." Soon whole villages were asking baptism from the Ohristian missionaries.

Now came the complexity of true missionary work. An orally communicated Gospel would not be accurate or permanent, and the Karens had no written language. Therefore their word sounds lJ.ad to be studied and an alphabet adapted for them j a dictionary hHd to be compiled; Scripture portions, hymns and tracts had to be trDnslated; a press had to be imported, type cast, and printing begun, schools had to be created and reading taught. But there was a far more subtle and difficult task: people who had been slaves or who had lived utterly cut off in the hills, must be raised to the level of Chl'i~­ tian manhood. New social ideals and standards must be evolved u:ld stabilized. The missionary must be God's agent in the fulfillment of Christ's promise that if men seek first His Kingdom, all things shall be added.

Many things have been added, as one can see at his first glance into the Sgaw Karen Compound in Bassein. Modern brick high school buildings-chapel, recitation halls, dormitories, dining roomall electrically lighted, are the outward signs of the coming of a life

1923J RELIGIOUS FORCES IN BURMA

more abundant. The plant is not the property of a mission; it belongs to the Karens themselves, who are following their ancient proverb that men should not breathe through other people's noses. In the jungle of the district are one hundred and fifty schools, one hundred and forty-nine of them entirely independent of foreign aid. The central and more expensive high school is supported by contributions from Karen churches and by the profits of two rice mills, a saw mill and a shipyard for repairing and building launches and paddy boats. These enterprises are managed by a board of Karen trustees.

The educational work has been thoroughly evangelistic. Judson college statistics show that there has never come from a mission high school to the mission college an unconverted Karen boy or girl. One year, I was invited to take the annual Christmas vacation evangelistic trip of this Bassein school. The missionary, his wife, six or eight Karen teachers and thirty or forty of the maturer schoolboys made up the party which started in launches constructed in the school shipyard. We sailed through the Irrawaddi Delta to an unconverted village, landed and found an open space jnst outside the town and between a Buddhist monastery and a pagoda. Here the lads of the school band struck up a hymn, and before they finished playing most of the monks and villagers had turned out to see and hear something new. We sang, one of the teachers preached, two of the boys spoke. The backward villagers were surprised to see and hear educated men and boys of their own tribe, with strange instruments, books and other paraphernalia of civilization. The missionary explained that Christianity makes new men, and answered questions about it. Then we sailed to another village and another, until, as darkness came we reached a Christian town where we held a final service in the church and put up for the night. The next day, and the next, it was the same, and so until the end of the vacation. Thus lay evangelism was practiced and taught. Today it is constantly carried on by Karens of all walks of life.

The Baptist Mission, which i~ the oldest and largest of those operating in Burma, has work for the following indigenous peoples: the Burmans, the Karens (the Sgaw, Pwo, Bwe, Paku, Taungthu, Red, and other tribes) the Talaings, Shans, Chins, Kachins and Lahus whose mass movement towards Christianity is being almost neglected for lack of missionaries. There is increasing work for the immigrants: . for the Chinese whn are most responsive, and for the Indians-Bengalis, Tamils, Telugus, Kanarese, Punjabis, Gurkhas, Madrassis and only the census knows how many more. Besides, there are special schools and churches for the Anglo-Indians.

The lines of work are as numerous as the races. Among the institutions founded by missionaries of various denominations, are hospitals and dispensaries, an orphan asylum, a leper asylum, a

school for the blind, two mission presses, an industrial school, an agricultural school, around a thousand secondary and jungle schools, fifteen or more high schools, a mission college, at least three schools for training Bible women, and three theological seminaries.

Anyone of these types of work is worth an extended description. The superintendent of the Baptist Mission Press has adapted the linotype for the Burmese language, which requires many hundred separate characters; the Judson Oollege students support a graduate as a native missionary to the Inthas; the seminaries have men helping wherever there is a foreign missionary and in places far beyond. But the tale cannot be told now. Nor can the organization of the churches into associations and conventions with their city mission and foreign mission work be more than hinted at. Statistics tell of between a thousand and fifteen hundred churches, of three thousand five hundred to four thousand native workers, until, when one sees how foundations have been laid in so many directions, one is inclined to ask how soon the missionaries may be withdrawn. But the missionary, who knows the country, thinks of classes as yet untouched, of huge areas still unattempted, of mission compounds, once the center of little groups of converts, but now closed, of good missionary houses with the windows and doors boarded up, sectio;ns with no physicians to care for Ohristian converts, hospitals unused.

One night in Myingyan I saw a picture of the Burmese situation. All day I had been visiting in a large mission high school. It was in full session, as if no terror were abroad. I attended the chapel where every seat was occupied; I spoke in the crowded classrooms. After school, I played tennis with teachers and students. All was life and health. Just after night had fallen, in an ox cart I started for the Irrawaddi River to catch a steamer. We left the compound where the lights were burning brightly in the missionary home and in the study rooms, and immediately entered a city of darkness and death. There were houses by thousands, crowding close up to the mission compound fence, but not a house had a light. No mother's evening lullaby could be heard; no laughter. Nat a soul was walking the streets. The black smallpox had come. The people, not protected by vaccination, had died in hundreds, and then the others had fled. In flood, the Irrawaddi is miles wide; now at low water, it was a mile and a half away over the sands of its desert-dry bed. Through the sand radiating the tropic heat it had absorbed during the day, the cart plowed on until. we came upon the people along the edge of the river, shrinking as far from the infected city as possible, living in booths and bamboo shacks, but resisting vaccination still.

That is Burma: a few like the school children, saved, organized and at work; the many, like the tens of thousands of Myingyan, still needing help, and ignorant of or neglecting the Great Physician.

Rangoon Press and Its Superintendent

BY C. STARR BARKER M R. F. D. PHINNEY, for forty-one years Superintendent of the American Baptist Mission Press in Burma, and thirty- eight years rrreasurer of the Burma Mission, died in Ran- goon on December 15, 1922. He was one of the best known mission- aries in Bunna. His organizing and administrative ability was acknowledged by Government officials and others in Rangoon. The Trades Association, in 1907, made him their representative on the Board of Commissioners for the Port of Rangoon. The Mission Press, employing three hundred workers speaking fifteen different languages, has maintained a place of leadership among the business enterprises of Rangoon through more than half a century, and since 1882, when Mr. Phinney took charge, it has been not only self- supporting but in many ways has been a source of revenue for the mission.

In one year alone the Mission Press printed 80,000 New Testa- ment portions in Burmese, 2,725 whole Bibles in Sgaw Karen in F. D. PIDNNEY IN OCTOBER. 191B three editions, 2,000 Pwo Karen New Testaments, 10,000 gospels in Shan, and 20,000 Old Testament portions in Talain. Twenty-two thousand International Sunday School lesson helps in three languages are issued every month.

Mr. Phinney was born in HornellsviIle, now Hornell, New Yark, on December 7, 1857, and was educated in the public schools of Rochester, and was graduated from Rochester University in 1878.

For three years following graduation he carried on a printing busi- ness, and was then offered the position of Superintendent of the Mission Press in Rangoon. It was not easy for him to sever his connections in America, where he was just becoming established in a promising business, to go half way around the world to an untried position where the possibilities of success or failure were uncertain.

The missionary idea, however, was not novel to Mr. Phinney and he decided to accept. Mr. Phinney's all round mechanical ability, which had been encouraged and especially trained by his father, combined 293 •

with a liberal education contributed toward guaranteeing him success in the new enterprise. After some days his decision was reached and after a month spent in and near Boston in special study of the methods employed in some of the larger printing houses, Mr. Phinney sailed for Rangoon January 28, 1882.

In the instaUation of new vernacular typesetting machines and other modern equipment invented by Mr. Phinney, the Press today leads all other printing establishments in India, for none other has so far adopted any modern composing machines for the setting of THE PRI!lSS ROOM OF THI!l RANGOON MISSION PRI!lSS, BURMA vernacular type used in any of the langllages of India. Under Mr. Phinney's skillful administration and through his enthusiasm for the work, a new building, considered one of the most modern in the city, was erected for the Press in 1905. This building was one of the first in Rangoon to install plate glass windows. The linotypes used by the Press for vernacular work were especially designed by Mr. Phinney, who also invented the first Burmese typewriter. The latter work is considered a remarkable achievement inasmuch as the Burmese language has seven hundred distinct characters. By an ingenious device Mr. Phinney reproduced all of these characters on the Remington typewriter, which has only forty-two keys. This invention received a very cordial reception by the Government.

BY MRS. E. C. CRONK, 844 DREXEL BUILDING

POSSIBILITIES OF PICTURES IN THE MISSIONARY PROGRAM "Please let me see it," begged a group of children as a picture was held up.

Their plea voiced the inner thought of everyone to whom the statement of the missionary situation is made. Whether your picture is painted with words, or with pencil and brush, or by a printing press, you must use pictures if you would be convincing. Robert Moffat persuaded David Livingstone with a picture when he said, "There is a vast plain to the north where I have, sometimes seen in the morning sun, the smoke of a thousand villages where no missionaries have ever been."

Alexander Duff said that his first interest in missions was due to pictures which his father used to show him on Sunday afternoons when he was only four years old.

Any wide-awake advertising company would pay fabulous prices for the wall space of Sunday-school rooms and the privilege of a weekly bulletin in church vestibules or class-rooms. It yet remains for any church to develop an adequate missionary picture program.

AROUSING THE IMAGINATION OF ing any real concepti.on or mental THE OHUROH image in the consciousness. We need By HARRY S. MYERS less thinking in words and more think- ing in terms of the ideas and concep- "Facts are the fuel for missionary tions that are back of the words, of :fires." That has long been a slogan which the words are but the symbols.

in missionary education, but it is far We need to do more visual thinking.

from being adequate. More than a Right here is the difference between few :fires have been put out by piling the returned missionary and the on too much fuel, whether coal or average church member in America.

wood! The Church needs something The missionary thinks visually of the more than mere facts. Unless there peoples and conditions of mission is a deep stirring of the heart, such lands. Heathenism is a reality, not a as can come only from love of God word. The power of the Gospel to and love for humanity, the massing transform lives is vitally real to him.

of facts, the piling up of statistics and He has seen it. He not only knows the invoking of the survey method it, but realizes it. The case is far dif- may defeat our purpose. ferent with the non-traveled member What we need is something that of the church at home. He knows will vitalize the facts, make them real, rather than realizes conditions. He make them enter into the very con- thinks mainly in words, not visually.

sciousness of the Church and so stir Coue haR been insisting that where the Church to action. It is quite pos- imagination and will are in conflict, sible to multiply words without arous- the imagination always wins out. It 295

is not difficult to support his thesis MISSIONARY PICTURES AND HOW from the standpoint of experiences TO USE THEM in the raising of missionary money. By Alice O. Bryant $1,500.00 will buy a fair sort of a car and allow something over for gas First catch your pictures. This and tires during the year. The men- really, is not at all hard. The large; tal picture of the pleasure and profit denominational boards make very to a man's family is usually far . generous use of pictures either in clearer than the picture of what that magazines or in leaflets of one sort or money might accomplish for the king- another. A very large assortment is dom of God and humanity if invested issued by the Missionary Education in a missionary in Africa or Mexico! Movement, as follows: Change the amount of money in- PICTURE SHEET SERIES volved, and think of a new suit of clothes, a fine set of books, some new There are twenty-two sets of Pic- furniture-the principle remains the tUre Sheets." 'rhese consist of twelve, and in some cases sixteen, p~es of same.

Possibly we ought to go a step fur- excellent half-tones, the majority ther and emphasize not so much the measuring five by seven inches. Five triumph of the imagination over the sets are distinctly home missionary in will, when the two happen to corne theme, others picture phases of child into conflict, as the triumph of the life in India, China, Japan, and other stronger of two mental pictures. countries, and still others have as their Whether a young man will be thrifty theme such interests as " How We and save money or not depends on the .A.re Fed, ') "How WeAre Sheltered,"

relative strength of two pictures in etc.

his mind: financial independence on These pictures may be used for note- the one hand and the immediate satis- book or poster work, or the resourceful faction that may come from spending mission class leader may use them in freely and foolishly now. Whether or such ways as these: not a church member will give system- (1) Take two sheets representative atically and generously for all mis- of different countries; for example, sionary causes will depend on the "America at Home" and "Chinese relative strength of the mental picture Boys and Girls." Paste each pic- into which loyalty to Christ, the in- ture on a piece of card-board or stiff adequacy of the non-Christian reli- paper. Cut as for a picture puzzle gions and the all-sufficiency of Christ and in an envelope, put one from each enter on the one hand, and the sheet. Give each child, or two chil- picture of personal selfish enjoyment dren working together, an envelope to be secured through the spending of with instructions to put together the the same money on one's self on the two pictures.

other. (2) In an envelope place two pic- A very important part of our prob- tures–one of one country and one of lem of missionary education is the another. In the same envelope place formation of clear strong mental pic- two little poems or anecdotes about tures of the significance and value of the countries represented by the pic- the missionary program. We must tures. ('l'hese may be found in Mis- stimulate the imagination of the whole sionwry Program Materia~*). Give an Church. We must help the Church to envelope to each child asking him to think visually of its great kingdom- attach the poem or anecdote to the task. And we cannot do this without picture it may illustrate.

the aid of pictures, good pictures, (3) Cut captions from two pictures.

lots of pictures, pictures aH the time. Put both pictures and captions in an When the Church sees, it will feel; envelope, and ask the child to eom- and when it feels, it will give. Use bine them correctly. This idea may Pictures. also be used by having a number of

BEST METHODS

MISSION SCHOOL GIRLS IN CONSTANTINE, NORTH AFRICA (Before and After Posing) A PICTURE STORY OF MOSLEM WOMANHOOD WITHOUT CH&IST, CONSTANTINE, Al'RIOA A Mission Board Seeretary visiting the mission stations of the world came to one of the homes for girls in Constantine, Africa. His ever-ready camera B(lapped five of the girls in eharmingly natural poses.

When the principal found the Secretary from America was there she carefully arranged the girls to have their pictures taken. This is the result of the injunction that has ruined 50 many pictures, "Now look your best."

these on a table and allowing the boys (3) The pictures may be separated and girls free play in combining them. and displayed on a table. The leader PRIMARY PICTURE STORIES may then read a caption and the chil- dren discover the picture that fits the Each set of Primary Picture Stories caption.

consists Df six pictures (9×13 inches) and a pamphlet containing six short WHAT DOES IT SAY?

stories suitable for telling, accom- Of course there are pictures that panied by six illustrative pictures, are perfectly dumb. The most vivid nine by thirteen inches. These may imagination could not hear them be used in either of the following speak a word. Would that mission- ways: (1) A picture may be placed aries would learn to send back from where the children can see it, and the the field pictures that talk rather than story illustrating it may be read or what one missionary caBs, "sit-me- told; or (2) all six pictures may be down-groups," with an American or placed where the children can see so plugged into the c.entre, which them (with labels covered) then one mean little to the general public how- of the stmies read or told and the ever gratifying they may be to all the children judge which picture fits the missionary's second cousins.

story. There are some splendid speaking WORLD FRIENDSHIP STAMPb pictures on the various picture sheets, for a missionary social or as a feature There is a fascinating book of fifty- of some meeting. Cut out some of three stamps* (2x21h inches) printed these and paste them on separate in lovely colors which may be used in sheets of cardboard. Number con- much the same way as the Picture secutively. Give to each guest a slip Sheets. They uan also be pasted on of paper with corresponding numbers.

postcards and sent on home mission Ask Mch one to write, as direct quota- trips to children who see few pictures. tions, what the pictures say. Hold up (2) The pictures may be pasted on the pictures one by one and have each a long strip of paper and shown to guest read his quotation. Decide the children through a projector. A which is best by vote or by a com- little lantern slide lecture may thus mittee of judges.

be given, using the captions for text.

an • Order material published by the Mis- PRACTICAL PICTURE POSsmIL- siona,'Y Edunation Movement through your de- ITIES nominational boaTd. Get from your Mission Board a Picture Sheets.-The price of each of the fol- large picture of an outstanding mislowing twenty-two sets of Picture Sheets is sionary. An individual, or a class, or 25 cents, organization may frame it and present it to the Sunday-school, or to some AFRICA AMERICA AT HOME ARMENIANS AND SYRIANS, THE Boys AND GIRLS OF BIBLE LANDS Boys AND GIRLS OF INDIA society. Hang picture on the wall or CHII,D LIFE OF THE WORLD place on an easel and drape it with flag of U. S., or other country from CHILDREN OF THE CITY CHINESE BoyS AND GIRLS CHINESE SNAPSHOTS EGYPT AND MODERN HEROES OF BIBLE LANDS which missionary went, and with the ESKUroS. THE Christian flag. Arrange cord so as to EVERYDAY INDJA draw back the flag at the proper time. How_ WI!: ARFl FED Choose a good story teller to tell the How Wll TRAVEL story. As "Fling Out the Banner" How WE ARE SHELTERED or some other suitable hymn is sung ITAl.lANS, THE MEXICANS IN THE UNI'l'JilD STATE.S MISSIONARY AT WORK, THE NEGRO NEIGHBORS ORIENTALS IN THE UNlTED STATES have story teller and a boy and girl go to platform. At close of the story PJmPLE OF JAPAN, THE the boy and girl draw the cords that WOlt:K AROUND THE WORLD pull the flags back and disclose the picture. Audience should rise and Primary Pirture Stories.-Price, 50 cents. (Subjects were listed ~ the March REVIEW.) World Friendship Stamps. Price 50 cents. Mi88i01ary Program Material. Anita B.

Ferris. Revised Edition, 1922. Price $1.00. sing, "The Son of God Goes Forth to

1923J BEST ME'rHODE

MORNING NOON A Ji'TERNOON NIGHT "Ye mu st 1'.·ork the works of Him that sent me while it is day. The night cometh wben no man ca.n wu)"k"

A PICTURE STORY OF MOSLEM WOMANHOOD WITHOUT CHRIST War," or some other suitable hymn "This is Hirama San, one of the and a prayer for more volunteers teachers at the kindergarten. She is should be made. etc., etc." The same plan may be used in meetings for girls or grown- MOUNTED PICTURES ups.

Every church should have a col- LIVING PICTURES lection of mounted pictures. 'rhese can be arranged in sets, and used in Make a frame of any size desiredmun.,· ways. For- instance, some of the pictures from the sheet" Orientals seven by eight feet is very satisfactory. in America" may be pasted on cardboard of the size of large photographs. Use six-inch boards; gild or silver Underneath each picture may be pasted the printed words from the the frame and fasten it to front of sheet or any typewritten words desired. A teacher who has a lesson on the platform. Cover the remaining "The Stranger Within Thy Gates" may pash these around before or after front of the stage with draperies and his class period. Pictures, whether or not bearing especially on the lesson, place draw curtains. inside the frame. may be circulated in this way at anytime. There should be a custodian of Arrange lights with reflectors above pictures who keeps them in circulation and constantly makes additions to the and at both sides, and a spotlight high stock. at left. Dull blue netting placed over A MISSIONARY MOVIE the opening in the frame will give Seleet a dozen or more pictures of especial interest to children. Give atmospheric effect. For a background one picture to each child who is to help make the movie and see that he place a reversible screen about six learns a few interesting facts about his picture; make some general an- feet back of curtain. Cover one side nouncement about the pictures that are to follow. Have the children enter of the screen with dull cobalt blue for one by one. The first holds up picture and says: "This is the kindergarten outside scenes and for indoor scenes the children built in Japan." The next child follows immediately with turn the other side which should be covered with oatmeal paper.

A chorus may interpret the pictures by music. A reader may tell the story which is illustrated as she proceeds.

Strikingly effective talks may be made with living picture illustrations. A tour of mission stations, given by a good speaker, will leave never-to-be- forgotten impressions. As the speaker reaches .Japan the curtain is raised and a scene in a Japanese kinder- garten is shown for a minute. Then the curtain falls and the speaker goes on while another picture is being ar· ranged. –

A wonderfully effective combina- box to tell those who "peep" at the tion of song, story and picture may picture more about it.

be given in this way. SERIAL PICTURES PICTURES, PERSONAL PROPERTY "To be continued" are three fas- cinating words. A picture that grows If there was no demand for small is sure to maintain interest. A class pictures for desks and dressing tab1es may go around the world by having the stores would not continue to carry sheets of cardboard or a strip of camsuch a large stock of frames costing bric placed around the wall with picfrom ten cents to many dollars. Boys tures of many lands pasted around it. and girls have their friends, also their A book may be illustrated from one heroes and heroines. Mission Boards lesson to another by a collection of are beginning to furnish small pic- pictures, illustrating the chapters. tures of a few outstanding missionary heroes and heroines. The picture sup- Little children delight to build a plements make it easy to frame motion picture of "Christ blessing the chilpicture heroes; the sporting pages dren of the world." Paste in centre have ragged holes in them where some of a large sheet of cardboard a copy boy: or girl has torn out a baseball or of "Christ Blessing Little Children." football hero. Let us make it possible Then ask the children to bring small for young folks to have a few mission- cut-out pictures of children of alI ary heroes and heroines, with thrilling nations and paste them around the life stories for their frames. central picture as they repeat" Suffer the little children to come unto Me."

PEEP PICTURES Children at home also like to make a frieze of all the children of the world Little folks and big folks enjoy a for their bedrooms or nurseries. A "Peep Picture Show." Take paste- spirit of world friendship is formed board boxes. Line the inside with in this way by familiarity with atpaper of a solid color. Remove the tractive pictures of boys and girls Df top and cover with transparent paper other lands. of green or rose Dr whatever color is desired. On the inside arrange scenes "WHAT'S THE USE?"

from various mission lands. One may "You are spending Dloney and tim.e show a tepee of American Indians. for nothing."

The three sides of the box may be By E. H. DORNllLASER, D.D.

covered with pictures of Indians or "'Vhat's the use?" said a member with a background of trees. On the of a Foreign Mission Board to the "floor" of the box, tents and smaH Rev. A. D. Rowe when he was making figures may be pasted to stand erect. final arrangements to go to India as Japanese pictures may have a tiny a Lutheran Missionary in the year lake made with a mirror, and minia- 1874. He answered by saying- ture trees with paper cherry blossoms. " We'll see."

Small Japanese figures may be bought What he proposed to do and did or cut out and colored. was to go to Philadelphia to work After the picture is finished put on with a practical photographer for lid of box, facing front. Cut a hole several months to familiarize himself ~arge enough for eye and finish in with the art of photography. Then some artistic fashion. A typewritten he went to the Guntur mission field sheet, giving some interesting facts in the Madras Presidency and became about the picture and what it repre- a successful missionary. When the sents, may be hung above or at the great famine did its destructive work side. in the seventies of the last century the A dozen or more pieture boxes will British Government made. him the make an interesting meeting. A cus- distributing agent of funds for famine todian or guide may be placed at each relief.

1923j BEST

Because of his knowledge of photog- volunteered to go to the foreign field.

raphy Mr. Rowe took many pictures He went to China, became Student of famine sufferers and used his Secretary of the Y. M. C. A., con- camera constantly in his missionary ducted many Bible classes for boys operations. He wrote a number of and organized the Student Volunteer books on Hindu life and illustrated Movement of China. He declares that them by these pictures. These photos the first desire to do foreign mission were developed and offered for sale work came from seeing the Rowe in America. Half of proceeds was to photos in his home at Lamartine, pay for the pictures and the other baH Pennsylvania. Among the boy stu- was to go into the treasury of the dents in Arthur Rugh's Bible classoo Children's Missionary Society. This in Shanghai, in 1904, were the fol- society supported Mr. Rowe and one lowing: other missionary. He organized it One was later graduated from the Uni· versity of Pennsylvania, and is nOw a doctor before he went to India. Its dues were at the head of the department of bacteri· twenty-five cents a year for every ology in the St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai. member, and this sale of photos was Another is the principal of a Christian devised for the purpose of sw€lling school of six hundred stUdents. A third is a graduate of the University of the sum of these contributions. Vastly more was accomplished by them than Edinburgh, and is the assistant manager of simply the accumulation of cash. the Hanyang Iron Works, a fifty-two million dollar corporation, the largest in China.

In 1879 a young man just grad- A fourth is the Secretary of the North uated from Wittenberg Theological China Conservancy Bureau, an engineering Seminary, at Springfield, Ohio, ac- company working to prevent floods in North China. by guiding the three rivers in new cepted a call to become the pastor of courses to the ocean. A fifth is an honor graduate of Yale, and three Lutheran Churches in the of the school of Business Administration at original oil field of Pennsylvania, Harvard. For five years he was the first where his parishioners were farmers, se<ll'etary of the Chinese Legation in Lon- mechanics, villagers and oil producers. don; acting ambassador to Belgium; and This young pastor had been a member sec.retary to the Chinese Commission to the of the same church as Mr. Rowe and Disarmament Conference at Washington, when the missionary returned on his: D.C. A sixth is president of the Chinese Gov- first and only furlough the pasto.r ernment Teachers' College, recognized as the leading Normal School of China. He was asked him to send a copy of each chairman of the CommiSBion of Educators photograph taken in India. The cate- that visited the West, two years ago, to in· chumens and other children of the vestigate the Educational Systems of the church used these in canvassing the Occident and organize a system for China. families of the parish and many copies A seventh is an honor graduate of Yale, were sold. They thus became the the national secretary of the Y. M. C. A. of means of disseminating missionary in- China, chairman of the Joint Committee of Parliament which drafted the constitution formation throughout the community of China. He was the only representative of and the people became wonderfully both North and South China to Paris. He interested in missions. Mr. Rowe was was offered the Vice-Chairmanship of the invited to lecture in this and many Chinese Delegation to the Washington Peace Conference, but refused becanse China was other neighboring chUrches. not united.

Among the children who sold these God can and does use little things photos were an older brother and to create a desire to cross the seas to sis~er of a lad, at that time about four teach His Word and to influence with years old, whose name was Arthur Christian ideals the educational, Rugh. He became interested in the the medit'ai, the industrial, the me- photographs and in the people they chanical, the religious, and the gov- pictured. Subsequently he was grad- ernmental interests of a great and uated from a Pennsylvania Normal powerful country.

School and later from Wittenberg Was it worth while to learn how to College. He became a Y. M. C. A. take pictures in India and to show Student Secretary for Ohio and there them in America Y

Woman's Foreign Mission

MRS. HENRY W. PEABODY, ALICE M. KYLE AND GERTRUDE SCHULTZ Editorial Committee of the Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions STORY OF THE CAMPAIGN, decided not to depend on luncheons . This is a gathering up of impres- or large meetings but to work quietly SlOns and an estimate of spiritual and prayerfully through literature values in this experiment of working and appeals. Five hundred thousand together in a financial campaign for dollars was secured, $217 000 in spe- land and buildings for the Union cial gifts, the larger part' of the bal- Christian Colleges for the Women in ance given by Boards to the colleges the Orient. for which they were responsible.

The Joint Committee decided to This, however, did not meet the need.

put our college interests together and In the fall of 1921 a campaign was ask for a fund which should meet the launched with .lunch.eons, dinners, needs of all. The estimate for land teas, mass meetmgs, lllustrated lec- and buildings for seven colleges was tures, pageants, while streams of $3,000,000. An appeal was made to literature, posters and pledge cards the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Me- flowed out. The Students' Committee morial fund for $1,000,000, and after organized with Mrs. D. J. Fleming as investigation the trustees agreed to chairman, began work in the colleges.

give to six of the colleges, omitting the The A. A. U. W. lent its executive North China Medical School. There secretary and president to the Ad- were two reasons for this: first, the visory Committee of the Joint Com- Rockefeller Foundation had made a mittee. A small office was set up at large investment in Peking and that 300 Ford Building, Boston, and a school was opened to women; second, very efficient treasurer, Miss Hilda L. the hope was expressed that if there Olson, was secured. An office for the were to be a medical school for women middle West was opened in Chicago in China the Boards might unite in with Miss Ida Green as secretary.

one place and concentrate on one high For more than a year a persistent grade school, rather than two or three campaign of information, including a poorly equipped schools of lower remarkable gift of publicity from grade.. daily and religious press and such Therefore, the Trustees granted magazines as Asia, Delineator and the $946,666 to our $1,893,332, a total of Pictorial Review, followed by finan- $2,840,998. It was estimated that cial appeals, has covered the country, Boards might appropriate one third, the northern states cooperating. In one third should be secured in a cam- the South only one Board is actively paign, and the other third should identified with the colleges which pre- come from the Laura Spelman Rocke- sented the united campaign. That feller Fund, the fund to be completed Board made a generous pledge from January 1, 1923. its Centenary Fund. Canada also A special Building Fund Commit- decided to make a direct appropria- tee was appointed and began its work tion. The plan was to have one hun- in the fall of 1920, culminating in the dred College Days in as many cities, Christmas campaign. The Committee and it has been carried out, beginning in Washington, D. C., in November, be;o~~e aN~~~;:.~n'b~:~:!n~C~?ot~:ar.'::~~ 1921, and closing in San Diego, Cali- fmoitrtneiea~ Dweecreemfboerrm8~d19a2n2d. State Com- SJYc;,h.o,'o~l:i~innw~!l'lsifn~a~nrf0uV.~~<At,,~n,e~w~~M!e~d£i~ca".i! School for an immense the under 302 amount of voluntary service has been window in a store and represented the given, often by busy women, well Vellore hospital with its pathetic trained in the work of their own de- closed door, and girls in Indian dress nominations. It has not been unusual waiting to enter. The sign on the door to have from 500 to 1,000 women at said, "Closed untiL the money can the luncheons and at the Commodore be Ilecured." Many who had seen the and Bellevue-Stratford there were story in the papers stopped, and one 1,550 and 1,200 respectively. The lady told of an interested little news- Federation has cooperated and it was boy who said to her as he gazed in, hoped by some that local Federations "You see they can't open it till they might carry the campaign and in git the money. Gee whiz! I've got some cities they have assisted with to sell sorne papers," and presently good results. But it was found neces- came back and dropped in his pennies.

sary in almost every case to organize Many have heard of Harriet of Tulsa, a special committee, and one of the and her strawberry shortcake recipe greatest gains has been in securing which grew into a cook·house….

service and gifts from thousands of Hindrances~ Oh, so many. We women not hitherto identified with must not appeal to churches nor mis- missionary movements. Club women sionary societies and few outside knew aud college women have come to ap- about the colleges. There seemed to preciate and honor the women who be a necessity for creating a new con- have, through the years, built up in stituency. Every other cause was the Women's Missionary Societies the granted right of way, The Near foundations for these institutions of East, with its pitiful immediate needs, higher education for women. Community Chests in many cases Not only in the committees, but as prohibiting any other appeal, China campaigners and speakers, it has been Famine, Russian Relief, every Mispossible to call upon a remarkable sion Board pressing most important group including editors, college pres- claims, American colleges absorbed in idents and faculty members. The securing endowments from $1,000,000 President of WeHesley College took to $9,000,000 each, people tired a little ten days for a strenuous trip in ten of appeals after the many war apwestern cities. World travelers, mis- peals, hard times in the middle West, sionaries and statesmen have helped. strikes and shut-downs. Could it be Dr. Ida Scudder has been wonderful done Y It seemed hardly possible. It here as in India. We have needed was a new cause and there is always many speakers for all the varied func- the feeling on the part of some that tions at which Union Colleges have we are robbing America if We make been presented. an appeal for Asia. But there is a new response to the international ap- Dollar Day peal. We are disappointed that our Government has not been able to find Wherever this plan of community a way to take its place in the world, cooperation was tried, it met with re- and this effort of American women markable success. One little town in for the women of the Orient seemed a lumber regiou with a small union the only definite cooperative plan for church "ent in its contribution, $520 showing our real friendship and symcollected from the settlements where pathy for other nations. It was a women read of the colleges and sent Woman's League of Love and it car- their gifts. There is not time to re- ried an appeal that many have been port all tlie beautiful and touching glad to meet. The gift of $50,000 instances of service and sacrifice. The from Miss Ellen Scripps of La J olIa, King's Daughters have made a not- California, for this "glorious inter- able contribution, a building for Isa- • The recipe can be bought with the ~tory bella Thoburn College. In one city from Mrs. Robert MacArthur, Tulsa, Oklahoma, in the East, the women secured a for one dollar, the proceeds going to the col~ leges.

national adventure," is typical of radio in Sacramento, the capital of such feeling. California. "How far does the broad- There has been no corps of paid casting extend ¥" we asked. "To workers. Anyone who would work Wheeling, West Virginia," was the at all was eagerly welcomed. Conse- answer, and so in the air the stories quently the expenses will not exceed met, a united appeal for the women two per cent of the fund and a large of the Orient, and today our prayers part of this is charged to printing and ascending here are meeting those of distribution of literature. the women of the East who have been At the moment when we faced praying for the help that will fit them disappointment which would have to serve their own people. Let us not been keenly felt in the colleges and fail to continue to pray that God will by the groups of women in this bless these colleges. May they be cen- country who had worked so faithfully, ters of spiritual life and light. We there came an assurance that He who may need them as much as they have began would finish the work. Since needed us, for out of the campaign, then there have been really wonder- with a· sense of gratitude and appreci- ful answers to the prayers of count- ation of the royal women who have less women. There have been some helped, has come a fear, for women large gifts but the best of the cam- of America, with wealth, privilege, paign is in the thousands of small power, many of them slaves to their gifts which have made up the larger own selfish pagan desires.

part of the nearly $2,000,000. Ap- And so in this gift of the women of parently the Boards have appropriated $500,000, we have ~ceived large America to the women of Asia it may gifts amounting to approximately be we are beginning an exchange of $400,000, and the remainder has come in smaller gifts, ranging from $1.00 gifts and our gold will become someto $1,000. thing infinitely more precious, as it The trustees of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund have been passes on through the lives of our sisters and returns to bless and spirit- ualize us. L. W. P.

kind, sympathetic, appreciative, and ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FEDhave given us every help and encour- ERATION agement, paying over promptly for every $100,000 certificated for by us, The annual meeting of the Federaa check for $50,000, and extending the tion of Woman '8 Boards of Foreign time of payment until February first. Missions was held in New York City, January 13th-15th, at the National Most of all we prize the coopera- headquarters of the Young Women's tion that has been possible. It was Christian Association. In addition to the united effort that appealed to so the business attendant upon the remany. ports of the various committees, there were several unusual features One woman, Mrs. William Baker, which made this one of the best anwho helped begin and end the cam- nual meetings the Federation has paign in Washington, never failing ever held. for a moment in her task, became our Publicity leader. She has since en- tered into rest. She secured the Na- Exhibit of Literature tional Radio at Arlington. Dr. Scud- der, introduced by Bishop McDowell, Under the direction of the Com- of spoke over one line, and Mrs. Coolidge, mittee on Methods of Work, the vari- wife the Vice-president, consented ous Boards had prepared exhibits of to speak from Arlington on December literature dealing with women's, young 4th. It happened that as she spoke women's and children's work, mis- over the National Radio, at the same sionary education, finance, editorial hour, allowing for difference in time, work and publicity. This exhibit, the Chairman was speaking from the hung in a room near the. Assembly

1923J WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN

Room, was worthy of study. Com- 0,'1 Monday afternoon at the closing bined with the exchange of literature w~ich the committee is carrying on, Ees~lOn of the annual meeting, Miss thIS demonstration of methods proved of immense value. Sm Wang, a candidate for the degree Three Significa.nt Addresses of Ph.D. at Columbia spoke on The choice of outside speakers was "Christian Schools in the China of lTlOst happy. On Sunday afternoon Miss Harriet Taylor, Executive of the Tomorrow." Although political con- Foreign Division of the Y. W. C. A. spoke on "The Significance of the ditions in China are so disturbing China Christian Conference." Miss Taylor emphasized three features of Miss Wang expressed the opinion that the conference. First was the personnel, which included more Chinese prospects for education were never so than foreigners, (unless one counts the foreign visitors invited), and rep- bright as at present, as there is a resented a cross-section of Chinese Christian life, with Dr. Cheng Ching- large group of high-minded Chinese Yi, the presiding officer, as the outstanding personality of the confer- who are devoting themselves to build: ence. The second feature was the program, which had been painstak- ing up a new educational system. ingly worked out and was carefully presented by five commissions on (1) Christian mission schools, if they are the Present State of Christianity in China. (2) The Future Task of the to be a real part of the forward move- Church. (3) The Message of the Church. (4) Christian leadership. ment, must divest themselves of their (5) Cooperation and interdenominational activities. Third, the product foreign character, becoming increasof the conference was most evident in the Survey, "The Christian Occu- ingly more Chinese as to leadership pation of China." curriculum and language. Of hardly Dr. C. Leighton Stuart, President of Peking University, gave a most in- less Importance is the question of the teresting picture of conditions which his parents faced as pioneer mission- kind of education which Chinese stuaries in 1868, and referred to his own early impressions. He contrasted dents are getting in America-is it with these conditions his present work, carried on with Chinese colleagues of making them materialists or leaders rare scholarship, consecration and ability. He mentioned some outstand- with high ideals and strong character. ing developments in China today, such as the Student Movement, the Renais- China still needs missionaries, but sance and anti-Christian agitation. His closing emphasis was on the fact they BlUst be keenly intellectual that the totality of Christianity can only be realized by the gifts of all broad-minded Christ-iike men and nations, and that this totality will eventually make its impression on women, who have nothing to "put those who have not been able to accept partial presentations of Christ. over" but Christ and his love for hu- 5 manity, of which China and the United States are small integral parts.

*** The Annual Report of the Federa- tion contains much veasplueacbialellymattoeritahl~ We call attention report of the Student Committee by Mrs. D. J. Fleming, and the report of Interdenominational Institutions by Miss Nellie Prescott. As many are asking for the report of the Col- lege Campaign, we give in this num- ber the statement presented to the Federation. The official report of the Building Committee of the Joint Committee on Women's Christian Colleges of the Orient and the Treas- urer's report will be published later.

"""

In order to make this department of real value to Boards Local Fed- erH.tions, and Cooperati'llg Commit- tees, we shall welcome questions or topics relating to existing federated missior:ary movements, or to those that mlght be undertaken. EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUL.'ofLAN, 156 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK STUDENT WORK sentatives from the organizations working among women students to From th e report of tb"e Committee on Student share plans and ideas, including ap- Work ot th e Council of Women for Home Mjs~ p eals to students for money or servsions for 1922, Miss Mary E. Markley. Chairman. ice, and to receive group action when this would strengthen a project. The 'l'he Committee on Student W'ork committee meets rcgularly four times has functioned in two capacities: (1 ) a year, in September, December, !<' ebas an integral part of the Federated ruary and May. Student Committee, alld (2 ) ill connection with work among Farm and 'l'he committee went on record Cannery Migrants.

in May as recommending "that wherever in Associ- ation and similar confer- ences a number of Church representatives are present to represent their variolls interests …. (they) bind themselves together at the beginning of the confer- ence to talk over the in- terests they represent so that throughout the confer- ence the cause of one shall become the cause of all, that they may stand to- gether, a united body in all LONDON BRIDGE-MIGRANT WORK the interests represented."

Federated Student Committee The Committee also recom- mended that the group of Church rep- The F ederated Student Committee, r esentatives at the end of each confer- composed of the Committee on Stu- ence" formulate careful findings with dent Work of the Federation of a view to Church interests another 'Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions, year. " Thus the work of the Church including Y: W. C. A. representa- interest is being strengthened and co- tives, the similar committee of the ordinated.

Council, and women representatives The desire has been quite generally of the Church Boards of Education expressed by Board representatives to and of the Student Volunteer Move- have Bible study and the study of ment who are actively at work among missions put back in the Y. W. C. A.

students, was set up at the beginning conference programs, the question be- of the year 1922, approval having ing raised as to whether World Fel- been expressed by the Federation and lowship lectures are an adequate the Council at their annual meetings substitution for the previous method in January. R epresentation from the of group study and whether the pres- Student F ellowship for Christian ent method accounted for the decrease Life-Service was added upon the in actual mission study in the colleges.

formation of that Fellowship. This It is recognized that students are U11- Federated Committee is informal in doubtedly using a variety of methods nature, is not a legislative body, but not used in former days and that the furnishe,~ opportunity for the repre- technical hours at conferenees might 306 be used to help students lay definite The opinion is unanimous that team missionary education programs for visitation is the most effective way for the college year, but it is seriously the Churches to approach students.

questioned whether the general inter- The. teams are composed of three or est aroused by the Fellowship lectures more denominational student secre- is not more superficial than that for- taries, who go to a college togetber merly resulting from the group study. and generally bold a tbree days' pro- The Federated Committee has rec- gram, including mass meetings, round ommended "a larger emphasi s on the table discussions, conferences with . Church in the whole Association pr·o- student pastors and faculty, talks gram in order to prepare students for with Life-work and Student Volun- service in the Church after college, teer groups, vocational forums, lunch- and that Board representatives be eon~ and dinners with advisory boards used in a larger way, not only in con- and at sorority houses and dormi- duct of conferences, but that they also tories, talks to Christian Endeavor be represented on committees prepar- and Young People's Societies, and ing for conferences and on such other personal interviews. The teams work committees of the Association as may through the field secretaries of the be desirable," such representatives to Y. W. C. A. and local Christian for- be people who are in close touch with ces. The Y. W. C. A. secretaries.Q~ student work. the teams identify the Association In January, 1922, team visitation was tried experi- mentally at the University of Chicago, the program in- cluding Catholic, Jewish and Protestant denomina- tional meetings, and a mass meeting addressed by a Jewish Rabbi, a Catholic layman and a woman rep- r esenting Protestant inter- ests. This experiment was felt to be very worth whiie and to have proved that there were great possibili- ties along this line. Later that,winter team visitations TOOTHBRUSH DRILL-MIGRANT WORK were made at Wellesley, New Hampshire State College, and with the effort to show the Church as Smith, the presentations being Prot- a whole.

estant only. During the fall and winter of 1922 team· visitation has Work among Farm and Cannery been carried out on the Pacific Coast MigrlUlts at the State Universities of California, 'V The Federated Student Committee Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, Oregon Agricultural College, and endorsed the omen 's Union Chris- Washington State College; in the tian Colleges of the Orient and work Middle West at the Universities of among Farm and Cannery Migrants West Virginia, Chicago, and Indiana, as objects for the missionary con- Beloit College and Knox College; and tributions of students.

The work among Farm and Canin New England and New York at nery Migrants was described at the Cornell University and Syracuse Uni- Student Assembly held in connection versity, Smith, Mt. Holyoke and Wel- with the Y. W. C. A. Biennial in lesley Colleges. April at Hot Springs, Arkansas, and

much interest and the desire to hear sions. Attractive illustrated leaflets more about the work was expressed. descriptive of the work may be ob- Letters have been sent to the deans tained at 10 cents each from the of women in the colleges throughout Council, 156 Fifth A.venue, New York the land to acquaint them with the City. ".~ligrant Wo·rkers ,in Hurvest work, and to seek their cooperation and Cannery" outlines conditions and in making plans for the future. Very needs and tells of the beginning of encourag'ing replies have come from the work; A College Gi"l's Summer many of these deans, and it is evident Diary and Diw'Y Number Two, from that the work among migrants is ex- which the pictures are taken, contain tremely interesting to them. It is extracts from diaries kept by the girls hoped that a number of colleges will who servcd at the stations. Both arc include a sum for migrant work in fascinating reading.

their budgets for benevolences, and Young People and Interdenomina- give something every year. tional Service The Executive Committee of the The interest of young people and Council decided that " a share" should be rated at thirty dollars. Rtudents in interdenominational serv- ice is unmistakable. At a conference of fifty leading Presbyterian young women in Chicago in May the following resolution was passed: "Be it resolved that this body go on record as favor- ing the principle of inter- denominational cooperation and cooperation of all Christian agencies wher- ever and whenever condi- tions permit, to the end that there be the least pos- sible duplication of effort WOODEN CHECKER BOARDS MADE BY THE BOYS and the greatest possible effectiveness of work."

Three hundred dollars supports a This interest need not detract from representative at a station, and $1,200 students' loyal interest in the agen- supports a station for a summer cies of their own Church. In home season. mission activities, as in foreign mis- The committee hopes to make a be- sion activities, only as: our Christian ginning this year for a steady growth students are familiar with and assist in the interest among students in the in the program of their own Church, work among Farm and Cannery can we hope for the fullest advance- Migrants, which shall become greater ment of the Kingdom. .

year by year, and shall spread to all colleges throughout the country. There are about a millioll and a half of migrant seasonal laborers in the United The Pictures States. Among the largest groups are the The pictures in this BuUet!:n show lumbe:rmell and loggers, the wheat hal" vesters and the workers in small fruit, vege· various activities of the children at table and canniug industries. Thousands of women and children in the farm and can· stations among the Farm and Can- nery migrant groups live in colonies for six nery Migrants conducted cooperative- week. to three month. only in ODe place, ly by women '8 boards through the and then move on. This nomadic life re· Council of Women for Home Mis- sults in appalling ignorance.

_.~~N_JBWS fROM ,MANY1ANJI)S

INDIA stance, recently a Hindu girl, who won All-India Christian Conference a scholarship in an .American college, THE Ninth All-India Christian is reported to have said, "Christianity Conference which was held in is not gaining a convert in India. In Lucknow from December 27th-30th the enormous population of 350,000was noteworthy for its large attend- 000, more than 18,000,000 are Mohamance and the wide-awake discussion medans and the rest are Buddhists. of the topics of the day. Dr. S. K. There are only 400,000 Christians in all Datta, the newly elected President, in India." The last census indicates claimed that Mahatma Gandhi is "the that there are over 5,000,000 Chrisgreatest Indian Christian." He did tians in India, while the Mohammenot approve of the Gandhi political dans number 63,000,000, and the program but emphasized the duty of Hindus over 220,000,000, the Budd- Indian Christians to stand for every hists and other cults make up the balreform and to render unstinted service ance. The percentage of gain during for their country. Mr. C. Y. Chinta- the recent decades shows Christianity mani, Minister of Education and Excise in the United Provinces, referred outstripping the other faiths with it to the three classes of people in India, the extremists, reactionaries and, be- Christian ministry more aggressive tween the two, those working for con- and influential than ever before. stitutional reform, and expressed his Bishop Fisher, of the Methodist hope that the Christian community Church, reports baptisms at the rate might always be in the last-named sec- of 100 a day throughout the year and tion. Bishop F. W. Warne spoke en- states that 50,000 others asking for thusiastically of the possibilities and Christian baptism could not be cared for for want of Christian leaders to train them.-Christian Advocate.

responsibilities of such a body of In- dian Christians and urged all to seek Missionaries at the Center the spiritual preparation necessary to ASUMMARY of political conditions represent their Master to the millions in India comes from Sam Higginof India still without the knowledge of bottom, in Allahabad: "The political their Saviour. situation is much easier. Non-cooper- ation seems to be dead. Hindu-Mos- The conference was a clearing house lem unity has had many severe trials for the free exchange of ideas rather and there is much less talk of it than than for definite action. Some parts there was. The Angora Government of India were not represented and in denying the claim of the Indian others inadequately. The conference Mohammedans that the Sultan of is still in the slow process of growth.

Turkey was both temporal and spiri- Truth About India tual leader of the Moslem world has THAT tens of thousands are appeal- left the Indian Mohammedan agita- ing to Christian workers in India tors without anything to agitate with for instruction and baptism might be non-Moslems. In the meantime re- doubted if credit were given to the forms are working. Increasingly the statements of some who endeavor to Indianization of the Government is speak on this subject. There is an ef- taking place. The Indian controls fort in America to prejudice the pub- finance in a number of subjects. The lic against Great Britain and the various so-called 'Repressive' meas- Christian Church in India. For jn- ures have been modified to suit In- 309

dian public opinion. In view of lack eludes its report with these words: of legislative experience and the "The delegates left Ranchi, realizing diverse religious and social elements that if it should please God, the In- India may well be proud of the dian Church has entered on a new progress she has made in self-govern- phase in her history, and that under ment. The problems presented will the Lord it was all owing to the spirit take years to work out, but the out- of indomitable patience and sagacity come will be in reality a united, na- of Mr. J. H. Oldham." tional India. The Central Government of India has a large deficit, as Bramwell Booth in India have all the Provinces, therefore many schemes dependent upon finance have THE Salvation Army has 3,000 stato wait for a more favorable day. The tions in India and carries on its result is that the Allahabad Univer- work in more than 4,000 villages, Gensity is utilizing all our American col- eral Bramwell Booth announced relege teachers. In fact, it could not cently in Calcutta after a trip of get along without our nine American inspection that carried him through a and Indian teachers who are lectur- large part of the country. ing regularly in the University. We are in at the center as we never were He spoke especially of the work bebefore and as we had never considered ing done among the criminal classes remotely possible." and the people of the lower castes. He visited the convict settlement in A Move Toward "Indianization" the Telugu country, where 2,000 families are provided for. He re- UNDER the auspices of the National ported that most of the families were Missionary Council a conference self-supporting, and that where three of Indian Christians representing the or four years ago there had been the several provinces of India, was held utmost illwill, there was now a spirit at Ranchi, January 3-8, 1923. About of contentment and prOl'lperity. The forty Indian Christians, selected by Government had previously to prothe different Provincial Councils of vide a large police force, but now, he Missions, met and deliberated at says, there are no police needed, and Ranchi on some of the most momen- but few run away, and they generally tous problems affecting the Christian return later. These 2,000 families, movement in India. These were he declared, had been settled on the classified under three headings, Chris- land, some as cultivators and others as tian Education, the Indian Expression weavers. He asserted that he found of Christianity, and the Attitude of the children intelligent and bright. Christianity to Public Questions, and in addition there was adopted a new' -New Yark Times. scheme for the reorganization of the National Missionary Council and the Bible Sales in the PunJah several r.epresentative Councils of Missions with a secretariat for the co- SALES of the Scriptures have been ordination of all Christian work in considerably reduced in some India today. parts of India during the past year, but opinions differ as to how far the This plan was presented by Mr. J. political unrest and the "non-cooper- H. Oldham, editor of the International ation movement" may be responsible. Review of Missions, who has recently Some workers report unusual readibeen visiting India. The composition ness both to purchase and to read. A of the N. M. C., henceforth to be missionary describes how two workers styled the National Christian Council, at a great festival in Delhi had a stall and the provincial councils is to be by the roadside, where crowds passed. half and half missionary and Indian. He writes in The Harvest Field: The Christian Patriot, of Madras, con- "Gospels and traets were bonght, often only to be torn up and scattered in derision. Sometimes the fragments were thrown in

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

their faces. But they both stood up to it, to influence India need to keep themand went on with their selling. Their gos- selves up-to-date. They must be neither obscurantist nor reactionary. pels and tracts sold by hundreds. Some· But any among us who are inclined to times the opposition was so fierce that the road was blocked with people crowding to see what it was all about. Sometimes non- coquette with theology which seeks to cooperators and others intimidated the pass under the name of 'modern buyers. But other agents were out on the thought, ' theology which is but ration- alism in a new garb, may well reflect road, on the outskirts of the crowd, and so the sales went on. In all, that day, over a thousand books were sold, a record for one on the significance of the fact that present-day apologists of Hinduism day's operations for us in Delhi. r noticed, are forging new weapons for their armoury by borrowing and applyinigon several occasions, torn leaves were picked up by passers-by, cautiously scanned, and then carefully concealed to be read at leIs'

ure. The fact is one of the forms of the the principles of Western rationalists. general unrest is' unrest of soul." India '8 supreme need at this hour, Tribute from an Indian Official with her millions of untouchables, her conflicting castes, her superstitions and WHEN Mr. Chintamani, the first her fears, is more of the supernatural Minister of Education in the Christ. If Christianity in India is to United Provinces, visited Gorakhpur, retain its present position of growing the staffs of the various educational far more rapidly than any other reinstitutions there were invited to the ligion, then India's Christian teachers C. M. S. School, St. Andrew's College, must aim not at the maximum of to meet him. He paid the following compromise, but at the maximum of tribute to the work of the mission- definiteness and clearness concerning aries: the Gospel committed unto us. We "We non-Christian Indians can must preach the Incarnation as the never forget the immense debt of grat- completeness of God'8 own unique itude that we owe to the noble mission- Self-disclosure, the Cross as India's aries of the Christian religion for the only salvation from her sin and shame, vast work they have done in order to and the Pentecost as a possible exspread education in this land. Differ perience in every heart." from them as we may … we cannot forget that for no little of the enlight- CHINA enment and national awakening Chinese Home Missions among our countrymen, we are in- AT THE third annual conference debted to the missionaries of the .tl. of the Chinese Home Missionary Christian faith in these provinces and in other parts of the country. I, my- Society last summer no less than 131 self have no doubt that in the years delegates and visitors were present. to dome, as in the past, their share in educational work in India will be as The auxiliaries have grown from six great and as glorious as it has ever in the previous conference to thirty. been, and both as an individual and as They have ten Chinese missionaries a member of the government I can say working in the province of Yunnan that they need expect nothing but en- and three working in Manchuria, couragement and help and apprecia- where the Presbyterian Church has tion from us in going forward." completely turned over to them their Heilungking Mission, while the mem- bers of the Lutheran Church are also India'. Suprellle Need actively associated. Among the inter- esting subjects discussed at this recent ASIGNIFICANT article in the conference was the question of the Dnyanodaya, entitled" The New untouched border lands of China. Hindu Apologetic," concludes as fol- That denominational groups are feellows: ing a responsibility for national evan- "Above all other people mission- gelization is evident from the r~po!t aries and Christian leaders who wish that Methodists have voted to raIse III

China $10,000 (Mex.) for their work lonal Christian Conference, by leading among the Chinese in Manchuria. in organized efforts to direct public Rev. W. W. Pinson, D.D., of the opinion toward the securing and en- Methodist Church South, writes forcing of labor legislation looking that the Methodists are projecting toward such a standard …. In view another mission in Manchuria, with of the fact that a clear understanding Harbin as its center and they hope to of problems, forces and values inhave it fully set up for business, with volved in the industrial problems is Chinese and foreign workers, early absolutely essential if the Church is to next fall. deal with it successfully, we should in the immediate future give first place Who Are the Gl'eatest Chinese! to the promotion of such understand- ing among present and prospective "THERE has recently been an in- pastors and other church community teresting voting competition in leaders. "

a Chinese paper to ascertain who How serious the conditions are were regarded as the twelve greatest which the Chinese Church is thus facliving Chinese. Altogther forty-seven ing may be inferred from the indusnames were suggested by those who trial survey of China made by Y. M. competed, and it is encouraging to C. A. investigators, a summary of know that of these forty-seven twelve which has been sent to this country are members of the Protestant Church. by Sherwood Eddy, who says that the The sixth on the list was the well- industrial system developing in China known General Feng. As there are is "the worst in world history." not yet half a million communicants in the Protestant Church, that is to Anti-Footbinding Movement say, one in 800 of the population, it is a significant fact that one in four of AT THE meeting of the Chinese those who are regarded as China's Women's Conference held on greatest men should be recognized as August 11th, the following resolutions followers of Christ. This fact is a were passed: That whereas, the habit tribute to the influence of the Chris- of footbinding among Chinese women, tian Church." while dying out of the cities, continues with little change in the country dis- To Christianize Judustry tricts; and, whereas, this practice is abhorrent to the instincts of human- ON December 1 and 2, 1922, there ity, utterly foolish and useless with no met in Shanghai about forty peo- single reason to commend it; and, ple specially intere&ted in applying whereas, public opinion in the cities Christian principles to China's eco- has already become so strong against nomic and industrial problems. The conference was under the chairman- it as to make it certain that efforts to ship of Dr. C. E. Patton and was abolish it would have far greater proscalled by the committee which pre- pect now than in the past; therefore, pared that part of the report of Com- be it resolved, that in the judgment of mission II, dealing with industrial this conference: problems which was presented to the National Christian Conference last "(1). A nation-wide campaign shonld be May. This committee was authorized initiated by the Christian Church in China to act on behalf of the National Chris- against this custom; (2) each mission statian Council. The discussions through- tion should be the center of an active eduout were practical, aiming at the se- cational propaganda against it; (3) the ef· curing of a working program. The fort should be made through the Chinese resolutions passed included the fol- Christians and the enlightened element in lowing: "The time has come for the each province to induce the government of· Church aggressively to promote the ficials to make the practice a legal offense labor standards adopted by the Nat- punishable by fine, and to use all methods for its complete eradication; (4) that the National Christian Council be urged to take steps to initiate the movement; (5) that the National Council of Health Education be

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requested to prepare a set of charts and stere- we presented Christ as the Saviour. He stated his purpose ito live the opticon slides setting forth the evils of foot- Christian life, but nothing but a mirbinding; and that the tract societies be acle can keep him straight in the net- work of evil which is all about him. " urged to have more and better literature prepared to be used in the auti-footbinding eampaign_' '-Chinese RecOJ'der.

JAPAN-CHOSEN Helping Ricksha Men I T N THE fall of 1921 an effort was Militarism on the Wane made in Wuhu, China, to start a WO striking evidences of the wan- shelter for the ricksha men. The work ing of militarism are given by The is managed by a union mission com- Omi ]ff7!stard Seed: In 1905, after the mittee. One of the high Chinese of- Russian War, the Government Mili- ficials kindly put up a mud hut for tary College had 5,000 applicants for the purpose, and rentE! it to the com- admission to its entering class of 200, mittee for a small sum payable whereas at the the close of the World monthly. The hut is open all day. War there were only 110 available for There are tables and benches for the the same class! About the same time men and as much free tea as they like. as the early interest in military train- Between two and three hundred men ing, the returns from a questionnaire use the shelter daily. Some boys from in a leading girls' high school showed the Wuhu Academy go several times a large proportion would choose mili- a week to teach the men to learn to tary officers for husbands, whereas read during spare time, and there is last year not one wanted to marry a always an interested group. Every military man! These real figures do Sunday afternoon an evangelistic not support the panic of the yellow service is held for these ricksha men, press over Japan'8 alleged blood- at the time of the change from the day thirstiness.

to the night shift. They are learning to sing and to read and understand a A Christian Conscript T few Bible texts. The little building HE refusal of a young ,Japanese recruit to take the oath of military is packed to overflowing at these meetings. service caused the authorities consid- The Son of General Chang Tso-Un erable trouble, according to the Japan Advertiser. How after a week he T HE young son of the Chinese gen- came to consent, Yujiro Tokita ex- eral, Chang Tso-lin-now Gover- plained to a reporter of the Nicki nor of three Manchurian provinces- Nicki. He asked the commander of took the chair at one of Sherwood Ed- his regiment to excuse him from tak- dy's meetings in Mukden, and was ing the oath until he knew the true greatly impressed. Next day he went object of Japanese armaments. If to luncheon with Dr. Eddy, who tells aggression and butchery, which are what followed: "He opened his heart incompatible with all ideas of love, are and asked what he could do to help his the objects, he, being a Christian, country. The next evening he re- could not serve in the army. From turned and remained with us until the explanations of the officers of his midnight. He told us all of his doubts regiment, Mr. Tokita said he under- and difficulties, and of his despair of stood thc object of the Japanese army saving China in the midst of the pres- is to safeguard national existence and ent system of graft and militarism. to protect the Japanese people from He voluntarily confessed his personal all dangers. He said he was told also sin and his desperate need. He that the final goal of the Government finally knelt in prayer and expressed authorities is complete abolition of the the desire to take the first step toward country's armaments. This assurance the Christian life. The next day he satisfied the young conscript, and he returned again to the meeting where took the oath of service. He stated

emphatically, however, that he con- accommodating two thousand was sented to serve on condition that when crowded twice daily. he saw anything in the army not in accord with what the officers had told Sherwood Eddy writes after spendhim he would revert to his original ing a day with Mr. Kagawa in Kobe attitude, even under penalty of death. during his recent visit to Japan; "I found him living in the heart of these Social Problem. in .Japan slums. He is a pastor of a little church where he conducts services for REV. WM. M. VORIES, of the Omi the laborers who have to go to work Mission in Japan, makes these before six o'clock in the morning. He interesting comments on present so- is the Saint Francis of the poor, the cial conditions; Gandhi of the labor movement of Japan. This brilliant young genius "At present the revolt against the of thirty-four has buried his life in ancient' family-system,' which makes the slums and has survived tubercuof marriage a matter of convenience losis and imprisonment. In six years to the parents or guardians of those he has written some sixteen books, most concerned, is at such a virulent large and small, drawing his own ilstage that any article or book dealing lustrations and pen sketches; he is with any aspect of sex is eagerly de- writing for a dozen magazines and voured. Magazines devoted to that editing three newspapers; he has orsubject are prosperous and books both ganized several industrial labor unindifferent and bad are bought with- ions; he is leading the farmers in out stint. For more than a dozen their great movement for justice, and years we have been urging the church- is speaking almost daily to large audi" es and missions to undertake con- ences. He personally conducts a large structive efforts at reform of mar- industrial research bureau. The acriage customs and of old ideas of count of his life appearing in three legitimate social intercourse between volumes has exhausted more than two young men and young women. Now hundred editions and has been read it seems to be almost too late to ~vert by a million readers." the consequences of false cautiousness, since the young people are taking Digging and Trusting things into their own hands. * * * DR. O. R. AVISON and his asso- ciates in Severance Union Med- Dancing in Western style, in its most ical College Seoul, Korea, believing obnoxious forms, is making sudden that "faith without works is dead," progress in Japan. Things are not have dug the foundation for an addidisdained merely because they come tion to the hospital, though they in by way of the West, if they are haven't in sight a penny of money convincingly offered. If the Churches with which to erect the new wing on of the Occident had been as busy in the excavation. This is the ceremony introducing Christianity to the Orient that accompanied their act of faith; as are the brewers in introducing beer Dr. Avison, his 120 professors, inand the tobacco t~s,t cigarettes, the structors, medical students, nurses, work of foreign missions might have office men and servants assembled on been completed by now." the site which they had selected for the hoped-for new hospital. Each A Striking Figure person was armed with some sort of implement-pick-axes, shovels, hoes T OYOHIKO KAGAWA, who six and baskets. They stood in solemn years ago was a student at Prince- and earnest prayer and then joined ton, has been conducting evangelistic in the singing of a triumphant hymn. meetings in various cities in Japan, Dr. Avison read the first verse of the and charging admission, one yen cov- 127th Psalm-"Except Jehovah build ering a series of five meetings. The largest auditoriums have been crowded every night. In Kyoto the city hall

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the house, they labor in vain that distributed to the crowds. Other mis- build it, " and then, dropping the sionaries have been giving lectures on book, he took up his pick and drove it temperance, hygiene and child wel- into the soil. Two minutes later the fare. Playgrounds have been estab- entire body of 120 determined work- lished for Korean children, in several ers was at his or her appointed task. cases the Koreans giving both land They were divided into six groups of and equipment. Dr. A. G. Fletcher, a twenty each, breaking ground, some Presbyterian, reports: "We medical digging, some shoveling dirt, some men have organized an association carrying it away in baskets. "It was with a publicity department, the func- a startling and interesting sight," says tion of which is to spread knowledge Dr. Avison, "to see a group of Ko- regarding disease.We hope to be rean nurses, graduates and pupils, led able to secure a stereopticon and mov- by two of their American teachers, ing picture machine and circulate handling shovels and picks and carry- slides and films throughout the coun- ing away great baskets of earth. This try. Our principal handicap is lack is probably the first time that such of funds."

a thing ever occurred in Chosen, and Dr. Fletcher also writes of his own it was inspiring to see the spirit of hospital in Taiku: "During the year unanimity working in every grade of we have tried to win every non- the staff." Christian patient for Christ. The The Continent. evangelist and Bible woman do not feel that their· duty is ended when Buddhist Opposition they have given these patients the ONE feature of the present condi- Gospel Message. We feel it our duty tion of Christian work in Kyushu to follow up our patients after they according to the Church Missionary leave the hospital, to work and pray Outlook, is the more militant form for them until they are safely within that the Buddhist opposition has as- the Church."

sumed. Sunday-schools and preach- ings have been affected; in many NORTH AMERICA places the number of Sunday-school The First Americans T scholars has decreased, and preachings HE Americian Missionarv Asso- ciation has brought toge{her the have often been disturbed, sometimes with violence. The day of persecu- following facts about the American tion is not over, only the methods have Indian: changed somewhat. A man in Saseho Out of a total of 55,141 families reforced his son into the attitude of prayer before the ancestral tablets, ported to the Indian Office 44,195 Iive but the boy said: "You may force in permanent homes, 29,995 of these me into a praying posture, and I pray; houses having wooden floors, and but not to these tablets; rather to the 10,946 live in tepees, tents, and tem- porary structures. God Who made us and our ancestors. " Including the five civilized tribes Missionary Social Service 298,341 wear modern apparel; 'and 184,968 are citizens of the United THE American missionaries in States. Among the Indians there are Chosen are engaged in many 657 churches, 627 working missionsorts of social reform work. aries, and 106,176 church attendants.

