The Missionary Review of the World — April 1935

APRIL,1935

India at the Crossroads William A. Stanton Caste Christians Among the Telugu c. H. Smiley What One Pastor Did for Missions Cleland B. McAfee Can We Interest College Students?

Wilmina Rowland Thank God and Take Courage—Why?

Delavan L. Pierson Negro Youth Challenges White Youth J. S. Ledbetter 25 Cents a Cop, $2.50 a Year

to Remember Obituary Note. Haile Selassie, and a staff

in the George Memorial Hospital at April 21-Easter. Rev. Christopher Noss, D.D., of Addis Ababa. He is survived by his April 2S-Fiftieth Anniversary of the Wakamatsu, Japan, died on December wife, Mrs. Agnes Forbes Pollock; a 31, 1934, after a notable missionary brother, Rev. J. B. Pollock of Garner, Woman's Home Missionary Society, career of 35 years. Dr. Noss was an Iowa, and a sister, Miss Mary Pol- New York East Conference, St. honored missionary of the Reformed lock, of Ontario, Canada. Mark's Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. Church in the United States. A week May 2-5 – Young Men's Missionary before Christmas he had gone to ••• Congress under the auspices of the Aomori Prefecture to fill engagements Laymen's Missionary Movement, for his son, Rev. George S. Noss, who Prof. Johannes DuPlessis, of Stel- Chicago. was ill with pneumonia. On Christ- lenbosch Theological College, South May 21-23-National Council of Fed- mas night he held a communion serv- Africa, died on February 16. Prof. erated Church Women. Annual ice and the next day he suffered a DuPlessis was a teacher and traveler Meeting. Rochester, N. Y. stroke. The funeral service was held and the author of several authorita- May 22-General Assembly United at Sendai on January 5. tive books on Africa. His "Christ Presbyterian Church, Akron, Ohio. Through the Dark Continent," pub- May 23-General Assembly, Presby- **• lished in 1917, gives an interesting terian Church in the U. S. A., Cin- record of a 17,000-mile journey, tra- cinnati, Ohio. Frank Lenwood, formerly a secre- versing Africa by different routes. May 26-Rural Life Sunday. tary of the London Missionary So- He also wrote a "History of Chris- May 30-General Assembly, Presby- ciety died on September 6, 1934. tian Missions in South Africa," which terian Church in the U. S., Mon- From 1909 to 1912 he was a mission- is an encyclopedic account and survey treat, N. C. ary in Benares; when in 1912 ty- June 9-1S-Church Conference of So- phoid invalided him home, he was ap- • • of the work. cial Work, Montreal, Canada. pointed one of the Foreign Secretaries, June 20-25-Northern Baptist Con- with special care of India and the • vention, Colorado Springs, Colorado. South Seas. He took a leading part June 26-July 2 – Winona Summer in the cooperative work of the British The Rev. George W. Marshall, a School of Missions, Winona Lake, Societies, and in the promotion of the missionary of the Presbyterian Board Indiana. International Missionary Co u n c i I. of Foreil!'n Missions, U. S. A., since July 2-7-International Christian En- When he retired from the L. M. S. at 1896, dicld at Canton, China, on Feb- deavor Convention, Philadelphia, fifty years of age he took the pastor- ruary 14, on the eve of his retirement. Pa. ate of a church in East London. He Mr. Marshall was born at Amesville, August 7-12-World Convention of was killed on September 6, while Ohio, in 1865, and received his higher the Disciples of Christ, Leicester, climbing the Aiguille d'Argentiere in education at Westminster College, Mo., England. and at McCormick Theological Sem- Switzerland. • • • inary. He was engaged in evangelis- II If you use tic work. Mrs. W. P. Thirkield, wife of ••• PRINTING Bishop Thirkield of the Methodist Church, died in a Brooklyn hospital, The Best Loved Korean YOU will profit from an ac- February 14. Mrs. Thirkield was quaintanceship with us. We long an active worker in the Meth- Dr. O. R. Avison, founder and first do the job complete in our own odist Church. Under her tenure of president of Chosen Christian College, plant, whether it be large or office as trustee of the Home Mission calls Dr. Yun Tchi Ho the "best small. Society, the annual budget of the So- known, best loved and most influential ciety was increased from less than man in Korea. The seventieth anni- While our specialty is Books, $1,000,000 to $3,000,000. After her versary of Dr. Yun (formerly called Magazines and Pamphlets, yet retirement she raised $50,000 in $1,000 Baron Yun) was celebrated last year we have a variety of modern in Seoul. A committee of seventy was equipment to meet all the re- • • gifts during a jubilee campaign. formed-thirty foreigners and forty quirements of your particular Korean Christians from all the job. You will find our service • churches represented in the country. prompt, careful and courteous. Each of these committee members was Dr. James Matthews Hoover, for asked to secure seven other members Will you allow us to estimate 32 years a missionary of the Meth- -making 560 in all-to whom were on your next printing ? We be- odist Episcopal Church to Chinese added special friends from England, lieve you will be delighted with emigrants in the wilds of Borneo, died America, Canada, China, Japan, Po- our product, price and service. in Singapore, Straits Settlements. land, Sweden and Switzerland.

The EVANGELICAL PRESS "Jim" Hoover, as he was affection- On November 15th the Chungdong ately known on three continents, con- Methodist Church of Seoul was filled Printers of tributed to the colonists' economic to overflowing to celebrate the anni- growth, as well to their education and versary of this Christian nobleman. In The Missionary Review of the World spiritual life. He helped in the de- the audience were Dr. Yun's aged velopment of the rubber industry in mother, his wife and twelve living PLANT AND MAIN OFFICE Borneo, introduced the first rice mill sons and daughters, in addition to Third Ind Reily Streets Hlrrlsburg, Pa. and the first saw mill – replacing government officials, missionaries, for- hand labor. He introduced the first eign consuls, business and professional ice-making machine, now replaced by men. a city refrigerating plant at Sibu. He took over, for the Rajah, the op- A two hundred and fifty page illus- eration of the Sarawak wireless sta- trated life of Dr. Yun has been writ- tion and made it an educational cen- ten by Dr. Kim Yung Huei, telling ter. His service has caused him to the fascinating story of this remark- be called the father of modern Sara- able man, who has been a Christian wak's industrial, educational and so- for over forty years. In the early days he suffered for his faith and for • • • cial development. many years has served his country in Dr. Alexander W. Pollock, medical diplomatic and cabinet posts, as a missionary of the United Presbyterian Christian educator, church officer, Church, died Qf a cerebral hemorrhage general secretary and president of the in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on Febru- Y. M. C. A. He was a Korean dele- ary 25th. He spent 20 years in Egypt gate to the Edinburgh Missionary as a medical missionary and went to Conference in 1910. We plan to have Ethiopia ten years ago, where he be- an illustrated story of his life in an came a close friend of the emperor, early number of the REVIEW.

you know how it can be improved •••••••••••••

THE MISSIONARY tell the Editor. Here are some recent "1aciH.9 the e'r.isis 0t the REVIEW OF THE WORLD commendations. What do you think? eh'r.istiess ?nultitu~es11 DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor "We find more ways of using the VOL. LVIII APR., 1935 No.4 articles and the various departments Publication and Business Office– Third and Reily Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. all the time. Our Young people's Editorial and Executive Office– group have delighted in the illustra- 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Entered as second-class matter at tions." HARRIET E. DORMAN, Geneva, N. Y. Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Under the Auspices of the Act of March 3, 18-79. "I advised a *wo*ma*n in Evansville, Indiana, to subscribe for your excel- W orId Dominion 25 cents a copy-$2.50 a year. Movement Foreign Postage, 50 cents a year. lent magazine. I would not wish to be Published monthly, except August. All rights reserved. Copyrighted 1935. without it myself." British agents – Marshall, Morgan MRS. THOMAS NICHOLSON, and Scott, 12 Paternoster Buildings, Mt. Vernon, Iowa, President, Wom- Great Missionary Evening London, E. C. 1 shilling per copy, an's Foreign Missionary Society, 10 shillings a year. Methodist Episcopal Church. Marble Collegiate Church MISSIONARY REVIEW PUB- LISHING CO., INC. Personal Items 29th and Fifth Avenue, New York City BOARD OF DIRECTORS April 11th, 1935, at 8 P. M. ROBERT E. SPEER, President WM. 1. CHAMBERLAIN, Vice-President Dr. Robert M. Hopkins, General Chairman: Robert E. Speer WALTER MCDOUGALL, Treasurer Secretary of the WorId's Sunday Speakers: Rev. K. Scott Latourette, D.D. DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Secretary School Association, is to visit Puerto Rico this spring in the interests of Rev. Iohn A. Mackay, Ph.D. SAMUEL MCCREA CAVERT creating an interdenominational de- Rev. Samuel M. Zwemer, D.D. MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD partment of religious education to be directed by an aggressive full-time A WORLD SURVEY WM. B. LIPPHARD secretary, with perhaps two associates ERIC M. NORTH trained especially for service in the Revealing the Present Unique Oppor- elementary and young people's divi- tunities for World-Wide Evangelism. JESSE R. W'ILSON sions. It is expected that the per- sonnel will be entirely national. The Potentialities of the Indigenous A. L. WARNSHUIS Church.

SAMUEL M. ZWEMER 7.30···MVSIC Editorial Chat *** Organ Recital .•••..•.. Richard T. Percy Solo Violin •••…•. Gizella Ehrenwerth Miss Ruth F. Woodsmall, who has NewYqrkYouth Center SymphonyOrchesua been a member of various commis- Conductor ..•.• Lee Olson sions studying social conditions and What topics, vitally related to the problems of the Near East and Orien- YOU AND YOUR FRIENDS ARE work of Christ at home or abroad, tal countries, and who for a number would you like to see presented in the of years has been identified with the . CORDIALLY INVITED pages of THE REVIEW? The field is so Young Women's Christian Association, has been elected General Secretary of World Dominion Offices the World Council of the Y. W. C. A. Her new duties will begin in Septem- New York City ber. Miss Woodsmall will watch over ••••••••••••• 156 Fifth Avenue great, the opportunities so vast, the the activities of nearly 5,000,000 wom- en in fifty lands. Indian girls still work so marvelous in many cases, that wearing the sari and playing tennis behind curtains; Japanese stenogwe have need for more than human raphers, German girls studying home economics, and Russian refugees in wisdom and vision in selecting topics the hostels of Istanbul learning to earn the Laymen's Missionary Movement. their living-all these will be included A number of nationally known misand authors. in her job. sionary leaders are' among the speak- ers. *** *** Again-do you know of remarkable Dr. Edward Hume, Secretary of and authenticated answers to prayer, the Central Bureau of Medical Mis- sions of the Foreign Missions Conferoutstanding cases of conversion and ence of North America, is visiting India to talk over with medical workthe transformation of communities, ers their problems.

notable types of Christlike work at The America*n o*ffice* of The World home and abroad, or effective meth- Dominion Movement, of which Miss Constance Brandon is the Internaods for stimulating missionary inter- tional Secretary, has been moved to 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. est in the youth or in the church at *•* home? Write the Editor about them *** Bishop Arthur J. Moor.e, of the or tell us who can describe them so Rev. Eugene C. Carder, D.D., as- Methodist Episcopal Church, South, has been assigned to the Orient, that REVIEW readers may be inter- sociate minister of Riverside Church, Europe and Africa for the next four years. After spending some time in ested and stimulated. New York, has been elected president Korea, Japan and China, he has gone to Wembo Nyama, Belgian Congo. The plans fo*r a *spe*cial Home Mis- of the Greater New York Federation of Churches, first Baptist head of the ••* sion number of THE REVIEW are taking shape. Among the twenty topics Federation. Dr. E. J. Pace, Christian cartoonist to be presented are: Home Missions and lecturer on Bible themes who was *** planning to make a tour of the world, Yesterday and Today; The Christian Jorge Bocobo, LL.D., leading was taken seriously ill in the French Youth Movements; The Opportunity Sudan, Africa. He wrote on January Methodist layman of the Philippine 13 saying that he is recovering and expected to return to America. After of the Christian Home; The Church Islands, has been inaugurated as a short rest in Florida he expects to be ready to take speaking engage- . and the Unemployed; Present. Day President of the University of the ments. Philippines, Manila, highest educa- Frontiers; The Church and the Crim- tional institution in the Islands, with inal; Rural Americans and the more than 7,000 students. He is also Church; New Americans and Their Children; Union and Cooperation in president of the National Christian Home Missions; Best Books on Home Council. Missions (annQtated and classified). ••• Do not miss this issue of THE RE- Prof. Arthur H. Compton, a Nobel prize winner in Physics, has been VIEW. Order copies for your mis- elected chairman of the· National sionary circle now. It is to be pub- Young Men's Congress which is called to meet in Chicago on May 2. lished May 25th. All Protestant churches are to par- ticipate in this congress sponsored by *** If you find [161 ] Are you a booster?

THE REVIEW helpful, tell your friends.

LATE LAPSLEY ARMSTRONG McAFEE POSTER OF THE YOUTH MOVEMENT

Used in the United Christian Youth Conferences. A pastor who sent from his church 114 members to full- time Christian service in 15 lands. (See page 175.) (See page 166.) AT THES'PUDENT CONFERENCE ON MISSIONS, HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, MARCH 1 to 3, 1935. (See page 181.) THREE FORCES USED' TO ENLIST YOUTH IN THE SERVICE OF CHRIST (See pages 166, 175, 179 and 181) ORLD VOLUME LVIII AN INTERDENOMINATIONAL REVIEW OF WORLD-WIDE CHRISTIAN PROGRESS NUMBER FOUR APRIL, 1935 Topics of the Times THE RELIGIOUS CONFLICT IN MEXICO In fourteen states, with a total of over 6,000,- By a recent decree of President Cardenas all 000 population, no priests or clergy are permitted religious literature is barred from the mails in to officiate; in the other fifteen states and the Mexico. This probably means that Bibles, Chris- Federal District the proportion authorized is from tian tracts and religious newspapers cannot be circulated. The reason given is that since the one to thirty clergy for every 200,000 people.* postal service is an important agency for the dissemination of ideas, the Government will not al- These restrictive steps were taken by Mexico low its facilities to be used to transmit ideas con- only after repeated attempts had been made to trary to its own program for national culture. persuade the Papal hierarchy to cease its opposi- This program is distinctly socialistic and anti- tion to Government reform movements. religious-or at least non-religious. General Obregon, long before the religious laws This decree follows other Mexican laws limit- were rigidly enforced, when he saw the fierce Papal opposition to the program of the Revolu- tion, appealed to the Church as. follows: ing the number of clergy in each state, prohibiting I exhort you for the good of our people that you neither secular education by religious teachers, putting calumniate nor injure the progress of that essentially church property under the control of the State, Christian humanitarian program which the Government and forbidding foreign clergy to officiate in reli- seeks to develop in our country. Its oppressed classes have for many long and bitter years experienced sundry gious rites. According to the latest restrictions injusticeS and have missed the spirit of brotherhood and justice which should have prevailed in the directing upper private schools must not propagate any religious classes, who have neglected the noble part of man's mis- sion on earth and instead exerted all their efforts to pile creed. up their material fortunes. I assure you with all sin- The reasons for these restrictions and prohi- cerity that not only will you not encounter any ObStacle . bitions go back to the days of struggle for Mex- ican independence in 1810 when the Roman Cath- in carrying out the tenets of your religion in this country, olic Church took active sides with Spain and in but that you will have the sympathy of every Mexkan.

favor of the monarchists. The papal hierarchy But he appealed in vain. The Roman Catholic and the priests in Mexico have always been active authorities have bitterly opposed practically the in politics and through the great wealth in the whole educational and social program of the State hands of the Church, their private schools and -including socialized and sex education as well religious observances, they have exerted immense as the anti-religious socialism. Students in some influence over the unlettered masses. The fault universities-as in Guadalajara-have engaged in has been with the policies and activities of the strikes and demonstrations against the socialistic Roman Catholic Church which has always stood education and at one place 15,000 people joined for the supremacy of the Church and has antag- in the demonstration. onized Mexican leaders who have sought to promote reforms in politics, economic conditions and The Government is determined to control the education. No fault has been found with the education of Mexican youth and to create as ~ear­ Protestant mission work but this has naturally ly as possible a "totalitarian State," with a; discome under the general ban against all religious tinctly national culture and program. Their prom:.. propaganda. As a result evangelical, as well as ise of success is seen in the fact that a leading Catholic schools, have been closed and all religious educationalist of Teacher's College, ~ew York, 'as- work is being greatly hindered. * According to an unverified statement in Tite ~Chri8tian Century, [163 ]

serts that the Government is putting into effect three states which happen to be its least popu- "the most complete system of universal education lated. Schools and churches were closed in Sonora ever planned by any nation." The largest item but they are gradually being reopened. Recently in the national budget is not for war but for edu- the Presbyterian Mission in Yucatan was recation. quested to reopen its school without signing any kind of a document limiting its activities. Nu- In contrast to the Roman Catholic priests, the merous other Evangelical schools are open, as is Protestant missionaries have conformed to the the American school in Mexico City and many laws regulating their institutional work. While other private institutions. Daily Vacation Bible Evangelical Christians do not sympathize with schools were held last summer with great enthuanti-religious propaganda or the decrees against siasm in various parts of the Republic. Conferreligious liberty, some have spoken in defense of ences on religious education, with a faculty comthe radical reform movement. Dr. Victoriano D. posed of Professor G. Baez Camargo and various Baez, Director of the Methodist Boy's School in visitors, were held in San Luis, in the rural dis- Puebla and a translator of the New Testament, trict of San Miguel, Aguascalientes, and in Rio writes as follows: Verde. Young peoples' camps have also been de- veloped in various parts of the country under the Here in Mexico, facing the strong fanaticism and in- auspices of the Committee on Religious Education. tolerance which has ()Ccasioned unaccountable <l.rawbacks to society and infinite calamities to humble people, why As a matter of fact while institutional religious must- we be frightened at the Revolution? Do we not work is more difficult in Mexico, and some forms love the people and long fervently for their social and of propaganda are prohibited, there is almost unmoral redemption? Do we not have a social creed in the limited opportunity for truly Christian work, if body of our beliefs, extraordinarily advanced, humani- it is carried on by those who have spiritual aims tarian, Christian, in order to emphasize the teachings of and use spiritual methods. The Presbyterian mis- Jesus concerning the incomparable platform of love of sionaries in Mexico, after a survey of the situation one's neighbor? Of what are we frightened, therefore? last December, said: Do we fear that they will close our churches and oblige us to deny our beliefs? Nothing of this kind will hap- It is true that the recently approved amendment to the pen, we feel sure. Federal Constitution, proposed to root out "fanaticism" throughout the country, and that a group within the There are officials in the Federal and State gov- official circle wishes to wipe out all religion, but another ernments who are far from antagonistic to all powerful group within that same circle is definitely aimreligion. Evangelical leaders are convinced that ing to exterminate the fanaticism engendered by the Rothe most effective way to cooperate with them man Catholic system, while leaving the people free to find and to overcome any tendency to persecution, or true religion. curtailment of religious liberty by the State, is not by protests and interference from the United We are convinced that, in spite of the apparent diffi- States, not by economic or social boycott, but by culties in the way of Christian work, Mexico is in reality a manifestation of understanding and sympathy more open than ever before to the message of the Gospel with the best Mexican aims to purify politics, to when presented in a direct, personal way, apart from promote education and reform and to raise the ecc1esiasticalism and other non-essentials. The opportunieconomic, moral and social status of the people. ties for personal work are unlimited. From all sides Protestant missionaries are true friends of the comes the testimony that it is easier to interest people in Mexicans. They are working only for their bene- the Bible than it ever has been. We believe that if the fit, not from any selfish or unworthy motive, and various Missions and Churches take due advantage of the will cooperate with the Government in any way present opportunities, we shall see astounding results in that will advance righteousness, peace, culture, the next few years. Our present difficulties have mostly and prosperity. to do with the impossibility of continuing certain old methods of work in some parts of the field, rather than The Methodist Episcopal Board of Foreign Mis- with the essential matter of the propagation of the Gossions, in declining to join in any united protest pel itself. to the Mexican Government, made this statement: THE STRUGGLE IN SPAIN While we regret curbs on free speech and on religious liberty, we believe that true religion alone can promote Recent disturbances in Spain were chiefly due and support those moral standards, both individual and to the efforts of the Catholic Party to gain consocial, upon which an enduring nation can be built. To trol of the Government, thus endangering the rethis end, real liberty and social enlightenment must ever ligious liberty and other ideals for which Spaninclude freedom of conscience in the worship of God. We iards contended in the revolution of 1931. The are convinced, however, that the type of action now being Spanish people do not object to having Roma'u urged in Congress not only endangers friendly relations Catholics in the Government-Niceto Alcala Zawith our neighbors to the South, but also serves no good mora, elected president by the Republicans, is a purpose for the furtherance of essential religious liberty devout Catholic. The protest is against the activiin Mexico. ties of Catholic monarchists who seek to reestab- lish a monarchy. The Catholic Party is accused Both Catholic and Protestant churches are open generally in Mexico, with the exception of two or

TOPICS OF THE TIMES

of trying to prevent the carrying out of laws gelistic campaign to present Christ to the working and ideals on the basis of which the Spanish Re- classes of Spain. He writes: "If we could only public was established three years ago, and for cover the whole of Spain so as to bring the Gospel this reason Liberals are opposed to having leaders of Jesus Christ to the people, Spain would reof the Catholic Party as secretaries of the De- spond. A new mood is taking hold of the common partments of Labor and Justice. people-a mood that is looking toward Christ rather than toward Karl Marx." The Socialist and Syndicalist Parties in Spain number over two million while those registered A YOUNG MEN'S MISSIONARY CONGRESS in the Catholic Party number only 50,000 voters. General strikes have been promoted by the Social- Three of the events in the past half century ists and Communists as a result of the Catholic that have most powerfully stimulated interest and political activity. Bombs, shootings and general activity in world-wide Christian missions have riots resulted in many deaths and in the destruc- been the formation of the Student Volunteer tion of much property. Dr. Juan Orts-Gonzales, Movement in 1886, the Ecumenical Missionary who was in Spain during the disturbances, de- Conference held in New York in 1900, and the clares that most of the stories of horrible cruelties establishment of the Laymen's Missionary Moveperpetrated by the revolutionaries are untrue. ment in 1910. The first enlisted educated youth, The same authority says that ·Spain "has now the second awakened the Church as a whole, and repudiated both communism and violence"; that the third aroused Christian laymen to a more the Socialist leaders advocate legal methods of sympathetic and adequate support of the work. obtaining their ends; that the present Govern- All were born in prayer, and were promoted by ment is stronger and more republican than ever. prayer and sacrifice; they were based on faith in the Bible as the Word of God, in Jesus Christ as The religious situation in Spain is not reassur- the Son of God and in the need of all men for ing for the masses are still ignorant of Christ salvation through His atoning work on the Cross. and too often link Him up with a political papal party and with greedy capitalism. There is need Today one of the greatest needs is a new awakfor a clearer revelation of Christ and His Gospel ening among the young men of the Churchto supply the moral and spiritual needs and long- potential leaders of tomorrow. They are generings of the people. ally interested in making a better world but if they are not intelligently and sacrificially com- One of the outstanding Spanish leaders of en- mitted to the program and ideals of Christ at lightened thought is Prof. Miguel de Unammo home and abroad, who is to carryon the work? who has been made life rector of the University of Madrid, and who is recognized as representing To bring together young men who are interthe best qualities of the Spanish race. In a lec- ested in the missionary enterprise, and to enlist ture, delivered before the President of the Repub- others, a "National Young Men's Missionary Conlic and of the members of the Government, he gress" is to be held in Chicago from May 2d quoted from the Gospel of John and said: "Have through May 5th. This is a fitting way to mark faith in the Word; be men of God, the supreme the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Laymen's King and supreme Word. Let Him recognize us Missionary Movement under whose auspices the as belonging to Him in Spain." To the Roman congress will meet. Prof. Arthur H. Compton Catholic leaders he said in a widely published of the University of Chicago, the well-known winarticle: "If you had preached Christ as a friend ner of the Nobel award in physics, is chairman of of the poor and humble, instead of a friend of the the Committee on Arrangements. Other promiwealthy and powerful; a friend of sinners in- nent Christian laymen, pastors and executives are stead of a friend of aristocrats, then they would also cooperating with Mr. F. J. Michel, executive have accepted the Christ of the Gospel." secretary of the Movement.