Mr. F. S. Miller has been especially Of 1,873 marriages, 237 were by tribal active in carrying out a temperance custom and 1,636 by legal procedure.

campaign among the farmers' guilds The tribal property belonging to and among the farmers themselves as the Indians is valued at $190,600,152.

they rested from their labors in their The individual property is valued at fields. Addresses were given to the $526,105,350, a total of $716,705,502.

people and anti-tobacco leaflets were During the fiscal year 1921 the

United States Indian Service em- Woman" and on "Oriental Reliployed 12,244 Indians, whose earn- gions. " The place of meeting was a ings were $1,586,141. Private parties club on West 58th Street. Apparently employed 18,079 Indians, at a total the only persons who accepted the incompensation of $2,654,008. vitation to the luncheon were a former missionary to Malaysia, his two daugh- There were 49,962 Indians farming ters and the Secretary of The Moslem for themselves a total of 890,700 acres, World. Other voices were heard which yielded products valued at (evidently belonging to American $11,927,366. Negroes), but the owners did not ap- pear. The Mufti did not give his There were 44,847 Indians engaged scheduled address but claimed in conin stock raising upon 29,098,459 acres versation that he had three or four of grazing land. The value of their hundred Negro converts in Illinois, stock is $33,158,731. Indiana and Missouri. The Detroit Mosque having been abandoned, one Church of All Nations has been opened at 4448 Wabash Avenue, Chicago. The Mufti repre- ONE fruit of the Methodist Cen- sents the Ahmadi sect of Qadian, tenary campaign is to be Seen in India. He seemed to be encouraged the five-story community house of the by the newly formed "Christian- Church of All Nations, recently dedi- Mohammedan Society" in Brooklyn. cated at 9 Second Avenue, New York City. Rev. John R. Henry, who for Catholics Fight the Oregon Law twenty-five years has been at work among the Russians, Italians, and THE law passed by referendum vote Chinese and other races on the East in Oregon which prohibits paro- Side, is the moving spirit of the chial schools will soon be subjected to enterprise. an attack in the courts. The Admin- istrative Committee of the National The auditorium seating 800 will be Catholic Welfare Council which met filled almost nightly by forum gath- at Loyola University in Chicago reet'ings, lectures or motion pictures. cently agreed that the church author- The fourth floor provides a horne for ities of Oregon should have the privithe workers, while on the fifth floor lege of fixing the form of test of repeal is an apartment for the pastor and but that the National Catholic Welhis family. Kindergartens, club fare Council is to have the chief part rooms, domestic science equipment, in developing ways and means of gymnasium and swimming pool- carrying the project through. The there is little to be desired. following is to be found in the official report of the meeting: "Since the A Russian library of over 800 books civil government does not see its way is housed in the new building with a to widen or broaden its system of ele- Russian woman in charge. And the mentary education so a~ to provide Russian painters purpose to give the Christian religious instruction and paintings recently on exhibition at training in harmony with the right the Brooklyn Institute of Fine Arts, and duty of parents towards their to the Church of All Nations to create children, as England, Scotland, Irea Russian art center. land, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Moslems Invade New York Province of Quebec have so well done, the church authorities and people feel AN invitation to a Moslem luncheon bound in conscience to provide such on Sunday, February 4, 1923, was education in their own schools and in received at the offices of the Moslem such schools maintain, in all funda- TVorld. The occasion was announced rcwntal branches of knowledge, civics as "Islamic Day" and after luncheon (at $1.10 a plate) and dinner (at $1.65 a plate), Dr. Mufti Muhammad Sadiq of Chicago, was to speak on "Modernizing of the Mohammedan

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and patriotism, standards equal at days. Dr. J. Lovell Murray writes least to those of the best public of it: " The Movement is still in schools of the country." process of finding itself and the na- tional conference was regarded as a Life Dedication at Moody Institute long step in that process, and also as a visualization of the spirit and aims AFOUNDER'S Week Conference of the new organization, about which was held at the Moody Bible In- there has been much difference of stitute in Chicago February 5-9, opinion throughout Canada. . . . . . 1923, and on Student Day 446 for- The 549 carefully chosen delegates mer students sat down at an alumni were keen, self-reliant, talented types dinner. On Missionary Day, the of Canadian youth. In their number climax, hundreds of young men and were representatives of many forms women offered themselves for foreign of religious opinion, including not missionary service. only Protestant evangelical Chris- tians, but Roman Catholics, Unitar- Addresses were delivered by Dr. ians and Christian Scientists. There Maurice Frater, since 1900 a member were present also representatives of of the John G. Paton Mission to the other nations, including India, China, New Hebrides, and Rev. Charles W. Korea, Japan, Africa, the West Indies, Abel of the London Missionary So- Great Britain and seven countries ciety, who has spent thirty-two years of continental Europe." In connecin evangelizing cannibals in New tion with the student conference there Guinea. Dean James M. Gray asked was also held a convention of Caall missionaries present who were in nadian student volunteers for foreign this country on furlough to rise and missions. Its immediate object was remain standing. Then he asked the settlement of outstanding issues missionaries present who had been affecting the relations of the Student obliged for any reason to give up their Volunteer Movement in Canada with work, to rise; then also, missionary the Student Christian Movement, the candidates under appointment for the Canadian Mission Boards and the field from various mission boards; S. V. M. of North America. then those who had already definitely volunteered for missionary service; Episcopalians Form a Union and finally all others willing to offer themselves unreservedly in full sur- PROTESTANT Episcopal leaders of render to go forth to the dark places national influence recently formed of the earth as God opened the way. in New York a Modern Churchman's Missionaries and candidates under ap- Union of America. The announced pointment numbered about twenty- program includes the following purfive; those who had already volun- poses: "To maintain the right to inteered more than 100, "but," said terpret the historic expressions of our Dr. Frater, "the response to the final faith in accordance with the results of appeal was overpowering." modern science and Biblical scholar- ship; to advance, as an aid to the ulti- Missionaries on the platform esti- mate reunion of Christendom, coopermated the number standing at fully ation and fellowship between the Proone half or more of the entire audi- testant Episcopal Church and other ence, which filled the Institute audi- Protestant churches; to promote a torium to its capacity, about 1,700. new evangelism among the un- churched classes of our population, Canadian Student Conferenee which shall win their allegiance to the religious and moral demands of THE Student Christian Movement the kingdom of God; to further the of Canada, which was organized application of the Christian principles a year and a half ago, taking the in all industrial, social, and internaplace of the Student Y. M. and Y. W. C. A., held its first annual conference in Toronto during the Christmas holi-

tional relations; to promote the adap- "From August to November services tation of the church services to the were held in various Eskimo dwell- needs of the time; to emphasize afresh ings. Early in November two men, the nature of the Christian life as per- Helper Abia Green and Isaac Saksa- sonal fellowship with God, and to riak, willingly gave up their houses to study with sympathy those move- provide a place for worship during ments and tendencies of thought the coming winter. As the two houses which are mystical in character." stood in a line and close together, they Record of Christian Work. were united by free labor and gifts, and fitted out with the benches, etc., Christian Strategy in Utah saved, thus providing a good big room SOME who know the situation affirm for services. On the first Sunday in that the great hope of evangeliz- Advent we held the first service thereing the great Mormon state of Utah in, and on Christmas Eve we had 170 lies in the work of Westminster Col- Inuit seated therein. All the cuslege at Salt Lake City. "The Mor- tomary services have been carried on mon Church," to quote an editorial in in English and Eskimo. On October The Continent, "is not to be fought 23, 1921, Holy Communion was obwith fire." A college is the great in- served in an Eskimo dwelling, when strument for dissemination of en- forty-s.ix Inuit partook, packed in one lightenment. Westminster College Eskimo house. The wine cups had has the cooperation of all the Prot- been destroyed, but we managed by estant denominations in Utah. Six using the vessel for baptism. "

denominations support the college by gifts and students and the Boards of Cooperation in Alaska Education of each of these six are DENOlVIINATIONAL cooperation considering the support of a professor is a great help to missionary each in Westminster College. It is work as is evidenced by the formation the most striking example in America of the " Associated Evangelical of interdenominational cooperation in Churches of Alaska." The superin- Christian education. There are less tendent of one denomination in the than 10,000 Protestant church mem- territory sums up as follows the conbers in the state with not more than a ditions needing remedy: "As a whole, dozen self-supporting churches. A missionary investments in Alaska have force so small and financially so weak not accomplished what they might and is utterly unable to support and up- could accomplish if sectarian propabuild this strategic enterprise. The ganda could be submerged in a co- Mormons spend $500,000 on their operative prooess of Kingdom buildchurch education. Westminster Col- ing. The effective ministers in lege, in cooperation with the Presby- Alaska are earnest men and the people terian General Board of Education, is would rally to a guaranteed single seeking $750,000 for land, buildings, church for each town program. This equipment, endowment, and expenses. is as fine a field for home missionary Moravians in Labrador demonstration of unity as China is for the foreign workers. If a practical A FTER the terrible fire in August, federation of churches in Alaska were 1921, which completely destroyed worked out in the priMiple of one all the property of the Moravian mis- church with a resident pastor for each sion among the Eskimo at Nain in place, and only one until that church Labrador, the missionaries endured all was self-supporting, a new spirit sorts of personal hardships. The way would be put into the ministers I have in which they managed, nevertheless, met."

to maintain the work of the mission The Home Missions Councils' Com- is told in the following quotation from mittee on Comity and Cooperation The Moraviarn,: which has called into being the

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Associated Evangelical Churches of Indians of the South American high- Alaska, with its Central Committee, lands are settled agriculturists, and says that "All phases of missionary are the mainstay industrially of their work in Alaska are under the care of country, since almost all the manual that organization." labor is performed by them. Individu- ally they are men and women of LATIN AMERICA sturdy character with, in proportion to their dim enlightenment, high Protestant Centenary in Brazil moral standards. They make the staunchest Christians and will be- SEPTEMBER 7th is the national come the best of apostles to their own day of Brazil, on which the nation race. Canadian Baptists are now celebrates the gaining of its freedom carrying on a successful mission from Portugal in 1822. The centen- among them. nial celebration conducted on September 7, 1922, in connection with the Peru and the Vatican Exposition in Rio Janeiro was a great national festival, and the part which ABLOW at religious liberty in evangelical Christians took in it is of Peru is seen in the proposed conspecial interest to REVIEW readers. cordat between the Vatican and the The Protestants of Rio de· Janeiro, Government of Peru. By the terms of about two thousand in all, gathered in this compact, "the Roman Catholic a large public park, the Prada da Apostolic Church" would be recog- Republica, to celebrate and to wor- nized as the state religion of Peru and ship. They gave thanks, not only for would have full liberty and independthe liberation and independence of ence, without intervention of the civil their nation from the monarchical rule government, to use its spiritual auof Portugal, but also for the liberation thority and in conformity with its of their minds and souls from super- own laws exert the "ecclesiastical stition and sin. For two hours men, jurisdiction that belongs to it." In women, and children stood as they no official center of learning could listened attentively to addresses and doctrines opposed to the Catholic retook part in the songs. The celebra- ligion be taught and there would be tion closed with the singing of the obligatory courses in religion for national air, and as the people swore those who profess Catholicism. One allegiance to their country and their article of the concordat would grant flag, their waving handkerchiefs made the Catholic Church the right to deone vast, rippling sea of white. cide concerning the validity of mar- riage contracts. In the preamble it The Indians of Bolivia is frankly stated that the committee drawing up the concordat wishes the T HE population of Bolivia is esti- Roman Catholic Church to enjoy mated at 2,800,000, composed of more privileges and rights in Peru a half million whites, the same number than it did even during the last years of mestizos, and the remainder In- of the Spanish rule. dians. The Indians of Bolivia are nominally Roman Catholics, but their The Continent. ideas are fundamentally pagan and their customs and practices almost A New Thing in Colombia totally so. They have received from contact with European civilization ARECENT evangelistic campaign little more than its vices and its super- in Colombia is described in the stitions. It is true that in the center Latin American Evangelist in the folof their altars is the image of the Vir- lowing terms: gin Mary, but concerning her they know little, some being in doubt, when "Evangelists, missionaries, believasked, as to whether she was the ers, theatre-owners and managers, and mother of Joseph or of Jesus. These the public, in general have just one testimony to give of what God has

been doing in Colombia during the pathetic support of the Czecho-Slovak past three months. 'We have never Church, which has just been excomseen anything like it before,' is the municated by Rome. Swiss Catholicuniversal witness. Great crowds ism and married priests also are supgather together-the usual kind of porting the movement."

moving picture crowd-smoking, talk- The Converted Catholic. ing, laughing, and then at a word from the cOl1ferencisia heads uncover, Scotch Missionary Campaign 1 cigars are thrown away, and a strange 'HE Glasgow Missionary Congress last October, noted in the January hush falls over the gathering as, they settle down to listen abs,orbed to the REVJEW, Was a part of a great mismost wonderful story they have ever sionary campaign in which the Scotch in all their lives heard, the story of a churches had been united for nearly Living Saviour who loves them a~d two years. Under "the unflagging who wants to save them from the gUilt leadership" of Dr. Donald Fraser, and power of sin. No one moves ex- ',' Campaign fortnights" have been cept it be to wipe away the tears that conducted in Aberdeen, Dundee and trickle down some faces, as the Edinburgh and many other centers preacher reas,ons of sin, of righteous- have been visited. The program for ness, and of judgment to come. The this visitation is planned through the Holy Spirit is speaking to many first wcek in May. The Life of Faith hearts in the deep stillness which comments: "Throughout its short holds these vast audiences. For it was history the movement has been acnot in one place only these scenes were companied by unexampled enthuwitnessed-the experience was almost siasm, interest and blessing. The general wherever the evangelists Scottish churches have been brought went." closer together. The evangelistic, ' as well as the missionary, aspect of the EUROPE Christian message has made itself French Priests Marrying deeply felt. There has been a general APARIS despatch to the New York warming of the spiritual atmos- Herald in December reported the phere. " orgauization of "the New French National Catholic Church," and the Protestants in Ireland T selection of Abbe Maxime Ardot, a HE following letter of a Dublin correspondent of the Christian married priest, as its bishop. The despatch says that there are several Irishman regarding the position of thousand married priests in France, Protestant Episcopalians in Southern and that an assembly of some three Ireland tells its own tale :-" One very hundred of these will shortly conse- serious faator of the trouble in Ire- crate Abbe Ardot as Bishop. It is land since the Treaty was signed has stated that the first chapel edifice is been the expropriation of Protestants being prepared in which "the mar- in considerable numbers. In certain ried priests who have been prohibited areas this has been so serious that we by the Vatican from celebrating mass are informed that, in at least one and other rituals will carryon Cath- parish, not a single Protestant has olic doctrines on the apostolic basis as been left. Old gentry families have in the Roman Church, but will no been given a few hours to leave their longer recognize the Pope's dicta as houses, which have been looted and final. "This movement by married' burned. Farmers have been turned priests now has become international out of their farms, and shopkeepers and undoubtedly will spread to the in the country towns robbed and ex- United States,'" said Abbe Ardot. pelled from their business. Protestant "The Bishop of Prague sent con- churches have been burned down, and gratulations and pl!edged the sym- in Dublin one was entered by armed

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

men who destroyed the organ by rifle plications in all places at each service, fire and did other damage….. The and we hope next summer to have position of the Church of Ireland ill even a greater evangelistic campaign these unhappy circumstances is one than we had during the past summer. of great difficulty and danger." Our Bible Training School opened the first of October. The total en- Need in German Churches rollment in all depj.rtments is 319. The number taking full theological GERMAN churches are hard put to course for preparation for the min- exist, according to ,letters and istry is twelve. The spirit of the appeals for aid that are being received student body is fine, and I doubt if by the Federal Council of Churches. any institution in Europe has a better Religious leaders in Germany declare corps of instructors for the type of that the churches are going down in work we want done." a general crash unless help comes. They speak of religious awakenings Baptists in Europe among the young men and young women and declare that the churches I N the year 1800, there were no Bapare unable to meet the opportunity. tist churches on the mainland of They tell of aged pastors starving to Europe. Fifty years later, there were death and of others begging for old about 4,000 members. In 1900, the clothes. Many of the clergy and their number had grown to 220,000 and families, they declare, are starving today the Baptists are estimated at without letting anybody know it. Dr. over 1,250,000. The evangelical move- A. W. Schreiber of the German Evan- ment is comparatively slow in such gelical Church Federation, one of the lands as Austria, Bavaria, Italy, religious leaders of Germany best France and Spain but it is much more known in this country, writes : rapid in Scandinavia, Russia, Ru- "Every budget has been upset, every mania and Czecho-Slovakia. In enterprise for help has fallen short, Sweden, there are 70,000 Baptists; in all of the independent works of char- Esthonia and Latvia, there is a r,apid ity are near collapse, the' leading growth of the Baptist Church and in boards are paralyzed, the institutions Czecho-Slovakia and Hungary, the of mercy for old people and children progress is stHl more remarkable. are without funds, our youth has lost Religious statistics are difficult to seits guides and our old people walk cure from Russia but in one city in without support, the evangelical press southern Russia more were baptized lies at death's door…… The situa- recently on a single day than on the tion iEi so extreme that the evangelical day of Pentecost. It is estimated that churches of Crermany must look to the there are now over 1,000,000 evan- Protestant churches abroad for help gelical Christians in Russia. with prayers and with practical aid by works of love. " DR. J. H. RusHBRooK in Home and Foreign Fields.

Bible Study in Prague Methodists and the Soviet REV. J. L. NEILL, President of the T HE MethGdist EpiscGpal Church Bible Training School at Prague, has appointed a delegation conreports in the The Missionary Voice: sisting of Bishop Edgar Blake of "Our work moves forward with un- Paris; Bishop John L. Nuelson, of abated success. Our. main effort this Zurich; Bishop Anton Bast, of Copenwinter will be to strengthen the posi- hagen, and the Rev. W. B. Beautions we have already taken. Classes champ, Secretary of Foreign Work, to are being organized in all the con- confer with representatives of the. gregations and definite instructions Russian Church regarding its appeal given to all applicants for church for "assistance in reestablishing the membership. Weare having new ap- standard of Christ in Russia." Rev.

6

Dr. Joseph B. Ringeley, Secretary- "nationalisti" and even to some Emeritus of the Methodist General young men belonging to the Catholic Conference, states that the invitation club who came in to see me expecting was given with the approval of the to frighten me so that I would never Soviet Government. come again to Lubraco. I spoke Christian Wark makes an interest- seriously and with great charity to ing comment on the possible implica- them and when they left they shook tions of such action: "One of the hands and each accepted a New Testa- cardinal objects of the Soviet is to ment and promised to read it with break the power of the Orthodox attention. I went back to Lubraco Church. It has already fostered a last week and was able to go across split in the Church. It feels sure that the vilIage.alone and unprotected.

only a portion of the Russian clergy They were so surprised to see me alone would ever accept any connection with that thev looked after me wonder- Rome, and therefore it would aid ingly. It is almost impossible to get Roman pretensions and secure an- a hall to rent because the priests for- other split. On the same basis, it will bid it. Those who talk about Roman- be ready, no doubt, to welcome Amer- ism, knowing it only through a few ican denominations. May the Amer- who are often half Protestants should ican Churches have a higher aim than come to Lubraco and to thousands of that of Rome. May they, instead of other places in Italy or Spain or desiring additional power and num- France or Austria, to see what is done bers, sounding statistics, be interested and said by priests with the appro- only in the development of real, prac- bation of the Vatican. Anonymous tising Christianity in Russia. In short, letters, inspired by the priest, promise may they be Christians enough to for- .1eath and destruction if the people get themselves as they approach receive again the Protestant pastor.

Russia. " This is true Romanism, which must be Waldenaian Work in ltollle intolerant in order to be real Roman- ism! We feel more and more the W ALDENSIAN work in Rome is absolute necessity of our work in Italy. going on satisfactorily in spite of God is with m; and the people are kept a strong campaign against it by Ro- in ignorance by the priests. We must man Catholic authorities who attack Protestants and their work. make them free by giving them the Gospel of liberty." In Rome the attacks only served to attract more people to the service·s MOSLEM LANDS to see and hear those "horrible Prot- Christian Schools in Turkey A estants." In the country where the T a gathering called by the Fed- eral Council in New York City population is more ignorant and almost completely in the hands of the February 7th, Secretary James h priests, the effect was more serious. Barton of the American Board re- A correspondent writes: ported on llis experiences at the "When I went with a divinity stu- Lausanne Conference. The policy dent to Lubraco on the first of Jan- which he suggests for the missions is uary we were received by the to work in hehalf of the Turks as well population (excited by the priests) as for the nominal Christian popula- with shouts and insults, and the police tion left in Asia Minor.

and the fascisti had much to do to Henry Morgenthau, former Min- protect us against hundreds of people. ister to Turkey, held that America As a result I had to spend a rather should refuse to make any treaty with unusual New Year's day in the police Turkey under present circumstances.

station with people shouting outside. He discounted the professed willing- But I had thus a very good opportun- ness of the Turks to support American ity of explaining the Gospel to the education in their own territory and authorities of the "fascisH" and said that information had come to him

1923J NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

that already the Turks have notified "His Majesty, the King of 'Iraq Robert College at Constantinople of agrees to frame an organic law for the conditions under which the in- presentation to the Constituent Asstitution will be permHted to continue its work. Mr. Morgenthau declared sembly of 'Iraq. * * * This organic that the stipulations are so rigid as to reduce the college to the status of a law shall insure to all complete freepurely Turkish school, working on an dom of conscience and the free exer- Oriental plane of education. cise of all forms of worship, subject only to the maintenance of public Kemal and Mohammed order and morals. It shall provide that no discrimination of any kind A s a by-product of their reports of shall be made between the inhabitants the Lausanne Conference may be of 'Iraq on the ground of race, reregarded the articles which the news- ligion or language, and shall secure papers have been carrying about that the right of each community to Mustapha Kemal and his views. One maintain its own schools for the eduitem tells how, when he was speaking cation of its own members in its own at Brousa, a man in the audience de- language, while conforming to such manded to know whether the proposed educational requirements of a general statues to national heroes were not in nature as the Government of 'Iraq contravention of the Islamic law. may impose, shall not be denied or Kemal replied in the negative. "Since impaired. the prophet founded our faith," he Wsahid~n"shoemweas1,3te0a0chyienagrshhisavperinpacRipsleeds. " AR~'rcLE XII. No measure shall be idolatry was still in existence, and it taken in 'Iraq to obstruct or interwas necessary, at the time, to correct fere with missionary enterprise or disthis tendency by forbidding stat- criminate against any missionary on uary." Kemal went on to say that it the ground of his religious belief or wa~ impossible that idolatry should nationality, provided that such enterreturn, and asserted that all civilized prise is not prejudicial to public order peoples should erect statues and culti- and good government. " vate the art of sculpture, inasmuch as a nation without art had no place in AFRICA the world of progress. Another describes the impressions of some news- A Teacher's Devotion paper reporters who were entertained at afternoon tea by Kemal and his MANY a native worker in mission wife both of whom expressed various lands feels the urgency of his opinions which would certainly have calling in a way that we hardly realastonished Mohammed. The New York ize at home, and says with Paul, Times raises the question of how thin "Necessity is laid upon me." Such Kemal's "veneer of civilization" may an one is an African teacher in the Kenya Colony, who a few years ago prove to be. was the painted and feathered tribal retainer of the local chief. When Missions in 'Iraq told by the missionary in charge of the district about the deficit in the ON Oetober 1b0~tw1e9e2n2, a treaty was funds of the Church Missionary So- concluded Great Br itain ciety, he said: "Sir, if I don't receive one'cent for my work, 1'11 never give and the king of 'Iraq (Mesopotamia). up teaching. Do you think I can let my people live in darkness while I This is of considerable importance to have the light ~"

those interested in Christian missions Starting a Second Century since in a definitely Mohammedan As a part of .the cente.nnial c~le­ bration of Its foundmg, WhIch slitagiteo~sunfdreeerdBomritiissh mandate, full re- was referred to in the January RE- guaranteed. Ar- VIEW, the Paris Evangelical Mission- ticles HI and VIII of the treaty read in part as follows:

ary Society is planning for new work Other members include Principal in Africa. Kerr of the South African Native Col- During the World War, the French lege, Rev. John Lennox of the U. F.

Government asked the Board to take C. Mission Council in South Africa, over the work done by the German and representatives of women's. work, missionary societies in. the Camez:oon; of the native Presbyterian Church, some young missionaries who, at the and of the alumni body, both Euro- time had had to leave their mission pean and native.

fields to fight in the trenches, were -South African Outlook.

demobilized by order of the G()vel'llment and the Society sent them to the GENERAL Cameroon. At the present hour the The Greatest World ReligiOD T Board has to consider a proposal of HE National Geographic Society reports that there are more than increasing its activity in West Africa, some doors being opened in Togoland, ten times as many non-Christians in French Guinea, and Dahomey. The the world today as there are people task is a great one for a society which in the United States. The followers represents a body of not more than of Jesus Christ throughout the world 600,000 Protestants in France and however, number 576,000,000. These perhaps another 100,000 of French constitute the largest group of fol- speaking Swiss Protestants, and on the lowers of anyone faith. Confucian- occasion of its hundredth Jubilee, the ism and Taoism number more than Board has asked the home Christians 300,000,000 of the world's peoples.

to make a special effort and to provide The followers of the Prophet Moham- a sum sufficient to allow it to consider med, numbering more than 227,000,- the possibility of extending its activity 000, stand next in order among the to those new fields. The native Chris- largest religious sects. Hinduism tians of all the Society's fields have prevails over India and numbers in been asked also to join in this sub- its fold more than twice as many peo· scription. pIe as there are in the United States.

-South African Outlook. One important religious group which for thousands of years has held a New Plana for Lovedale prominent part on the world's stage, ONE of the great names in educa- is the Jews, which number only tional missions has been that of 14,000,000. There are nearly 200,- Lovedale, the institution in South 000,000 animists, found for the most Africa established by Scotch mission- part in Africa, the islands and Malayaries in 1841.- This honored school sia.

has recently taken a new step in evolving its organization and policy. Some Jewish Statistics T Under a constitution, approved by the HE Jewish Year Book for 1923 reports the present total number of United Free Church of Scotland to which the Institution belongs, and em- Jews in the world as 15,400,000. This bodying safeguards of control for the is a conservative estimate; others run Church, whereby the missionary char- as high as 17,000,000. A writer in the acter of the work is fully conserved, American Israelite calls the increase the administering of Lovedale has in number of Jews phenomenal. He passed over from its late Education says that in 1790 the total was 3,000,- Board, an entirely internal body, to 000; in 1881 it was 7,500,000; in a Council, largely external and repre- 1914 it was 14,000,000; and now, sentative of South Africa. On this eight years later, it is certainly over 15,000,000.. "Whereas the European rCeopurnecsiel~tetdhethUronuiognh Government is population increased during the cor- the Native Affairs Department and the Cape Edu- responding period only threefold. Jewish expansion has been fivefold." cation Department.

MISSIONAllY

The Missionary Heroes of Africa. By J. IJake Nyasa and at Kikuyu; and he H. Morrison, M. A. Map, 267 pp. New is always the "Pathfinder" of his York. George H. Doran Co. $1.50 net. eighty-foot monument on the Lovedale 1922. kopje. Laws is colossal, and appears even more versatile than Cyrus Ham- The author's personal knowledge lin of Turkey. Mackay of Uganda of Afriea and its missionaries enables shows himself "the great Spirit" of him to· combine picturesque back- Lake Victoria, and he is a true ·Chr.isground, strenuous deeds, and ap~­ tian as well. George Grenfell carrIes tolic accomplishment in a very satIs- us on board the" Peace" in his wonfactory way. He expresses doubt .as derful explorations of the Congo, to whether the nine heroes here PIC- I'ather of waters, and as he patheti~­ tured most fairly represent the large ally fights the Belgian rubber atrocIcompany of worthies who have made ties octopus. Coillard flits from Centhat continent their land of desIre rral- France to Basutoland and then and later their grave-with the ex- onward to Northern Rhodesia, where ception of Dr. Laws who is still hale he alights and allures savage Barotsi and able in his seventy-first year. to the love of Christ. The final actor …'erhaps jJames Hogg, "Master- on the scene is Mary Slesaor, the facbuilder of the Nile, " and Fred Arnot, tory lassie who, in Old Calabar, beapostle of Garenganze, might have came" the white queen of Okoyang," been substituted-but for whom 1-or and then fell asleep and lies in Misadded; but no one will question the sion Hill cemetery, Dukestown-a worthiness of these·" mighties. " miracle of physical endurance and lovin" devotion to Africa's sons and Mr. Morrison prefixes a chapter on daughters. As the curtain falls, w,e the continent as it was before the eannot forbear to say to Mr. MorrIcoming of the missionaries; though son, "An excellent piece of work; it is too fragmentary to supply the thank you I" reader with anything like an adequate view of the Dark Continent as it was and is. His dismissal of religion as almost wholly fetichistic is not true African Adventurers. By Jean Kenyon to all the facts, as Nassau, Dennett, Mackenzie. TIlus. 12mo. 182 pp. Roscoe and Junod would claim. $1.25 net. Geo. H. Doran Co., New York. 1922. But the author's main object is attainf'd remarkably well, especially Already many are familiar with considering space limitations. Mof- these stories about the children of fatt lacks, almost, his Mary; and West Africa and the influences of Africaner awakens an appetite for Christian missions upon them. The still more. Jjj vingstone. trom Blan- " adventurers" are missionaries, chief t.yre mill to the dual graves at. Chi- of whom in Miss Mackenzie's charmtambo's village and Westmmster ing volume was David Livingstone, Abbey, is altogether too heroic for whose story as told by an African thirty-five pages, finely as the au~hor bov will especially delight and inspire has painted the canvas. Too httle children of the "teen age."

known John Mackenzie here proves At the Master's Feet. By Sadhu Sundar his right to be called "missionary statesman" " and his deeply spirl.tua1 Singh. Pamphlet. Christian Literature life and love for the Saviour are not Society for India, London. 1922. f obscured thereby. "Stewart of Love- These .ex.periences and messages 0d the ChrIstIan Sadhu are !r~nslate oale" appears in due perspective at from the Urdu. There are VISIOns and 825

parables, Oriental in imagery and to put on an attractive and effective style, but simple and spiritual in their program in the interests of the world's teaching. Many of the truths have lepers. There is a program outlined been given in addresses in Europe and on the subject: "The Church in America and any Christian should be United Action for the Lepers of the blessed by reading these revelations on World," and with it are four leaflets God's presence, prayer, service and giving well prepared material for four suffering that have deeply affected the talks on their alleviation, segregation, Sadhu's own life. evangelization and final eradication. A map and pictures add interest and The Inevitable Book. By Lynn Harold vividness to the presentation. Other Hough, 12mo. 160 pp. $1.25. The leaflets issued by this interdenomina- Abingdon Press, New York. 1922. tional society give thrilling stories of the work. In a simple way, the author describes how various types of people The Gospel and the Plow. By Sam Higwere influenced by the vital truths of ginbottom. 12mo. 146 pp. The Macthe Bible. The stories of a criminal, millan Co., New YOlk 1921. a soldier, a salesman, a business man, and others may not be life histories The romance and the reality of misbut they give a true picture of how sions in India are here set forth in a thoughtful men and women are story of the relation of the Christian strengthened by reading the "Inevi- message to the need of the poverty table Book." stricken farmers of India. Mr. Hig- ginbottom has already made many in Topsy's Da·y. By D. Y. Batley. Booklet. America and in .India see the vision Society for Promoting Christian Knowl- of future greatness for these people, edge, London. 1922. if Christianity and practical farming go hand in hand. The story of his A simple story told by a Bengali work at Allahabad and in the native girl to describe a day in her life in a states is fascinating and encouraging. mission in India.

The WonderlRl1d of India. By Helen M. 1. W. Thinks Black. By J. S. Stowell. Rockey and Harold B. Hunting. IHus. II1us. 12mo. 179 pp. 75c. Methodist 12mo. 126 pp. 65 cents (cloth), 50 Book Concern, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1922. cents (paper). Missionary Education Movement, New York. 1922. The race problem in America is re- ceiving very serious attention and the These short chapters for children Negro is the Home Mission study give facts and incidents relating to topic for this year. In the form of a everyday life and work in India. story centering around J. W. (short They are more adapted to thoughtful for John Wesley Farwell, Jr., a ficchildren than to those that wish to be titious character), Mr. Stowell deentertained for they tell of play and seribes the work of the Methodist school, of missionary healing and Board of Education for the Negroes the evangelistic. work. The stories of in the South and gives much help- Sita, of Henry Dutta, of the profes- ful, general information. The story sional thugs, the Christian Sadhu and is well told and will create sympathy others will impress older children but for the Negro in America. some of the facts and incidents of the book fail to grasp the child's view- NEW BOOKS point. Knights of Healing.. M,..,.,H. Debenham. 63 Program for Leper Mission Meetings. Pre- pared by Wm. M. Danner, Secretary of pp. 9a. S. P. G. Lon,don. 1922. the American Mission to Lepers, New York. Five leaflets. 20 cents. 1922. Myths and Legends of China. E. T. C. Werner. Illustrated. 454 pp. 258. Here is an excellent set of leaflets Harrap, London. 1922. that will enable any church or society Secret Sects of Syria and the Lebanon. Bernard H. Springett. 351 pp. 128, 6d. Allen & Unwin. London. 1922.

(Concluded on 3d cover page.)

J UIIIIlIIlIIIIIIIIII.I •••• I … '.III'lllIllflUllllllllllllllllll11111I11111.IIIIU1J;!

S§ Every Church and Bible Sehool § REV. WILJ.IAM IMBRIE, D.D., bas now re- ~ should begin making preparations § tired after fort.y-seven years in Japan, forty NOW for the beautiiul and effective ~ of whieh have been under the Presbyterian Board as a professor in the Union Theo- :~ Ad$tm., ! : logical Seminary in Tokyo. Japanese Pres- byterians adopted resolutions expressing $OQ,M$t$ their cordial appreciation of his" invalnable , ~E'rvi('e.' To Make O.bers Happy A Special Program For A REV. MAR.K C. HAYl'ORD, founder of an in- (lependent Baptist. mission in the Gold Coast ~ of West Africa, is in Amedca seeking an ~,~m~ endowment of $500,000 for educational work . •A very In.buctive pqeam which can be presented by any BISHOP LOGAN H. ROOTS. of the American Bible School to brine 81ftS and Episcopal Mission, has returned to China the beau""ul me….e of Christ after furlough and will take np his duties tothe Rlultitude olnttl. children ns one of the full-time secretaries of the and un.aved men and women Xational Christian Council of China.

th~ wide seas.

BISHOP TUOKER, of Kyoto, Japan who is now iu America, has been offered the chair of pastoral theology in the Virginia Sem- inary at Alexandria. The health of his fam- ily makes it impossible for bim to return to Japan.

§Originally presented to a crowded house DR. S. K. DATTA, well·known as one of the younger Christian leaders in India, was Eby Buena Memorial PresbyteJ:ian Church unanimously elected president of the All- Eof Chicago. Hundreds were turned away India Christian Conference at its last ses- Ebeing unable to gain admittance. sion.

-liIUI •• I •• lll1lllln •• IIIIJIIIIII'"IIIII1IIII,nlllllllllllllllUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJlII!l NEW BOOKS l'I<OFKSSO:' SHUSHI Hsu, who is now tak- ing his doetm's degree at Columbia Uni- (Concluaea from page 326.) versity, New York City, is to return to China as a representative of Princeton at Buddhism in the Modern World. K. .1. Pek;ng University. Saunder". 83 pp. 3s. S. P. C. K. London. ] 922. REV. S. B. ROHOLD, who has been engaged in work for the Landau Jews Society among Answers to a Jewish Enquirer. Theodore the Jews at Haifa, Palestine, is to return Ratisbonne. 48 pp. 6a. Catholic Truth to the L'nited States this spring au fur· Society. London. 1920. lough.

The War Against Opium. The Intel'll>!- Ho:'1. JUST10E J. J. :MAOLAREN, of Tor- tional Anti·Opium Association. Peking. onto, Canada, has been elected President of Map. 250 pp. 4…. Tientsin Press. the World's Sunday School Association, suc- Tientsin, China. 1922. ('eeding the late .Tohn Wanamaker.

Bishop James W. Bashford. Pastor, Edu- DR. ~W. G. LA:«DES, General Secretary of eator. George R. Grose. III us. $2.00. the World's Sunday School Association has Met.hodist Book Camel'll. Xcw York. been spendiug three months in Europe, meet- 1922. ing with Sunday-school leaders in the vari- ons countries and preparing for the coming Kenry Martyn: Confessor of th~ Faith. Sunday-school convention in Edinburgh.

Const.ance E. Padwick. . 302 Pl" 58. MISSES SUSIE MEEK, ELLA. DELORIA AND Student Christi"n Movement. LOlHloll. RUTH MUSKRAT are the three college·trained Indian secretaries of tbe National Board of 1922. Y. W. C. A. The Eeloved Physician and Oth"rs. Edited REV. ARTHUR J. BROWN, D.D., is President by J. Peill. Illns. 159 pp. Is. London of the American section of the international Missionary Society. London. 1922. committee appointed at Geneva in 1920 to call a conference of Christian Churches in The Making of Modern Japan. .r. H. Gub- 1925.

bins. 316 pp. 2ls-. Seeley, Sen·ice. London. ] 922. The Priest and His Disciples. Kuratil Hya kuzo. 'Pranslated by Glenn W. Shaw. 246 pp. Y 2.50. Kyo Bun Kwan. Tokyo.

1922. China Today Throu!!'h Chinese Eyes. T. T.

Lew, Hu Shill, Y. Y. Tsu and C. Y. Cbeng. 144 pp. 2.•, 6a.. Student Christian Move- ment. London. 1922.

Pleal'lC" mention THE MISSlONARY RJtVl1tw oIt 'l'Ht WORLD in writing to advertisers.

Dispel Darkness in Moslem Lands?

MARTIN LUTHER in the Wartburg prison threw an ink pot at the devil to put him to rout. But he accomplished his purpose most effectively by translating the B ible into German, so that it could'be printed and scattered broadcast.

Use printer's inkto dispel darkness. ==== The Ubiquitous Miss;otlary Lives long on 'very little. I n terests in s pite of opposition. Teaches patiently and effecti vely. E nters many closed doors. Reaches all classes, e verywhere. A [g ues cou rteously a n d con vi n cin g ly. Triumphs o ve r prejudice. U selu l to aU missiona ries. R epeats the message often . E ffective in winning converts.

USE THE PRINTED PAGE I{< You Can Help Gi'Ye the Gospel Message to 10 million Chinese Moslems. 40 million Malay Moslems. 6 0 million Indian Moslem s. ] 0 millio n P e rsia n Moslem s. ]0 million S y rian Mosle ms. 20 million Tu rkish M oslem s. 15 m in io n E gyptian and Sudanese Moslt>nlS 6 million Ara bian M osle m s. 20 Mi llio n N ort h African M oslems.

$25,000 IS NEEDED THIS YEAR FOR THIS WORK I{< WILL YOU HELP?

Eac h copy of th e G ospel in prillt is a shaft of light penetrating some dark corn er. E ach C hristian leaRet may reach m any minds and hea rts and m ay transform m any lives. .

T he American Christian Literature Society for Moslems sends th ese m issionaries in type all o ver th e iv10slem world , cooperating with Ch rist ian workers alreadr in the fiel ds.

R ev. lVilliam r. Chamberlain. Ph .D .. Prt.'.?I(/,n t R e v. Y. n. And ersoll. D.D. Mrs. 'i lliam Ban croft H ill Uda 'an L. Pierson , Fust Vice Prt'sidcnt H.c:'. James L . n arton . 1I.D. ~1r'3. De la' an L. Pierson Hobert E. Speer. Second Vice Presidna Rc' , Frank Ma ~on Xorth. n.n . Mr!' . Finl<l.Y J . Shepard :'[ iss Anna A. Milligan, R C'cordl1!J.[S('CYtllllY n.n. Rc ', Charl e~ R . E rn ma n. F ennell I', Turner :'lrs. "illiam non..l cn R EV. S. M . Z VJo::VIER, D.D ., FOIfIl.ler {Uld Fie!.l :',wdat:f IVrile for !l1jrn-llIatioll to M rs. J ames M. Montgom ~ry, Sec rl'tarr, P. O . Box ~~S , City H all Station, New York C itr o Make checks payable to M rs . E. E. Olcott, Treasurer, 322 Vest 75 th Stred, :-iew York Ci ty.

As th is societ y has no salaried (" x("(' uti,'e officer:;, all o f you I' co ntrib u tio n g(U~' :' direc tl y to t he work.

Ple ase m ention THE MISSIONARY R EVIEW OF THE W onLD in writ in g to ad·erti~ers.

The Missionary Review of the World — January 1919

ANNIVERSARY DEMO NS T RATION OF CONVERTS IN I NDTIA dem-

THE MISSIONARY Review of the World DELAVAN L PIERSON. Ediwr.

CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1919 FRONTISPIECE-AN ANNIVF,RSARY DEMONSTRATION OF CONVERTS IN INDIA SIGNS OF THE TIMES . . .. . . . . . . .

Tm; OI,n YE:,AR AND THE NF,W THE UNION or> THE LUTHERANS THE RIlADJUSTMENTS IN TURKEY EDITORIALS . . . . . 7 AVOIDING DANGERS AHEAD RECRUITING SOI,DIERS FOR CHRISTIAN SERVICE RE['IEF FOR PALF.STINIl AND SYRIA A UNITED MISSIONARY DRIVJl SHALL WE ACCUMULATE OR DlSTRIBUTE. . . . By A. A. Hym; II Some practical thoughts and e:rperiences on tlie use of money.

AT THE THRESHOLD OF A NEW YEAR. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 A series of up-to-riate nvie'lf.'s of the past J'ear. and views of the prospect for the coming year, in different mission fields of the world. THE OUTLOOK IN JAPAN. . . . . . By REv. JAMES H. PETTEE 13 CHINA AT THE CROSS ROADS. . . . By REV. LouIs HoDOus, B. D. 16 THE OPENING oJ' TIBET TO CHRISTIANITY. Bv REV. RODERICK A. McLEOD 18 INDIA'S NATIONAL ANll CHRISTIAN PROGRESS.' By BISHOP F. W. WARNE 21 THE PERrr. OF PERSIA. . . . . . . . By REV. F. G. COAN, D. D. 23 AM!lRICA'S INFLUENCE IN BULGARIA By REV. E. B. HASKELL, D. D. 25 THE MISSIONARY SITUATION IN BANTU AFRICA By REV. JAMES DEXTER TAY['OR, D. D. 36 A YEAR OF LATIN AMERICAN MISSIONS . . By REV. S. G. INMAN 36 THE NEEDS OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. • By FRI(D H. RrNDGE, JR., M. A. 41 A stud~ of the need for constructive Christian and social work alMng the industnal forces of America, together·with a statement of the plans of the Y. M. C. A. to meet the present need. Illustrated with photographs.

SOME IMPORTANT ANNIVERSARIES FOR THE YEAR 1919 . 47 BEST METHODS DEPARTMENT. . Edited by MRS. E. C. CRONK 49 Back to the Bible.

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN . Edited by MRS. O. R. JUDD 57 A NEW DAY IN CHRISTIAN AMERICANIZATION . . By MARY CLARK BARNES THE TUSCALOOSA CONFERgNCE; . By EI,rZABETH PRESTON AI,LEN NEWS FROM MANY LANDS 61 THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY 76 Facts Worth Quoting xvi Missionary Personals .. xii TERMS: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in cluhs of five.) Foreign postage, 50 cents. Single copies 25 cents. Published Monthly. r eCsoeprvyeridg.hteAdp, pl1ic9a1t9I1OnbypeMndiisnsgionf ary e Review Publishing Company, In~. All rights or ntry as second class matter at the post office at Cooperstown, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Manuscript and Photographs are welcomed by the Editors.

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PLANS FOR THE COMING YEAR THE REVIEW IN THE CAMPS The REvIliW is making plans to keep Letters from Y.M.C. A. insecthreetavvriaaerrs~-, pace with the large after-the-war enter- chaplains and others located prises in religion, business and international policies. Our readers will be kept ious army and navy camps in the United informed as to the new conditions in all lands and the "New Era" programs. States, express hearty appreciation of There is not only the "League of Nations" in the making, but the "League of the REVIEW as an aid in their religious and Churches,' a league for the winning of the world to Christ through a more ade- ~ducatiooal work. In some of the camps quate devotion of men and money. the REVIEW has been nsed as a mission In the home field articles will deal with the "Churches and the Home-Com- study text book Through the generosity ing Soldiers"; "Christian Work among Industrial Classes'; on "Ch6stian Amalga- of one of the members of the Board of mation of Foreigners" and "A United Program for Home- Missions." Directors copies are being sent to seme FrOll1l the administrative side there are seventy Y. M. C. A. huts. Many other reto be articles on "The New Era Movements"; "The Outlook for the United quests have come foarnstwheerReedVIEffaWavv,o~rrbaaubbtllyytheosne Lutheran Church of America," "The Na- could not al1 be tional Prohibition Movement" and "A United Drive of all the Protestant Forces account of the lack of funds. A request of North America." has recently corne for twenty copies for One number of the REVIEW will be devoteld to a world-wide snrvey of The various huts in one camp. This is especial- Temperance Movement. This will include articles on the relation of intemper- ly important in view of the educational ance and the use of habit-forming drugs to the social evil, to poverty, to education, program to be carried out during the days to business and to evangelism. There will be articles on the progress of temperance in of demobilization. The cooperation 0 f Africa, in India, in China, in Japan, in Latin America and in Europe. Already friends in supplying these <:copies of the 5,000 extra copies of this number have been ordered by one organization for wide REVIEW will be most welcome. , iJfty- distribution. dollar Liberty Bond will send copies for Another number of the REVIEW is to be six months to fifty huts where hundreds of devoted to world-wide religious education. This will be a Sunday-school and men will catch the missionary vi~ion. Bible study number, showing the progress of Sunday-school work at home and WHERE TO BUY THE REVIEW abroad and its relation to general education, to the development of leaders and to Readers of the REVIEW are so widely the missionary movement. These articles scattered that copies mailed from this ofwill be especially appropriate in view of the fice in response to requests for c~rtain proposed World Sunday School Conven- numbers are often delayed in transportation at Tokyo, Japan, in 1920. tion. We have therefore arranged with agencies at various centers to keep a limited At the same time, the REVIEW will keep stock on hand and would therefore call pace with the progress of Christianity in the attention of our readers to the list all the mission fields of the world, and the of these agencies printed on the inside of work of all the Protestant missional the froot cover. These agencies will also Boards and societies at home and abroad. accept subscriptions, take orders for back numbers and bound volumes, and in other ways wil1 be ready to serve our patrons and friends.

WHAT YOU NEED-AND WHAT YOU WANT Not all of the advertisements offered to the REVIEW are ~eId. It is our aim to offer only such tI6oks, ~se and opportunities as we believe will be ac- ceptable and helpful to our readers. n will be wo,rth while to take note of these advertisements in order that your needs may be supplied by reliable firms. The REvIF.W is a safer medium than are many secula~ magazines. Wilson and Foch say For my sermons, I use "A man has deprived himself of the best the large, bold type. theret's in the world who has deprivedhim- Then by "Just turning – – – – – – – – selfoj intimate knowlthe knob" t.r"e ().c'1ri.f,>t t",jae s ,."",0. ~c" " edgeoftheBible. " -Pres. Wilson. ~,.~"'t" cc"""S~c~o."~ce. ~y Sunday School notiees. ~'The Bible is certain- ly t he best preParUon that you can give to an American soldier goin!! into battle to sustain his magnijicentideai andfaith.~'

-Marshal Foch.

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A MAP OF THE CONTENTS , J: . 0 oUJt VIEW OF THE WOIU.D tao India's Na~onal and Christian Progress Z~"L"'NQ IN THIS NUMBER .

JLU)INCi ARTfQ.ES AND-EDITOIUALS AU lNOJCA.1'ED BY TlTLU mE NUMBER OF rtEW8 I1'EMJ ON EACH a>UNTRY II INDICATED In' AIABIC NUMERALS These two thousand boys and girls of th e Evangelical Lutheran Mission College at Guntumr, India,, in a living onstration of the growth of the M iss ion in the past seventy-ffive years (a phDottooggraph sen t by Rev. G. A. Rupley ).

MISSIONARY

EVIEW'

VOL. JANUARY, 1919 NliMBEB XLII On ® ® SIGNS OF 'I'Hl8 TIMES 'ViriJ"""'~' ~ " ; "btiii' OW , 004J" "ihhi iriASC.

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r-A THE OLD YEAR AND THE NEW NNO J?on;tini, 1919, promises to ~a:k a new era in. t~e world, next III Importance to the begmmng of the ChristIan Era; the birth of the Protestant Reformation and the dawn of modern world missions. With the passing of the old year and the ,coming of the new it seems as though in a marked degree old things are passing away, all things are becoming new. The war has revolutionized many lives and many ideals; some are ruined beyond repair but others are remade on a nobler scale. Much has been destroyed that can never be replaced, but the way has been " cleared for the reconstruction of other and, in most cases, better things. It is worth while at the threshold of this new year to note some of the transformations that may result from the world upheaval, if men only have ,eyes to see and wills to respond to the leading of God.

The old narrow provincialism is gone. Men and women who "did not believe in Foreign Missions" have been obliged, in the light of overseas national service, to acknowledge that there is no just distincttion between 'home' and 'foreign.' " Men and women who never expected to serve outside their own land have gone to England, France, Italy, Russia, Greece, Turkey, Mesopotamia, Africa-wherever they were sent. It is a question not of convenience or propinquity but of need. The same influence has worked on Indians, Africans, Chinese, Japanese and Arabs. Those who had never been away from home have become world travelers with a world vision. What will they do with their new world consciousnesar The old divisions of nations, races and churches have been 1

forcibly amalgamated in the melting pot of the battlefield. Men of many nationalities have been brought under one command, industries have been united under one head and men of different faiths have worked for one end. The program for church unity has been forwarded. In America three great Lutheran bodies have united and other plans for union are under consideration. Interchurch conferences are being held which may result in great National Churches in China and India and in international organizations containing peoples of all colors and lands.

Formalism in religion has been vitalized in the face of death. Men have come to recognize the difference between human regulations and divine laws, between the dress parade of religion and the vital fights of faith. Churches must show life-divine lifeif they are to hold men who have come to realize the uselessness of the body without the spirit.

Ideals have been revolutionized. Not only has autocracy been condemned in the international court, and aristocracy been brought low by the universal draft and training camp, but men have been forced or inspired to change their conceptions of service and of giving. Those who lived lives of self-indulgence have become heroic in self-sacrifice and service to others. Men have given up fortunes to devote themselves to a cause. Many who spent all they could earn upon themselves and their families have learned the joys of stewardship of time and talents and money. It will be a disgrace to the Church if these new ideals are not turned to account in the Kingdom of God.

Men's programs have been remade. The million dollar gifts to Red Cross and other War funds have inaugurated a new era in benevolent enterprises. The narrow bounds of home and city and native land, and the limitations due to petty financeering, have given place to great conceptions of the world task which demand large vision and hitherto unheard of expenditures. Towns and cities have become so accustomed to exceeding their apportionment that churches now become impatient at being assigned tasks too small. Men seek for something large and inspiring. Already nost of the large denominations have adopted "N·ew Era Movements" to enlarge their activities and increase their expenditures many fold. Where men thought in districts they now think in continents, where they planned for today and tomorrow they now organize a campaign to cover two generations. Africa is studied liS a continent to be won for Christ. The evangelization of the whole of Latin America is undertaken with new zeal, and campaigns in India, China and the Moslem world are planned out by united conferences of Christian leaders.

New problems are presented for after-the-war solution. In the homeland the migrating Negro presents new difficulties; the

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

foreigner in America must be educated in Christian ideals or he will be a menace; the industrial workers must be regenerated, the liquor traffic must be outlawed and social purity must be safeguarded. Then there are the moral problems of profanity, and vulgarity, of Sabbath observance and unwholesome amusementsall of which must be seriously attacked. There are also the problems of reconstruction in France and Belgium, in Russia and Germany, in Serbia and Armenia. There is the whole problem of evangelizing the Moslem World, and of vitalizing the Roman, Greek and Oriental churches, as well as the problems peculiar to the pagan and ethnic religions.

New open doors are characteristic of the new day. The Hermit nation, Tibet, has been opened-at least the door is ajar. Russia will probably offer almost unlimited opportunity as soon as order is in a measure restored. Moslem lands, that only tolerated Christians from necessity, promise a rich harvest field; Arabia is open; Abyssinia is awakening; and the Jews, who have been persecuted and embittered, are now looking forward to a new national history. All of this is in line with the fulfillment of divine prophecy. The great question is-is the Church of Christ regenerated sufficiently to undertake these new tasks in the light of new conditions? Are the new leaders available and Christians ready to cooperate? The task can be accomplished, not by human skill and wisdom, but only by the power of the Spirit of God.

THE UNION OF THE LUTHERANS O NE of the outstanding events of the past year is the merger by which three bodies of Lutherans in the United States with a million communicants combined in one organized "United Lutheran Church in America." The bodies which merged into one on November 14th last are the General Synod, with 1,800 churches and 370,000 members; the United Synod South, with 492 churches and 57,000 members and the General Council, with about 389 churches and 535,000 members. They have joined their home and foreign mission organizations, their colleges, seminaries, publica- :f~on'houses, papers land benevolent institntions. The property value of the "United Church" is estimated at over $53,000,000. An- nual expenditures for benevolences, including missions, is about $1,500,000; and for running expenses at home, about $7,000,000. It is expected that the consolidation will effect considerable saving in cost of operation, and will release a number of workers to engage in other activities. .

The foreign missionary activities of the three organizations in- clude India, Japan, Western Africa, British Guiana and Porto Rico.

The expenditures last year amounted to $250,000, which supports

130 missionaries with 1,780 native workers, and reports 89,000 communicants on the mission fields abroad.

The home mission work of these Lutheran churches is conducted under the name of "The Inner Mission," which includes evangelism, city missions and various forms of church extension work. The hOlne mission operations have not been organized in the same way as those of other Protestant churches in North Amer- lCa.

There are fifteen other Lutheran bodies in the United States that are not included in this merger, and it is estimated that there are in North America no less that 8,000,000 baptized members of the Lutheran Church of whom only 5,000,000 are affiliated with the church organizations in this country. During the war, a fund of $1,300,000 was collected and administered for the benefit of men in uniform, of whom there were over 200,000 American Lutherans in the service.

If this United Church can be aroused to the full limit of her possibilities, the gifts to missionary work may be increased many fold, and will enable the Church to enter some of the great, unoccupied fields of the world. The Lutherans in America have not thus far accepted their full responsibilities in this world-wide work. There are fields waiting for their messengers of the Gospel. Central Asia, the interior of South America and the Sudan are inviting fields to enlist the interest and the talents of this powerful organization. It may also be possible and wise to turn over to the American Lutherans many of the missionary fields in the former German colonies, and in the territories under the control of the Allied nations.

THE READJUSTMENTS IN TURKEY A GREAT change is taking place in the political geography of Turkey as a result of the War. Arabia is already completely separated from the Turk; and that means that the latter has lost his guardianship of the Moslem shrines of Mecca and Medina. This alone makes a tremendous difference in Turkish influence. Furthermore, all but one of the other important Moslem centers are lost- Baghdad, _Jerusalem, Damascus, Aleppo, are gone. Constantinople alone remains at present; and it looks very much as if the Peace Conference will not leave that great city under Moslem domination. In other words, the political power of the Turk-which for the past century has been the greatest obstacle to the progress of Christ's Kingdom in that region-is gone, and gone forever.

It is not possible to overestimate the importance of this fact in its bearing on the missionary outlook. Access to the Moslem populations of the country is now assured without governmental terrorism.

And the scornful spirit of superiority, that has kept the Turk from willingness to listen to any other religion, is sadly broken. God can make a broken spirit contrite, and then real spiritual results may follow. The prospect for Christian work among the Turks is the most wonderful outcome of this titanic struggle in the Near East. And its possible reverberations in the distant parts of the Moslem world are thrilling to contemplate. When Christ gets a real hold on the people, who for centuries have been looked upon by their fellow-Moslems as their political representatives and defenders, other Moslem races are certain to hear of it and wonder.

In other respects the present outlook is upon a waste and desolation. The ravages, not so much of war as of the most iniquitous regime that ever deliberately ruined its own country, have spread· death and destruction, pillage and arson, plague and business stagnation, distrust and disorder all over the country. Communities have been uprooted and scattered to the winds; whole regions have been left without inhabitant, family life and personal honor has been utterly disregarded. For four years fields have been left untilled, crops unharvested, shops locked up or pi1laged, churches and schools closed and their constituencies deported or slain. All classes of the people have suffered, and are now so dazed as hardly to know where to turn or how to begin life over again. From many sections of the land no details have yet reached us; but what we hear indicates conditions pitiful and almost hopeless.

But there are bright spots. Through all the dark night, some seventy of one hundred American workers have been able to keep at their posts, witnesses for Christ, not counting their lives dear, but willingly giving their utmost energies to keep the people from blank despair and death. Here is a solid foundation on which to bf'gin a new effort; for these heroes and heroines haV'e earned the gratitude and devotion of multitudes. Another great asset for the future is the martyr testimony of thousands to the keeping power of God, even in death. Their silenced voices still speak, and even their murderers will hear the appeal. Not Armenians alone, but Syrians, Greeks, Nestorians and other followers of the Master have planted the seed in the bloody ground, and God will grant the harvest.

These Christian races are not all gone. Accurate figures are still impossible; but probably of the 700,000 Greeks deported since 1915, at least half are still alive, while two millions more have never been deported. Of the conditions in Mount Lebanon we yet know very little; but it is likely that nearly a million Syrians have survived and are the nucleus of a new nation. As to the Armenians, there were before the war about 1,750,000 in the Ottoman Empire. Over a million of these have probably died; but it seems likely that about 700,000 have survived and may now be gathered into the beginning of an autonomous province. Of these, over 300,000 fled into Russia;

'T"""!"r"

100,000 have remained in Constantinople; 50,000 more in the Smyrna'

region; while the others are scattered all over Asia Minor, Mesopo- tamia, Syria, and into Persia and Egypt.

With these remnants to build on, we can rest assured that the native Christian churches will revive, and that there will be many who have been tried as by fire and so purified as to be fit for the Master's use. One encouraging fact is the natural resiliencey of these races. They have been through terrible experiences before, and though they have lost thousands and hundreds of thousands of their numbers, they have again risen to self-support and business success. Give them half a chance now, and they will again rise.

Provided conditions approaching the normal are now given them, ,the bulk of these unfortunates should within ten months or one year be self-supprting. Their indebtedness to the Protestant mis- sionaries and to Christian America will make them unusually re- ceptive to the missionary influence and teaching.

One of the most interesting items in the outlook are the 400,000 or more orphan children, left for us to care for and educate. What a responsibility! A missionary unusually well-informed and gener- ally accurate in his estimates believes that the 400,000 will include only those who have lost both parents, 'and that there are very many more whose fathers are dead, and in most cases the mothers are not able to support them. It will be a big and blessed task to provide orphanages and training schools for these little ones, where they may be quickly trained to self-support and to noble living, and from which we may expect to secure a goodly number of Christian leaders for the future, in church and school and business life and home.

Reconstruction is the great work of the immediate future. Al- ready one expedition has entered Syria and Palestine and begun.

Early in January a much larger party expects to sail for Constanti- nople, thence to scatter all over the desolate regions of Asia Minor, and bring new life and hope to all races, irrespective of language or religion. Industry must be re-established, family life begun anew, ~a:nitation on a large scale pushed, schools started, religious privi- leges furnished, and in every way the spirit of Christ shown to all in its most practical forms.

The year 1919 marks the centenary of the beginnings of mis- sionary work in Turkey. Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons sailed for Turkey in 1819. The second century of work there thus begins under most marvelous auspices; and missionaries, Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. workers, educators, physicians and philanthropic leaders all look for wonderful results under the blessing of the Spirit of God.

OHARLES T. RIGGS.

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AVOIDING DANGERS AHEAD WHILE the passing of the old order and the coming of the new has many signs of promise, there is danger lest many good things of the past be given up and that others less substantial be substituted. Good foundations must not be despised because of new architectural ideas, and no amount of mechanical power and ingenuity can take the place of life. There are some old things for which there can never be a satisfactory substituteamong them are: Faith in God. Is there not dan.ger lest the modern human achievements in science and the modern ideals of democracy shall cause men to become self-confident and to lose sight of God 7 The Gospel of Christ. The" good news" is not too old to be true and yet many are today preaching "another gospel" of salvation by social uplift, by modern education and by material improvement.

Adherence to truth. Nothing can take the place of steadfastness -of fidelity in character. With the progress toward unity and the desire for cooperation there is danger lest standards be lowered and Christians compromise with those who deny Jesus Christ as the only Lord and Saviour. Will the gain ever compensate for the loss if Christians fail to stand firmly for the deity of Christ and the necessity for His atonement 1 Christian Heroism. The glory of the Church has been her martyrs and her heroic missionaries who counted not their lives dear unto themselves. Many of the heroes are still living, but with the enlargement of the Christian program, the expenditure of large sums of money and the introduction of many secular branches of activity, there is great danger lest Christian workers become professional, serving at the call of men rather than at the call of God. It is a danger that besets many churches, missions and the Young Men's and Young 'iNomen's Christian Associations, where the work j uo often becomes institutionalized.

Life From God. The "New Birth" is unfortunately not a popular doctrine today, ·but the words of Jesus. Christ to Nicodemus have never been abrogated. There is danger lest reformation take the place of regeneration, lest the enlightenment of the mind be thought to make unnecessary the new life through the Spirit.

Unity of Spirit. Another danger is that in the endeavor to promote cooperation and outward union, the true unity, which is only possible through Christ, shall be overlooked. In Christ, Germans and British, Southerners and Negroes, Japanese and Chinese, 7

,rich and poor, educated and unlettered, aristocrat and proletariat ,may be one. The fatal mistake of capitalists and, laborers, of {lutocrats and democrats, of Bolshevists and bourgeoise, is that they do not recognize the only true basis of agreement and of brotherhood.

Eternal things. The final danger that besets the world today is that in the development of material things we lose sight of the spiritual; in the development of the temporal we overlook the eternal and in the acceptance of responsibility for the earthly, we do not provide for the heavenly. Spiritual life, spiritual death, spiritual enemies, spiritual wealth, spiritual forces are vastly more important than the physical; and the former abide while the latter pass away.

RECRUITING SOLDIERS FOR CHRISTIAN SERVICE M EN and women who have been in unselfish service overseas or who have had a large and heroic part in the great war . have had their ideas and ideals revolutionized. They will not soon be willing to return to devote all their energies to 'petty tasks and unnecessary routine in the office, the shop, the classrobm and the local church. These men and women are returning rapidly to civil life. The question is: how will their energies be directed; how will their larger ideals find expressionT This problem has been foreseen and preparations have been made to meet it by the War-time Commission of the Churches which has appointed a committee on "Recruiting and Training for the Work of the Ohurches at Home and Abroad." Rev. Frank W. Padelford, executive secretary of this committee, writes that plans have been made to present to the men returning from the trenches and from various phases of war work the claims of Christian service. Surely there could be no more stirring appeal to heroism and selfsacrifice than that presented by missionary work in hard fields. There is here the "moral equivalent of war," and a great world campaign that is inspiring enough to appeal to the most noble and energetic spirit. There is also in this field unlimited opportunity for leadership and for pioneer work.

The men are to be approached through the chaplains, the religious work directors of the Y. M. C. A., the pastors of the different churches near the camps, and others who are in intimate touch with the men. It is also our intention to send into the camps some of the leading ministers, home and foreign missionaries, and others, to present the claims of Christian service. Literature and posters are being prepared, and will be distributed generously.

It is believed by those who are most intimately acquainted with the situations in the camps that many men can be found who will respond to this appeal. It has already been tried out among ~

EDITORIAL COMMENT

the English troops and in some of our southern camps. A sur- prising response has been secured.

The Church now has an opportunity to secure the men who are so sorely needed to recoup its depleted ministry at home and abroad.

Large numbers are needed both in America and in the non-Chris- tian world. The committees are, however, not so much anxious about quantity as about quality. They hope to enroll the best and ablest men who can be found. Only the best men can adequately meet the new situation. .

The churches and pastors must be on the lookout for the men as they return quietly to their homes. Very much depends upon the home churches and the way they receive the men. Their re- turn can be made simply a social jollification, or it can be made a great religious welcome. The committees of the War-Time Com- mission and of the Young Men's Christian Association therefore appeal to the pastors of our American churches to take advantage of the hour and seek to direct the thought of their young men to the call of the Kingdom. Many are only waiting for the right leader- ship to direct that solemn dedication, which they made of their lives to the cause of Liberty, to a new dedication to the service of Jesus Christ. ,.

RELIEF FOR PALESTINE AND SYRIA A FITTING token of Christian gratitude for the deliverance of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the hand of the Turk is the movement to raise in America the sum of thirty million dollars for the relief of the Armenians and Syrians who have suffered such agonies in the past four years. It is a year of new deliverance that has brought joy like that proclaimed at the birth of our Lord in Bethlehem of Judea nineteen centuries ago. Americans can make no nobler thank-offering for the ending of the war and all its waste and sacrifice than to save the remnants of these ancient Christian peoples of Armenia and Syria, and re-establish them in a ro-constructed land.

Rev. Stephen Trowbridge, who has been actively engaged in war relief work in Palestine, gives graphic pictures in his reports of the distress that has been relieved as General Allenby and the British forces advanced. Justice has been established in place of terrorism. Hundreds of tons of rice and other food was distributed to the people who had been pillaged. Garments have been made by the refugees to clothe the naked ones who had been robbed by the Turkish and German soldiers. Over 60,000 people were fed in Jerusalem last winter and ten thousand in Bethlehem. The Turks had used the largest buildings in Jerusalem as barracks and hospitals, and they *Literature relating to this matter may be secured by addressing Rev. Frank W. Padelford, Room 662, Fifth Avenue Building, New York.

were indescribably filthy. These had to be cleaned and made habitable for orphanages and hospitals. Industries have been organized which have saved the people without pauperizing them. These industries include garment making, weaving, shoe factories and repair shops. The people were found so famished that they searched the dirt and offal of the street in quest of grains of barley. What they found was greedily devoured "lithout cleansing. The condition of young girls was pitiable and the helpless little children would appeal to the hardest heart.

The money received from America has been most economically and effectively expended, and has been the means of winning the hearts of the sufferers as well as of saving their lives. The future of Palestine, Syria and Armenia will be largely determined by what is done there in the next twelve months. There are now in Jerusalem alone seven hundred orphan children and two hundred and forty in Jaffa. These form a precious educational trust, says Mr. Trowbridge. Great Britian has freed Palestine. It remains for America to relieve the refugees, to carry on industrial reconstruction and education.

A UNITED MISSIONARY DRIVE At a meeting of representatives of the Home and Foreign Mis- 8ionary Organizations of the United States, held in New York City 011 December 17th, a plan was set forth to conduct a united campaign to finance all allied Protestant home and foreign mission enterprises in one united drive. The comparative ease with which over $200,000,000 was raised in ten days for war-work, and the immensely greater need of world-wide evangelism and Christian Education has produced the convictions that a united appeal on a larger scale will bring a more adequate response.

It is proposed that, after at least a year of the study of the needs of the different fields in America and over seas, these definite needs of all the Protestant missionary agencies shall be collated and estimates made of the funds required. The united drive may mean the gathering of money and pledges amounting to between $100,000,000 and $300,000,000 for one year. Such a program would necessarily be preceeded by such a survey of occupied and unoccupied fields that the neglected areas may be cared for and overlapping may be corrected. The results of a united military campaign in Europe and Asia have brought out the reasonableness of a united missionary campaign to win the world to Jesus Christ. There are dangers in such a huge undertaking, but the very largeness and idealism of the plan has appealing power.

As a result of the conference a representative committee of fifteen was appointed, with Dr. S. Earle Taylor as chairman, to formulate a definite plan to be presented for consideration at the January meetings of the Foreign Missions Conference and the Home Missions Council.

We Accumulate or

BY MR. A. A. HYDE, WICHITA, KANSAS President of the Mentholatum Company O N various occasions, after talking quite radically from such texts as "Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon the earth," etc., or Christ's great fundamental assertion-"Ye cannot serve God and Mammon," and advocating from experience literal obedience to these teachings, we have had many hearers say- "Those sentiments are miue. I believe in them thoroughly. "W1len questioned, however, as to their individualintentions and actions, an evasive reply will be given or a denial of applicability in their particular case. It is most always the other fellow with us to whom such commands seem to apply. Sherwood Eddy told us of talking with a millionaire once over his financial responsibilities to the Kingdom of God until the man was really in agony. Finally this Dives turned to his son and said-" John, commence giving away money. I have reached the point where I can't."

We sincerely believe that it is not vision which people want, but consecration; not light, but love; not knowledge, but power. If this is so, doubtless Christ's command to His disciples to tarry until they be endued with power from on High, is still applicable to the Church, but how this command can be made modern and practieal is another question and much harder to answer.

.Christ taught quite as much by example as by word, and today most of us are more thoroughly convinced by illustration than by argument. In the minds of thinking men, the Christian Church stands p'erhaps in the most responsible position today which it has ever occupied. Religion is arraigned at the bar in every nation, and being most severely questioned and judged. . As sincere believers in Christ and His teachings, it is the opportunity of the ages to impress Christ's life now upon the overturning nations, but rrien are certainly looking for deeds and life; not creeds and dogma. Lines of race, color and class are getting very dim, as is so finely expressed in Robert Freeman's verses, "That They All May Be One" which we quote herewith from" Association Men"- "I used to think him heathen, Just because-well, don't you see, He didn't speak 'God's English,' And he didn't look like me; He had a burnt complexion Which is heathen, goodness knows; He ate a heathen's rations, And he Wl)f1e a heathen's clothes.

11

But there's a s'prising skinful In that bloke from far away; He fights like any Christian, And I've caught the beggar pray; He's kind to little kiddies, And there's written in his eyes The willingness to render All a Christian's sacrifice.

Yes, you'd knO'W him fur a heathen If you judged him by the hide; But, bless you, he's my brother, For he's just like me inside."

In this war we have sacrificed everything in the way of blood and material treasure because we believe that certain principles of democracy should prevail in the temporal governments of this world. The Ohristian Ohurch is supposed to believe that as far as eternity exceeds time, so far existence in the Kingdom of Heaven exceeds temporal life. So believing, such a question as our subject seems almost axiomatic, and its wrong answer entails eternal condemnation. Shall we accumulate the wealth of the world and lose the souls of the world, as well as our own ~ Surely no one who has a right vision of the life, death and teachings of Ohrist can answer in favor of accumulation. Noone who has studied the unmeasurable relief from human suffering, which men and money have accomplished in this war, can justify themselves hereafter in f&iling to distribute. In addition, no one who has experienced the depth and lasting joy of gi"ving beyond the shallow temporal joy of receiving, will here,after hoard wealth to shrivel his own soul and handicap his children. Perhaps these last three assertions point the way to the solution of the other and greater question of how to get the consecration, the love, the strength necessary that we may lay our liv~s and means on God's altar, as we are doing on the altar of our country. Practically, what has made us willing to give our sons and daughters and two-thirds or more of our income for country and principle? Does not Paul give the answer-"BuT NOW ABIDETH FAITH, HOPE, LOVE,-THESE THREE, AND THE GREATEST OF THESE IS LOVE."

How Much Owest Thou?

How much owest thou, 0 Christian, of thy time, to the Lord? How much owest thou of' thy Strength? How much owest thou of thy opportunities? How much owest thou of thy intellect? How much owest thou of thy place in the world? How much owest thou of thy income, to the Lord?

What shall we render unto the Lord for all His benefits? Shall we not say; Lord, take me, use all I have, for Thy good purposes.

A TYPE OF THINGS THAT ARE PASSING AWAY IN

Some Japanese idols to which bereaved mothers pray The Outlook In Japan-1918 and 1919 BY THE REV. JAMES H. PETTEE, D. D., TOKYO, JAPAN Missionary of the American Board of Commi ssioners for Foreign Missions J APAN finished herr main fighting early in the war when she captured Tsingtau from the Germans, cleared the Eastern seas of enemy war vessels, and came to a good und erstanding. with Russia. The war, however, continued in the background of all herr thought and activity, and she mobilized her industries in place of her armies to aid the Allies. :]11fo:orre recently the army under General Otani, a leader selected with great car e, has penetrated Siberia in conjunction with the soldiers of America, France and Great Britain.

The year 1918 witnessed a ttrraannl~'lforrmmaattiion that reveals once more the real Bushido spirit of ,Japan and that opens up an opportunity for the nation to swing into line with her allies in the higher things of life.

It is also significant that a bureaucr atic and reactionary cabinet has given place to one led by a commoner, plain :]11f:rr. Hara, who himself is a man of progressive spirit and, moreover, is the head of a powerful political party that is pledged to .secure constitutional reforms and to keep step with the great democratic movements of the age.

13

Japanese as well as foreigners resident in the country inter- ested themselves in all war enterprises. Money flowed freely for any charity or loan connected with the great contest, imitation tanks rolled through the streets of Tokyo, Yokohama and Kobe, war songs were heard on all occasions, war films or dramas were in demand, Union church, Tokyo, released its popular pastor, Dr. Doremus Scudder, for Red Cross service, various missions sent one or more of their members to Siberia under the Y. M. C. A. to care for the refugees and there has been a constant succession of commissions between the far east and the fighting fronts.

The United States Ambassador Moms well said in his address last April on the occasion of the departure of the Japanese deputa- tion to the armies in ]~urope, "I cannot help feeling that the Japan- ese Y. M. C. A. deputation to the European front is almost as signifi- cant as the first mission sent to the West by the Tokugawa govern- ment over fifty years ago. By that mission Japan 'signified her in- tention to end her isolation and join thel Western peoples in their forward march. Today I believe this deputation means that you are resolved to take your place alongside the men of the Volest in stand- ing for brotherhood and fair play, international law and righteous- ness." , Aside from European battlefields, America has once- more be- come. the great Mecca of Japanese pilgrims, official or citizen, scho- lastic or commercial, a:nxious to learn how best to meet and solve the problems of readaptation and regeneration "When the terrors and tumults of war shall cease And life be re-fashioned on the anvils of peace."

Among these inter-racial commissioners of peace and good will to and from Japan last year, special mention may be made of 83 year-old William Hardy who was a sailor lad in Commodore P·erry's expedition back in 1854. He, a common sailor, was given the privi- lege of shaking hands with the members of the Royal Family, in- cluding H. 1. M. the Emperor, and he spoke with Methodistic fervor in the schools and offices, temples and churches to thousands of inter- ested listeners his timely message of temperance and clean living, and wrote in hundreds of albums his autograph, together with the all-comprehensive words, "God is Love." It was missionary work on a large scale.

RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES IN JAPAN Let it not be thought that normal Christian work has been entirely side-tracked by the war. One week before the close of 1917 there was issued from the press the Japanese Revised New Testament, which has had wide distribution during the year. It was the joint work of two British and two American missionaries, asso9iated

THE OUTLOOK IN JAPAN

with four Japanese co-laborers, and marks a great advance over the earlier translation, especially in point of being understood.

Another great achievement of the year was the formal opening, on April 30, of the Tokyo Woman's Christian College, with Dr. Nitobe as president and Miss Yasui as dean. This is a union enterprise of six Protestant Mission Boards in which the eighty-four entering students came from seventeen mission schools. One of the eighty-four admitted was a blind girL Mrs. (Mitsui) Hirooka has recently announced her decision to give Yen 200,000 to found in Osaka an undenominational school for Christian workers with especial reference to preparing them for social service. Prof. Hino, ex-dean of Doshisha Theological Seminary, Kyoto, and Rev. T. Makino of the same city, who is vice-president of the Japan C. E. Union and has been touring America since last spring, are to be head of the institution.

Rev. Paul M. Kanamori, Japan's leading evangelist, has continued through the year his marvellous work of preaching in city after city his one great sermon on the fundamentals of Christianity. It is a two-hours' discourse and never fails to register hundreds of decisions for Christ and His service.

A marked tendency of the year's Christian movement has been to bring the foreign and .Japanese workers into closer co-operation. This was greatly aided by the deputation of the American Board that spent three months in Japan and Chosen, and by the Baptists who have also taken an advance step in this matter.

JAPAN IN A FERMENT All Japan is in a ferment, religious and social as well as political and economic. New cults, like the Tai-rei-do (Great Spirit Way) for self-discipline, and programs for social service like Baron Shibusawa's are ardently advocated. But when it comes to reliable leadership and real reforming power, it is the Jesus way and Christians of experience that are needed and called for.

Dr. and Mrs. George P. Pierson, who have been touring from Hokkaido to Kyushu, testify that the country is wide open to an earnest presentation of Gospel truths and claims. Such institutions as the Crittenden Rescue Home for Women; Mr. Hara's and Mr. Mura.matsu's Homes for Ex-convicts in Tokyo and Kobe; Okayama and other Christian Orphanages are taxed to their capacity; mission schools are full and the churches are aroused. The outlook for 1919 is one of tremendous responsibility and cheering hopefulness.

at the Cross

A Review of the Year 1918 and the Outlook for 1919.

BY THE REV. LEWIS HODOUS, B. D.

T HE outstanding feature in China last year was the Civil War between the North and the South. At Canton a government headed by the disbanded Parliament was functioning, while at Peking the President and his Cabinet, and later. the newly elected Parliament, were directing affairs. The contending armies were marching and counter-marching in Hunan, Fukien and Szechwan, while the people were being pillaged by the soldiers. Large sections of China were overrun by armed bandits. In Shantung, adjacent to the territory taken over by Japan from Germany, it is estimated that 30,000 organized and armed robbers were terrorizing the people. This civil strife was carried on nominally between the conservative republicans of the North and the radical republicans of the South. Really it was a war between the military governors of the North and those of the South, who hoped to increase their power and wealth, and pave the way for the presidency or some other high position.

In order to carryon this strife the Chinese government has mortgaged valuable resources. The crop of loans has only been exceeded by the crops of poppy and of bandits. On account of the disturbed state of the country, opium planting has been revived in certain provinces and the opium traffic which ceased in March, 1917, has been re-established in the form of a monopoly controlled by the government. The strong protests by the United States, the Christian churches and the merchants have led to the postponement of these plans and may lead to their abandonment.

A hopeful sign of coming peace was the election of Hsil. Shih Chang to the Presidency, by a large majority of Parliament. He has the confidence of all parties, and according to his policy as outlined, China is to be governed by constitutional law, vital measures are to be taken to reliev;e the present financial stress, the frontier defences are to be improved. Comme.rce and industry are to be promoted especially by controlling the bandits. Internal administration is to be improved. The relation between the central government and the provinces is to be made clear. President Hsil. is very desirous for peace between the North and South. It is hoped that the legal situation arising from his election by a non-representative Parliament may be solved 'in a way satisfactory to Canton and Peking.

16 In spite of political unrest, the people of China have made new roads, have introduced b8etter systems of lighting their cities, and have carried on internal commerce. The foreign trade has increased in spite of unfavorable conditions. The trade with the United States was 150% greater in 1917 than in 1915.

In religious work the outlook has been encouraging. The nation-wide week of evangelism was observed for the second time. In spite of the disturbed state of the country, the week was observed this year more widely than before. It comes in the first month of the Chinese New Ye~r during which the church members take advantage of the. leisure time to do personal work among their friends. The Religious Tract Society of North and Central China issued 255,000 special AT A CHIINNEeSs!> STUD!>NT CONF!>RI!>NCP; tracts to be used during this week. The Spring Evangelistic Campaign conducted by Dr. Sherwood Eddy and Mr. Frank Buchman in twelve large cities was very successful in enlisting the Chinese Christians in personal work and in persuading prepared men to make a final decision to join the Christian Church. In Canton four hundred Chinese Christian workers brought in eight hundred prepared non-Christian friends.

The China Continuation Committee is undertaking a survey of mission work in China which will not merely record the static condition, but will enable the missions to apply the men and money so as to obtain the largest results.

The visit of Dr. Zwemer has stimulated the interest in the work among Moslems. A committee to study this work, appointed by the China Continuation Committee, has started the production of Christian literature for the Moslems.

The China Christian Educational Association has now associated with it nine associations which cover the' whole of China, and are studying the problems of education.

The cause of church union is receiving increased attention in China. A meeting of Presbyterians, the London Mission and the American Board representatives was held at Nanking for the pur-

pose of forming a Federal Council of Christian Churches in China. The objeCt of this Federation will be such comparison of views and adjustments of practices as shall prepare the way for ultimate organic union.

The war has depleted the missionary force. One mission has sent over one half of its men into war service. The war has also ·(reduced the number of men recruits, especially physi,cians and teachers. Plans for new institutions and the enlargement of old ones have been held up. The increased cost of living, accompanied by the rise of the price of silver, has brought about retrenchment and some hardship.

It is expected that China will now take her place in the sisterhood of natione with territorial integrity guaranteed by the Allies. The republican government must be assisted to put down militarism both external and internal so as to give China peace from civil strife. This will enable China to put her house in order and turn her attention to educating her children, developing her resources and carrying out much needed reforms. The Christian workers will be confronted with an opportunity unequalled in the history of missions. The Christian Church must provide the spiritual basis for the republic. The churches forming training schools for the r·epublic will teach the Chinese brotherly love, social service, civic pride, true patriotism and Christian internationalism all motived by the love of God planted in the hearts of men. In fact, without the cooperation of these groups forming the essential church the· republic cannot be established.

The Opening of Tibe(to:Christianity BY REV. RODERICK A. McLEOD Missionary of the Foreign Christian Missionary Society.

I N Tibet there is offered to the Christian Church an opportun- . ity, the like of which has never been presented to it in the past, and which may never come again. The great closed land of Tibet is now open for missionary work. Most of the hindrances heretofore existing have been removed, and in their stead there are assurances of a hearty welcome and even of assistance.

Dr. A. L. Shelton, a missionary of the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, on the Chinese Border of Tibet, recently visited Gartok and Charhbdo. At Gartok, five days south-west of Batang, he fonnd several thousands of troops from various districts of Tibe,t, even from Leh and Ladakh. They were armed with Enfield rifles, and were well disciplined. The commander, a very interesting man, discussed religious questions freely and quite

THE OPENING OF TIBET TO CHRISTIANITY

reasonably with Dr. Shelton and said that while the former attitude of Tibetans toward for- eigners was hostile, the "YYoouunngghhusband Expedition"

had taught the Tibetans to' re- gard the foreigners with favor.

In discussing the question of mission work in Lhasa, the com- mander was very favorably im- pressed, and forwarded to the Dalai Lama a letter in which Dr. Shelton requested permis- sion to open work in Lhasa.

During the fighting on the Tibetan border last summer Dr.

Shelton went to Chambdo at the request of Mr. E. Teichman, the British Consul from Ta cheinlu and the Galon Lama. This Galoan Lama is a personage of great authority, only the t.wvo A LLAMA PRIEST OF TIBET kings of Tibet and .tthhe Dalai Lama having authority over him. The doctor found unspeakable conditions among the wounded soldiers who had been lying for two months without medical aid.

One man had all his lower jaw shot away and all the wounds were stinking. Dr. Shelton operated for four days, working each day as long as he could stand.

The Galon Lama ordered that all the needs of the doctor should receive prompt attention. Speaking of foreigners, the Lama said that the Tibetans had been forced to keep out foreigners because of a treaty with the Chinese; but that now the treaty is no longer in force. The doctor has a great reputation in that country and was promised help if he would come to Chambdo and build a hospital. At parting, the Lama presented the doctor with three hundred rupees and two valuable vessels ornamented with beaten gold and silver, expressing the hope that they would be friends for life. All this, coming from one of such high authority, cannot be too strongly emphasized.

Dr. Shelton noticed many changes amongst the masses of the Tibetans. Most of them wore foreign hats and many had foreign shoes. One had a camera and could use it well. The presence of foreign cloth, foreign sugar, foreign tobacco, foreign shoes, the craze for foreign goods, and the development of manufacturing (the Tibetans manufacture ammunition for Hotchkiss field pieces) are signs of Tibet's new life.

Three main reasons for the changed attitude of Tibetans are (1) the weakening of Chinese influences, (2) "The Younghusband Expedition," and (3) the visits of Tibetans to foreign countries.

Since the year 1720 China has controlled Tibet's foreign policy which followed China's former hostile attitude toward foreigners. Tibet was commanded to have intercourse with China alone, and the minds of the Tibetans were filled with an exaggerated account of the early Chinese notion of missionary work. But the Chinese injustice, treachery and cruelty toward the Tibetans has caused them to throw off the Chinese yoke and rise in defense of their rights. Thus Tibet is now practically an independent nation.

"The Younghusband Expedition" broke the spell of igno- rance which the Chinese had c~st around the Tibetans. It was a great revelation to them to find that a foreign army could march into their capital, do no looting, show acts of kindness, and retire peaceably even to the last man. The treatment of Tibetan captives at the hands of the British went to the Tibetans' hearts, for they had never seen anything like it.

Then the Tibetans began to travel abroad. At Chainbdo, Dr. Shelton met a Tibetan colonel. who had visited all the important countries of Europe, Asia and Africa, and was only sorry that he could not afford to visit America. One officer spoke English. Another had a son in London. The observations of these travelers are reported at home and make tremendous impressions. Foreign ideas are being readily adopted, including foreign military tactics, dress, and treatment of prisoners.

This situation must appeal with irresistible force to every Christian. We have been waiting at the closed door of Tibet for the past fifteen years. Now that door is open. We must. enter or perish, like the Israelites in the Wilderness. The Christian is a saviour. Saving others is the function of the Christian life. Tore- sist the appeal of this open door is to quench the spitit of Christ, and to invite spiritual death.

The appeal of the situation reaches further than America; it reaches heaven. There it becomes imperative. From that seat of highest authority, a command is issued: "Save the Tibetans." To every disciple of Christ, this command is uttered in a voice which speaks in tones more imperative than the thunders of Sinaiin tones of love.

The situation demands immediate action. God will accomplish His purpose in Tibet even if some of His disciples are disobedient, ·but it will be to our discredit and condemnation. An evangelist and a doctor should open a station at Chambdo at once. A day school, Bible school, and dispensary should be instituted immediately. The prayers of the Church for open doors are answered. Now is the time to go up and possess the land for Christ.

IN INDIA IN CHARACTER AND SELF

Chair caning at an Industrial Mission India's"-Nationarand Christian Progress BY BISHOP FRANK W. WARNE, D. D., INDIA Missionary Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church T HE millions 'of India's poor are suffering more than those of most other nations in the present increase in the cost of liv- ing. Their sufferings are further intensified by a scourge of plague and a failunre of rain in northern India, which has added famine conditions.

As an outcome of her share in the war, India will more quickly attain to her new national aspirations calling for "responsible see1l£fgovernment." India's most extreme agitators have not asked for separation from the British Empire, but only to be part of the Empire like Canada and Australia. The British Government is putting forth an honest attempt to grant India a regime of constitutional government which will open the way for the full statnure of he.r self-government within the Empire. Great Britain with her genius for education and colonial goverinumnent will surely save India from Russia's sorrows and will guide her safely to national great- :nneesss; and as an outcome, thrree hundred millions of our cousins of ".AArryyan broowwnn""w.wiilll take their place .as one of the great countries composing the British Empire.

The war has given India a clearer conception of the true Christian spirit. When the struggle first began between so-called Christian nations, India's non-Christians felt that Christianity had 21

failed, but later when America offered her sacrificial service for the liberiy of oppressed peoples, asking neither indemnity nor territory, India recognized that such a spirit could emanate only from Christ. India further saw that Christ's teaching concerning love and justice must come to have world wide application-the "Government shall be upon His shoulders." India has seen .that she must cease to oppress her outcast millions and must in a new sense practice toward them justice and helpfulness. These new conceptions will be incorporated into India's new national and Christian development, and will hasten the hour when Great Britain may give to her the measure of self-government she asks.

With these developments, the war will iu many ways vitally aid the' cause of missions and reforms in India. Think of this: among the five or more million Indians in various capacities now in the war on the battle fronts of France, Mesopotamia, Mrica, Egypt, the Dardanelles, Saloniki and Central Asia, very few before the war had a horizon larger than their local village life, but they will return after having associated with people from many lands, with a world vision of domestic, social, political and religious reforms and with a soldierly purpose to put them into effect in India.

An Indian minister tells of holding a service in an out-of-theway interior village, when a returned and wounded Mohammedan soldier rose and gave this testimony: "I know that this Jesus religion is true. When I was lying out on the battle field among other wounded men, the followers of this religion came out,- braving the falling shells, and carried us away and tenderly cared for our wounds. They bore upon the sleeves of their white robes the emblem of the cross on which their Christ gave His life for the world, and dyed with the color of the blood he shed."

In this way millions of returned Indians will witness for Christ and advance India's social, economical, political and religious transformation, and will everywhere reinforce the work of the missionary.

India's mass movement, which has been called the greatest since the founding of the Christian Church, has not only not a.bated under war conditions, but is spreading in dimenslon and growing in spiritual power. In the first" Acts of the Apostles" three thousand were baptized in a day, but in India's "New Acts of the ApostIes" three thousand are baptized in the various missions every two weeks. India's mass movements with their urgent call for the education of the multitudes of untaught children coming into the Christian churches, the training of the necessary workers to keep pace with the movement, and the shepherding of the new converts gives to the churches of America one of the greatest Macedonian calls of history.

Peril of

Stirring events in Urumia, Persia, and the remarkable way in which word was brought of the condition of the missionaries there.

BY REV, FREDERICK G. eOAN, D. D., URUMIA, PERSIA Missionary of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.

N OR'l'HWESTERN Persia is in the grip of an awful famine. The events of the past few months surpass in their horrors and dangers even those of the never-to-be-forgotten year 1915.

When the Russian for('es were withdrawn from Persia as a result of the demobilization of her armies several thousands of Armenians and Syrians-refugees from Turkey-were left well armed and with ammunition. The Moslems resented the fact and tried to disarm the Christians. This resulted in fighting in which men on both sides were killed. The Moslems were overpowered in Urumia as well as in Salmas and came to the Mission yards with flags of truce. They surrendered and promised to hand over all arms and ammunition-a promise that was not kept.

A widespread plan on the part of the Moslems to bring in outside forces and wipe out the Christian population was only prevented from execution by the bravery of the Christians who fought against superior numbers with the courage of despair.

The Syrian Patriarch Mar Shimun, a man of intelligence and most attractive bearing, was in Urumia at the time of the fighting, and was asked by the Persian authorities to go to Salmas to quell the disturbances there between the Armenians and Syrians on one hand, and the Persians and Kurds on the other. He was led into an ambush and, with some 200 followers, was most, brutally murdered by the noted Kurdish chief and outlaw, Simku. This dastardly act greatly aroused the indignation of the Assyrians who avenged the act by killing Simku and two of his brothers with over a thousand of his followers. Fighting has been going on ever since and the Christians have beaten off repeated attacks by the Turks and Kurds.

A letter received a week ago from my daughter, Mrs. Richards, describes the remarkable way in which they were able to get word out to the world after being bottled up tightly for five months. One morning hearing an unusual sound, they went to the roof and to their amazement and joy saw a biplane flying over their compound. The lone Englishman who was in it waved to them and when he alighted in a field near by they learned that he had flown 150 miles that morning, from Kazvin, Persia, to find out what had happened to this lonely outpost with its small force of Americans.

23

Lieut. Pennington told them that he was ready to take out any letters they might have, and he left the next day, July 8th, with· the first word that was carried through from Urumia since February. Thousands of refugees, Armenian and Syrian from Van, Salmas, and the villages around Urumia, were then camped near the city with their animals and few belongings, ready for flight at a moment's notice.

A letter from Mr. McDowell, written from Baghdad on September 6th, supplies the last link in this tale of sorrow. Just prior to the arrival of the Turks, one of the Syrian leaders with his force went south to meet the English soldiers who were being sent to relieve Urumia, This departure started a panic among the people and some 70,000 started after them in mad flight. Dr. William A. Shedd and his wife, after making a vain attempt to bring them back, went with the multitude, hoping that they might be able to keep some order and protect the helpless in the attack that was sure to follow. A letter from Mrs. Shedd written from Hamadan on August 26th gives one of the saddest and most tragic stories in the history of our Persian Mission.

After fleeing for five days, with increasing distress among the weary, footsore, frightened and hungry refugees, the Kurds overtook the Assyrians and attacked the rear guard. Hearing that the English forces were at Sain Kala-not far ahead-they whipped up their weary horses and pressed on.

The panic and mad rush of the poor people to get on to where the English were, was terrible. The roads became jaIllllled, carts broke down, goods were flung away. The people clung to their money and bread, but the villages, through which they passed, were mostly deserted and many perished from hunger.

At last they reached Sain Kala six days travel from Urumia and met Major Moore and Captain Reed with a small force of some 150 soldiers. But hardly had they reached there before a small force, sent to the rear to protect the laggards, came back with the report that large forces of the enemy were pursuing them.

The thousands of weary refugees began to move agalll like a great avalanche. Soon after reaching camp Dr. Shedd who was worn out by the terrible experiences he had passed through, showed signs of illness, but with Dr. Jessie Yonan, a Syrian physician and their servants and drivers, they were obliged to move forward. The doctor had no medicine, there was no food, and the oil had given out, so that they could not even light a lantern. The sound of firing again warned them they must move on and the dying man was placed in the cart and carried over the rough roads. Two hours later a doctor arrived and found that Dr. Shedd was suffering from cholera. Soon afterward he passed away, and without shroud or coffin was laid to rest on the hillside. Alone in her sorrow the

AMERICAN INFLUENCE IN BULGARIA

stricken wife went on, finally reaching Hamadan after 26 days of hard journey.

The refugees to the number of some 50,000 or more divided, some finally landing at Hamadan and others pressing on to Bakuba, 40 miles north-west of Baghdad. The missionaries who remained in Urumia with some 5,000 Christians, seem not to have been molested, although several prominent men were hung and 600 girls carried off into captivity by the :Moslems and Kurds.

What will be the future of Persia 7 We believe that God's work, so faithfully begun in Persia, will not be destroyed. As :Mohammedans realize how they have been led astray and how their political power is forever gone in the "Near East," we hope that they will turn to better things. The challenge comes to the Church to go to these deluded, mistaken people, so long enemies of the Church of Christ and to explain to them the Gospel of peace, forgiveness and love.

American Influence in Bulgaria BY THE REV. EDWARB B. HASKELL, D. D., BVLGARIA . Missionary of the American Board, 1891 I T was about the middle of the nineteenth century that the Bulgar- ians, a' race whose very existence was almost forgotten by the out- side world, attracted the attention of Cyrus Hamlin, Elias Riggs and others of the great missionary statesmen then regnant in Con- stantinople. In fact as early as 1841 or 1842 Dr. Riggs, the won- derful linguist (who was a leading member of each of the com- mittees which translated the Bible into modern Greek, Armenian, Turkish and Bulgarian) issued a little paper-covered Bulgarian grammar in English. He stated in the preface that he was prompted to do so by his hope that his countrymen would be aroused some day to take an interest in the Bulgarians, and would then find his grammar ready to aid them in acquiring the language. His hope and faith were justified when the American :Methodists began a work between the Danube and the Balkan Mts. in 1857, and the American Board authorized its Western Turkey Mission to "take on" the Bulgarians south of the Balkans in 1858.

It may be wise here briefly to reply to the question so often asked, "Why establish missions in the Balkans at all when the non-Moslem races already were members of the Eastern Orthodox Church1" Let us recall that the Turkish conquest of the Balkan P€ninsula was completed shortly before the first stirrings of the Reformation took p}ace under John Hus. The report of the Oar- negie Commission on the Balkan Wars very aptly describes this con- quest as "leveling all the nationalities and prese~ng them all

alike in a condition of torpor, in a manner comparable to the action of a vast refrigerator." Now imagine the circumstances reversed, with Eastern Europe left free and Western European develop- ment arrested at just the stage which religion and education had reached in the year 1400. Then suppose that such men as Luther and Calvin had arisen in Russia and Greece, and the progress which followed their labors had taken place in Eastern Europe. Would it have been proper or improper, brotherly or unbrotherly, for Eastern Christians to have sent emissaries bearing their relig- ious and educational acquirements into Western Europe ~ The British "Diplomatist" who wrote that remarkable book, "National- ism and War in the Near East," says that we westerners "can scarcely realize the disadvantage to the growth of a community whose progressive forces get no inspiration from Protestantism and whose conservative forces are not firmly founded in Catholicity. " He deplores the degradation of the various branches of the Eastern Church into political machines so that, for example, "The Christian Churches of Macedonia are of ethnological rather than of ethical importance." He affirms that "the autocephalous Christian Churches of Eastern Europe have contributed nothing as evangelizing influences to the maintenance there of peace and goodwill; while, as educational influences, they have contributed only to the growth of nationality (chauvinism), and have fmled to exercise any influence on the new spiritual life of the Balkan Peninsula." This heavy indictment from an entirely non-missionary source would seem abundant justification for evangelical missions in the Levant.

Before passing on let me mention a contrast to the last quotation above, which I love to remember. For some years before the Balkan wars the Greek and Bulgarian evangelical churches of Salonica were accustomed to. celebrate the January week of prayer in unison, the meetings being held three evenings in the Greek and three in the Bulgarian chapel. The same hymns, translated from the English, were sung in both languages at once, and the readings, prayers and remarks were alternately in each. After the deplorable second Balkan war I feared that relations between the rlloos were too strained for our usual procedure. But when the natives were asked their opinion, they said, "Why not? Is Christ divided 1" And in the meet.ings of that year not an unbrotherly word was spoken, nor was there less power and unction than usuaL Returning to the Bulgarian work, one of the first moves made by the missionaries was the establishment of a monthly paper, the Zornitza or "Morning Star," which later became a weekly. There was a hiatus of several months between the appearance of the first and second numbers. Having made his perfectly reasonable petition to the Turkish authorit.ies for a permit to publish,

AMERICAN INFLUENCE IN BULGARIA

NEEDING DEVELOPMENT-A TYPICAL SCENE IN BULGARIA the editor put out his first number with innocent confidence that the "formalities" would be over in a few days. "Thereby hangs a tale" worth repeating. One day during the months of waiting the American Minister met the Grand Vizier at some function and took advantage of the opportunity to ask, "By the way, your Excellency, what are the prospects for that little Bulgarian paper which some of my countrymen wish,to publishT"

"You mean that republican journalB?" said the Vizier. "Oh, no, your Excellency," replied the Minister, "you have been misinformed. It is not to be a political but a religious sheet." "But is it not to be Protestant1"- "Yes, your Excellency. " "Well, Protestantism is republicanism." The wily autocrat sensed the situation with unerring instinct. Without any effort on their part to instigate revolution or even to stir up discontent, it undoubtedly is true that the missionaries hastenedthe overthrow of Turkish rule. The following story showing the feeling of another autocrat was told me by a classmate. He was traveling in the Balkans in the late nineties and chanced to be at Cettinje when Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria was visiting Prince Nicholas of Montenegro. My friend had introductions to royalty which caused him· to be invited to accompany the two princes on a walk. In order to sound him he casually remarked to Ferdinand,

"By the way, you have some American missionaries in Bulgaria, haven't you ~ What do you think of them 7"

"Well, they are rather a nuisance, as they divide up the people", said his Highness. "But," broke in Nicholas with a slap on Ferdinand's shoulder, "had there been no American missionaries there would have been no Bulgaria." "That may be true", replied Ferdinand with a shrug. The statement of Nicholas wa~ an exaggeration, as was an editorial statement in the London Times, some years ago, that the Bulgarians owed their emancipation to the Zornitza. But the Z ornitza, which today is the oldest Bulgarian paper extant, undoubtedly did a great work. While treating all subjects from an evangelical Christian standpoint it never was sectarian, and avoided attacks on the Orthodox Church. It thus entered hundreds of villages never visited by a preacher and was valued by a multitude of Orthodox readers. The editor once told me that copies sent to villages often were read aloud at the village cafes and passed from hand to hand, until each probably had reached twenty people. The Bulgarian word for newspaper is vestnik, but the Zornitza, being the first and best known paper among them, many Macedonians supposed that zornitza was the generic term. A postal clerk at Monastir in 1893-4 used often to tell me, "No zornitas came today"- meaning that no American papers had arrived.

Besides the weekly, our publication department prepared many books and tracts which were widely scattered by colporters, together with the Scriptures translated by missionaries and published by the British and American Bible Societies. There was very little controversial literature in the output, the truth being presented in a positive fonn and left to make its way. It would be a just criticism that too much was translated from the English without adaptation to local conditions, and that dogma was too prominent. But on the whole, a great deal of genuinely ethical and Christian leaven has worked its way into Bulgarian society through the press. After Zornitza became a weekly it published a monthly for children, and the Methodist Mission began a monthly named" Christian WorId," in which some valuable books were run as serials. Some years ago an Orthodox writer, speaking most candidly in a Sofia magazine on the beneficial influence of the Protestant movement in Bulgaria, pointed enviously to its literary activity, citing its seven religious periodicals, weekly, monthly, juvenile and tempemnce, in contrast with one little Orthodox paper for priests.

The preaching done by the missions has been of the same nature as their publications, with rarely a reference to or attack upon the Eastern Church. The presentation of truth and the ap- peals to conscience and will are exactly such as one hears in an

AMERICAN INFLUENCE IN BULGARIA

ordinary Congregationalist or Methodist pulpit in America. A two-fold result has followed both the preaching and tlie literature. Some people have felt that the old Church did not furnish them the spiritual food which they wished and so have organized evangelical churches. Others have been stirred to try to be better Christians within the old Church. Among the latter a strong reform party has arisen, including many of the younger priests. The text books for teaching religion in the public schools have been so purged of superstition as to make one pastor call them "evangelized."

So much has been written of the influence of Robert College and the Women's College at Constantinople on Bulgarian political and social life that it is unnecessary to say more here. Those institutions have been patronized by the comparatively wealthy, while the middle and poorer classes have turned to the less widely known mission schools at Samokov. It was a striking fact that these schools never had been so full as in 1917-18 when so many were insisting that we ought to declare war on Bulgaria. I would not be understood as implying that Bulgaria owes her educational system-one of the most thorough in Europe-to America. The Bulgar has been inclined to over-estimate the value of intellectual as compared with spiritual training, and would have sought education anyhow. The establishment of American schools among the people near the beginning of their national renaissance doubtless contributed to their intellectual advance. And those among them who value character as an educational product value our schools. Whatever be the cause, the Bulgarians spend annually for education double the amount per capita spent by any other Balkan race, and have reduced their illiteracy, in forty years of emancipation, to less than half what it is in the adjoining States after their eighty years of freedom.

There is a wide-spread feeling today that American Christian influence has amounted to nothing in Bulgaria because she took the wrong side in the war and because she committed atrocities. It scarcely is just to condemn a whole people for the action of a Bourbon King, and it is only right to remind ourselves that a willingness on the part of Bulgaria's ne1,g"hbors to rectify the inequities of the 1913 Bucharest Treaty would have made it impossible for the King to enlist her against them. As to atrocitiesmost of them did not happen. When Balkan races vilify one another the old resident among them discounts their charges about 75%. I have learned, for instance, that a horrible "hymn of hate" attributed to a Bulgar was not written by him and has not appeared in any Bulgarian publication. It is part of a "fabricated" slander campaign, such as those races fabricate easier than we fabricate ships. Bulgaria is as unable now as in 1913 to get any reply to the charges against her circulated outside her borders,

and unsportsmanlike advantage is being taken of the situation in order to influence the coming Peace Congress.

My own quarter century of mission lif·e has mostly been spent in Macedonia, where I have formed warm friendships with members of all the Balkan races. I realize that the period of work among them has been too short, and the human and financial forces employed too inadequate, to transform the national life. The Bulgars have proved the most responsive to American Christian influence of any Balkan people. Yet it would be presumptious to claim that all theIr progress is due to it. It has had some share, however, in producing the following results: 1. A religious tolerance unapproached elsewhere in the Levant. While the constitution of every Balkan State guarantees religious liberty to its subjects, those outside Bulgaria also forbid criticism of or conversions from the "Pravo Slav" (Slavic for "Orthodox") Church. This curious self-contradiction is explained on the ground that religious liberty means the right to exercise undisturbed the religion in which you were born, the' religion of your parents. You may not choose a new form for yourself unless you change from something else to Orthodox.

A lady who passed through Greece in 1914, recently told me that she saw some men looking out of the prison windows at Patras. She learned that twenty-three of them were there for having met together to read the Bible in modern Greek. The Greek constitution makes it a crime to sell, give away or own any Scripture portion in the spoken language of the people. Such a law is unthinkable in connection with Bulgaria. It is to be hoped that Prime Minister Venezelos, with his English proclivities and general breadth of view, will succeed in securing the repeal of this mediaeval article, and of unjust discriminations against non-conformists in certain of the Greek laws. Probably Montenegro is the only remaining European country which prohibits colporteurs from circulating the Scriptures within its territory.

In 1911 I talked with English "Plymouth Brethren" who have tried to work in Roumania. Their meetings had to be held secretly in private houses and frequently shifted to various quarters of Bucharest, lest the police discover them and arrest all in attendance.

In Belgrade a German Lutheran Ohurch was tolerated, but no Protestant preaching in Serbian. A Scot named McKenzie, an earnest Christian and philanthropist lived there for years. The Serbs so honored him as to name a street for him-but never allowed him to hold a service in the church building which he erected at his oWIi. expense on that street.. A little Baptist sect called "Nazorei" has secured a precarious footing in Serbia. Its member!! often have been beaten and imprisoned by the police. In January 1914

AMERICAN INFLUENCE IN BULGARIA

one of them told me in Belgrade that he had been tried that very day for attending ~ ~eeting. On the report of secret government agents who were present, all the men in attendance were sentenced to imprisonment for a month and all the women for two weeks. They had appealed the case, bnt if the sentence was sustained it would be my friend's seventh imprisonment for his faith.

After all that has been done for Montenegro, Roumania and Serbia in the war by nations outside the Eastern Orthodox Ohurches, and after the chastening experiences of the past three years, one may confidently expect that these states will cease to persecute dissenters from their establishments. In Serbia, at least, there are signs pointing in this direction. Whether Roumania will extend to the Jews the toleration which they enjoy in Bulgaria remains to be seen.

In Bulgaria the ecclesiastics, as everywhere, are intolerant and desirous to persecute. They have instigated sporadic outbursts of mob fanaticism, and cases of .official injustice. But I never knew of a prosecution or an imprisonment on a religious accusation. Bulgaria alone of the Balkan States recognizes the .legality of marriages performed for its subjects by Protestant pastors, exempts such pastors from military service the same as Orthodox priests, and frees their church buildings from taxation.

2. The temperance cause has made great progress in Bulgaria. Many temperance societies have been organized, which publish a monthly organ, and an extensive literature created. The Ministry of Education co-operated with the late Dr. J. F. Olarke in sending this literature to every school in Bulgaria and Macedonia. From 1907 to the end of 1910 Dr. Olarke published 350,000 copies of temperance tracts with 4,422,200 pages. Undoubtedly Bulgaria will be the first Balkan State to adopt any temperance legislation.

3. The great advance of socialism in Bulgaria shows an interest in human welfare, an idealism and a spirit of brotherhood which are essentially Ohristian virtues. The movement challenges the missions to he IDOl'P aINt in proclaiming a sane social Gospel.

4. There can be no doubt that it was in response to the American Ohristian influences which have been at work among them for 60 years that the Bulgarians so stubbornly resisted the tremendous pressure put upon them by Germany and Austria to break relations with the United States in April, 1917. A leading statesman said to me, "We owe all that we are to America, and if there ever is war between the two countries it will be by her act and not ours."

The fact that we did not declare war on her will create a more friendly feeling toward us in Bulgaria than ever before. If, while recognizing the rights and aspirations of the other Balkan States, we also grant the Macedonians the privilege of self-detpr-

mination, Bulgarian gratitude will know no bounds, and the American· missions will see before them opportunities which it will be difficult to live up to. After all, was not" Mr. Bri tling" right when, with vision clarified by a great sorrow, he said, "It does not matter in the least what we owe to Serbia or what we owe to Italy. We have got to set this world on a different footing. We have got to set up the world at last-on justice and reason. The Treaty of Bucharest [1913J was an evil treaty. It must be undone. Whatever this German king -ftf Bulgaria does, ·that treaty must be undone and the Bulgarians united again into one people. They must have themselves, whatever punishment they deserve, they must have nothing more, whatever reward they win." No juster word has been spok~.m.

The Missionary Situation in Bantu Africa BY REV. JAMES DEXTER TAYLOR, D. D.

Missionary of the American Board in Sonth Africa AFTER the huge expenditures of money and life which have been required to end German political power in Africa, and after the revelations of the abuse of that power in cruelty and repression to the native races, it may fairly be assumed that there will be no thought of its restoration. The peace conference may either confirm the possession of the Colollies by Great Britain and France or may bring them under international control. Great Britain has made an enviable reputation in the government of sub- ject races and is sympathetic with Missionary work. The suggestion lias been made that the United States of America assume responsibil- ity for these great areas, but it is not likely that such a plan would be seriously considered. The British government has already taken steps to conserve the results of German mission work in Togoland and in East Africa by asking in the former case the United Free Church of Scotland and in the latter the Africa Inland Mission to take over German stations. Reports of French opposition to mis- SIon work on the Gold Coast indicate that some pressure may be required to secure fuller co-operation on the part of the French government with missionary effort.

Central Africa at this moment of history offers the most strik- . ing field for the exercise of such internationalism as is proposed in the League of Nations. The policy of non-interference with the internal affairs of sovereign states seems about to suffer some modifications with Russia, Austria, Turkey and Germany on the operating table, to say nothing of the possibility of Ireland bscom-

1919l THE MISSIONARY SITUATION IN BANTU AFRICA

ing an international question. And there are still plenty of mlll– stances of injustice on a large scale and plenty of problems of adjustment between ruling and subject peoples in Africa to give scope for the most patient and broad-minded statesmanship, if we have now actually reached the point when the democratic nations are ready to take up the mission of making a democratic world. In any case, with Germany's policy of exploitation abandoned and the growing recognition by governments and students of AfrriiCclijL1,nll ethnology that Christian missions offer the surest hope for the uplift of the native races, and their adjustment to the demands of developing civilization, the year 1919 promises to h0" 11 momentous year for African missions if the church will rf<(''", "11<1 to 111,,>" call of the Master as loyally as the country htals reSSllHHll:d I i) (tJ,c.;, 8c,'l1111 of the President.

REASONS FOR THE BRIGHTEK OUTLOOK I~ AFRICA A Mission School in East Africa The South African Government has withdrawn, at least till after the war, its Native Land Act, a very sweeping piece of legislation aimed at territorial separation throughout the Union. The reports of the local commissions, which were appointed to reconsider the allocations of territory made by the original Commission, recommended slnich additions to the proposed natives' areas as were impossible to secure with the native raCce politically powerless and the white race unready to deal with the problem in a generous spirit. Moreover it was found that the feeling of the )natives against the Act was growing in intensity to a degree that was causing serious unrest.

is The Committee of the Aborigines Protection Society is engaged in what characterized as "its most gigantic effort since the abolition of slavery" in dealing with a proposal of the Rhodesian government to exchange 6,000,000 acres of native reserves for 5,000,000 of other land. The question of the Chartered Company's claim to land in Rhodesia exceeding in extent the whole of Great Britain has been decided against the Company and native titles are to that degree confirmed. The problem of the natives' relation to the land increases in intensity in South Africa. The rapid increase of floating populations at the labor centers unattached to the soil, and the intensification of unfavorable economic conditions by war prices presents a fertile soil for the agitator. Strikes and boycotts, dangerous weapons in the hands of people at the African stage of development, are becoming frequent. Racial feeling is running high and these conditions are reacting upon South African missions in a resurgence of independent and schismatic movements and a general hair-trigger condition among those congregati>ons most in touch with the influences of the gold fields.

The situation demands on the one hand intensification of effort to train the native agriculturally and industrially and to keep him on the land, and on the other hand of the effort to interpret Christianity and civilization to him at the labor centers in the form of better homes, provision for entertainment and instruction in leisure time, under the auspices of the church, and general social betterment. Not only the mining centers but every African seaport and large town calls for this type of evangelism. But neither industrial training nor social service can save the native socially till the land problem is solved. The Act recently withdrawn was initiated in the interest of the European. In the coming reconstruction new legislation in the interest of the native must give him a fair share of the land and security of tenure on an individual basis, as fast as he becomes able to make effective use of such tenure.

PROBLEMS OF RECONSTRUCTION In the Kamenm war scattered the native populations, mission stations and funds were seized by the German army; in -German East Africa hundreds of thousands of natives were taken for transport, besides those in the fighting forces, whole tribes were broken np and homes destroyed by their women being taken away by the troops. There will be serious loss by the suspension of German missions, but good progress has been made in reconstruction efforts. The United Free Church of Scotland has bravely assumed the burden of the work in Togoland. The American Presbyterians came through with only 6% losses in the Kamerun and actually more than doubled the native contributions. They have put through with remarkable speed the substitution of French for

THE MlSSIONARY SITUATION IN BANTU AFRICA

German in the schools. In East Africa the Africa Inland Mission has taken over a large group of former German stations. In Kiziba the native church of Uganda is undertaking a splendid foreign mission enterprise and has already more than doubled the former number of German out-stations.

Perhaps the greatest problem of reconstruction after the war will be the readmission of the great evangelizing force represented by the missionary churches of Germany into a share in the missionary enterprise.

THE LIQUOR PROBLEM The progress of the prohibition movement in America is certain to react favorably on Africa, but vigilance will be needed to see that the interests driven out here do not seek a foot-hold in Africa as they are doing in Ohina. In South Africa which has been characterized as "among the most hopelessly liquor-ridden countries in the world" the grape growing trade has been making a. new drive for the privilege of selling Oape wines to the natives on the Rand. Persistent efforts are being made to introduce the Durban system of. municipal manufacture and sale of native beer on the Rand in the face of the, fact that sales have more than tripled since the system began, being now $12,000 per month. The illicit liquor traffic is responsible for 76% of the male inmates of South Mrican jails and 58% of the females, and yet there is a stronger demand for relaxation of the laws on the ground that they cause crime, than for prohibition which would abolish the crime. Belgium has declared for "bone-dry" prohibition to natives in her African territories.

It is refreshing to learn of a distillery closed in Portuguese Angola, and of Sir F. D. Lugard's appeal that Nigeria, having raised from other sources the £1,140,000 of revenue lost by the suspension of the liquor importation in 1918, shall continue to do so.

The temperance forces should seize the opportunity to make prohibition for the native races of Africa a leading issue in the peace discussions relating to the status and future of Africa, and they should start a campaign among the white churches of South Africa for general prohibition.

MISSIONARY UNITY AND CO-OPERATION .The Protestant Boards in the Kamerun have agreed upon a division on geographical lines of the entire field. The Conference consists of the American Presbyterians and Baptists and the German-Swiss Gossner and Basel missions. The Kikuyu Oonference, undeterred by its rebuff of a few years ago, has held a further meeting this year and reaffirmed its determination not to rest till all the societies concerned have a common ministry and one church. In German East Africa during the campaign the same societies organized a daily prayer meeting for the Mission Volunteer Military

Labor Corps, used on Sundays a service drawn up by the federation and on the first Sunday of each month had a common communion service.

The General Missionary Conference of South Africa has held no meeting since 1912, but will face the problems of reconstruction with Kikuyu's splendid example before it. One of its major undertakings will be a co-operative survey of the South Mrican field.

A Year of Latin American Missions BY REV. SAMUEL GUY INMAN, NEW YORK Secretary of the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America T HE most remarkable development in the missionary situation in Latin America during the last year is the growing confi- dence manifested by the people of those lands toward the United States. The well known prejudice that has hitherto existed in every country from Mexico to Chile has always been a great barrier to mission work. North America's sacrifice of her profits on munitions with her unselfish entrance into the World War as a crusade for righteous;ness and true Democracy has given Latin Americans a real appreciation of her idealism and a desire for her friendship. "American Solidarity" has come to be the most popular phrase in Latin America. The establishment of North American banks, steamship lines and many new commercial houses has added much to these closer relations. Trade between the Fnited States and Latin America increased more than a billion dollars last year.

The great increase in the number of students from the South coming to this country is another indication of this growing fri('ndship. At the Studpnt ConfrreDrPs in Nortllflf'ld ;",cl T,l1,p (jrnDj"R there were enthusiastic groups of these students eal'lll'stl,l sCf'king to solve their spiritual problems. The Brazilian government has recently sent to this country twenty-seven graduate students who are to take two-year courses in agriculture, forestry, sanitation and engineering, to return to their country with these North American methods to help develop the marvelous physical resources of their country. The missionary forces have impressed Brazil to such an extE'nt that missionary leaders in this country were requested to meet the students and advise them concerning the institutions they should attend and help them in other ways to get the most out of their stay in North America. It is probable that the number of such students financed by the Government will reach one hundred during the year.

Brazil has just offered to the Southern Presbyterian Mission in Brazil free use of a well equipped agricultural school with some 10,000 acres of land, in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, agreeing

A YEAR OF LA'l'IN AMERICAN MISSIONS

to back the school for a period of fifty years, if the Mission would provide the leaders in the teaching force. They have also elected a former teacher in one of the mission schools to head a modern school of domestic science for young women, in Northern Brazil, and have paid her expenses to this country to secure seven other young women teachers, specifying that they like herself shouid have the missionary spirit.

There is a new hunger for religion among our southern neigh- bors. Most of the educated classes, before the World War, had concluded that religion could be eliminated from modern life, but many have come now to realize that they must have a spiritual basis for personal and national life. A university professor of Buenos Aires has suggested the calling of a Congress on Religion to consider what should be done in this matter. This, along with a new recognition of the importance of missionary work, as illustrated by Brazil's attitude in other cases, points to a most encouraging out- look for the new year.

TERRITORIAL OOCUPATION The entire remaking of the missionary map of Mexico has been going on since the Cincinnati Conference in 1914, and this year has seen its practical consummation. This has meant the most revolutionary changes in missionary territory that have ever been accomplished in any mission field. At least one Board has sur- rendered all of its old territory and is going into an entirely new part of the country. Others are withdrawing from great stretches of territory, including several states and concentrating their work in those parts of their field where there is greatest need. Seven of the nine Mi,9sionary Boards in Mexico have now a clearly marked off territory for which they are particularly responsible. A depu~ tation from the various Boards, visiting their lipIds in January is and will all meet together in conference in Mexico City for a final adjustment of their property matters. These arrangements have required the utmost confidence in one another's fair dealing. Their consummation, in spite of all the political disturbances and other difficulties, marks a new era in missionary cooperation.

In Cuba the territorial readjustments have, to a large extent, . eliminated overlapping. The Disciples of Christ have withdrawn entirely, turning over their work to the Northern Presbyterians, who have also become responsible for most of the work of the Southern Presbyterians. Thus this field, where cooperation has been far from satisfactory, has gained greatly during the past year.

The missionary occupation of Santo Domingo has been em- phasized by a visit of the Secretary of the Committee on Coopera- tion in Porto Rico, who has submitted a plan for the Porto Ricans themselves to cooperate with the Mission Boards in the occupation of Santo Domingo.

Central America has received more attention this year than ever before. The Northern Baptists sent a deputation to visit their work there and in Mexico. The responsibility for the six republics, including Panama, is now distributed among the Methodists, Bap- tists, and Presbyterians. These three Boards have requested Dr.

Webster E. Browning, the Educational Secretary for the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, to make a survey of the educa- tional conditions in all Central America, in order to outline a com- prehensive program of cooperation in the educational work which these Boards are developing there.

The Disciples of Christ have sent their first missionaries into Paraguay, the territory which was recently assigned to them, and have voted to put $150,000 into a new school in Asuncion, after hav- ing received the promise of the President of the Republic and other prominent men to place their children in the school.

The Young Women's Christian Association is just now sending two Secretaries to Rio de Janeiro to open its second Association in South America. .

EDUCATIONAL MISSIONS The outstanding thing in the development of missionary educa- tion this year has been the series of educational conferences held by Dr. Webster E. Browning in Argentina, Chile, Boliva, Peru and Colombia. In each of these countries the evangelical teachers were brought together and, after discussing their problems, fonned a series of findings which will guide them in their work for the next several years. Dr. Browning had remarkable receptions in sev- eral of the countries, by the national leaders of education. In Peru he was requested to give an afternoon to the National Educational Council. In Bolivia he was invited to lecture at the State Nonnal and the Jesuit College, after the leaders of those institutions had heard him in the Methodist school at La Paz.

The first professor for the Union Theological Seminary in Bra- zil has just sailed from New York. The rest of the faculty will be provided for in Brazil. The following bodies are cooperating: Presbyterians, North and South; Congregationalists; Independent Presbyterians; Methodists. The Episcopalians will also send stu- dents to the Seminary.

The Evangelical Seminary of Porto Rico has been approved by five Boards, and probably by this time the first meeting of the Trustees has been held and the matters of location and faculty de- cided.

The Mexican Evangelical Seminary has progressed in a re- markable way. The large rented building has been crowded, some twenty-eight students having been enrolled from the eight organi- zations that cooperate in the Seminary. .

A YEAR OF LATIN AMERICAN

The International Facnlty of Theology, which is to serve all South America as a graduate school for the training of evangelic-a] leaders, has received the support of a sufficient number of Boards to guarantee its opening in Montevideo in 1920.

CHRISTIAN LITERATURE The coordination of all of the forces that are working for literature, both at the home base and on the field, has been gradually going forward during the year under the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America. Dr. George B. Winton, Editorial Secretary, and Dr. Orts Gonzalez, editor of Spanish Literature, have given their whole time to the production of literature in Spanish. Prof. Erasmo Braga, of Campinas, Brazil, has just been appointed by this Committee as editor of Portuguese Literature, with headquarters in Brazil.

A program for the production of books has been outlined by the Committee on Literatme of the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, which includes some thirty titles, principally along the lines of apologetics, religious education and social service. Each Regional Committee has a sub-committee on literature which is working with the central committee in carrying out this program. A significant thing in this year's missionary history has been the publication of the Introduction to the Bible in Portugese, by Dr. Jose Carlos Rodriguez, former editor of the Journal of Commerce. of Rio de Janeiro.

SOCIAL SERVICE AND MEDICAL WORK The Committee on Social Service, of the Evangelical Union of Porto Rico, has accomplished a large piece of work this year. Following the great victory for prohibition last year, they began a campaign against vice. With the aid of the military and civil authorities they closed practically all the houses of prostitution on the Island. The women who were confined in the jails were then organized into schools and taught to sew, cook, and in other ways to earn a living.

The Baptists have opened a new hospital in Pueblo, Mexico; the Presbyterians, a large dispensary in Vera Cruz. The Methodist Church in Buenos Aires raised a large sum to help their orphanage near that city and, almost immediately following, raised their quota of $200,000 (Argentine) for the Methodist Centenary. This was probably the largest amount of money ever raised in a campaign by an evangelical church in Latin America, and is indicative of what may be expected in future development.

With the closing of the great war, the world's attention is rapidly shifting from Europe to Latin America, where, in the next quarter of a century, we may expect the most important developments of any part of the world.

SOME; 'POSTERS USED IN 1T'IH-IE INDUSTRIAL WORK OF THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN AS

'l'HE WORKERS-A TUG OF WAR IN A

The Needs of the Industrial Workers BY FRED H. RINDGE, JR., M. A., NEW YORK Secretary of the Industrial Department, International Committee, Y. M. C.. A.

A MERICA realizes, asa result of the war experiences, that the "soldier in industry" is as vital a factor in the service of the nation and the world as is the soldier in arms. Nations have learned that they must regard the welfare of industrial workers as strictly as the welfare of soldiers at the front. The safety of the nation in time of war lies, as Prince Lvoff of Russia once expressed it, "in a union of the front and the rear."