Spain is not dead to moral and religious truth The general theme announced is "Jesus Christ but is greatly in need of the Christ as He is and the World Today." This will be presented by presented in the New Testament. Dr. Juan Orts- addresses by well-known speakers and its various Gonzales and Rev. Juan Vanetto of Argentina phases considered· in a series of twenty simulhave recently conducted fruitful evangelistic cam- taneous group meetings under the leadership of paigns-especially for Protestants. Roman Cath- Dr. Cleland B. McAfee of New York and Rev. olics and Communists have also been reached and C. O. Hawley of Indianapolis. The four main in one city forty-four young men came forward topics to be discussed at the platform meetings and gave their names to form an evangelical will be (1) The world's need and the forces bid- Christian society for worship and service. Dr. ding for world power; (2) our heritage as sons Ortz-Gonzales is seeking the cooperation of Christian labor leaders in England to carryon an evan-

of missionary forefathers; (3) our Christian re- The genesis of the United Youth Programsources and (4) the power of Christ. "Christian Youth Building aNew World"-may be traced back to Toronto in June, 1930, when Among the twenty-four speakers who have al- young people from many Christian agencies in ready agreed to take part in the congress are North America picked up "the trail" which "led President Ralph C. Hutchison of Washington and from a wooden cross on Calvary among the hills of Jefferson College, Dr. Robert E. Speer and Dr. Jerusalem down across the burning sands and des- Ralph E. Diffendorfer of New York, Mr. Living- erts of the world." Following this trail, these young stone P. Moore of Summit, N. J., Dr. C. Darby people have deepened their understanding and Fulton of Nashville, Rev. Leonard Outerbridge of appreciation of Jesus Christ, the Master of men Boston and Rev. Roy M. Burkhart of Columbus. and the Saviour of the World. They have en- visioned the world that would be if He were truly Men today, probably as never before, recognize Master of men in every phase of life. They have the chaotic condition of the world and the need sensed anew the disasters due to man's sin and for a Saviour with a divine program and with the selfishness and his indifference to God. wisdom and power of God. Political, economic, social and intellectual remedies will not suffice to The conference program in each of the twentysave us from destruction. Spiritual life is needed eight cities included discussion groups to study to change individuals and to bring men into har- nine projects: mony with God and His program. To change America, or anyone nation, is not sufficient; all Developing a Program of Personal Christian Living men and all nations must be changed. Who but Helping Other Young People to be Christians God can effect such a transformation? This pro- Cooperation in Bringing About World Peace gram of change represents the purpose and pro- Working to Help Solve the Liquor Problem gram of the whole missionary movement. Helping to Build a Christian Economic Order Providing a Constructive Use of Leisure Time Dr. John R. Mott, who was present at a pre- Being Christian with Other Racial and Cultural Groups liminary meeting to launch the Congress, writes: Preparing for Marriage and Home Life "The timeliness and importance of the Young Developing a Christian Type of Patriotism Men's Congress continues to grow on me. It is highly desirable that each of our Christian com- These topics were freely discussed by leaders munions shall put forth extraordinary efforts to of varied views, not doctrinally but to reach a be represented by the very flower of our younger practical Christian point of view. Many, possibly lay forces. It will do more to help solve the many most, of the young people had first to learn what problems that press upon our churches than any it is to be a Christian and what are the basic single measure I could emphasize." teachings of Christ in reference to these various problems. They were urged to study and to pray The success of this Congress depends. on three in order to find wisdom and power in Christ. things: (1) the spiritual character and messages of the speakers; (2) the ability to bring together The United Youth Conferences were held under a truly representative number of earnest young the joint auspices of the Department of Evangelmen who will respond to the call of Christ, and ism of the Federal Council, the Youth Section of (3) the amount and vitality of prayerful prepara- the International Council of Christian Education, tion for the guidance of God and to insure the and the International Society of Christian Enmanifestation of His power in the Congress and deavor, these interdenominational agencies workin its outcome. ing in cooperation with the local churches and Christian youth organizations of each city. In CHRISTIAN YOUTH CONFERENCES all some fifty-four organizations cooperated-de- nominational and interdenominational- in the It is essential to win the youth to Christ and to conferences held in Cincinnati, (Ohio); J acksonenlist them in His service, not only for their own ville, Elgin, Carbondale, and Springfield, (Ill.); sake but in order that they may help make Amer- Richmond, (Va.); Clarksburg, (W. Va.); New ica Christian and that they may have a part in York City, Washington, St. Louis, Kansas City, bringing the world into harmony with Christ's Lincoln, Denver, Chicago, Des Moines, Huron (S. program. To enlist American youth in this cam- D.); Minneapolis, Seattle, Portland; Berkeley paign a series of conferences have been held in and Los Angeles, (Calif.); Louisville, Nashville, twenty-eight cities across the continent, from Jan- Chattanooga, Birmingham, Baltimore, Boston and' uary 4 to March 31. Over 30,000 young people Philadelphia. Youth of all denominations and have been reached through these conferences races, between the ages of sixteen and twentywhich have been attended by high school and col- four, were invited to attend and take part in the lege students, young people in business and others discussions. The result was naturally a wide difconnected with churches of all denominations. ference in views on many points but "Findings" were drawn up to conserve the results.

at the

By the REV. WILLIAM ARTHUR STANTON, D.D. Jse-.- -ot!it Kurnool, India Missionary of the American Baptist Telugu Mission Since 1892 ENGLAND is now grappling with the greatest of their country. These Reforms, however, did . . constitutional problem that ever faced the not satisfy Indian aspiration. Accordingly, in British Empire. On November 21, 1934, the 1927 Government appointed a Parliamentary Joint Select Committee on Indian Constitutional Commission, of which Sir John Simon was Chair- Reforms presented its Report to Parliament and man, with instructions to make a first-hand study to the British nation. The Report was awaited of conditions in India and report to Parliament both in England and in India with intense inter- what further advance could be made in Indian est. To secure for it the widest possible circula- constitutional reforms. Unfortunately Indians tion, the Report was published simultaneously in were given no representation on that Commission. England and in India and sold at the nominal price Consequently on its arrival in India the Commisof a shilling a copy. So great was the demand sion was boycotted by the Nationalist Party. that it at once became a "best seller," the first Though the Commission made a very exhaustive edition being exhausted in a few hours. study of the Indian constitutional problem, cov- ering two years and the whole of India, and though Planting the Seeds a very able and statesmanlike Report was sub- It is important to remember that this Report mitted to Parliament, it met with a very unsymis not an isolated attempt on the part of Great pathetic and even hostile reception in India. Britain to introduce constitutional reforms into India, but the culmination of a long and persist- Finally Government decided to call a Round ent process of training in self-government. For Table Conference in London, composed of delea century and a half, through her schools and col- gates from British India, Rulers of the Native leges modeled on Western lines, her free institu- States and members of Parliament, all sitting on tions and laws, her system of equal justice and an equality, for the consideration of the Indian enlightened administration, Great Britain has constitutional problem. This Conference was been teaching India the arts of government. In called in the Fall of 1930. It was opened amid the fertile soil of the East she has sown the seeds scenes of great splendor by His Majesty, the Kingof democracy and inculcated the ideas of liberty, Emperor in person and presided over by the Prime justice and equality. Those ideas are germinating Minister. The Indian constitutional problem, today. A tremendous impetus was imparted to however, proved to be so complex and baffling that this movement by the Great War in which Indian one conference was not sufficient, and between troops fought side by side with British soldiers 1930 and 1933 no less than three Round Table in the fields of France and Egypt and Mesopo- Conferences were held. On the basis of the recomtamia, shedding their blood in" a common cause. mendations of these Conferences, in 1933 Govern- In that great crisis in human history India demon- ment issued a White Paper, presenting a draft strated on the battlefield her loyalty to the King- constitution for India. This draft scheme was in Emperor. In recognition of India's service and turn referred to a Joint Select Committee of Parin line with past constitutional development, on liament to consider and report to Parliament. August 20, 1917, the Secretary of State for India The Committee was composed of members of both made his f"amous declaration in Parliament: Houses of Parliament, representing the three po- litical parties of England and was presided over The policy of His Majesty's Government is that of the by Lord Linlithgow. The personnel of the Com- mittee was most distinguished, consisting of three increasing association of Indians in every branch of the ex-Viceroys of India, three former Secretaries of State for India, three former Under Secretaries administration and the gradual development of self-gov- of State for India, two ex-Governors of Indian Provinces, four members of the Simon Commiserning institutions with a view to the progressive realiza- sion and other Parliamentarians who had given tion of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire. .

In pursuance of this policy, in 1919 the Mon- tagu-Chelmsford Reforms were introduced, giv- long service to India. Also as members of the ing Indians a much larger share in the government Committee were the Archbishop of Canterbury, [ 167]

Lord Derby and Sir Austin Chamberlain, who ciples for which every Indian who has been in had not been definitely associated with Indian af- consultation with us fought, viz. Provincial autofairs. The Committee sat for eighteen months, nomy, All-India federation, brought about in a held hundreds of meetings and took volumes of comprehensive scheme, not stage by stage, and a testimony from representatives of all classes and scheme which they will find contains in every all interests in India and from all political parties chapter seeds for future growth." in England. Sir Samuel Hoare, Secretary of State for India, appeared before the Committee as a Reception of the Report in Britain witness for nineteen days and answered over six thousand questions. It may safely be said that A Minority Report is presented by the five Lanever in the history of Parliament has so much bor members of the Committee, specifying that expert knowledge been brought to bear on any Dominion Status shall be definitely stated and great Imperial question. pledged in the Constitution as the goal of India~ a goal to be reached gradually and without fur- The New Constitution for India ther Act of Parliament.

The Report recommends a constitution in many In Britain the Report was taken with great respects similar to our own. It calls for an All- seriousness, in keeping with the magnitude of the India Federation or, as we would say in America, issues involved. The conservative papers of the a United States of India. The Federation is to extreme wing were critical and apprehensive that consist of eleven Provinces of British India, two the Report went too far. On the other hand, The of which are now created in deference to strong Daily Herald, organ of the Labor Party, declares Indian demand, and the Native States. The Prov- that the Report is "shot through with timidity inces, as well as the Native States, are to be au- and distrust." With these exceptions, however, tonomous, having full control of all provincial British papers agree that the Report is a statesaffairs. The Provincial Government is to consist man-like document of great weight and authority. of the Governor, his Cabinet of Ministers and the The Daily Telegraph says, "The Report will rank Legislature. All departments of government, in- as one of the greatest State documents of all time." cluding that of Law and Order, are to be in charge The Times characterizes the Report as "massive of Indian Ministers, chosen by the Legislature, to and closely reasoned" and says, "The first impreswhom also the Governor is to be amenable. The sion is the weight of authority behind the Report." Federal Government is to consist of the Governor- It also emphasizes the fact that the main prin- General, his Ministers and the Federal Legisla- ciples of the government scheme, viz. Provincial ture. The Departments of Defense, Foreign Af- autonomy, All-India federation and responsibility fairs and Ecclesiastical Affairs are reserved to at the center, have stood the most searching test. the Governor-General. All other departments are The News Chronicle says, "The Constitution is to be in charge of Indian Ministers, chosen by the not unqualified self-government, but it is at least Legislature. The Federal Legislature is to be a vast step toward self-government. Worked with composed of an Upper and a Lower House, the honesty and goodwill, it should lead to the sub- Lower House to have 375 members of whom 125 stance. Indian opinion would be wise to give it are to be chosen by the Princes and the remainder a fair triaL" A Canadian paper says, "The Canaby British India. Election to the Lower House is dian Confederation of 1867 pales into insignifito be made by the Provincial Legislatures. In cance beside it." A South African paper charaddition to the reservation of Defense, Foreign acterizes it as "a great and noble venture for the Affairs and Ecclesiastical Affairs, the constitution good of India." provides for safeguards, giving special powers to the Governors and the Governor-General, to be Soon after the publication of the Report, Stanexercised in case of grave emergency. The elec- ley Baldwin called a meeting of the Conservative torate is to be increased from seven millions to Party, of which he is the leader, to consider what thirty-five millions, of whom six millions are to should be the attitude of the Party toward the be women. A Reserve Bank is to be established Reform proposals. Led by Winston Churchill and for the maintenance of the financial stability and Lord Lloyd, the die-hards or extreme'Tories in credit of the country. Also there is to be a Su- the Party had worked up a strong opposition to preme Court for the whole of India. Burma is to the Reforms and were loudly asserting that the be separated from India and given a similar con- proposals of Gevernment would lead to disaster. ' stitution. Commenting on the terms of the Con- In the course of the discussion on the resolution, stitution, Sir Samuel Hoare, Secretary of State the Marquis of Salisbury, Winston Churchill and for India, says: "Let Indians mark that they now Sir Henry Page Croft made violent attacks on the have offered in this scheme three essential prin- policy of Government predicting the direst con- sequences. Summing up the issues in a great speech in reply, Stanley Baldwin sounded this

INDIA AT THE CROSSROADS

warning to his countrymen: "Today you have a along constitutional lines. Mahatma Gandhi has good chance of keeping India forever in the Em- withdrawn from Congress and from political ac- pire. If you refuse her this opportunity for self- tivities and is now devoting himself to the social government, you will inevitably lose India, what- and economic uplift of his country. With a few ever you do, before two generations are passed." notable exceptions Congressmen who were put in His speech saved the day. By a vote of 1102 to jail have been released. The fires of the Terrorist 390, a majority of three to one, the Conservative Movement in Bengal are still smoldering and, in Party voted to support Government in its policy fact, are not likely to be quenched until a substan- of giving self-government to India. This victory tial form of self-government is given. But India practically assures the passage of the bill through as a whole is quiet. The Viceroy, Lord Willington, Parliament. addressing the Central Legislature at Delhi on Reception in India August 29, 1934, made these impressive remarks: "The curtain has fallen, I hope finally, on the In India the Nationalist press and leaders raised civil-disobedience movement. That happy result a storm of protest. The Congress Party at once I do not attribute so much to the action taken by called a meeting and moved to fight for the rejec- Government as to the sturdy good sense of the tion of the Report, characterizing it as "retro- mass of the people of India. They recognize that grade," "reactionary" and "framed in a spirit of true progress cannot be secured by carrying on suspicion and distrust." The Bombay Chronicle an unmeaning and futile struggle with constitusays, "The Report is an insult to India." The tional authority or by revolutionary methods." Ananda Patrika, "The Report will satisfy none." What, then, will India do with the new Constitu- The Leader, "The scheme is unworthy of England tion? That is the momentous question of th~.hour. to offer and of India to accept." Even moderate opinion is dissatisfied. Mr. C. Y. Chintamani Congress or the Indian Nationalist Party, (Liberal) says, "The whole scheme is unaccept- though having abandoned unconstitutional methable to progressive Indian opinion." Mr. P. N. ods, still holds firmly to the avowed objective of Sapru (member of Council of State) says, "The complete independence for India, even demanding proposed reforms are not calculated to satisfy any control of the army and foreign affairs, which section of responsible opinion." Sir P. S. Siva- are reserved subjects under the new Constitution. swamy Ayyar and other leading Liberals of Mad- In the recent elections to the Central Assembly, to ras, in a joint statement, say that unless the the surprise of all, Congress won sweeping vicscheme can be radically altered and improved, "it tories and consequently will enter the new Aswill fail to satisfy the people of India or bring sembly with a very strong representation. The political peace and contentment." Sir Tej Baha- Party is sure to move the rejection of the new dur Sapru, the outstanding advocate of constitu- Constitution. Fortunately, her strength is limited tional reform in India and leading support.er of constitutionally, and unless she can win over other the Government scheme as set forth in the White parties to her side, she is not likely to wreck the Paper, cabled to the News Chronicle of London as Constitution.

follows: The Liberal Party and the Moslems The Report has been conceived in an over-cautious spirit The goal of the Liberal Party is not independand the Committee have been more anxious to conciliate ence but Dominion Status. Its members value the English Conservatives than India, and have accordingly benefits of the British connection and think that intensified the conservative character of the constitution. India can best attain to her high destiny as a No wonder that even middle-minded Indians will feel dis- member of the British Commonw€alth of Nations. appointed, Enthusiasm over the Report is out of the While recognizing that the attainment of this end question, and while I anticipate strong criticism from pro- must be by successive stages and that there must gressive moderate elements, I feel sure that the Congress be in the nature of the case a transition period, with its renewed strength in the Assembly will move its rejection.

The Reforms or Revolution? no form of constitution would satisfy them which did not have Dominion Status as its goal. As the From one point of view it may be said that Hon. Snivivasa Sastriar, one of the leading Libconditions in India at large are more favorable erals of Madras, puts it, "We must make Dominfor the reception of the reforms than ever before. ion Status a test of th€ reforms, and if they fail After a conflict of fourteen years with Govern- to satisfy that test we must not hesitate to dement with the weapons of boycott and non-vio- nounce them as a breach of faith." Now the prolence, the Indian Congress or Nationalist Party posed Constitution as drafted makes no reference has at last awakened to the realities of the situa- to Dominion Status. The word is not even found tion and abandoned civil-disobedience as a policy, in the voluminous Report. Remembering the decproposing now to enter the Legislatures and work laration of Lord Irwin when he was Viceroy in

1929, that "the natural issue of Indian constitu- ing statement of Mr. H. M. J aganatham, member tional progress is the attainment of Dominion of the Madras Legislative Assembly, may be tak- Status," and the declaration of the Prime Min- en: ister to the same effect at the First Round Table Conference, the omission has profoundly disturbed The recommendations of the Joint Select Committee are the Indian mind. It is all the more marked in in the best interests of India in general and the minority view of the fact that' the Minority Report, pre- communities in particular. As a member of the Depressed sented by the Labor members, insists that Domin- Class community and as one who is striving to secure for ion Status as the goal should be incorporated in them the maximum advantages, I offer my profound thanks the Constitution and definitely pledged to India. to the members of the Committee who have gone into every On that point Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, the leading question affecting the future of India and arrived at conconstitutional lawyer in India and former member clusions which would place India on the sure and steady of the Viceroy's Council, clearly takes his stand: path of constitutional advancement. "I agree with Labor that Dominion Status must be definitely pledged and India planted firmly on Will the Princes Come In? the road. Nothing has shaken India's faith more than the repeated attempts in Parliament to dis- The Native States, numbering over six hunown the Prime Minister's and the Viceroy's dec- dred and comprising one-third of the territory and larations. It is all the more necessary now to one-fourth of the population of India, some of assure her that her position and powers will not them as large as European nations, occupy an imbe lower than those of a Dominion." With that portant and strategic position in Indian national assurance the support of the Liberal Party would life. What, then, is the attitude of the rulers of not be in doubt. these states toward the proposed reforms? Brit- ish statesmen have long dreamed of an Indian The Moslems in India, numbering seventy mil- federation in which this vast and heterogeneous lions, may be relied upon to support the Consti- mass of diverse races and nations which we call tution, with the possible exception of the small India would be welded into a unity, but that dream body in the Congress Party. Though dissatisfied has ever remained unfulfilled. Even the Simon with some features of the Report, they know that Commission, though impressed with the potentialit is in their interest to accept it. Under the terms ities of such a scheme, dismissed it as beyond the of the new Constitution, one-third of British India realm of practical politics. But at times in the seats in the Central Legislature are allotted to life of nations events move with startling rapidity. Moslems, and in many other ways their interests And so it was in this case. At the opening of the are safeguarded. The Moslem papers in general First Round Table Conference in London in N0support the Reforms. Sir Mohammed Usman vember, 1930, when the delegates from India and Sahib, one-time acting Governor of Madras and England were assembled in St. James Palace, the one of the leading Moslems of India, says: "The Princes made their historic declaration, signify- Report is conceived in a generous spirit towards ing their willingness to join an All-India federa- India. The advance proposed is real and very tion.. Speaking on behalf of his fellow Princes, great. I particularly welcome the transfer of Law the Maharajah of Bikinir expressed his convicand Order to Ministers, without which there would tion that "the States would make their best conbe no real Provincial autonomy. The safeguards tribution to the greater prosperity and contentsuggested are very necessary. We must all work ment of India as a whole in a federal system of the new Constitution in a spirit of cooperation Government composed of the States and British and good-will toward Great Britain." India." This statement changed the whole politi- cal picture in an instant, lifted the Conference to Hope for the Depressed Classes a new level, far above party considerations, and by a master-stroke laid the foundations of the The Depressed Classes, numbering sixty mil- constitutional structure which is before Parlialions, cannot fail to recognize the new Constitu- ment today. tion as a boon to their down-trodden community. Taking Madras as an example, out of a total of But that was four years ago. The Constitution 215 seats in the Legislative Assembly, the De- provides that the federation shall not come into pressed Classes are given in the proposed Consti- existence until the rulers of not less than half of tution no less than thirty seats. Adding to these the population of the States and entitled to not the nine seats assigned to the Indian Christians, less than half the seats allocated to the States in most of whom are of outcaste extraction, they the Federal Upper Chamber have signified their would have a total of 39 seats or 18% of the total desire to accede. The question, then, arises, number of seats in the Assembly. As an expres- whether or not this condition will be fulfilled. sion of this community on the reforms, the follow- Since the original declaration was made some of the Princes have appeared to be opposed to the federal scheme and others lukewarm in their in- terest. But it may safely be said that the federal

plan still holds the field. Only last month Sir five years of distinguished service in a very diffi- Samuel Hoare in the House of Commons said, "I cult time in India. "I may say from what I have have no reason to suppose the Princes have in any seen in Madras and at Simla that I am personally way altered their position." Though accession to optimistic and believe that a solution can be found the federation on the part of the Princes is en- such as to make India a happy and contented tirely voluntary, self-interest, if nothing else, must partner of the British Empire." And then speak- inevitably bring them in. A State outside of the ing of the able Indian administrators with whom federation, with no voice in the formation of an he had been associated in Madras, he humorously All-India policy would find itself hopelessly handi- added that he looked forward to the day when he capped. Furthermore, all the larger and more would hear that one of his friends from Madras important States such as Hyderabad, Mysore, was going to be the first Prime Minister of India!