Great leaders of our national and industriarl life are already facing the problem of how to promote the welfare of our industrial workers. What is needed in time of war is no less important from a humanitarian and Christian standpoint in time of peace. It is essential that living conditions be right, and that rest and recreation be provided. Ennggllaanndd'8's"HHeeaalth of Munition Workers Committee" made thorough investigations of conditions, and reported that, even from the standpoint of production alone, excessive hours did not pay. "Taking the country as a whole, the Committee is bound to record its impression that the munition workers in general have been allowed to reach a state of reduced efficiency and lowered health 41'

which might have been avoided without the reduction of output bY. attention.. to the details of daily and weekly rest. .~. .'". .'". It is for the nation to safeguard the devotion of its workers by its foresight and watchfulness lest irreparable harm be done to body and mind both in this generation and the nexxtt..""

These are strong words. Detailed studies revealed such facts as the following: A reduction of 12 percent in the hours of one plant resulted in a23 per cent increase in hourly output and an actual rise of 8 per cent in total weekly output. In another instance an absolute increase of over 5 per cent in output resulted when the working · day was reduced from 12 to 10 hours.

A NOON-DAY RELIGIOUS SERVICE IN A FACTORY ._The problem before America is not merely to avoid the lowering of standards, but to definitely obtain and maintain higher standards. This is clearly evident in the advanced positions being taken by the War Industries Board, the National War Labor Board, the Labor Policies Board, and various other agencies of the Government which have attempted to deal firmly and wisely with the great industrial and social problems of the day. Bnut efficiency and the welfare of the worker!; and their families depend upon the personal character and happiness of each individual worker. Ohristian agencies are therefore primarily the ones to which the world must look for the building of this character which is the final essential to safe industrial and social conditions. No matter how well we maintain, or how greatly we improve standards, there will always

THE NEEDS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

be a tremendous need for the sort of thing for which the Christian Church and its agencies are responsible.

The Young Men's Christian Association has, during the past sixteen years, become increasingly efficient in its approach to the great industrial and social problems, and by really serving the men and boys of industry in an all-round way has produced both efficiency and character in a remarkable degree. The Association considers its field to be the approximately 15,000,000 males engaged in industrial occupations in the United States, and the hundreds of thousands in Canada. Gradually it has been enlarging its service to the workers in industry in other nations.

A CLASS IN ENGLISH TO HELP PIANO FACTORY WORKERS The service of the Association in industry is quite different from that of ordinary welfare work as generally conceived. Its field lies within the zone of agreements between employer and employee. It does not attempt to adjust issues, but to create a spirit in which adjustment of differences becomes easier. The Association is non-partisan, non-paternal, cooperative, and under trained leadership, with expert supervision, is adapted to all types and conditions, and yet it is more than neutral-it is mutual. The object of this work is to get the undivided message of the Association to both employers and employees, so that each shall manifest to the other as well as to all men in every relation of life that manly spirit of goodwill and unselfishness which controlled the life of Christ.

"Modifications in program may be neocessary to meet industrial conditions, but no modification of purpose nor obscuring of

MENTAL DEVELOPMENT-A LITERARY CIRCLE AT HOME objective has been found necessary or permissible. " This marks the difference between the Association's work in industry and so-called welfare or social service work.

Industrial corporations have invested millions in city buildings of the Young Men's Christian Association, contribute generously toward annual maintenance and pay several hundred thousands for the support of industrial extension work. Herman H. Westinghouse declares: "The investment of our Company in the Association is the best investment we ever maaddee,"," while Warren S. Stone, President of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers believes: "It has been one of the great influences for better citizenship and better manhood, and has done more for the railroad and industria! men than any other one thing. "

Those who are familiar merely with the city type of Y. M. C. A. do not realize the vast scope of its extension service-its religious and other shop meetings, its vast program of teaching English and citizenship to foreigners, promotion of health, safety and first aid, technical education, noon and after hours recreation, industrial athletic leagues, socials in plant and community and scores of other activities which help the" soldiers of industry" to get fit and stay fit.

rt will be a surprise to many to learn that over 125,000 industrial men and boys are members of the Association. Nearly three million .others attended religious and other shop meetings during

the past year and as many more wer e reached in other extension work. Most people aIr'e not familiar with the fact that in spite of the rapid ·growth in connection with distinctively war industries . throughout the country, the greatest industrial needs are still in the cities, and theert:e the Associiaation program is most eBxxtteensive. It has been found necessary not only to coont inue all the usual forms of . work, but to promote rapidly indussttrial branches of city Associa- tions, special buildings to serve industries in a much larger program of industrial work, and a specific form of organization by which a .secretary is required to give all of his time to a particular plant. In the latter case he is still a member of the staff of the city Asso- ciation, but has an office and equipment within the particular plant and devotes all his time and effort to the interest of the men and boys of that plant.

THE DAILY ROU 0 WHICH WAY ARE of thec'·wun1.s5kkiUllled work YOU HEADING 10 [ P ~ THE BREAD V~OR LINE RELIGION Om ~ 'It! help him gggft into /leilWf-gqCI CJIR.CCLLES?

The industrial departments, in cootton mill villages, coal and metal mining communities, lumber towns, construction camps, and in many war industries, are working wonders. Over $5,000,000 has been contributed by industry toward the Y. M. CO. A. buildings in connection with these industries outside of cities and over $500,000 a year is being contributed by the compann·ies toward the support of the work. An equal amount is g iiYy{e~nby the employees themselvees, thus making the Associiaattionn's indushial program. in reality as it is in name, a mutual welfa re enterprriisse. The Association is promoting all of its activities as far as possible through a committee of the workers themseelves, thus affording to them the maximum of democracy and control.

The specially adapted work in nineteen Y. M. C. A. buildings in the various plants of the DuPont Powder Company is a good illustration. At Hopewell, Virginia, for example, when the boom was at its height, the Association buildings ran day and night in three eight-hour shifts with a staff of 103 secretaries and assistants. 'l'wenty branches have been organized in the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company Mining Camps in as many months. Near Birmingham, Alabama, at the plant of the American Cast Iron Pipe Company, the normal work of the Association has, according to testimony" of the Company, reduced accidents 47% in number and reduced lost time from accidents 55%. The output per man has increased 13% and the percentage of loss from defective work has been reduced one-third.

The Association, as a representative of the Church, has undertaken to layout a program to serve the 30,000 workers in the Government arsenals, the 100,000 in the navy yards, about 500,000 in the shipyards, and the millions in munitions plants and other essential industries. One of the simplest and yet unique types of service which the Association has undertaken has been the enlistment of small gangs of high school boys under a responsible gang leader to work on the "short shift" from four to eight p.m. in the shipyards. In the spruce forests of the Pacific Coast there were about 110,000 enlisted men getting out spruce'for airplanes in nearly three hundred different detachments, and the Association put a staff of twenty-five secretaries to work traveling from camp to camp organizing special service for these men.

In spite of this great economic result which the Association has produced, every effort is being made to hold uppermost the real religious message of the Association, as it is true today as never before, that the men and boys of industry are hungering for a realization of' the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of men. This the Association is helping to bring to them in a superlative way.

The coming of peace will increase rather than decrease the comprehensive activities planned for the soldiers and sailors and for the hundreds of thousands of workers of America and her Allies. The most comprehensive program of Christian service ever conceived is needed to prevent the period of demobilization from becoming a period of demoralization. Furthermore, these will be the months of most time available for putting on a really constructive program. Most of the present war industries will be continued and where necessary the product will be changed. Industry and industrial workers will always be with us, and during the coming critical period of reconstruction, the work of Christian agencies will be more necessary than ever.

The demand comes also from the industrial workers themselves. And it comes from the religion of Jesus Christ. May God help us to see the opportunity and to seize it I

ANNIVERSARIES IN THE YEAR

January 3rd-Krapf arrived at Mombasa to begin his East African Mis- sion 1844. 75th anniversary. See "The Encyclopaedia of Missions."

8th -Birth of Matthew Tyson Yates, first missionary of the Southern Baptist Convention 1819. 100th anniversary. See "Servants of the King" by Speer.

February 21st -Public baptism of Ranavalona II. of Madagascar and her prime minister 1869. 50th anniversary. See "Thirty Years in Madagascar" by Matthews.

23rd-Death of Ziegenbalg 1719. 200th anniversary. See "New Acts of the Apostles" by Pierson.

March 21st -Birth of Mackay of Formosa 1844. 75th anniversary. See "From Far Formosa" by Mackay.

23rd-Founding of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the M. E. Church 1869. 50th anniversary.

31st -Vanderkemp landed at Cape Town 1799. 120th anniver- sary. See "Heroes and Martyrs of the Missionary- Enter- prise" by Smith.

April r·-~'– 5th -Founding of the Foreign Missionary Society of the M. E. Church 1819. 100th anniversary. See "The Encyclopae- dia of Missions."

24th-Birth of James RobertsOn, first Home Missionary Superin- tendent of Manitoba 1839. 80th anniversary. See "Ser- vants of the King" by Speer.

24th -Death of Asahel Grant 1844. 75th anniversary. See "The Encyclopaedia of Missions."

May 2nd-Death of Henry Nott of Tahiti 1844. 75th anniversary. See "The Encyclopaedia of Missions."

10th -Completion of the Hawaiian Bible 1839. 80th anniversary. See "The Transformation of Hawaii" by Brain.

16th -Baptism of Pomare II. of Tahiti 1819. 100th anniver- sary. See "Christianity in Polynesia" by King.

June 8th-Doctor John Scudder sailed for Ceylon 1819. 100th anni- versary. See "The Missionary Reiew," June, 1909.

27th-Baptism of judson's first Burmese convert 1819. 100th anniversary. See "Life of Adoniram Judson" by Ed- ward Judson.

28th -Birth of Allen Gardiner 1794. 125th anniversary.

47

July 4th -Founding of the South American Missionary Society 1844. 75th anniversary.

4th -Comer stone of Robert College laid 1869. 50th anniver- sary. See "My Life and Times" py Hamlin.

August 1st -Doctor John Kenneth Mackenzie called to treat the wife of Li Hung Chang 1879. 40th anniversary. See "John Kenneth Mackenzie" by Mrs. Bryson.

3rd-Dedication of the first Protestant church in Alaska at Fort Wrangell 1879. 40th anniversary. See "Life of Shel- don Jackson" by Stewart.

September 8th -Public burning of idols in Madagascar 1869. 50th anniver- sary. See "Thirty Years in Madagascar" by Matthews.

October 17th -First party of missionaries sailed for Hawaii 1819. 100th anni,ersary. See "Transformation of Hawaii" by Brain.

24th -Baptism of Paton's first convert on Aniwa 1869. 50th an- niversary. See -"The Autobiography of John G. Paton"

November 3rd-Fisk and Parsons sailed for Palestine 1819. 100th anni- versary. See "Fifty-three Years in Syria" by Jessup.

3rd-Doctor Clara Swain and Isabella Thobum sailed for India 1869. 50th anniversary. See "Eminent Missionary Wo- men" by Gracey. .

20th -Martyrdom of John Williams 1839. 80th anniversary.

See "Modern Heroes of the Mission Field" by Walsh.

25th -Completion of Morrison's Chinese Bible 1819. 100th anni- versary. See "The Uplift of China" by Smith.

December 27th -Marriage of Robert and Mary Moffat 1819. 100th anni- versary. See "Lives of Robert and Mary Moffat" by John Moffat.

(Note the number of medical missionary anniversaries-·Vander- kemp in March; Scudder in June; Mackenzie in A<ugust; Clara Swain in November.) m The Foreign Missions Conference will be held New Haven, Conn.

January 14th to 17th, 1919. The Home Missions Council will be held at Wallace Lodge, Yonkers, N. Y. January 14th to 17th, 1919.

BY MRS. E. C. CRONK, RICHMOND

Chairman of the Committee on Methods o£ Work of the Federation of Woman's Foreign Mission Boards BACK TO THE BIBLE T HERE was"a time when the only many who "have reached or are ap- available text-book for Mission proaching the state of the squeezed Study was the Bible, and when a lemon, whose work would glow with large part of the program of every a new light if they granted themmissionary meeting was Bible read- selves a daily leave of absence of ing. There is always danger in even an hour for research in that newly acquired wealth, and there are greatest of all missionary books-the among us those who in this sudden Word of God. In the busy rush and acquisition of text-books and pro- hurry of our missionary service we gram materials, are crowding the are prone to crowd out the commun- Bible entirely out of plans and pro- ion with God through His Words, grams, or are giving it scant place. without which our service is ashes. There are some who, in the multitude of new books to study, are finding "God never asks of us such busy labor no time for the study of the old As leaves no time for sitting at His feet."

Book. Missionary work would go forward A group of leaders at a conference with greater strides if missionary workers paused more often to get last summer were talking about the the Master's messages. lectures of one of the speakers who was one of the greatest professors At the Minnesota School of Misof one of our greatest universities. sions a speaker told the story of a For years they had recognized him professor who, worn by his work as a forceful speaker, but this year and the ceaseless coming and going he was speaking with compelling of the people who daily thronged his power and" irresistible appeal. One way, sought rest and solitude in a day one of the leaders lingered in quiet spot in Florida. One day when the class room and when he com- he supposed he was in a wilderness, mented on this fact the professor far from frequented ways, he was made answer: surprised to hear the strains of a banjo. As he followed the sound he "My university realized that I was came upon an old negro seated in the rapidly approaching the state of a forked limbs of a tree, giving an squeezed lemon, so they granted me a audience-less recital. year's leave of absence for study and research. I had planned to spend this "Why, uncle," said he in amazeyear in the universities of England. ment, "how does it happen that you When war conditions made that im- are playing your banjo away out possible I would not give up my here alone?" year of research. I stayed at home, but I spent the year in research in "It's this way, boss," said the old my own study, and have discovered man. "Sometimes I jes' has to get the New Testament." away from folks to serenade my own soul," and the professor knew he had In our missionary forces there are met a fellow traveler bent on a quest the same as his own.

49

Tennyson expressed the universal members, but the effort is made need when he said: worth while by the increased Bible study, and also by the increased at- "Solitude is the mother country of the tendance at the next meeting result- strong," ing from the calls.

as did also that other poet who said: Oftentimes a committee can use to advantage a book such as *"The "The nurse 0 f full grown souls is soli- Meaning of Prayer," by 'Harry tude." Emerson Fosdick, in connection with the study, getting as many members Many of us are missionary weak- as possible to buy a copy and follow lings who sorely need to journey the study by the topics there predaily into that mother country, or to sented. be ministered unto by that nurse who serves in the ante-room of the strong. Sometimes the committee may For 'tis but a step from solitude into present for study a different subject the presence of God who has prom- each month, giving to members the ised power to those in whom His passage to be read each day. Again, words abide. there may be months during :which the committee will select a verse for One has only to spend a few days each day, listing these verses on a in missionary conventions to be im- calendar pad for each member, with pressed with the hurried, rushing the request that the verse for the lives of many overworked, over- day be read and memorized at the wearied leaders. The Master's life very beginning of that day as a keywas full but it was never hurried. note which shall harmonize the lives No man ever filled days of service and labors of all the members even with measure more heaping, yet no though they work apart. Many man ever lived such a poised, un- Bible Study or Devotional Commithurried Iife. tees have thought that their work was done when the doxology was "Save me from the shame and sung at the regular meeting, but the weakness of a hurried life" their greatest opportunity is in folshould be the daily prayer of those low-up work, which makes Bible who long to follow along the way of study a part of every day's program His busy, unhurried days. in the life of each member.

A missionary secretary said re- Another opportunity is the securcently, "I am resolved never to sign ing of a good Bible teacher for a another letter 'yours hurriedly.' 1 special course some time during each am resolved not to be 'yours hur- year. Committees have been amazed riedly.' I will take time to live un- to find how many people will enroll hurriedly." for a course of Bible Study with a really good teacher, and some com- Who Leads the Wayi' mittees have made their annual week of Bible Study a week to which their The Bible Study Committee can members look forward from one year work wonders of transformation, not to another. Such a course on the only in the meetings but also in the Missionary Message of the Bible has individual lives of members by in- not only strengthened the faith of corporating plans for home Bible those already enlisted, but has constudy in each year's work. Clear verted many anti-missionary memoutlines giving the passages to be bers into loyal supporters. studied each day of the month should be written or printed on slips and The Bible in the Meetings distributed at the meetings. Absent members should be visited immedi- In some societies it is evident that ately. It requires some work to put the reading of a passage of Scripture these outlines in the hands of absent

1919J BEST METHODS

is regarded, not exactly as part of orize whole books of the Bible and the meeting but as a sort of opener even the entire New Testament, our necessary to the reaching of the real girls can memorize a single chapter table of contents. We "open with or passage." Bible reading and prayer," frequently as a mere formality before we pro- "One of the best Bible readings ceed with the study and the business we ever had was given by two of the day. There are those, how- women. It was announced 'Our ever, who .make the few mihutes Questions: God's Answers.' One devoted to Bible reading the keynote woman read a list of questions that to which the whole meeting is at- people frequently asktuned. Variety in presentation may be used to impress the message. The "Why should we send missionplans following are suggestive of aries?" "Will not the heathen be how the Sa.11le truths may be pre- saved anyway?" "How much shall sented in different ways: I give?" "How shall we secure mis- sionaries?" etc. The answers given "We always had a different woman as each question was asked were in lead our Bible readings at each meet- the form of direct Scripture quotaing. Then we varied the variety by tions. Such a form of Bible lesson uniformity for a season. One woman, could be given by two groups of whose life was hid with Christ, was girls, one group asking the questions asked to take as her special oppor- in chorus and another giving the tunity the preparation and presenta- answers." tion of a series of Bible studies which should be adapted to each meeting A lesson on "Their gods and our and form a vital and molding part God," not soon t.o be forgotten, may of the day's program. Her Bible be introduced by a woman or a numstudies were short, never going over ber of women in the costume of Inthe brief time allotted. They were dia, giving a description of the Godsimple, without any attempt at dis- dess Kali.* This followed by the play of her great learning. She came reading or reciting of a passage or from the presence of God to us with passages of Scripture which portray a message from Him in a way which the goodness, the love and the mercy made women determine they would of our God,· give us by contrast a. spend more time in Bible study and wonderful, new appreciation of our Father which art in heaven. prayer." "At one meeting a group of young TESTED TEXTS. The relating of the experience of some great misgirls recited the Scripture lesson. sionary in connection with a certain The memorizing of the beautiful text impresses both the story and the passage was a fine thing for the girls text on an audience. themselves, and their clear, earnest A woman who was asked to lead a tones delivered the message in a way devotional period at a cOhvention inthat made a deep and lasting im- troduced the Scripture lesson in this pression. This plan is excellent for a Scripture reading for a public way: meeting in a large auditorium. So "One morning a mother in Blanfrequently the Bible lesson is read by a woman whose voice reaches tyre, Scotland, roused her family at only the front seats. To have the five o'clock. They had been in bed passage clearly recited by a chorus only a few hOllrS, for the son had inof girls' voices led by some one in sisted on staying up all night on that the rear, who has a Bible in hand to last night he was to spend at home. assure absolute accuracy with no His mother insistently led him off to hesitation, is a welcome innovation. Surely when the girls of China mem- * The description of this goddess may be found in many books on India or may be secured from the editor of this de- partment, 2346 W. Grace St., Richmond, Virginia, by sending stamped envelope.

bed as she had done so frequently so unselfish and so inspiring that when he was a little boy. But when while other men sought great things the clock struck five on that memor- for themselves Henry Martyn 'forgot himself into immortal fame.''' able day of November 17, 1840, the mother called all her family. Then Another story which introduces a she put on the kettle and made the Bible lesson from the Psalms is from coffee. As they gathered for the Hans Egede's pioneer voyage to last time in their little family circle Greenland. He and his wife set sail a hush fell upon each heart. Then for that far-away, needy land on the father handed the Bible to his what their friends called a "crazy son and said, 'You read this morn- voyage" on a ship they named "The ing, David.' Hope." For a whole month they sailed about in Arctic waters in sight "David Livingstone's hands rested of the very land they were trying to reverently on that Book which car- reach. Although it was midsummer, ried his commission to go into darkest Africa, as he opened it to select great blocks of ice hemmed them in a passage to read as a parting mes- so they could find no passage-way to sage for each full heart. What should he read? With hopes and land. At last they found what_ fears surging through his own heart, seemed to be a splendid opening with the anxiety and loneliness that straight through. As the ship went might come to those left at home- through, suddenly great ice-bergs what should he read? He turned to closed in all around them. The cap- Psalm 121 and with its message of tain called out "All is lost!" And ever-present companionship he faced the sailors were frantic with terror. the heart of Africa." There was just one quiet, calm man on board. He was the missionary, A series of such texts with similar Egede, who repeated over and over introductions furnishes Bible lessons the fourteenth verse of the one hunfor a convention, for regular meet- dred and seventh Psalm: "He ings, for morning watch groups or brought them out of darkness and for family prayers. the shadow of death and broke their For a student meeting or a meet- bands in sunder."

ing of young people, Jeremiah 45 :5, With perfect trust in the God of with this introduction cannot fail to the Psalmist and his God, he looked impress those making decisions: out on those bands of ice fast clos- ing and prayed that God would break "A single Scripture verse which them in sunder. As the captain and changed the whole life of a man, sailors quaked in fear they could who in turn changed the life of mul- scarcely believe their eyes were not tiplied thousands is surely a Scrip- deceiving them when the icebergs ture lesson for a meeting of students. suddenly drifted apart, and "The When Henry Martyn was a student, he won highest honors in his college Hope" and all her passengers were course. He persistently put aside saved. the caIl that was frequently on his heart to enter the ministry, because The message of the "deathless of the dominating purpose which seven" is a Scripture passage that had taken possession of his life to should be better known. Captain become great in wealth and fame. AIlen Gardiner was not an ordained One day he read the fifth verse of mIssIonary. He was a commissioned the forty-fifth chapter of Jeremiah. naval officer. He made many jour- Over and over the words, 'Seekest neys to South America, and carried thou great things for thyself? Seek ever in his heart the great spiritual destitution of the people he there them not saith the Lord,' seemed to repeat themselves in his ears, until met. With a party of six other men, in he gave his life in missionary service, the year 1850, he sailed for Tierra

BEST METHODS

del Fuego. One of their two launches impressed by the rich blessing that was wrecked, but they went on. At came through the closing keynote. Picton Island, where they had .arranged for a relief ship to land, they With Eyes That See. buried bottles containing directions. White stakes with black crosses Bible study committees that make showed where the bottles were an opportunity survey will find that buried. In the bottles were notes undiscovered possibilities have been saying: "We are gone to Spaniard all around them, and that the bound- Harbor, which is on the main island. aries of a ten or fifteen minutes We have sickness on board; our sup- Bible study in a monthly meeting, plies are nearly out and if not soon which they had thought encompassed relieved we shall be starved." The their work, may be broadened to a days lengthened into weeks and yet field that is boundless. no vessel came. The supply of provisions grew smaller and smaller. In one church several women went Every day Capt!lin Gardiner wrote outside the membership to db what messages to his family and friends they could in promoting Bible study. and outlined a plan to conduct the One of the first calls was on a poor future of the mission for which he old woman who spent most of her knew he was giving his life. Then days entirely alone while her hushe wrote an "Appeal to British band was at his work. She was Christians in behalf of South Amer- sick and almost blind. When the ica." Twenty days after he wrote plap. for regular home Bible study his last message the relief ship came was presented to her she pointed and his body was found lying beside wearily to her eyes. his boat. All of that noble seven had starved to death in their effort "You see," said she, "I can't do it. to give the Bread of Life to South I'm so blind I can't see to' read." America.' On a rock the relief party saw a hand painted and be- Then the visitor saw another opneath it "Psalm 62 :5-8." That was portunity and proposed that her husthe message of trust this "deathless band should read to her at night, and seven" sent back to the world. that she would come back as often as she could to read aloud. The re- A CLOSING KEYNOTE. After the sult was a missionary victory, for program, after the business, just be- both this woman and her husband fore the members separate, a few were led back into the church from impress each member so that keynote which they had wandered far, and a from God's Word is sounded, may great reflex blessing came into the impress each member that that keynote life of the woman who brought the will sound in each daily life until blessing to them. the next meeting. We have regarded a devotional service as necessary for BIBLE STUDY IN A POLICE STAthe beginning of the program only. 'l'ION. "The most inspiring piece of Why not take a few moments at the extension work ever given me to do," closing of our conventions, and our testifies a missionary worker, "was monthly meetings for a devotional in securing Bible study among the thought? We go out from many police force of Atlanta, Ga. For session5"" wearied by our efforts to many days my heart had been bursolve difficult problems, sometimes dened with our neglect of the blueruffled by irritating discussions, in- coated men who guard our cities. stead of taking time to get together When I interviewed the Chief of with God ere we go. At a recent Police in regard to getting the men convention every member present was to promise to do regular Bible read- ing he said, 'You can't do a thing with them, but you are perfectly wel- come to try, if you don't mind being turned down.'''

"When I asked him to lead off by

giving me his name to head the list there. A godly woman, active in he shook· his head and promised with Sunday-school and missionary work, a feeling of perfect safety, 'Not now. immediately consented to take up this When you get the rest of the boys work, supported by her church. One I'll follow.' As I stood before the by one she visited the fire stations, three watches that day as they lined interested the men and placed the up in those strong blue lines, the in- Bible lessons based on the Internanate awe of uniformed authority was tional Sunday-school lessons in their swallowed up in a great longing to hands, as they promised to join' in be able to arm each one of these the study. men with the sword of the Spirit ere he went out to his day of duty ON THE STREET CARS. The~ and of danger. I told them that came a similar request from some there were some of us who wanted one who was interested in the street to add this other weapon to the car employees, and another from the equipment which the city of Atlanta Southern Railroad Shops. Truly furnished them. When I had fin- the work of the Bible Study Comished more than half of the men mittee looms big with opportunity. signed the card for regular Bible There is at least one large business reading and the surprised chief made house which takes thirty minutes of good his promise to join them. the regular working hours-not the time of its employees-to assemble "Jubilantly I went on into the de- everyone in the building, for Bible tective department. Every man tliere reading and prayer. If Christian save one promised to join us in reg- business men and women followed ular Bible reading. It was a great this example, how God's word would experience to be able to place on the be exalted! In other instances there desks of those detectives in unaccus- have been employed men and women tomed surroundings the Word of who have gathered together other God. employees before or after hours or at lunch hour for Bible reading and "One policeman said, 'Since I have prayer. been on the force you are the first person who has acted as if a police- INDIVIDUAL WORK FOR INDIVIDUman has a souL' ALS. The outstanding growth of ]1[0- lammedanism is due, not to the activ- "Another man said: 'I was walk- ity of a few aggressive leaders, but ing down Capitol Avenue one day to the fact that every follower of wearing my helmet with a civilian Islam is a missionary to carry the suit. A little boy rushed to his Koran wherever he goes. There are mother and yelled e'xcitely, 'Oh, many members of missionary sociemother! come see a policeman with ties who have never carried God's human clothes !' 'Sometimes I Word to a single soul. Part of the think,' added he, 'that people think work of the Bible Study Committee a policeman is just a uniform with- should be the distribution of Bibles out a human heart.''' -not in wholesale lots but personally by individuals to individuals. If THE: BIBLE AT THE FIRE STATIONS. every member of a church promised A mother who had two sons who to give at least one Bible or Testawere firemen, hearing of the Bible ment each year to some one who was reading among the policemen, asked not a Christian or to some Christian that a similar work be started at the who was not reading the Bible we fire-engine houses. We wondered would see a marked increase in spirit~ afterwards why missionary women uality as well as in numbers in our banded together to carry God's Word ranks. to the ends of the earth could pass our fire stations day after day without seeing the great opportunity

Says one worker who resolved to are talking much of all men being be on the lookout for individual op- free,there comes to us that great portunities for giving Bibles in the pronouncement on freedom, "Ye way they would mean most: "One shall know the truth and the truth day when we were crowded with shall make you free," as we face the work I 'phoned to a business agency greatest opportunity the church has for an extra stenographer. They ever had to give to a waiting world sent me a beautiful young Jewish the only Gospel of truth. girL As I dictated to her letter after letter concerning missionary AN AFRICAN DEMONSTRATION. work there came to me a feeling that if the winning of souls to Jesus HOW IT WAS DONE IN ONE SCHOOL. Christ were really the absorbing purpose of my life, I would not be The Editor-in-chief of the REVIEW is not able to let this girl go without mak- a theorist on'y but a practitioner as well, in the rea'm of missions. Here is ing an effort to win her. For sever- his story of how he took a Bible School al days she worked with us and on a journey to Africa. when she left she carried in her hand my parting gift which she ac- TAKING a whole Bible School cepted with thanks-a copy of the New Testament." , and their friends on a trip to Africa has proved to be a very Beyond all doubt there are mis- unique and satisfactory method of sionary offices in buildings in which putting an interest in African misthe elevator boy or girl has never sions into the hearts of the young been given a Bible by the busy work- people of the Upper Montclair, New ers who go up and down each day. Jersey, Presbyterian Church. There are students going away to college with no Bible. Even in some First, ten minutes each Sunday of our mission schools there are was given in all the classes for a brief study of the missionary textpupils who have never been given a book, "The Tribe of Zambe," by Bible. One mission study class of George H. Trull. Each teacher had young business women presented a this book, with another containing Bible to every student in the gradu- suggestions for teaching. Some also ating class of a school in Japan, and read one or more of the fascinating the following term they gave a Bible books by· Jean Mackenzie. The to every student entering. Superintendent spent five or ten min- utes at the close of each session giv- In appreciation of a quarter of a ing a demonstration of some fact million copies of the Scriptures dis- related to the study. One day it was tributed among the soldiers abroad, a geography lesson; another day, a General Foch sent this message to language lesson, etc. the American Bible Society : Second, each class was asked to "The best preparation that you prepare an exhibit consisting of can give to an American soldier go- scrap books (with maps and pictures ing into battle to sustail,1 his mag- of Africa), and models of African nificent ideal and his faith is cer- villages. These were made under tainly the Bible." the guidance of the teachers by the pupils at home. Some of the results Is not the best preparation that were clever and fascinating. A little you can give to a missionary soldier village of African huts, made of going forth to war to sustain his cardboard or bamboo or other maideal and his faith, that same Bible? terial, with palm trees, made of twigs and tissue paper, standing in And is not the best method of all molding clay; green blotting paper missionary methods the circulation for land and blue for water, with of the Bible?

In these reconstruction days when a world is being made over and we

small canoes on the bank; hammocks missionary physician. Suggestions made of raffia or twine were strung as to these scenes were taken from between two trees. An African cDDking pDt hung Dver a fire, and the missionary bDDks. A witch doc- SDme small black china dDlls were tDr came in with his head-dress, ratthe picaninnies. tle and medicine charm; sat outside of the hut in which the groaning A cDmmittee was appDinted to. pre- patient lay, and made remarks until pare a prDgramme fDr the SChoDl to. he discDvered where the pain was be presented at a special afternoon located. Then he left withDut havexhibit. This committee Df yDung ing benefited the patient. In CDnmen with their teacher secured the cooperation Df different classes to. trast, the second scene shDwed a give a live demonstratiDn Df the con- missionary physician and nurse in trasts between heathenism and Chris- their white costumes, cleansing ,and tianity in the African jungle. All binding up wounds and giving needthe parents and friends were invited ed medicine which brDught relief. and the rDDm was filled. A large The next two. scenes contrasted number Df curiDs were secured frDm the treatment of African WDmen and the FDreign MissiDn BDard. These children under an Arab slave raid cDnsisted of an African war drum; and under Christian teachers. Afrian African kettle; spears and battle can children (members Df the schDol axes; grass and bark cloth; witch dressed in simple cDstumes) sat Dn dDctDr's head-dress, rattle and medi- the flDDr, while some slave raiders cine; necklaces and bracelets, etc. came in stealthily, armed with battle First on the program, after sDngs axes, spears and whips, captured the and devotional exercises, came a map children, bDund them with chains talk. An outline map of Africa was and led them Dff to slavery. The hung before the schoo.l and the next scene shDwed an African schoDl speaker told briefly of the days of in which the children were being ignorance, when few people knew taught by a missiDnary teacher SDme anything abDut the interior of Afri- simple lessDns in sewing, hDusekeepca; and when tradition said that in ing, spelling, reading and arithmetic. some places men carried their heads These led up to. teaching about underneath their arms. He then "Zambe" (God), Dbedience to Him told of the place of Africa in the and reverence fDr His day. Sugges- Bible, and how Dnly abDut fifty years tiDns fDr these scenes 'were Dbtained ago. Christians' began to try in earn- from the Missionary EducatiDn est to' take the Gospel of Christ to Movement and from books on the Africans. When he mentioned Africa.

the founding of Presbyterian mis- For the closing scene all the chil- sions, an electric light was turned dren who. had taken part in the exon, shDwing the 10catiDn of those hibition gathered together into a grDup, while an African sermDn missions in West Africa. The plaHorm was arranged to from Miss Mackenzie's "An African represent an African scene. Palms Trail" was preached to them. This were hired from a florist. An Afri- sermon told how men had lost their can hut was built by some of the way and how Zambe had sent His boys with the use of a large crex Son to show men the way to Him mat. A missionary tent was put up when they were grDping about, not on the other side of the platform able to find Him.

and an African kettle was hung in The whole programme, with aP- the middle. propriate songs and prayers occu- The first two scenes contrasted the pied about one hour and a half. An treatment of a suffering patient by offering was taken up in each class an African witch doctor and by a for missionary work in Africa.

Woman's Home Mission

Edited by MRS. O. R. JUDD, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Representing the Council of Women for Home Missions.

THE NEW DAY IN CHRISTIAN have changed the status of the men AMERICANIZATION who went out from us as our "for- By Mary Clark Barnes eign-speaking soldiers." Every man of them who comes back will come I N July, 1918, this Bulletin gave a a genuine American, whatever he detailed account of the work be- was when he went out. He never ing done through various denomina- can return to his pre-war status. His tional boards for American soldiers, experiences in these past. months in camps and cantonments, whose have not all been of the trench, or faces were set toward the battle line the battlefield. The spectacular side over seas where the fate of nations of the soldier's life, occupied with'

hung in the balance. Today the air bullets, bombs and bayonets, has is charged with eager anticipation been mercifully limited in point of of the home-coming of more than time. It has dominated the horizon two million men who, having offered of our thought of him. It has given their lives for the supreme sacrifice, new color to his thought of life, of 'tave been spared to do their part in death and of the beyond. He is ;reating new efficiencies among the coming home a different man, a forces that make for righteousness larger man, than when he went away. and peace in the world.

It was a polyglot army that was mobilized among us in our nineteen What of His Home-Coming?

months of participation in the war.

Hundreds . of thousands of our The building of triumphal arches, "American" soldiers went into train- the organizing of processions, the ing camps so unacquainted with the blare of trumpets, the pealing of English language that they were un- bells, the pronouncing of eulogies, able to understand military orders. the presentation of medals, strains of At the command of the government music,-all these will be offered as they dropped the implements of natural expressions of a nation's their daily toil, put on the military gratitude for patriotic service nobly uniform and stood at attention for rendered. But the real home-com- the next order. For multitudes the ing of which every man is dreaming next order was, "Lessons in Eng- is to those who are closest of kin to lish," and that order, preliminary to him. Distance and time and inde- many other orders affecting the intel- scribable experiences have lent en- lectual, moral and spiritual welfare of chantment beyond any known before the men as well as their physical con- t? that constantly alluring anticipa"

dition, has been obeyed. The use of tlon.

mutually understood language, close What are American Christians do- comradeship with American-born ing to make possible the realization men, the .common sharing of common of the fond anticipations of our re- ·dangers in hazardous adventures, turning soldiers who have so recently equal participation in desperate en- been Americanized?

counters which have led to the vic- Shall they who have done their tory which the whole world cele- part in turning back the tide of bar- brates today-all these experiences barism, which threatened to over- 57.

whelm the world, comeback to find ment of Immigrant Education, sent that we who sleep in peace and comfort have failed to make common bulletins to the churches of our cause in common speech with their families left in the little foreign country containing the appeal, "Urge homes in America? each member of your organization to Yesterday discussion was heard of the merits of various definitions of act as 'a committee of one' to induce the term "Americanization." Occasionally some one ventured to en- one non-English-speaking immigrant quire whether a man might not be Americanized without acquaintance of your faith to learn English." with the English language. Whatever the need for response Yesterday was a long time ago by today's standards for measuring to this appeal two years ago, it is time. Yesterday was in the age of monarchies and despotisms. Today manifold greater today. However democracy beyond the dreams even of yesterday's visionaries promises great the need of those of our "own to encircle the globe. Today no one questions the imperative necessity religious faith," it is unspeakably in any nation that they who would preserve their national ideals must greater among those who have no be able to "think together,· speak together and act together for the com- religious faith; and they are many. mon good." Quick adjustment to develop:ng Acquiring the use of the English language is not all (If Americaniza- conditions is registered in the antion, but there can be ,_ A.mericanizaton without acquaintanw with the nouncement that one, at least, of our language of America. Mastery of the language is the master key which strong missionary Boards will require opens doors of interpretation, understanding and sympathy, making pos- henceforth the merging of foreignsible the removal of barriers and the "mutual giving and taking of 'contri- speaking with English-speakng butions from both newer and older Americans in the interest of the churches wherever practicable. It common weal." would be difficult to overestimate the Churches and denominational mis- value of this movement toward the sionary Boards have been pioneers in Americanization work. Until recent promotion of that unity which "deyears they have had almost a monopoly of organized efforts in that pends on community of language and direction. That the sympathetic attitude which expressed itself in pro- ideals." viding ministries for the foreigner in his own language, instead of provid- It is inevitable that hardship will ing for his immediate acquirement of the language of his adopted coun- result to many who must be affected try, has led to segregation rather than to assimilation is now generally rec- by the change. For that reason no ognized. More than two years ago the Bureau of Education of the effort should be spared by English- United States, through its Depart- speaking members of churches to demonstrate that Christian love and sympathy for our non-English-speak- ing people who are loyal and true are in no wise lessened through the sad experiences of these last four years.

Whatever may be done by Boards of education through classes in public schools, by chambers of commerce, by industrial plants and other or- ganizations, the churches have their own unique opportunity for render- ing unselfish personal service in teaching the language and the Christ- ian ideals of our country to the mil- lions among us who are ignorant of both. ' '.1'

Four States in the Union have made legislative provision for teach- ing English to adult foreigners, available only for those under twen- ty-one years of age. The ma- jority of illiterate foreigners among us have passed the age of twen- ty-one years. The most ilIiterat(

THE WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN

and at the same time the most neg- THE TUSCALOOSA CONFER- lected of all are the mothers of ENCE little children whose home cares pre- vent their regular attendance at pub- Christian interest and work on be- lic classes even in communities in half of the Negroes has received a which such classes exist. These renewed and powerful impulse be- mothers, "key women" of America's cause of the whole-hearted, loyal future, must be Americanized in devotion with which the young men their own homes, if at all. Many of of that race rallied to the service our newly Americanized soldiers will of our country in the great war. return to homes in which these con- The following report by Miss Eliza- ditions exist. Must their home-com- beth Preston Allan, will therefore be ing reveal to them that American wo- read with thrills of pleasure and men, whose men have been their thanksgiving, presenting as it does comrades in battle, have left foreign- a pattern worthy to be copied wher- born women bereft and alone, with ever opportunity is favorable to the no broader outlook on life than be- holding of similar conferences. fore these days of miracles began? Deeply interesting and inspiring The time is short, but much may was the Third Annual Conference of . yet be done before all our soldiers Colored Women held at Stillman In- can return. It is a time for quick stitute, September 21-28, under the decision and prompt action. We auspices of the Women's Auxiliary have learned to "speed up" in work of the Southern Presbyterian church. for good causes. It is recorded that five million American women have The enrollment of delegates from been knitting and making surgical a distance was more representative dressings in the last year. If each than ever before. They came from of three out of every five will adopt twenty-five towns, in eleven states, one new neighbor and teach that from Virginia to Louisiana, from neighbor to speak, read and write Tennessee to Florida, and this was the English language as patiently, as the widest field we have drawn persistently, as the knitting has been from. done, our newly Americanized sol- diers will return to homes in which The delegates and colored leaders mutual understanding and sympathy were entertained at Stillman Insti- may enoble and sanctify the family tute and the Salem Presbyterian (colored) church of Tuscaloosa life. where evening meetings were held. Let every church have its League The dominant note of the Confu- of Neighbors including American- ence was struck by Mrs. Winsbor- born with foreign-born members on ough in her opening address on Ser- a basis of perfect equality. Let the vice–not merely "social service," returning soldier find his nearest of though that received due notice, but kin registered there and sharing in sharing with others every blessing, neighborly service. His place of en- larging companionship and friendship fir spiritual first of all, and then mat~ outside of his own home will be with the Neighbors League of the rial, which we ourselves have church which has neighbored his family while he has been doing his ceived. share of Good Samaritan service' for The central hour of the day was suffering nations of the world. given to the Bible, and it was in- Suggested programs and other helps may deed a joy to lead such eager, re- may be secured from sponsive hearers in this highest of all studies. The lessons adapted THE NEIGHBORS LEMmE OF AMERICA, themselves to the aim of the Con- ference—uNot for self only, but for 156 Fifth Avenue, New York others," and several blackboards were filled every "day with simple analyses, suggestions and illustra-

tions, which were eagerly transferred sano." The proper care of the baby to the delegates' note books for fu- and growing child was emphasized and illustrated, and many other ture use. Mrs. W. E. Hinds, wife points of home hygiene taught.

of Dr. Hinds, of the Alabama Poly- One' of the delegates was coached technic Institute, brought a message for the part of an ignorant patient, each morning before the Bible hour and we had a thrillingly interesting of threefold import, intensely religi- demons'tration of a nurse's visit to ous, intensely practical, intensely '''ch a one If it had not been so patriotic; just what aU women are pathetically true, it would have been needing today. hugely amusing. Then a precious baby was borrowed from one of our Our colored women are ready to white friends, who lent himself with' be interested in parliamentary law. joyous unconsciousness as an object They listened intently to Mrs. G. B. lesson of "how to bathe baby." Fin- ally our gifted nurse took two chairs, Shawhan, of Alabama, a past master a pillow and a sheet, and presto! the in the art of expounding dramatic- chairs entirely disappeared, leaving ally what might be considered a dry in their place a snowy comfortable subject. There are going to be a crib. number of meetings run in a more business like and therefore more There were daily lessons in Doefficient way among our colored mestic Science, Food Conservation, churches because of Mrs. Shaw- etc. And at one of the evening 'meetings we had a charming talk han's teaching. on the women of Korea, by Miss The most popular class of the Con- Emily Winn of Korea, who was beautifully dressed in a Korean ference was the sewing class. Mr. gown, veil and decorations. John Little generously allowed us to borrow the services of the efficient I can, only mention one other and successful teacher of sewing of speaker: Mrs. Booker Washington the Louisville Presbyterian Colored was the most notable of the Confer- Mission. The delegates crowded ence speakers. One feels the influher class, .and even the visitors ence of her husband in her strong, begged for entrance, partly because helpful, practical messages; in her of women's interest in women's simple, unpretending dignity too; work; partly because the teacher and in her keen and ready wit. had such a winnnig way with her. And this class bore the most quickly In my humble opinion, the most harvested fruit; four women being inspiring influence to every woman pledged to start church or commun- there was not the carefully prepared ity sewing classes immediately; teaching of the white leaders, good others hoping to do so a little later and helpful though that was, but the revelation of what these colored woon .. men were doing, and trying to do for Stereopticon pictures of the Lou- the welfare of their people.

isville Colored Mission, from its They were teaching children who small beginning to its present splen- otherwise would have been forever did usefulness, were shown to a untaught'; running private hospitals; crowded and sympathetic churchful managing orphanages, doing Comof the colored people of Tuscaloosa. munity service, and as pastors' wives, on an invisible salary, keeping Tuskegee sent for two days Mrs. up the religious health of their par- Bryce, their trained nurse, who pre- ishes, besides raising- their own famsented in a most dramatic and tell- ilies and helping all the mothers in ing manner the right of every baby to be well born, and the all-too-uni- reach to raise theirs! versal conditions in poor and ignorant homes (white as well as colored,) which fight against baby's chance for the "mens sana in corpore

FROM MANY

FACTS FROM THE WORLD FIELD think all Americans are like mission- aries. Some StartHng Statistics He says of China: "Every Ameri- T HERE are about 2,400,000 blind can missionary is unconsciously a people in the world. Egypt leads representative of American trade, beall other nations with 1,325 to every cause he usually lives far inland 100,000 of her population. India where the foreigner interested in has 600,000, China 500,000, Japan business never goes, and every article 100,000, the United States 100,000. of foreign production that the mis- In a recent year England had 174,000 sionary purchases in the homeland insane people, 93,000 of whom were and brings out to China encourages women. Ireland had 24,000 and his Chinese friends to purchase sim- Scotland 17,000. In 24 years 90,000 ilar articles. For this reason the allinsane persons were admitted to the too-well-developed tendency among a insane institutions .of Paris. The certain class of American foreign strenuous life of the United States trade representatives to ridicule. and places us in the lead of all nations. belittle the work of missionaries is We have 400,000 insane and feeble- not only the height of ignorance but ninded people. Massachusetts heads a real knock at American ideals, for ,he list with 344 insane persons out if we are to think only of selling of every 100,000. We are doubling goods to other nations we will never the roll of our insane every 16 years. get very far as a world power. If If the present rate continues, by the I were an American business man I year 2301 there will not be a sane would see that every American misperson in the United States. This sionary in China was supplied at conclusion is based on the increase in least once a year with a copy of my the last 40 years. The poverty of the world is so great that 500,000,000 latest catalogue in order that he of our race sleep on dirt floors. In might have occasion to encourage or India there are 60,000,000 who do not know where their breakfast will advise one of his Chinese friends as be found. Twenty million have starv- to the purchase of a sewing machine, ed to death in that country in the an automobile, a gasoline engine, or last 25 years, and 1,400,000 children perhaps a pair of American-made die of starvation every year. shoes." -United Presbyterian. Interdenominational Missions "{'he Missionary a Trade Fwctor T HOSE who wish to contribut( T HE value of the missionary as a toward missionary work along promoter of commerce has often union or interdenominational lines been pointed out. A new statement is found in a recent article in may reach almost any corner of the- Printer's Ink by J. B. Powell, who also gives an interesting reason why earth with their gifts. The follow- American firms should exercise great care in the choice of foreign-trade ing is a list of some of the non-derepresentatives, namely that for the last fifty years America has led the nominational evangelical missionary world in the number of missionaries sent out and the natives, who have agencies: . seen no other foreigners, are likely to AFRICA: Africa Inland Mission.

North Africa Mission.

Nile Mission, Preso, Cairo.

South Africa General Mission: Sudan Interior Mission.

Sudan United Mission.

Egypt General Mission.

Nile Mission Press.

JI

CHINA: China Inland Mission. ian, Charlemagne and Alfred." In Christian Literature Society. nearly every part of the British Em- pire provision is made for children INDIA:· Indian Christian Mission. to learn the ten commandments dur- Zenana Bible" and Medical Mis- ing school hours. In South Africa, sion. Cape of Good Hope, Bible reading is required in the public schools, and LATIN AMERICA: Evangelical Union the Lord's Prayer, the Twenty-third of South America. Psalm and the ten commandments Inland South America Mission. are committed to memory. The Central American Mission. same is true in the Transvaal. West- ern Australian school regulations JAPAN: Japan Evangelistic Band. read "Scripture teaching is allowed GENERAL: Scripture Gift Mission. and the Ten Commandments are memorized." The Salvation Army. British and Foreign Bihle So- When one compares these customs with the lack of Bible teaching and ciety. the recognition of God in public American Bible Society. schools of the United States the con- American Christian Literature So- trast is not encouraging.

ciety for Moslems. Suuday-Schools Gain In 'Foreign Fields Woman's Union Missionary So- DURING the past year the 8,257 ciety. Methodist Episcopal Sunday- The Mission to Lepers. . Schools on the foreign field have World's Sunday School Associa- had a total enrollment of 379,363. All the fields report a definite gain, tion. but in India the progress is the most Soldiers' Christian Association. marked. Not a single Sunday-school in India shows a loss in any partic- Upturn 'l'raJllc Reviving ular; instead, the total gain is 682 schools and 14,656 pupils. REV. E. W. THWING, Secre- tary of the International Reform In the Philippines a growing teach- Bureau, writing from Bangkok, Siam, ers' training movement characterizes says that the curse of opium is flour- the work. During the period of ishing there. Millions of dollars are 1915 to 1918, when there has been received annually from its revenue. special supervision of this field, a Many public opium dens are also to gain of eighty-five per cent was made be seel'! on the streets of Singapore, in the Methodist Sunday-schools of and the government there realizes a the Islands. large revenue from its sale. From Singapore, opium is being smuggled Affairs of Zion into China. Word comes from Egypt that large fields of opium have been AMERICAN Jews are taking the pl~nted th~re; in ~orea it is being lead in plans for the political Widely cultivated thIS year and India policy and control of the proposed produces great quantities of it and Jewish Republic of Palestine. At an is seeking a market. This letter is executive conference in which Justice a startling revelation at a time when Brandeis and other Jewish leaders it seemed that this evil was a thing took part, three million dollars was of the past. asked for the construction of three great harbors on the Mediterranean, Public Schools and the Decalogue for rebuilding ruined towns and the forestation of the land. This sum is NEW ZEALAND public schools to be raised by a personal tax upon are to be supplied with charts every member of the Zionist organicontaining the ten commandments, zation in America, the first national which, as Dr. Wilbur F. Crafts asserts, are "the basis of our civil, as well as our moral and religious life, the decalogue being the. very corner- -;tone of the great codes of Justin-

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

tax Imposed' upon Jews in 2000 grof).ps in the homes of the foreign years. people themselves; Five million dolla. J is also being 2. Introducing fine American wo- raised for the Jews in Russia. A men to old-country women who are Hebrew congress met in Philadel- eager to know what real American phia in December to discuss the womanhood stands for; future of Jews in the world. 3. Opening centers for friendli- In spite of chaotic conditions in ness, advice, information and pro- Russia the Zionists of that country tection; have already collected 25 million 4. Cooperating with relief agen- rubles for the work of building up cies abroad in tracing the broken this new· state which is to be called families of refugees from Poland Judea. All of the 8000 Jewish sol- and Russia, and connecting them diers now in Palestine are pledged with relatives in America; to remain as a nucleus of a national 5. Protection against the exploi- army and there are, it is said, 50,000 tation of foreign women in munition American Jews in Egypt on their factories; way to join them. 6. Frinting literature in what- It is interesting to find that there ever languages are needed which will has been a run on the stock of the further the education of foreign American Bible Society, by Jewish women.

purchasers, showing that an interest has awakened in the Old Testament National Prohibition July 1st prophecies of their native land. ON November 21st President Wilson signed the Emergency NORTH AMERICA Agricultural Appropriation Bill, with Missionary Administration its legislative rider providing for na- PROBLEMS of admini:;tra'tlOn tional prohibition from next July 1, were the most prominent feature until the American Army is demobof a meeting of the Commission on ilized.

Missions of the American Board Secretary Daniels was one of those which met at Hartford, Conn. It who favored the bill on account of was reported that of every dollar ex- the fact that after sale of intoxicants pended for missionary work only ten around naval establishments had been cents is required for maintaining stopped, the output of the workmen executive and publicity departments, increased.

the remaining ninety cents being de- Unless the Presidential proclama- voted to direct missionary .efforts. tion under the Food Control act' is A recommendation was made to rescinded, the prohibition amendment establish a retiring age for officials will affect only the manufacture of of the various Boards at sixty-eight wine, for the brewing of all beer for men and sixty-five for women. ceased on December 1 under the A study of relations between national President's proclamation. The man- and state missionary organizations ufacture of whiskey was stopped was also made, as well as the ques- soon after the nation entered the tion of higher education under war. Under the amendment the church auspices. manufacture of wine will cease next For Foreign Women in America May. The United States may be dry by THE War Work Council of the National Board of Young Wo- constitutional amendment less than two years hence. In January or men's Christian Associations has February of 1920, it is believed that been working for non-English-speak- the prohibtion amendment to the ing women along the following lines: Constitution will go into effect.

1 Teaching English in small A tabulation makes plausible the

assertion that the United States will in the new department of the Cen- be bone-dry within two years: tenary, entitled War Emergency and Dry States……………….. 27 Reconstruction. President William Weamt eSntdamteesntwIh.ic.h…h.a.v.e…r.a.t.if.i.e.d 5 A. Shanklin, of Wesleyan Univers- ity, is Chairman and Bishop Theo- Wet States electing legislatures in dore S. Henderson, Executive Secre- 1918, with a majority of popu- tary.

lation dry………………. 3 The Bishops have approved the addition of $5,000,000 to the Cent- Total ………………… 35 enary requests to meet the demands That makes a total of thirty-five of this emergency.

States, one less than the necessary The work of the new department three-fourths of the States to secure is divided among three Bureaus: ratification. But look at the reserves 1. War Emergency, to continue in the way of wet States from which the work of the War Council as re- the prohibition amendment can draw: lated to the Army and Navy, and California, Connecticut, Illinois, Ne- the war production centers.

vada, New York, Ohio, Penn~ylvania, 2. Reconstruction Work at Home, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Wyoming. which will concern itself with the Can anyone doubt that in those ten returned soldier, his education or re- States at least one can be found education, the care of orphans, etc.

which will join in ratification? 3. Reconstruction Work Abroad A College Course tor Church Workel'li which includes the relief of immedi- CHURCH problems as a course of ate suffering, the restoration of study is now offered the students property, the care of orphans, the at Cornell University. This new de- extension of schools and chu·rches partment is made possible by a gift wherever opportunity offers. of $50,000 from Dr. J. E. Johnson, an alumnus, to endow a chair for WeUare Work for Negroes Practical Christianity, "for the teaching of the principles to all the rela- WHEN the representatives of the tionships of life in each succeeding American Chain Company of generation throughout all time." Virginia were prospecting with the idea of establishing a million-dollar This year the course is being con- plant near Norfolk they were advised ducted by Prof. R. N. Miller who is not to employ Negroes on the ground giving a course in Rural Sociology; that they are unreliable, shiftless and one in Urban Sociology, with special indifferent. It was claimed that they reference to church problems in are unwilling to work more than country and city, and a course on three days a week if they can thereby the Church and the Community, in earn enough to satisfy their immediwhich will be considered the points ate wants. Before reaching a deof contact the church may make with CISIOn in the matter a conference community life. Supplementary ad- was called with several of Norfolk's dresses are given by outside leaders. public-spirited Negro citizens, among There is of course no doctrinal teach- them a successful physician who ing in these studies and they might argued that each employee be CQmmore truly be termed sociological pensated just in proportion to his· than religious. They are good so far service, while the employer must give as they go, but need the Christian a return commensurate with the motive and goal to make them pro- service he has a right to expect. "If ductive of permanent results. a man lives in an unsanitary house, and is only a day ahead of the bill Methodist Reconstl"lllction Work collector," said this doctor, "what real :notiv~ c~n .he have for being The National War Council of the anythmg but mddrerent toward his Methodist Church has been merged employer's interests ?" Largely

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

through the persuasion of this pro- cle on "The Lumberjack's Need," ap- gressive physiCian the employment of peared in the November Review, Negroes as chain makers was at- suffered heavy loss from this disas- tempted as an experiment. It has trous fire. His home, library and proved a notable success because of valuable manuscripts were destroyed, the disposition of the company to and he and his family only escaped provide every facility for making by taking refuge in a well. His the living conditions of employees mother and a four year old daughter satisfactory. A well-equipped, mod- died as a result of injuries received.

ern dormitory is provided, with re- A Home tor Students In Salt Lake Cit)' creational and educational facilities, A but the outstanding feature of the MERICAN Methodists, as one part of their Centenary Procompany's attitude is its concern for the health and moral welfare of its gram, have secured a site in Salt workers. The workers themselves Lake City on which they plan to . have organized a club for social, build a church and student house to literary and religious development, meet the needs of Christian students and frequently invite speakers to attending the University of Utah, address them. Their fine spirit and .and the Mormons who have broken devotion have a wholesome influence away from Mormonism.

in the community.-The Southern Methodist General Oonference In Oanada Workman. THE quadrennial meeting of the Forest Fi1'es In Minnesota Methodist General Conference T ENS of millions of dollars dam- in Canada was held last November age, more than a thousand peo- in Hamilton, Onto This Conference ple burned to death, dozens of towns is the highest authority for united wiped out, and whole forests reduced Methodism in Canada, Newfoundto ashes, was the terrible toll of the land and the missions under its difires which spread over Northeast rection. It is composed of about Minnesota last October. four hundred delegates, both min- isters and laymen. Duluth was threatened by the fire from two directions and was saved A striking feature of the recent only by a sudden shift of the wind. conference was the decided radical- The Duluth Red Cross opened the ism of the delegates from western Armory, secured the churches and Canada in matters relating to de- nominational activities and methods. the court house, and commandeered One phase of this was the proposal all the private automobiles in the city. to admit women to equal privileges with men in every sphere of church All the organizations in the State life, including the ministry. This worked together with the most per- resolution failed to get the necessary fect harmony and efficiency. The two-thirds majority, but in all other result was an organization for relief respects women were accorded the same privileges as men. of fire sufferers which has hitherto never been equaled in time of dis- Work Among Mexicans In TeIaB aster. Cooperation by the religious forces of Minnesota helped very ma- M terially in making the work of the EXICANS have been pouring into Texas in a steady stream Red Cross effective. The loss of life will never be during the last few years. It is esti- known. The fire burned with such mated that there are now 600,000 of intensity that in some places whole them, and they are still coming. A acres of forests were reduced to black few years ago people in the United ashes. States were lamenting the fact that Rev. Thomas D. Whittles, the the new Mexican constitution seemed Presbyterian missionary whose arti- to put insuperable barriers in t1.4

way of missionary work in that LATIN.AMERICA country. Now the difficulty is swept away by the people coming to us, and Progress in Cuba more work at less cost can be done than by sending missionaries into T HE year 1917-1918 has been Mexico. It is much easier to induce marked by unusual activity in the people to attend services, now the Cuban missionary field. Rev. that they are freed from. the domi· Ezequiel Torres conducted an evannance of their priests and the old gelistic campaign lasting three months superstitious atmosphere. One in- and the results have been far-reachcentive for earnest work among them ing, particularly in Placetas, where a is that many will return to Mexico, campaign has since been launched to and will carry with them the im- secure funds for the purchase of a pressions received. building site, and, if possible, the erection of a church building. The Japanese in America outstanding feature of the campaign in Caibarien was the conversion of ONE hundred thousand Japanese the town's wealthiest citizen. Many are now living in the United in the political and business circles States; all but five thousand in the are becoming believers or sympath- Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast izers. districts, and nearly a hundred thousand more in Hawaii. By agreement The educational work is literally of the Japanese Government, immi- clamoring for equipment and teachgration is now rigidly limited to ers. In Cardenas, the income rewives and children of previous im- ceived was sufficient to pay the salmigrants, and to students, teachers ary of a missionary and ten native and merchants. teachers, meet all incidental expenses and boast a deposit of $400 at the One-sixth of the Japanese here are end of the year. In other centers native-born Americans. Many of proportionate results were equally those who come from Japan would marked. welcome the opportunity to be naturalized. They admire Washington The Earthquake In Porto Rico and Lincoln, and are anxious to learn the language and the ideals of T HE severe earthquake which their adopted country. wrought such damage in Porto Rico on October 11th, in no way Hard-working, ambitious, progres- injured the mission buildings of the sive, they are rapidly adapting Protestant Episcopal Board in Maythemselves to the social and moral ae-uaz. They are still firm and instandards of America. More than tact. A great deal of damage, howhalf of them are farmers and farm ever, was done to St. Luke's Hospilaborers. They have efficient social tal, Ponce, and it will require $6,000 organization and aggressive leader- to make repairs. This is the hosship, scarcely equaled by any other pital which was built by Bishop Van group of the newer immigrants. Buren some years ago and has since been enlarged. A most promising There are seventy-eight Japanese work is carried on there, and friends Christian churches in the United of Porto Rican missions are most States, with fifty-two hundred mem- anxious to make the necessary rebers; also a strong interdenomina- pairs immediately, and reinstate the tional missionary organization, large- work which has had to be discon- Iv supported by Japanese themselves, tinued for the time being. for supporting- and exterMing the workof their churches on the Pacific Some of the mission buildin~s of Coast. Many Christian papers and the Presbyterians were injured and I agazines in Japanese are edited by the Baptist seminary in Mayaguaz the pastors and. widely circulated. was thrown down.

-The American Missionary.

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

Reaction Toward SpirUllality in Pera children, and are fast becoming the dominant power in the land, both in "ANEW spiritual tendencv is now numbers a'nd influence. Colombia is to be noted among the thinkers the great Jewish republic of the near future. of Peru," says Dr. Webster E. Browning, educational secretary of Chile is as long as from New Yor': the Committee on Cooperation in to San Francisco and as narrow as Latin America. When Dr. Brown- Lake Erie-truly a "shoestring reing arrived in Peru the first thin!S public." She is squeezed tightly behe did was to dedicate a chapel. He tween the mountain range and the was warned that the Catholics might coast. Her cities look up to thf' create a disturbance, but nothing c' hills and down to the sea, with, a, the kind happened and a few days Arthur Ruhl puts it, "the Andes later one of the local papers gave hanging like a beautiful drop-curtain space to a write-up of the dedication, at the eastern end of every street." the article beginning as follows: Chile contains twenty-four province~. "Pastor Browning, inventor of fam- and the largest province is big enough ous pistols, inaugurated the new to hold all Pennsylvania, Vermont, chapel." Rhode Island and Massachusett~. The Chileans are the Yankees of Dr. Browning met many of the South America, aggressive, keen, educated and influential men of Peru, making fortunes from nitrate, erectand testifies to their eagerness to ing a chain of wireless stations from discuss philosophic and religious the near-tropical north tip of the problems on every occasion. One Chilean "shoe-string" to the Antarcman of vast wealth, grandson of the tic south tip, and preparing for Panfirst president of Peru and a leader ama trade by expending twelve milof the aristocracy, gave over three lion dollars on port and dock imhours' time to an earnest conversation provements. with Dr. Browning on matters of religion, and he was particularly EUROPE well-informed. Plans for Post-War Evangelism Another notable that received Dr. Browning was the Minister from N extensive evangelical move- Ecuador, who said to him: "I am A men'· is planned for France and delighted to hear that there is even. a Belgium with the cooperation of possibility of your opening evangeli- Presbyterian, Methodist, Lutheran, cal work in Ecuador, and I promise Baptist and Reformed churches. The my personal help at once so far as I first step taken looks toward the can give it, and the help of my raising of $300,000 to reconstruct friends in Quito, to whom I shall and re-establish Protestant churches take pleasure in recommending you. in those countries, and to aid the Such work if properly carried on churches until they can become selfwould mean the salvation of my supporting. Following this, similar country, especially of the vouth of work is to be done in Italy, Russia the land. Let me know if I ':an be and other countries concerned in the of service." war.

Chile and Colombia A Remarkable Bible Class COLOMBIA is twice as large as FIFTY years ago a layman started Spain, and many times as prom- a Bible class in a humble kitchen ising. The most progressive ele- in Rutherglen, Scotland. A dozen ment in Colombia is not the Spanish years afterwards it was transferred, population, or the natives, but a J ew- at the request of the minister and ish people called Antioquians who session, to the W«,;st United free have Old Testament names, raise Church, where it still meets on Sunfamilies of from twelve to thirty day afternoons. The mf'mbership is

700, and the founder still conducts some trade that would restore them it with aU his first enthusiasm and to the rank of breadwinners. Men energy. Many thousands of lads and without legs, men without arms or girls have come under his influence. hands, men whose throats have been He has molded for good the lives shot through and who can never of countless individuals. Who can again speak above a whisper, men estimate the value of the service with arms minus elbow joints-all which this Christian man has ren- stages and varieties of deformitiesdered to his community and to the flocked to him to learn some new cause of Christ? His name is Sam- work or to be taught how to do their uel T. Baker. former work handicapped as they were. M. Chastand is at once a -Presbyterian Witness. religious and mechanical genius, without anxiety as to patent rights, The Salvation Army in France and he has invented startlingly origi- nal appliances to supply deficiencies THE Salvation Army has backed of nerve and muscle, as well as up the heroism and sacrifice of laboring week after week to meet the soldiers in France by deeds of the spiritual needs of all. His school loving ministry. soon attracted the attention of the government, however, and it pre- First of all, the Salvation Army is sented M. Chastand last year with rendering a service to the wounded, $50,000, so that the school could with the help of thirty-five ambu- move into an adequate plant from lance cars sent to France by General the former crowded and inconvenient Booth. Already they have carried quarters. over 100,000 wounded men. – We all know how at home the The Outlook for the Czecho·Slovaks uniform of the Salvation Army stands for something very clear and HISTORY will reveal how crucial definite in the realm of religion. At has be.en the aid of the Czechothe front the same holds good. Slovaks in winning the war. Picture them trekking across Russia and Si- Those sent out by the Salvation beria, an army in tatters, their feet Army are uniformly converted Chris- bound up in rags; eighty per cent tian men and women, and in addi- of them university men; carrying a tion to humanitarian work they are library for each company and pubdoing their very best to keep up lishing a daily paper of eight pages the salvation end, and to point men during their "anabasis"! living on dogs, cats and frogs, and even eating to Tesus ·Christ. the grounds of their coffee, they nevertheless kept inviolate the prop- In the huts the Salvation Army erty of every village as they marched. workers have, perhaps, their largest Then forcing their way to Vladivoopenings for demonstrating the prac- stok, they captured the Siberian railtical value of Christianity. Weary way, and even sent armies to the and footsore, caked with mud, Western and Italian fronts. Now stained with blood, soaked often to the they are reaping the fruits of their very bone, the _ soldiers cross the sacrifices. Their independence has threshold of the Salvation Army been recognized, their National huts knowing that there they will Council organized and a President meet with the kindliest of -welcomes; chosen, Prof. T. G. Masaryk, who knowing, too, that hot tea and well- was at one time associated with one cooked food awaits them, and that of the Moravian Mission parishes in any service which they may require Bohemia. will be cheerfully rendered if it is in human power to give it. A memorable event took place on October 26th in Independence Hall, For Handicapped Soldiers THE director of the McAlI Mis- I sion at Nantes, France, M. Chastand, started a school for mutilated soldiers, where they could learn

NEWS FR':::M MANY LANuJ

Philadelphia,. and however authorita- the suggestion is being openly dis- tive it may prove to be, there is no cussed from the highest political mo- question of its sentimental value. A tives, and not merely in connection platform of democracy, framed by with Zionism. The considerations representatives of eleven mid-Euro- urged are those pointed out thirty pean peoples under the leadership of years ago in connection with Ameri· the Czecho-Slovaks, was signed in can educational, philanthropic and the room where our immortal De- missionary institutions in the Otto- claration of Independence was sign- man Empire; we were completely ed. Sitting in the chair in which outside the political intrigues and John Hancock sat when he signed jealousies of Continental Europe, the Declaration, Prof. Masaryk at- we had complete' separation of tached his name to the document.· Church and State, we were too far Then followed the ringing of a new away to entertain any designs UpOI Liberty Bell, cast for the occasion, Turkey's territory. British say th,,>!

to be taken later to Europe and Americans are the ideal missionar- treasured, probably in Prague. Their ies for Turkey.

great danger is from the spread of "Is it in God's plan that now tIt atheism and materialism. United States is to serve both the M;OSLEM LANDS people of the Holy Land, the Allied Armies and Distress in Syria nations, and God's ancient and Chosen People the Jews, ·through AMEMBER of the Presbyterian some responsible.connection with Mission in Syria describes one that country at the eastern end of aspect of the war in that unhappy the Mediterranean, the Keystone land: Land of the world?" "Twice Syria and Palestine were swept clean of men and animals; Descendants or the Crusaders? twice the Turkish armies were driven across the sands of the desert; and AWOMAN missionary in Arabia twice they returned, broken and dis- gives this interesting account of comfited, adding to the sorrows and the Sulibis, a queer, gypsy-like tribe, awful distress of the dwellers in the living beyond the Bedouin encamp- Holy Land. Among the pitiful pre- ment outside of Kuweit. "They parations for these two expeditions are not Muslims and are despised by was the collection in Syria of all the Bedouins as unbelievers, beggars the empty oil tins and burlap bags; and thieves. Their origin is not very the ·tins to carry water over the clear; they may be descendants of desert, and the bags for wheat and the Crusaders. They tell us that our food for the mules and camels. The grandfather and theirs were brothtins were then to be used in the ers, and that they are therefore our crossing of the Suez Canal in making sisters. They say that they are of our possible rafts and pontoons, and the religion, the religion of the Crucified jags were, if necessary, to be filled One, but when questioned they do with sand and finally to be used in not know anything about Him. They building a causeway." ask us to teach them, to give them white dresses, and food, and money, America and Palestine because we are their sisters. The desire for food and coppers is gen- REV. FRANKLIN E. HOSKINS, erally greater than that for re- D. D., says that when he was ligious teaching, and questions about in London he was "surprised to· hear, dress and customs interrupt every in circles that were authoritative, that attempt to teach them, but, we trust the American Government might be that the Holy Spirit working in their asked to assume a sort of protector- hearts will in time cause them to ate over Palestine; but now that we hunger and thirst after righteous- must sit at the Peace Conference, ness, till they learn once more to

b~lieve in Him whose name they ~oing over the titles and general sub- claim to bear (crucified and Sulibis Ject matter of all the books. The are of the same root or derivation in prin~ipal ~ersian merchant bought a Arabic) and receive from Him in Persian Bible. Gospel portions form place of the stunted, wretched lives the bulk of the Scripture sales.

they .live at present, the abundant There is absolute freedom of speech life that He is ready to give them." in the shop and the colporteurs de- The Gospel and the Moslem MInd c.lare they can say anything they WHAT might be called a labora- like. There are three kinds of peo- tory study of the reaction of the Moslem mind to Christian teach- ple who visit the shop first, those ing, in order to determine how the Cospel may best be presented to who come merely to argue and show Mohammedans, was made in a mis- o'Yfif~1 their le~amrnainnyg; second those who talk subject' except re- sionary hospital in Arabia, and is !JglOn, which they refuse to cdoimsceusts~' '(~ported by Paul W. Harrison in the and third, those who really ) .oslem World. learn what our religion is. The arguers are easily in the majority. There are from fifteen to twent) "The plan was to have some as- regular frequenters of the shop outpect of the Gospel presented to each side of those who come to read the patient, in a personal, friendly way, Arabic newspapers and to look at every day, and to have the results the war pictures in the Illustrated cf every such interview recorded. London News. At the end of the year, the records '

were studied and the results tabulated, INDIA The Gospel was presented in various The Woman's Movement T ways. What might be termed the HE woman's movement in the East owes its initiation to Chris dogmatic presentation was attempted; the parables were arranged in an tian teaching. Christian educaton order of a sort, and the Gospel pre- have opened the eyes of Indian leadsented by means of them. Records ers to the fact that Christ is the of all these personal interviews , source and head of aJl that advance- '.':2re kept, and it could not be said ment they are striving to attain, and that anyone of them seemed espe- everywhere enlightened members of cially suited to the Moslem mind. Hindu society are alive to the ad- vantages of educating their women. Courteous, somewhat bored atten- In writi~g to an English friend, the tion was the rule real interest the ~aharam of Bhaunagar said, referrare exception. "We did find one particular aspect nng to the work done by English of Christian truth, however, which women during the war: really seemed to penetrate deeper "The state of our women in India than anything else, and to rouse not looks the more pitiful by contrast. only interest, but something deeper. . . . It is high time that not only 1 his was what might be termed the the Rajput but all Hindu women mystical aspect. We are inclined to were somehow lifted out of the darl abyss of ignorance saon'dfulilndooflenolcde~ believe that the progress of the but their minds are Kingdom of God, in Islam, will be hastened by putting less dogmatic fashioned ideas, prejudices, and su- theology, and more of Christ's own perstitions that no amount of preachmysticism, into our preaching of the Gospel to the Moslems." ing, teaching, or persuasion seems to <jelling Scriptures in Arabia have any effect on them. I'laitmtl~ how- ever, trying to do my bit.'

The Rajput girls' school that I had I Kuweit, two prominent Sheikhs long been contemplating was opened _ purchased complete Arabic Bibles, last March and is working well."

aud one of them spent two hours -C. M. S. Gleaner.

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

A Magazine for the Women of India cess of all the more important fann operations is supposed to be d~­ WOMEN missionaries in the Te- termined by the stars. For thIS valuable infonnation he asks what . lugu area have started a maga- he will, and woe unto the farmer if zine for women called the Viveka- he does not give it. His curse may. vathi to meet the demand for litera- blight the finest crop. ture 'suited to women. It is in the vernacular and all the contributors India's farmers make gods of are women. The subject matter in- their plows and worship them. When cludes news of current events, notes all the seed has been sown there is a on the care of children, on household regular worship of the grain sieve economy, on medicine, po~try an~ ~a­ and sacrifices of food are made to ture stories, but the tone IS Chnstlan it. At a great religious festival, through and through. which all farmers observe, a woman takes a broom, supposed to terrify Native Evangelism evil spirits, and beating about in every corner exclaims "Food abide, T HERE is increasing evidence and poverty depart." that Christianity is being proclaimed and extended in non-Chris- To a pious Hindu all life is sacred tian lands by the natives themselves. and man has no right to destroy The spirit of evangelism is growing any creature. Millions of bugs eat in both China and India, prompting the farmer's plants but he must not the native Christians to seek out touch them. The porcupines dig up their friends and acquaintances and his few potatoes. The mischievous bring them to Christ. monkey climbs his palm trees and pelts him with his. own cocoanuts In Sholapur, India, a sewing so- when angry. Even the deadly snakes ciety is attended by fifty or sixty may crawl near his house and be treated to milk of which they are women, who are making clothes for very fond. All these animals are the poor of the Christian community, supposed to contain the souls of but primarily getting acquain~ed some of their ancestors. A sleek, with the methods of work whIch fat bull will quietly walk up, take have been .found most effective in his fill and be driven off by no one. He is sacred and to kill him would evangelistic campaigns. In the same be worse than killing a man. He locality five weekly Bible classes are goes where he likes, eating when conducted for women who would and what he wants. He often eats otherwise have no opportunity for all the grain and vegetables that a systematic Bible study. This work poor woman has carried miles to has already been productive of re- market on her head, and who is too sults, for several of the women have terrified to drive him away. gone on preaching tours. The value of this personal work consists not It is said that Britain's greatest only in its influence upon othe~s, asset in India is the missionary, but in its development of the Chns- whose service in making known the tian life of the workers. freedom of Christ's Gospel has a steadying influence on these restless Farming in India people teaching them how to lay aside fear. 11~.TEanAdR the small village temples shrines of India are al- A Notable BaptJsm ways to be found some of the so- WHEN a clergyman of the Indian Church baptizes a once proud called "holy men," living on friendly Brahmin and a low-caste Chamar woman, .standing side by side at the terms with "sacred" snakes and monkeys. These "holy" men have much influence with the farmer. They are supposed to be able to foretell the future and are in constant de- mand to fix the best date for sowing and harvesting the crops, as the suc-

font, one may well feel that Chris- that this was the first time a Chris- ti:mity has taken a vital hold on the tian hymn was sung before a group people of India. This was the ex- of Buddhist priests assembled in perience of Rev. J. S. C. Bannerjee, official capacity. Perhaps this song the Indian missionary of the Church of a land better than their sacred Missionary Society at Bulandshahr, books could ever tell them of, might North India. He reports also the find a lodgment in their thoughts.

.vbaptism at the same time of a -The Presbyterian. aishya, and says 0 f him: "The Vaishya had been a secret CHINA inquirer for the last ten years. Latterly he began openly to call himself Destruction of Opium in Shanghai a Christian and occasipnally attended our church services. He was hin- THE Peking Government has dedered from baptism because his stroyed the remaining stocks of opium in Shanghai in deference to mother's request to him was not to Anglo – American representations. cut himself off while she was alive, Three hundred chests have been sold, he being her only son. Three times and 1,200 burned in presence of the she came and made such a wailing Allied representatives, the Governand crying that he had to go back ment making a virtue of necessity. with her. But he finally took his The production of opium and the stand, _and we received him into the use, of it has, however, been much Christian Church. At first the more prevalent under the .lax disci- :l1other was very angry and threat- pline of the present Chinese govern- ment.

ened him with disinheritance. But Giving the Church First Place we made it a matter of prayer, alld A PRESBYTERIAN missionary in Shantung province writes: "In she was soon reconciled, and de- one of the villages where a few years ago the only Christian family cided to live with him. He has now had been severely persecuted, the village elders had now made argone to live with her at their home, rangements with the Christians to and is making a bold stand for -c. Christ." M. S. Gl-eaner.

SIAM AND LAOS unite the heathen village school with A Tableau In Starn our Christian school and have all the pupils study together, using the PHRA CHOW SURUYABONG- Christian curriculum and observing SA, chief of Nan Province, our worship customs. Six of the Siam, was a friend to the mission- nine acres of land belonging to the aries, and when he died last April temple were to be used for the sup- at the age of eighty-eight the native port of the teacher, the remaining Christians asked permission to offer three to become the meagre support condolence. His aged sister asked of the Taoist priest, living in one if they intended to worship when of the temple buildings, the temple they came, and on being informed to be opened each year only on three that they did not she added, "I heathen festival occasions.

thought perhaps you might sing." "In another village special services It was a strange scene that was were held to dedicate are-built enacted -in the throne room of the church earlier torn down by the chief's palace, where two long rows flood which destroyed that village.

of Buddhist priests in their yellow For awhile the people used rafts; robes gathered to say their mass for and for weeks after the disaster they the dead. In the midst of burning waded around barefooted and with incense a little group of Christians cold, swollen limbs. Finally when stood and sang "There's a land that they planned to build their houses, is fairer than day." It is safe to say the native pastor–caught there for

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

twenty-one . days and supposed by The Church of the Lofty Friend- his family to be drowned-suggested ship offers a simple course of in- that they ought to build the Lord's struction which enables them to ex- house first, which out of their great press themselves. Classes in em- poverty they did. . broidery have been formed and Chinese Girl Becomes Evangelist through that one woman who had been leading an aimless life became A GIFTED young Chinese woman, interested in Bible study and is pre- granddaughter of a viceroy of paring herself to be a teacher in the Canton and daughter of a sub-vice~ church school. In this church are roy of Nanking, was one of the also a cooking class, a children's Christian workers in the Eddy cam- club and story hour and three Bible paign. classes for women; one for older "She was brought up in luxury women who are Christians; one for with six slave girls of her own. older women on probation and one After a normal course she went to for younger women on probation. a Christian college to learn English. The last named group is composed Hating chapel and Bible periods she of those who took a stand for Chriswould smuggle in Chinese novels to tianity in the Eddy campaign.

read surreptitiously at these times, Bandits Test of Christians and was given over to all the trivial A Methodist missionary in Kutien vulgarities of cigarettes, playing- tells how even brigandage may cards and the like. She planned to be used "to the furtherance of the engage in literary propaganda against Gospel." He writes: Christianity, but one day was convicted of sin and realized the pres- "The robbers who are over-runence of the living Christ. She im- ning the country are careful not to mediately set to work among her molest Christians, and in many places relatives. Her mother, bitterly anti- the people are coming with their Christian and an opium smoker of goods for protection. In order to thirty years' standing, together with test them the person is required to eleven other members of the family repeat the Lord's Prayer or the were, after some months, converted. Apostles' Creed, or to answer ques- Daily this gifted young woman is tions from the Bible or catechism. witnessing with great power for the If a satisfactory knowledge is shown, Lord." the victim is counted a Christian and released. The result is that a knowl- A Chinese InstitntionaI Church edge of Christian truth is spreacl and the Gospel is brought to the r CHINA, as well as the United States, is realizing the benefits tention of many who would ne of institutional churches. In the hear of it otherwise." Siong-In Dong Church, (Church of the Lofty Friendship) Foochow, a JAPAN-CHOSEN Conference of Federated MiSsions T new type of work is being tried out HE Conference of Federakr' Missions of Japan, representin with marked success. The women's department is changing some of the most of the Protestant work in th: ideas of upper class Chinese women, country last year extended over fou.

teaching them some of the joy of days and a half and seventy dele- service, and exercising a democratiz- gates with two hundred visitors were ing influence among them. Few of present.

these women can read or write and It was decided to send to the when their husbands go away-as Foreign Missions Conference of many of them do on business in North America an appeal for aid, other countries-they cannot receive and meanwhile to raise a temporary or send letters. loan for the Finnish Lutheran Mis-

sion, which has been entirely cut off Korea,n Church Diligent in Business T from their home base by the war. H,E Church holds first place in Action was taken to set aside one the thought and affections of missionary to carryon definite work Korean Christians. Their presbyfor social reforms. teries meet twice a year, the dele- The circulation of the newly re- gates travel long distances on foot, vised Japanese Bible is to be pushed. many requiring two or three days Besides being a more accurate trans- to reach the place of meeting and lation it is in better literary style than rarely is there an absentee. Consethe former. Arrangements were also quently, the attention to business is made for the production and distri- very thorough. They concentrate bution of other Christian literature. their thought upon the work in hand Intensive Training for Japanese with a devotion characteristic of all JAPANESE students have such their service to Christ. In addition different surroundings from those to the delegates a much larger crowd in America that the general at- is always in attendance to listen to mosphere of Christianity is wanting the proceedings, and the consciousas a background. Hence it is neces- ness which the officers have of the sary that Christian schools should importance and influence of their be inspirational rather than academ- position is an incentive to fidelity. ic· practical rather than theoretical. They are, moreover, seldom in need It'is hoped that Presbyterian, Meth- of asking a foreigner for guidance odist and all denominations at work in methods of conducting church in Japan will combine their educa- business.

tional institutions, so that no effort AFRICA may be wasted in producing centers Fltcts About the Congo of influence that will inspire as well as instruct; and that greater special- A RECENT missionary conference ization may become possible in the at Luebo in the Congo was attheological training. tended by seventy-three delegates who represented eighty-one mission sta- -Japan Evangelist. tions-the largest General Congo Conference ever held. In all, there Missionaries and Democrlttic Ideltls T HERE are reasons, apart from are fourteen societies at work in the purely evangelistic ones, why Congo, and missionary activity there missionaries should continue to work has entered upon its fortieth year.

and live in Japan. The American The Gospel is being preached in missionary has a role to. playas in- nearly forty languages; translations terpreter of the noblest ideals of of the Bible have been made into democracy. A Japanese Christian, nearly all of them. The British Bap- Prof. K. Demura, says that the dem- tist Mission has a constituency of ocratic idea is quite misunderstood 20,000, and there are extensive mis- in Japan, that it is considered identi- sions of American Baptists and Pres- cal with socialism, and that the mis- byterians, the Swedish Church and sionary is needed to represent it, by other organizations with encouraging his life and character, as a funda- statistics to show.

mental principle of brotherhood. The Luebo Church, in which the Furthermore, Prof. Demura points cOllference met, has 8,000 members, out, the missionary has it in his and has reached a degree of self-de- power to develop in the Japanese velopment that is remarkable. Since consciousness an international spirit, the future hope of the Congo people which will go far in correcting the lies in the cultivation of the soil, the chauvinistic nationalism surviving in need for agricultural training was Japan and promote the friendly re- emphasized. The medical session lations of Japan, China and America. was also helpful. The day devoted

NEWS FROM MANY I.,ANDS

to "occupation of the field" brought Bound By New Ties out the fact that comparatively little of the Congo has as yet been occu- T HERE has been a strong feeling pied by missions, and that a vast of enmity between the people of area is still uncared for. the. coast and the people of the in- Well-Informed Christians in Luebo terior in Africa since tihfethwisahr~tbreudt it begins to look now as would disappear. All along the T HE following information from coast of the Kamerun there has been the Congo should set at rest all doubts regarding the standards of such scarcity of food that the mis- Christian intelligence which Africans attain before becoming church mem- sion has been compelled to buy rice bers: and try to keep the people from ac,- tually starving to death, and it is to the Bulus that these hungry people As far back as 1914 it was re- are looking for aid. Rev. W. C.

garded as a conservative estimate Johnstone says: "The Lord has ways th~t as many as 5,000 out of a popu- of doing things of which we would latIOn of 20,000 under the jurisdic- not have thought. It seems now that tion .of the Church at Luebo could when things get normal once more read the Bible for themselves and the !nterior and the coast people wir1 hundreds of these could write' in a be III a more friendly relationship fairly creditable manner. It is fair than ever before."

to assume that the number now able Grim Heathenism to read has reached from 7,000 to AMISSIONARY of the Meth- 8,000. . odist Board at Kapanga, Congo Among 15,000 communicants it is Beige, sends a picture of grim heathestimated that 12,000 can recite more or less perfectly the Westminster enism as seen in that field. The fa- Shorter Catechism, with all of its 107 questions. Among the Bakuba, vorite wife of haMdwdaitead,Yoamndbo~hithlee who possess more intelligence than Luunda king, some of the tribes, thirteen more questions have been added to the the bereaved husband lay on the catechism. floor and wailed, a wild and tumul- tuous riot went on over the meat of two cows, slaughtered to feed the hundreds of sympathizers who had Before an applicant can be ad- flocked in. In a shed outside the mitted into ful.l church membership, fence sat all the other wives, some he must COlrurut to memory, besides twenty in number, and several hun- the Sho~ter Catechism, the first, dred Luunda women, with the dead twenty-thIrd, thirty-second, thirty- woman sitting in a chair in the cen- seventh, and fifty-first Psalms the ter of the group. All night these entire Sermon on the cMhaoputenrt~' the wOJ?en sat, sm~king great pipes, third and fourteenth of wh!le the dead wife's mother sat on J~onhdn.,thtehethtiwrteeleftnhthchcahpatpetrerofofRoImCaonrs~ the ground and held her feet. In still another part of the premises a Illthlans. After all of this has been hideous heat~en dance was in prog- cr.editably recited, the applicant is ress. MeantIme, an enormous wood- stIll kept on probation for a period en box was being prepared and the of three months to' show by his con- burial took place the following after- sistent life that he understands what noon. What went into the box be- he has learned, and the seriousness sides the body the missionary did not of the step he is about to take. know, but sixteen men were re- Where else in the world is found quired to carry it to the grave. When such a high standard required for admission to Christian citizenship? it had been lowered into the ground all the dead favorite's possessions were thrown in on top of it -pots -The Missionary Voice. pans, dishes, chairs and m;ts, but

first they were smashed with an ax ers sent out have been delayed by lest some one be tempted to open the the withholding of passports, but grave and get them out. Then the when they arrive it is expected that earth was filled in, a red and white an entire reorganization of the Mis- flag planted at each end, and on top sion forces will be made. a big blue dishpan and a raised um- breHa-this last to signify that it THE ISLANDS was the grave of an important per- sonage. All was quiet for six days, A Model Community then native doctors were summoned to give the poison test to determine T HE Island of Culion in the Phil- who had killed Mwata. ippines, a segregation camp for lepers, has earned the right to pro- The African thinks no one ever claim itself as a model in sanitation and progrfessive achievement. Nb dies naturally; some one has always other city of the Philippines, not even excepting Manila, can in any killed them either by poison or witch- respect equal the sanitary record of craft. When these witch doctors all Culion. As a result of effective arrived they grouped the people in a quarantine regulations, small-pox, circle, while the doctors stood in the diphtheria, typhoid and cholera are center holding a basket in which had altogether unknown. One hundred been placed some rubbish and a dead per cent of the population use safe lizard; and as each person looked water and sanitary methods of sew- into the basket, the doctors were sup- age disposal. posed to be· able to detect the guilty one, and say "It is you." The vic- In spite of the fact that the en- tim never questions that he has tire community is composed of [ep- caused the death, and neither does ers, and the government furnishes anyone else. In the present in- enough food for everyone, from stance the missionary was on hand, ten to fifteen per cent of the people with medicine, just in time to pre- have taken up farms and sell their vent the giving of the poison, and products to the municipality. They although the king resented the inter- have even offered a first and second ference, matters finally quieted down, prize for the best locally grown and doctors and people dispersed. foods. 'l'his community has brushed aside the handicap of being a colony Nyassa Industrial Mission of affiicted folk, supported by the government, and has succeeded in .3' standing as a shining example to other localities. EVERYTHING points in the di- rection of wider missionary ef- -Mission to Lepers. fort in East Africa. Christian work has been maintained throughout the OBITUARY NOTES four years of war, and there is a firm conviction in missionary circles Miss Margarette Daniels that the ranks of workers will be increased by recruits from among the A LIFE of active Christian servic~ men who have seen through the was brought suddenly to a close campaign in German East Africa. by the death of Miss Margarette These men have been working for Daniels on October 3. Miss Daniels the Kingdom of God as well as for was a daughter of the late Dr. their country, and the results have C. H. Daniels, former secretary strengthened the cause of missions. of the American Board, and Mrs. Daniels, president of the Congrega- Two new lines of work have been tional Woman's Board of Foreign decided upon; one the commence- Missions. She was a member of the ment .of a campaign in Portuguese editorial staff of The Congregation- . East Africa, the other an extension alist and Advance. of the work for girls and women in Nyasaland. Some of the new work-

RECENT BOOKS ON . organizations concerned with inter-

HOME MISSIONS national Jewish affairs.

A List QY Rlv Alfred wms. Anthony "Why Prohibition!" Charles Stel- zle. ($1.50-Doran.) "The Religious Foundations of A book so lifted out of its class America," Charles I…. Thomp- son. ($1.50-Revell.) by its breadth of view, its com- A statement of the rehgious mo- mand of new and telling facts, and its fresh style as to become a contives and characteristics which were tribution to Home Missions. given to the country in its discoyery, exploration and settlement. "The Church and the Great War," Worth M. Tippy. ($1.00-Re- "Frontier Missionary Problems." veil.) Bruce Kinney. ($1.00-Revell.) A description of the home ac- A discussion of five problems: tivities of the church in response the Indian, the MornlOn, the Mi- to the challenge of war-necessities. grant Mexican, "our own kith and kin" in the west, and methods of "Outline Studies on the Problems evangelism suited to the west. of the Reconstruction Period.

"Christian Democracy for America," A pamphlet prepared by a special David D. Forsyth and Ralph W. committee. Published for the Social Keeler. (75 cents. The Metho- Service Commission of the Presby- dist Book Concern.) terian Church. This pamphlet of 39 pages, deals with thirteen prob- A study of American democracy lems either created by the war or from the point of view of the lifted by the war into special promchurch in terms of the rural situa- inence. tion, the immigrant, the city, the Negro, the modem forms of church ALFRED WMS. ANTHONY. activity, the Mormon, the Latin- American, the Oriental, and the "Our Church and Our Country," dynamic power given in the person Burleson. (50 cents-Domestic of Christ. and Foreign Missionary Society of the Episcopal Church.) A book dealing with the early "The Jewish Communal Register days of the Anglican Church in 'of New York City," edited and the territory of the United States published by the Kehillah ($2.50- and the history of the Episcopal Jewish Community) of New York Church as a missionary agency, City. especially in relation to the develop- An exhaustive and comprehensive ment of American Citizenship.

epitome of the Jewish agencies in New York City characterized as "The People of Tipi Sapa," Olden. ($2.50 – Morehouse Publishing follows: religious, educational, rec- Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) reational and cultural, economic, mutual aid, philanthropic, correc- An account of the religion, cus- tional; coordinating, standardizing toms and folklore of the Indians, and research; central and national especially of the Dakotas' or Sioux.

organizations having constituencies in New York City, and American "His Star in the West," Giles. lDo- n

mestic and Foreign Missionary valuable from a technical point of Society of the Episcopal Church.} view. Stories for older children based upon fact and drawn from mission- "America in the Making." M. E. ary work among Indians, Negroes Ravage. ($1.50-Harper Brothand southern mountaineers. ers.) WM. C. SfURGIS. Written by a Jew; valuable; shows the revolutionary and an- "In a Day of Social Rebuilding." archistic tendencies of the foreigner, Lectures on the ministry of the which become modified as he be- church. Henry Sloane Coffin. comes Americanized. ($1.00-Yale University Press.) Discusses the local church from "Straight America." Frances Kel- lar. (60 cents-Macmillan.) the standpoint of evangelism, worship, teaching, organization, pas- A valuable treatise on Americantoral care and leadership. ization.

"The Church and tne City." An "True Faith and Allegiance," account of Home Missions and Gustav Olinger. (Macmillan.) Church extension in New York Presbytery. (25 cents-Board of Describes the assimilation of the Home Missions, Presbyterian foreigner up to naturalization. Church in the U. S. A.) Describes the work at Labor CHARLJ;:S A. BROOKS.

Temple, Jan Hus Neighborhood The Christian Conquest of America. House, and at other centers. By Ralph Welles Keeler and Ellen Coughlin Keeler. (Metho- "The Gospel for a Working World." dist Book Concern.) Harry F. Ward. (60 cents-Mis- sionary Education Movement.) A thorough-going, popular dis A sympathetic account of the cussion of Methodist Episcopa Home Missions with the present· condition and needs of labor from day program outlined and emphathe point of view of religion and sized. the church. The Challenge of Pittsburg. By "Aims of Labor." Arthur Hen- Daniel L. Marsh. (Missionary derson. (50 cents-Huebsch.) Education Movement.) Includes "Labor and the New A survey and analysis of Hom!' Social Order," a report on recon- Missions in the home town. Of struction by the sub-committee of great value in its suggestiveness. the British Labor Party. An Introduction to Rural Soc- WILLIAM P. SHRIVJ;:R. iology. By Paul L. Vogt. (Ap- pleton.) "The Immigrant and the Commun- ity." Grace Abbott. ($1.50- A book needed by all who WOUIO Century Company.) grasp the significance of the task of A most important book, built Home Missions in rural comml'-;- ties. up on ",,00 mf'thods, stimulating,

MISSIONARY

RECENT FOREIGN MISSION BOOKS WORTH NOTING.

By PROF. HARLAN P. BEACH, NEW HAVEN, CONN.

Professor of Missions in Yale University.

The Encyclopaedia Sinica. By S. Coul- those directly missionary-such a ing, M. A. Shanghai. Kelly and volume, for instance, as the "Re- Walsh. 1917. London: H. Milford. port on Indian Constitutional Re- !~'" forms," vitally affects all the mis- 1918. sionary work of that great and The Treasure of the Magi. A Study of Modern Zoroastrianism. By H. J. Moulton. London: Oxford Univer- sity Press. 1918, populous Empire. It describes what the Viceroy and Secretary of State The Pilgrims of Hawaii. By Rev. and for India call "the greatest political experiment ever undertaken in the Mrs. O. H. Gulick. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company. 1918.

"The Least of These"-in Colombia. world's history." Missionary re- ports are also omitted, notably By M. N. Williams. New York: Secretary S. G. Inman's "Christian Fleming H. Revell Company. 1918. Cooperation in Latin America,"

The Power-House at Pathankot. By M. J. Campbell. Philadelphia: Board of Foreign Missions of the United partly because they describe what Presbyterian Church. 1918. was done in 1917, and partly be- cause they do not belong to the A Prince of the Church in India. class of literature under considera- By J. C. R. Ewing. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company. 1918.

Underwood of Korea. By his Wife. tion. Only one volume in the following New York: Fleming H. Revell Com- pany. 1918. list can be classed among great mis- Dr. Isabel Mitchell of Manchuria. By sionary publications. It is Mr. Coul- F. W. S. O'Neil, editor. 2nd edition.

London: James Clarke and Company. ing's "Encyclopaedia Sinica," con- 1918. fessedly a reference book, but de- spite its omissions, its unevennesses Tohoku, the Scotland of Japan. By due to its many contributors, and C. N oss and associates of the Mission Philadelphia: Board of Foreign Mis- sions Reformed Church in the United its being a pioneer effort in this States. 1918. World. line, it is a most commendable The Christian Crusade for and H. and valuable Democracy. By S. E. Taylor compilation. An E. Luccock. New York: Methodist manner of things Chinese are set Book Concern. 1918. forth here, some at length and too many of them so briefly that they He;rs Together of the Grace of Life. only whet the curiosity to know Benjamin Broomhall, Amelia Hudson BroomhalI. By M. Broomhall, M. A. more about them. The naturalist, London: Morgan and Scott. 1918.

The Call of a World Task in War the geographer, the merchant, the literary man, the student of reli- Time. By J. Lovell Murray. New gions, the Board secretary and the friend of Missions will find accur- York: Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. 1918.

THE year's output of missionary ate, interesting and up-to-date books is far below the average Chinese material in this admirable in amount and quality, largely-and volume. especialy in Europe-because of Out of many books dealing this war conditions. From some sixty year with the faiths of mission books of the year of which the fields only one has been chosenwriter has personal knowledge a Prof. Moulton's "The Treasure of few are here selected, though quite the Magi"-though at first thought possibly other books more valuable it might not seem as valuable as are omitted. several others, especially the Uni- Many volumes have an indirect versity of Pennsylvania's volume, influence upon the foreign en- edited by Prof. Montgomery, "Re- terprise of far greater moment than ligions of the Past and Present," Unlike the latter, this book nating to the reader of some years by Prof. Moulton was written from ago. a distinctly missionary viewpoint, and is by a specialist of the highest Though Mrs. Williams diseminence. The volume belongs to claims any attempt to write a mis- "The Religious Quest of India" sionary volume in her fascinating series, and as such these chapters pictures found in "The Least of on modern Zoroastrianism sympa- These-in Colombia," she is the wif( thetically point the inquiring Parsee of a Presbyterian missionary and to those Mobeds of their national is in charge of the Collegio Amerifaith who of old saw Bethlehem's cano in Bogota. Her abilities as star in the East and wended labor- a writer remind one of Jean Maciously thither to worship its won- kenzie, though without her use of drous Babe. While the author native modes of thought. The series might not agree with the Jesuit of South American stories have to theologian who characterized this do with ,servants, pupils and acfaith as "the highest religious re- quaintances, in a background beautisult to which human reason, un- fully filled in by one who has eyes aided by revelation, can attain," to see and a pen to sketch truly his friendly reference to the older and sympathetically. Here we have. and higher teachings prepares the in a volume that reads itself, the Parsee to accept his final chapter in story of what missionaries are do- ing among peoples already nominwhich the excellencies of the Chris- ally Christian. tian religion are summed up in' a "The Power-House at Pathankot" divine and alluring Love. is used as a study class text-book Leaving technical and reference by United Presbyterians, but one finds that, after reading a chapter, books, the remaining volumes the rest of the volume is so absorbing of the list are intended for that it cannot be taken in weekly the popular use of a wider instalments, but must be read constituency. When the first through at a sitting, Miss Campbell missionary set foot on Hawaii tells of a sort of missionary work in less .than a century ago it was the Northwestern India which so inabode of savagery just awakening terested the government authorities to its need of light and knowledge. that they bestowed upon her the Fifty years later their inhabitants Kaisar-i-Hind medal. Bigoted and had been evangelized and educated. antagonistic Mohammedans an.-l and Hawaii was Christian. How Hindus rallied around her as lead this came about through the labors in the temperance reform. T of American Board missionaries is secret which enabled school git.~ here somewhat prosaically told by and teachers, seconded by the conchildren of the pioneers, themselves vinced community, to perform civic honored agents in the great trans- miracles. was the brick church at formation that prepared the Islands Pathankot, where prayer was unfor statehood in the American ceasing and believing and where nation. History, biography, Chris- the "Band of Love," men's Bible tian dynamics and missionary class and others bound themselves statesmanship are all found here. together to be workers with God. Mr. and Mrs. Gulick, as representa- Prayer in action built a temperance tives of "Pilgrims of Hawaii," hall and won to that cause and to speak with an authority and in- Christ Moslem, Sikh and Brahmin; timacy that some other works on it secured the cooperation of offi- cials; it brought to that section the Islands do not possess, but Sundar Singh, the wonderful Sikh the book lacks the imagination and freshness that made Belle Brain's "Transformation of Hawaii" fasci-

THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY

Apostle of '!the Bleeding Feet"; and and subsequent Christian conse- in general it proves the thesis, cration and training transformed his "Faith faughs at obstacles. Let life into an instrument of grace us ask our great God to do great and power. This story of one of things." Read it and believe as the pioneers in Korea has its thrills.

never before in prayer. Dr. Underwood was also a par- Among the missionary biographies ticipator in the evolution of Korea of the year is one by the veteran into Chosen. His wife has hardly India missionary, President J. C. R. done justice to the part she played Ewing of Lahore. It tells the life- in the Korean Mission, especially story of "A Prince of the Church in in the early stages when, as the India," the Rev. Kali Charan Chat- Queen's physician, she had won- terjee, D. D. This representative derful opportunities to influence Christian, born of a proud Kulin and aid those in Court life, more Brahmin father appeared in Ameri- than any other missionary, perhaps.

can pulpits half a century ago and Dr. Underwood was instrumental later received the degree of Doctor in establishing the Nevius plan of of Divinity from Edinburgh Uni- missionary effort, which has much versity. This too brief, yet dis- to do with the phenomenal progress criminating biography, tells of his of Christianity in Korea.

breaking away from caste and home, Another life, story that ranks of his early student days which led first among all the missionary biog- the convert to turn away from the raphies of the year in simple, naive Church which had won his earliest int~ate style is "Dr. Isabel Mitch- allegiance because it would not ell of Manchuria." This rare Irish allow ·the ordination of an Indian lassie, the daughter of a Belfast Christian on a parity with foreign- Presbyterian minister, early took ers; it describes his long and emi- such an interest in literature that nent services as a teacher and pro- she longed to enter the University fessor, and his crowning work as as an Arts student; her vivid imag- pastor from his ordination in 1868 ination reveled in pictures of boys to 1903 when he was chosen Mod- and girls of other lands, and her erator of the First Presbyterian Gen- soul was thrilled by the stories of eral Assembly to convene in India. great missionary pioneers. "Francis The power behind this humble of Assisi, kneeling before the cru- Christian was revealed in a state- cifix, saw the Crucified and at the ment written in his seventy-first same time heard the weary call of year, in which he stated that the. many lands." So this maiden saw decision to renounce Hinduism and Jesus and longed to carry His life cast his lot with the despised Chris- and exhibit something of His pas- tians was the doctrine of the sion for souls to Manchuria. After vicarious sufferings and death of winning four medals and two prizes Christ. This sketch of a great life at Queen Margaret College in reveals what it costs to be a Chris- Glasgow, affiliated with the Uni- tian in India and what one man can versity's Medical Department, she accomplish. went to Manchuria. The story of The accomplished scholar, preach- her life and work there is toM er, educator and leader of the mainly in fascinating and realistic Presbyterian Mission in Chosen- letters. From the blue of the beau- and of all Protestant work there- tiful Mediterranean in 1905 to th,~ is adequately portrayed by the one last letter written to her mother who knew him best in, "Underwood on Feb. 15, 1917, life leaps for of Korea." At four years of aKe sheer joy through her correspond- the child resolved to become a ence. Medicine was her work, a missionary, and his British blood wholly modem Sunday-school was her recreation, and chi I d r e n day-school and Epworth League (Chinese quite as much as little members for forward movements in Pat O'Neil) were her heart's love. the centenary program of that Church. This volume will not Of the mission study text-books stand the test of being continuously published during the year we re- read, for it is a series of unit apgretfully omit comment upon Miss peals, each intended to rivet the Burton's "Women Workers of attention of the reader separately the Orient" and Mr. Willard upon great, appealing facts in con- Price's "Ancient Peoples at nection with each of the various New Tasks,"-both exceedingly fields of the Methodist Church. As valuable books in the depart- most of the non-Christian world ment of industrial progress as passes under review this volume related to miSSIOns. We call makes one see, rather than imagine, attention to N oss and his collab- the needs and golden opportunities orators' "Tohoku, the Scotland of of the mission world. The book Japan," because it gives the best is part and parcel of the most recondensed account of a mission's markable system of publicity and environment, missionary conditions promotion that any Board has proand Christian activities and accom- duced in any land. For this reason plishment, without losing itself in this volume is useful almost solely dry details annalistically stated. It for the denomination issuing it. would be hard to surpass that section dealing with missionary opera- A volume between missionary tions (chs. V-VII) in any missionary biography and promotion is Mr. volume on the Empire except Dr. Broomhall's "Heirs Together of the Cary's "History of Christianity in Grace of Life." The author's father and mother were in a minor way Japan." Despite the smallness of to the China Inland Mission, whose the Board of Foreign Missions of home secretary the 'father was for the Reformed Church in the United States, it has some rare mission- many years, what General and Mrs. aries, and their best work is found William Booth were to the in the northern part of Japan's Salvation Army. As the sismain island. Since 1885 this par- ,t.er of Hudson Taylor, the ticular Mission has done great Mission's founder, Mrs. Broomthings, especially in the direction of hall, was an untiring hostess to evangelization and education. It is missionaries and candidates, a zealextremely gratifying to find such ous reformer, and a power of the clarity, human interest, denomina- same spiritual and dynamic sort as tional charity and cooperation, her brother. Her husband was a modernity of method and adaptation prodigious letter writer and left his to the moods and needs of a mark on humble Christians and sensitive, rapidly developing people members of Parliament alike. so winsomely set forth in a book Incidentally the book is a revelintended for young people's study ation of what a Christian famclasses. One wishes Dr. Noss ily should and may be. The could undertake a similar text- author's modesty causes him to omit one of the great contributions book for all Japan. of his parents to missions-the Great skill and effectiveness fact that most of their six daughters characterize "The Christian Crusade and four sons have been devoted for World Democracy," a text-book directly or indirectly to China's uplift and redemption, the biogprepared by the Senior Secretary rapher himself being a power in the of the Methodist Board of Foreign editori~l and literary field, after Missions, Dr. Earl Taylor, and Mr. rendering a fruitful service in China. Luccock. Its immediate objective is to awaken and prepare the Sun- Laymen's Council of the New Era Movement The Laymen's Council completes the organization of the New Era Movement. In addition to the Council the representation consists of committees from General Assembly Executive Commission Ten Boards and Agencies Women's Boards Church-at-Large The executive officers of the movement include the Moderator and Stated Clerk of General Assembly. The executive committee includes the executive officers and representatives of component organizations.

THE LAYMEN'S COUNCIL CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING REPRESENTATIVE PRESBYTERIANS Henry P. Crowell, Chairman, Chicago. William' Livingston, Detroit, Micb. Hon. ThomasR. Marshall, Washington, D. C. Henry Leland, Detroit, Micb.

Gov. Charles S. Whitman, Albany, N. Y. Emory W. Clark, Detroit, Micb. Gov. James P. Goodrich, Indianapolis, Ind. Fraocis S. Phraner, Summit, N. J. John T. Manson, New Haven, Conn. Cyrus H. McCormick, Chicago. Alexander R. Nicol, New York City. J. B. Forgan, Chicago. Edwin M. Bulkley, New York City. John V. Farwell, Chicago. Arthur Curtiss James, New York City. James H. Post, New York City. Frank J. Loesch, Chicago. Robert J obnston, St. Lows, Mo. James N. Jarvie, New York City. James B. Welch, Kansas City, Mo. Alba B. Johnson, Philadelphia. John Wanamaker, Philadelphia. Nelson H. Loomis, Omaha, Neb. Charles L. Huston, Coatesville, Pa. D. D. Dayton, Minneapolis, Minn. Robert Garrett, Baltimore, Md. John Porter, Spokane, Wash.

A. H. Whitford, Buffalo, N; Y. William M. Ladd, Portland, Ore. W. A. Rogers, Buffalo, N. Y. Robert Dollar, San Rafael, Cal.

D. S. Alexander, Buffalo, N. Y. A. H. Johnson, San Francisco, Cal. William A. Harbison, Pittsburgh. John Willis Baer, Pasadena, Cal, Wilson A. Shaw, Pittsburgh. D. B. Gamble, Pasadena, Cal.

James G. McNary, El Paso, Texas. E. R. Brown, Dallas, Texas. Sereno P. Fenn, Cleveland, Ohio. Wilbur P. Manley, Sioux City, Iowa.

The Council, though an advisory body, has already taken a very active part in the operation of the New Era Movement. It held its first meeting at general offices (I 56 Fifth Avenue, New York) November I9, with a representative attendance and perfected certain plans and made other recommendations which vitally affect the stability of the movement.

THE NEW ERA MOVEMENT. of the Presbyterian Church ID the U. S. A•• 156 FIfth Avenue. New York.

:Pie… mention Tlill MlSillONAIIY !UVlllW 01 TBJI WOJU.D in writina' to advertisert Missionary Personals-Missionary Review REV. JAMES L. BARtON, D.D., Secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. will head the Commission to Turkey sent by the Armenian and Syrian Relief Committee. This is in no sense a political mission but is a practical demonstration of America's interest in Turkey and the races that make up that nation. Other members of the party include DR. W. W. PEET, treasurer of the American Board at Constantinople; PROF. EDWARD C. Moo~ of Harvard University and P~s.

J. H. T. MAIN of Grinnell College, Iowa. They expect to sail early in January.

MR. WII,I.IAM M. DANNER, American Secretary of the Mission to Lepers, is one of a committee of five appointed to select a suitable location for a national leprosarium to be established in the United States. The money is already assured by the American Government.

REV. CHARI,ES L. GOODEr.I., D.D., well known as a successful evangelistic pastor of the Methodist Church, has been elected Executive Secretary of the Commission on Evangelism of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America.

DR. W. E. MACKI,IN, who has served the Christian Missionary Society in Central China for thirty-three years, is in America for his furlough year.

Mll J. ERNEST McAFEE, formerly Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, has begun his new work as_ Corresponding Secretary of the American Miissionary Association, succeeding Dr. H. Paul Douglass in this office.

BISHOP A. P. CAMPHOR, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, recently arrived in America after a two-months' journey from his home in Monrovia, Liberia. He came by way of France, and while there preached to the colored labor battalions at the front.

DR. JOSEPH L. -JOHNSON has been appointed by President Wilson as Minister from the United States to the Republic of Liberia. Dr. Johnson is a graduate of Howard University and has been a successful physician in Columbus, Ohio.

DR. HOWARD A. BRIDGMAN, Editor-in-Chief of The Congregationalist and Advance, has recently returned from his visit to Fnance. He speaks in the highest praise of the various welfare organizations at work there.

MISS Y. NANDAMA, a recent Christian Indian graduate of the Woman's Medical College of Ludhiana, North India, is now an assistant in the Woman's Hospital at NelJore.

REv. G. M. BRINK, D. D., of the Baptidt Home Mission Society, has accepted the position of General Secretary ot the Baptist Publication Society.

COWNEr. GUNPEI YAMAMURO, the well-known Japanese Salvationist, has been appointed a member of a cabinet committee in Tokyo to advise the Government in matters relating to prevention of poverty, protection of children and kindred problems. Of the eighteen members of the committee Colonel Yamamuro is the only representative of a religious organization.

MR. W. J. 'EI.I.IOTt, a banker of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, has been elected Treasurer of the Methodist Episcopal Board of Home Missions and Church Extension.

DR. FRANK L. NEIlI,D, the former principal of Bareilly Theological Seminary, India, died on October 26 at Hartford, Conn.

DR. JAMES M. TAYI,OR, of the Methodist Episcopal Board of Foreign Missions, has returned hom a visit to the mission fields of the Far East.

DR. EDGAR P. HII.I., Professor of Homiletics and Applied Christianity in McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, has accepted the secretaryship of the new ~~ Ed~ation Board of the Presbyterian Church.

MRS. SAIto, wife of the Secretary of the Tokyo Y. M.C. A., has learned both English and Japanese Bmille (for the blind). She is now teaching the system to prospectiv.e teachers and is also promoting a Japanese National Library for the Blind.

MR. 'UEYAMA, a converted Buddhist priest, is devoting his time to the teaching of more than a thousand students at the Osaka Y. M. C. A.

-MRS. C. V. A. VAN DYeR, the oldest missionary of the Presbyterian Board in point of service, died in Beirut, Syria, on August 18, at the age of 92 years. She was appointed a missionary in 1840 with her husband, who was famous as a translator of the Bible into Arabic.

REV. LYNDON S. CRAWFORD died recently at his home in Trebizond, Turkey, where he had been a missionary of' the American Board for more than thirty-five years.

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SOME OF THE :GOOD THINGS IN THE JANUARY NUMBER THE NEW OUTLOOK FOR THE NEW yEAR ……………. Prof. D. B. Macdonald, D. D MOHAMMED WITHOUT CAMOUFLAGE. , ……………. Canon W. H. T. Gairdner, M. A SHEIKH MAKHAIL MANSUR-AN APOSTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rev. J. G. Hunt, D. D SAINT WORSHIP IN TURKEY ………………………… Rev. George E. White, D. D THE ORIGIN OF THE MOROS . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . ' . . . . . . Judge Lobingier REAPING THE HARVEST TODAy ……………………………. Rev. W. T. Anderson THE WANING OF THE CRESENT …………………………… Rev. Charles T. Riggs PRESENT CONDITIONS OF ISLAM IN CHINA …… , ……………… Mrs. A. H. Mateer Published by THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING Co.

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Please mention TH-J: MISSIIOONNAARRYY REEVvUn:;Ww OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers Important Items of news from the present number of the IU:VIJlW, suitable for use on Church Calendars and in Missionary Meetings The great closed land of Tibet is now open to missionaries of Christ. Three reasons for this change are the weakening of Chinese influence in Tibet; the "Younghusband Expedition" and the visits of Tibetans to foreign countries. Instead of open opposition to missionary work there are now assurances of hearty welcome and even of assistance. (See page 18) '" '" '" The war in many vital ways will aid the cause of missions in India. The five million or more Indians serving in various capacities in connection with the British campaigns will return home with a new world vision of social and religious reforms, and with a determination to put them into effect. (See page 21) '" '" '" The Zornitza, oldest Bulgarian newspaper extant, has been an important factor in promoting the Protestant movement in Bulgaria. While treating all subjects from an evangelical staudpoint, 'it has not been sectarian and has avoided attacks on 'the Orthodox (Greek) Church. Thus a great deal of genuinely Christian leaven wt>~ked its way into Bulgarian Society. Copies sent to villages wtle read aloud at cafes, then were passed from hand to hand until each copy reached many people. (See page 25) '" '" '" The temperance cause has made great progress in Bulgaria. Many temperance so- .

cieties have been organized and an extensive literature has been created and sent to every school in Bulgaria and Macedonia. Bulgaria will probably be the first Balkan State to adopt temperance legislation. (Ses: page 25) * * * In Sonth Africa, neither industrial training nor social service can better the con- dition of the natives until the problem is settled of the native's relation to the land. The government has withdrawn, at least temporarily, its "Native Land Act," a law initiated in the interests of the European. New legislation must now give the natives a fair share of the land, and security of tenure as rapidly as they prove themselves able '" '" '" to make effective use of such land. (See page 32) Aristocratic K. uweit, on the Persian Gulf, where live the bluest of the blue-blooded Arabs, is wide open to the Gospel. On Sunday mornings, the Christian church is so packed with Arab men and women that some must stand on boxes at the windows. Recently a young descendent of Mohammed confessed Christ and is being educated to preach the Gospel.

'" * '" Industrial corporations, such as the Westinl!house Brothers and the Du Pont Powder Company, have invested millions in Y.M. C. A. buildings, eontribute generol1sly toward annual maintenance and pay several hundred thousands for the support of extension work. Larg-e amounts are g-iven by the employees themselves, thus making the Associations industrial program a mutual welfare enterprise. (See page 40) * * * The Brazilian government has recently sent twenty-seven students to the United States to take courses in ag-ricnltnre, forestry, sanitation and engineering. The missionary forces have impressed Bra7il to such an extent that missionary leaders in this country were requested to advise the students concerning' the institutions they should attend and to help them get the most out of their stay. (See page 36) '" * * Women missionaries in the Te1egu country of India have started a mag'azine for women called the Vivekavafhi. All the contributors are women and the subject matter eincludes news. household economy, notes on the care of chiJldren and nature studies. See page 61) '" '" '" An applicant for church' membershill in the Congo must commit to memory the first twenty-third, thirty-second. thirtv-seventh and fiftv-first Psalms; the entire Sermon on the Mount; the third and fourteenth chapters of .Tohn; the twelfth chapter of Romans and the thirteenth chapter of first Corinthians. After all this has been creditably recited one must show. in a probationary neriod of three months, that he understands how to live a consistent Christian life. (See page 61) '" * '"

The Missionary Review of the World — April 1918

OF THE MASSES OF HINDUS WHO NEED THE

of MUStO.AIIY OC:C"PAT.IIN Z"''OI14 l'ocK6r TESTAMENTS' in Mll.tTAlW CJM"'PS , "RECOLLECTION' o~ … MHHoN"lty To,,!!.

.J(£W$ ITEMS INDIcAT£l> ~y Xv"" G·£R~_ 1RTlCLES INJllcATEO 'BV TITLES.

A MAP OF THE CONTENTS-OUR VIEW OF THE WORLD IN THE APRIL REVIEW Fifteen times the number in this picture- are bei'ng baptized into the Christian Church eve ry month by the Protestant Missionaries

MISSIONARY

EVlEW~ VOL. April, 1918 ~~ NUMBER FOUR XLI.

SIGNS Of TIm TIMES MAKING HISTORY IN INDIA A LTHOUGH there is little mention of present political agitation in India to be found in the English and American papers, it would be a mistake to assume that there is no history in the making in that important British Dependency. The "National" Congress, after a somewhat chequered career of more than a century, has found in these times of war an opportunity for a very effective insistency upon some of its principal demands. "Home Rule".is the cry~ today; but it is not at all easy to formulate any very clear statement as to what the leading agitators desire. A large and influential section of Mohammedans has identified itself with the Congress, but has made it clear that the reform it seeks is one in which provision shall be made for the fullest representation of minorities. It looks to the British Government for protection from the overwhelming Hindu majority. Meanwhile the Secretary of State has given a virtual promise that it shall be the aim of the Government to introduce the privileges of self-rule into the land as speedily as may be compatible with the highest welfare of the people. This assurance has been hailed with great delight by many, and is undoubtedly in entire harmony with the ideal::! and purposes of a large section of the real friends of India amongst the British statesmen. On the other hand, however, striking opposition to the introduction of any considerable degree of Home Rule has shown itself. The non-Brahmans of South India protest that they prefer British to Brahman ascendency. European business men protest against a course which they claim would result in the loss to the country and Britain of all that they have upbuilt with so much labor. They desire to secure the best things for t~e multitude which looks to them and to the existing Government, rather than to the men who lead the modern agitation, for the things that are most worth while. Few believe that the great Hindu and Mohammedan peoples can, with-

out the presence of a strong controlling and guiding power, coalesce into a self-guiding people. Recent serious riots at the Bakr-Id festival, with bloodshed and destruction of property, and which only British authority was able to quell, have lenfmuch color to this claim.

A curious phenomenon connected with the situation is the position of Mrs. Annie Besant in relation to it. A Christian, an atheist, a Malthusian, a Hindu, a theosophist and now in her advanced years, a propagandist of Home Rule for India, she wields an extraordinary influence over millions of people. Her popularity was largely lost through quarrels amongst the members of the Theosophic Society and certain judicial cases in the courts where she and some of her associates were discredited. In the present agitation she has regained, for a time, much of her former influence by her readiness to condemn indiscriminately her own people and to flatter those whom she choses to lead, together with her almost mesmeric charm of personal~ty and sveech.

It must not be forgotten, as we study the movenients of the hour, that the great mass of India's people are very slightly, if at all, touched by them. They are, upon the whole, content and are loyal to the British Raj. They are appalled at the suggestion of the extremist that he and his fellows should supplant the man from the West. It is, there· fore, fair to say that the general currents of the life of the country are as yet but little changed. The field for Christian philanthropy and evangelism was never more open and promising than now. A large increase in tlJe privileges and powers of the administration will be ac- I'orded .to the Indians, and it is only just that this should be so, as soon as suitable men are found. We do not at all believe that this will operate disastrously to Christian missionary effort. It is true that the spirit (If :mtagonie.m to everything Western, which exists in com· panionship with the extreme "Nationalism" of the time, is an element of the situation with which we must reckon, but whatever of change in the laws and in the personnel of the Government may come, we may count with confidence upon religious freedom guaranteed to all. Britain is not contemplating such a thing as the abandonment of her great charge, and India has no desire other than that she should reo main. Having modified, in some particulars, her method of administration, the great masses of Indian people wish her to continue to guide, defend and lead them to a point, where, in the somewhat distant future, her task shall have been completed.

PHILOSOPHY OF INDIAN MASS MOVEMENTS.

A MERICAN Christians have not yet awakened to the significance and possibilities of the Christward mass movements in India. The stirring paper by the Rev. Brenton Badley in this number of the REVIEW should open the eyes and hearts of Christians at home. It is a remarkably clear and impressive presentation of the subject. Now

SIGNS OF THE TIMES

is the harvest time in India. Neglected, these harvests will be ungarnered, and will become refuse. It is a serious situation.

In a recent number of The Oontinent we find the following summary of the meaning of these mass movements: "Missionaries in India are concerned over the astDnishing numerical growth in the native Church, resulting frDm the "mass movement" toward Christianity among outcastes. Undeniably, the prime impulse in the desire of these peop.}e to becDme Christians is their longing to get out from under the load of the Hindu caste system. Their own religion counts them too low down to enjoy anything Df privilege. They and all their descendants are condemned to' endless servitude and degradation; they can never rise to any positiDn of respect; they are irrevocable outcastes. These folk have discovered that if they turn Christians, they will be treated like men and women, and their children will inherit education and opportunity. Is it any wonder that they are possessed with a nearly unanimous determinatiDn to get into the Christian Church as soon as possible?

There is no limit to the rapidity with which these people might be gathered into the Christian communion, if the missionaries choSie to baptize them as fast as they ask to be received. But there is little sign of spiritual conversiDn to Christian faith. In their dense ignorance they cannot know enough about Christianity to' have much intelligent Christian conviction. Prudence naturally suggests that they ShDUld be held off until they are instructed. But there is well grounded fear that if Christianity does not at Dnce shepherd these milliDns, MDhammedanism will make place for them all too gladly.

Under this pressure many mission leaders are cutting down prebaptism instruction to the minimum, accepting converts whose understanding does not reach much beyond the central fact that Jesus Christ offers them forgiveness by virtue of His death for them on the cross. Hundreds of thousands are joining the church yearly on that hasis and in the hope that later they can have "expounded unto them the way of God more accurately." At least, it will be possible to mold their children into an understanding faith, and that will greatly strengthen the Church of India in the next generation. What an enormous increase of Christian school fa:cilities must be provided in that vast land, in order that the millions of children growing up today in th~se outcast homes may be afforded the chance which their unprivileged parents are groping to procure for them.

HOME RULE AGITATION IN INDIA E VER since the Russo-Japanese -War, the Asiatic peoples have seen a vision of national progress of independence of European tutelage. A desire for liberty has been in the air and has manifested itself in China, in Persia, in India and elsewhere. In some cases

this ambition has had in view merely freedom from restraint; in others it has meant liberty for national development.

India has been profoundly moved by the European War and the Indian press is saying that certain changes must surely take place in the future, which will affect the nation socially, politically and economically. There is much talk of home rule for India when the war is over-with representation in the British Parliament, or a colonial government like that of Canada and Australia. The fact that Indian troops are in the trenches at the front, and are giving their lives along with the English and French troops, has stirred the national consciousness. This growing independence of thought along political lines is also lessening the bonds of social and religious customs. The impulse for home rule is revolutionizing the attitude of the Hindus, :Mussulmans and other Indians toward Christians. N ow that the Indian Christians, both of old standing and new converts, are showing that their "future is bound up with the people of their own blood," they are welcomed as patriots. The following statement by so distinguished an Indian Christian as Sir Harnam Singh is illustrative of this tendency: "It has been said that India can not be looked upon as a nation because of her yaried religions and tongues, but the spirit of nationality has been awakened in us, and true love of country knows no barriers of caste or creed or language."

This is an important movement, as those who have left the Indian religions for the Christian Church have hitherto been looked upon not only as disloyal to their ancestral faith, but as unpatriotic.

It is unfortunate that the agitation has come now. We hope that the time will come-after the war-when the desire for home rule for India will be realized; but there is need first for education of the masses, for the development of wise leadership and for the adoption of Christian standards. Home rule can not be successful where caste prevails, where chlld marriage is practiced, where temple prostitution is permitted, and where the temper of the religious leaders prevents true religious liberty-without boycott and without persecution.

Already the loyalty of India to Great Britain has a promise of reward in the announcement by the Secretary for India in the House of Commons that native officials are to be introduced into every branch of the administration, that self-governing institutions are to be developed as rapidly as possible and that the purpose is to make the Indian government fully responsible to the Indian people. In view of the prospect of a larger introduction of the men of the country into civil and military office in India we must recognize more than ever the importance of Indian education and training in accord with Christian ideals. Missionaries have been working to develop men capable of worthy leadership and prepared to sustain and to safeguard the new India that is coming to ner place of influence in this modern world of nations. The value of this missionary training will now be seen more clearly in the political as well as in the religious life of India.