Bikinir, Baroda, Kashmir and many others stand The Call of the Hour firmly by the federation plan. Less than two months ago the Dewan, or Prime Minister, of My- The hour calls for bold and courageous action sore, which is one of the largest and most progres- on the part of Great Britain. India is moving sive of the Indian States, addressing the Mysore swiftly these days. She is thoroughly awake and Representative Assembly, said, "It is necessary aroused. No half measures will now suffice. What for us all to pull together and to do everything would have satisfied her a decade ago will not satthat is possible to make Mysore a worthy unit of isfy her now. Five years ago the Congress Party the federation of the future." This fairly repre- stood for Dominion Status. Now they are revolusents the attitude of a large majority of the Indian tionaries demanding independence. It may not be States. possible-it will not be possible-to satisfy the India's Opportunity Extremists. But the great mass of the Indian peo- General Smuts, former Prime Minister of South ple are not Extremists. The heart of India is sound Africa, on a recent visit to England said, "My and still clings with loyalty and devotion to the message to India would be to work the reforms great nation to which, in the Providence of God, successfully and so prepare themselves for the she has been bound for two centuries. To this' next stage." No wiser counsel could be given in body of sensible and moderate opinion in India, this critical hour than this word spoken by a Great Britain must now appeal. England is strong great friend of India. That the proposed consti- and powerful. She can afford to be generous. But tution represents a great advance in self-govern- the cooperation of India is essential. The new ment in India no fair-minded man can deny. It is Constitution must be worked by the people and, not all that India desires or may fairly claim. It if it is to be successful, it must be worked with is true that the safe-guards loom large, but, as the good-will and contentment. No constitution can Committee points out, these are designed only for be forced on a country at the point of the bayonet. grave emergencies and would not ordinarily be The legitimate aspiration of India must be met. brought into use; and even when the Governor That aspiration can be satisfied only with real, exercises his special powers it would be in con- responsible government, or Dominion Status, as sultation with his Ministers. Furthermore, the its goal. Full and frank assurance of this should Constitution is still in its formative stage. The be embodied in the constitution beyond all manner Bill is now before Parliament and as it is debated of doubt. This would then form a rallying point in Parliament during the ensuing months, it will for all men of goodwill and carry the great underbe subject to modification, revision and amend- taking through to a successful issue. ment. During this period, then, let India fight for her rights with stout heart and good courage, In 1907 Great Britain boldly and generously seeking to get all that she can, and then accept the granted self-government to the ex-Boer Republic, final verdict with cheerful spirit and determina- though counsels of timidity and worldly wisdom tion to prove herself worthy of the Constitution dictated far otherwise. That act of faith won the which has been given her. The statement of the heart of' the Boers and saved South Africa for Select Committee is quite true. "The success of a the British Empire. And now once again, in the constitution depends far more upon the manner course 9f human events, Great Britain is called and spirit in which it is worked than upon its upon to exercise that same faith and, by a great formal provisions." act of statesmanship, to bind India to herself in lasting ties of friendship as a free partner in the In November last Sir George Stanley, Governor British Commonwealth of Nations.

of Madras and for a time acting Viceroy of India, The Outlook for Christianity at the farewell meeting given in his honor on the eve of his departure for England, uttered these ".. What, then, is· the outlook for Christianity hopeful words, spoken out of the experience of under the Reforms. Some view the future with

fear and apprehension. When once the protecting ment of that liberty, we believe that she needs hand of Great Britain is removed, what will be most of all the guiding hand of God and the up- the fate of Christian Missions? Having seized lifting and transforming power of Christ.

the reins, will India tolerate Christian propa- A short time ago there was a unique gathering ganda? Will not the proud spirit of the Brahmin in the ashram of the great Bengali poet, Sir assert itself and sweep away the last vestige of Rabindhra Nath Tagore, at Santiniketan (the the white man's religion? Abode of Peace). It was Christmas Eve. The Such thoughts are born of fear. For ourselves little company had gathered there, at the invita- we have faith in God. In the first place it must tion of the poet, to commemorate the birth of be remembered that after two centuries of strug- Christ. Think of it-a Christian service in a gle, Christianity is now firmly planted in the soil Hindu ashram in memory of Christ! How strange of India. It is no longer an exotic. The seed has and yet how fitting! Men of the East, as of old, been sown far and wide and already there is a bowing at the feet of Jesus! And as they were rich harvest. With six million Christians won gathered there the poet gave his message in these from every race and caste and religion in that words: "Let us bow to Jesus Christ who revealed great land, with her schools and colleges for the to man the divinity of love." While such homage education and training of Christian leaders, with is far from adequate surely the nation that thus a vast army of Indian workers set apart to Chris- bows reverently before Christ, led by one of the tian service and pushing out into every bazaar greatest of her sons, will finally come to claim and market-place, with an Indian Church, strong Him as her own.

and aggressive, rapidly growing in self-support and self-government, Christianity is well prepared to take her place as a vital force in the life of the A CALL TO PRAYER FOR INDIA Nation that is to be. Christian leaders and British Missionary socie- ties have issued a call to prayer for India in view Nor is this all. Far beyond numerical strength, of the great problems presented in the proposed outward organization and external forms, the new constitution. Strong opposing forces in Great vital force of Christianity has been at work now Britain and in India are lined up in the matter for two centuries, silently and irresistibly, in the of Dominion Status and home rule. What British hearts of the people and has wrought a revolu- statesmen offer, multitudes of Indians refuse to tion. The Bible has become one of the Sacred accept, and what Indian moderates demand, the Books of the Hindus and Christ is looked upon British believe will lead to widespread disorder. by multitudes as one of their Avatars. In the As the call to prayer says: "No skill of man can past Christianity has been handicapped by the bring peace to India or Great Britain or to any dominance of the foreigner. It has been tied, so other country, but only the will of God." to speak, to a Western power and entangled in the meshes of Western civilization. Freed from Prayer is asked especially for the Viceroy of this handicap, we may expect Christ to move on India and for governors of provinces, and for all to new victories and to lay still deeper hold on upon whom responsibilities will lie during the the mind and heart of India. coming period of transition, that they may have "a single eye to India's welfare and a sensitive In the second place, Christianity has always regard for her national honor." Pray "that all stood for freedom. Freedom is the very air it faults of temper, whether in Britain or India, breathes. In every land and among every people may be forgiven; and that they may not be al- Christians have befriended the downtrodden and lowed to blind the people to the genuine goodwill the oppressed and have struck off the shackles of which each feels for the other." the slave. As Christians, therefore, and followers of Him who came to set men free, we cannot fail to sympathize with this great people in their aspiration for liberty and self-government. We Dr. Azariah, the Bishop of Dornakal, reports must wish them well. We must stand by as friends that in a recent campaign to preach Christianity and helpers. We must wish for India the attain- to caste people, 2,693 villages were visited, nearly ment of her birthright as a free and self-govern- 12,000 men and women taking part in the caming people. As such we welcome the Reforms. paign; with the result that over 8,000 people in We see in them the working of the overruling nearly 300 villages have asked for further Chris- .

Providence of God. We see India taking her place tian instruction. The same story of spectacular among the nations of the earth as a free and in- advance is told by other missions in the same dependent people. We see her planted firmly on area, and the problem of teaching the great mass the road to liberty. And in the long and arduous of new Christians is one which is exercising the struggle which lies before her for the full attain- Churches and Missions concerned.

Christians Among the Telugus*

~I By REV. C. H. SMILEY, Bitaspur, C. p. Disciples of Christ Mission ~==========================~ T HE Sudras of the Telegu area are coming to New Testament given him by a school master. A Christ-already nearly thirty thousand in young village munsif was called through the read- number, including many of wealth and influ- ing of tracts on the "Cure for Sin" and "The True ence. Practically all the groups within the Sudra Shelter." Six years ago a young goldsmith had a caste from the highest to the lowest are now rep- dream in which he saw his heart before him with resented in the Church. Each year the movement all its sin. Then Christ appeared in a picture with is growing in force. wounded hands and feet and the words written, There are three main centres of the movement. "For you and the sinful world I have come. See In the Nizam's Dominions, Nirmal, beyond Medak, my hands."

the British Methodist field, is the center of a con- In the lower Sudra groups the movement takes siderable movement of caste people to Christ. on more of the characteristics of a group move- Both the caste and outcaste people are coming ment. The lives of these people have been affected together into the new fellowship. In the Church in the same vital way as the higher groups. They Missionary Society Kistna field of Madras many too have come seeking salvation. Many social influential Sudras have come and there is a long changes for the betterment of the groups are also list of enquirers. 'Jihe Yanadis, Waddaras, and evident. The nomadic groups have given up large- Erukulas of the lower Sudra groups are also com- ly their wandering life and show a tendency to ing in large numbers. The third important center settle in one place where regular worship may be adj oining the Kistna field is the Palnad area in held and their children educated. The groups the Lutheran and American Baptist Mission fields. subject to the Criminal Tribe Act show a noted Here the landlor~~ and village munsifs stand out improvement toward upright and honest lives. It prominently in the lists of converts. The move- is quite evident that they have caught something ment is also in its beginning in the Canadian of the ideals of the Christian way of life and have Baptist field in the north of the Presidency where realized that life must now be lived on a higher caste women at one center are coming and there ethical plane. A new life of inner peace, joy and are converts and enquirers from the fishermen purpose has come to these followers of Christ.

caste group. There are twenty-five other places Caste converts are also showing a changed at- where the movement is under way. titude towards Christians of Depressed Classes.

The Sudras are having a vital' experience of Caste lines are still held when it comes to inter- the transforming power of Christ in their lives. marriage although there are cases where caste Over large areas the change is manifest and the differences have been done away with even in joy and victory of the new experience is written marriage. Inter-dining is more common. The upon their countenances. Their coming is more most hopeful feature of the situation is the extent impressive when it is recalled that the Christian to which caste converts have accepted the leader- religion in this area has been associated with the ship in the Church of the Depressed Class and outcaste community. The radical changes brought now accept communion with them.

about in their lives have been evident so that ob- These Sudras coming to Christ undergo perse- servant Sudras have come to realize that Christ cution. It has not been easy for these influential alone can transform the lives of individuals and men and women to take this step and many hin- communities. drances were put in their way before baptism.

The element of the supernatural is evident in One man testified that his crops had been burned the conversion of many Sudras. When the mem- after his baptism. Another influential leader lost bers of the Sudra Movement Survey Team asked the right to a large inheritance of more than Rs.

the question, "Who chiefly influenced your deci- 40,000. One young man was denied the fellowship sion to become a Christian?" the reply from some of his home and family. Abuse has been heaped was "God." Others related experiences of the upon them, and some have been dragged into the miraculous in their conversions. One young courts under false charges. Yet in the great ma- Telugu made his decision through reading the jority of cases these new converts have remained • From the Indian 'Witness, January 24, 1935. faithful. Their faith has given them power to [173 ]

endure. Most of them have remained near their rejected, and downtrodden people of the Untouchrelatives throughout the persecution, with the re- able groups. sult in many places that the very persecutors have come to the feet of Christ. A caste leader, whose Today many leaders in the Church, schools, and son was baptized and was severely persecuted by the Sudra Movement have come from the outcaste an elder brother, stood by his son and was later community~ The Christian mission leaders have baptized. The elder brother was also converted taught them to worship the one true God. Christ through observing the new courage and change has become a reality to them and their lives have in the life of his relative. been transformed. Gradually the persecution les- sened when changes for the better became evident. Spreading the Good News The resentment of the caste people changed to amazement that such marvellous changes could Observers in the Sudra Movement areas are be wrought in the lives of those formerly hopeless deeply impressed by the spontaneous zeal of these people. More careful observation was made into converts in spreading the Good News to their the causes of these changes and gradually it relatives and friends. These influential men and dawned upon the Sudras that Christ alone was women are most zealous and courageous in their the transforming power. The Sudras began to witness to the unsaved around them. One caste read the record of Christ's life. There was furfamily was led to Christ by the daily life and ther observation and then finally acceptance of witness of a Christian servant girl in the home. the religion which had wrought such wonders. She read her Bible daily and taught the widowed There in the villages among the lowly and downdaughter of the family who soon became a be- trodden was God's great field of demonstration liever in Christ. These two then prayed together over a period of a half century and more. daily for the conversion of the mother, who soon gave up her idolatry and accepted Christ. The One Tamil Christian headmaster of more than three then won the father and aged mother in the thirty years residence in the Telugu area, when home and then began to give the message to their asked the reason for the Sudras coming to Christ, neighbors. One outstanding neighbor has already at once replied, "Seeing the improved condition had a vital experience of the transforming power of the Depressed Classes who have come into the of Christ in his life. One bania woman convert is Church." One prominent Reddi convert testified, working regularly on her own time to win her "When I saw the high attainments of the Decaste people and others. One Brahman woman pressed Class Christians this encouraged me to convert is giving full time to zenana work, her become a Christian." Another influential Sudra salary being paid by her son, a Hindu pleader. enquirer, whose relatives had already been bap- One of the lower Sudra caste converts, along with tized, gave a striking testimony. his son-in-law, has been preparing twenty families for baptism. Outstanding in witnessing "Do you believe that the Christians of Deamong the men is Poda Rangaiah, the convert pressed Class origin have been made better by who was disinherited of a large fortune when he Christianity?" he was asked. came to Christ in 1915. . For fifteen years he worked as an unpaid evangelist, supporting him- "The change is beyond comparison. They are self from the few acres of fields still remaining in now living by· order and wisdom while formerly his possession. He has become so effective as a they were wild and lawless." speaker and singer that he now rents out his fields and works on a small salary giving full time to "Why have they been so changed?" winning his own caste people. There is already the beginnings of a strong Church in his native "Because of the teaching of religion of Christ village. This voluntary witnessing on the part of and having made Him their Guru …… For forty new caste converts is a great strength in the pres- years I have observed this influence in the Chrisent movement of Sudras to Christianity. tians of Depressed Class origin. The same power working in us Reddis should bring great change It is evident that the sources of the Sudras' quickly." inspiration is the widespread transformation by the Christian religion of the outcaste groups. The The Telugu Sudra Movement is well under way Christian movement in the Telugu area began in and another decade will doubtless show great the outcaste communities and throughout the gains all along the line. This marks another era in years until the last decade has been largely con- the Church in India. The knowledge of this sigfined to these groups. It is significant that men nificant movement and the personalities associated and women of wealth and influence should turn with it should be spread to the churches and iso- . to a religion so long associated witfl the despised, lated Christian groups everywhere. Christian leaders and workers everywhere will again take new courage and inspiration. New movements in other areas will get under way. Truly God is at work in the land. The Cross of Christ goes on from victory to victory.

One Pastor Did for

By the REV. CLELAND B. McAFEE, D.D., LL.D., New York Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.

T HE sudden death on January 18,1935, of the him present arguments for Foreign Missions. His writer's older brother, Rev. Dr. Lapsley Arm- line was to tell about the work, to quote the Scrip- strong McAfee, at Dumaguete, Philippine ture warrants, to point out the spirit and com- Islands, suggests a brief review of a somewhat mand of C4rist and to take obedience for granted: remarkable missionary ministry. Never on the It was a marked asset of his ministry. Not all of mission field himself, except as a visitor, Dr. Mc- his church people believed in missions, any more Afee has had a wider world influence than most than is the case in most churches, but he kept ministers ever attain. It is doubtful if a score of confronting them with the world and with the pastors in the world have influenced the mission- Word and they had to have it out with those two ary purpose of more actual missionaries at home irresistible facts~ and abroad than he was able to do. Yet he was After a brief initial pastorate in the church at never connected with any missionary training in- Park College, his health made it necessary for him stitution, and except for a brief early pastorate in to go to a western parish, and he spent a few connection with Park College, Missouri, which at years in Phrenix, Arizona, where he came into that time was sending out considerable numbers direct touch with the work of missions among the of definite Christian workers, he had little to do Indians and on the American frontier. This ex- with institutional life. He was an ordinary, work- perience turned all theory into practice, and he ing pastor, near a university and awake consist- never bothered much with distinctions between ently to his opportunities for creating and main- home and foreign in making Christ known. That taining the Christian world-mindedness of the was a matter for administration, not for discus- members of his congregation. Moreover, he was sion among Christian believers. never the pastor of what would be reckoned a Then Dr. McAfee removed to Berkeley, Cali- wealthy church, though his last church grew to fornia, and presently became pastor of the First large numbers with the years. Its gifts to mis- Presbyterian Church there. During his pastorate sionary work were largely in terms of life rather the entire San Francisco Bay region fell into one than of funds. During one pastorate of twenty- field for the Presbyterians and he came into close five years he saw more than 150 men and women relation to another phase of mission work-the give themselves to whole-time Christian service- city, the last frontier of American life-for he be- in the ministry and other forms of missionary came an active leader in the development of work in America or elsewhere. It is a record Church extension throughout the whole area. The which may well be analyzed. Berkeley church is very near the campus of the Dr. Lapsley McAfee received the beginning of University of California with its thousands of his missionary interest in his boyhood home where students. Here he gave twenty-five years of his his father and mother, President and Mrs. John strongest service, not primarily for students but A. McAfee of Park College, were well ahead of for all the people of his congregation. He drew their time in their interest in world-wide evan- no lines between town and gown in his program gelism. Mrs. McAfee, especially, was a leader in nor in his interest. He set himself to make as organized women's work in the Presbyterian worthy a Christian Church as he could. No such Church and had part in the founding of the Church could have a timid or hesitant missionary Women's Board of the Southwest, a strong Pres- spirit. His antidote for worldly-mindedness was byterian Board of Foreign Missions with head- world-mindedness. By all measurements the re- quarters in St. Louis, Missouri. It was from his suIt was a spiritual Church of unusual attain- parents and experiences in his early home, as mis- ments.

sionaries and other church leaders visited it from No one ever claimed that Dr. McAfee was a time to time, that Dr. Lapsley McAfee came to preacher of unusual ability. His sermonic meth- take world missions for granted, a Christian duty ods would bear a great deal of discussion. It is not to be discussed but to be performed. Few somewhat arresting that after more than fortyduring his long ministry could now recall hearing five years of preaching, nearly all in active pas- [175 ]

torates, we find hardly a line of sermon outline or young people's societies (which resembled a of sermon notes anywhere in his files! That was county or state convention during the winter sea- not his method. He was strongly and persistently son) as he would name one and another to a biblical in his material, and it was his custom to visitor. One of his young people cannot recall walk his study floor in company with a text or that he ever led one of the meetings nor ever gave a theme for the coming Sunday until an outline instructions about how it should be done. That came to him which he would fill out sometimes was their business. Yet after it was over almost largely in the pulpit. This did not make for anyone present would realize that these young powerful sermonizing and that was not his forte. people had been unconsciously under his influence.

To be sure, if real preaching means the taking of One observer said, years after he had been in the some truth of God and making it so clear to hear- group: "There is a vitality about young people ers that they both see it and set out to live by it, who grew up under Dr. McAfee that you cannot then he was a powerful preacher. But if preach- miss."

ing requires building up an argument with a body This means that the pastor thought of people in of truths, and making primary appeal to the minds individual terms, not as members of a group; and of hearers, then his greatness as a preacher might it is in these terms that the great decisions and be questioned. And it is wholly unimportant. attitudes are settled. It means also that his con- A Builder of Missionary Interest cern for world missions could not seem to be a mere academic question, even the most indifferent.

Two especial and well developed powers gave It was part of life, always expressed in perfectly him strength as a builder of missionary interest. normal, vital terms, like everything else with which he concerned himself and his people. He 1. For one thing, he had and cultivated a sin- was never an abstract advocate of missions. The cere personal concern for everybody whom he whole work was a matter of persons-some needmet. He knew his people and their condition as ing, some helping. Social institutions had their few pastors do. On a mere casual test with his place but they were for persons and those persons Church handbook, he one day gave immediately were of first importance. the address and telephone number of more than a score of people chosen haphazard by a visitor. 2. The second power which Dr. McAfee used to This would be a waste of energy for most minis- the full was his ability to maintain an accent withters; it came naturally to him and he developed out making it a hobby. World missions was to it because it gave him a relation to his people him a matter of course, as has been said, and which was essential to his ministry. His interest therefore it had its place anywhere along the way. was never affected; it was always as genuine as This was rooted partly in a soundly conservative Christian faith, which did not concern itself it appeared to be. greatly with critical questions and current philos- This meant that he held both in mind and in ophies, but grew into full assurance regarding heart the hundreds of students and other young Christ and His saving power, and regarding man people who came to his church and its vigorous and his inescapable need for Christ. To Dr. Mcyoung people's societies. He knew them and real- Afee that was as true in Berkeley as in Bombay, in ized what their individual problems were and California as in China. None of his hearers is what were their prospects as well. He did not apt to recall any hesitant word in his message. need to waste any time overtaking the last talk He knew whom he believed and whom he wanted he had with them. Early in his California min- all men to believe. That is foundation enough for istry he became an influential advisor of the Chris- the missionary appeal. tian Endeavor forces of the State and probably knew by face and name more young people in the He made this appeal in various ways. (1) To Pacific coast region than any other one religious the very end he kept up the practice of the monthly leader. He never felt it necessary to strike a low midweek meeting of prayer for missions – each note among them. He knew how to play games; month taking up that subject as naturally as the he was a natural singer so that he led them in all month came around. In this way he made world kinds of musical events; but he was essentially conditions and missionary work a definite part of and all the time the Christian minister who knew the spiritual life of the Church. Any pastor can them in behalf of Christ first of all. do that if he will. The meeting was varied and He knew the children of the families and unexpected and it cost a great deal of work for'

watched their spiritual advancement, so that he somebody, but the subject was big enough to war- could keep his eye on prospective candidates for rant the cost.

Christian service. It is not likely that he knew (2) He soon established in his prayer meeting all the children in the very large Sunday school, room, where also one group of his young people but it was arresting to hear him in his several met, a large map of the world with Berkeley

WHAT ONE PASTOR DID FOR MISSIONS

plainly marked and with cords running out from in many Christian lives, to be taken as naturally the Church to all the places in the world where as any other step. Parents were not aghast when former members of the Church were at work. It sons or daughters mentioned becoming mission- became a highly tangled map before his twenty- aries and the sons and daughters did not have the five years were over, but it could not fail to bring impression that they had done some unique and inspiration to worshipers and even to casual vis- staggering thing. With needy men always in itors. Moreover it ensured continuous and intel- mind and a commanding Christ always in sight ligent prayer for the world. and a saving Gospel always presented, why should (3) It was Dr. McAfee's custom also, and it is one not be a missionary if opportunity offered?

a growing custom now of Presbyterian pastors, to Something very beautiful was done before Dr.

have in his pulpit the "Year Book of Prayer for McAfee left the pastorate of the Berkeley church.

Missions" issued by the Presbyterian Church and A large bronze tablet was erected in the wall of to sketch before the pastoral prayer the fields and the church sanctuary, showing his portrait well persons suggested for prayer during the week then wrought out and the names of 137 men and women opening. Often it was possible to indicate some who had entered all-time Christian service dur- one person who had been in the church either as ing his pastorate. That number has now been a member or a speaker, to connect the field with reckoned as more than 150. The list included some interest in the church in business or other- workers in Africa, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, China, wise, in some way to make the prayer vital. In India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Palestine, Persia, the prayer itself there was no laboring of the same the Philippine Islands, Siam, Syria, and a long material. This was taken for granted as in the roster in the United States of America! These hearts of worshipers. He once said: "Reading were all from his church. If there could be added that material is part of the prayer; God hears it the larger number whom his life had touched in and the people hear it." But this habit tended other churches, in the adjacent Theological Sem- again to keep world missions from being narrowed inary, in the Young People's conferences on the to some single field of interest or to the work of coast and elsewhere, in casual t;!ontacts, it would some familiar figure in the missionary ranks. The be an immense roll.

Jewish rabbis used to say that a prayer which did Dr. McAfee's death came in a beautiful way.

not mention the Kingdom is no prayer. Dr. Mc- Having retired from his pulpit as he approached Afee was not a hobbyist, even for missions, but 70 years of age, and having seen it occupied by it is doubtful if there occurred in his services any another earnest missionary advocate, Dr. Francis considerable or comprehensive prayer which did Shunk Downs, his heart turned again to that part not somewhere include the world work of the of the field which he had barely seen-the foreign Church. mission area. His only sister, Mrs. George S.

(4) His people recall that he made much of the McCune, the wife of the President of the Union presence of missionaries when they came into the Christian College in Pyengyang, had been in neighborhood. He gave the impression, says one Chosen for many years. He knew and loved also of his hearers, that a missionary from the home many other missionaries in Chosen and Japan, in or the foreign field was the most honored person China and the whole Far East. He and Mrs. Mc- who could visit the church. The visitor was sure Afee determined upon a visit to the field, though to know something that the people did not know he was fairly warned that it might be at peril of and it was their opportunity to learn. To be sure, his life. After a few months in Chosen, where he Dr. McAfee had his experiences of missionaries brought inspiration to many missionaries, Korean who, with all their virtues, could not make' a good pastors, students and others, "as few visitors have speech about their work. Then he had to save the ever done," he went to the Philippine Islands for situation himself, which he could not always do, the cold months of winter and there, soon after his as he ruefully remarked one day. But he exulted arrival, in the home of President Roy H. Brown, in the coming of a missionary and from most of of the Silliman Institute, trouble arose with his them his people received the inspiration he de- heart and he went to be with his Lord.

sired. Meanwhile, every missionary went away Here was no marvelous preacher, no striking with the assurance that he had in the pastor a figure of ecclesiastical leadership, no author of dear friend and a warm welcome awaited him volumes. Here was a pastor, committed first of there whenever he might return. all to his Master and then to his people; and in All this did not raise money, but it created a the effort to bring the people into closer fellowship missionary atmosphere, which is the central neces- with his Lord he was driven to keen and lasting sity of a missionary church. Out of it came a sense of the world mission of the Gospel which he steady stream of young life dedicated to Chris- so fully believed. What he did in his church any tian service. The church came to see that being pastor can do-not always in such quantity but a missionary is no marvel but merely a next step always in the same quality.

"All Things to All Men" in Korea*

By REV. s. F. Miller, Chung-ju, Chosen Missionary of the Presbyterian Church A S A MISSIONARY sat in his study he heard onto it and from there to the top of the wall by .r-. the kitchen door hastily opened and some- the aid of a Japanese who reached a hand down one cross the floor. It was the "boy" all to give him a lift.

out of breath. On the way back the missionary found a group "There is a fire in the village and I came for of refugees who were afraid to venture into the the fire extinguisher." The missionary opened his swift waters to re.ach safety, so he led some and closet door, grasped the handle of a bucket of carried others across, including one blind man.

extra charges and he and the "boy" carried the When he reached home the Christians asked, extinguisher down the steep hill to the village. "What will these people do for supper, the chil- The straw roof of a house was in a blaze and dren are crying from hunger." Then the mis- women were carrying water on their heads from sionary saw how the Lord had foreseen this cir- the village well, while the men with gourds were cumstance and provided for it.

sprinkling it on the roof, but making no impres- The Chinese carpenters and masons, on finish- sion on the blaze. ing the house and leaving a few days before, had The missionary upturned the extinguisher and asked him to buy three bags of flour which re- directed a thin stream of soda-water onto the roof. mained of their supply. He had done so, won- Immediately the flame died down revealing a sur- dering whether they would keep till used. Now prised man who had been working behind the this flour was used for dumplings and after all smokescreen and wanted to know who had been had eaten they lay down for the night.

squirting water on him. In the meantime the Years later, as the missionary was giving some "boy" had prepared another charge of water, leaflets to a group of farmhands in a ricefield, he soda, and acid, and it extinguished the fire. heard one say quietly, "He is the man who helped A group of old men looking over the fence re- us during the flood"-and the leaflets were ac- marked: "The missionary with his medicine can cepted.

is better than a village of watercarriers." *** This was just one of the little things that make As a missionary pedaled his "go-of-itself-wheel" it easier to preach the Gospel. along a narrow bridlepath down a mountain val- ley, he saw a woman running with alJ…her speed, *** weeping while she called someone who had disap- peared between the natural hedges. He jumped A missionary had been kept awake all night by to the ground and asked what the trouble was. the downpour of water from the sky and eaves and the roaring of a torrent down the hill. It had "My son and I quarreled this morning and he been the worst cloudburst in Chungju in ninety has run away down this road and I can't catch up years, old folks said. with him. What shall I do!"

At daybreak, as he was trying to make up for "Just follow me and I'll catch up with him on lost sleep, the Korea assistant pastor came to say my wheel. Do not hurry, I'll hold him till you that the levee had broken and a crowd of refugees come." were coming to the compound. By the time the missionary had dressed the levee had broken again The bicycler soon reached the boy and asked, j.ust below the house, leaving 200 people standing "Where are you going in such a hurry? You look between two breaks and 100 outside the gate seek- as if you had quarreled with your mother and ing a refuge. He opened the new Bible Institute were running away in your anger. Tell me all building and filled it, the rest finding places in the about it." temporary carpentershop and in the village.

The levee broke in five places, 400 houses were "How do you know all about me?" asked the washed away and forty people in the town were boy, thinking. "These West Sea men's eyes look drowned. In the afternoon the missionary right through a-fellow." He told the truth.

waded and swam to the wall of the city; the water Presently the mother caught up and between was filthy, snakes and other vermin swam here the missionary's urging and the mother's plead- and there. He found a thatch roof of a house ing, the boy agreed to return. The missionary washed against the wall and managed to crawl urged them to let Jesus help them to live in peace, • Condensed from The Korean Mission Field. and offered the boy some Christian leaflets.

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the Student World*

By HOWARD GUINNESS, M.D.

Student Evangelist of the Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship "IN SPITE of failures in the past, the evan- other spheres? We believe not for the following gelization of the world in this generation is reasons: still possible," said the men and women stu- 1. At the universities and colleges are gath~ dents of the Liverpool University at Park Gate ered the men and women whose influence is likely Retreat in 1933. to be far-reaching. They are being trained as "I can do nothing for China; but God can," leaders of the future-teachers and college pro- said a great missionary. afedsmsionirs~trdaotcotrosr,s and lawyers, preachers, writers, When asked, "What can a woman do," Mary athletes who often get a hearing, Slessor replied, "The question is not what can a especially among young people, where scholars woman do?" but "What can a woman's God do?" fail to do so.

Broken in health after seven years of mission- 2. Men and women passing through their three ary work on the Chinese coast, Hudson Taylor to five years at the universities are impressioncould not silence the ceaseless cry of China's mil- able. If they do not meet Christ there, many of lions as they waited in darkness for the Light. them meet with sin, and, casting aside the re- Nearly four hundred millions of them in the un- straints of morality as well as of faith, they go touched inland provinces have never yet heard of far astray, and lead others with them. Jesus Christ and His salvation. And yet-how can one man meet that need? But the Voice in 3. If the men and women of our universities do Taylor's soul sounded day and night, "Why should not find Christ by the time they end their course, not each of those vast provinces possess a centre it is probable that they will never find Him. Out of light and truth? And why should they not of every hundred Christians who know (more or possess such a witness in your own lifetime?" less accurately) the date of their conversion, ap- Such was the vision that came to him as he waited proximately seventy-five come to Christ by the age upon God in his own weakness. During the next of fourteen, another twenty by the age of twentyforty years, through sorrow and suffering, one, another four by the age of twenty-five, and through danger and privation, through persecu- only one per cent at some more advanced age! tion and martyrdom, through disease and death, If this is so it becomes obvious that the presentathe impossible came true; for Hudson Taylor's tion of Christ offered at college is probably the God was a God of the impossible! Multitudes of last great impulse they will have to enter the Chinese owe their salvation to his response to Christian life. By the time they are graduated that vision. they have become almost unapproachable by the Gospel from the human angle. If we want to ~in True vision is not merely an inward urge and them at all college is almost our last opportumty! desire such as Columbus had with but little tangible evidence to justify it, but true vision is the 4. The Christian student, going up to a univerknowledge of facts combined with insight into sity, is often faced for the first time with t~e their meaning. Both Livingstone and Taylor saw necessity of giving a reasonable answer for hIS millions of souls in a death grapple with sin- Christian faith. He is surrounded by many who without God and without hope. But it did not deny the truth of the Bible. It may seem at that end there. Each saw a mighty Redeemer-and moment that the foundations of his faith are inacted accordingly. Is it idle to urge that the uni- secure and that what he has always believed to be fundamental is now either impossible of belief versities of the world need educated men with the or capable of new co~struction. He needs a st.ea?yvision of a Livingstone or a Taylor to bring to ing hand, wise advIce, and, above all, Ch~lstIan them the Christ? Is it an exaggeration to sug- fellowship, if he is not to go forth to a Christless gest that they constitute one of the most needy life and a Christless eternity. mission fields of the world? Is it wrong to believe that money and time spent here will bring a I once knew an English medical student who greater return for God than that spent in many was studying theology in preparation for foreign missionary service. He was a real power for Christ and to sit near him at mealtimes was an Oh•urCcohndReenvsieedw, and revised from a paper printed In The United India.

[179 ]

inspiration, for he breathed a fragrance other met, and the beginnings were made of a witness than his own. Towards the end of one term he to the saving power of Christ. Today there are seemed to grow more silent and less other-worldly, dozens banded together there to pray and study and eventually broke this astounding news to us: God's Holy Word and win their fellow-students "I have lost my message. The theological lec- for the Saviour. tures I have been attending have robbed me of my The year 1927 found Oxford University without faith. I shall still go abroad as a medical man, but only to do philanthropic work." any distinctive evangelical testimony among the students. The Devotional Union, comprising men Thank God, he had friends who believed the of semi-rationalistic outlook as well as conserva- Word of God, and with whom he used to pray, and tive believers, seemed the more desirable channel he found his message again. of witness because it would maintain an outward unity of all nominal Christians. But little fruit I knew a Canadian theological student who, in could be seen in return for all the effort put into the freshness of his faith and the warmth of his it. A minority of Evangelical believers started love for Christ, longed to win his friends for the to pray for wisdom and vision. They were only Saviour. He was surrounded by destructive sixteen strong. Jonathan in his attack on the garcriticism, and in this environment he became rison of the Philistines, single-handed save for his doubtful of his own salvation and of the truth of armour-bearer, forever immortalized the truth God's Word. He had no evangelical friends with that there is no restraint to the Lord to save by whom to pray and think, and he did not come back many or by few. again into the Light. A week or two later the town was placarded But the tragedy of our universities lies not only with the announcement that four Cambridge in the fact that hundreds of Christian students undergraduates would speak in the Town Hall on are losing their faith every year, but that non- "What Christ means to me." The advertisements, Christian students (whose only idea of Chris- in Cambridge light blue, caught the eye wherever tianity is either ritualism or "do your best and one looked. "Who is running this show?" "What God will do the rest") would like to know God's is it all about?" "Who are these Cambridge plan of salvation and are never told. chaps ?" A thousand questions and remarks were on people's lips as the day drew near. All the In a British university a woman came after a while sixteen men worked earnestly and sixteen meeting and opened the conversation by saying, souls prayed ceaselessly. It was now for God to "Ever since your lecture I have had an irresistible work and God did. The Hall was filled to its calonging to know God. But I know nothing about pacity to hear of the Saviour crucified, risen and Christianity, except that which repels me because exalted, as He had revealed Himself to four underof the uncharitableness of Christians. I go no- graduates from a rival university. And the rewhere to church and never read the Bible. What sult? Go to Oxford ,today, and see more than one is God like? How am I to think of Him?" What hundred men and women banded together in an a pagan darkness was this in which her soul lived ! unquestioning loyalty to the Son of God, and an But what a wonderful answer I could give her! undying passion for the salvation of men. What compassion filled my heart and flooded into the wondrous story of Emmanuel-God with us! Where are the men of vision today? Where What a theme is "Jesus" to those who sit in dark- are the men who have seen the King in His beauty, ness and in the shadow of death! She wanted to by whom henceforth all else is counted but refuse love Him; she wanted Him to be her Saviour. that they may win Christ? Where are the ad- venturers, the explorers, the buccaneers for God One man who wanted to know Christ is said to who count one human soul of greater value far have searched out all the men of Christian char- than the fall or rise of an empire or even their acter in college and spent much time in their com- own reputations? Where are the men who glory pany in the hope that they would speak to him one in God-sent loneliness, difficulties, persecutions, day about their faith; but in vain. He did the misunderstandings, discipline, sacrifice, death? same with clergymen he met; but again in vain! Where are the men who are ready to pay the price He left the university and went out into the world of vision? Where are the men of believing prayer? -an agnostic. Where are the men who, like the Psalmist of old, count God's Word of more importance than their' In 1922 a Christian student at a Welsh Univer- daily food? Where are the men, who, like Moses, sity had a hunger in his heart for fellowship with commune with God face to face as a man speaks others who believed in Christ, and for the salva- with his friend, and who unmistakably carry with tion of his fellowmen with whom he lived. One them the fragrance of that meeting thrtjugh the day notices in chalk appeared on a number of day? Where are God's men in this day of God's blackboards asking all who knew and loved the power? Lord Jesus to meet in a certain room at a certain time! They were signed with this student's name. At the appointed hour several men and women

We Interest College Students?

-'1 By WILMINA ROWLAND Traveling Secretary of the Student Volunteer Movement I~==========================~ W HEN I returned from China a year and a 6. Are not our denominational rivalries a hin- half ago and took up work as a traveling drance in missionary work? secretary for the Student Volunteer Movement, some of my older friends were most dis- 7. If all missionaries were withdrawn, would couraging. Christianity continue to spread in the mission fields? "You're hoping to interest American college students in missions?" one of them remarked. It is thrilling to find how keenly interested stu- "You have my sympathy! I'm afraid you are go- dents will be in a discussion centering around ing to find young people of college age hostile these questions. In fact, in a number of groups to the concept of foreign missions. They are un- it has been necessary to spend an hour or two on friendly to the whole missionary movement." the first question so that often we get no further. If the total result of one of these campus visits Consequently it was with some trepidation that has been no more than to help "straighten out" a I embarked upon the work. After a few weeks, few students on that very significant question, the however, I arrived at a conclusion which has been implications of which strike at the very roots of confirmed in the last eighteen months. College our Christian faith, then the visit has been worth students are not hostile to the idea of missions- while. they are simply totally ignorant of what it is all about! Somehow we have permitted two or three Happily the matter does not rest there. The college generations to grow up without educating educational job is often continued after a secrethem adequately as to the total task of the Church, tary's visit by the formation of a small study and especially that phase which is concerned with group which is eager to inquire further into the the extension of Christianity throughout the why and how of missionary endeavor..

world. All colleges do not present an absolutely un- A further discovery I have made is that young worked field. In four of the five Southern states men and women invariably become interested in 'in which I traveled I found ten or more colleges in missions when the matter is presented to them each state where there is at least a small nucleus intelligently and adequately, and in terms of pres- of students who know what missions are all ent-day technique. , about. These groups go under a variety of names I have been interested in compiling a list of -Student Volunteer Groups, Life Service Bands, questions students ask most frequently concern- Missions Interest Groups, etc. Many are the re- ing missions. Perhaps some of these may sound sult of the efforts of former traveling secretaries, familiar to those who have to answer the ques- and some are the result of denominational pro- tions of adults who are not necessarily students. grams in the colleges. These groups vary in vi- 1. Why should we be interested in foreign mis- tality, but the more alive ones exist not only for sions when there is so much to be done at home? the purpose of study within their own group, but This question never fails to be asked in some to help keep missions in the consciousness of the form or other. Answer it satisfactorily, and you entire Christian Association of the college. Some find that you have a student who is eager to find of the more vigorous groups carryon deputation out more about "this thing called missions." work to other colleges, seeking to interpret the 2. How do missionaries explain to non-Chris- missionary'movement and to communicate their tians the lack of Christianity in America and at own enthusiasm on the subject. If real interest the same time justify the sending of missionaries is aroused, the deputation members help in organ- abroad? izing a missions group. In many states these local 3. What right have we to upset the religious be- groups ar,e bound together in a state organization, liefs of non-Christians by imposing Christianity the Student Volunteer Union, which stages week- upon them? end retreats and state-wide conferences on mis- 4. What is the Christian message? sions. The educational value of these conferences 5. What have missions really accomplished in is great and is ,one of the most potent factors in non-Christian countries? ' interpreting missions to college students.

[181 ]

This educational work in the colleges is, unfor- well-equipped young people in our colleges in seektunately, far too meager. The Student Volunteer ing to understand the missionary enterprise, in Movement has secretaries in the South Atlantic directing it along whatever lines it should follow, Region, New England, and the North Central Re- and in supporting it by money, by intelligent ingion and there are Student Volunteer Unions in terest, and by prayer unless they become acnearly a score of states, sponsoring annual con- quainted with what missions really are seeking to ferences. The National Student Y. M. and Y. W. accomplish and what they are actually doing in C. A.'s have also Christian World Education de- the modern world. We cannot expect to confront partments which suggest programs to local units. the highest type of young men and women with One large denomination is carrying out an inter- the vocational challenge of Christian missions unesting experiment in assigning a missionary and less we do so in the college era. Nor can we exhis wife to work in the colleges, permitting them pect to have as applicants highly trained perto be largely self-directive in determining to what sonnel if, during the formative college years places they shall go and how long they shall stay. which must precede more specialized study, they Visits of a week or more allow them time for un- do not have effectively presented to them the aphurried conferences with individual students who peal of Christian service abroad. We must preare interested in understanding missions. The sent it in terms understandable to the college approaching Twelfth Quadrennial Convention of mind. The call to the Church is, through existing the Student Volunteer Movement (December 28, organizations already in the field and by entirely 1935-January 1, 1936) represents another out- new means, to interpret to American students standing educational opportunity. the modern Christian missionary enterprise far more widely than it is being interpreted at But the Church needs to do more than it is do- present. ing. We cannot hope for the cooperation of these The Influence of Assiut College r-. AN EGYPTIAN lawyer with a large practice ceives in Assiut College just that emphasis which and many years of experience in his pro- the Egypt of today and of tomorrow most needs fession, said: "The greatest danger to the in her leaders.

future of Egypt lies in the growing indifference Many have borne witness to the service that of all classes and ages to the moral duties incul- Assiut College is rendering also to the Evangeli- cated by those religions to which they are all tra- cal Church in Egypt and the Sudan. The high ditionally and theoretically attached with passion-. scholarly standing of its graduates shows up well ate devotion. In particular, the young men show when measured against their rivals from other a constantly increasing tendency to postpone mar- schools of the same grade. But there is an in- riage and its responsibilities, and to throw them- tangible, because spiritual, impress which the selves eagerly into the enjoyments of the purely Christian faculty is stamping on the hundreds sensual-the things that delight the flesh." they teach and through which they help to build a In the solution of this problem the American better Egypt.

College at Assiut is one of the outstanding con- Rev. Samuel M. Zwemer, D.D., editor of the structive influences. The difference that marks Moslem World, who has often visited Assiut, Assiut off from many institutions is the strong writes: emphasis placed on Christian faith and life. In "Assiut College is the antipodes of Al Azhar, the a land where, as every observer knows, religious Moslem University of Cairo. The latter, in its doctrine is rather an arsenal for the weapons of curriculum, buildings, equipment and ideals of religious controversy than a treasury for religious education, looks backward-the former looks for- faith, it is refreshing to see the way truth is made ward. The latter lays stress on the training of at Assiut the groundword of Christian culture. memory-the former on reason and judgment.

All branches of learning are bound together in For the future leadership of Egypt we must look the minds of pupils by the distinctively Christian to institutions like Assiut College, where the cost view of God and the world. Whereas the menace of real leadership is emphasized in daily lessons M of Egypt is a young manhood steeped in pleasure; self-denial, perseverance, clean-living and high'

it is a joy to see this body of hundreds of young Christian ideals. The religious growth, present men who are being trained through personal con- conditions and equipment, most of all the graduate tact with the highest type of Christian character. body scattered as good seed from Alexandria to Clean, consistent, diligent and unselfish daily liv- Assuan-these are evidences of spiritual forces ing are placed above every other ideal of achieve- which are latent and will some day come to their ment. Christian life as well as Christian faith re- own in the new Egypt that is to be."

God and Take Courage-'Why?

Concluded from March ~~Review"-Second Part of an Address Before the Philadelphia Presbytery -·~J.:;I ;;;;PI;;;;E;;;;R;;;;SO;;;;N=====–i.II~ ====;;;;B;;;;Y;;;;D;;;;E;;;;L;;;;A;;;;V;;;;A;;;;N=L;;;;.

T o FACE problems only and to be without ice. Or study the history of the Korea missions, power to solve them is discouraging in busi- where well-nigh every Christian is a Bible stu- ness, in medicine, in political and social life, dent and an evangelist, and we will see how these and in missions. But, like the Apostle Paul on abiding realities have built up a great spiritual his way to Rome as a prisoner, when we see evi- church apostolic in faith, Christ-like in character dences of love, of faith, of fruitfulness, we thank and dynamic in service. God and take courage. For those who have eyes to see, there are almost countless reasons for en- A story has recently been running in the Satcouragement today in spite of many difficult prob- urday Evening Post which gives a fairly faithful lems and disappointments. Note three great rea- history of the Pitcairn Islanders. Nine mutineers sons for thanksgiving in Christian mission work of the "Bounty," with twelve Tahitian women and today. six Tahitian men, lived like animals of the jungle -in the midst of fornication and murder-so that 1. Is there not great cause for encouragement all the Tahitian men and all the white men except in the unchanging realities of Christian faith and two were murdered or committed suicide, and it experience? God changes not, though men's views was difficult to tell who was the father of children of Him may change. Christ is "the same yester- born to the native women. Then, when only one day, today and forever," even though men reject white man survived, that godless British mutineer Him. The Gospel is the "everlasting Gospel" and discovered and, began to study the Bible and exerts the same power today as it did in the days Prayer Book, saved from the "Bounty." Convicof the Apostles. The Holy Spirit "abides with us tion of sin, confession, belief in Jesus Christ, forever"and witnesses to us and with us. Prayers prayer for forgiveness, and reformation followed. are still heard and answered according to our Then he gathered the women and children to- Lord's promise, even though we neglect prayer. gether and instructed them, so that when the little The Bible continues to give clear evidence of be- colony was later discovered by a passing vessel, ing the inspired Word of God, "living and power- these survivors were found to be simple-hearted, ful" and "profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for praying, God-worshiping, Bible Christians, full of instruction in' righteousness." Our understand- love and peace and joy. What other Book was ing of all these unchanging realities and our rela- ever used to effect such a transformation? Thank tion to them may change, but in the midst of a God, there are thousands of such examples of the changing world none of these things, fundamental undiminished power of the unchanging realities to the Christian faith, have changed in nearly two of the Christian faith. thousand years. In spite of unfriendly criticisms, attacks, ridicule, and neglect, the Bible still proves Some Benefits of Change itself to be the Word of God to those who study 2. A second reason for encouragement today is to know and who determine to do the Will of God. found in the changes that mark human history. We may be thankful that governments and their In over forty years devoted to the study of laws change. Years ago, in Turkey, when the Christian work at home and abroad, I have yet expulsion of Christian witnesses was threatened, to discover a mission where these unchanging the sudden death of the Sultan changed the situarealities are honestly accepted and where life and tion. In Japan edicts decreeing death to Chriswork are based on their reality, where wonderful tians, and to the Christians' God, were discarded; results have not followed in the spiritual and ma- Korea, long the Hermit Nation, was opened by a terial transformation of men and of communities. change of mind in the ruler-due to a Christian Look at the West Africa Mission of the Presby- doctor; China, the "rock" that long refused to terian Church for example, or the Scotch Living- open to missionaries, has been split asunder in anstonia Mission in Central Africa. In each of these swer to the prayers of persevering missionaries fields we may find 5,000 former savages, or chil- of the Cross. dren of savages, gather for one communion serv- [183 ]

Other changes have removed hindrances to the in the lives of men and women. This is even more advance of the Gospel-wild men have been tamed, evident today than it was in the days of the as in the cannibal islands; dangers to life from Apostles. The miracles of missions are more wild beasts, and from still more dangerous insects, numerous and more remarkable today than they have been greatly reduced; science has helped to ever were. Our Lord's promise of "greater change pestilential swamps into healthful fields; works" than His own is being abundantly fulfilled.

the growth of knowledge as to sanitation and the The story of Sa'eed the Kurd, recently published care of health have prolonged life and usefulness by the Cokesbury Press and told in the January of missionaries in every field. REVIEW, is a remarkable illustration of the power Changing, growing knowledge and increased of Christ to transform one of the most fierce and use of the forces that God has provided in nature, fanatical Moslems and bitter opponent of Chris- have brought new power to carryon the work of tianity, into an intelligent, devout and evangelistic Christ. What vast advantage has been gained Christian. His conversion, and that of thousands through more intimate contacts with remote upon thousands of others are among the "greater fields! Steamships, railroads, automobiles and works" that our Lord promised. Thank God, hun- airplanes have brought near the "uttermost part dreds of Moslems in Persia are now followers of of the earth." A year ago Dr. Samuel M. Zwemer, Christ and over 40,000 former Moslems in Su- in a few hours, made an airplane trip to West matra are today Christians.