POST OFFICE EYANGELISU IN CHINA M ISSIONARIES are endeavoring to keep pace with the modern improvements in China and to make use of every new facility to spread the Gospel. In the last twenty-five years there have been introduced railways, police, postal and telegraph service, modern newspa.pers and telephones. Ten years ago. there were only about a thousand post offices in all China; now there are ten thousand or more, besides 656 telegraph offices under separate management. In order to reach a special class by evangelistic effort conducted by those who work entirely among those classes, with methods adapted to then particular needs, the International Postal Telegraph Christian Asso· ciation has taken up work for the great army of men engaged in these two departments of service. As a channel through which to reach them this association uses the post office itself. As soon as a new office has been established the association sends a copy of the New Testament, with a letter, to each of the employees, asking them to study it care· fully and offering to explain anything not understood. For the past . nine years an eight-page evangelist magazine, called The Gospel Mail) has been sent each quarter to every post office on the official list. In response the association receives many letters, all of which are prayer· fully and carefully answered.

In many of the cities and towns where post offices have been opened there are as yet no Christian missions; and missionaries who are out on itineraries are urged to make a point of calling at postal and telegraph offices to ha.ve friendly talks with the men. This work is largely seed-sowing, like all other evangelistic work, but it brings a harvest.

THE JAPANESE CHRISTIAN CHURCH T HE Rev. T. Makino, secretary of the National Body of Japanese Churches, reports a great improvement in the relations between Japanese Christians and foreign workers.

"For years," he says, "we raised our voices for the independence of our churches with the slogan, 'Japan must be evangelized by the Jap- anese.' We cannot forget that to accomplish this purpose our leaders fought desperately and poured out their souls. Some even became sacri.

fices. Now, fortunately, this independence is complete. Twenty thou- sand members in more than one hundred churches are annually con- tributing 130,000 yen to 140,000 yen for benevolence, while they are supporting their own churches. Now there is need on every hand of ex- panding our evangelistic work. How warmly then, ought we to welcome as friends from afar the missionaries who have left behind their mother country, and coming to the East are consecrating their lives to the spread of the Gospel? The day has passed for us to regard them as strangers. It is now the time for us to work in full fellowship with them in the spiritual warfllr~."

The supreme need of the Japanese Church today is spiritual ·growth, and to this end every effort should be made to develop the prayer-life of the Church. The churches in America may cooperate in this with the workers on the field, and so may have a real part in the campaign in the spirit of the apostle to the Gentiles-"Whereunto I spend wearisome labor, agonizing according to His energy which energizes me with dymanic power." (Col. 1:28, 29.) SOME RESULTS OF PROHIBITION.

PROHIBITION of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors is gaining such ground in America that many look for national prohibition Within another twelve months. ·What has been undertaken as a war measure may prove to be the most wholesome peace measure ever enacted.

What may be the expected result of such prohibition in foreign lands, where the untrained races are still less able to resist the ravages of strong drink than are those of more highly developed nations?

Rum was the curse of the American Indian until its sale to red men was prohibited. The South Sea Islanders have suffered great physical and moral degeneration wherever the drink traffic has been permitted and the shipments of rum to Africa bas been a curse to the Africans and a disgrace to the civilized countries from whence the "fire-water" has come. Strong efforts have been made by liquor dealers and by those who exploit the natives to break down restrictions. We rejoice that the new American law, called forth by wartime prohibition, has put a stop to the shipment of rum from America to Africa. It is reported that no intoxicating drinks have been shipped since last. August, and as one result four of the oldest distilleries located in Boston have gone out of business.

However, a disturbing rumor is abroad to the effect that many brewers and distillers, operating in the United States, are preparing for national prohibition by cultivating the 418 millions of possible drinkers in China. Many of them are said to be making plans to transfer their business to Asia and to debauch the Chinese who have so recently been delivered from the curse of opium. There is hope that the Chinese Government will have sufficient foresight. and firmness to prohibit the establishment of this demoralizing business.

HIGHEST LIFE NOT ACCESSIBLE IN WAR

T HOUSANDS of men and women have come to a higher life in the war. They were living for nothing. Now they have been given a cause. They were valuing ease and indulgence. Now these seem to them unworthy. Hardship and sacrifice were the things they had avoided. Now they seek them. "We do not so much endure them," Donald Hankey said, "we deride them." The call to give up their lives has been answered by hosts of men and many of them have had the experience promised by our Lord. They have found them again, and what they have found was a new life different from the old. Alas, there are many who have not found so much, but there are many who have found it in war who had missed it in peace.· Will they miss it again when pease returns?

"I am asking myself again," says a soldier in one of the most useful books of the war, Lieutenant Dawson, in "Carry On," "if there isn't some new fineness of spirit which will develop from this war and survive it. In London, at a distance from all this tragedy of courage, I felt that I had slipped back to a lower plane; a kind of flabbiness was creeping into my blood-the old selfish fear of life and love of comfort. It's odd that out here, where the fear of death should supplant the fear of life, one somehow rises into a contempt for everything which is not bravest. There's no doubt that the call for sacrifice, and perhaps the supreme sacrifice, can transform men into a nobility of which they themselves are unconscious."

But the war is not indispensable to this transformation of men. God does not offer his best to men only in their effort to wage efficient war. God's will is to call out the noblest in men to use it for the noblest ends, in creative ways for ends that will endure. Before the war he asked men for their self-devotion to the highest. After the war he will ask it. Will men answer him then?

Why will men not sacrifice in love constructively in the work of peace and progTess what they will sacrifice in wrath, destructively, in the work of war? There are answers which are not creditable. War is a temporary thing. It comes with sudden and unenduring excitement. Men will do for an interval what they will not do for a life. War appeals to the whole of the beast-not to the higher will alone that is striving to stifle the brute instincts that cling to it still. War commands the mass. The slacker is ashamed. The great moral works of peace and all the slow forward pressing of the truth have been the minority's concern. Sacrifice which does not involve the sacrifice of popularity is sacrifice made less sacrifice than its evasion. But there are creditable answers, too. War is a crisis; it is a fight for life,

for the nation. It appeals to all that is in us and that can be drawn on for all crises and for an unselfish crisis in which one loses himself in the life of his fellows. I t takes a man for anything and offers him nothing but the glory of giving his property and his life.

But the Kingdom of God has always been makillg this appeal. This was exactly what Jesus said to men when He was here and what He is saying today. There is a battle to be fought for life and for the world and for God. It asks everything of men. There is a joy in it which notJ:ting else can ever give. The missionary appeal is an absolutely unselfish appeal. It offers nothing but the choice to serve and to bring in God's Kingdom. It does not offer even the excitements, the novelties, the intense moments which men get in the war in France. It has its own excitements and intensities, but it wants no one to come for them. It appeals to one motive only, the motive of unselfish willingness to serve men in their deepest needs and for their most enduring good. All that is noble and worthy in the call of war is in the call of missionary service, and it calls with nobler and worthier summons as well. Is it more or less likely on that account to be heard?

PEACE AND THE SWORD E VERY Christian is a pacifist. No Christian is a pacifist. Can these two opposite statements be true? The coming of Christ into the world was heralded with "Peace on earth, good will to men." He is called the "Prince of Peace." And yet He said distinctly to His disciples: "Think not that I am come to send peace on the earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword." Herein is a paradox, but herein we may find the answer to the question that many are asking today. Should ministers of the Gospel urge war? Should missionaries and pastor& leave their preaching to enter the army, or to engage in war promotion work? Should Christians fight and urge others to fight in the present war?

There is no contradiction in the title given to Christ and in His declaration to His disciples. There is no contradiction of Christian pacifism and anti-pacifism. Every true Christian hates war, hates the killing of fellowmen and the waste and passion of warfare. Every Christian loves peace, preaches peace and strives for "peace on earth, good will among men." But no Christian advocates peace at any price, or temporary peace based on cowardice, on the abuse of power or on compromise with evil. There is one thing that a Christian hates worse than fighting, and that is the refusal to contend against evil. To be consistent, he must both desire peace and must wage war against that which makes peace impossible.

The missionary or the minister of Christ has as his main business helping men to make peace with God and to establish peace between man and man. But because of this it is also his business to help put

EDITORIAL COMMENT

down evil in every form and wherever found. The only peace worth having is based on righteousness.

Every true Ohristian believes that honor is better than life, that mercy is better than conquest, that no compact with evil is justifiable, that Ohrist's principles must win. They therefore stand firmly against cruelty, broken troth and the use of force for selfish interests. This does not mean that those who denounce these evils are perfect, or that they should close their eyes to their own faults. On the contrary, the hideousness of evil in another may open our eyes to similar faults or tendencies in ourselves. The sins of Germany are just as hateful in any other nation. As Dr. Gulick points out in his article in this number, America has sins to account for in her dealings with Asiatics and with the Indians; Great Britain is also guilty of having disregarded the rights of others in Ohina and South Africa; France, Italy and Belgium have done unjustifiable things in Africa and Russia has sinned against the Jews; but this is no reason for America's failure to use every dollar, every man and every legitimate means at her disposal to put an end to oppression, to establish peace based on righteousness, and to give all men, women and children an opportunity to live, work and worship without fear of oppression. No price is too great to pay for this privilege. The only peace worth having is that based on the teaching of Jesus Ohrist and made possible by His life and death. Those who are devoting all they are and have to the carrying out of His program and doing most to establish this abiding peace.

THE WAR AND MISSIONARY GIVING I N connection with the present financial strain and the appeals for money to continue home and foreign missions without retrench~ ment, it is interesting to study the effect of the Oivil War on the giving of American churches. The Presbyterian Ohurch North reported in the five years before the Civil War (1856-1860) 401,000 members, including Old School and New School churches. Their gifts for home missions during that time averaged $1.10 per member and for foreign missions .94 per member; the total average gift per year for home missions was $24,900 and for foreign missions $188,000.

Now notice: during the war years (1861-1865) the membership in these same churches slightly decreased, being 396,800, but at the same time the average gifts per member increased to $1.20 for home missions and $1.18 for foreign missions. The average total gifts were per year $209,000 for home missions and $219,000 for foreign missions.

In the five years following the war (1866-1870) the membership again increased to 420,000, and the average gifts per member also took a decided jump. For home missions they were $1.41 and for foreign missions $1.39 per member. The total gifts averaged $292,600 for home missions and $295,000 for foreign missions.

How is it today, after nearly fifty years of peace? Last year the membership of these Presbyterian churches was 1,604,045, but the average gift per member for home missions had decreased to $1.37 and for fOleign missions $1.25 per member. The total gifts last year for home missions were $2,194,000 and for foreign missions $2,055,313. Evidently the members of the Presbyterian churches are not yet giving up to the limit of even their Oivil-War ability. Their average incomes have greatly increased in the last fifty years and the call from the mission fields is also louder.

In Oanada th(' churches are showing t.heir consecration and are seeking to entrench and advance rather than to retrench in the missionary campaign. The Missionary Societies reported that in spite of the many calls for contributions to Red Oross, Y. M. O. A., and various relief movements, heavy taxes and the departure of over 400,000 wageearners to the battle front the receipts have been very encouraging.

The Presbyterian dhurch in Oanada reports : "We closed our last year (1916-17) with a better showing than in any previous year. Our receipts, up to the present, are as good as last year."

The Ohurch of England in Oanada reports: "The claims of the' war, far from causing people to neglect their church responsibilities, have had a reverse result. While enthusiastically and self-sacrificingly supporting worthy special objects in connection with the war, they have maintained their spirit of devotion, service and generosity to all worthy objects connected with the churches,"

The receipts for Canadian Methodist missions showed last year an encouraging increase of $32,000 from purely voluntary sources. Take one city as a sample of the spirit of giving. Toronto, a city of 500,000 people, raised over $900,000 in a four days' campaign for the British Red Cross. During the same week the :Methodist Union launched its annual campaign for nearly $50,000 for city mission work and church extension. While money may have been diverted from missions to other philanthropic movements the Methodist churches of Toronto have contributed more to missionary work than last year. The direct gifts from Methodist churches in Canada for 1916-17 were over $35,000 more than for 1913-14. In the present war the Oanadian Methodist Board has adopted the slogan "$1,000,000 for Missions." Last year the sum contributed was $690,514. This is an example for other Ohristians to follow.

~IASS MO'E~1ENT IN I 'DIA

~ haded areas show the chief districts af· fected by the ma~s movements toward Chri~tianity.

Over 50,000.000 are involved in these mass movements.

The rate of baptism in all Prote<;.tant lIi!'sions has been 10,000 a month. ,ith sufficient workers it might have been 50,000 a month.

Drawn for the Missionary Review of the W orld.

Touching the "Untouchables" In India The Indian Churc-h and the Evangelization of the Masses BY THE REV, BRENTON THOBURN BADLEY, LUCKNOW, INDIA Missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church I NDIA has high caste people, low caste people and outcnate people. Fifty to sixty millions of outcastes have for centuries been re- garded as "untouchables," whose touch is accounted by Hindus to pollute. In earlier days these people were required in some parts of the country to wear vessels tied around their necks when they walked the streets, lest their spittle should defile the roads! They llad to .stoop as they passed a well, so that their shadow might not render

the water impure! They were compelled tOo drag branches of trees after them, lest their fQotprints mar the very dust! It is among these masses that the greatest mQvement in the history Df missions is taking place, a movement that has attracted to India the thQught of the Christian world.

In India the phrase "evangelization of the masses" has taken on new meaning. We not only have the masses, and the prQblems con~ nected with their evangelization, but we are baptizing them by the hundreds of thousands. The "Mass MQvement" has brQught, on the average, ten thousand people into the Protestant Ohurch every month during the past five years. During this periQd the movement has doubled in vQlume. In a single quadrennium five PrQtestant missionary societies have baptized 315,000 people Qf the classes among whom the Mass Movement has developed. In reading Qf Pentecost, missionaries in India no lQnger put any emphasis on the 3,000 who were gathered into the Church that day. In this respect, the "greater wQrks" of which Christ spoke have already been seen among. us.

No Qne can fQrecast the developments of this Mass Movement. At present it is confined, generally speaking, to the Punjab, the northern part of the United Provinces, a part of Bihar and Chota Nagpur, the Telugu land and the region of Travancore in the extreme SQuth. The Kanarese country around Belgaum has alsQ had a marked mQvement in recent years, and SQme pOortions of the Marathi area are showing signs of it.

No man can tell where new movements may next appear. As they ofare within caste lines, it is pDssible fQr them tOo break out in any part India where people of those castes are found in large communities. The Ballia field, in the Benares Division of the United PrQvinces, a region barren to the evangelistic wDrker fDr more than half a century, has suddenly produced Dne Df the mDst remarkable harvests.

No one can foretell what castes Dr communities may next be affected. Up to the present the movement has been cDnfined largely to the Bhangis (sweepers), the Chamars (tanners and shDemakers) and certain servile agricultural classes like the Madigas and Malas Df the Telugu country. All these are reckoned among the Pariahs or outcastes, but why should not the movement reach upwards among the caste people. Evidences are multiplying that the influence of this movement will soon become apparent among the upper castes. The National MissiDnarv Council of India has put itself on record as of opinion that the high castes are most accessible in places where the movement amDng the low castes has been most successful. The outward reach of the movement can no more be doubted than its upward reach. Indeed. there are pOrtions Df IndiR-particularly parts of Rpngal-where there are evidences of a mass movement among the MDhammedans! Who can prophesv what these stirring-s foretell?

Tn reviewing the situation resu1tin~ from the 1fflsfI Movement,

TOUCHING THE "UNTOUCHABLES" IN INDIA -253

one is constrained to say that in our overwhelming success we have arrived in the Church not at a consummation, but at a problem. The Mass Movement is discovered to be not an end to be achieved, but a mere beginning. Missionary pioneers, with their much sowing and little reaping, looked with earnest faith for the great ingatherings that they hoped would be made by their successors, and took it for granted that the missionary enterprise would be nearing completion when the heathen should turn from their idols and a nation be born in a day. How could they have foreseen that when prophecies began to be fulfilled and prayers to be answered, the lot of the missionary would be perplexity, distress, appeals, agony and strong crying!

THE EMBARRASSMENT OF SUCCESS-WAITING THOUSANDS In a consideration of the problems involved in this great move· ment, we must limit our view in this paper to the indigenous Church.

We have to think, first, of the waiting thousands who wait in vain. The significance of this will instantly appear when it is stated that the missionaries of a single American Mission Board have had duying the past year to refuse baptism to 160,000 people. This does not refer to the number that are "available" and who can be readily evangelized, but only to those who are pleading for teaching and baptism. Other boards, in varying degrees, face the same problem. In the aggregate hundreds of thousands are concerned in this great inability of the Ohurch, and ultimately it reaches beyond these to the :fifty or sixty millions included in the depressed classes of the land.

Nothing is better established from the experience of the past than the fact that these movements in India are cumulative in force only up to a certain point, after which they invariably and rapidly recede. The decline is a concomitant of our inability to handle the movement. This has happened repeatedly with the communities who have moved in the past. Many a field in India may be characterized today as being "quiescent" where twenty or thirty years ago a mighty movement towards the Kingdom was in progress. An appalling indifference, even apathy, may succeed such a movement. "There is a tide in the affairs of men," sang the greatest of all our poets, but there is also a tide in the affairs of God with men! That tide is "at the flood" in India today, and the Ohurch is not in a position to "take" it! If under these conditions our pulse can ke~p its normal beat, if facing such an unmeasured opportunity with the possibility of being unprepared, unable to seize it, the Ohurch can look on with undisturbed calmness and with a self·satisfied complacency, then is our cause indeed "bound in shal~ lows."

Under these circumstances it was but to be expected that from India in these great years there would com~, with renewed importunity, the Macedonian call. That call has come to the ears of the Church

with compelling insistency, but it is a question whether even yet the Church at .home has grasped the magnItude or significance of the thing that must now be done in India. The question keeps recurring in India whether we have done our full duty by the Church in acquainting her with the dimensions of this enterprise, or its real bearing upon the future of the Kingdom of God in the Orient.

No one who understands America or knows the spirit of her people can doubt that this land will make the utmost response when the facts are fully understood. We have faith in America, but only in an informed America, seeing clearly, understanding fully, acting intelligently.

Money cannot inaugurate a mass movement, but such a movement requires money. Particularly is this true of the great follow-up work that must result from any mass movement. It is a question as to which is the greater evil-to refuse to baptize or faj! to shepherd adequately those who have been admitted to the Church. To baptize or not to baptize-that is the question in India today. The meeting of our responsibility in this matter involves very large things: (1) Maintaining a sufficiently large force of missionaries to insure adequate supervision of the new communities brought into the Church.

(2) Training and sending out the requisite number of In- dian evangelists and pastors to do the intimately per- sonal work involved in tens of thousands of villages_ (3) Organizing and starting the necessary number of new schools to provide seculaJr education for the boys and girls of the new communities.

How grave a problem this aspect of the question presents may be seen from even the one statement that there are today, within the ranks of a single Mission in India, 60,000 boys and girls in the villages for whose schooling there is no provision. The same Mission is adding more than 100,000 totally illiterate people to her Christian community every quadrennium.

Each one of these three things involves large amounts of money. Hundreds of missionaries not only have to be sent out, with transit and salaries provided, but houses for many of them must be built on the field. The one item of salary alone would, for 600 missionaries, amount to about $700,000 a year. This is a low estimate, in view of the fact that a single board is planning to send out one hundred men for its mass movement work.

The training of Indian evangelists and pastors calls for many new training schools where these do not exist, and added scholarships for the support of students where existing schools are able to handle the larger number of students.

The building of thousands of little village school-houses, and the training of thousands of teachers for these primary schools. But in

TOUCHING THE "UNTOUCHABLES" IN INDIA

many cases, before these teachers can be trained, we must build, equip and set in operation scores of normal schools for the training of the teachers.

Here, then, are three aspects of the work, among others, that entail heavy expenses. Now, in view of the wllOle situation in the United States today, and considering the prevailing tendencies in the Ohurch, it is not too much to expect that the Mission Boards having mass movement work in India will do all that the financial situation demands.

THE EFFECT OF THE MOVEMENT A very large, and most interesting, question is as to the effect of the mass movement on the missionary situation in India. Let us take this up from two points of view: A GLIMPSE OF THE MASS MOVEMENT. Photo I>v Mr. Ward People awaiting Baptism in South Indi~.

(1) The influence of the Mass Movement on the non·Ohristian community still unreached by it. This community may be referred to under three heads: ('a) Those who are openly hostile to the movements and are adopting various measures to check it; (b) those who are indifferent, and (c) those who have adopted the policy of "watchful waiting" and feel concerned in it.

(a) Strangely enough, those who oppose us have themselves never been friendly to the depressed classes. Their opposition now is due, not to lack of admiration-even approval-of what Christianity is doing for these outcastes, but to a fear of the advantage that this success is bringing to the 9hristian enterprise. 'l'hey are now fighting us .

dix'ectly by organizing counter movements and persecuting converts to Christianity from among these classes, and indirectly by offering all sorts of new concessions and mducements to the still despised outcastes in an eifOlt to hold them back from accepting Christianity. Meanwhile, Islam, seeing a new opportunity is also astir to capture these people for tile Crescent.

(b) The great bulk of Hindus are still indifferent to what is going on. They cannot see deeply enough to understand the ultimate reach of the movement, and hence their continued complacency.

(c) There are some of the Hindu castes, very respectable and wellto-do people, though not of the highest standing, who have watched the movement closely, seen its bearing on their own future, and are waiting for just that time or circumstance that may lead them to swing into the movement and throw in their destinies with the Christian Church. It is of the utmost importance for us to realize that these people are, above all, watching the classes that have already joined .in the movement. Will the Chamars and Sweepers, the Malas and Madigas, and all the other depressed classes concerned, become and secure what is really worth while? This is the great question with the watching ones, and if the classes now being brought into the Church and wrought upon by us fail to register the progress, social, religious and material that it is reasonable to expect, the new movements will not take place-the watching ones will cease to look our way. In view of this, the Church may well tremble at times in looking upon the work that has thus far been wrought upon some of the material for which we have assumed responsibility! If God work not with us in this movement in the fullness of His power, there is no hope ahead! It is a time for prayer-let us pray!

(2) The influence Of the Mass Movement on the Ohurch in India. This is a matter of many-sided interest. There is space only to tabulate some of the influences at work.

(a) There is, first, the effect of the wonderful encouragement that so successful a movement brings with it. When thousands are thus turning from their idols, breaking down their heathen shrines, tearing pagan amulets and charms for themselves, their wives and children, and forsaking the superstitious practices and customs of heathenism, the Indian pastors and evangelists who see so signal a work of God's grace take fresh courage as each victory assures them of still greater triumphs.

(b) With entire communities coming into the Church, instead of individuals or families, as used to be the case, certain economic problems do not arise at all. The tanners and shoemakers continue at their trade. Boycotts are out of the question when there are no others in the whole region who can dress leather 01' make shoes. The individual or the family forsaking the ancient faith would starve, save for financial help extended by the Church. The community can change its

"AN INDIAN CHRISTIAN GIVING HIS EXPERIENCE TO LAY LEADERS al.legiance in religious things and continue to make a livelihood in the fields of past endeavor.

(c) The enterprise of self·support is materially advanced. However poor a community may be, in a country like India it always has a margin for religious giving. This margin is narrow, but it affords an immediate beginning in the matter of working out the practical problem of self-support. Systematic giving is inculcated from the inception of the new life on which the community enters at baptism. India needs only time in order to work out its salvation in the matter of selfsupport. "

(d) As to culture, education and general intelligence, the incorporating each month of ten thousand almost wholly illiterate people with the existing body of Christians, a community already low in the scale of things intellectual, brings with it its own menace. At this point the Church in India faces one of the most serious problems raised by the mass movement. Where existing facilities for education were already inadequate to provide for a small community, the influx of hundreds of thousands of people habituated to total illiteracy, bringing with them no ideas or institutions bearing on mental culture, bids fair to perpetuate an ignorant Christian Church. It is out of the question to think of educating these masses. Indeed, the adult community is beyond the power of assimilating even the rudiments of education. Our only hope is that we may be able to save the situation

ultimately by setting about at once to teach the boys and girls to read and write. Even this is an undertaking so vast as to leave us little hope that we can succeed in it during the present generation.

(e) No summary of the effect of the mass movement on the indigenous Church should omit mention of its influence on the body of Christian laymen. It was to be expected that in the emergency precipitated by the movement, added reliance would be placed on the laymen. This step was the more readily taken -because the caste system among the people affected furnishes a type of village and community leaders through whom the situation could be largely controlled. These men are the acknowledged social and religious heads of their own caste fellows within a given territory, whether that be just one village or thirty. Their office is hereditary, and when they and their people become Christian, it is the natural thing to continue them in their positions and make them a regular part of the ecclesiastical machinery. Their influence extends over the same area as before, but is exercised now in relation to the interests of the Church. The next step was to arrange for gatherings of these rural leaders in order to relate them more specifically to their new duties, .and a further development was to give them special training for the work that was now expected of them. This is the stage at which we have .now arrived, and it is leading to results greater and better than had been anticipated. Regular Summer Schools for the instruction of these village headmen have been instituted in many districts, and the outlook is for a wider adoption of this plan and more thorough instruction for those in attendance.

These lay leaders go back to their villages with a real sense of personal responsibility, which, with their standing and influence among their own people, results very generally in their becoming a most valuable addition to the forces that are at work both in building up the new Christian communities and in carrying the evangel still further afield.

THE QUESTION OF LEADERSHIP One of the most vital aspects of this whole niass movement work is the raising up of an adequate indigenous leadership.

Three classes of leaders are needed-in addition to the village headmen, to whom reference has been made. .

(1) There must be trained a large force of simple village cate- chists, pastors, pastor-teachers, or whatever they may be called. These men are needed by the thousand, to help care for the new rural congre- gations that have been gathered together. They cannot be the product of our theological seminaries, where a comparatively small number of men are now studying,and graduation from which requires a mental furnishing that our raw village candidate does not possess. Moreover, the course is one that requires three or four years to complete, and the need that we face must be met now, a large part of it even in 1918.

TYPE OF LEADERS SHALL THE PEOPLE OF INDIA FOLLOW?

Typical Hindu priest~ld and young-leadi'ng the people of Three Indian Christian preachers wh.o together have ~iven 150 years India astray of service in the Christian ministry

To this end there are many districts where Emergency Training ~chools have been establislJed with a view to giving a short course of instruction to prepare for purely village work. The practice of some is to teach for three months, then send the candidates back to the village for several months of practical work. Those who prove successful are brought back for another three, or, pOl:lsibly six months, and then again returned to the work. '['hese men are sent back to their people before education or absence or continued touch with the outer world has put a gulf between them and their own people, thus unfitting them for the simple work that is expected of them.

(2) In addition to these low grade workers we need a considerable body of trained pastors and evangelists such as our Seminaries are now producing. These men cooperate directly with the missionary leaders and must largely supervise the work of the village lay~ men and the rural catechists. They have been. indispensable from the first, and are now needed in much larger numbers. In view of the fact that it takes three or four years to train them, after they have received their primary and secondary school education, it is incumbent on all Missionary Societies to expand greatly their present resources for training their regular theological students.

(3) But the need of indigenous workers is not fully met, even if we have an adequate supply of the two classes of workers thus far mentioned. The situation demands also a high-grade Indian leadership for the new India that is so rapidly coming into existence.

TOUCHING THE "UNTOUCHABLES"

Let us, in conclusion, get some idea of what the Gospel has done for the lowly ones affected by the great mass movement. What. hap· pens when an "untouchable" is touohed? That depends on who does the touching! Hinduism touched them to trample on them. – Islam touched them to offer them the Quran or the Sword. Christ is touching them to transform them. His touch has in it the ancient power to change and uplift-alike in either hemisphere, on either side of the equator! It is resting on India today in a new way.

A few years ago there was in the Punjab a desp€rate character by the name of Gulu. He was a thug) and that means he would stop at nothing, to gain his ends. Gulu was touched by Christ, and 10, a transformation! What do you think Gulu became? Strange things happen in India-Gulu became a mighty man o·f prayer-more, he became one of the great intercessors of Goo. He would spend hours in pleading for the affairs of the Kingdom, until the perspiration ot streamed down his face. He had received a baptism, prwyer. One day Gulu came to the missionary. "Sahib," said he, "teach me some geography." "Why, Gulu, what do you want with geography at your age!" was the exclamation of the missionary. The transformed man replied:

TOUCHING THE 'UNTOUCHABLES" IN INDIA

"Your honor, I wish to study geography that I may learn the names of some more places to pray for."

God is waiting to touch and transform ten thousand Gulus all over India. Will the Church help Him to do it?

A missionary in the Telugu land'is out on an evangelistic tour through the villages. Among his workers is Nursumma, a Bible Reader and evangelist, a woman converted at sixty years of age in the Mass Movement. The missionary has had during the day to refuse three delegations that came pleading for him to go to their villages and teach and baptize them before the plague carried away any more of them. In one case a man fell at his feet and held him round the ankles, in his desperate pleading for a teacher. The missionary cannot sleep that night. He has gone out under the stars to commune with his Father. Nursumma's tent is not far away, and as he passes it, he hears her voice. She is pouring out her soul before God. She, who might put to shame the most zealous missionary evangelist, has on her heart tonight the burden of the souls who cry in the darkness for light and must, day after day, be refused their only opportunity.

"0, Lord Jesus," she wails, "Why did you not call me sooner! Here am I, an old woman, with just a few years of service left, why did you not get me when I was young, that I might have given many years of service to the Kingdom? There is so much to do-there are so few workers-O, why did not the missionaries come sooner!"

And the missionary looked up to the Father above, and in very llnguish of soul, cried out- "0, why did we not!" Shortly before leaving India I stood on one of the great plains of the north country. An Indian preacher, convert from Islam, who had baptized thousands in the great movement among the Chamars and Sweepers, stood beside me. We had been out on tour thllough the villages together, and had at length reached this particular plain of which he had spoken more than once.

((Here it is, Sahib, it was here a few months ago that three thousand Chamar men gathered from the villages around, and for three days gave themselves up to a careful consideration of the great question whether they should, as a community, adopt the Christian faith. Their decision involved about fifteen thousand people, and would have its influence on hundreds of thousands besides. At the end of three days they came to a decision that they would take the step, and then they came to us. They asked our Mission to put teachers in all their villages and, after the necessary instruction, baptize their entire community.

"And, Sahib," he said, as his eyes wandered first over the plain, and then rested on the ground at his feet, "we had to refuse their offer. We did not have the teachers, we did not have the pastors, we did not

have the money. The opportunity was too great for us-it over- whelmed us."

"What did these people say?" I asked. "They were greatly disappointed, they were surprised, they have become hardened towards us. They say, 'You Christians have preached for many years in these regions, Repent and be baptized. Now that we ask for baptism, you refuse it to us!' " "But did you not, did not our missionaries, explain how we hoped to get the needed teachers and preachers and money as soon as possible, and then baptize the people?" "Sahib, we told them everything, but they do not understand it. Ganga Das of the adjoining village speaks, I think, for them all when he says: "We had not expected it-we have been pushed back!" Then the man at my side is forgotten, the plain before me widens until it stretches to the horizon. The far reaches of it are covered by a dense darkness, and out of that darkness I see countless multi- tudes struggling forward out of their blackness O'f night towards the light. They are poor and ragged, they are gaunt and weary, but famine and oppression and the horrO'rs of heathenism are behind them -their faces are towards the light! Then I see a sight that I cannot comprehend. It amazes me, it staggers me, it awes me. Hands-countless hands-reach down from above and begin pushing these people back into the darkness! Some get past the hands; in some places many, in O'thers few. But alas, thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands are pushed back I I look at the hands, they are white hands. I start back-they are like my hands-My Father! they are American hands! Then, again, the empty plain is before-me. I retrace my steps, hut life can never be the same again. How could it be for one who has gazed upon such a scene of the Great Refusal-the Church refusing haptism to thousands who plead! God is testing the Church in India today. For the outcome of that test the men and women in American Churches must bear a large responsibility. The Christian Church faces in the mass movement an emergency beyond human resources to provide for, an enterprise beyona human power to carry throngn. Be it so-it is well! In the hOllr tllnt we fully know this, victory has drawn nigh. The greatness of the tnsk throws us back on God. It is the hour to look to Him. He who inspired the great Record turns its pages for us Himself. He pauses at the great question of our time- {(Who is sufficient for these things?" Then the tinge!' of the Almightv runs down the page, and rests npon the answer that He has framed for 11S Himself-tbe word He WOll1il have us take on onr lins and helieve in our bearts- ((Our sufficiency is o.f God."

MISSIONARY

OCCUPATION OF THE EMPIRE OF INDIA ONEWORKERTO '10000 OR /'f0,f£ ~ :1..0 000 TO '10 OPO 10 000 TO 20000 lUlU I TO 10000 The Mission~ry Occupation of India BY PROF. D. J. FLEMING, PH.D., Formerly a Missionary in India; Professor of Missions, Union Seminary, New York City.

F OR the purposes of this paper the survey of the missionary occupation of India will be taken up from four stand- points.1 ..

I RELATIVE FIELD OCCUPATION From the diagram on the next page it will be seen: 1. That Africa, China and India have about the same absolute number of missionaries. 2. That if we consider the number of missionaries per million, China, India and Japan have about the same number (viz., 18, 17 and 19 per million respectively), while Africa has roughly twice as many (39) per million. An old standard, to which the Church was asked to rise, Was 1 Choice of standpoint was determined in part by the fact that the results of a survey in India, carried on for the past two years by Rev. W. H. Findlay und~r the auspices of the Continuation Committee are expectantly awaited; and by the fact that India's second "Missionary Year Book" is still under preparation, while the tirst year book was published in 1912.

OOMPARATIVE MISSIONARY OCCUPATION.

PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES.

AFRICA CHINA JAPAN INDIA MISSIONARIES PER MILLION OF POPULATION.

AFRICA CHINA INDIA JAPAN the prOVISIOn of one mISSIOnary to twenty-five thousand people; or forty missionaries per million. I t will be seen that Africa practically has this proportion, while China, India and Japan have less than half the ideal. Before drawing any conclusion as to relative need from the8e facts, one would obviously have to take into consideration questions such as distribution of the mission force in each field and the relation of population to area and accessibility. (See page 263.) 3. When the proportion of native workers per million is considered, Africa again leads with almost twice as many (213) per million, as does the next country, India (124). India, on the otller hand, has about twice as many as China (49) and Japan (54).

COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS. COMMUNICANTS PER 1,000,000 OF POPULATION AFRICA CHINA INDIA JAPAN 4. When we look at the reslllts as shown hy commnnicants per million, India by no means leads, but must yield again to Africa, which has more Protestant communicants per million people than have China, India and Japan combined.

II OOCUPATION BY NATIONAL GROUPS CHRISTIAN WORKERS IN INDIA.

Missionari'es. Natives.

NORTH AMERICAN – – BRITISH CONTINENTAL 1. It will be noticed from column one of the accompanying chart that the United States and Canada have sent fewer missionaries to India than have the British societies. The Continent has sent only about one-fourth as many as those sent by the American or British societies.

2. But while America has only nine-tenths as many missionaries in India as have the British, their results as gauged by the number of communicants are over twice as many.

NORTH AMERICAN PROTESTANT COMMUNICANTS. BRrTISH _ CONTINENTAL 3. This ratio is all the more thought-provoking if comparison be made in still another way. The three lines in the accompanying table are obtained on the following plan. The number of years each society has been in existence was multiplied by its average number of missionaries, assuming in the absence of relative data that the growth in the number of missionaries has, on the average, been uniform. We thus obtain a number that is roughly proportionate, not only to the number of missionaries, but to the time during which they have been working. The sums of these products for the 41 American and Canadian Societies, the 37 British Societies and the 12 Continental Societies are proportional respectively to the length of the lines of this chart. In other words, we have here a weighted comparison.

YEARS OF MISSIONARY SERVICE IN INDIA. Age of societies multiplied by number of :Missionaries.

AMERICAN BRITISH CO:-.JTINENTAL Thus, while the present staff of missionaries sent out by America to India is nine-tenths that sent out by the British, the weighted missionary occupation is only six-tenths. In other words, of the total missionary life investment in India, America has made roughly only six-tenths as much as Great Britain. This, however, makes one all the more surprised to note the comparison in results as judged by the number of communicants.

SOME RESUUrS OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS NORTH AMERICAN PUPILS IN MISSION SCHOOLS, BRITISH … CONTINENTAL 4. Bearing in mind the apparently greater results in communicants per missionary, it is interesting to note that the American missionaries have utilized a larger native staff and are educating almost double the number of pupils in their schools. This would seem to indicate that the American Societies, while sending fewer representatives, have sent more money per missionary-a suggestion that it would be interesting to check if the data for the past hundred years were available. It at least indicates that finance as well as personnel might have to be considered in any thorough-going estimate of effective missionary occupation.

Space does not permit the discussion of other factors that must have affected the relative number of converts, such as the fact that American Societies more largely than British have been affected by India's :Mass Movements.

5. 'While, as we have seen, there have been interesting variations in the variolls percentages noted for the American and British Societies, it will be seen that the percentages remain almost constant for the Continental Societies; i. e., they have about one~tenth in each case of the total missionary staff, of the total native staff, of the total number of communicants and of the total weighted occupation.

III OCCUPATION BY S'l'ATIONS If we study a map of India showing each of the eleven hundred and seventy-two stations occupied by the various missions in India, we see that the stations of the Australian Societies are relatively very few, and that the only well defined group is northeast of Calcutta in Assam. The Continental Societies are grouped in three general areas, along the extreme western coast from South Kanara to Malabar; on the east coast from North Arcot to Madura; in Vizagapatam; a small group in the western part of the Central Provinces~ and a rather distinct group about Nagpur. 'Whatever the German missionaries may have done after the war began, from an observation of the location of their mission stations, one would never charge them with placing these stations with a political motive. The American and British Societies are impartially scattered without obvious national grouping.

For a map of this kind to be helpfully suggestive it is necessary that comparison should be made with a map showing relative density of population.1 It will be noticed that the regions where stations are densest coincide roughly with regions of greatest density of population. On a larger scale manifest exceptions to that happy general conclusion would be apparent.

IV OCCUPATION BY CHRISTIAN WORKERS The day has certainly passed when we are justified in making an appeal to the home church by making a comparison between the number of missionaries per million of people on the field and the number of pastors per million people in this country. That antiquated method of comparison leaves wholly out of account the native church.

1 The map used here has been made in black and white for this study from a map in color on page 38 of J. G. Bartholomew's "Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia." c:0Illess than 2 persOns per sq mile C-.J 2 1026 ~ 261064 ~ 64 to 128 ~?Jf.'t:fj 128 to 256 ~ 25610512 mmlID noro than512 "

Drawn for the MISSIONARY REVIEW Qlo" THE WO RLD from Ba rt holomew'~ Atlas MAP OF DENSITY OF POPULATIONS IN INDIA The call for the missionary occupation of India is a function, not only of the ratio of missionaries to people, but of the strength and vitality of the Indian Church. Hence it is interesting to make a survey of India, showing occupation from the standpoint of Christian workers, whether missionary or Indian. This would include all workers, paid or honorary, who devote their whole time to the work. How significant this is may be judged from the fact that of the total number of workers considered, the missionaries form only 11 per cent.

In order that the eye may catch the relative occupation at a glance I have, in the map! on page 263, represented the area of India in t The data for this map was fo r the most part taken from- an elahorate investi'gation made in 1911·12 by tbe Central Court of Arbitration for all India, supplemented by data presented (though never published) to the Continuation Committee Conferences in Asia during 1912-13. The documents are in the Missionary Research Library, New York. The shaded portions of the map include 290,000,000 of India'. 317,000.000 people. Districts for which data was not available were left white. four degrees of shading. The deepest shade stands for one worker for from 1 to 10,000 people, and following the Central Court of Arbitration, we may call this grade "well occupied." Twenty-nine per cent of the total population considered is in this group, with one worker to 3,813 people. Eighty per cent of the 27,983 workers are found in this group.

The next lighter shade stands for one worker for from 10,000 to 20,000 people. Nine per cent of the population considered lie within this group, which may be called "insufficiently occupied." The average is 13,387 people per worker.

The next lighter shade stands for one worker for from 20,000 to 40,000 people, and this grade may be called "poorly occupied." This group includes 21 per cent of the people, and for it there is an average of one worker to 25,290 people.

The lightest (and saddest) shading stands for sections where there is one worker to 40,000 and over. These areas may be called "unoccupied." This group includes 40 per cent of the people, with only one Christian worker to 115,000 people. A challenge comes to the church which is interested in helping to make the world safe for democracy as it looks at these whitened areas and realizes that this is a land which is certainly destined to receive a very much larger share of self-government, if not during the war, at least after it is over.

Madras easily leads the Provinces of India, both in the actual number of Christian workers and in the proportion of workers to population. With its Indian states it has over 50 per cent of all the workers in India. Next to Madras stands the Bombay Presidency, both in number of workers and the proportion to popUlation. Here, as wel] as in Madras, one notices the massing of workers, for three-fourths of them are in one-third of the forty-five districts. We do not mean, however, to suggest that India's need can he met hy a redistribution of missionaries. Two-thirds of Bengal-the province of Carey and Duff, the home of Rabindranath Tagore, the center of a very real literary and artistic renaissance in India-have so few workers that, on the whole, they may he called, "unoccupied." except in spots; yet these i'o10called unoccupied districts contain 78 per cent of Bengal's teeming population.

These ohservations are snggestive only ano need not he carried further in the space at OUT' disposal. They mav. however. serve to indicate the kind ·of results that could he drawn from more detailed study of occupation maps on a largpr scale. Tlle most satisfactory work could he done from maps hased on the taltlk. rather than the larger official district as in the accompanying map. A map showing relative density of population should he availahle for comparison with anv mission survey showing relative density of occupation on HIe part of missionaries, Christian workers or Indian Christians.

Recollections of a Missionary Tour *

BY EUGENE STOCK, D.C.L., LONDON, ENGLAND "Author of "The Hist.ory of the Church Missionary Society."

I N the year 1892-93 I visited Australia, New Zealand, Ceylon, India and Egypt, not primarily to visit Missions, but to stir up the zeal of fellow Christians in the British Colonies in behalf of the great missionary enterprise, and to persuade them to send their own missionaries into the non-Christian world. * * * The Bishop of Sydney wrote to the C. lL S. asking for a deputation to go out and arrange plans for members of the Anglican Church taking their part; and I was sent accordingly, having as my comrade the Rev. R. W. Stewart, an experienced missionary from China.

Our reception at first was not enthusiastic. We were supposed to have come out to collect money to take back to England. One bishop wrote to me requesting that we would not come to his diocese, which, he said, had been a "prey to adventurers from England." Our reply was a simple one-that we had not come out to raise funds, and would refuse to take any money at all; but that we wished our fellow-members of the British Empire to take their own share, as part of the whole Church, in the evangelization of the whole world, and to do so by selecting, training, sending forth and supporting those among themselves who wished to dedicate their lives to the work. The result was the formation of associations which subsequently became combined in one "Church Missionary Society of Australia"; and, in the twenty-five years that have since elapsed, about one hundred missionaries have gone from tIle Anglican Church in those parts alone. Tllat Church, in Australia, through this and other organizations, now raises £30,000 ($150,000) a year for its Foreign Missions.

TWO DAUGHTERS AND THEIR MOTHER At Melbourne, on our first Sunday, Mr. Stewart preached in one of the churches. After the service an elderly lady and her two daughters went into the vestry and said they desired to dedicate themselves to God's work in China, of which great field Stewart had been speaking. Never in my life have I met more delightful young women than the two daughters, "NeIIie" and "Topsy" Saunders. They had been belles of the ball-room, but had heard the call of their Divine Lord and Master to yield themselves wholly to His service. "Is there any harm in dancing?" their old companions in gay society had asked. "Oh, no," they • In our Juno number Dr. Stock gave some personal reminiscences connected with Foreign Missions during more than half a century. from 1848 to 1914. He now gives further recollections of one parUcular period (1892-93L when he visited A ustralia, New 'ZeaJano. Ceylon, India and Egypt.

had replied, "no harm, but we want to give up for Jesus not only harm- ful but harmless things." So Stewart's sermon had fallen upon' prepared hearts. Their plan was for all three to go out together, and at their own charges, but Mrs. Saunders had to stay behind for awhile, in order to dispose of her property; so the two girls, after a little needed training, went on before her, expecting her to f~llow soon.

They went to the Fukien Province in southeastern China, where Stewart himself and his wife were working, and for a year or two they diligently applied themselves to the study of the Chinese language and in other ways to prepare for future usefulness. I received many delightful letters from them, full of youthful enthusiasm and whole-hearted devotion to Christ's service. But in the mysterious providence of God their careers were to be very short. In July, 1895, they and Mr. and Mrs. Stewart, with five children and a nurse, and five other ladies from England, were together at a hill village for a little rest, and they had a series of prayer meetings, with Bible studies on the following subjects: "Always Zealous," "Always Trusting," "Always Christians," "Always Praying," "Always Praising." Early on the morning of August I, before they were up, a band of Chinese brigands suddenly appeared and murdered all the party except one of the English ladies and three of the children, who were wounded but survived. Five years later came the terrible Boxer massacres, when the losses of missionaries were manifold greater, and when also some thousands of Chinese Christians suffered torture and death rather than deny Christ.

Mrs. Saunders, the mother of those two Melbourne girls, on hearing of their death in the cause of Christ and His kingdom, declared that she would now go to China, not to call for vengeance, but to tell the Chinese people of the Saviour whom her murdered daughters had so dearly loved. She did go, two years later, and for eighteen years, worked untiringly among both men and women, Christian and non-Christian; then she too died, without having once returned to Australia. Her aged body was laid to rest near the graves of her daughters; but her spirit and theirs-were they not far more closely reunited in the presence of their Lord?

Let it be added that two of Stewart's sons, who 'at the time of their parents' death were at school in Ireland, afterwards went out as missionaries to China i and that with them went their two sisters who had actually been of the party and had been wounded. Also, that one of these sons, J ames Stewart, vIThile on his furlough in England in 19 15, went to the front in France as a chaplain to the British troops, and, while conducting a funeral service, was killed by a shell, January 2, 19 I 6. Also, that the only survivor of the party of five English ladies, Miss Codrington, went back to her mission, and is there to this day,' still bearing on her very face the marks of the Chinese spears. Is not the whole true story pathetic and inspiring?

RECOLLECTIONS OF A MISSIONARY TOUR

A PRISONlm IN GERMAN EAS'1' AI!'ltICA Among other recruits for the Missions, who were engaged during the visit of Mr. Stewart and myself to Australia was a young man at Sydney named Doulton, a cannexion of the family owning the imposing warehouses of "Doulton ware" that stand so conspicuously on the banks of the Thames in London, very near the ancient and well-known residence of the At:chbishop of 'Canterbury at Lambeth. He had been led to Christ at a Bible-class conducted by a man prominent in official circles in Sydney, an ardent advocate of Missions, Mr. C. R. Walsh, and he was one of the first inquirers to speak to me about missionary service. He eventually joined the C. M. S. Mission in German East Africa, and there he worked zealously, as a layman, for twenty years. At length he was ordained to the ministry of the Church by the late Bishop Peal, whose name afterwards became familiar in connection with the Kikuyu Conference, and he was appointed Secretary of the Mission, as being a recognized and valued leader.

When the war broke out, Mr. Doulton was interned with his wife and several other missionaries by the German authorities, and they remained prisoners two years. Towards the end of that time he was suddenly arrested and, together with a brother missionary, a Canadian, was charged with having taught the African converts to be disloyal to their German rulers. In point of fact, he and his brethren had been on good terms with the authorities, and had cordially entered into their plans for the education of the people. What was the evidence for the new and unexpected charge? There was none. The Germans had sought to induce the converts to bear false witness against the missionaries, and on being refused had beaten them cruelly. At last one man, tortured beyond endurance, gave way, and said it was true that the missionaries had given them the alleged instructions. This gave the authorities what they wanted, and he was produced as a witness against Doulton and his colleague. But when the poor fellow saw them standing before the judge as accused criminals liable to be shot, his conscience smote him. "Did you not tell us so-and-so?" asked the judge. "Yes, I did," was the bold reply, "but it was a lie; they never taught us those things, and now you may kill me if you like." Happily the judge wished to preserve the appearance of justice, and adjourned the trial for further evidence j and before if could be resumed, the British and Belgian forces suddenly appeared and the Germans fled, leaving the captive free. Mr. Doulton has thrilled meetings in all parts of EHgland and Ireland in the past few months by relating this experience.

That poor African Christian, and the others who n.ever even temporarily failed, belonged to no highly civilized race like the people of India or China or Japan. They came from one of the quite uncivilized and unorganized tribes, with no religion but the fear of evil spirits. Could there be a more convincing or touching illustration of the power of Christianity?

Gods of the

BY PROF. FREDERICK STARR, of the University of Chicago ETHNOLOGISTS usually recognize four different populations in Africa. From its northern coast to the southern border of the great Sahara desert live peoples who are fundamentally Caucasic, related to the white peoples of Europe and western Asia. They have the s~arply cut features, the wavy hair, the bodily proportions, locally even the light color of Caucasians. The ancient Libyans seem to have been blond and among the Kabyls in their mountain hom~s a pronounced blond type is far fro~ rare. The peoples of all the Barbary States, the Egyptians, the Somali belong together; while there has locally been much mixture with negroes, these peoples are not negroes.

All of these peoples speak languages that are related, showing a remarkable uniformity of structure and a form of inflection that allies them with the two great families of inflected languages–the Aryan and the SemitiC-White men's languages. This linguistic family is known as the Hamitic family and these peoples may be called Hamitic. Religiously, they are Mohammedan, and from the Hamitic area M.ohammedanism has pushed southward into negro Africa and is today extending its hold among black populations. Travellers and writers usually claim that the influence of Mohammedanism upon these negro converts has tended toward improvement. The Mohammedanized negro, for instance in Sierra Leone and Liberia, seems to have greater self-respect, an improved social condition, more ambition and energy, higher ideals of living, than the pagan tribes around him.

The rest of the African continent is occupied by three quite different popUlations-Negro, Bantu and Pygmy. The first two are important in numbers and in area occupied; they are dark, broad·nosed, woolly-haired peoples. The true negroes extend in a belt across Africa just south of the great desert; typical of them are the Sudanese; most of the native tribes of Liberia are true negroes; so are the Senegalese and the peoples of Upper Guinea.

South of the true Negro belt the continent was occupied almost solidly by Bantu peoples. The tribes of the Congo Free State (now Congo BeIge) were almost all of them Bantu; the I(affirs, the Zulu, tlle Basuto are among the famous and best-known Bantu peoples. ·When America brought slaves from Africa, they were captured along the whole west coast and included both Negroes and Bantu; they were shipped both from Guinea and Boma.! Southrners like the late Dr. Broadlms, of Louisville, who take soll)k interest in the personality of the blacks around them, still distinguish in our Negro population two strikingly different types~a stoutly built, coarse-featured, purple- black and a more delicate and slender, fine featured, chocolate-brown type; these respectively represent th~ original Negro and Bantu stocks.

Of course such physical differences mean accompanying mental and moral differences. Even the blond and brunette children of a single family do not see the world alike: the politics of the Englishman and of the Irishman can never be the same; race differences are very real and are based on physical unlikeness. The true Negro is more impul- sive, impetuous, perhaps more bru- tal; the Bantu is more calculating, reserved, timid and therefore more ruse. It is perhaps to the credit of both that those who intimately know either type are inclined to in- sist that it is more attractive, amia- ble, better and of greater promise than the other. Linguistically, Ne- gro and Bantu are sharply differen- tiated. The Bantu languages form a well-defined family; they are so much alike in structure and in words that they have clearly been derived from a single parent lan- guage. The Negro languages are less uniform in structure and less similar in words, but present some morphological likeness that rather loosely holds them together. Be- sides the two great populations~ Negro and Bantu~there are in cen- tral and soutllern Africa small and isolated groups of little peoples, the WEST AFRICAN IDOLS. Pygmies and the Bushmen; it is commonly helieved that they are the separated fragments of a truly aboriginal population that preceded the hig blacks; they are savage tribes, living almost entirely on wild food and maintaining everywhere a curious symhiotic relation to their hig neighhors.

Although the three black populations are fairly distinguished from each other in physical characters, although they differ in mode of life and are sharply separated by their languages (we know, however, very little of the original languages of the Pygmies), in the matter of religious belief and practice, the whole of black Africa shows remark- able uniformity. It is true that a careful study of the religion of any one of the hundreds of native tribes would show peculiarities; the

Pygmies 'have no doubt a very crude lot of religious ideas as compared with the Guinea Negroes; yet t1le essential and fundamental features are everywhere the same.

There is no known people without religion today. As far back as history can trace or prehistoric archaeology gives evidence, we have no knowledge of a people without religious ideas. Yet man's simplest religion contains only two or three fundamental notions. Anthropologists are quite generally inclined to consider two ideas primitive; they are surely universal. They are: (a) the attribution of power to beings and things; (b) the existence of an invisible something in humans, in animals and in things that can be separated from them and still continue to exist, when they cease to do so. Many students believe that all religious ideas, even the highest, have been derived from these two. Andrew Lang assailed that assumption and his battle with the English anthropologists over the "high gods" of low peoples has an important place in the history of the science of man. Lang believed that all peoples, even the lowest in intelligence and culture, have an id~a of "a moral, powerful, kindly, creative Being," who "sanctions truth, unselfishness, loyalty,' chastity and other virtues." If Mr. Lang is correct in this statement, and on the whole I believe he is, the idea itself must be as natural and simple as the other two. Weare not, however, here interested in discussing the evolution of religion nor the origin of religious ideas. For the sake of clearly presenting the facts of African religion, it was necessary to have these simple conceptions in mind.

The great outstanding fact in African religion is fetishismj so true is this that many dismiss the entire subject by the mention of the one word. The term fetishism was first used in connection with Africa; that continent undoubtedly presents it in fullest development. Unfortunately, much confusion exists as to the meaning of the word, and even those who have been most cautious in defining it and most guarded in its use are inconsistent. Dr. Haddon's definition is one of the most recent and carefully worded. He says: "The fetish may consist of any object Whatsoever, but the object chosen is generally either a wonderful ornament or curiosity, a symbolic charm with sympathetic properties, or a sign or token representing an ideal notion or being. It is credited with mysterious power, owing to its being, temporarily Or permanently, the vessel or habitation, vehicle for communication, or instrument of some unseen power or spirit, which is conceived to possess personality and will, and ability to see, hear, understand and act. It may act by the will or force of its own power and spirit, or .by the force of a foreign power entering it or acting On it from without and the material object and the power or spirit may be dissociated. It is worshipped, prayed to, sacrificed to, talked with and petted or ill-treated with regard to its past or future behavior. In its most characteristic form a fetish must be consecrated by a priest." This definition is a steering

THE GODS OF THE AFRICANS

between Scylla and Charybdis; it aims to rule out both the mere charm and the idol; it succeeds in doing the latter, but fails in the former.

Many mere charms have been called fetishes and will continue to be so called; Haddon himself, in the detailed study of his definition, says that where a fetish is regard- ed merely in the light of a charm or amulet, "this is the lowest and c.om- monest form of fetishism; it may practically he said to be uni- versal."

Anyway, the African has any quantity of fetishes, which range from "mere charms" up to anthro- pomorphic figures between which and the "idol" there is need of sharp differentiation. The child, too young to think for himself, is protected by something hung at the neck. It may he the teeth of dog or monkey, it may be a little packet of white man's heads sewed tightly together (per- A WITCH DOCTOR IN SOUTH AFRICA. haps with some other object inside), it may be two or three cylindrical bits of wood pierced through crosswise for stringing, it may be a small carved figure of wood or ivory. These things mayor not seem pretty or attractive to our eyes; they are not worn primarily for decoration. They have power, inherent power, to turn away harm or to bring about some desired good. -While such charms are hung upon babies, they are also wom by adults, and it may almost be said that everyone wears them. They are the simplest expression of the idea of fetish; the thing has power in it, either innate or called Or conjured into it. An advance is found in the shell, horn, nut, or other natural receptacle, which has been filled with a mass or mess of ingreil;n-.L -, No one but the man who made it knows just what enters lL_ _ .,,: Sometimes the most foul and disgusting substances have been usedashes, bones, feathers, blood, grease, fat, decay drips; the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms m~y be made to contribute. The composition is not, however, haphazard or aecidental; each ingredient is definite in kind and quantity. The conjuror who -made it knew exactly what he wanted and sought hiE! materials with care; special procedures attend their combination and words of power are repeated. Such fetishes are worn; in time of need their wearers call on them; they may be highly prized, considered as familiars; those made of

horns or tips of horns are commonest, because easily worn and little likely to be broken. But similar fetishes may be kept in the house, set up near fields or springs, placed to guard the path; here the mess may be packed in shells, gourds, pots 01' jars or may be wrapped in a piece of cloth or skin.

When the Baluba builds a new house, he prepares a fetish between which and his house and household a close relation exists. The occasion of its making is one of considerable ceremony. Fowls or a goat may be sacrificed and eaten. Throughout black Africa fowls, goats, and less commonly sheep, are kept in considerable numbers; they are not intended for ordinary consumption, not looked at in the light of 111,eatj they are killed and eaten only on ceremonial occasions-the killing is a sacrifice, tlle eating of the flesh a sort of communion service. The fetish has been whittled from the branch of a kind of tree tllat possesses great vitality; the branch is trimmed to a stake at the upper end of which a human face is rudely carved and painted; two such stakes may be made, male and female respectively; this stake or the two stakes are stuck into the ground before the new house; prayers are offered, the sacrifice is killed, the blood is sprinkled over the fetish and the ceremonial feast follows. These stakes easily take root and grow, the fetish head, however, remains long distinguishable; as the tree grows, the household prospers; not only do success and prosperity come, children are born, the animals increase, the fields produce good crops. At old village sites, when the deserted huts have been long abandoned and no actual trace of them remains, one who looks may find in the old trees the gnarled and twisted features of the old fetish face.

The highest form of fetish is the piece of wood or s.tone shaped into a figure, usually more or less man-like; such are of nU sizes and grades of workmanship. They often have an excava' " ~n the abdo- men or back in which a mess of fetish stuff is place " a bit of mirror or metal may cover the opening and prevent the loss of power. To such fetishes every grade of attention may be given, from careless neglect up to serious worship; offerings are made to them; prayers are offered. Not every wooden figure from Africa is a fetish, however. The native delights in carving. He represents birds, animals and human beings. Such figures may be independent or they may be merely decorative of cups, stools and other articles of use. Such carvings may have magic power, but it is a mistake to call everything of the kind a Itfetish" or an "idol," as is commonly done. It is important, too, to distinguish between a fetish and an idol. An idol is a representation of a god, with a name and definite powers and attributes; thus, a representation of the Indian god of wisdom, Ganesa, is an idol; his special characteristics are represented in the figure; the idol is merely a symbol of the deity, and there may be a thousand idols of the same god. A fetish is a thing which is itself worshipped; it is

individual and the animating force of one fetish has no relation to another fetish; tIle power is absolutely resident in one fetish. There are relatively few idols and little idolatry in Africa.

A second element in native African religion is belief if/; the soul, a separable sometIling that is present during life and may continue independently after death. In our first visit to a Bateke town a sub- chief was showing us around the place. Coming to a hut, deserted and falling into ruins, although in the heart of the village, we inquired into the matter. He told us that his father had lived there, but had died and was buried under the earth floor; that the house had there· fore been left to decay, as was the custom. vVe asked to see the grave. He gave ready assent.· Approaching the entrance with respect, he tapped upon the door-frame and said in a low voice: "Father, we have come; there are white men with us who ask to see your grave; they are good men, who will not disturb you or take away your things; permit us to enter." He then lifted the matting hung in the doorway and we looked upon the grave. There was the flint-lock gun which the old man had used in his lifetime; there were vessels for food and drink; there were other articles upon or near the grave for the dead man's use. 'L'he Bateka-as indeed all Africans-believe in the separalJle soul and its continued existence after the death of the body; not only so, they believe that the essence, power, virtue; of things is similarly separable and independent. The things at the dead man's grave are for his use; his soul needs the gun, the food and drink, the articles of use and adornnient. The African knows perfectly well that the things are still there by the grave; he knows perfectly well that the food and drink have disappeared, and that animals may have devoured them or the elements dispersed them; but his faith is unshaken. The dead man's body, too, is gone, eaten by worms, destroyed by corruption, returned to dust; but just as the dead man's real virtue and po·wer still exist, unseen and dissociated, so the virtue and power of the things remain, subject to his will, helpful to him who is dead. The soul of the things serves the soul of the man. Ancestral souls are worshipped. From time to time food and drink are offered to them; they are talked with; consulted in times of doubt; they can aid; if neglected, they can harm. Everywhere at gTaves one sees evidence of respect and worship. Yet it is unlikely that the fetish figures, the idols, and the "high gods" of Africa have usually been evolved from ghosts. Non-ancestral ghosts are common enough; they are usually malignant and feared; but it is doubtful that any large proportion of local spirits, or the animating powers of fetishes, have gTown out of them.

The third idea prevalent in Afriran religions to which we shall refer is that of a ((high god." Livingstone, who was an exc – – tionally competent observer and who came much into cnntact with peoples who had had no previous relations with white men, says: "There is no

necessity for beginning to tell even the most degraded of these people of the existence of God, or of a future state, the facts being universally admitted." Wilson, writing in 1856 of the tribes of Upper Guinea, says: "The belief in one great Supreme Being who made and upholds all things is universal."

A French bishop, who has given many years to mission work in Africa, wrote a book a few years ago upon "the religion of the primitives," drawing his facts from the pygmies and other tribes in the lowest culture. He everywhere found the belief in a high god, who made all things, who was a father giving support to his children, who is kind and moral in character, and who demands right living. To this bishop, and presumably to these other authorities, this godfor whom ever~· tribe of blacks in Africa probably has a name-is the lingering on in the midst of degeneration of the Supreme Being of an original divine revelation. Yet, while all Africa acknowledges this high god, it pays him little respect or worship. The fetish is very near and immediately potent; need of its help is constant; it demands constant prayer, offering, propitiation. Nzambe is all powerful, omnipresent, but after all is nowhere very evident. Moreover, he gives constantly whether asked or not; he is a kindly being, who demands no bribes and is satisfied with very little. Why should a good god be worshipped? To an extraordinary degree, the African is religious. Spirits and unseen powers are far more real to him than to ourselves; he is constantly in touch with spiritual phenomena. A missionary visiting a native village with us on one occasion took the opportunity of preaching to the people. He gave a simple and direct message from the Almighty. The chief of the village was absent, but his headwife was present and gave careful attention to the discourse. She seemed, however, dissatisfied.· 'We asked what was the matter. She replied, speaking to the missionary: "Yes, white man, God speaks to us, he speaks to all of us. But, when he has a message for me, he speaks to me. He does not need to tell me through a white man." She was not criticizing, nor cavilling, nor denying the truth which he had uttered; she was merely stating the simplest of facts, tha,t she knew and talked with Nzambe; that she and all her people believe they can commune with their God.

Such are the black African's ideas of God. Unquestionably the fetish is overwhelmingly the most important object of native worship; next in importance is the respect and worship shown to ancestral spirits; behind nnd under all is the recogniHon of and communion with Nzambe–maker, giver, father.