China that usually takes weeks by boat and mule- Missions in Korea have just celebrated their litter. I traveled by airplane from Cairo to Bagh- golden jubilee. Fifty years ago there were no dad in twelve hours, a distance that must have Christians there and the doors were closed to the taken Abraham at least twelve weeks. The tele- Gospel. Today there are between 300,000 and graph, the ocean cable, the telephone and the radio 400,000 Christians with self-supporting, self-gov- have brought changes that greatly enlarge the erning churches. The majority of the church possibilities of missionary service. Not long ago members have passed through persecution and a message was radioed from Central Africa to have become praying, Bible-studying, witnessing America in an hour. By old-time methods of na- Christians according to New Testament stand- tive runner and ocean steamer it would have re- ards. One man, Pastor Kil, almost blind, was quired months for its delivery. The Gospel is now arrested by the Japanese for sedition, for preach- being broadcast not only from many stations in mg that "the kingdoms of this world will become America and England but is being proclaimed in the Kingdom of our Lord." The Japanese police this way in Africa, China, India and elsewhere. could not permit anyone to say that Japan would What possibilities there are when we enlist all ever be subject to another king! In prison Pastor God's forces to do God's work! Kil showed the keeper that his declaration was But the greatest encouragement comes from the not his own idea but was made in the Book of change that is taking place in human hearts and Revelation nearly 2,000 years ago. The keeper minds and wills. We may be thankful that these became interested, borrowed Kil's Bible, read it, are not permanently "frozen assets"-that preju- asked questions and was converted.

dices and taboo, false customs and beliefs and The Power of God Today unbeliefs are not irrevocably fixed. What a dif- ference it makes that caste in India-that so long Yes, the Gospel is the power of God today. We proved an almost unsurmountable barrier to the are encouraged that victories are won,· not by acceptance of Christ – is breaking down. Re- "physical might nor by human power"-including cently letters tell of caste and outcaste Hindus technical training and skill-but by the Spirit of eating together. The mere suggestion would have God working in the hearts of men – but using meant riots a few years ago. Gandhi is helping human witnesses.

to promote this end but the greatest forces used While the most extensive and some of the best to break down caste barriers have been Christian- work is that done under the auspices of great ity and the advance of modern civilization and church boards, it is encouraging to note that all intercommunication. In Medak, Central India, successful mission work is not that carried on by whole churches are being formed of caste Chris- large and financially strong denominations. God tians and one of the greatest influences in this di- is no respecter of nations or denominations. Some rection has been the transformations that caste of the best work is being done by s6-called "Faith· people have seen wrought by the Gospel among Missions." One of the most impressive of the the untouchables. Caste is being undermined and many remarkable pieces of mission work we saw may crumble almost in a night. in India is conducted wholly on faith in God's 3. The greatest encouragement in the present ability and readiness to supply funds, workers, missionary situation is the evidence of the power equipment, guidance, to open doors, and give of Christ, and the effect of His everlasting Gospel harvests, without any direct appeals to men, fol-

THANK GOD AND TAKE COURAGE-WHY?

lowing only New Testament principles and de- Then I met Jesus and today we are brothers in pending on the Holy Spirit, prayer and obedience Christ who died for us both. We know now what to the will of God. The Dohnavur Mission, South forgiveness and love can do. Today we are both India, contains some 450 children and youth who serving as elders in the Church and will soon pass have been rescued from the ignorance and im- the elements that represent His body broken and moralities of Hindu temple service. It is a Chris- His blood shed for us. This could not be true of tian village, the most beautiful and brightest us if the missionaries of Jesus had not come to oasis in India. These Christians are being trained teach us the Gospel of God's love in Christ." for service and many are now carrying the Gospel There are countless such causes of encourageto dark Indian villages, in spite of fierce opposi- ment in every land. Let us never forget it or be tion from Hindu priests. discouraged.

The China Inland Mission is one of the greatest Encouragements in the Home Church testimonies to the living, prayer-hearing and prayer-answering God. It was once a "despised 4. In these days of financial troubles, and other and rejected Mission," much criticised by church difficulties in the home church, we are sometimes leaders, but it is today an outstanding example tempted to discouragement because we cannot of what simple faith and obedience will do with- support more workers, and because of unrespon- out large financial resources, and without elab- siveness of church people, the apparent lack of re- orate institutions. Weare thankful that we need sults, and increasing indifference and unbelief.

not tell God when or how or where to work. We can be of good cheer, Christ has "overcome Great encouragement comes from awakenings the world," although worldly men have not ac- reported from all over the world. Word has re- knowledged His lordship. In His name we also cently come from Manchukuo, telling of rich spir- can overcome and can enjoy the fruits of His vic- itual harvests in spite of disturbed conditions. In tory. Do we ever stop to think of the immense Central and North China, Bethel Bands have co- number of obscure volunteer Christian workers operated with Christian pastors and missionaries who are carrying on and are faithful witnesses to conduct fruitful evangelistic campaigns. From to Christ in our churches and Sunday schools; In Burma and India and Siam come stirring reports rescue missions and on street corners; through of the work of Student Gospel Teams, devoting such organizations as the Pocket Testament their week-ends to volunteer evangelism. In Cen- League with 2,000,000 members; in summer con- tral Africa the harvest seems to be limited only ferences (like the Keswick Conferences in New by the number of laborers. In Persia Moslems Jersey, Canada and England); in the summer are turning to Christ and are ready to suffer per- schools of missions and such influential gather- secution and death in order that they may wit- ings as the remarkable Florida Chain of Mission- ness to Him. God has not left Himself without ary Assemblies? How many thousands of devoted witnesses, and as He promised, He has not left us Christian laymen and women are serving on mis- alone to carryon His work. sion boards and similar organizations, large and Some of the most wonderful evidences of the small, in schools and in Christia:o. homes. All Power of the Gospel are those we saw among the Christians are not idle or indifferent or selfish.

former cannibals of New Guinea. When Charles Hundreds of thousands, unknown to us but known Abel went out there about forty years ago these to God, are loyal, devoted, self-sacrificing followers people had no conception of God or of spiritual of Christ.

things. They were living in the deepest degrada- Again, in spite of the criticisms of modern tion, obsessed by fear and continually fighting and youth, the Spiritual Emphasis Movement among devouring one another. Orie Sunday morning we those in college and out is very encouraging. In saw and heard forty-eight new converts from contrast to the drift away from Bible teaching, these people stand up and individually confess faith and conduct, as seen in too many church Christ as their Lord and Saviour. Twenty-three members and schools, we know that unnumbered of them were won by one lay, self-supporting Christian laymen and women, as well as pastors, Papuan evangelist who devoted his week-ends to are firm believers in the Bible as the Word of personal w o r k . " God and in Jesus Christ as their Divine Lord and No man is so low that he cannot be lifted to new Redeemer. All have not bowed the knee to Baal; • life in Christ by the power of God. This is ,ur the Lord "knoweth them that are His." While greatest encouragement. One day at a commUnIon there are at times severe and usually unjustified service in Kwato aNew Guinea man rose and said: criticisms of the officers and members of the Evan- "A few years ago Paula and I were chiefs of gelical Mission Boards-they are not much more two rival tribes who fought and ate one another. perfect than the rest of us-still the vast majority He captured my wife and according to our custom of them we can trust as loyal, devoted servants of I could not be satisfied until I had been revenged. Christ and His Church. They have made mis-

takes but they are ready to learn and to correct One of the great encouragements in Christian their errors, even if they do not always publicly work is the evidence that good living seed, planted acknowledge them. The present financial short- in faith, watered with prayers, and warmed by age has taught some valuable lessons and is mak- love, continues to bear fruit long after the sower ing more clear the fact that spiritual aims and has gone to his or her reward. Who can measure forces are greater than material and that success- the widespread extent and abiding results of the ful Christian work is not measured by material ministry of spirit-controlled men and women such things but only in proportion as men are won to as Hudson Taylor, Adoniram Judson, D. L. Christ and His service. Is it not encouraging to Moody, Eliza Agnew, Guido F. Verbeck, Arthur note that more emphasis is placed on the prime T. Pierson, George Muller and William and Cathimportance of evangelism and the training of erine Booth. evangelists today than was the case ten years ago, when we were sometimes tempted to be self-satis- As in the days of Elisha, though we may not alfied and self-sufficient – perhaps because money ways see them, ,.the forces that are for us are was more plentiful? Adversity has its advantages. vastly more than those that are against us. Christ Again we thank God and take courage. is our Head, our Captain, our victorious Leader.

There are many other reasons for encourage- On a recent Keswick calendar we find this mesment which we must pass over. Among these are sage and comment on Romans 8: 31, "What shall the many answers to prayer, the desire for closer we then say to these things? If God be for us, Christian "cooperation without compromise" at who can be against us?" home and abroad; the real effort to make Christ dominant in every sphere of life; the number of God is for us. Laborers for Christ, lift up your heads. those who contend valiantly for the faith though Be not dismayed or disheartened, God is for us, who can perhaps not always lovingly and tactfully; the be against us? The mountain is full of horses and chariots sacrificial gifts made to mission work by the poor; of fire, and we must not trust the carnal vision to which the spirit-filled prophets that God raises up on spiritual forces are invisible and unreal. The only way the mission fields-men like Kagawa, of Japan; to do any work for the unseen God is to work as well as Sadhu Sundar Singh, of India; Chung Ching Ye, walk by faith, and not by sight, to beli~ve that beyond the of China; Erasmo Braga, of Brazil, and J. E. K. range of our short vision and finite observation stretch Aggrey, of Africa. limitless realms of truth and fact. Behind all work for God stands God Himself, its inspiration and its assurance, its warrant and its reward. Let us believe that His com- mand constitutes authority and His promise security.

ARTHUR T. PIERSON.

Practical Training for Christian Work By WILLIAM J. WEEKS, New York EXTRA-CURRICULAR activities are often a and delivering missionary and evangelistic ad- very important part of a college or semi- nary. The study of the classroom is supple- dresses. Several filled part-time pastorates; othmented by practical experience. In the National Bible Institute (New York), the Student Prac- ers acted as Sunday school superintendents. tical Work Department is not only a supervised training division but is a medium through which For more than twenty-seven years the National evangelistic effort and Christian educational activities are conducted. During the past school Bible Institute, of which Dr. Don O. Shelton is year the aggregate number of persons reached by the Institute students exceeded sixty-five thou- President, has gone forward proclaiming the Gossand. The professed conversions reported numbered one hundred and sixty. pel and training young nien and women for serv- In addition to their regular studies, the stu- ice on home and foreign mission fields. Thousands dents fill weekly assignments in teaching Sunday school classes; teaching classes in week-day of students have been enrolled in the day and church schools, supervision of young peoples' and children's week-day groups, participation in radio evening schools, and through evangelistic meetprograms, song leading and singing, assisting in rescue missions, conducting outdoor evangelistic ings outdoors and in Gospel Halls hundreds of meetings, assisting in pastoral work, preaching thousands have heard the Gospel. In meetings conducted under the auspices of the National Bi- ble Institute in New York during the past year there was an average aggregate attendance of more than 6,000 people every week. Many gradu- • ates have gone forth as ministers, missionaries, evangelists and Bible teachers.

The Institute has suffered, like other Christian work, from lack of financial income but reliance is placed on God and His promises. .

A Christian College for Chinese W omen*

By W. REGINALD WHEELER, Nanking, China American Presbyterian Missionary on the Staff of Nanking University GINLING College, Nanking, opened its doors and has been the pioneer in the use of the spoken in 1915, with one class of nine girls; in (Pei Hwa) idiom in Chinese newspapers, maga- 1934 there were 213 students from sixty- zines and books. At the recent Founder's Day eight senior middle schools in thirteen provinces. ceremonies at Ginling, he spoke on "An Optimist The faculty has increased from eight to fifty; the in the Current Pessimism." He referred to the courses in the curriculum from eight to ninety; position of women in China in the old days and in the College budget from $10,000 (American) to "Women's Education in China Today," saying: $150,000. The library opened with one set of en- "In spite of the popular cry heard lately that modcyclopedias and it has now over 23,000 volumes. ern education in China is a failure, I believe that much progress has been made. Women are thought to have been oppressed by men in the past; yet women had much power in the home and her position was safeguarded as perhaps it is not today…. On the other hand, they were not treated as persons. Now that women receive education, they are on an equal footing with men.

NEW LIBRARY-,ADMINISTRATION BUILDING AT GINLING The total cost of campus buildings and equipment is 'approximately (U. S.) $600,000. Over 300 women have gone out from the College and are working in fourteen provinces; sixty per cent of the students are engaged in educational work; the second largest group is doing social and reli- gious work; medical work is third; and public service fourth. Each spring more applications . are received for the services of the College grad- uates than there are students to fill the positions.

The able president is Dr. Yi-fang Wu, a graduate of the first class of Ginling in 1919.

Dr. H. H. Kung, a Christian and the Minister of Finance and the Vice-President of the Execu- tive Yuan (Cabinet) of the National Government, who studied in America at Oberlin and received his master's degree from Yale, has given clear evidence of his interest in Ginling and his belief that it is the· best women's college in China, by A GROUP OF CHINESE LEADERS AT GINLING COLLEGE sending his two daughters there. Dr. Hu Shih; Dr. H. H. Kung; Mr. Wang Shin Chsoh; PTesldent Wu Dr. Hu Shih has been the leader of the Liter- Emancipation has given women equality. Alary Renaissance in China which has brought though it may have lost to them some of their old about the relegation of the study of the classics, power, the gain is that they have become intelwith their terse and abstruse "Wen Li" style, to a secondary place in the school curricula of China, ligent, reasonable individuals. The opportunity for personal development which has come to them modern t'Imes puts them under obllg' at'Ion .t 0 In • Glnling College, Nanking, was founded twenty years ago. Found-· er's Day was recently celebrated at the opening of the 'new Library- Administration Building and the Chapel-Music Hall. Many forelgn- cultivate their minds." ers and distinguished Cblnese attended the celebration..

[ 187]

I Were Black*

By LEILA AVERY ROTHENBURGER The Wife of the Pastor of the Third Christian Church, Indianapolis, Indiana AVERY alert and widely read gentleman who education I would have to join my husband as a happened to be a Pullman porter told me wage earner. Culturally we would be cut off from that he would hate to be a white man. His practically every fine feature of advancement and reason, stated without trace of rancor, was that entertainment that the city offers, other than the while the Negro has a hard time physically and public library.

economically he does .not in addition have to battle I begin to list Negro families I know in which his own meanness. It was an evaluation of the the parents are trained folk-doctors, teachers, relative spiritual calibers of two races. religious workers; people whose positions are in- After due deliberation I have concluded that it dicative of their character and preparation.

was the Pullman porter way of saying what Arch- The first is a dentist who maintains a home ibald Rutledge said in another way concerning the comparable, in this case even as to location, to black race, "Their feet may trudge' but their souls mine. Recently during the illness of the little child are winged." in that home, the mother, unable to leave, tele- About four years ago I listened to a Christian phoned to the nearest grocery, explained the situ- Endeavor group discuss the question, "Would you ation and asked that certain much-needed articles rather be born black or blind?" Concentric circles be delivered at her door. The grocer refused. The of thought produced by that incident are still wid- delivery boy, touched by sympathy, surreptitiously ening in my brain. If I were black? Trying to fit took the things to the mother. .

into this mood I have read books, searched tables Next Miss X comes to mind. She is a university of statistics, listened to speakers white and black, graduate and a high school teacher. When "Green made a s·eminar journey into the Southland and Pastures" was booked to appear in my city, the repeatedly have found myself submerged in a sea theater sent letters to all high school teachers urg- of discouraging facts. ing them to see this remarkable play by an all- Many of these facts the whites need to know in Negro cast. Unable to go herself but thinking the order that they may understand how underpriv- invitation sincere, Miss X notified a friend who ileged the Negro is physically, economically and would want to see the play. This person ordered culturally. But when all such facts have been a ticket by mail and on the afternoon before the presented, I am inclined to think that, if I were performance made a trip of one hundred twenty- black, it would not be these handicaps that would five miles to the theater. At the door she was concern me most. They would no doubt worry refused admittance because her ticket was for a me but they would not crush my heart. The thing part of the theater where a Negro might not ven- that would dishearten me is that which is made ture and the limited section to which they were vocal for us in Countee Cullen's poem, "In Balti- restricted was sold out. A member of the board more," in which he tells of the chilling blight of of management of a large Y. W. C. A., and anoth- racial hatred as it falls upon the heart of an erst- er high school teacher had the same experience.

while happy lad of eight. It is this downright They were free to walk the streets while they med- meanness, passed on to childJrom parent, that I itated upon the land with "liberty and justice for should not be able to endure unless indeed my soul all."

had wings. Do you remember the thrill that was yours as a I am the wife of a minister, belong to the so- child when you rode on a merry-go-round; how called middle class, university trained, and I am you picked out the particular charger you desired rearing a family. Suppose my skin were black. to ride? The-tantalizing music set your toes danc- How would the picture change? As a family we ing. Pictures of lovely ladies whirled by so fast would sink in the scale of living. We would be you could not tell which was the loveliest. It was forced to move into a neighborhood much less de- hard to watch both the ladies and the horses.

sirable. Economically we would sink to the verge When your turn came, how you wished that nick- of poverty. If my children were to continue their els. grew on bushes that you might ride and ride.

• From World Call for February. 1935. My third name is that borne by a little lad who [188 ] gazed with shining eyes a long summer through. human meanness that the dominant race in our Why could not he ride? Rather than tell him his land shows to its minority groups. father took him along on a trip to New York. At Coney Island the ride went on and on until the But why go on? Such a recital always irritates pocketbook was cleaned of the last nickel, but certain groups who either accuse one of being whether the lad or the watching father enjoyed it sentimental or fling back with, "Why don't you more only the gods can tell. This father is a tell the good things the whites are doing?" The trained executive, head of an institution that is fine things done are blazed forth. If I were black doing a most constructive work in community up- I should try to talk about them more; being white lift. Judged by his training and what that train- I need to find where I am at fault. ing is doing for the civic body, his child should have every right that mine has. If I were black, I am concerned to know what I would do if day it would be denials of a child's right to happiness after day such things had to be faced. For a long that would give me the Pullman porter philosophy. time I halted between the pronouncements of two other gentlemen whom I might have quoted in Speaking of the child brings to mind the case preference to the Pullman porter. One of them is that runs the closest parallel with mine. It is a Dr. John Hope whose sensitive face comes to mind minister's home. Both parents are college trained as he says, when speaking of a rebuff, "Such and shepherding a large church. One of the chi}.· things are so common in our lives that they no dren has defective eyesight. I can think of noth- longer cause resentment, only fatigue." The other ing that I as a mother would struggle so hard to is Dr. W. E. DuBois who, looking us squarely in keep for my child as that bit of precious vision. the eyes, speaks in his beautiful, well-clipped Eng- When the one class for the conservation of eye- lish, "We grant you whites superiority in only one sight was opened this child was rejected because thing, the technique of personal insult." her skin is brown. If I were black what would I think? Would I One intolerably hot day we sat cooling ourselves be able to show the world a face beautiful as an in one of the well-known chain drug stores. A etching with suffering and weary patience? Or Negro came in and, after purchasing and paying would I, with an assurance born of the knowledge for several articles, asked for a soda. In a voice that I was right, hurl the javelins of bitter truth? that could be heard by everyone present the clerk said, "If you want a soda you'll have to go outside o would I good-naturedly give thanks that I was to drink it." not born into a race whose soul is mean? Since I am not presenting an argument with reference there are many more Pullman porters than there to the policy of the drug store or the above-men- are John Hopes or Dr. DuBois', I surmie~ that, if tioned theater. We are dealing with this matter I were black, I, too, would have the Pullman porof meanness. If commercial concerns are going ter philosophy." to pursue the segregation policy, why are they not decent enough to do it when it means the loss of The term is used, not to indicate that this is the money as well as of what they think is social thinking of this group of public servants, but as status? summing up perchance the rank and file feelings of the tenth of our population who arecdark of Could This Happen? skin. When I repeated this porter's sentence to a well-known Negro writer there came a sudden Not long ago the Federal Council of Churches illumination of the face that told me this evaluaput out a pamphlet entitled Could This Happen in tion of the white race struck a responsive chord. Your Community? We studied the leaflet and found it all too easy to duplicate the instances of Is it true? Do I belong to a race whose soul is mean? Carrying in my mind's mirror the faces of a Hope, a DuBois, a Negro poet and a Pullman porter, I am not at ease.

Christ's true crusaders start with a Pentecost; all else is possible after that experience; methods, machinery, resources-all these God will supply-we must supply the men-the hearts, the minds, the wills.

Great spiritual movements are born in prayer; are the outcome of lives regenerated by God, consecrated to His Kingdom, and baptized with fire by His Holy Spirit. "Aggressive evangelism" does not come merely because a committee or commission passes a resolution that we have it. There is a price to pay, and God only waits for us to fulfill the conditions. The time is ripe for a great spiritual movement in India. God moves-He leads-He calls. -"Go Forward !"-By Bishop Benton Thoburn Badley.

Youth Challenges White Youth*

… [ By J. S. LEDBETTER, T,,,,,,/ing Sal"mdn Ij!o– [EDITOR'S NOTE' The following article comes from a traveling affairs of the American nation. The youth of my salesman of the B~ick Motor Car Co., who m~ils it "en route fro~ race, a minority group tied to you, in spite of Berea" with the statement that "as a travellllg salesman land 0 whatever may be said, by 250 years of the unre- Berve~H he had chanced to drop in, uninvited, on the chape fserv;~e quited toil of their forbears, are wondering if, in of Berea College because he heard that a Negro woman or e your effort to achieve a greater civilization, you first time was to 'speak there. The articl~ is a copy of the notes he will ride roughshod over them, or if in Christian took, with incident impressions and convICtIOns.] institutions like this, built around a religion in- telligently conceived and passionately believed, ·N THE chapel at Berea College, on December you will develop that sense of fairness and justice, 14 was enacted a scene which promises a that expression of neighborly-mindedness that will include them in your plan and program for r ch~nge in the attitudes and thinking o.f thou- the development of a finer and better America in which to live." sands of white youth, not only from the hIlls and valleys of Kentucky, but from the ten or more The students' eyes were fastened on the speaker other Southern states represented by the students. and for full forty minutes she held both teachers and students to an almost uncanny silence in her In a scholarly and dignified manner, .wi~h a cul- appeal for justice for her people. tivated voice and gestures of unusual sIgmficance, a little black woman, who has won the title ?f. Doctorate from one of the outstanding universIties of her people, Charlotte Hawkins Brown, protegee of Alice Freeman Palmer, founder and pron;oter of an unique school for her people in the PIedm?nt section of North Carolina, in an eloquent and Im- What Negroes Want passioned plea, challenged the 1,600 or more. stu- The main points emphasized in these expecta- tions were a guarantee of full protection of the dents of Berea College in an address entitled, law under any and all circumstances. Dr. Brown suggested that they exhibited weakness when they "What the Negro Youth Expects of the White substituted mob law for the civil law which they themselves instituted. She also asked for the fol- Youth in Their Tomorrow." lowing things: This Negro woman was the first woman of he.r 1. An opportunity for Negro youth in any and gr:ouP to bring a message to these students. ~resI­ all vocations for which they show an aptitude.

dent William J. Hutchins, who by way of mtro- 2. Equal educational opportunities. 3. A proper evaluation of human personality duction in the weeks that preceded the visit, and underneath black skin. (She stated that failure in this brought about lynching and flagrant inhad given a partial history of her achievements in justice tv people they regarded as not fully created human beings.) education and interracial goodwill. Now he pre- 4. The abolition of purely Negro jobs and an open door to earn a living, with equal wages for sented Dr. Brown as one of the outstanding wom- equal work. 5. The same respect for members of the Negro en of America. race that white people feel entitled to from the Negro race. As an onlooker and listener it was pleasing to contrast the gentle welcoming applause with the thunderous ovation which followed her last words, "Will you meet us half way?" .

After expressing her delight in the opportumty to be at Berea of which she had ihnetahrdatmdeulcihghdt~uurling her New England childhood, brogue flavored by a little of the North Carolma musical twang, she proceeded thus: .

"There is no gift within the range of the Amen- can people that cannot be yours as American white ' She gave striking illustrations of how lack of boys and girls. The industries, the institutions, ordinary courtesy to human beings because their tqhueeawtheeadltth~ and thTeomgoovrreorwnmtehn~t;eairnes awlriellad~ey be- faces are black causes the looking upon color as you. put the badge of a servant always. She told the story into your hands. From the pOSItion of PresIdent, of how a traveler had once taken Booker T. Wash- mSeonraetoir~paonrdtaCntonogfrfeicsessmoafn,ctooutnhtey smaller but ever ington for the porter and had asked "George" to sheriff and city carry his baggage, and Dr. Washington carried it, councilman, you will have the administering of the and on refusing to accept a tip revealed his iden- • From Advance, Boston, January 31, 1935. tity, to the man's shame and confused apology.

[190 ] The speaker said that race prejudice was nei- what a Negro may achieve in culture and educather inherited nor inborn; it had to be taught or tion, her own best appeal and challenge to the cultivated, that Negro women have the hardest white youth of America for fair play and justice time, because white people generally felt that they to her people. When in her closing sentence she could easily be prostituted. said, "I promise God to teach my youth to strive to establish understanding, sympathy, and inter- Dr. Brown emphatically stated that the Negro racial goodwill," with a voice quivering with deep did not want to be white, that he was not seeking emotion she fiung out the challenge to the youth intermarriage. "Marriage," she said, "is compli- of Berea, "Will you meet us half way?" Tears cated enough as it is, without adding the extra filled the eyes of old and young, and the burst of burden of racial mixture. Furthermore, Negro sustained applause that shook the building was an men and women need not go out of the race for indication that this woman, a credit to her race white skin, because slavery had produced a suffi- and to American womanhood, had struck a deep cient supply of mulattoes for their children, and chord in the hearts of white youths of the South, their children's children, if they want light-col- to whom Berea College itself is a challenge. ored mates. Negroes want a chance for self-expression, fair play, and equal opportunities for The day ended with a conference of the comprotection and advancement." bined faculty of 150 or more members, who, after poignant and searching questions, voted that day The last ten minutes of the address gave a rapid as one of the red-letter days of the year, and many review of the founding of the Palmer Memorial were heard to say that a great forward step in Institute at Sedalia, N. C., the financial and racial race relations had been taken. . struggle under which it had been developed from a church for a schoolhouse, a log cabin as a dormi- Making a Garden tory, to its half-million-dollar plant, its significant and interesting interracial program, and its suc- Man ploughs and plants and digs and weeds, cessful endeavor to enlist the interest of its white He works with hoe and spade; neighbors. God sends the sun and rain and air, The recital brought vividly before the group the And thus a garden's made. fact that, notwithstanding her achievements, Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown must still suffer the He must be proud who tills the soil, indignities and prejudices heaped upon the illiter- And turns the heavy sod; ate and undisciplined members of her race. Education and culture make little difference. How wonderful a thing to be In parternship with God. There stood this Negro woman, an example of -Ida M. Thomas, in The Maritime Baptist.

SHOPPING IN NANKING ROAD* A Missionary's Wife Reports Four Interviews with Chinese Clerks By HELEN DAVIES, SHANGHAI Missionary of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society Shanghai is a place of unfailing interest. One day in Sincere's big department store in Nanking Road, the boy waiting on me said, "Are you a jiao-huei shang tih ren?" (a church person) . I smiled and said, "Yes, are you ?" He said, "Yes, and this store is owned by Christians." I asked him where he learned English and he said: "Oh, this store has a night school. They teach us English and business methods, and dzan-chen (approve) Christia.nity."

A few days later in a shoe shop, the young clerk was so kind, I said to him, "Where did you learn English?" He replied, "I go to the Moore Memorial night school." I found that he was a Christian and I left him beaming.

Later, in a leather-goods shop the clerk said, "I studied in a mission school, and I am a Christian." An older man in the store joined in our conversation.

Believe it or not, once again in a tailor shop, the head man quoted a price and added, "For Christians we deduct 10'10." When he said he was a Christian, I burst out, "Praise the Lord, I am so glad."

I went out rej oicing. What impressed me most was to discover that in four separate business places in Shanghai, Chinese business men were not ashamed to admit that they are Christians.

• From Missions, New York. Effective Ways of Working 'Tested Methods for Increasing Interest at Home Ii s. EDITED BY MRS. ESTELLA AITCHISON, GRANVILLE, OHIO ~r-==================I~ OUR FIELD SURVEY Young I was and full of vigor, . Worship Services for Current When the ringing message came: He Still Lives Themes "Go ye-give to every nation The world cannot bury Christ. Christ the blessed Saviour slain." Mrs. Garret Hondelink, of 417 The earth is not deep enough for His Alexander St., Rochester, New So with prayers and gifts I've York, sends two devotional out- tomb; labored, lines as used by her in her sum- The clouds are not wide enough for mer missionary con fer e nee Here at home and 'cross the sea, teaching, the comprehensive His winding sheet. Telling forth the old, old story, theme being "Bible Light on He ascends into the heavens, Duties to Strangers." The first But the heavens cannot contain Him. How Christ died for them and me. is for use in meetings on "Ori- He still lives-in the Church- entals in American Life." Which burns unconsumed with His Now with faltering steps and feeble, Knowing that my race is run, Chapter I: Transformation of love; Chinatown.- Ex. 23: 9; 22: 21; Deut. In the truth that reflects His image; I implore you, dear young daughter, 27: 19; Ezk. 22: 7; Mal. 3: 5; Job In the hearts which burn as he talks Take the work so well begun. 31: 32; Ps. 146: 9. Music: "Where Cross the Crowded Ways of Life"; with them by the way. Weak-I'm faltering by the wayside- "Lord, When to This Our Western -Edward Thompson. You are strong and young and Land."

A Golden Anniversary brave; Chapter II: What about the Jap- Take the tapers in your keeping; anese? Scripture:-Deut. 24: 14-17; Capitalizing anniversaries for Thou Shalt Not Oppress the Stranger. missionary emphasis is a spirit- Go thou forth the world to save. Music: "Our Country's Voice Is ual conservation of energy. The Pleading. Poem, "Look from Thy following pageant written by (Young woman receives the candles.) Sphere of Endless Day." Mrs. C. W. Emery, of Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, was used at YOUNG WOMAN: Chapter III: The Filipino. Deut. Bethlehem Presbyterian Church, 10: 12-19. Love the Stranger. Music: Philadelphia, on the occasion of Gladly take I all these tapers, "0 Master Let Me Walk with Thee"; the fiftieth anniversary of the Mother, from thy trembling hand. "Hail to the Brightness"; "Now Be founding of a woman's mission- the Gospel Banner." ary society. Adaptations might B'ravely thou hast borne the burden, easily be made for other occa- Scattered joy in every land. Chapter IV: Light from Hawaisions. ian Experience. Scripture:-Ps. 133. Thou hast freely sent the message, Brethren Dwell Together in Unity. Characters: An aged woman, Where the Saviour was unknown; Music from "Pageant of Darkness and symbolizing the past fifty years, Light." Poetry from same. wearing black gown and head Into souls that walked in darkness drapery and carrying a tray Has the wondrous glory shone. Chapter V: The Riddle of the with fifty lighted candles. A Future. Scripture :-Eph. 2: 11-22. young woman dressed in white Weak I am and most unworthy Fellow Citizens. Music, "In Christ and wearing a wreath on her Of the task so humbly given. There Is No East or West"; "Amerhead, symbolizing the coming ica, the Beautiful"-last stanza. half century. Pray this light upon the pathway May lead many souls to heaven. Chapter VI: How the Church Can AGED WOMAN: Help. Scripture:-Heb. 13: 1, 2; AGED WOMAN (Lifting eyes to heaven Mat. 25: 34-40. Attitude Toward Fifty years of loving service and placing hand upon Young Strangers. Music: "God Save Amer- In my trembling hands I bring; Woman's head): ica"; "Lift Up Your Heads, Ye Gates of Brass." Poem: "America, the Joyful years of sweet devotion Jesus, Saviour, help this maiden; Shouts of War Shall Cease." To my Saviour and my King. Take her, train her for the task; The second outline fits "Japanese Every year a candle blazing, Give her joy in loving service, Women Speak." Sending radiant light afar; While this century shall last. Chapter I: The Church at Work. Into darkest lands its shining Let now thy servant go in peace, Scripture :-Rom. 10: 11-15, adding Tells the story of the Star. With a perfect faith in Thee, Miss Kawai's comment, pp. 4-6. Mu- sic: "Tell Me the Old, Old Story," That the knowledge of Christ shall and hymns on the Church. Poem: cover the earth Vachel Lindsay's "An Endless Line of Splendor." As the waters cover the sea. Chapter II: Selling the Gospel (Aged Woman retires silently Wares. Scripture:-Isa. 55: 1-11. while Young Woman remains holding candles and looking up- ward. A voice or chorus hidden from view sings softly one or two stanzas of "The Light of the World Is Jesus," Young Woman quietly retiring during singing.) [192 ]

1935J EFFECTIVE WAYS OF WORKING

Music: "Sowing in the Morning"; sale and the event is made a for inspection, there is a series "God Is Working His Purposes Out"; large feature. of twelve programs covering a "The Whole Wide World for Jesus." Poem: "Shall We Eat Our Morsel lJramatics Pertinent to the year, entitled "Builders of His Alone?" by Bishop of Derry. Current Studies are requested of Kingdom" whose topics are such this Department from time to as "The Place of Prayer on the Chapter III,' Advance in Education. time. Here are pUblications that Mission Field," "The Red Man Scripture :-Prov. 4: 5-13. Music: have been recommended by those for Christ," "Open Doors To- "0 Word of God Incarnate." Poem: using them: day," etc. A package of acti- Woman's Christian College, report for 1929. "0 Kiku San Weds," a dramatiza- vating leaflets covering the top- tion showmg customs of betrothal and ics accompanies the booklet. Chapter IV,' Building the New marriage m Japan and adapted from Japan. Scripture:–Jas. 2: 14-26. The the play, "The Japanese Weddmg." While considerable of the litera- Motive for Social Service. Music: united Uhristian IVllsslOnary :::lociety, ture is denominational, much of "To the Work"; "At Even, Ere the lviisslOns .tlUlldmg, Indlanapohs, Ind. it is also general and the outlines Sun Was Set"; "Thou to Whom the are all adaptable to any church Sick and Dying." Poem: By a Leper "Chnst in the .I!'lowery ISle." Wom- Patient. an's Hoard of Foreign IVlissions, Re- use. formed Uhurch in Amenca, ~5 .t;. Sec- An Ideal Missionary Society Chapter V,' Women at Home. Scrip- ond :::it., N. Y. City. 5 cents. ture :-2 Kings 20: 12-15. What Have is depicted in an article in The They Seen in Thine House? Music: "The Sword of the Samurai." Cen- Friends' Missionary Advocate, "0 Happy Home"; "Home, Sweet tury Co., 350 Fourth Ave., N. Y. City. Home." Poem: "The Cotter's Satur- Elaoorate pageant, 18 characters. '15 in which we note the recomday Night." cents. mendation: "Programs should not be too long and should em- Chapter VI,' Peace and Internation- "The Cross Triumphant." Three brace both home and foreign al Friendship. Scripture:-See pp. episodes, 40 characters or less if parts 188, 189. Music: "Modern Mission- are dOUbled. 35 cents. "AdoptlOn," work . . . Many think light reary Hymn," by H. H. Tweedy; "In One-act sketch, seven characters. 25 freshments promote sociability Christ There Is No East or West." cents. "The Other Point of View." Poem: "What of the Night, 0 Watch- One-act sketch, six characters. 25 and the benefit derived overbalman?" cents. "Sunlight or Candle Light." ances the cost and labor. Per- One act, five characters. 25 cents. sonally I would dispense with In case the above outlines are in- Missionary Education Movement, 150 them except on special occasions sufficient, it is quite possible that Mrs. Fifth Ave., N. Y. City. . . . Two papers or talks of not Hondelink might be willing to answer a reasonable number of inquiries if "The MonolOgue of a Japanese more than fifteen minutes each accompanied by stamped and ad- B/l'ide." Literature Headquarters of will usually be found long enough dressed envelopes. Woman's Missionary Society, United Lutheran Church, 723 Muhlenberg to carry the message needed and Field Briefs Building, 1228 Spruce St., Philadel- will not weary those who listen." phia, Penna. 2 cents. A Relay Meeting or Story A Worthy Missionary Enmakes a good program for vari- "A Japanese Madonna," Four char- deavor in the Cumberland Mounety, dividing a missionary nar- acters. 5 cents. "The Madonna of tains, in Tennessee, by the Presrative into suitable sections and the Gift Shop." Seven characters. 5 byterians, is the work of the assigning these to different par- cents. Woman's HO'/1~e Missions Mag- Sunday school missionary with ticipants to tell-not read unless azine, January, 1935. "Meiko's Quest." absolutely necessary – the one Two characters. 5 cents. Address the Parent-Teachers' Association starting the story handing the 420 Plum St., Cincinnati, Ohio. in the Sixth District. Certain familiar athletic relay race wand to the next narrator and so on "The Cross Roads." (Data given parts of the program on either to the end. Supplemented with later.) side are coordinated so as to suitable devotionals and music, the editor's story, "When a Kurd NOTE.: The Editor of this Department be of service to the child, the Becomes a Christian," pp. 24-29 carries no literature. AI! requests for In- home, the community and the in the January REVIEW, would formation conce.rning methods must be ac- school without doing violence to be excellent and could not fail companied by return postage. to impress an audience that the a non-sectarian policy. The evangelistic message and method A Reading Course with cred- plan covers the territory of 350 have not lost their power. its and awards is maintained by the Women's Missionary Federa- public schools in seven counties. An Invalids' Auxiliary to a tion and Lutheran Daughters of A report of the Sunday School Missionary Society. The Edin- the Reformation, with headquarburgh (Scotland) Medical Mis- ters at 425 South Fourth St., Missions says: sion Society holds an annual sale Minneapolis, Minn. This course of work done by a coterie of in- includes assigned portions of the Through this mlSSlOn, vacation valids who are thus able to make Bible each year, the Church pe- Bible schools, visitation of communitheir contribution to service. It riodicals and a list of devotional ties, etc., we endeavor to preserve the is given early in the year because and missionary books adapted to religious life which is the bulwark of the committee has decided that the interests of men and boys as our civilization. The places of repurses are not so empty then as well as women and girls. We ligious need shall continue to have under the numerous appeals that note that THE REVIEW is in- our attention. To strengthen, fortify come later. Cards are circulated cluded in the credit list of peri- and maintain this work, friendly conwidely in advertisement of the odicals, and that the book list tacts shall be maintained with edu- includes numerous undenomina- cational and community welfare tional publications such as Rob- groups. We shall continue to work ert E. Speer's "Of One Blood." in behalf of neglected boys and girls and to give them spiritual guidance In their literature packet re- and teaching. The Unit of Sunday cently sent to this Department School Missions occupies, a strategic position in the Presbytery of the Cum- berland Mountains. '

Clever Devices exploited at the according to characteristics of organ- Poster Contest conducted by the summer conference of the Meth- izations, etc. The silver offering made executive committee of the Genodist Woman's Foreign Mission at each table may be allocated as de- eral Synod in the Reformed sired, as: That from the two or more Church in the United States. It Society of the Cincinnati Dis- senior groups pays for the supper, was written by Mrs. F. R. Cas- the junior organizations keeping theirs selman, of Tiffin, Ohio. Sumtrict, at Lakeside, Ohio: for specific objects, etc. One table marized for brevity, its leading furnishes the music, another the de- points are: A large poster with tiny balloons votionals, another a dramatic sketch, attached at the bottom of the sheet, and so on. This excellent idea came A secretary of missions appointed these being advanced upward accord- also from the Lakeside conference last ing to a graduated schedule of each summer. for the Sunday school, this person arwoman's activities in her local society, such as Christmas or Thanksgiving A Choice Pageant is described by ranging, unifying and supervising a offering, use of mite box, field sup- Elizabeth Fensom, of the Baptist Litport, etc., the unique marker going erature Bureau, the title being, "The complete program of activity, inclu- ·'over the top" when the full list was Cross Roads," by Elsie Hand Klinger. attained. It is recommended "for such a time as sive of adult studies and activities. this." The author's foreword says Anyone wishing to get stories, plays, Japanese fan-pockets to be used as that it is not a pageant of pagans and receptacles for dues, baskets and tiny Christians but one which uses the par- books, missionary letters, etc., goes to pocket books serving the same pur- able of the Wise and the Foolish Virpose. gins to illustrate the different degrees her. of consecration between Christians Scrap books of art paper (obtained and Christians. "It is a question not The aim with the beginners is to at ten-cent stores), each page featur- only of reaching or missing heaven ing some department of the society's but also of taking or losing the op- lead them to think in terms of others held work. When a member of the portunity for the fullness of Life." by such means that the little folks will society pays as much as a dollar, she This pageant was first used at the has her pIcture mounted on the page Northfield Summer Conference in not only have interest but also love featuring the specific work toward 1929. Its characters are: Revelation, which her contribution is designated. Consecration, Opportunity, Foreigners for brothers and sisters unseen. If (20 or less, only six having speaking this is well done, there will be no later A poster with a scale up the center parts), Pilgrims, Hindrances, and any of the sheet to mark altitude, one goal desired number in a choir. This may problem of interesting young people of the organization for each point on be obtained through the Baptist Lit- in missions. "One day Charles asked the scale. A heavy curved lme near erature Bureau, 152 Madison Ave., the top indicates the beginning of the New York City, or any similar denom- us to call him 'Mr. Sunshine.' We stratosphere which the organization inational headquarters. Price, 15 or the mdividual desires to penetrate. cents. asked him why, and he said, 'We each This and the poster design pre- The Prince of Peace Declama- have a name. I am Mr. Sunshine. viously mentioned might be used sepa- tion Contests. Since the war rately or combined in one, as the spirit as well as the facts of war Teacher calls Kenny, "Mr. Blackbird." Methodist women used it. are among the greatest obstacles to Christian missions, a number He has a black suit with a red tie. Handkerchief showers for Japanese of denominations are now includ- Mr. Blackbird is an Indian. We play missionaries raising money abroad ing these contests in their misthrough holding bazaars, handker- sionary programs each year. A Indian Sunday school.' " chiefs being excessively high in price booklet containing twelve orain Japan. tions which won first place in In the primary department, picture various State Peace Oratorical Blessing boxes distributed among Contests during 1932-33 has books are made for the boys and girls the membership, a penny to be dropped been printed by the Ohio Council in each time a personal blessing is of Churches and may be obtained in Japan, the materials being cut from noted. from that organization, at 44 East Broad St., Columbus, Ohio. old Sunday school papers and pasted Valuable key words to be used in Price, 25 cents. Information reprograms: "Give to the Lord and not garding contests will be fur- together according to a central theme to the treasurer." "Gush and grin nished free. The United Chrisfolks." "Now (a word of which John tian Missionary Society thinks -pictures about Jesus, about God's and Paul made frequent use), trans- so highly of this phase of misposing its letters for unique effects: sions that it includes two of the helpers, policemen, firemen, bakers "If we work hard now, we shall own declamations in its regular lita share in the missionary enterprise; erature packets. and the like. Groups of nations such and if we own a share or responsi- as Indians, Mexicans, etc., are feability for closing the year satisfactor- A Missionary Program for the ily, we shall also own a degree of Sunday School tured. Next month there will be satisfaction in having done aur part." "Weare won for Christ and are not The Outlook of Missions for stories and songs about the far-away our own: we are bought with a price." June prints the story which won friends, and the following month suit- "The victory will be won if we earnest- the first prize among Sunday ly do all the things suggested in the school teachers and officers in the able missionary plays will be introprogram. The battle over defeat, dis- 1934 Stewardship Essay and couragement and the depression will duced. Still later, "a real mlm from be won and ours will be the reward; India" will be engaged to talk. And but nothing will be won if we allow procrastination to rob us now; so now so the work will enlarge. let us pay our dues, subscribe for the missionary magazine, attain the sev- Among the young people, "Someeral goals, etc." times the teacher leads but more often A Family Party in a church, with a free supper, each organization seat- we have one of the young folks talk ed at a separate table with suitable decorations, money receptacle for of- on a missionary subject. Occasionally ferings, song sheets with homemade jingles to familiar tunes, place cards we have a foreign student or a re- turned missionary speak, or we have snapshots passed around which have been sent us from the field. Once in a while part of a letter from a mission station is read." A temperance leaflet written and illustrated by the Chinese is shown. An Arabian tells of his all- night watches on the hills of Bethle- hem. Each class is named after a missionary or a mission project, and each Christmas a box is sent to the particular stations. In the fall, mis- sion conference reports are rendered in the form of dramatizations, imag- inary broadcasts or informal round tables where the delegates sit around a table and share with us the inspira- tion and information gained. .

The home department of the Sunday school supplies the shut-ins with copies of the home and foreign mis- sion day services, the mission plays given, as well as letters from mission- aries. It is no wonder that the be- nevolent apportionment of such a church is paid fully and on time.