Pocket Testament In Military

BY GEORGE T. B. DAVIS I T was my first night at Camp Beauregard, Louisiana. Eagerly the young men of the Southland listened to the story of experiences with the Word of God in the British Military Camps, and then to the message about the crucified and risen Redeemer. In response to the appeal to join the Pocket Testament IJeague and make definite decision for Christ, 158 men joined the League, one-third of whom were already Christians. Anoth~r third declared their acceptance of Christ that night; while the others were not ready to profess their faith in the Son of God.

After the meeting we were talking with a dozen men who had volunteered to become leaders of little groups for Bible reading and prayer and Christian work. One man was telling how eight mule- drivers had agreed a day or two before to give u'p swearing.. One of the group said facetiously: "I thought it was impossible to drive a mule without swearing." Another man answered at once: "No, it is not; I have driven mules all my life, and I don't swear."

Among the men who joined the League the second night at Camp Beauregard was a handsome ser- geant. His decision card showed that he had made "the great sur- render." He said that his mother had been dead two years; but that his little twelve-year-old sister had been asking him to make this de- CISIOn. He added: "Not only my sister, but two of my comrades have been urging me to take this step. !

My sister had been reading about tlle Leazue and had written asking whether the League workers had been to my camp. I expect to write her tonight and tell her what I have done."

Night after night for more than a month we have had the privilege of touring American'

Military Camps, preaching Christ to the men, and presenting the AN INCIDENT IN CAMP.

Little J~eague Testaments to Indian soldier challenging a comrade to produce those who have agreed to his League Testament.

carry them with them, and to make it a rule to read one or more chapters daily. The prayers of God's people have been answered and in every service there have been professed conversions. The American soldiers enlist in the L€ague just as readily as do their cousins in the military camps of Great Britain.

As the result of the first month's campaign, with my associate and pianist, Philip E. Howard, Jr., 5,238 soldiers enrolled in tile Pocket Testament League, and 1,529 have signified on their League cards their enlistment in the service of the King of Kings.

The men who enroll in the League represent all classes and conditions and creeds-university graduates and men scarcely able to read and write; professional men and day laborers; Americans and those. born in many foreign lands; Indians, Mexicans, Swedes, Russians, Austrians, Italians, Poles and Swiss; Jews, CathOlics, Protestants, Atheists, Christian Scientists and Mormons.

A SERVICE FOR INDIAN SOLDIERS AND COLORED TROOPS At one camp there was a company composed almost entirely of American Indian soldiers. Through the kindness of the lieutenant and the Indian first-sergeant, arrangements were made for us to ad- dress the entire company in their mess-hall and a very inspiring gather- ing it was of reverent, attentive, real American soldiers. Their re- sponse was greater than had been anticipated, and nearly all of the Indians asked for the Testaments. A number of them declared their intention of forming little groups for Bible study and prayer, and the next day it was found that eight of them had decided for Christ when they had received the Testaments.

At one of our meetings for colored troops in the Y. M. C. k tent every seat was taken, and more were standing than were sitting. When the appeal was made for decision a marvelous scene followed. In a few moments probably more than one hundred men were on their feet.

A week later the Y. M. C. A. secretary wired that more thau three hun- dred men joined the IJeague that night, and that one Imndred and twentv-two had made profession of faith, and the work was sti11 going -~-·-".,r-I'''''Wi forward. .

In the miUtary hospital at Camp McArthur-men from Michigan and Wisconsin-a little group of Y. 11. C. A. leaders went from ward to wnrrl !.riving Testaments to those who enlisted. Dr. Robert E. Jarvis, the Y. M. C. A. Reli!.riolls Director of the Camp. whispered as he wa!'! lpaving that he had had blessed cases of surrpnoer. One man said: "That's the first time I ever had a Testament." H.e told me how he had been brought up in a godless home, where he had never seen a ('onv of Goo's Word. and where thev never went to church. He told ho~ he had bllried his father and mother and brother: and at twentyfive years of age had scarcely henrd the gospel until he attendeil meetings in the camp.

THE POCKET TESTAMENT IN MILITARY CAMPS

After a meeting with the ambulance corps of the regular army near the Jfexican border a conference was held with a number of the men who were endeavoring to establish little groups of soldiers for daily Bible reading and prayer.

At the close one of the group leaders, who had that night declared his acceptance of Christ, told me his story: "My father had been a drunkard for as long as I can remember. I went to work when very young and helped to support my mother and sisters. At length 1 became a fireman on a locomotive and was earning good wages. One night 1 returned home and gave my mother money for clothes for my sisters. Then my father came in and demanded ten dollars for mOre whiskey. He threatened to shoot me unless I gave it to him, and finally drove me from home at the muzzle of a gun. Then i joined the Army.

I have a sweet girl and I feel sure that 1 will get back from Francepart of me at least-and marry the young lady. I feel sure that 1 can get together a group of men to read our Testaments and one man has told me we could use his cot for the gathering."

The day after a meeting at the Y. M. C. A. building 1 was standing near the connter when a soldier came up with smiling face and exclaimed: "I am certainly glad 1 came to the meeting last night. I'll remember it as lon~ as I Bve. That little book has already done me a worlfi of good. Today 1 have been reading all about Mary and Martha an,l Lar-arnR, and tomorrow I want to learn ahout some more of them. I've got it right here," he exclaimed, placing his hano over his breast pocket. The !'1u('reRS of the Pocket Testament work is due to the fact that thollRnnfi!'1 of pf'op]e are praying for the work in the camns. and God (111.'11('~r.'1 f)rrtlfPrs today as tn,zy as in the daml of old. Will you not link your prayers with those of others for Godls blessinq ll}Jon the worker.'! lOho tOllr the American militan, CarJ1·f)8 vreachinrt Christ, and (fi1,ina the men the li1Jina word of the livinq God'!

THE POOKE'r TESTAMENT LEAGUE Some years ago, Miss Cadbury, a young school girl in Birmingham, England, decided to carry a Testament always in her pocket, so that she could quote from it anywhere and at anytime. Another girl began to do the same thing; then another and another. Thus was started the Pocket Testament League. Later it was found that the League was not confined to young girls, but had extended to all sort sof men. In 1908, when Miss Cadbury had be- come Mrs. Charles M. Alexander, the Pocket Testament League was formally launched by Dr. J. Wilbur Chapman and Mr. Alexander, to lead people to read regularly at least one chapter each day. The movement has since spread to all parts of the earth, and among the distinguished Americans who have hecome members are President Wilson, Secretary Robert LaLnesaignug~ Josephus Daniels, Champ Clark, Henry Ford and John Wanamaker. work was introduced among the soldiers in September, 1914, and has been carried on continuously in the British Army, resulting in more than 365,000 soldiers being enrolled as members. When the United States entered the war, a com- mittee of business men was formed to conduct a campaign among soldiers and sailors and thousands of men have joined the League.

Responsibility of Christian Leaders

International Relations* BY REV. SIDNEY L. GULICK, D. D., NEW YORK.

Formerly a Missionary of the American Board in Japan.

EARLY in December it was my privilege to spend three days at Camp Upton. I saw a small section of the mighty army being welded into shape through efficient organization and thorough- going discipline, in order that the United States may make its effective contribution to the establishment of world peace. I saw also one sec- tion of that remarkable organized drive of Christians to establish right, moral and spiritual conditions in and around the camps-the Young Men's Christian As:sodation secretaries and their "huts" aI~d the Young vVomen's Christian Association "Hostess House."

The moral of it all to me was this: To accomplish anything important in national and international affairs, vast cooperative, organized effort is essential. Efficiency in any lar,ge movement depends upon effective cooperation.

If, then, international relations are to be controlled by Christian ideals and Christian ethics, it is evident that Christians must needs adopt the same methods for efficiency in grappling with these problems.

Consider our relations with Japan. I recently had a conversa· tion with a Lieutenant Colonel, a Colonel and a Brigadier General of the United States Army. Each of these army officials believes that in the summer of 1913 America and Japan were on the brink of war. They had accepted as literally true the cablegrams stating that a mob of 20,000 was surging through the streets of Tokyo clamoring for war with America-a cablegram that waEl nevertheless false. They had not heard that at the very time when the American army was mobilizing in Manila, Count Okuma, in conference "vith a group of Japanese or editors, educators, members of the diet and a few Christians, insisted with strong emphasis that there was only one way solving the American-Japanese problem: not by diplomacy, by retaliatory legislation, b~T war or threats of war, but only by an aPIJCal to the Christians of America to apply to this problem the prinoi,Jles of Ohristianity.

Those Ameriean military officers apparently did not know tbat three political parties in .Tapan sent their strongest leaders to America at that iunrture to study the canse of American-Japanese irritation, to counril with Jananese in Amerira ana to take back to Japan light for th~ g'tIidanrp of .Tapanese politics.

But how slight haw heen the efforts of American Christians to respond to Viscount Okuma's remarkahle appeal, even in so simple a * [From an address delivered at the Foreign Missions Conference, Garden City. L. I., Janu· ary 17, 1918.]

CHRISTIAN LEADERS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

matter as reporting it to tIle cllUrches and Christians of America. How many of our ~5,OOO,OOO Protestant Ohurch members ever heard of it? Yet all know that California passed an Anti-Alien Land Law; and that the Japanese Government lodged formal protest on the grounds of its being a violation of treaty pledges. Millions of Americans still believe that ultimately war with Japan is certain.

Surely these matters of American-Japanese relations have not been so trivial as to be unworthy of serious attention by Ohristians. Yet few Bible classes, Brotherhoods and Women's Home and .B'oreign Mission study groups have given the question any study. These groups devote weeks, even months to the study of moral and religious conditions in other lands. Surely the practical problems of the Kingdom of God and particularly the duty of American Christians in regard to treaty relations and obligations between America and Japan are matters worthy of serious study by every American Christian.

Oonsider also our relations with China. Thirty years ago the Scott Act was passed. Senator Sherman said that it was "one of the most vicious laws that have passed in my time in Congress." Senator Dawes characterized it as "a rank unblushing repudiation of every treaty obligation * * * unwarranted by any existing danger -a violation such as the United States would not dare to commit toward any warlike nation of Europe." The Geary law, even more unreasonable and drastic, was passed in 1892. After repeated and dignified, -but utterly futile protests from the Chinese Government, the Ohinese minister in his final protest, said it was "a violation of every principle of justice, equity, reason and fair dealing between two friendly powers."

Judge Field of the United States Supreme Court, who pronounced the judgment of the court on a test case in regard to the constitutional validity of the Scott Act, said: "It must be conceded that the Act of 1888 is in contravention of the treaty of 1868 and of the supplemental treaty of 1880, but it is not on that account invalid … … … It (a treaty) can be deemed * … * only the equivalent of a legislative act, to be repealed or modified at the pleasure of Oongress * * … It is the last expression of sovereign will." But a little further on he added: "This court is not a censor of the morals of the other departments of government."

By this judgment of the Supreme Oourt treaties were declared to have no binding power on Congress. The Supreme .Court declined to regard the moral issue involved as having any bearing upon its duty. Those treaties with Ohina still stand as binding and those laws contravening the treaties still stand among our statutes. Disappointing though this position may be to lovers of international good faith, it is no doubt good law, though it is certainly bad morals. It illustrates afresh tbe well-known principle that moral issues cannot be safeguarded by laws. TIle moral obJigations of our nation can be safe-

guarded only by the people themselves. vVe must know what is going on, and must hold our representatives in Congress to their moral responsibilities in international a~airs. This, however, is a matter of moral energy-not of statute law. * * * Why have American Christians allowed such a situation to devel· op? First, there is the tremendous crush of multitudinous duties abo sorbing tlle time and energy of every effective leader in all our churches. Good people are completely preoccupied with their many good workt5. They desire, indeed, to have wrongs righted and the crooked made straight; tlley hold the Ohristian ideals for a brotherhood of nations; but they feel that they have not the time themselves to join or support any new movement to grapple with these problems.

In time of war, to be sure, all plans are upset and men, even Ohristians, must take time for new matters. Christians are now paying the penalty of past failure. Had the Ohristians of each Ohristian land between 1880 and 1910 devoted one one-hundredth part of the time and thought and energy and money to the establishment of righteous and just international' relations that they must now devote to the winning of the war, would tbis tragedy have come? Will Christians devote the needed energy soon enough and widely enough to prevent war with the yellow races? If they do not, they will be forced to lavish their time and their treasure when the war actually comes. The second cause for the American Asiatic situation, and indeed for lhe entire world tragedy, is perhaps even more fundamental. Christians have not regarded it as a part of their duty to Ohristianize international policies and legislation. We have left these matters to our diplomats and legislators. Tbese policies have been dominatpd by economic, nationalistic and dynastic interests, regardless of the moral ideals.

A CONCRE'I'E PROGRAM ~'OR ~'HE CHURCH Even the leaders of our churches have not suspected that they had duties in regard to these international matters. Ohristianizing the political relations of peoples has not been a part of the concrete pro- gram of the Church. Salvation and the Kingdom of God and His Christ have been regarded as individualistic matters, not national and international. This is a vital defect. It should be promptly reme- died. The churches should grasp and preach the full gospel p£ the Kingdom. The concrete program of the churches should include this new task, so vast and so vastly important. .

The first responsibility of American Christians is for America's own international relations, attitude and policies. What response, therefore, I may ask in illustration, are the churches and Ohristians of America making to the persistent propaganda in regard to the Yel- low PeriI,carried on unceasingly by a certain powerful and con-

CHRISTIAN LEADERS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

scienceless syndicate of news agencies, read by the masses of our nation: A two-column editorial, for instance, in one of these papers of January 5, 1918, makes an attack on Japan. After speaking of Japan's plan to annex Siberia and Ohina, we find these sentences: "* * * The *gre*at *problem with which the white races have to conflict of the white race with the yellow races deal is the inevitable for the dominion of the world." "Is it not time that the white nations settled their quarrels among themselves and made preparations to meet their one real danger, the menace to Christianity (sic), to Occidental standards and ideals, to the white man's civilization, which the constantly growing power and aggression of the yellow races continually and increasingly threaten ?"

This is poison injected into the veins of the American nation.

For this disease of white-race megalomania and lust for world supremacy there is only one effective antitoxin-the full Gospel of Jesus Ohrist. This poison, left to work, will create the very world catastrophe which the editorial so graphically describes. But the time to inject the antitoxin is before the poison takes effect. Here is a mighty challenge to the churches, a cllallenge which calls not only for thinking, but particularly for action. * * * Now if this change of heart is to come to our nation; definite individuals will experience it and give it expression. They will become the instruments of God's Spirit to transmit to the whole people that burning of heart, that conviction of national sin and that earnestness of national repentance which are essential. This is the special privilege and opportunity of Christians. They should be agents of God's will in international affairs. If Ohristians do not hear God's voice on these matters, who will?

These are times of special opportunity. The ears and eyes of the people are open as never before, their consciences are sensitive to the wrongs of the past and the duties of the present. What we now need is effective leadership to direct the thinking, to focus the attention and to organize for action the will of the millions who really desire international justiCe and goodwill. * * * The leaders for the new era must be men that are at heart Christian. And to lead the churches they must be men already filling positions of trust and responsibility in the churches.

To be very specific and definite, the leaders of our churches for Ohristian internationalism must be the pastors in our churches, large and small, the professors in our theological schools, and specially the secretaries and officials of Home and Foreign Mission Boards and Societies. These men are already burdened, it is true, with duties and responsibilities many and grave. Yet, if the world is to be saved, if the Kingdom of God is to come in international affairs these are the men through whom it must come under the leadership of the living Christ.

On you-Brothers-rests in a peculiar way this tremendous responsibility. To you comes this splendid opportunity. You are the

chosen guides of the churches which you serve. You direct their policies and activities. You have special opportunity to know these international affairs. It is your assigned duty to study with greatest care every factor that affects both the Christian life of our own land and the most effective methods for sending of the Christian gospel to non- Christian peoples. The churches confine in your judgments, study the books you suggest, devote their time to activities that you think desirable.

War with Japan would completely destroy the infant Church of that land. Its re·establishment after a war would be impossible for many, many decades. The success of Christian work in China increasingly depends on the treatment we give to Chinese in America. Before many decades pass a new China will begin to require of us the same rights and treatment that Japan is now requiring. Un- Christian laws in America may in time seriously hamper Christian work in China. Chrrist'ianizing Arnerica)s laW's and policies dealing with non-Christian lands is therefore a vital and integral part of the full missionary program of the churches.

Japanese editors have been asking in leading editorials why America sends missionaries to their land and why American missionaries in Japan do not return to America and teach Americans to be Christian? How soon will Chinese editors begin to ask the same questions? * * * LET AMERIOAN OHUROHES AWAKE!

Allow me now to be somewhat personal. It is four years since the American Board released me for the specific task of speaking on American Oriental relations. The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America has given me opportunity to travel and speak far and wide. Many national denominational gatherings and local ministers' meetings have been attended. To present these matters of such vast importance to the Kingdom of God. the time commonly allotted has been from five to ten minutes. Chambers of Commerce and Rotary Clubs grant from 20 to 30 minutes and forums from 45 to 60 minutes.

The churches of America are not awake to the problems of international justice. Its bearings on :missions or even on world peace they do not see. Weare fighting to compel Germany to give justice to Belgium and France, Servia, Roumania and Russia. Turkey must give justice to Armenians. We are fighting, and must continue to fight Germany, until these enormous wrongs are righted. But we shall be stronger for that conflict if we make sure that we ourselves are absolutely fair iu all uUl' oriental relationships.

Now if the things I am saying about our dealings with China and Japan are true, the churches ought to hear them. If they are not true, I ought not to say them. If my contentions and proposals are

CHRISTIAN LEADERS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

mistaken and unwise, I wish to know it. I would gladly return at once to Japan for the work for which I have been preparing for thirty years, to preach to Japanese the unsearchable riches of Ohrist.

What now is to be done? Is it possible to awaken the churches and secure appropriate action? I believe it is, if the Missionary Boards and Societies will give the matter the needed time and thought, and will take the needed steps. The foreign missionary work of the churches should not be in the least degree relaxed. But there should be a readjustment of perspective and of emphasis. A definite program should be worked out in which all the churches may unite for dealing with this matter. How often would the Lord say to us "These things ought ye to have done, and not to lJave left the others undone."

~What, then, are the steps which may wisely be taken? I venture four suggestions: First. May not the Foreign Missions Oonference direct the Oommittee on Reference and Oouncil to take up this matter, or appoint a special Oommittee on International Friendship? Let that committee examine the statements that I am making and the literature that I am using, to assure itself of the validity of the contention, for )nstance, that America is not now keeping its treaties with Ohina. Let it con· sider whether or not the proposals I have been making for solving these problems are sound and wise.

Second. Let this committee examine the course of study on Ohris-, tian Internationalism offered to the churches by the World Alliance for Promoting International Friendship Through the Ohurches.

Third. Let this committee recommend to each Foreign Mission Board in the United States the imperative need of getting these matters promptly before its constituency. They vitally affect the success of foreign missions and should therefore be made the subject of study by mission study groups and adult Bible classes in every church in the United States. PrOoper recOommendation Oof these COourses by the recognized church leaders can secure such study. Every missionary magazine and denominational publication, moreover, should devote sufficient space and emphasis to these matters. Every Christian in America should see something informing and COonvincing. He should be prepared to take his part in the great drive to set matters right. Some such campaign as this is the Oonly effective autitoxin to yellow peril poison.

The demons of national selfishness and race pride and prejudice can be cast out only by faith and prayer. The establishment of world peace through world justice can be achieved only by an adequate moral movement of millions Oof morally-minded men and women.

Fourth. Since Ohurches and Missionary Boards and Societies as smcll cannOot go into politics, some other methOod must be fOound for dOoing what needs to be dOone POolitically. We need some central agency by which millions of Ohristians can act tOogether to support President

Wilson's proposals for a I~eague of Nations, and to set right our relations with Ohina and Japan. The American Branch of the '''World Alliance for Promoting International Friendship Through the Ohurches" offers itself for this service. Let the committee of this Oonference, therefore, examine carefully the spirit, objectives, organization and personnel of this branch of the ·World Alliance.

The World Alliance for International Friendship does not ask for financial aid. It does ask for your constructive thought and for the support of your moral and spiritual energy. We ask your aid in passing on to millions of Ohristians who look to you for guidance and to whom you have unique access, that knowledge of the international situation, for lack of which knowledge the nation is today in so serious a plight. We ask for that co-operative action which is essential to the embodiment of Ohristian ethics in America's international relations.

It is not the desire of this movement to build up a vast organization, with state and local branches, all distinct from and competing more or less with the other Ohristian movements and activities in our churches. We desire rather that the principles and programs for making Ohristian ethics dominant in international affairs shall become matters of study and co-operation on the part of all the groups and societies now existing within the churches.

Individuals, or even large denominations, isolated, each doing what is thought desirable, at its own chosen time, can never do what needs to he done. Even well organized regiments, each acting indenendently, cannot win campaigns. This great war is teaching the imperative necessity of vast unified co-operation.

The great moral and sniritual laws of the universe apply to men hoth ::IS nations and as individuals. "Not everv one that saith unto me. 'Lord. 1jord,' shall enter into the King-dom of Heaven. hut he that doeth the will of my Father who is in Heaven." This is a practical admonition to denomin::ltions and to our entire nation as well a:;l to iniliviilual Ohristians.

We need to ask ourselves whether the real weakness of the missionary movement is so much the inadequate supply of missionaries and of funds, as the absence in the church of an overmastering moral passion for the establishment of justice, mercy, and brotherhood.

If the church would believe utterly in the reign of God, in His purpose of love to all mankind, and in the universal obligation of the Christian ideal of brotherhood, it would at a bound take a foremost and unquestioned place among the living and creative forces of the world.-J. H. Oldham.

® @ ~"._.B…..E…."S…~T.UVMU"E"T"bHWO"'D''S'_ ".~O

Edited by MRS. E. C. CRONK} Richmond, Virginia.

Secretary of the Committee on Methods of the Federation of Women's Foreign Mission Boards MISSIONARY EDUCATION T~ROUGH EAR-GATE.

"HOW long have you known it?" lives in all the glory and strength of said a man in heathen dark- their youth to the greatest task that ever made bid for young manhood and ness to the missionary who came with young womanhood; boys and girls who the story of salvation. are having their ideas and ideals of life shaped without hearing aught of "All of my life," was the answer. the supreme service to which Christ With impassioned accusation the has called His Church and of the heman, who had grown old in the wor- roic courage with which great men and ship of false gods, cried out; "Then, women have answered thal call. why didn't you tell me sooner? My life is almost over now. If I had only How shall they hear? known such a God as this I would have served Him all the days of my life." TALKING MISSIONS * "Why didn't you*mak*e that address M ORE influential in molding .pub- lic sentiment than are platyears ago?" said a woman to a speaker form utterances or printed resoat a great missionary mass meeting lutions of allegiance to the Cause last year. "If my daughter had only is spontaneous daily conversation. heard an address like that when she When the fulness of our hearts was a girl! She has given her life expresses itself without any effort, to other work now, but if she had ever when missions naturally becomes the heard there were such opportunities main theme of our daily conversafor women on the mission fields she tion, no protestations of devotion are would without doubt have chosen that necessary to prove our loyalty to that service." cause. When missions just as natur- ally and unconsciously become a theme Along with the accusations of those fer tr'onthly, quarterly or annual disin heathen darkness who have given cussion only, according to due antheir lives to the service of false gods nouncement, and the subj ect is not on because we have never told them of our lips between these designated the only true God, comes also the accu- days and hours, we may boast, or prosation of many who know the Lord test, or deprecate, but no case of real but who have never heard of the great devotion can be proven. We talk needs and matchless opportunities of about the things in which we are the mission fields of the world, and of really interested, and we interest peothe joy of missionary service. Women ple in the things about which we there are, women of wonderful spontaneously talk. Let us talk misdower, who are devoting their lives to sions. Let us recognize the value of things of little worth because they plain, everyday conversation as a have never heard of the greatest work method of missionary work. If women in the world; men who are giving great as they met together talked of the gifts of self and substance to things great things that are being done and that are of only passing value, because that need to be in the missionary they have not heard of the possibilities work; if men in hotel lobbies, of enduring investments in life and in at the street corners, m their money on the mission fields; young people who would have given their

places of business spoke of the re~ home of Lady Patteson, talked mis- sions with his arm around her little cent wonderful mass movements in son "Coley." No wonder John Cole- ridge Patteson followed the drift of India, of the marvelous changes in that conversation until it led him to the South Sea Islands. A furloughed the new China, of the great possibili- missionary walked home with a little girl from Sunday-school and talked ties in Japan, of the stupendous home with her about being a missionary. Today that little girl is reaching hunmission problems in America, and the dreds of the girls of Japan with the message of the Saviour's love.. unparalleled opportunities for Chris- *** tian stewards today in world-wide "I may not be a missionary myself," evangelization; if children as they said a fine high school boy to the Mis- sion Secretary, who had thought it played, gathered sometimes in groups worth while to talk to a boy about how he could make his life count for most, eagerly to discuss, as some children "but I have decided that if I do not go myself I will support a missionary." have done, the work they were doing Entertaining missionary guests is a good investment for homes in which for the children of the world; then real missionary returns are desired.

indeed would the contagion of mis- *** sionary interest soon be spread broad- A guest sat at the table in the home of a Florida jUdge. She noticed an cast. . extra plate was laid. The next day a missionary visitor came and was Table Talk in Our Homes given that plate. When the visitor went away the extra plate was laid SOME home makers seem to know again. Then the hostess explained just how to give a constant mis- that ever since she had had a home sionary flavor to the conversation in she had always laid an extra plate their homes. Without announcing the which she called the Lord's plate, besubject on which. they are about to cause she so longed to have in her speak, without forcing an entrance for home the messengers of the Cross, their theme, without pious cant or who were doing the Lord's work. Phariseeism, they just naturally talk Gradually it became known that she of missions. The discussion of ath- was always ready to entertain the letics seems to invite the recital of missionary workers who came, and she some incident in the life of one of the testified that rich blessing had come many missionaries who were famous to her home through their conversaathletes. Report of advance in school tions, their example and their prayers. or college leads on to some wonderful new educational plans for China, *** or India, or Japan, or to the remarkable progress of Oriental students in The Jubilee story told by Mrs. America. Noone feels that any for- Montgomery of one girl who could eign theme is being dragged into the not go to the foreign field, but who conversation and that the speaker is talked missions at home is worthy of now performing an unpleasant duty. several re-tellings: *** "She was just an ordinary girl of moderate gifts, living in an ordinary A young minister who was gradu- home in modest circumstances, and beated from a church college and from longing to the plain variety of church a theological seminary said the spon- in the ordinary condition of tepid contaneous interest and the intense earn- victions on missionary matters that estness of the daily missionary conversations in a home in which he was a frequent guest interested him more deeply and personally in missions than did anything in his college or theological course. Let us talk missions in our homes. Let us entertain in our homes people who talk missions, so that our children may hear what great things God has wrought.

Bishop Selwyn, as a guest in the

BEST METHODS

seem to characterize the common type. portunity. Welcome the year whose What this girl did, any of us could do, calendar numbers fifty-two missionary if we tried. Sundays. We are coming into the day when pastors, who preach at Christ- "When she found that she could not mas-tide of the "glad tidings of great be a foreign missionary she tried to joy," do not wait for a special missee what she could do to help at home. sionary service to suggest "Which She went to her pastor and got a list shall be to all people." Coupled natof all the women and girls in the urally with the Easter message, "He church, with their addresses. There is risen," is the Easter commission, were 350 of them, but only fifty-eight "Go and tel!." An earnest missionary belonged to the Missionary Society. spirit can scarcely teach the lesson of After districting the city and marking our Lord's ascension without some the addresses of every non-member by reference to the last commission on a pin in the map, she began her seIf- His heart, on His lips, before He went imposed task of calling on everyone away into heaven. When preachers of them. Before the year was over and teachers ·faithfully and constantly she had made more than a thousand present the missionary interpretation calls, had added about 300 members of the Bible, then will cease the feelto the society and raised the contribu- ing of church members that missiontions from less than $200 to $1,200. ary zeal is an optional attachment of Christianity, which may be screwed "When the girl was asked to tell on periodically or left off permanentabout this in a meeting in her home ly, if not considered desirable. city she was very unwilling to do so, but her shy, simple telling of the story The missionary association of some will never be forgotten by those who passages of Scripture may also come heard her. In reply to a question to mean much. Following the Twentyfrom the audience, how she alone had third Psalm, as it is repeated in Sunbeen able to do so much, she gave a day-school, with John 1O:16-"Other recipe for Christian work that it would sheep I have, which are not of this be hard to surpass: fold; them also I must bring and they shall hear My voice and there shall "'I didn't know very much,' she be one fold and one shepherd," gives said, 'so I studied a good deal that I that Psalm a meaning that extends far might have the facts to present. I beyond the personal pronoun on knew that I did not have much tact, so which we have dwelt. Psalm 62 :5-8, I prayed that God would teach me which the relief party, sent to find what to say, and prepare the hearts Captain Allen Gardiner, saw painted of those to whom I went. I took leaf- on a rock in Terra del Fuego; Jerelets and literature to leave with them miah 45 :5, the verse which made a so that they might know, too. I never missionary instead of a lawyer of scolded, and I always spoke of the Henry Martyn; Psalm 107 :14, the love of Jesus.' verse through which Hans Egede tri- umphed when great icebergs sur- "Study, prayer, information, good rounded his ship, "The Hope" ; Psalm cheer, no faultfinding and the love 121, with which David Livingstone of Jesus; could anything be better?" faced Africa; these are among the many passages which should have INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE precious missionary associations to every Sunday-school scholar. G ONE, let us hope, are the days when the whole missionary ef- MISSIONARY HYMNS fort of the pUlpit was stored for oncea-year delivery in the "annual mis- H YMNS are not only an expressionary sermon." May the same by- sion of our spiritual life in praise gone times rest the days when Sun- and prayer, but are also a factor in day-school teachers felt they must wait until the quarterly missionary lesson for any missionary teaching op-

molding that life. The general state Missionary hymns should be seof missionary zeal in the 17th century lected and studied as carefully as any is not only expressed but in a measure other part of the program. The freexplained by some of the hymns sung quency with which "Take my life and in the churches that day, one of which let it be" is announced, "omitting the breathes this sentiment: fourth stanza," and "0 Zion, Haste," "omitting the third stanza," suggests "Go into all the world, the Lord of old that many leaders do not devote much did say. study to the meaning of the hymns to be sung. Now where He hath placed thee, There He would have thee stay."

Small wonder that volunteers for THE INFLUENCE OF MISSIONARY missionary service did not pour forth from churches in which this was a STORIES favorite selection. On the other hand, a man who became an active supporter A MONG the oft-repeated words of missionary enterprise said that a that give us an insight into our Sunday-school he joined literally sang Master's teaching methods 'are these: missions into him. Let our Sunday- "And he spake to them a parable." schools and congregations hear mis- One of His favorite methods was by sionary hymns. Let those hymns be stories. G. Stanley Hall said, "Let thoughtfully selected to fit the occa- me tell the stories of a nation and I sion. Who can estimate the influence care not who writes the text books," of "Who follows in their train?" as and Kate Douglas Wiggin records those words have been sung by multi- that for power and influence she plied thousands of young people at would "rather be the children's storylife work meetings after their hearts teller than the queen's favorite or the have burned within them as they heard king's counsellor." Truly those who of the heroic sacrifice of great mis- tell missionary stories may equal in sionaries? On the other hand, the influence those who write mission effect of inappropriate hymns is just text books, and stand alongside the as pronounced. great missionary statesmen who are shaping the missionary attitude of na- One of the Secretaries of the Lay- tions. men's Missionary Movement testifies that harder to combat than the down- There are many times and places right opposition of his enemies, the in which missionary stories may find missionary critics, is the soothing min- a welcome, if good story-tellers will istry of his friends, the church choirs, busy themselves to seek out these who elect so frequently to· follow his times and places. The Sunday-school most impassioned appeals for greater offers splendid opportunities for misactivity in missionary work with sionary stories to be told in illustra- "Come Unto Me and I Will Give You tion of the lesson in class or occasion- Rest." There are missionary meet- ally to the whole school or department ings in which this beautiful hymn in five or ten minutes allowed for that would be appropriate, as for example, purpose. Wonders in story-telling after the story of Chundra Lela's long can be wrought in five-minute periods search for God and for peace; or it when speakers learn to get immediatewould be most effective following the ly to "Once upon a time" without lostelling of the perversion of this Scrip- ing a moment in regretting that the ture on the stone wall of that ancient "time allotted is so brief," and in outchurch in Cuzco, where the inscription lining what they would like to do if reads, "Come unto Mary, all ye that they only had more time. labor," etc., but it is not the selection to follow a stirring address proposing At children's and young people's great advance. meetings it is often possible to secure a really good story-teller to tell a mis- sionary story each week or each month. One professional story-teller

gladly consented to tell missionary Livingstone Stories. (See Livingstone stories for one week at a Chatauqua story hour. Often a suggestion and "Hero Stories," by Susan Mendenhall.) some material furnished are all that are needed to have missionary stories 6. How Pulling Teeth Opened Formosa included in the program ~or story hour at libraries and schools. Almost any to the Gospel. (See "Black Bearded Barchurch has young people who would become good story-tellers if they were barian," by Keith.) given the course provided in the mis- 7. A Japanese Boy Who Buried an sionary Summer Schools and Confer- Idol. (See page 224, "Missionary Pro~' grams and Incidents.") ences. The plan of an occasional mission- 8. Gingerbread or Missions? (See ary story hour on Sunday afternoons pages 127-129, "Missionary Programs and– has been successfully tried in some towns and cities. One woman who Incidents.") tried it writes: 9. When Tommy Was the Foreigner. "All the children of the city were invited to come to a missionary story (See page 15, "Missionary Program Mahour on Saturday afternoon in one of terial," by Anita B. Faris.) our large auditoriums. Clever newspaper notices had interested both par- 10. Tamate the Brave Missionary to ents and children for several days previous. The storv hour had also been New Guinea. (See page 74, "Missionary announced in the different Sunday Program Material.") Schools. The auditorium was packed with eager boys and girls and inter- 11. Two Thousand Miles for a Book. ested fathers and mothers here and there. There was no speechmaking, (See "International Graded Sunday School no tagging on of morals or of abstract precepts-just stories and stories, and Lessons," Junior Grade, Second Year, Part, then more stories, with some hymns IV., S. S. Times.) in between, directed by the musical 12. Marcus Whitman's Ride. (See director of city schools. The young listeners were thrilled by Livingstone's "Winning the Oregon Country," by John encounter with the lion and op.enly applauded Queen Kapiolani's defiance T. Faris.) of the fire g-oddess, Pelee. The hour passed on wings and there was an in- 13. On the Way to Hampton. (See sistent demand for more." "Up from Slavery," by Booker T. Wash- ington.) . Some Stories to Tell and Where to Find 14. In a Burmese Prison. (See "Ann of Them Ava," by E. D. Hubbard.) 1. How Digging a Well Broke the Back- Six Missionary Bible Stories hone of Heathenism. (See "Missionary Pro{lmms and Incidents," by George H. An Early Missionary to a Leper.-II Trull.) Kings,S.

2. Kapiolani Defies the Fire Goddess The Famine in Samaria.-II. Kings, 7. Pelee. (See "Missionary Programs and Jonah Refusing a Missionary Cal1.- lncidmlts.") Jonah. 'rhree Hebrews Who Would Not Bow 3. A World's Champion Cyclist Who Be- Down to an Idol of Gold.-Daniel, 3. came a Missionary. (See Ion Keith-Fal- The God That Answered by Fire.-I. coner in "Servants of the King,» by R. E. Kings, 18. Speer.) The Great Commission.-Matthew, 28.

4. An Iowa Girl's Sacrifice. (See Elea- ADDRESSES BY MISSIONARIES nor Chestnut in "Servants of the King," by R. E. Speer.) We are so accustomed to seeing this heading in all outlines on policies for 5. Livingstone and the Lion and Other missionary education that we pass it by with a friendly nod of recognition. As a matter of fact, we know that talks and addresses by missionaries are valuable and we vaguely plan to have them at some convenient season when some missionaries happen along, but few churches and Sunday-schools make definite arrangement for a num- ber of missionary addresses each year. Every board has missionaries on fur- lough and is glad to consider invita- tions for them to visit the churches. The missionary zeal of ma.ny cOligre- gations dates back to the visit and ad- dress of some missionary. Churches '.vhich have a large missionary pro- gram are usually those which add con- stant fuel to keep the fires of their

mi~sionary enthusiasm burning, by ar- nooks and niches. To this studio, ranging for as continuous a line of which was an object of interest and visitors from the field as possible. a social goal, she invited a group of Even after we have arranged for women for a Bible class. She reached an adequate presentation of missions in this way women who would never in our churches, we must recognize have been reached by meetings in the the fact that there are many who are church.

not going to come to the duly adver- *** tised "Usual Missionary Meeting" for An Unannounced Feature of a Re- their first installment in missionary in- ception.-A pastor's wife in West Vir- terest. How shall theJI hear? ginia had been greatly interested by a missionary address, heard by only a SUCCESSFULLY TRIED PLANS few women of her congregation. She Par lor M eetings.-Mohammed's said: "There are women in our method of dealing with the mountain church who have never heard of these which did not arise and come to him wonderful missionary opportunities, should have place in our methods of and who never will hear unless some- reaching people with missionary mes- thing out of the ordinary is done."

sages today. If the audience you wish With the squareJy set jaw of a firm to reach will not come to you, arise decision not to be denied she ap- and go to your audience. One of the proached the speaker who made that most active workers for the lepers of address. "You are to go with me to the world first heard the call to that a large reception this week and you work in a parlor meeting in her ,own are going to make a missionary talk home. At another meeting in a hotel there. So many of our women neVp.f parlor one of the great outstanding come to our meetings and they simply men on the foreign mission field spoke. must hear these things." To that re·· At the close of that meeting a woman ception the speaker went, trembling a present asked that the privilege of bit at the thought of the possible assuming his entire support in his mis- hidden resentment on the part of the sionary work might be hers. Some of seemingly gracious hostess and guests.

the most fruitful meetings at summer There was a polite lull in the general conferences have been parlor meet· conversation as she was led to a ings at hotels which reached guests, place in the doorway. The lull deep- many of whom did not get to the au- ened into an evident interest as she ditorium. Our plans "that they may . drew from her bag a string of beads hear" should go beyond the little cir- and began to tell the story of the wom- cle of the "faithful few," who attend an in Japan to whom those beads once the regular meetings. The woman belonged. Women who had never be- who is a great society leader might be- fore heard a missionary appeal come a great missionary leader if only listened that day with deep interest she heard a convincing call to that and earnestness to a call from the service; the man who is a business suc- women of Japan for the Christ who cess might become a missionary suc- has so enriched the lives of the women cess if he heard in as compelling a of America.

way 6f missionary opportunities; the Reaching High School Girls and young people who are the sparkle and BOJls.-Several years ago Robert E.

the life of society might become the Speer was in Columbia, South Caro- life of the Missionary Society if we lina, to deliver the Smith Lectures to could reach them with an adequate the Columbia Theological Seminary.

missionary message. A teacher in the city schools, who had A woman of wealth and culture and heard Mr. Speer, longed with all her social position had a charming studio, heart that the boys and girls of the made especially fascinating by the cu- High School might have the oppor- rios from many lands which filled its tunity of hearing him. She arranged

BEST

with the superintendent of city schools when she was eight years old, when to have Mr. Speer talk to the boys and she learned about the Isle of France girls at chapel. Into the auditorium and her teacher told the class of that marched the students-hundreds of beautiful young missionary, Harriet missionary possibilities. There was Newell, who never reached the field the silence that would have made to which she had consecrated her life, audible the dropping of the proverbial but was buried on this same Isle of pin, as Mr. Speer told of the Scotch France, which was in the geography lad who won the Oxford-Cambridge lesson. A mother who remembered bicycle race, who wrested the world's this as she was teaching her little boy bicycle championship from Keen, who a lesson on China decided to find out mastered shorthand so that he became whether missions would mix well with the authority for the Encyclopedia geography in the school to which her Britannica, who conquered Arabic until boy went. She called at the schoolhe was recognized as one of the best room that day with a number of cu- Arabic scholars in the world, who had rios she had, illustrative of some of wealth and position, but who put be- the manners and customs of the Chifore all these things the call to carry nese people, The teacher asked her Jesus Christ to the needy Mohammed- to tell the boys and girls about these ans of Arabia and who consecrated things during the lesson. With keenal of his magnificent talents to this est interest and delight, the small auservice. Not a boy or a girl, not a ditors looked and listened while China teacher or a visitor who heard can ceased to be a page in a geography and ever forget the matchless challenge to became a real place. A Chinese idol heroic living and heroic dying in the naturally introduced the religions of story of Ion Keith-Falconer. China with a missionary message. A teacher of another grade, overhearing *** part of the talk, came in with a plea that it be repeated in her room, after A Never "Dry" Theme.-The Mis- that, in yet another room. Workers, sionary Union of Williamsport, Pa., who are really interested in having our secured from the Superintendent of boys and girls hear, can often arrange the High School an invitation for one that returned missionaries visit schools of their speakers to make a talk to the during geography and history classes. students. When the speaker was graciously introduced by the superin- College O*ppor*tuni*ties.-In our coltendent as a missionary speaker the bright faces of the hundreds of boys leges and universities are thousands and girls evidenced an inward groan of young men and young women who of patient endurance. The spea,ker decide the question of their life work told the story of John G. Paton and without ever having heard the call of the digging of his well in the New the mission field presented. A young Hebrides. The keen after-comments medical student took his degree some of one boy suggest the possibilities of years ago. . He decided to begin his missionary stories at High School practice in a beautiful little town in chapel exercises. He said: "Of course Virginia, famed as a health resort. we thought the missionary lady would The signs over several offices gave tesbe dryas sticks, but -you bet there timony to the fact that an adequate was nothing dry about her. How number of physicians were on the cold she be dry when she struck a ground before he arrived. He hung whole well of water before she fin- out his sign also among the others and ished?" waited. As the call-less days went by he became desperate.. "If people dis- *** cern," reasoned he with himself, "that no patients are coming, then none will Mixed With Geography and His- come." Then he resorted to what, in tory.-It is well for us to remember that Eliza Agnew never forgot the 'geography lesson she had that day,

these days, is charitably called camou- butterfly of society. Possibly she was.

flage. Down the steps he dashed, Possibly no one had ever told her be- mounted his horse in seeming haste fore of such investments. There are and galloped off at full speed into the many people of wealth in our churches country, hoping thereby to disarm the who have never heard of the wonder- minds of the populace of any lurking ful investments which are possible on suspicion as to the lack of demand for the mission field. They also may rise his professional services. This done, up to accuse, if we do not tell them, he galloped back again. Day after day or to bless, if we do. Let us rid our- he went through the pathetic deception. selves forever of any thought of beg- He thought it was so everywhere, and ging for missions, but let us feel more that all young doctors had to wait for deeply the responsibility and the honor patients to -come. He had never heard given to us of presenting God's work of any place where doctors were more to God's stewards.

in demand. *** Another young doctor completed his A stenographer, whose income was course and sailed for Africa as a medi- $50.00 a month, was told that $60.00 cal missionary. Within fifteen min- a year would support a Bible woman utes after he landed he performed his in Japan. She adjusted her living so first major operation. His patients that she could save $5.00 a month and were lined up waiting for the arrival assumed the support of a Japanese of his steamer. In a short time he had Bible woman. Many others would charge of a hospital, and the measure have followed her example if they had of his own daily strength was the only heard. A little boy into whose hands limit to the number of patients he few coins came heard the call from could relieve each day. He had heard the starving children of Armenia pre- of the opportunity for medical men sented. With quiet determination, that in Africa before he decided his lo- involved more of sacrifice than have cation. If some one had presented to many larger gifts, he sent all of his the medical students of the other doc- quarter to the Armenian-Syrian Relief tor's class such an opportunity, he Fund. Multiplied thousands of Amer- might have put his life where the need ican boys and girls would have done was greater. One Board Secretary se- the same thing if they had been told cured for China one of the most bril- in the same way, but they have not liant of recent college graduates who heard.

had never given foreign missions a *** serious thought in connection with her A man was told of the opportunity own life work. When she heard the to support a mission station in Korea.

unparalleled opportunity in training In response he assumed the whole the college women of the New China financial cost of that entire station.

definitely presented she could not with- There are other men of just as great hold her life from that service. wealth who might do likewise if they Let Capitalists Hear had heard.

*** "Thank you so much for telling me On the one hand are the millions who about this opportunity," said a woman have never heard of the only Saviour as she handed a check to the secretary of the world; on the other hand, mil- who had presented a missionary op- lions who have never heard the call portunity to her. "I am so glad to for money and for lives to be poured have a chance at a good investment out in the greatest task ever given by like that." God to man. Between them we stand.

A friend standing by gasped. She Let us stand with the determination had thought that woman was just a that they shall hear.

Woman's Foreign Mission

Edited by Mrs. Wm. H. Farmer, Montclair, N. J.

THE EDITOR'S MESSAGE those who were not privileged to hear them presented. Only extracts can T HE Federation of Women's be quoted here, chosen with reference Boards of Foreign Mis~ions of to plans for the future rather than North America holds its annual recital of past successes. meeting on the day following the Garden City Conference. There- CHRISTIAN LITERATURE FOR fore on January 18th, delegates WOMEN AND CHILDREN representing all denominations and many sections of the United States as A s in so many other causes war conwell as Canada gathered in the Cen- ditions have compelled your Comtral Presbyterian Church of New mittee to move forward cautiously and York City for three sessions of great with serious hindrance, so far as makinterest and importance. There was ing large and aggressive plans are concomfort in the thought that the task of preparing a constitution and by- cerned. * * * laws and of organizing committees was completed. and that great ad- Plans are maturing for a student vance steps might now be taken. magazine in India, as soon as war conditions make such a venture ad- The President, Mrs. James· H. visable. This will be published in Moore of Chicago, imparted in her English and translated by various presiding and in her report of the ex- Boards in the vernacular adapted to ecutive committee a spirit of courage their people, the repr.inting and ediand optimism that made every woman torial work being done on mission present eager to meet the enlarging presses and by voluntary editors. For opportunity of 'federated work. for the salary of the editor-in-chief a submissions. sidy of $300 has been promised from the treasury of your Committee when- A delightful feature was the lunch- ever called for. This step will be taken eon served at noon where several mis- by the National Christian Literature sionaries and Mrs. Montgomery told Society of India, for in this as in all other plans we are careful to act under tales of experience and vision. The the direction and at the advice of the devotional services; the study of Literature Continuation Committees. prayer led by Dr. William P. Merrill; We are seeking for the suitable openthe singing by a choir of Armenian ing for syndicated work in South America, standing ready to serve the girls; the address by Mrs. Everitt O. Christian Literature Committee for Fisk of Boston, representing the As- Latin America in so far as funds and sociation of Collegiate Alumnae; the ability permit. afternoon coriference on methods conducted by Mrs. Cronk, in which Mrs. A small grant of $80 has also been Paul Raymond of San Francisco out- made Mrs. Evelyn Worthley Sites of lined plans for local federations and Foochow, China, to enable her to print conventions of far-reaching value for a new edition of a primer in Roman- ized Chinese for use in Fukien Provmissionary propaganda, and other pro- ince. gram items afforded a day rich in inspiration for future effort. COMMITTEE ON STUDENT WORK Full reports of the committees will PERHAPS one of the most encoursoon appear in booklet form. All de- aging results of the work of the serve careful reading, for interest as Student Committee lies in the fact weII as information, especially by

that seven of the Boards state that the later a second edition of 3,000, of work of this committee has been a which about 5,000 now remain in stimulus which has led them to project stock.

plans for embracing their student op- portunity in a larger way. Four PLANS FOR NEXT YEAR Boards have elected Student Secre- These have been made in consultataries during the year, making a total tion with the Committee of Twentyof thirteen Student Secretaries. Two eight and in harmony with its general Boards are using returned missionaries plans. Miss Margaret E. Burton, aufor college visitation. thor of the excellent books on China and Japan, and the text-book, "Com- The Sister College plan in the rades in Service," was chosen as our Methodist Episcopal Church has heen author for 1918. Her book, "Women most successful in enlisting the in- Workers of the Orient," is now in terest of students in schools and col- press. It treats of the Voman's leges of that denomination, and has Foreign Missionary aspect of the genled to an increase in gifts for students eral topic, "The Message of Christianin the colleges in the Orient which ity to an Industrial Age." This book are supported by the Methodist Epis- will be published in March. The Comcopal Church. The Student Secretary mittee has heen able, with hardly an of this Board has made a most attrac- exception, to issue its text-books tive poster showing the colleges in this promptly and in ample time for use country and in the foreign field and by Program Committees in the early connecting the two in a way that re- spring. The Chapter Headings of veals the relation between the two and Miss Burton's book are: the obligation of the one for the other. II. The Wage-Earners. Systematic work in Student Confer- III. Broadening Horizons. ences, college visitation, correspond- IV. Trail Makers. ence, student literature, work with Volunteers and foreign students, aid V. Workers Together. for medical students are among the VI. Leaders of the New Orient.

lines taken up by this Board. Excellent outlines and suggested UNITED STUDY OF FOREIGN Scripture readings precede each chap- MISSIONS ter. While we do not find in all Oriental countries the same industrial T HE Central Committee reports an problems that confront us here and excellent year on the study of are beginning to develop in Japan "An African Trail," by Jean Kenyon and China, we do find the old problem Mackenzie. Three-fourths of the first of woman's toil and burden among all edition of 100,000 was sold between peoples.

March and September, and the second The Junior book for this year had edition of 10,000 was ordered to meet been assigned to Dr. Jefferys, of the the small volume of sales which usual- Protestant Episcopal Church, who did ly come after January first. Warned such an interesting work in St. Luke's by the experience of 'certain years hospital, Shanghai, China. Dr. Jef- when for some unaccountable reasons ferys, however, was callen to a posi- sales suddenly dropped, leaving the tion which entailed heavy responsi- committee with a large surplus stock, bility. After making every effort he we decided to order only a small found himself in May unable to com- second edition, trusting that it will plete the task. He requested an exten- meet the actual needs. sion of time for one year. The Com- The Junior book, "African Advent- mittee was compelled to release him.

urers" also by Miss Mackenzie, was At that late day it seemed utterly im- issued by the Central Committee and possible to find an author who would the Missionary Education Movement.. undertake to finish the manuscript An edition of 25,000 was ordered and within the limit of time. It involved

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN

making the book in six months. The There are in the hands of the Com- Committee in desperation finally mittee, as the result of wide correcabled in June to Mrs. Thomas, of spondence and a questionnaire conthe Philippines, the author of "Around ducted by Mrs. Raymond, the constithe World with Jack and Janet," ask- tutions of most of the city unions and ing if she would write "Jack and the methods that have been success- Janet in the Philippines," a sequel to fully employed. her former book. Mrs. Thomas consented and cabled her reply. Since We recommend: there is still a good demand for 1st. That the Committee be au- "Jack and Janet," which has sold thorized to prepare and publish a connearly 30,000 copies, it is believed that stitution for city or county federamany children will be interested in tions, and to outline and publish a genthe further adventures of the twins. eral working plan for federations. Dissected maps and sets of postal 2nd. That the Committee be aucards will serve as illustrative material thorized to prepare and publish anand rewards, while passports will be nually specific plans and program sugneeded by all Juniors who undertake gestions for the guidance of officers of the voyage in this time of war. the various federations. Another evident need is a series of COMMITTEE ON METHOD::. conventions which shall bring to our women the missionary education and S INCE the members of the Commit- inspiration provided for the men of the tee are scattered from coast to churches by the conventions of the coast it has not been possible to hold Laymen's Missionary Movement. 1£ a meeting. All work has been done conventions could be planned parallelby correspondence. ing those of the Laymen's Missionary M'Ovement, comparatively small ex- The task set for us is twofold: penditures would make possible a series of conventions for women, 1st. "To develop plans for increas- which might be made to surpass the ing interest in Foreign Missions." Jubilee meetings in inspiration and in- fluence. We ask the Federation to 2nd. To devise methods of com- consider the advisability of conferring municating these plans to our mission- with the Executive Committee of the ary organizations in a way which will Laymen's Missionary Movement consecure practical results. cerning this possibility. One of the agencies through which As we were instructed to work we are privileged to reach the delargely through federated organiza- nominational and the auxiliary societions, our first concern has been the ties with methods of work is the Best interdenominational federations. The U:ethods Department of the MISSIONfindings of the Committee in the in- ARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD, edited by vestigation of this work are: the chairman of our Committee. This affords us an opportunity of placing in 1st. Many of the city federations the hands of our societies the best organized as a result of the Jubilee methods which our Committee can find Campaign are lagging in their work. to present. It is an opportunity that We believe this to be because of a lack is, to us, both priceless and costless. of definiteness in plan and purpose at The chief problem is how to secnre the present time. In Mrs. Montgom- a wider circulation of the REVIEW ery's now famous phraseology they among our societies. The circulation "aim at nothing and hit it with un- department of the Review is ready to -erring accuracy." Many of the meet- co-operate with this Federation and ings held by such federations are sim- also with all denominational Boards in ply "another meeting." plans for wider circulation.

2nd. New federations being formed are at a loss to know where to secure a constitution and a definite, or suggestive outline for their work.

COMMITTEE ON INTERDENOMI- education for women in India and NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ON China is before us in a vital way and THE FOREIGN FIELD requires the best judgment we can use in its iriterest. This report was read by the chairman, A WEEK IN DELAND, FLA. Mrs. McDowell, at the evening session T HE fifth session of the Winter and followed hy the address of Mrs. Fisk School of Missions, held under the auspices of the DeLand Missionary of Boston. For lack of space much that Union has been very successful. The week of January 27 to February 2, is of great interest in regard to Madras offering Bible study conducted by Dr. College for Women, Ginling College, and Hulley, President of the John B. Stetson University; discussion of Peking is omitted. EDITOR. methods; lectures on "An African Trail" and "Missionary Milestones," T HE Japanese Women's Christian by Mrs. H. L. Hill of New York, and College, Tokio, Japan, will open inspirational evening meetings, was formally in April, 1918. Suitable rent- preceded by three days of methods for ed- quarters have been secured for work among young people and a storythree years. Prominent Japanese edu- hour for children led by Mrs. Cronk. cationalists are pledged to the College. There were 258 registered, represent- Dr. Nitobe will be Honorary Presi- ing 22 states and 12 denominations. dent, and Miss Yasui, Dean. Dr. Reischauer becomes Executive Secre- INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP tary. Here is another enterprise to which Christian women, willing to be APARTY of nineteen young Chinese used of God in working out His pur- women now studying in our Eastposes, must give their best. The need ern colleges were entertained by a misfor such a college in Japan is no less sionary friend recently during the urgent than in India or China. Miss Christmas holidays. Burton says that "The men and women of Japan are today further apart Quarters were rented in a seaside intellectually than _in the feudal era." town, help was secured to make the Miss Tsuda adds, "The effect of this housework for such a family lighter, gap is deplorable on the home life." while for three weeks the girls reveled Weare working for Christian homes in fellowship with one another and and Christian leaders in these col- with friends made in the American leges. The test of civilization in community. Japan, as in every other country, is based upon the education of its women The girls expressed their pleasure as well as its men. freely. The friendly thought which resulted in this vacatiQn party points The number of union enterprises on the way to numberless opportunities our mission fields is sure to increase in to show international friendship to the the years just ahead. South America, great body of Oriental students now teeming with new life, will very soon enrolled in American colleges. These be asking for assistance in the estab- young people may help to interpret the lishment of union and co-operative best in American life when they return schools. to China if the best is open to them. Upon the impressions made on their Mexico has great plans for union minds during these student days will work affecting -every mission in the depend in no small part the relations country, which will be put into effect between the two countries in the next as soon as the present turmoil in that generation. country ceases. The Christian women of America must be ready with their response to all these calls for help.

The whole question of medical

News on War

A TRAINING SCHOOL FOR library and a sun parlor, is splendidly adapted to its purpose. A number of CHAPLAINS bedrooms with abundant bathing fa- cilities, will be rented at reasonable I N connection with the appeal of rates to women guests. General Pershing from France for more chaplains, it is of interest to note A UNION CHURCH BUILDING that, as the result of a proposal, of the Committee of the Federal Coun- C AMP UPTON now has a church cil on Army and Navy Chaplains, the headquarters, a building erected Secretary of War has signed an order near the administrative building of the establishing a training school for chap- Young Men's Christian Association lains. and opposite that of the Knights of Columbus. The building, which con- The location chosen is Fortress sists of an attractive chapel, with a Monroe, Virginia, in or about which parish h~)Use adjoining, was erected by nearly every form of army activity is a comm1ttee representing six different represented, and where the prospec- Protestant communions and is detive chaplains can become thoroughly sign~d to p~ovide a place for religious informed concerning all branches of services which require more quiet and the service. While in the school the detachment than is obtainable in the candidates will be under complete b.uildings o.f ~he Young Men's Chris-. army discipline, just as are candidates ban ASSOCJatlO~ and the Knights of for commissions in training schools Columbus. It IS open to all the relifor other officers' corps, The course giou~ bodies .in the camp and at the of instruction of the school includes opemng service all the religious inmilitary and international law and terests were represented-regular and army regulations, military hygiene, voluntary chaplains, Protestants Jews sanitation and similar matters. It is and Catholics, as well as the Young expected that all newly appointed Men's Christian Association and the chaplains now serving will be required Knights of Columbus. The meeting to take the course. Candidates will was addressed by the commanding be selected by the Federal Council's general, who expressed his cordial Committee on Army and Navy Chap- syu;pathy ~ith the project, and paid lains and by the Roman Catholic an Impressive tribute to the contribu- Chaplaincy Bureau. tion of the religious forces to the mo- rale of his troops. HOSTESS HOUSE IN NEW YORK CHURCH UNION IN WAR WORK T HE hostess houses at several of the army camps form one of the T HE General War-Time Commisbest known of the activities of the sion of the Churches is a body War Work Council of the National composed of representatives of the Board of Young Women's Christian leading' Protestant religious denomi- Associations. Now the idea has been tnbhaeretoinoungssthuednaypginpaggroewpdraiiyanstewancadormmwmieotartkn~sesw~fhihccaoh~- extended to New York City, Mrs. operation during the war. It has been Henry P. Davison, treasurer of the conducting a general survey of reli- War Work Council, having given her gious conditions in and about the former home, 12 West 51st Street, for camps, working for the advancement a hostess house, which will be used by of the interests and welfare of the women friends of the soldiers in chaplains, arranging conferences becamps around New York, and by sailors of the Navy Yard and boats in the harbor. The house, which has five stories, with spacious parlors and

tween the different agencies, studying as a unit in a comprehensive war special problems, such as that of moral program. (2) To place the Church, conditions about the camps, the wel- thus mobilized, at the service of the fare of industrial workers, provision United States authorities for active ,for the religious and social needs of co-operation with the several depart- the negro troops, care of interned ments of the government.

aliens and the like. On this Commis- The program proposes in an or- sion are members of the other com- ganized way to promote a campaign missions and committees of the Fed- of patriotism, through mass meet- eral Council, of the war commissions ings, in all major centers of the of the different Protestant churches, United States, to kindle enthusiastic the interdenominational agencies such loyalty and to interpret the meaning as the Young Men's Christian Asso- of the war and its moral and relig- ciation, the Young Women's Christian ious significance. It has been voted Association, the American Bible So- that Sunday, May 26, be observed ciety, the Young People's Societies, with special patriotic services and the Sunday School War Council. that as a self-denial offering the members of the Church be asked to RELIGIOUS WORK WITH devote to the Methodist War Fund AVIATORS at least the equivalent of one day's T HE War Work Council of the earnings or income. Young Men's Christian Association is promoting a very successful FROM PRISON TO THE ARMY C religious program at the great avia- ANADA is looking into the mili- tary possibilities locked up in her tion training camp, Kelly Field, near San Antonio, Texas. Here are upwards prisons, as the following extract from of 6,000 young men. With the approval a Manitoba paper shows: of the commanding officers, who "Forty men at the Alberta peniten- know the value of this special work, tiary were made prospects for military the Association Secretaries, nearly all service when they were given exam- university men, visit the tents when a ination by the military board. Forty- new contingent arrives, meet the men two were examined and forty placed one by one, and distribute copies of in A-2, while two more were placed the Gospel of John, at the same time in class B-2, all fit for overseas serv- offering to give a copy of the New ice. Men who were serving life sen- Testament to any man who will re- tences wept when told they would be turn the little gospel. More than three considered for military service. One thousand have come to the building of these has served eleven years of a for the testaments, and many have life sentence and stiII is in the military sought Christ as a result of the read- age limit."

ing of the Gospel. Classes are be- A contributor to The Living Church ing organized in every squadron by comments: the men themselves. Recently fifty- "Nothing could paint more vividly four classes were attended by 1,850 the anguish of prison life than those of the 6,600 men in camp. few brief words,telling how they wept for joy at the privilege of hav- " T THE METHODIST WAR COUNCIL ing the gates of death opened to them! HE War Council of the Meth- We, doubtless, have in America odist Episcopal Church," which among our penitential men innumer- has been organized with headquarters able hosts who would shed these same at Washington, D. C, and with Bishop manly tears if given the same privi- Berry as chairman, announces as its lege to come forth, begin all over, and purposes: (1) To mobilize the entire take a man's place in the world again; denomination, through its depart- eager to wash away their record, if mental and other activities, to act need be, in their blood."

fROM MANY

INDIA "We are afraid of our new women. They have freedom from seclusion, Y. M. C. A. Growth in India and advanced ideas, yet they have not that safeguarding influence that we "THE regular ~o.rk of the ~o~ng see in the lives of Christian women. Men's Chnstlan ASSoClatlOn It is for this reason that we feel that a class in the life of Christ would be in India, notwithstanding the war, is of value to them." progressing in the chief centers. The number of Indians of strength and Another Criminal Settlement ability in secretarial positions has increased to nearly 150; the Americans R EADERS of THE REVIEW are number seventy and the British sev- familiar with the experiment of enty-five," says "Association ~en." the Government of India in reforming criminals by settling them in villages In several provinces of India there of their own under the supervision of are twenty-seven .cantonments ,,:ith missionaries. The Government said their Association huts and service. that if 25 per cent. of the criminals Wealthy Hindus and Mohammeda~s would be honest it would pay to have are giving liberally in support of this them in the settlement instead of work. sentencing them to jail.