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BULLETIN OF The Council of Women for Home Missions ANNE SEESHOLTZ, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, 105· EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK ~=~~~~~~~~~~~ Missionary Meditations has to be kept up every day and 2. THE PRACTICE OF ETERNITY 1. THE PRACTICE OF THE CROSS all days . . . This was a call to IN OUR HEARTS. give up their current ways of IN LIFE. thinking and to think more On Good Friday, 1927, G. deeply; to change their stand- Studdard Kennedy read the Can the blind guide the blind? ards of good and evil for truer story of the trial and crucifixion Shall they not fall into a pit? of Jesus on whose cross was the ones; to leave their present accusation, placed by a for- Thou who teachest another, selves to attain a higher plane of eigner, "This Is Jesus the King teachest thou not thyself? living together." of the Jews." As one listened to the reader, time and space were Jesus called the multitude It is suffering that has no forgotten. The congregation unto him, with his disciples, and meaning which makes us desper- was present at the trial and the said unto them, "If any man ate; it is suffering caused by crucifixion. And the Son of would come after me let him man became veritably the Son deny himself and take up his man's inhumanity to man which of God, to that assembly nothing cross and follow me." makes us bitter and rebellious, doubting. On another occasion, and breaks both heart and spirit. G. Studdard Kennedy taught, Who was this Jesus who early "We have seen that we are terriin life knew that he was the be- Grant us, 0 Father fied at having to bear the Cross, loved Son of God and who most but sooner or later it comes to us. often referred to himself as the Clear eyes of sincerity, Jesus' means of communication Son of Man? He came out of a That today we may look fearlessly with God were not different from wilderness experience to share over thy world, . ours.. He built up his world for his idea of the Kingdom of God. He gave his life to teaching and And through tragedy, evil and pain himself as we do our own, but his was the real world; it was of healing and did not allow the ac- See indwelling the whole, Thy Spirit. real value and had a meanclaiming crowd to make Him ing. . . . their king. Show us the Cross of Thy passion, 0 Christ, "We may have doubts and Who was this Jesus who wonder whether his way was the healed the sick, comforted the The meaning of all man's past, all his right way, or is there a truer sorrowing, who fed the hungry future, one. He bared his breast to the and then spent whole nights in foes and died in consequence, prayer in preparation for the Bound up in that Cross: and on Good Friday it looked like next day? He was in his early Show us the glory, the beauty, the joy the end of all things but Christhirties when he set his face tianity does not take his death steadfastly toward Jerusalem of Calvary, as the end. Which was right, after he told his intimate Teach us to bear Thy Cross forward. Jesus or His crucifiers? That is friends that going there meant the crucial point. Weare asked his death. His disciples fol- Amen. to stake our life on the principle lowed him. of love and discard hatred and From the Divine Companionship: warfare. Is it possible? It Who was this Jesus who in would not be, if we were left to Gethsemane while his followers J. S. Hoyland do it by ourselves, but we are slept could accept death as the not. God is on our side, so there way to fulfill his life's work? [195 ] is no impossibility. The dis- ciples realized that, as they went In an article called "The As- further with triumph, not as tonishment of the Cross," L. P. failures." Furthermore we have Jacks calls our attention to the each other in the church now enrecord quoted at the beginning, circling the globe. Are we towhich implies that Jesus asked day "like sheep, gone astray"? the multitude, not just his dis- Are we turned "everyone to his ciples, to take up their crosses. own way"? It is "an invitation not to take part in a ceremonial affair once in a lifetime" but to make it "the continuous keynote of the new life … a self-renunciation that

The man who wrote Eccle- PIONEERING TODAY IN Daniel A. Poling, called attensiastes and could write very tell- tion to the "World Day of ingly of the meaning of life and AMERICAN LIFE* Prayer," which this year falls on the vanities thereof, wrote in March 8. She urged that it althis connection: By MRS. ORRIN R. JUDD ways be referred to with the completing phrase "for mis- "I have seen the travail which The alluring theme, "Pioneer- sions," and that women engage God hath given to the sons ing Today in American Life," singly or in groups in prepara- of men to be exercised featured the program of the an- tory prayer at noon on Mondays therewith; nual meetings of the interde- in order that the fullest signifi- nominational Hom eMissions cance of the day be realized. He hath made everything beau- Council and the Council of Wom- Miss Seesholtz spoke of the need tiful in its time; also He en for Home Missions in Phila- of integrity of purpose and of hath set eternity in their delphia, January 6-10. The .the importance of group-action hearts." theme suggests that there is no cooperation, in the pioneering of easy road ahead. There are today. We thank Thee that in Thy presence many obstacles in the way. All barriers break, Churches exist that are indiffer- Home mission literature for ent and self-centered. There are 1935 is based on the theme All illusions dissolve, scoffers who count home mis- "Pioneering Today in Home All accidents of time and space vanish sions "a spent enthusiasm." Missions." It includes the usual Nevertheless there is also con- volumes for various age groups. away, fident hope and faith that the In addition, an American edition All separation, all bereavement, is courage w hie h characterized of a remarkable book recently those who first blazed Christian published in London, has been abolished trails across this continent is issued by the Missionary Educa- In the exceeding glory of Thy audience still a vital force. There are new tion Movement. It is entitled goals to be set and new triumphs "The Jew and World Ferment," chamber. to be achieved. by Basil Mathews.

Grant that we may know ourselves Although separately organ- Courageously both Councils working ized the· two Councils work in faced up to the problems of to- close cooperation. Separate ses- day. Changed conditions of In- Together in Thy one service, sions were planned for the morn- dian life resulting from new gov- Each in each knowing and sharing ings, and joint sessions for the ernment policies, necessitate a The hard and smooth, the bitter and afternoons and evenings. The restudy of service in that field. discussions included intimate Wide opportunities beckon to the sweet, and intricate details of Young united Protestantism for Chris- Members of each other made one in People's Work, Home Mission tian guidance in government In- Planning, Merger of Churches, dian schools and increasingly Thee Work among Migrant People, for friendly service through the One tool to work for Thee. the Christian Approach to the establishment of Christian cen- Jews, Church Building, Coopera- ters in Indian communities. One new creature in Thyself. Amen. tive Service to the Indians, and to New Americans. Promotion That the home mission enter- J. S. HOYLAND. of Home Mission Interest and prise must be adjusted to an in- Beneficence-a kaleidoscopic va- tensive era was the concluding "And Jesus came and touched riety of problems of common in- topic. "Home missions must now them, and said, Arise and terest. Breakfast committee learn to meet the needs of the be not afraid. meetings provided for additional new frontiers resulting from a discussions. From these emerged closing-in process. Moving pop- And lifting up their eyes, they reports for consideration in the ulations were part of an expan- saw no one save Jesus full sessions, such as "The Share sion era. We can no longer solve only." of Christian Youth in the Church our problems by moving away." Life," and "Young People on the Challenging all present to the *** Boards of Local Churches and task of making Christian mo- Their National Organizations." tives and standards more deter- An International Relations mining in all areas of life, this News Release gives news of the The annual meeting of the inspiring meeting of the Coun- Tenth Conference on the Cause Council of Women for Home cils adjourned. and Cure of War, Marathon Missions was pleasantly intro- Round Tables, and a "Message duced on Monday evening by a "And Jesus came and touched to the Churches." The follow- Fellowship Dinner which fea- them, and said, Arise and ing books were recolllmended at tured three addresses on: "Chris- be not afraid. the Conference on the Cause and tian Women as Modern Pio- Cure of War: "The Backwash neers." The president, Mrs. And lifting up their eyes, they of War," by Ellen W. LaMotte saw no one save Jesus (Putnam), $2.00; "Why Wars • Quoted by permission from Missions, only." Must Cease," by Ten Authors March, 1935. (Macmillan), $1.00; "Must We Have War?" by Ascher Henkim (Doubleday), $2.50; "The Power of Non-Violence," by Richard B. G reg g (Lippincott), $2.50; "Peace with Honor," by A. A. Milne (Dutton), $2.00; "Europe Between Wars," by H. F. Armstrong (Macmillan), $1.25; "The International Community and the Right of War," by Don Luigi Sturzo (R. R. Smith), $3.

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1 OUf W orld~wide Outlook ~'~I~====A=M=issi= ona=ry N=ew=spa~per~of=Cu=rre~nt E=ven=ts ~~~~~ INDIA AND BURMA in which it is stated that Islam out of the family and society.

Religious Liberty in New stands ready to sanction plural "We are willing that the Chris- India marriages when there have been tian community as a political en- no children from the first mar- tity should fade out," said Dr.

Dr. Cornelia Sorabji, an In- riage. It was hoped that popular J ones, "provided you allow peodian Christian lawyer, a des- opinion will increasingly oppose ple to stay in their homes and cendent of a Parsee family, re- plural marriage. be frank, open Christians, memfers to the Indian Joint Commit- The conference urged that the bers of a moral and spiritual ortee's promise of religious equal- Sarda Act be more vigorously ganization called the Christian ity and freedom from interfer- enforced. Most women of India, Church, without disability or ence with religious practices. including all the enlightened She contends that this· freedom ones, are opposed to child mar- penalty. They need not change riages. Much can be done by their dress nor their food. They is to be conferred on emanci- such conferences in creating could still be vegetarians if they pated Indians who are "more popular sentiment in favor of definitely outside the affected doing away with this evil. The desired, they could stand in the All-India Women's Conference stream of India's culture and inarea than the British them- will next meet in 'Travancore. terpret Christ in that stream. selves," and cites the Sarda Mar- As Indian women more and more Are you willing to advocate riage Act and the Temple Entry will be taking their place in the this?" Mr. Gandhi's reply was: ordinary councils of India the Bill (for Depressed Classes) as women's conference will find "Personally, I would. If my son types of well-meaning but mis- less and less scope for its activtaken legislative efforts which ities. -The Indian Witness. should become a Christian in the sense which you indicate, and have provoked threats of "blood- New Kind of Idolatry there should be no brandy and shed such as India has never cigars :involved, then I would In Benares, high place of idolknown before." She declares atry, among the shrines to mon- continue to hold him as an honthat the Sarda Act has been in- key gods and elephants gods, to ored member of my home and effective and has set back re- Shiva and Kali, there is now a would allow him to hold his faith form, and sees no protection for temple for a modern sort of wor- without interference. If you religion in the Committee's re- take this attitude most of the port. She calls for the viceroy's objections against Christianity previous sanction for any bill affecting religious usage and in India will fade out." -The Christian Century.

asks a two-thirds majority in the ship. There is no image within; Inter-Mission Business Office legislature for any such bill ad- just a great marble relief map, vocated by orthodox Hindus. Announcement is made of the fifty by fifty feet in dimension, opening of the Inter – Mission done to scale scientifically with Women's Conference-and Business Office in Bombay, Marriage India's mountains and rivers all which the REVIEW has already accurately drawn. Here is na- mentioned as in prospect. Three A women's conference is no tionalism, young India's object American missions are responsilonger a novelty in India; there- of worship-Mother India, spa- ble for starting the project; the fore the All-India Women's American Marathi Mis s ion, meeting at Karachi was not giv- cious and beautiful and ancient. -Sunday School Times. Church of the Brethren Mission en much press notice. A strong Stanley Jones Interviews and the Southern Asia Branch resolution was passed appealing Gandhi of the Board of Foreign Misto women to object to plural sions of the Methodist Episcopal marriages; to refuse to marry a Dr. Stanley Jones, in a recent Church. Three others have exman with another living wife. interview with Gandhi, put some pressed their desire to cooperate, This will be difficult to enforce questions to him about converts and twelve others have already unless others, besides the women to Christianity becoming a sep- entered into a partially cooperto be married, are opposed to arate political entity in India. ating arrangement for one plural marriages. Most of the Dr. Jones pointed out that Hin- year. Some of these have exteeth of this resolution were re- dus do not allow anyone who pressed their desire to consider moved by another resolution chose to follow Christ to remain full cooperation as the office bepassed by the Moslem members, in his own home, but put him comes more fully established.

[197 ]

The advantages of such an of- But one building after another where we preach, entertain male fice will be gained when a few was added, other workers came; guests, and do personal work. We missionaries will be able to re- in 1922 an outstanding need was have one preaching tent sixteen by lieve a large number of missions met by a school for girls. This thirty-two feet and a smaller one for from the necessity of maintain- has had a steady development. the women's work. These tents are ing a separate business office Then the Peabody-Montgomery pitched within sight of one another in with missionary personnel and Home for tubercular women was the villages where we get good heara separate staff. Chief emphasis opened. There is now a school ings. In the evenings we show lanat the beginning is being put on for missionaries' children, giv- tern slides on religious subjects or the ability of the office to offer ing significance to Taunggyi as preach. Around the tent walls we better facilities for the sale of a mission center. Because of the hang Gospel pictures, done by native drafts, arrangement of travel, healthful climate, a number of artists. We have forty folding stools, and banking in Bombay. The retired missionaries live there. and generally borrow a table and office is located at 82, Esplanade chairs from the villagers. I propose Road (American Ex p re s s – Watchman-Examiner. to teach the evangelist in the morn- Bldg.), Fort Bombay. ings, and in the afternoons to preach Missionaries Need Revival Too to the villagers. We intend to spend -The Indian Witness. at least three full weeks in any given At an evangelistic confer.ence center-longer if interest warrants. Epidemic in Ceylon of about seventy-five teachers and preachers at the English Christian Colleges in China Mary Leitch, missionary of Methodist Mission at Kyaukse the American Board in Ceylon, last October, about 40 witnessed Christianity is meeting some is seeking to enlist help in stem- to their faith. But it was a criti- of the fundamental needs of the ming a new plague that has cal moment when one of the Bur- Chinese people as they struggle broken out in Ceylon. Her let- mans said: "Well, it's all very for a new national life. Christer (dated February 6) states: well for us to face up to our sins, tian colleges are a very potent but what about the mission- agency in this reconstruction. There are 12,000 dead and at least aries? Will- they admit their sins Fukien University has made a 1,000,000, one sixth of the island's too? Will they confess as well contribution along four different population, afflicted by the ravages of as we?" A young missionary lines: a mysterious green germ malaria, a then made a complete surrender malady new to British medical science. of his life. He confessed his sins (1) Through the study of science I saw children less than 15 years of and witnessed to the new power and the spread of scientific education. age dragging their dead parents to and love of Christ in His life. graves, and I saw sick and dying men Redemption and release became (2) Through the study of Chinese and women burying their children. real, and then the Burmans too culture with its rich resources ac- wanted this release and joy and cumulated through many centuries. The London Mail of Feb. 4th power which only Christ can reported: give when we are ready to be (3) Through rural reconstruction, absolutely honest about our sins. one of the most urgent problems of The expert of a group of distin- present-day China. guished malariologists told the United CHINA Press tonight that the death total in (4) Through Christian character Ceylon's "green germ" malaria epi- New Methods in Tsinghai building. Many Fukien graduates are demic will probably reach 50,000. The today serving China with consecrated danger is that the disease may spread Mr. and Mrs. John Bell went lives. to India, and from there to every part from Canada in 1921, to work of the world. for the C. 1. M. in Tsinghai. -C. J. L., in the Missionary They are now undertaking a new Herald. Missionary Center in Burma work, described by Mr. Bell in China's Millions: New Medical Work Northeast of Burma are the Shan States under the general We have moved to an entirely new The C.M S. has opened an ursupervision of the British Gov- and unworked district. It is interest- gently needed work in a market ernment, but under the direct ing from several standpoints. The town near Canton, South China, rule of chiefs or Sawbwas. population is made up of Chinese, a center for 20 villages. H. A. Taunggyi is the capital of this Moslems, aborigines and a few Tibet- Wittenbach writes in The Life territory, and 28 years ago was ans. All speak Chinese except the of Faith: without any Christian. About latter. Facing the main street we that time Dr. and Mrs. A. H. have a shop which has been cleared In the first month over 400 patients Henderson, American Baptist of counter and other fixtures, and were treated. There were over 1,300 missionaries, set up a dispensary equipped with a table, two chairs, and visits to the clinic, the average daily and day school for the dozen or some benches. The walls are white- attendance being about forty-five. A so children who s e parents washed and decorated with Gospel Christian dispenser has been engaged. braved the wrath of the Bud- posters. At one end is a small room As yet there is only accommodation dhist community and subjected partitioned off, and in it a kang on for out-patients. Christian and other their children to Christian teach- which the evangelist sleeps. It also posters are displayed on the walls of ing. On Sundays there was Bi- contains a cupboard for literature and the Gospel hall, which serves as a ble teaching and public worship. medicines. This is the preaching shop, waiting room for patients, and church There was vigorous opposition. workers have an opportunity of ex- plaining these, and of teaching those who wait. Christian literature is also available for those who can read. Several new members have been brought into the Church, and the clinic is already having an effect on public opinion.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

"The Christian Farmer" could resist. We modified the limb published in Isfahan, in its issue we had learned to make, and after of January 3, 1935, published an The Christian Farmer, news- some experimenting we had the pleas- article entitled, "The World paper for rural Chinese, has had ure of seeing Mrs. Liu walking with- Bows Down Before Islam," as a good start. At the end of the out support. Some time later the follows: first two months the paid sub- same Convent sent us a girl of about scription list was 2,400, and rep- nine, who had also lost both feet, and Recently M. Benito, the Italian resented 19 provinces as well as within two days of the last try-on, she, philosopher, has been converted to Korea and Siam. Four-fifths of too, was walking, proud and unaided. Islam. When such deep thinking peothe subscribers were related to We have altogether supplied that con- ple accept Islam for their religion, it some Christian organization. vent with five legs, and received shows that Islam is the best religion. The articles are written in a lan- through them $100 (£7 lOs.) towards M. Benito, after conversion, is pubguage understood by thousands the task of setting China's cripples lishing a weekly magazine on Islamic of recent literates, chiefly rural. on their feet. principles and privileges to give the The paper is published under the news to others. auspices of the North China -The Chronicle. Christian Rural Service Union, In one of his articles he writes, "I and is financed by the Presbyte- JAPAN-CHOSEN want to ask the European missionrian China Council, the Chris- aries who go to the Orient for mistian Literature Promotion Fund Mikado a Moslem?-Not Yet! sionary work why they go there and and other special gifts. The edi- try to disturb the Orientals? What tor is Mr. T. H. Sun, a former The following article (trans- benefit do they give to the followers Secretary of the National Chris- lated) appeared in an Arabic of Islam? Aren't they deceiving themtian Council of China. That this newspaper in Latakia, Syria, the selves? I, who am a Farangi, do my newspaper is filling a great need Al-Irshad for September 24, part in giving the good tidings of is indicated by the following let- 1934: Islam to my countrymen. Islam is the ter from a reader in Kansu only religion of peace and comfort Province: It was reported a few weeks ago and the protector of world peace." that the MIKado of Japan had em- "The Tien Chia paper (The braced Islam. 'l'hen thIS was denied Another Italian teacher writes an Christian Farmer) has given in certain quarters. "He had not yet article in which he points out that up great satisfaction to us all. We embraced lslam, but was sympathetic to some years ago the Christians have about a dozen different towards it-That's all!" But we have showed Islam to be the worst religion magazines here, but they are all come across very important facts in of the world, but fortunately the prepared for the better-educated an article in Al-Ayam, taken from an Europeans, especially their diplomats, classes and are quite beyond the Indian paper DmnWian Star (sic) found out the truth that the only way understanding of us farmers. about the Islamic movement in Ja- to get away from the world. crisis ~s The Tien Chia is the only maga- pan … by accepting the peace-seekmg relIzine in which useful information gion of Islam. is rendered in simple language A Japanese Islamic delegation rewhich even women and children cently arrived in India, Afganistan, Such is propaganda! Can any can readily understand. Weare and Persia, bearing official papers be induced to believe these statesending $1.50 for five subscrip- from the Japanese liovernment, and ments, entirely unsupported by tions for one year." has begun to meet with some of the evidence? The credulity of men Muslim Ulama and confer with them is great, especially if they have -Rural Missions. about a journey to Tokyo to observe no access to facts. The memory the Islamic movement there. The of men must be short, and their Putting China on Its Feet members of this delegation stated that knowledge very limited, if they the number of those who had em- can forget the Turkish and other Dr. Keith Gillison of the Un- braced Islam in Japan up to the pres- Mohammedan aggressive wars ion Hospital at Hankow says ent had reached 65,000 in Tokyo alone! and massacres of racial and rethat no annual report is com- and that there were many eager to ligious foes, which so clearly displete without some mention of adopt this religion but who were prove the preposterous claim artificial legs. waiting for someone to explain to that "Islam is the only religion them its beauties. of peace and comfort, and its Weare now working on leg number protector of world peace." 61. What pleases me most, however, The members of the delegation is the fact that we have not only made added that the government had desig- Facing Religion progress in making limbs, but have nated large amounts in its budget this found it possible to begin tackling year to build mosques in Japan, and A big Japanese daily newspacases of double amputation. The Con- it is expected that seventy mosques per declares that "one of the vent of St. Anne sent me a Mrs. Liu will be built there within five years. most significant developments in who had lost both feet from frost-bite. A member of the delegation was Japan in the past year or so is Previously it had been our rule to re- asked about the report that the Mi- the sudden interest shown by fuse to attempt such cases-it was kado had embraced Islam, and he con- the people in religion." This felt that the type of limb we turned firmed it, saying that the emperor takes the form of making reliout was not suitable for those who had been converted by the Turkish gious books best sellers. The had not one sound foot to stand on. sheikh, Muhammad Ali Bakir. But Broadcasting Association of J a- Mrs. Liu, however, had a pair of ideal some of the European papers attempt pan puts on a morning religious stumps, firmly healed, and the temp- to deny the news for fear that its ef- service. Buddhism, Confuciantation to help her was more than we fect upon Moslems will be to make ism, Christianity, all are being them pro-Japanese. It is enough that considered. "Once," says the an American paper, looking at this Times, "Marxist publications report from a purely commercial and socialistic books were best standpoint, said that the Mikado had embraced Islam to expedite the sale of Japanese goods in the Islamic world.

The vernacular press in Per- sia also publishes stories of the spread of Islam. Erfen, a paper

sellers in Japan, particularly modation was for 730 patients, C. E. Objectives among the younger generation, there were already 910 inmates; From all of Korea's thirteen but today religious books are but they readily agreed to re- provinces, from Manchuria and best sellers. It is quite a wide ceive 80 homeless fellow-suffer- Japan came 2,157 registered step from Marxism to Buddhism ers. delegates to attend the first or Confucianism, but it is true quadrennial convention of the that the people of Japan are At a memorial service at Ai- National Christian Endeavor more interested in religious con- seien a blind survivor told how Union held in Pyengyang, Sept. solation thap. in Marxism or Fas- he himself had been saved by 1-6, 1934. One delegate came cism." Miss Nakano. He had been from over 100 miles beyond Har- walking in deep water, sup- bin. Attendance so far exceeded Methodist's 60th Anniversary ported by her, when a high wave expectations that a second edi- struck them. When he was even- tion of the programs, song books The anniversary of the com- tually saved he cried bitterly on and badges had to be hastily ising of the first Methodist mis- hearing that the chief nurse was sued. It was estimated that sionaries to Japan 60 years ago missing. He wept again at the 2,000 took part in the Convenwas widely observed last winter. service, crying "She died instead tion communion service. At a great mass meeting in Hibi- of me, me, helpless, blind, half ya Hall, Tokyo, 1,500 listened to dead, ugly leper !" A list of objectives was Bishop Akazawa's appeal for a adopted: spiritual solution to Japan's -Without the Camp. present difficulties, and personal Double the membership in four loyalty to Jesus Christ. A joint Uphill Work in Rural Korea years. choir of 120 voices from all the Methodist churches of the city, It has been said that with a Encourage all to read good books under the leadership of Prof. good man, a living allowance and magazines. and a village in which to put Train young people's leaders.