The war has stirred India to the One of these colonies reports that, depths. Caste is ruthlessly breaking so far, 100 per cent. have proved themdown in the Babel of tongues and of selves to be honest. Although the colraces which has been brought about ony has no written laws, there is a code through necessary military comming- of unwritten laws. In the control of ling. Commercial development had the colony self-government is carried already done much to distll~b India's on in accord with the foilowillg prinstagnation and to beget a nattonal race ciples: (1) The settlers must underconsciousness. These the war has stand that he that will not work shall greatly intensified and ac~elera~ed..A not eat. (2) So far as possible, work new India has come to hfe with Its is provided or the settlers, and "now insistent demands and its imminent it is up to them to make good." (3) perils. Lonl Willingdon, the Govern- All the rules and regulations of the or of the Bombay Presidency, writes: settlement are comprised in the two "Personally, I believe the Association verses: "All things whatsoever ye has done much and perhaps more than would that men should do to you, do anv other institution to bring about a ye even so to them; for this is the law better understanding, warmer sympa- and the prophets." And the other is thy and truer confidence between all like unto this one: "If a man be over· races who come to this country." taken in a fault, ye which are spirit- ual, restore such an one in the spirit A Request for a Bible Class of meekness; considering thyself, lest_ thou also be tempted." So far ther' SOCIAL freedom, without the re- have been about 150 converts and the,! straining influence of Christian- have proved to be very enthusiastj,.' ity, is a dangerous thing for Indian Christians. women, in the opinion at least of one of the leaders of the Brahmo Samaj. League of Missionaries to Moslems He came to a secretary of the Young Women's Christian Association in HE membership of the confiden- Calcutta, and asked her to open a T tial circle of workers in India. Bible class, in the life of Christ, among known as the Missionaries to Moslems the women of his community. When League, is not large, but that is its questioned as to his reason for making so unusual a request he replied:

very sonrce of strength, because the pots of holy water; I'<)ckets are ex- bond of union established is one of ploded day and night, both to salute faith and prayer and sympathy. For the god and summon the people, and five years it has concentrated thought decorations line the roads, as flags are and effort on the problem in India, used with us to welcome a distinand doubtless stimulated many out- guished visitor. On the appointed side of its membership. The present day, the silver god is carried to the secretary is the Rev. John Takle. festival ground and placed under the shade of a tree, with spears arranged Brahmanbria, Bengal. on either side for protection; while Pathan First-Aid Treatment priests stand ready to receive offerings D o the people of the Punjab need of cocoanuts, chicken:! and camphor. medical missions? Read this: A Mingled with all these ceremonies is young Pathan girl, fifteen years old, the thought of material gain and pleaswith her right arm shattered by a bul- ure. All manner of amusements, let, was brought to a hospital of the booths for selling and gambling de- Church Missionary Society in the Pun- vices are well patronized. It was jab, near the borders of Afghanistan. among- all these enormous r.rowds of The missionary doctor thus describes benighted people that the Tarnal misthe Pathan method of treating the sionaries, evangelists, teachers and Bible women came to hold open air case: Her father's enemy had shot her as services to tell the Gospel story. Even he could not get the man himself, and the little children from the Mission her father, greatly distressed, brought Orphanage had a part in these servher to us one day last June. Round ices. Many of the listeners bought the arm next the flesh was the body Gospels and return€d to their own vilof a cock split open, and bound on the lages, some near ·and some far, perwound when freshly killed, feathers haps never again t'J hear the Message outside. Around her body, to which of Life.

the arm was again bound, cock and all, SIAM were the skins of two goats recently killed. This June with the tempera- Women Physicians for Siam T ture at 114 degrees, the child has been HREE members of the teaching carried for twenty-four hours on a . force of the Harriet M. House rough bed in the sun's heat. Such is School for Girls at Bangkok, Siam, the first aid rendered by the Pathan. have gone this last year to Manila, The girl recovered under treatment, Philippine Islands, to take up the although the arm was at first very study of medicine and nursing, two of septic.-C. M. S. Gleaner. them to fit themselves to become the Festival to the Water-God in India first women physicians in Siam, and the third to become a trained nurse.

O NE is reminded of the description One of the young women medical in Psalm cxv of the "idols of students is the sister of a graduate of silver and gold, the work of men's Harvard University who is soon to hands; they that make them are like return to Siam as a civil engineer. The unto them," when reading an account other is the daughter of the Attorney- of a recent celebration of the Guruna- General of Siam. They go to Manila than Festival in India, when thousands at their own expense and have very of people assembled from a radius of .ambitious plans., two or three hundred miles to propitiate the god of water, who is sup- A Siamese Giver T posed at this time of the year to visit OWKAY SAM, a Siamese Chris- tian at vVai Neo, Siam, has, on. the country in floods. For days before the arpointed festival processions his own initiative, planted an orchard, of men and women march with brass the produce of which is to be used en-

N:E:WS FROM MANY tANbS

tirely for the support of Christian sionary society to' take over this enwork at Wai Neo. He had already dowed monastery property to support given a chapel. in our village a Christian school, as we have driven out the monks.' Prob- CHINA ably this is the only one of the 4,500 American schools that is supported by " 0 Parodies of Christian Methods the endowment of a Buddhist monas- NE cannot fail to notice how tery! For the last two decades God distinctly Confucianists 'seek to has been bringing China and America parody divine things" Mr. Darlington together. The admiration and love of the China Inland Mission at Wan- that the Chinese people-from the hsien, Szechuan, writes. "Espe- highest official to the lowest cooliecially is this so with regard to our feel toward the people of America hymns of praise. In the Buddhist are expressed in a great number of temple adjoining our house, a Con- ways. The Chinese governor of our fucian school was opened and the boys district is paying subsidies out of his were daily taught to sing 'Kong tsi own private funds for some of our (Confucius) loves me, this I know,' to schools just as an expression of the the time of our sacred little children's confidence the Chinese have come to hymn. Our methods of evangelism feel for America. We must make the are being copied in like manner. The most of this opportunity to link closer Buddhists are now printing tracts on the white and yellow races. There is . the moral virtues of their leader, and no other basis for world federation or posting these in conspicuous places the brotherhood of mankind than the about the city. teachings of the blessed Book.

"A large temple has been opened in Rules for Chinese Schoolgirls the city and numbers of priests from other parts have come along to con- O NE of the unexpected results of duct a forward movement. They are republican rule in China is the endeavoring to produce a revival of promulgation of detailed regulations the Three Religions of China, and al- to govern the conduct of girls in ready thousands of people have gone school. along to take part in these idolatrous rites; and now the city is being sys· Believing that a certain amount of tematically worked by women de- discipline and uniformity is desirable votees, who visit from house to honse, in their training, the Ministry of Ed· and by their godless and superstitious ucation has posted the following rules ministry beguile unwary souls. When in the girls' schools of the provinces: you consider that to counteract this movement we have only two foreign (1 ) No girl shall be allowed to ladies and one Biblewoman who can have her hair cut short in any governgive any measure of their time to the ment school, and anyone found violatwork of visiting in this city with its ing this regulation shall be expelled 240,000 inhabitants, it surely is a call from school. (2) No footbinding to great searching- of heart on the part shall be allowed. (3) No marriage of some at home."-China's Millions. without the parents' sanction shall be allowed, and if any girl violate!: this China's Confidence in America regulati"on she shall be expelled from school and her teacher shall also be "FOUR years ago a company of punished for lack of vigilance. (4) Chinese men came into my No leave shall be granted to girl stu- dents without sufficient reason nor study," says Rev. Edward H. Smith, shall they be allowed to promenade in of the American Board, "and spread the streets in groups. (5) No girl out a document in Chinese, and said, over thirteen years of age shall be al- 'This is a deed. Ve have had for gen- lowed to attend schools where boys erations in our mountains a Buddhist are taught. monastery. We now want your mis-

Chinese Moslems to President Wilson Mr. Soong Han-chang, manager of T HE Chinese Moslems of Peking the Bank of China, won the first prize wrote to President Wilson on the for having ohtained the largest numsubject of the war and the part 01ina ber of new member!; had in it, and after the usual Oriental T felicitations expressed themselves as An Up-to-Date Medical School follows: "Very frequently the Chi- HE achievement of twenty young nese Republic is glad to follow the ex- men in having completed the ample of your noble government, so course in the Mukden Medical Col- if you will give the word we will fol- lege, Manchuria, was noted in the low, and if you are patient we will February REVIEW. It is of interest to continue to be patient. We do not ask hear something of the equipment and anything from you save the favor of requirements of the school. The hos- using your influence to quench the pital and laboratories contain excel- fires of war in the world. But as for lent modern apparatus. The study of the present condition of China, the experimental physiology has been ad- hearts of the rulers are divided, so vanced by the recent installation of that there is constant change, and no a special set of instruments of the permanent responsibility. How is it latest Edinburgh University pat- possible for a country in this con- tern; power for ten revolving drums dition to declare war upon another is supplied by a dynamo connected country? We therefore turn to you with the government power station, and hope that you will arrange and and enables twenty students to carry give us good advice for the future a:f- . on independent experiments at one fairs of our republic, in order that time. Much costly apparatus has prosperity and safety and peace may been installed in the bacteriological come to us speedily." laboratory also. Through the cor- Y. M. C. A. Growth in China dial relations existing between the college authorities and the govern- T HE twenty-eight city Young ment, all restrictions regarding dis- Men's Christian Associations in section have been removed, which China have 18,000 members, 6,000 in will, of course, be of special value to schools, 7,200 in Bible classes, with an the pupils to come. A special fea- operating expense of $350,000 Mex. ture of the installation of these in- The Associations have been respon- struments and apparatus, of which sible for adding' five hundred members the staff are proud, is the fact that to the various city churches. The use- the whole of the work has been done fulness and popularity of the Associa- by the resident Chinese mechani- tion has necessitated a plan of en- cians.

largement which is to establish about Applications for admission· so fifty model Associations in important greatly exceed the capacity that the centers and help them to secure an hest candidates have been chosen from adequate equipment, with a staff of about four times the number apply- trained Chinese secretaries, and to ing. In addition to completing a develop complete local management course at the government or Chris- and self-support. There are now 146 tian middle schools, each candidate Chinese secretaries in the City Asso- for admission must pass an exam- ciations, while 300 would not be too ination in arithmetic, geometry, alge- many for immediate requirements, and bra, history, geography, Chinese a thousand will be needed within the classics and composition and Eng- next ten years. lish.

The recent four weeks' "drive" in the Young Men's Christian Associa- Visiting a Buddhist Monastery I tion at Shanghai, China, resulted in T is the custom of students in Chi- nese government schools to go en the acquisition of 1,025 new members and fees to the amount of $13,853. masse twice each year to some place

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

of historic interest, and C. H. Hamil- terpret in their true meaning the social ton, of the University of Nanking, standards of the freer West to the writes in the Missionary Intelligencer young people of Japan who sometime'> of conducting a party of 105 students misunderstand and misapply those to the Buddhist Monastery of Bas same freer standards." H wa Shang,. a training school for priests. Over a thousand were there This committee investigated espebeing trained in the Buddhist ritual. cially the present attitude of Christian The majority of the visiting university schools in regard to dormitory regustudents had been taught from their lations and class-room instruction, youth in Christian schools and viewed and brought in to the 1917 meeting of with amazement and scorn this ex- the Association the following resoluhibition of Buddhism in work-day ap- tions, which were adopted: parel. "One thing which impressed the visitors," writes Dr. Hamilton, 1. That this association recom- "was the sight of six priests around a mends in the high school departments table, learning their chants. Each of its girls' schools a lesson or a series held in his hand a copy of a classic. of lessons, made as practical as possi- One held a stick with a large knob ble, on both the Christian principles with which he rhythmically pounded and the social regulations governing a hollow piece of wood. In time with the relations of men and women. this beat all six read the characters before them, but whatever golden 2. That this association present to thoughts lay back of the words were the National Christian Education lost on the ignorant chanters. To Association of Japan the desirability them the page was an array of char- of introducing into boys' schools a acters having a certain sound-noth- similar lesson or course on the Chrising more. Once before I had visited tian principles and the social regulathis monastery and asked for some tions governing the relations of men well-trained priest to come and talk and women. with me about the Buddhist doctrines, but was informed that the place had 3. That this association recomnone such. The old abbot of the place mends that Christian organizations smiled benignly and reminded me that and individuals encourage lectures on one can only learn the wonders of social subjects before parents' meet- Buddhism by experience-the old ings and general audiences, in order familiar contention of mysticism in all to arouse older people to a sense of their responsibility for the social life pl~ces." of the young people.

JAPAN-CHOSEN 4. That this association appoint a committee with power to act in con- Social Standards in Japan sultation with the Executive Commit- tee, with reference to publishing suit- T HOSE who are seeking the true able matter relating to the subject of Christianization of Japan are social relations of young men and finding new problems in the influence young women. of many Western ideas. At the 1916 meeting of the Woman's Christiart A Christian Welfare Work for Education Association of Japan, a committee, composed of English, Japanese Railway American and Japanese women, the last both with and without training T HE Assistant General Traffic abroad, was appointed to study the Manager of the South Manchuria question of social standards for young Railway Company describes in The men and young women, "with a view Survey the welfare work conducted to seeing what might be done to in- by the company, under the direction of Shiroshi Otsuka, who was for- 'merly connected with the Young Men's Christian Association. He says: "There are living in the leased ter-

ritory under our supervision about Christ and must be fed with the milk 50,000 Japanese and 100,000 Chinese of the word, not yet being ready for and as many as 500 foreigners, while 'strong meat.' It is a real privilege the company itself employs 12,000 to tell the message of Jesus and yet, Japanese and 25,000 Chinese. The oh! so hard when they know so little welfare department seeks to promote and are so ignorant." the moral and social advancement both of Japanese and Chinese employees, MOSLEM LANDS as well as of all other people. in the The Red Triangle in Palestine leased territory. "There are twelve officers, all under T HE sign of the Red Triangle is now familiar in Jerusalem. Cathe supervision of Mr. Otsuka, and all bles received from the front report are conscientious, earnest Christians.

These officers have charge of the work the opening of centers in Jaffa, in the various towns along the rail- Gaza, Beersheba and last of all, in way, and each office is known as a Jerusalem itself; and a cinema has club where all the employees may been secured for use in the camps sur- meet. By means of lectures, reading, rounding the Holy City. Members of meetings, religious services, healthy the forces who have received a day's games, musical concerts, gardening, leave to tour the. city are looked after knitting, with annual exhibits and and cared for by the Y. M. C. A.; prizes, the company seeks to promote indeed, from Jerusalem down to Cairo the social, physical and intellectual the Red Triangle links are complete. welfare of the employees and their The party of eighty members of the families. These clubs have also cir- Red Cross and Syrian and Armenian culating libraries which are drawn Relief Expedition has left America upon largely by the families of the for Palestine to conduct relief and re- lower class employees. construction work for the stricken popUlation . "The company has sent Mr. Otsuka . to the United States, to inspect and Turkish Testimony to Mission Schools study similar social work with a view T HE Turkish Government some- to enabling the company to improve time ago took the children from its methods and expand its work." the schools conducted in Palestine by the London Jews' Society, and put Six Days on One Lesson A WOMAN missionary in Korea them in a so-called "national orphan- went to one 6f the outlying vil- age." "It is encouraging," writes a mislages to hold a Bible class of women sionary of the Society, "to hear that for a week. There were about forty the children had displayed such a suenrolled, and she planned to teach one periority of character that the eldest of six great events in the life of Christ among them, both boys and girls, had each day. She devoted the first day been made monitors. Moreover, it has to a very simple account of the nativ- been found that the only reliable ity, but the next day, no one remem- teachers who could be secured were bered anything, and so it went on Christians, so that even in adversity through the week, so that all six les- missions are being proved worth son.s were given up to the subject of while !" Christ's birth. The missionary says of these women: Destitution in Palestine "Very few of the old women can .THE next step after the British read at all, and those who can read, . military victories in Palestine has do so very falteringly, rarely grasp- been the institution 011 a larger scale ing the meaning. So teaching here than before of· relief work. How is 'line upon line and precept upon great need there is for this may be precept.' Truly they are babes in judged by this description, in the lew-

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

ish Missionary Intelligencer, of condi- nian woman is paid gratuity if she is tions in December: "The long period in health. For families in which the of underfeeding, which has lasted al- father is dead and the mother is supmost since the outbreak of the war, porting one or more orphans, an alhas so lowered the vitality of the lowance of ten rubles a month is people that they have been unable to granted; but at the present value of resist the ravages of cholera, typhoid, the ruble this really amounts to typhus and other terrible diseases. scarcely a dollar. The payroll of the It is reported that 30,000 Jews in factory is $5,000 a month. Within Jerusalem and vicinity have died from the scope of the Erivan work, it is starvation and pestilence. stated that no Armenian is now starv- ing. But the distribution of aid from "The Turkish authorities have used this center reaches no more than 300 the available food, clothing and other villages and only about 50,000 of the supplies for the army. As their army 250,000 Armenians remaining alive grew and the quantities needed have from the late massacres. increased, the food produced in the country has been taken and the au- The Kurds Are Suffering thorities have commandeered the means of production of food. Thus T HE Kurds, who participated so irrigation pumps and other agricul- largely in the massacres of Artural .implements have been taken to menians and Assyrians, are now provide metal for ammunition, and plunged into a more abject poverty trees have been cut down to provide than even the two Christian races fuel for the railways. Even olive trees, which they so recently ravaged. The which produce not only oil for light- loot they collected has been dissipated, ing, but also oil and fruit for food, and they have been driven from their have been cut down, first one-tenth, homes. A recent visitor estimates that then a second, then a third. How when he was in Persia about 40,000 many more tenths have gone in the Kurds were saving themselves from last six months we do not know. starvation only by what they could steal from the scavenger dogs that "Apart from the shortage caused by eastern cities depend upon to clean up these exactions, the year has been a garbage. bad one. The 'latter rains' were very scanty, and, in addition, the fruit A missionary in U rumia writes of trees have not yet recovered from the these people: "They, too, have suflocust plague of 1915." fered, and have now returned from their self-imposed exile, and they seek Industries for Annenian Refugees comfort in their desolate and dev- asted villages. A pitiful lot they are, E RIVAN, at the foot of Mt. Ararat mostly orphans and widows, ragged in trans-Caucasian Russia, is to- and hungry, weary and worn with day the largest population center of long journeyings from the hot deserts surviving Armenians. Here a re- of Arabia and over the cold mounmarkable industrial work has been set tains of Kurdistan." up in which the only employes are Armenian refugees and the only prod- So bitter is the feeling between the uct is homespun woolen clothing for Kurds and the Armenians that many destitute Armenians to wear. An ef- of the latter object to seeing the ficient manufacturing enterprise has Kurds receive any of the relief sent been set afoot, in spite of the fact that from America. But the relief comcomparatively few of the operatives m~ttees have latterly been reaching knew beforehand anything of the out to help as many as possible of processes employed, from carding the these fierce and fanatic Moslems, on wool to tailoring the cloth. No Ar- whom the calamities let loose by themmenian man receives any money that selves have returned to take such a he does not work for, and no Arme- terrific revenge.

Continued Need in Persia AFRICA A LONG delayed letter from Uru- mia, Persia, is of great interest An Austrian Mission to the Sudan T in its picture of conditions which ex- HE Austrian Catholic Mission to the Sudan was established in isted there at the beginning of the winter: Khartum in 1848, and preparation was "The relief work has gone strenu- begun to extend their work into the ously forward under Dr. Shedd's South among the pagan tribes. The leadership. As the winter approaches, thing that stands out prominently in the mob of starving people . thickens their history is the amount of young in our city yard. The price of grain life poured into their work in those increased steadily from harvest to early years. During the first ten years harvest, reaching famine prices. The of their history, of thirty-one men who harvest in irrigated land has been joined their Mission, at least sixteen good, and in places there has been a died and others were sent away com- considerable yield from unirrigated pletely broken in health.

land. Consequently a larger part of Rev. J. Kelly Giffen, D.D., who has the resident population is provided for been studying this chapter of mission-· than was the case last year, and re- ary history, writes : "We cannot al- lief for this class will diminish greatly. ways commend their wisdom, but their "On the other hand, crops through- zeal and courage were real and their out the country are blighted and the martyr spirit demands our respect.

hope of bringing foodstuffs in is very These men did real pioneer work in small. Prices are about 60 per cent exploring regions hitherto unknown higher than last year and famine is and in bringing information to the out- the prospect ahead for the refugees, side world of a people strange to all Kurdish as well as Christian. Many and in desperate need of a pure gos- of the resident Christians and Mos- pel. Their more lasting work was lems are not provided for except as the production of vocabularies and a helped by friends and neighbors. The grammar of the Dinka and Bar Relief Committee has distributed much languages and a translation of the gos- seed this past year and the acreage pels.

which has been plowed and sown has No matter what opinion we may been greatly increased. Some of the hold as to the teaching of these men border regions have been settled which we must admire their pioneer work for would otherwise have remained un- Christian missions at a terrible sacri- inhabited and the fields would have fice of life.-United Presbyterwn.

remained idle." From the West Persia Mission of Y. M. C. A. Work for the Black Troops M the Presbyterian Church, a missionary OST of the British troops which were sent to German East writes of the "throngs of orphans and widows, the old and crippled; the blind, Africa early in the war have been the insane, the broken-hearted, the withdrawn because of the climate, and homeless, helpless, hopeless of five suf- their places have been taken by a col- fering nations, crowding the American ored army made up of South Africans, Relief Committee headquarters .for Indian Sepoys, East African and West help. African regiments from Nigeria, "Among the orphans who crowded Somaliland, Zanzibar, Nyasaland, the us too,-2,500 of the real orphans or Cameroons, th.e Gold Coast, regiments those who had widowed mothers,- from the British West Indies and the were many of those whose parents Cape Corps from South Africa.

are still captives in the hands of the In addition there have been brought Turks, and who came to be written together thousands of native African as orphans. And why not?' Are they porters and carriers, mobilized from not worse than orphans, having a remote villages, speaking a variety of hopeless hope?" languages.

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

To this composite, company the Church Giving in Africa Young Men's Christian Association has sought to minister. Five colored I N the West African Mission of the secretaries from North America, led Presbyterian Church the Every by Max Yergen, are rendering magni- Member Plan begins two years beficent service, characterized officially fore church membership. There is a by the Director of Military Labor as probationary system by which candi- "humane and sympathetic." The Com- dates for church membership are kept mander-in-chief cabled the Interna- at least two years in catechumen tional Committee that he would be classes for instruction. The initial "grateful" if additional colored secre- pledge, which is usually two and a taries were sent. One of them gained half cents weekly, is given at the a knowledge of the Swahili language first enrollment as a catechumen. in six months, which enabled him to di- After a year, on being promoted to the rect the work and to give religious ad- advanced class, the amount pledged is dresses to these needy men in their own tongue. Anothef has developed usually increased to 30 or 5 cents. night schools and other educational features. The mission schools have On being admitted to church memberbeen impressed, yielding their trained ship, which becomes possible at the boys for leadership. Many of these end of the second year of training, boys have developed capacity which there usually comes a further increase has multiplied the activities and ex- of about 5 to 7 cents. A number of tended the service of the North members give 12 or 24 cents and a few American leaders. Settlers, mission- even more. The average is about 5 aries and officials heartily co-operate cents a week. through the Association, which provides an outlet for their efforts-As- "Very few of the people have any sociation Men. regular wage. Those who have would perhaps average $2.50 a month. The Indians in East Africa women, who constitute the greater number of our contributors, for the L ARGE numbers of soldiers from most part have only what they can India have been sent to German secure by the preparation and sale of East Africa, as well as to Europe, and food, mainly at government markets the Young Men's Christian Associa- and to passing caravans. Many of tion of India has followed them them contribute a large part of what is wherever they have gone. procured in this way. The incentive for many in the preparation of food In Dar-es-Salaam, one of the most for sale is to secure something for the cosmopolitan cities of the world, the offering. New York of German East Africa, a former German beer garden has been "Undoubtedly the taking of the transformed into a flourishing Associa- pledge at the first enrollment as a tion center. Here Indians from the catechumen is one of the important medical, telegraph and other depart- factors contributing to the general immental services enjoy the varied pro- pression that giving is an essential part gram, and use the facilities provided of Christian worship. Contribution by the Red Triangle. Caste and class Sabbath is called 'Praise Sabbath,' and distinctions are forgotten. Hospitals the day the offering is received is are visited by voluntary Indian work- 'Go to Church Sunday.' Once a month ers who distribute gifts and write let- the offerings are received." ters for illiterate wounded Sepoys. Educated Indians, both Hindus and How Schools Open the Doors Mohammedans, willingly serve their less fortunate fellow-countrymen. O N returning from a trip among villages where no missionary work exists, Rev. George Schwab, of Metet, West Africa, writes: "After traveling for days and re-

peating in village after village the was so much impressed by what he question, 'Are there any people of the saw that he cabled an account of his Word in this place?' and having so experiences, through the Japanese As- often been informed, 'Yes, there are,' seciated Press, to Japan. The various and on inquiry learning that there departments of the school were dec- were two or three school-boys, or orated with the national colors. In the friends and relatives of school-boys, I Junior Department, as the Baron enhave been forced to believe that it is tered, 400 )'(oung people arose and the school and not so much· the saluted the flag in a thrilling way. It evangelist which opens up and thaws was the first time that the Baron had out a heathen community." 1ward the salute and he asked for a copy of it. Later it was repeated by A Colored Y. W. C. A. for South Africa tlJe Senior Department in the opening'

T HE Young Women's Christian exercises. The reading of Lincoln's Association has been at work in Gettysburg Address by that depart- ment deeply impressed him and he South Africa for more than forty asked for a copy of the progr:;l.m. The years, but its efforts have been con- fact that the Sunday-schools of fined to the white women. A few America, with 20,000,000 members, months ago a deputation of colored stood so strongly by the Government in a spirit of loyalty, gave the Sunday women in the Cape Province appealed school a new rating in the mind of to the Executive Board of the National the Baron and helped the S'unday school as an institution to have a high- Council of the Y. W. C. A. to start er rating in Japan through his mes- sage to his native country. work for them. A public meeting, held in Cape Town last September, was a crowded and representative gathering with the widow of the latc Dr. James Stewart of Lovedale in the Missionary Conference of Friends chair. Mrs. Stewart said that they felt that the call to open this new work R EPRESENTATIVES of the forcame as a direct challenge and one eign missionary organizations which God in His providence surely connected with the Society of Friends met at the Garden City conference meant them to accept. to consider the question of foreign The following resolution wa<; car- missionary activity in their own de- nomination. They report: ried unanimously: "That the National Council of the Y. W. C. A., hav- "After careful consideration it was ing been approached by a deputadon concluded to invite the Friends of of colored women, recognize the time Canada and the United States who are has come to establish a department of interested in foreign missions to attend work amongst them, and agree to their a volunteer conference to be held in request that a residential center be es· the city of New York, following the tablished under the auspices of the General Mission Conference next year, National Council." for the purpose of better understand- ing each other and our work, and for Missionaries are hoping that the As- taking such action as the way may sociation will SOon commence <;imilar open for. A committee was appointed work in Durban, Pretoria and Johan- to carryon, through the year a cornesburg.

NORTH AMERICA respondence in the missionary interest, Japanese Baron at Sunday School and to visit various localities at home where it may be found desirable.

W HEN the Japanese Finance Commission was recently in A Great Rescue Mission in Boston B America, its chairman, Baron Megata, EGUN in a little second-story a member of the House of Peers, room on Tremont Street sixteen visited a Brooklyn Sunday-school, and years ago, the Union ReS<;le Mission

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

of Boston has now reached the point one-hundredth anniversary of the where it has dedicated a new building, founding of the Society of Missionary valued at $35,000. Inquiry, established by twelve theo- logical students in Synod's school con- The features of the new edifice are nected with Hampden-Sidney College. a men's room for lounging and companionship and equipped fgr Sunday The strongest element in the growth morning breakfast, an auditorium of the Society was probably the inholding three hundred, nine bedrooms fluence of John Holt Rice, a professor for men, a women's apartment with in the seminary, who in 1831 made an three bedrooms, a special room for overture to the General Assembly rechildren and mothers, and a roof gar- questing it to declare that the Church den, where the children can play with "is a Missionary Society, the object less risk than in the street. The meet- of which is to aid in the conversion ings are held every night in the week of the world, and that every member and are attended by 500,000 persons of the Church is a member for life in the course of a year. They mark of said society, and bound in mainthe turning point in the life of many tenance of his Christian character, to a discouraged and dissipated man and do all in his power for the accomwoman. The superintendent is Rev. plishment of this object." H. D. Campbell, a convert of the mission and a missionary in Africa for The overture outlined also the form over twenty years. Boston Christians of a business organization, which was of all denominations support the Union adopted in substance and which there- Rescue Mission-The Congregation- fore may give Dr. Rice the title, the list. Father of the Organized Foreign Mis- sionary Work of the Presbyterian Winter Outdoor Evangelism churches in America.

O UTDOOR evangelism in mid-win- A Church That Works at Night . ter is now a part of the aggres- T HE Roman Church has long'minsive evangelistic work of the National istered to its night workers with Bible Institute, New York. Hereto- a 2 a. m. mass. The Night Church on fore the outdoor evangelistic campaigns have extended from April to Congress Street, Chicago, seeks to par- November, but this year it has been possible to inaugurate a long-cherished allel this ministry by' its services to plan for all the year outdoor evangelism. Protestants.

That a large hearing for the Gospel Meetings are held every night on the can be gained out of doors in snow covered streets has been proven by the street near the hall. The services befaithful evangelists of the Institute's staff. Within the three weeks' period gin at eight or nine and continue unending December 22 there was the heaviest snowfall New York had ex- til the streets are deserted at twelve perienced (according to the daily papers) since 1888, yet during these or one. If the weather is unpropithree weeks ninety-one outdoor evangelistic meetings were held, with an tious the meetings are adjourned to a aggregate attendance of 21,706. hall upstairs. Coffee and rolls are A Pioneer Missionary Society served every night. The workers go · SIGNIFICANT missionary an- A niversary was celebrated in into the shops and offices where night Richnmnd, Virgina, in January, in a shifts are working and use the lunch meeting called to commemorate the hour for friendly calls. .

The Rev. Emest A. Bell is the pastor and has as his assistants the Rev. Myron E. Adams, formerly pas- tor of the First Baptist Church of Chicago, two deaconesses' and a con- verted actress, Miss Florence Whit- taker, who deals entirely with thf'atri~ cal people. The church distributes Scriptures in more than sixty lang- uages-Record of Christian Work.

"The Romance of Polygamy" Christian Koreoans jn America T M HE way in which Mormonism is ISSIONARY work in Korea is using the European war as an bearing unexpected fruit in occasion for propaganda in favor of- California. Considerable numbers of polygamy was pointed out in the Korean peasants have emigrated to February Review. The effrontery the San Joaquin Valley, and in the shown in this propaganda may be town of Dinuba, about a dozen fami- judged from the following quotation lies have built homes, and have formed from one of the articles by the quite a community center. They have daughter of Brigham Young which also built a Presbyterian church which- appeared in a number of newspapers: at first was too small, so they have "Great men have ever been great built a larger one. About 60 per cent polygamists-legally or illegally. In- of these Koreans are Christians. ferior men will always shrink from doubling domestic burdens. . . . A representative of the Southern Polygamy is productive of far more Presbyterian Church who visited these real romance than the one-man-one- ~oreans, showing them stereopticon woman union could possibly give. pIctures of missionary work in their Romance keeps pace with the polyg- home land, and describing the need of the Armenians and Syrians, says: amous husband's evolutionary devel- "Instantly they took up an offering opment as patriarch, saint, sympa- from among the little group of some thetic monitor and provider. Talk forty-five who were present. Imagine of the romance of monogamy! When my surprise when the money was the human equation becomes a poly- counted to discover that it was the gon, imagine the increased opportu- largest sum in the way of an offering nity for novelty and emotional dis- that I have ,een in any place since play." starting on this tour, and it came from people who are but day-laborers and Slavs in California who live in simple and humble cir~ D R. JOHN R. MOTT, like other cumstances. visitors to Russia who have "Several of them were wearing Red really come close to the people, speaks Cross buttons and one young man was strongly of the profound religious ele- wearing a Liberty Bond button. ment in the Slav nature. Confirming "Though California -is the only State testimony to this fact comes from Rev. in the Union that has no Lord's Day James A. Francis, D.D., who teIIs of a (officially), these Christians refrain meeting which he attended at the Y. from working on that day, save works W. C. Ao International Institute in of absolute necessity and mercy."

Los Angeleso He says: "We have in town 5,000 Russian Molokani, some- "The Darkest Spot in the U. S. A." HE Navajo country covers an T times called Molokanski. They came area of nearly three hundred twelve years ago, led by a prophet who has since died. He told them a miles east and west by two hundred great European War was coming and miles north and south, and with much blood would be shed, and that ninety-three, per cent of illiteracy i~ they must come with him to a land of practically the darkest spot in the peace on the Pacific shore of America. United States. area and population They are protestants ag-ainst the Or- considered. There are eleven thouthodox Church of Russia. a2"ainst war, sand children of school age, only two against images, etc., etc. This was the thousand of whom are provided with first time in their history they had school facilities. '"

united with others in a service, and on Seemingly insuperable barriers have the invhation of the Y. W. C. A., 250 been overcome by the devoted men and men and women came together. women who have for these twenty

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

years carried on gospel work for this Prayer Club used as an opportunity tribe: There are no villages. The to tell of personal experiences in people are all shepherds in a country which God had definitely answered usually called desert, so that the mis- prayer."-Missions. sionaries have had to hunt them out, one family at a time, traveling long A Latin-American Evangelist distances with weary bodies and the craving for food often unsatisfied. R ECENT revival meetings in Porto The language, so extensive that single Rico were led by Senor A. B. verbs have as many as fourteen hun- De Roos, a converted Spanish Jew, dred forms, has finally been reduced who has been evangelizing in Mexico to writing, after years of painstaking and Centrql America. A writer in and prayerful labor, and the people the Puerto Rico Evangelico declares both in school and camp are learning to that his three months' ministry has read the truth of God in their own been the most powerful and effective tongue. Genesis, Mark, John, Ro- in the history of missionary work on mans and some portions of other books the island. Mr. De Roos travels withcompose the Navajo Scriptures recent- out a choir, without organization, ly printed by the American Bible So- without advertising, trusting only in ciety. The workers on the field have the power of the Cross, in the work of as their objective a self-supporting na- the Holy Spirit and in the co-operative church under the care of trained tion which the churches may be able native Workers. – Home Mission to give him. In the cities of Caroline, Monthly. Rio Piedras, Ponce, Playa de Ponce, Yauco, Manati, Ciales, Barceloneta, LATIN AMERICA Trujillo, etc., there were over 300 professions of faith, among them a A Prayer Club in Porto Rico considerable number of professors in the public schools. T HE pastor of a Baptist church in Porto Rico over a year ago or- A Confession Box for a Pulpit ganized the men of the church into a "Prayer Club." A dozen men were W HEN Mr. Gregory and Mr. found who were willing to meet week- Cheney, Presbyterian missionly with the pastor and pray, and some aries in Mexico, made their first visit of them really learned to pray for the after the revolution to Santa Cruz, first time. A careful record of their they had not held services there for petitions and the answers to them was three years. Mr. Gregory writes of the kept. In January, meetings were held experience: "In 1916 the town was every night in different sections of the laid waste, and the Protestant church city. Members of this prayer club led burned by the Zapatistas; the Cathothese cottage meetings, three and four lic church, however, was not t011ched. meetings being held on one night. For more than twenty years the Catholic church has not been used for Rev. C. S. Detweiler, who assisted services, because the entire town is the pastor, writes: Protestant.

"The first thing that impressed me "There was no other place for servwas the spirit of prayer with which ices, so we met in the Catholic church. the whole church was surcharged. Some of the families had just re-' Every morning from six to seven turned to their ruined village and had about fifty people gathered in the built temporary shacks. We used the church for a prayer-meeting. confession box for the pulpit. Most of the furniture in the church had "The evening services grew in been removed and what remained had power until the last three days when been removed from its proper place. forty-two made public profession of At evening time we drew lots for faith. Sunday afternoon, the last day beds. There was a large shelf in the of the meetings, the members of the

wall that once held a saint, the con- quiring all liquor shops to be closed fession box and another piece of fur- for a full twenty-four hours, and niture. Mr. Cheney drew the confes- bakeries and groceries to be closed at sion box for his resting place. noon on Sabbath. No hired help is pennitted to work during any hour "Two of the brethren stayed with of Sabbath. This means that Buenos us in the church with their ritles. The Ayres will henceforth observe the night before fifteen armed bandits en- Lord's day better than some Ameritered a village four miles distant." can cities.

Seed Sowing in Venezuela EUROPE E VANGELICAL missionary enter- Polyglot Chaplains Needed prises in Venezuela date back eighteen or twenty years, the O NE aspect of the missionary oppioneer organizations being the portunity created by the war is American Presbyterian Board of the bringing together of Europe fight- Foreign Missions and the Chris- ing men from a number of the mission tion and Missionary Alliance, fields. In dealing with these men, closely followed by a Swedish Mis- from either a military or a religious sion in Maracaibo, and "Brethren" standpoint, the language problem is a missions in various centers. Through serious one. So many different namany political disturbances, and con- tions are represented in the armies stantly combatting ignorance and su- fighting for the Allies in France that perstition, the work has progressed the British Government has found it until today there are in the capital imperative to secure officers and chapcity, Caracas, three Protestant church lains familiar with the dialects spoken edifices for the accommodation of the by the men. The soldiers on the battle native congregations, not to speak of fields of France include men whose private houses where smaller compa- mother tongues are Maori, Malagasy, nies meet and Sunday schools are Portuguese and Flemish; men from held. Algiers and Morocco, who speak dia- lects of Arabic; and tens of thousands Within recent years an attempt has of brown men and yellow men from been made to train native young men Asia and black men from Africa. At as colporteurs and evangelists. At the the request of the Government mis- Hebron Bible Training Institute a sionaries from various British sociecourse of studies, combined with man- ties have been released to enter work ual work for self-support, is provided. as officers or chaplains in battalions Graduates of the institute are now whose languages they can speak and found in charge of native congrega- understand. The work is of vast imtions at out-stations, and others en- portance and these men are able to be gage in Bible circulation and other of real service to the conglomerate forms of gospel service. mass of men fighting in France for the Allied cause. Rev. E. C. Austin, who is in charge of this school, writes that "the pres- Unity Among English Christians ent appears to be particularly favorable for an advance in all parts of PLANS for union among Christians this territory, with its 2,500,000 in- seem to be in the air in England. habitants. Reports are frequently re- Rev. F. B. Meyer reports the action ceived of the good reception accorded taken by the representatives appointed to colporteurs and others in places by the Evangelical Free Churches of where a few years ago they would England to consider the closer co-ophave been in danger of thejr lives." eration of the Free Churches. This report has to be laid before each of Sunday Closing, in Argentina the denominations concerned at their A RGENTINA has recently stiff- , ened its Sunday closing law, re-

NEWS FROM MANy LANDS

next assemblies. It contains a decla- ficers and soldiers have given their ratory statement of common faith and lives for liberty and justice. One of practice. the Waldensians writes: Further union is being considered "This war has given us an opporwith the Church of England and the tunity to evangelize thousands of our statement drawn up by the Confer- countrymen. In important towns we ence of Evangelical Churchmen in have opened the Casa del Soldats, Cheltenham, England, has among its where the soldiers can read and write conclusions the following: and be entertained. We have given away thousands and thousands of "That all proposals for closer union New Testaments, always gratefully with Non-conformists should premise received. When opposition has been that they are members of the Church aroused and fanaticism has sought to of Christ equally with ourselves and hinder our work, the officers have insuch proposals should not aim at ab- terfered, and given full permission for sorption, but at combined action. That the distribution of the Gospel to be those ministers of the orthodox Non- maintained and for the soldiers to be conformist churches who have been spoken to," called and ordained by duly constituted authority within those churches ex- "Atheism" in Russian Revolution ercise ministries which are undoubtedly ministries of grace equally with A CORRESPONDENT of an Engour own. lish paper in the interior of Rus- sia is quoted by the London Chris- That the goal to be aimed at is some tian: The Revolution, as he describes form of federation rather than any- it, in many places has taken the form thing like organic reunion. of very decided hostility to organized Christianity. The old festivals are A Women's Hotel in Paris ignored. Men describe themselves on their passports as "Atheists." Insults A GREAT service has been ren- are offered to certain ceremonies dered to American women in which have entered into the life of Paris by the War Work Council of the people, and the general attitude the Young Women's Christian Asso- is thus summed up: "To profess a ciation in the opening of a women's contempt for the Christian Gospel hotel. The social rooms of the new seems likely to become the fashionable hotel are free to all girls and women vogue of the new officialdom. It is at any time of the day or evening, probable that soon anyone holding a whatever their nationality. Both res- position under the Government will taurant and tea room also are open need considerable moral courage to be to those living outside as well as to seen entering a Christian church." guests of the house. ' Living accommodations at ·reasonable prices are The Christian comments: "When it furnished to between two hundred is remembered what the orthodox and two hundred and fifty girls and Russian Church has stood for in days women. A special committee on en- gone by, and how it has resorted to tertainments plans for a succession of persecution, e. g., against the Stunmusical entertainments, musicales, le<;- dists, it is not difficult to understand tures, plays and motion pictures. the reaction against it. The 'Atheism' of the revolutionaries may not be Waldensians in the WU Atheism at all; it is more likely to be sheer ignorance, Many of the revo- "OVER 4,000 Waldensian sol- lutionaries have never seen pure and diers are with the' colors," undefiled Christianity; they know it only through the mists of a very dense writes an Italian pastor. Five pastors superstition. None the less, the antiare chaplains, and the Government religious temper or the leaders is di5has appointed a chaplain for the Protestant prisoners interned in Italy. Already a number of Waldensian of-

quieting. The enlightened in Russia from Australasia to any of the fields now have the opportunity of showing of the society, and funds will be ad- what the Gospel really is, and we in ministered through London accord- this country ought by every means to ing to the wishes of the donors and aid them in the task." the proportion of need in different fields. But the great neighbor island ISLANDS OF THE SEA will become a special Australasi;m in- Savagery in New Hebrides terest and responsibility.-Congrega- tionalist.

M EMORIES of the wonderful work accomplished by Dr. John A New Problem in Fiji T R. Paton in the New Hebrides must HE conversion of the Fijians not lead one to think of that field as from heathenism was such a no- Christianized. Rev. Frank Paton table achievement that some think of writes of the savage practices of some the islands as wholly Christianized.

of his neighbors as follows: .But a new element has come in with "Lately a planter asked me to hold the advent of the British East In- a burial service at the graves of his dians, and now about seventy-five per partner and five boys who had been cent of the 55,000 inhabitants are murdered by the bushmen twenty miles Hindus, including some 15,000 Mo- from here. I called for him. and when hammedans. These conditions con- we reached the place I noted only four stitute a serious problem for the graves of children, the fifth having Christians of Australasia, who have been cut up on two bags and the body felt a special responsibility for these carried away to be eaten. islands. The organ of the Methodist "A native lately came inside the mis- Church of Australasia states: sion fence here, yelling and shouting, "Is Fiji, so recently won from heaand, to my great surprise, wanted to thenism, to become wholly non-Chrishit me. The teacher heard the noise, tian again? The Indian population ran out of the house and told the man will in another twenty years exceed there was peace. He then cut the the native Fijian population. It is teacher's face open. Other worse things have happened. A native, long for us to take steps now, by a wise friendly to 'the worship,' boldly broke and vigorous evaqgelism, to secure away and joined the Christian party. This decision so enraged the heathen the future of Fiji, with its many di- verse elements, for Christ'~ that they murdered him. His relatives For the Chinese in Manila A retaliated and so the usual vendetta MONG the Chinese popUlation of Manila, which is large and inbegan."-Record of Christian Work. fluential, the American Episcopal Plans for New Guinea Church has a flourishing mission. Bishop Brent writes: U NDER an agreement recently ratified by the last of the Aus- "Thoroughness has characterized all tralasian auxiliaries of the London that has been done under the Rev.

Missionary Society, the Congrega- H. E. Studley. Catechumens come to tional churches of Australia and New baptism and confirmation well in- Zealand will take over full responsi- structed. The reality of their moral bility for the missionary work in the purpose is best borne witness to by island of New Guinea, which before the fact that of the two hundred canthe war was divided between the Brit- didates confirmed since the beginning ish and German colonial departments. of the mission, only five have hpsed. This plan involves no loosening of "Our mission building is church, the bonds between the London So- school and residence for our Chinese ciety and the Australasian churches. deacon, oombined. It ought to be Missionaries will still be appointed devoted exclusively to the schools."

Through the Dark Continent. A will follow him even more interested-

ly, as he describes the mission work Record of Journeyings Across Africa of the Gold Coast, Kamerun, the two During the Years 1913-16. J. Du Nigerias, the Moslem infested Sudan, Plessis, B.A., B.D. Illustrations, map. Pentecostal Uganda, British East Af- rica, the Belgian Congo, Northern 350 pp. $4.50 net. Longmans, Green Rhodesia and Mozambique. The eth- & Company, New York and London, nological notes are valuable for the 1917. general student. Cannibalism is dis- cussed in an assuring way for the mis- Other important volumes by our sionary, though there is still "the author, especially his "History of bother it gives preventing one's black Christian Missions in South Africa," companions from getting eaten." Linpublished six years ago, prepare the guistic peculiarities are noted in the reader for something wholly out of Sudanese region, with lists making the ordinary. He is an Africander them clear. The physical environment by birth and has enough Boer blood of the various tribes is entertainingly in his veins to make religion para- described, often with much literary mount to him. He has been a fore- charm. Perhaps one tires a bit of the most promoter of African Missions, many occasions when the trickery and both in his professorial chair at the wickedness of carriers halts the minia- Dutch Reformed Seminary at Stellen- ture caravan, but on the whole, the aubosch, and at great missionary gath- thor believes in the Negro. In sumerings. At the Fourth Quadrennial marizing his experiences among pagan Conference of South African Mis- tribes (pages 105-6), he refers to sions at Cape Town, he was its or~ their smelting furnaces and forges ganizing spirit and helpful presence. and other marks of a barbaric civiliza- tion, their simple life as "the great Prof. Du Plessis' journeyings led unclothed," and deprecates the athim from Kumasi, on the west, the tempt to infect them with the hurry city of blood and the prison of the and impatience of western life, adding German missionaries Kuhne and Ram- that "all they need is the Gospe1." seyer, to Mompasa, south of the equa- His account of the Mohammedan mistor on the Indian Ocean. Thence he sionary and of the Moslem question zigzagged westward to Victoria Ny- in general in chapter XI. is most inanza and down the Congo almost to structive and interesting. its mouth. Again he turned southeastward to the Congo, up the Lu- As to missionary work, much of the alaba to where he connected with the territory covered contained· no sta- Cape to Cairo Railway and went to tions. In September, 1914, he had Broken Hill in Northern Rhodesia. traveled for five mpnths without meet- Here he plunged into the wilderness ing one Protestant missionary between to see the people and missions of. the Nigeria and North Congoland. Such Nyasa Lake region. Thence he went outposts as Mr. Studd's "Heart-ofto the mouth of the Zambesi, and took Africa Mission" and its neighbors of the usual ocean and railroad route the "Africa Inland Mission" were sQuthwestward to his Cape Colony oases in a needy wilderness. To look home. upon a white woman's face after six months without seeing one, and four Prof. Du Plessis is an experienced days' journeying with missionaries, African traveler without the expen- was heavenly, "despite obstreperous sive safari mob, such as ex-President grass, obnoxious bogs, precipitous ROQsevelt employed on his African mountains and unwelcome showers." hunting trip. .Moreover, he is always th~ .missionary and student of races and missions. As a book of travel this record wouldjnterest the general ~ader, but the cmissionary student

THE MISSIONARY REVtE'w OF 'f1HE wbRt.b

His panygeric of women workers in only meager references to law at the mid-Africa is at its best perhaps on present day. Asa brief conspectus of page 169. His paragraphs headed "In legal evolution through two millen- Praise of the C. M. S." are worth niums it has considerable interest. The reading; as are- those entitled "Dr. new chapter on the language and lit- Morrison on Tria1." The entire vol- erature reconciles· the reader to the ume has not a dull chapter among its loss of a valuable appendix on the twenty-five. Chinese calendar of the first edition.

The author traces the history .of China: Her History, Diplomacy and China's thought expression from the Commerce, from the Earliest Times early script, "names" only, down to the Present Day. By E. H. Par- through the increase to three thousand ker. 2nd edition. Illustrations and ideas, later to nine thousand words maps. xxx, 419 pp. Net $2.50. E. P.

Dutton & Company, 1917. and finally to forty thousand charac- The addition of more than one- ters-there are many thousands more fourth of new material makes this re- than that-three-fourths of which vised edition well worth purchasing Professor Parker regards as useless.

even by those having that of 1901. Tones, dialects and brogues and the The author is one of the best known relation of the present pronunciation and most prolific writers on China, to that of the past, and to certain albeit a man who repeats himself in regional dialects, are described and different writings. Long residence in discussed-not wholly luminously for the country as a British consul and the outsider.

his later studies as professor of Chi- The final chapter on the rise of the nese at Victoria University, Man- Republic is more important than the chester, make him one of the authori- other added ones; though when one ties on things Chinese from the textual hundred and twenty-three subjects are viewpoint. The fact that he is some- discussed or mentioned in twenty-two thing of an Ishmael, with his hand pages, the inevitable result of "sevens against all comers, makes his position confuse, eights mingled" of the Chi- interesting when he gets his war paint nese proverbial saying must result. If on. the author had enlarged the chapter In the old sections he discusses fourfold, it would have been a helpful China's geography and history; the contribution to his unique and valu- arrival of the Europeans from the able volume. While less authoritative time of Francis Xavier to the present than Professor Hirth's writings, cov- day; Siberia, Japan and the small ering similar ground in its early sec- countries to China's southward; mod- tions, this is a book that has its place ern trade, the government, population, in the standard literature on China.

the army, personal characteristics; re- La Mission Romande. By A. Grandjean. ligion and the rebellions. Dr. Arthur Illustrated, maps and charts. viii, 328 H. Smith, Dr. Timothy Richard and the China Inland Mission are also pp. Francs 4.50. Georges Bride! Co., Lausanne, 1917.

commended by one who is usually a The author, who is general secremissionary-baiter, save on the early tary of the Mission, puts the most Catholic side. fundamental facts in his sub-title mot- The three added chapters are en- to, "Its roots in the soil of French titled "Law," "Language and Litera- Switzerland, its blossoming in the ture" and "The Rise of the Chinese Thonga race." The Misison itself is RepUblic," though additions are also more truly described .in the fuller found in other chapters. Thonga race." The Mission itself is The new law section discusses the Free Churches of French Switzersubject historically, with contrasts be- land."

tween Chinese views and those of an- In the opening chapter the origin of cient Rome and Gennany, and with the work is traced to revivals leading to the establishment of the Basel Mis- the Mission, H. A. Junod, entitled sionary Institute, to the publication of "The Life of a South African Tribe." missionary news in the Magasin evangelique from 1819, and to the calling Chapters XII. and XIII., detailing together on March fifth, 1821, by two the medical, educational and literary zealous young pastors of persons who work of the Mission are well worth established the Vaudois Evangelical most important documents in the evo- Missionary Society. Within less than lution of the Mission. Another help- a month the Council of State dis- ful section gives on opposite pages a banded the Society, having "noted synchronological view of events in with pain that, through an ill-consid- Switzerland and in Africa. ered zeal for distant enterprises be- yond the means and capacity of a While the region described, North small country like this," they had con- Transvaal and Portuguese East Af- trary to law encouraged collections rica, have little interest for Americans, for such purposes. Even Dean Cur- the book itself is an admirable examtat spoke of the movement as coming ple of what can be done to write a "from foreigners who aim to make mission, history with enough color and the Vaudois Church an annex of Eng- concrete discussion of mission problish Methodism." However, the work lems to secure the reader's interest. of evangelization, of producing missionary literature and in 1829 the China Mission Year Book-With Direcstarting of the Lausanne Missionary tory and Statistics. Edited by E. C. Institute kept the fires burning, while Lobenstine. 8vo. 588 pp. $3.20. Christian Literature Society for China, alliance with existing sOGieties in Basel Shanghai, China, 1917 (also for sale and Paris gave their members an op- by the Missionary Education Moveportunity to aid directly the cause of Missions. Then the Lausanne Mis- ment, New York). -sionary Society came into existence which had its agents in what is now The Editors and Publishers of this Minnesota among the Sioux Indians, Year Book, Statistics and Directory, doomed to an early disbanding, while have put all friends of missions under in 1857 the Society itself ceased to a great obligation. The year book is exist. In 1874 the Free Evangelical unusually complete. A survey of the Church of Canton de Vaud (Presby- general situation in China occupies terian) established a society of its sixty-three pages and describes govown and sent to South Africa its first ernmental, economic, social and retwo missionaries, Ernest Creux and ligious progress of the year. Then Paul Berthoud.. there follow chapters on the last ten years' progress in each of the eighteen It is to the "blossoming" of the provinces and in Manchuria and Monunited society, made up of the Free golia. These are written by different Churches of Voudois, Geneva and authors familiar wih local conditions. Neuchatel, consummated in 1879, and The section on the Churches and the· the growth and subsequent fruitage Missions is viewed from several of the Mission that the volume is angles-those .of the Chinese, missionmainly given. aries and travelers. There are other sections on Evangelism, Religious The author has succeeded marvel- Education, Philanthropic Work, Litously well in narrating the trials, the erature and Interdenominational Insuccesses and the ever present prob- stitutions. lems of developing primitive Africans into good Christians. Coincident with The directory is very complete and this, Secretary Grandjean has done the statistics show an immense amouril much to extend a knowledge of the of painstaking work. The charts in Thongas, a work done superbly in two the pocket show the educational and volumes by a distinguished member of medical work, the union institutions, the geographical distribution of mis- sionaries and Protestant communities.

The ,book is of greatest value as a work of reference. The map of China for three thousand years where there are may be secured in separate sheets at scarcely more than two acres per capita, 50 cents each. The statistics are the and more than half of which is uncultivmost complete ever compiled and able mountain land. Japan's 20,000 show a total of 294,825 full communi- square miles of cultivated fields supcant church members, or an increase ported three persons per acre, or 2,349 of 28,000 over last year. The total per square mile. In favorable sections of Christian community in China is esti- Shantung Province, Prof. King found mated at nearly six hundred thousand in one case 3,072 people, 256 donkeys, -the figures, however, being incom- 256 cattle and 512 swine on a square plete. Twenty-one thousand Chinese mile, and on another mile, 3,840 peoare engaged in Christian work. The ple, 384 donkeys and the same number largest number of communicants be- of pigs, or 240 people, 24 donkeys and long to the twelve Presbyterian 24 pigs to one of our forty-acre farms churches, the next largest to the China which we consider too small for a single Inland Mission, and the next to the family. Complete a square, two sides of which stretch from Chicago to the Gulf Baptists. of Mexico and westward to the longi- These pages and charts may well be tude of western Kansas, and you have an area greater than the cultivated fields of the subject of deep study and earnest China, Korea and Japan from which prayer. Only about one-tenth of the five times our present population, or Chinese have been touched with the 500,000,000 people, are fed. Gospel. This was part of the situation facing Farmers of Forty Centuries, or Perma- nent Agriculture in China, Korea and our expert and he solves the problem of Far Eastern life in these pages, with Japan. By F. H. King, D.Se. Illus- trated. x, 441 pp. $2.50. Madison, many suggestions to the wasteful farm- ers of the Occident. If one does not Wis., Mrs. F. H. King. 1911. care to read his intensely interesting pages, at least read the. subscripts of his E VIDENTLY a new edition of a 248 half-tones. But in these days of most remarkable volume, it richly conservation of food everyone, not omitdeserves another notice. No picture- ting women, could not fail to read here and there whole chapters for the sheer book could rival this profusely illus- interest of it.

trated volume for any farmer's home; lt is not a missionary book, nor is it a fairy tale told by interested workers no stories of fabled EI Dorados could to quicken interest in missions in our equal this record of sober Far Eastern churches. Yet no one can read the book without becoming deeply interested in facts; no handbook would so early re- peoples of such rare patience and indus- try, and who, without any formal scilieve the fears of Hoover and supply all ence, centuries ago mastered the arts of our agricultural colleges and far outthe needs of ourselves and our Allies as distanced America's best farmers. Peo- ple so virile and capable and whose histhis;- if our farmers could follow closely tory spans millenniums, instead of cen- turies like ours, surely have much of in the footsteps of Japanese and Chinese promise for the future, with the new increment arising from budding manuexperts in horticulture-for gardens facturies industries, tapping unmeasured resources of coal and iron and other userather than farms are all that one sees ful minerals. If any man is hopeless as to interest in the "heathen Chinee," let in the Far East. .. him read this volume; and if the "pigmy The author had been Chief of the Division of Soil Management of the United States Department of Agricul- ture and also professor of Agricultural Physics in the University of Wisconsin, and, as an expert, he visited and record- ed his observations in the three coun- tries named. . He found some most as- tonishing facts that needed to be· ac- counted for. In our land of virgin soil, twenty acres are required to support every man, woman and child; people of the Far East are toiling in fields tilled Jap" has even less charm for him, here Complete Atlas of China. Maps pre- pared by Edward Stanford for the is the place for him to turn to lose all China Inland Mission (second edition). his apathy. Without saying anything 4to. 215. London, 1917. much about missions, our author has provided us with one of the very best This Atlas is clear, complete and acforms of bait for the missionary hook. curate. It contains maps of each sep- arate province amI dependency, and The Christ We Forget. By P. Whitwell an index to 8,000 geograplical names. Wilson. 8vo. 328 pp. $1.50. Fleming It is invaluable to students of China. The romanization of Chinese names , H. Revell, 1917. is that adopted by the Chinese Post and the Telegraph Commission. All Here is a Life of Christ decidedly Protestant Mission stations are marked out of the ordinary mold. The first with a cross. Various kinds of cities, l1nusual thing we note is that it is railroads, canals and telegraph stawritten by a newspaper correspondent tions are indicated by distinguishing and a former member of the British marks. Parliament-the author of "The Unmaking of Europe." In the midst of Living Christ in Latin America. By J. countless Lives of Christ this, written especially for "men of today," holds H. McLean. 198 pp. Paper. 35 cents. a unique place. and commands the Presbyterian Board, Philadelphia, 1916. reader's attention from 'the first page. It is scholarly, and at the same time Recent interest in Latin America practical. Mr. Whitwell is familiar will be stimulated by this book by a with the contentions of critics, but he Missionary who knows and loves does not accept their destructive con- Latin Americans and belives in their clusions. He believes in the "virgin future. The book is prepared espebirth," the miracles and the sacrificial cially for Presbyterian study classes, atonement. Intelligent Christians, as but it contains an immense amount of well as ministers and missionaries, information for all. will find in this study of the Life of Christ real stimulus to Christian Missionary Education in Home and thought and living. School. By Ralph E. Diffendorfer. Inside the Russian Revolution. By Rheta Childe Dorr. 12mo. 243 pp. $1.50. 12mo. 407 pp. $1.50 net. The Abing- The Macmillan Company, 1917. don Press, New York. 1917. Mrs. Dorr was in Russia at the time of the revolution, and has vividly re- T HOSE charged with the responsiported what she saw and learned from bility of raising funds to support interviews with Russian leaders. She the missionary enterprise are accusgives a picture of the scenes connected tomed to arouse enthusiasm by camwith the revolution, tells the story of paigns of publicity more or less educathe murder of Rasputin, and many tional in their nature. These "drives" other stirring events. She was with tend, however, to make more difficult the women's "Battalion of Death" the success of subsequent campaigns. when they marched to the front and The constituency, moreover, will be was on intimate terms with their f('und more responsive if prepared beheroic leaders. Her book was written fo(ehand with at least a general knowlbefore the overthrow of the Kerensky edge of other lands and peoples. Regovernment by the Bolsheviki. Its cruits also are needed to take the places chief value from a missionary view- ..If those already in service. To meet ?oint is in the understanding it gives such needs, text-books have been writof the Russian people, their problems ten, mission study classes organized, and their many admirable character- summer conferences held, student volistics. unteers enlisted.

But missionary education has a much larger task than merely to train support- ers and win recruits for the missionary cause. The horne and the church, the commu"ity and the individual, should

the power to discern human time he had unusual opportunities

need wherever it exists, they should be discover Latin-American sentiment stimulated to discover and remove the toward the United States and the prob- cause of human misery, they need to lems and possibilities facing the feel the warmth of human sympathy evangelical missionaries. This re- and the thrill of service. Missions is not port of his tour, conclusions and pro- an optional subject in the curriculum of posals is illuminating and encourag- study, an elective-like chemistry, for ing. The program outlined calls for example. It is a means of developing an more serious missionary work, fot essential and characteristic quality of the reinforcements, for union effort, for Christian life. better educational institutions for in- A text-book is now available which dustrial missions and for a clearer proceeds from the assumption that mis- understanding of Latin-American· sionary education is a phase of that character and South American needs.

training which everyone needs in order to be thoroughly equipped for Christian The Story of Lutheran Missions. By living. In Part I of the volume a care- Elsie Singmaster. 221 pp. 6Oc. Women's ful analysis is made of the qualities Missionary Society, Lutheran Church.

which, when properly combined, consti- Many a.re familiar with the story tute "the missionary motive." The aims of the beginnings of foreign mission of missionary education are discussed, activities in England and America, the significance and cultivation of friend- but few know about the pioneer misliness, the awakening and extension of sionaries of Germany and the Scansympathy, the development of helpful- dinavian countries. The Woman's ness, learning how to co-operate, train- Missionary Societies of the Lutheran ing in loyalty to the kingdom, the sense Church have recently published this of justice and honor-all in their bear- brief handb.ook, which brings togething upon the development of the in- er information that heretofore had dividual life and with constant reference to be gathered from many sources. to the best educational methods. While the leaders of the Reforma- In Part II the author traces the pro- tion did not stress nor, indeed, apgress of individual development more in prehend the missionary message of detail through the successive periods of the gospel, there were never wanting childhood and youth and suggests avail- in the Protestant Church of the Luable materials, books and courses of theran Communion those who were study, and appropriate methods of in- ~l1ed with the true missionary passtruction and training for each period. sIOn. The secretaries of mission boards, In a clear and interesting way, pastors, parents, teachers of mission Miss Singmaster tells a story of study classes, Sunday-school superin- those first faint beginnings of the tendents and teachers-all who have to Seventeenth century, when John do with the religious nurture of the . Companius, Justinian von Weltz, Peyoung, will find in this book: a wealth of ter Spener and August Herman stimulating suggestion and wise counsel. Francke were missionary prophets, Christian Co-operation in Latin America. whose light shone in a dark and un- awakened world. By S. Guy Inman. Pamphlet. 186 pp. Printed for private .circulation by the The story of Ziegenbalg and Committee on Co-operation ill Latin Schwartz in India, and of Hans America, N ew York, 1918. Egede in Greenland are among the Mr. Inman is the secretary of the real hero stories of the missionary committee that planned and conduct- enterprise.

ed the Panama Missionary Congress. Chapters three to six are taken up He has recently returned from an with the story of Lutheran missions eight months' visit to Mexico, Cuba up to the present time in India, Af- and South America, during which rica, China, Japan and elsewhere.