Nakada of Aoyama Gakuin Col- him, it is possible to start a Emphasize temperance. lege, gave assurance by their group of Christians almost any- Acquaint the church with the need singing in Japanese a number of where in Korea. About a year for work among juniors and intermedifficult sacred oratorios that ago the Presbyterian Rural Com- diates, and train leaders for these. Japan is no longer dependent mittee of Korea offered to pay Organize junior and intermediate upon foreign musicians for guid- half the salary of a man to go societies in each church.

ance in music. Another evidence into an entirely non-Christian Each C. E. member teach at least of Methodism's growing power country district, if the Presby- one person to read during the year.

is the announcement that during tery would pay the other half. Keep ownership of land. Do not 1934 nine new churches of the This was agreed upon, and Lee sell even to educate children.

denomination have been dedi- Heung Soo, an elder with suc- Economize. Never spend more than cated, four of them in Tokyo, cessful experience as Bible So- Yen 50 for weddings and feasts. and largely free from debt. ciety colporteur and an evangel- Encourage hygiene.

-Christian Century. istic worker, was sent into one Work land together and use pro- of the most hopeless districts ceeds for young people's work.

Leper Colony Swept Away among the mountains, a place Thank God for Christian Endeavor notorious for its large number of in Korea. Among other disasters result- communists. At first there was ing from the typhoon that swept much indifference and some per- -Korean Echoes. Japan last September, the Soto- secution, with no permanent rejima Leper Colony near Osaka sults to speak of. But Mr. Lee's Young Girl's Prayer was wholly destroyed. Of the last letter says: 594 inmates 170 lost their lives The Missionary Link puband also 14 members of the staff By the blessing of the Lord I am lished the first prayer in Engand their families. Among the well and enjoying the preaching of lish of a fourth year student in latter was the chief nurse, Miss the Gospel greatly. Yesterday, Sun- Doremus Girls' High School, Ja- day, five influential young men of this pan.

Nakano, who did everything pos- district decided to become Christians, Our Father in Heaven: I want to for which I am exceedingly grateful, thank Thee that I can live and thank sible to save the helpless blind and there are many signs of the Chris- Thee every day. We are so happy patients. The colony had been in tian work doing well here now. We that I forget to think of poor people. existence for twenty-five years, have over forty meetings now for Please help me to think about the poor and new buildings which were worship, and in a number of places people, and though I can do but little near at hand several people in each let me do anything I can for them. almost completed. But new and place are also acknowledging themold were all swept away in less selves as Christians. Under the aus- Please let them know God in than an hour. The 424 survivors pices of the township office and the Heaven, because when we know Thee were distributed among five oth- public school an agricultural conven- we can live most happily and lead a er leper institutions in various powerful life. parts of the country. At Aiseien, tion has been held here, and I have national leprosarium at Okay- been attending, and have had many Please give me power and bravery opportunities of speaking a word for in life. Please let me study faithfully ama, where the normal accom- the Church. every day. Please let me spend today in thankfulness. -Korean Echoes. This we ask in Christ's name.

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

PACIFIC ISLANDS Courage in Midst of Danger posts maintained by the church for more than a century. Important Gain in New Britain The Big Nambas tribe in the Scarcely a month before, dras- mountains of Malekula are ad- Only a few years ago Nakanai, mitted to be the most turbulent tic retrenchments by the Nation- New Britain, was 100% hea- cannibals remaining in the New al Council seemed inevitable. In then. Rev. A. E. Brown reports Hebrides. Apon, a native evan- desperation, Bishop James De that within ten years eleven vil- gelist, has volunteered to work Wolf Perry made a personal aplages have been occupied; many in this dangerous field. At a more have been visited, so that prayer meeting, before his de- peal to a small group of individ- ual Episcopalians of g rea t the Gospel is gradually penetrat- parture to his new sphere of la- wealth for five gifts of $20,000. ing the whole area. Mr. Brown bor, he prayed: "Man Big Nam- He not only secured his $100,000 writes of Australian Methodist bas they are fighting and shoot- but an additional gift of $30,000 ing each other, and we are some- from some one who wanted to work: times in danger. But we have build a hospital or a school in Jesus. We thank Thee for His China. In addition to the large There is an increase of fifteen mem- love. He stops with us and gives gifts there were smaller donabers in full, and nineteen on trial, . .tions totaling $70,000 raised by with two hundred and forty seekers; us His great work to do." individuals in a last-minute apand we now have teachers in 36 vil- peal. lages. We have five boys as candi- -The Christian. dates for George Brown College. NORTH AMERICA A Hand Written Bible Great keenness is displayed by the children of the new villages, the teach- Home-the Strategic Center Recently 300 business and er reporting that often when they are working in their garden children ap- There is widespread concern professional men finished writproach and request that they be taught there and then. In our new villages the first steps have been to teach the people the days of the week, for making and keeping Ameri- ing a 4,000 page copy of the Biand to encourage them to prepare food on Saturdays for Sundays. Often the can homes effective agencies in ble in Mansfield, Ohio. The task teacher will be in his house, or per- Christian training. The Presby- was started by the First Luhaps in his garden, when a group of terian Church has laid special theran Church. It was in con- men conversing together will send a emphasis on this during the nection with a Bible course. boy to the teacher to ask him when it will be Sunday again. year, and evidence of intense in- Each man was assigned sixteen terest from all parts of the coun- to eighteen pages of copying. Preaching is their subject for con- try is reaching the Board of versation throughout the week, and When the work was completed often reports of a sermon are carried Christian Education and the the pages were bound together to other villages for discussion. joint committee set up by the and made two volumes of six Conversion of Batak Chief General Council. Requests for inches thickness each. There are materials gIvmg suggestions not many such hand written Rev. Ragnar AIm, American about making the emphasis ef- Methodist missionary to Sumat- copies of the Scriptures in the ra, recently baptized a Batak fective in the local church have world. The scriveners declared poured in in such numbers that they had read and learned more chieftain who had been a bitter enemy to Christianity. After his it has been difficult to take care of the Scriptures than ever bebaptism the old chieftain told of them promptly. Many ser- fore. the large congregation of his long search for peace. As one mons are centering on the em- -Watchman-Examiner. phasis ; study and discussion of their most famous witchdoc- groups are under way, and spe- United Lutheran Policies tors, he had done everything to cial programs are being introplease the spirits, how he offered duced into a variety of situa- The Board of American Misto them on the high mountains, sions of the United Lutheran tions. Other denominations em- Church, recognizing the increasunder the holy trees and at the phasizing family religion this ingly important part which linsacred rivers, but the spirits had guistic groups are playing in the year are having a similar experigiven him no peace. He had. ence. development of American life fought the Christian religion and One Church Balances Budget both in the United States, plans its messengers when they first to subsidize religious publica- came to his village, and he tried Released unexpectedly from tions in foreign languages, espe- to keep his son from its influ- the most trying financial crisis cially those circulating among ence; but all in vain. Then he in its history, the National Coun- Hungarian, Slovak, Finnish, told them of the increasing in- cil of the Protestant Episcopal Spanish and Yiddish residents.

fluence of the living Christ in his Church announced February 14 The prime purpose is to afford own life, and how it was that he the balancing of an emergency the assistance of the Church to had come to realize that Christ, budget of $2,313,115 for the every effort made to counteract and Christ alone, could give the support of home and foreign the flood of godless, communistic peace he for years has been seek- missions in 1935. This result propaganda. The Lutheran ing. His changed countenance forestalls the expected recall of Church is more and more cen- showed that bitterness had given scores of missionaries and the tering all its home mission ac- place to good will. abandonment of mission out- tivities in the Board of Ameri-

can Missions. The Savannah partment of Prison Missions" 14. Fifteen thousand people Convention last fall took tenta- which is now three years old. filled the great Forum to capac- tive action on this, while the The program of the department ity and many were turned away.

New York and the Virginia Syn- is twofold, corrective and pre- A choir of 2,000 voices supplied ods have agreed to put to a test ventive. In the corrective field, the music, accompanied by the the plan's practicability by vol- the gospel is being carried be- Citadel band of the Salvation untarily turning over to the hind prison walls by means of Army.

Board their entire home mission religious services, Bible classes, The seven religious bodies co- activity for 1935. furnishing Bibles and individual operating in this campaign were Closer supervision of finances counseling; and also in this field the Baptist Church, the Church in every group applying for is the rehabilitation and adjust- of England, the Eastern Ortho- home mission funds will be put ment after release. In the pre- dox Churches, the Lutheran into effect. The Board will re- ventive field, the effort is being C h u r c h, the Presbyterian quire each group to submit a de- made to go before the schools Church, the Salvation Army and tailed statement of the pledges and churches of the state and the United Church of Canada. secured in the every-member- present to people their respon- Representatives of each of these visitation, and where the report sibility in the field of crime pre- groups took part in the service, is unfavorable, a trained worker vention. while hundreds of clergy were will be assigned to develop the This work is carried on in given seats on the platform. A group's understanding and prac- Minnesota only. Rev. Roy Olson, touch of color was lent to the tice of stewardship. Operating director, states in his annual re- scene by the black and gold robes upon an absolute "pay as we go" port, that he made 227 visits to of the Eastern Orthodox clergy.

basis, the Board allocated $500,- institutions, conducted 95 serv- The Bishop of Montreal deliv- 000 to about 700 missions in the ices, gave 464 personal inter- ered the principal address. United States and Canada. views, distributed hundreds of -The Living Church.

While the present policy is to- tracts, Bibles, and papers, had Children at Anvik ward strengthening existing 11 conferences with wardens, missions, plans for 1935 include and traveled 31,000 miles by car. Miss Dorothea McHenry, R.N., opening a large number of new -The Christian Century. points. of Christ C h u r c h Episcopal A Saul Becomes a Paul Mission, Anvik, Alaska, writes What One Girl Learned Louis H. Aronson, once a J ew- that she has furnished a room Here is another proof of the ish atheist, rea d Professor for six Indian boys of the misvalue of Vacation Bible Schools. James' "Varieties of Religious sion, ages 4 to 18, who have tu- At the conclusion of the D. V. Experience," with its many il- bercular hips, spine or lungs. B. S. in La Grange, Georgia, a lustrations of conversion and the Of this miniature hospital, Miss summer student worker asked new birth, and was much moved. the older children to write on Then he began to attend the McHenry is the whole staff, doc- "What the Bible School Has Pen i e I Presbyterian Mission tor, supervisor, student body, or- Meant to Me." From Christine Chicago, and there gave himself derly, maid, laundress, cook, Skelton, aged 15, he received the to Christ. He is now combating dish washer, seamstress, and chaplain.

At the time of Miss McHen- following: atheism among Jews of Chicago ry's writing the whole station was listening for the first air Bible school has meant quite a lot in parks and on street corners. mail to Anvik. When the work On a recent Sunday afternoon began there 40 years ago, there to me this year. I did not know very he debated with a leading commuch about the Bible when I started was scarcely one mail a year. LATIN AMERICA because I had never had the chance to munist in their own hall on the subject, "Resolved that the study it like I did these past weeks. Marxian Interpretation of the I also learned the seven essentials of Christian Worship and the seven kinds of prayer and what each meant. Origin and Purpose of Religion Missions Go On Prayer is one of the most important is False." Jews swarmed about phases of a person's life. If you can- the speakers after the meeting, Evangelical Christianity is not pray you should learn how. God asking questions, voicing objec- adjusting itself to the situation is behind every beautiful thing in the tions but withal keenly inter- in Mexico, and finding ways to world. God's works are the most beau- ested in the Christian faith. prove how useful a church can tiful things that you will ever see. If be. In some ways the work has you get out and study nature, and -Sunday School Times. been enlarged. A paster in one look at the beautiful side of things, of the well established churches it will help you to think of life more Montreal's Evangelism of the American Board Mission pleasantly and beautifully. Bible Campaign was forbidden to carryon servschool has taught me to look on the ices of worship in his church. best side of everything. A Service of Christian Wit- -Missionary Herald.

Prison Missions ness, opening a seven weeks' This proved to be a challenge to campaign of evangelism directed him and to his congregation; The Norwegian Lutheran by non-Roman Catholic churches they are using the church as a Church of America has a "De- of Montreal, was held January center of social service, thus

OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

reaching people not influenced have contributed ten per cent of New Work at Ocano by it before. this to help relieve the pressure A little. over a year ago the To prepare pastors of other on American fellow-churchmen I c~urches for similar emergen- -The Living Church. Presbyterian Board assigned ~Ies, should they arise, a train- R~v. Thomas E. Barber and his mg conference on the social ap- Changes in Guatemala WIfe to ionpet hn eu pvawlleoyr ka mi noOn gcatnho~ proach was arranged in Guad- located alajara in the early winter. Within the last year or two mountains formed by the head Two of the most important the Roman Church has wakened waters of the Rio de Oro, a leadership training schools con- up to the likelihood that the branch of the Catatumba which ducted by the American Board country may grow Protestant, flows into TLhaekepopMulaartaicoaniboi~ Venezuela. still go on with the permission and now they are putting forth estimated at about 28,000. A of the authorities; lay leaders every effort to recapture lost group of fine towns lie around ~ho can minister to congrega- ground. At the first (1882) the qcana an~ a road connecting tions that have no ordained lead- missionary had to walk on the eIght or nme of these is being ~rs are being trained increas- street with a plain clothes police- conv~rted into a highway, thus mgly..The emphasis on religious man or two with him to guaran- formm~ a convenient circuit.

education and on the production tee safety. But within a few Reportmg their thyeeeaxrp'seriwenocrek~ Mr. Barber said of suitable Christian literature months after beginning that is being strengthened. necessity ceased and fanaticism had been the richest of their -Missionary Herald. kept growing less. missionary life. He described The Church in Haiti Of late the Liberals are begin- Ocana as a place which needs ning to recognize the necessity everything; one where most The Christian Church in Haiti of a closer alliance with the people have no conception of Evangelicals. It is a long call is a black church. Of its 15,698 from the plain clothes policeman what the Gospel is. m~mbers, over 15,000 have dark to one of the principal dailies s~~ns. In a republic of 2,500,000 . the other day publishing a good Scarcely two months after his cItizens, 90 % are black. Of its cut of the Central Church report was written, Mr. Barber (Evangelical) with its congretthweenBtiys-hfoopurancdleDrgey~noKnlryoltlw-aor-e- gation of 582 and the statement was brought to New York critwhite. Most of these black par- ~hat we are numerous and grow- mg, that it is the true Christian- ically ill, and died in the PresasoltnhsowugehreatrfaeiwnefdorinaHsahiotirtittsiemlf~ ity and a moralizing and spirhave been in America. There is itualizing force. byterian Hospital, February 4. ~n excellent ~heological college m Port au Prmce; it has a five- -Guatemala News. He had carried on evangelistic work for the Colombia Mission for 25 years.

Vacation Schools in Brazil year course, twelve months a New Hospital in Nicaragua "If anyone has doubts of the year. White supervision of this efficacy of church v a cat ion Church will probably be deeded A Moravian hospital was schools on the foreign field let opened at Bilwas Karma, Nicf?r another generation./ Par- aragua, in May last year. Grow- him come to Campo Bello M{nas tI~ularly interesting is .the dou- ing attendance at the clinic is BraZ'I1, " says Mrs. J. M."Sydenblmg of the member~hip in a seen in the following figures: May, 351; June, 278; July, 309; stricker. August, 584; September, 564; decade, among a peO'ple almost October, 800. Patients have "In 1932 we had five schools come from over seventy-five difstatic in numbers;' also to be ferent towns and villages, from and last December we put on stihx~ places 400 miles distant. The and not a missionary on noted is the increase in value of missionary in charge, after a trip over the district, reported church buildings,· from $13 000 that people are just beginning teaching force. All six schools to come, and that room must be to $105,750. In other words: ten provided for 125 patients daily. of the Campo Bello church years ago tJle churches were No figures are available for which has a membership of scarcely more than native bhuuiltsd~. the spiritual work, but each about 90, were in out-of-the-way !oday substantial concrete clinic and each operation is pref- and needy places. Three were tmifgusllhyavdeesbigeneneds,ucblsetaintu, teadd~qbueaatue- aced by prayer. The hospital is ~n the country on farms, one was 160 miles from Puerto Cabezas, m a near-by village six miles and permanent. from the railroad. The one in ~hFeon r the three years just opffaesrt~ our branch Sunday school had a general missionary matriculation of seventy. The ~ngs have decreased alarmingly sixth was in an unreached secms!lftfhereinh~ofmroemchaudrcehpreHssaioitniabnes~ tion of town and thereby hangs sId~ WhICh ours is as nothing, of a tale! An eight-year-old girl theIr penury have given more was so downcast because no school was to be held at the cent~an their quota to support mis- the source of most supplies. tral building that I asked her if SIOns other than their own. Fur- Drugs require from six to twelve she would not like to put on one thermore, native pastors, with weeks to arrive. herself. No sooner said than a salary of about $60 a month, -Moravian Missions. done! That same evening she

came with nineteen names that fruitful work among North total over 10,000. Financial she had secured on her street. Africa Moslem students in Paris. straits threaten to curtail this At once she took a 'short course' Though very difficult, the work work seriously. in programs and· direction, took is not in vain. Moroccans are -The Christian.

along enough materials and eager to buy tracts and Gospels. started her school. There was The method is to take up a posia daily average of fifteen pres- tion in a restaurant, or on a Protestant Disunity in ent, and the school ended with bench in the public square and Germany a final program and exposition read aloud to all who will stop Disunity in the ranks of the of handwork at which the proud to listen. Many a Kabyle stu- opposition Protestant clergy has dent has listened attentively, and helped Reich Bishop Mueller. parents were present." Some of the results are a new expressed deep interest. One According to the Ministry of the circle of the Woman's Auxiliary; Kabyle was brought to a confes- Interior's plans, Bishop Mueller a timid country woman has be- sion of faith by reading a tract, was to have been requested to come a capable leader, and her "Which of the Two, Christ or resign, but Herr Hitler discovhusband and three daughters Mohammed ?" ered the Confessional synods have become professed Chris- -The Life of Faith. were not united behind Bishop August Marahrens, who is head tians; Sunday school attendance Paris Tabernacle Church of the so – called temporary has grown remarkably. church government and sup- -Christian Observer. The Paris Tabernacle Church posedly its candidate for the post of Reich Bishop. Sturdy Christians in Bahia is undenominational, but coop- erates with other evangelical The financial administration From seven to 165 members movements. It is self-support- of Reich church affairs has been in ten years is the record of a ing. With only 300 members made entirely independent of Baptist church in Bahia, Brazil. Bishop Mueller by a decree From the parent hive another and none of them rich, it never- issued in the hope that dioceses church has swarmed off, which theless accepts responsibility carries on five Sunday schools. for spreading the Gospel in where the Reich Bishop is not recognized will nevertheless be Bahia is intensely Catholic, Paris, and even in the French willing to pay their quotas to a and when these people learned colonies, so that beside its own neutral finance commission. that the converted priest, Dr. support the church gives about Raphael Martins Gioia, was com- Catholic legal aid bureaus of ing to preach there, they went $10,000 a year to benevolent and Thuringian church workers' oron their knees for a week, ask- missionary purposes. It has six ganizations have been suping for a hall large enough to outstations around Paris and in pressed on ,the order of the accommodate the crowds they Brittany and a mission on the Thuringian Government.

knew would want to hear him. Ivory Coast, West Africa, with Their faith was honored, for the six white missionaries and three city turned over to them the largest auditorium in Bahia native evangelists. There is a Revival in Germany without further charge than the home for aged women and a cost of electric lighting. summer home for children. A Rev. Samuel Trexler, former religious boo k s hop is main- president of the United Lutheran As a result of these meetings tained. Synod of New York, after a two nearly three hundred persons months' tour of Germany and asked for instruction in the -Sunday School Times. Russia, predicts the ultimate things of Christ. Among the victory of the opponents of converts was a Carmelite monk. Christian Missionary Church, Bishop Mueller and his German The little church had to provide Belgium Christian movement. He says: him with a civilian's suit and a ticket to Rio de Janeiro, for fur- Two French-speaking churches "Everywhere one sees evither residence in Bahia would in Brussels of the Christian Mis- dence of an awakened churchhave meant certain death. The sionary Church of Belgium cele- in many cases a revival." In all visiting preacher, Dr. Gioia, had brated their centenary recently. churches he found overflowing to be accompanied constantly by The churches came into being as and eager congregations. He a bodyguard of evangelical a protest against the invasion of speaks particularly of an audichurch members. rationalism into the one Chris- ence of 10,000 people packed in tian community in Brussels at the Tennis hall in Berlin to hear -Sunday School Times. that time. Subsequently, a doc- Dr. Niemoller preach a simple trinal difference rent this church Gospel sermon, free from any. EUROPE and a secession followed. Stilr political allusion. "The most later both churches became part vivid picture that remains with For Moslems in Paris of the Christian Missionary me," says Dr. Trexler, "is the Church of Belgium. The or- noble army of martyrs and ganization today has 42 congre- Two young men of the North gations, 67 Sunday schools, 22 heroes of the faith who are ris- Africa Mission, Messrs. Warren ministers, and three evangelists. ing up in every part of the Rejch. and Hocart, are carrying on a Communicants and adherents They are men of apostolic mold,

1935] OUR WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

and the result of their life and took them back to Poland. There out a man in the audience and asked prayer may bring a new refor- sixty-three were given Palestine him to pass the message on to the mation." -Christian Century. others present. When the leader fin- immigration certificates, the rest ished what he had to say, a round are presumably waiting for the table discussion followed.

Propose Union in Italy day when they, too, may realize In my travels on horseback with their hope. th~ .missio~aries I noted a very in- Methodist work in Italy has spIrmg thmg – the untiring and been carried on by two separate -Our Jewish Neighbors. never-failing efforts to proclaim British and American societies. Christ to passers-by, no matter where If plans for unions are approved AFRIOA or when we met them.

by British Methodists, the work Islamic Missionaries Medical care is sadly lacking. I located only one doctor in all the area visited. Several 'nurses and men of promises to gain in strength. The opposition to' Christian little medical experience are dotted American Methodists have of- here .and ~here among the villages, but fered to leave the field to the missionaries in Egypt last year nothmg IS done commensurate with British brethren. The essen- the need. Seemingly insurmountable tials of the proposed union are: has been followed by one unfore- difficulties are the daily portion, and seen result: defenders of Islam whenever Christ makes a victory in 1. That the Board of Foreign have seen that a live religion the soul of a man it seems the devil Missions transfer to the Mis- . must be a propagating one, and does his best to undo what has been sionary Society of the Methodist notwithstanding the fervor with done. Yet time and again the power Church the present work and of the. Cross has proved sufficient. most of the properties used for which they denounced Christian religious purposes, including the missionaries as intruders, Is- A Pigmy Ohief's Funeral Casa Materna Orphanage, near lamic missionaries are to be sent Naples. to China, Japan, Ethiopia and An extract from the diary of Miss M. Harman, "Heart of 2. That the International Col- South Africa. A training class Africa" missionary among the lege, on Monte Mario, Rome, be has been started in the Azhar pigmies: continued by the American University to prepare these for- Church. The pigmy chief was dead, his wife eign workers fo"r their task, was ill and I was sent for. It was hell The two churches are essen- which they describe as "going to let loose. The corpse with painted tially one in origin and faith. help their brothers in those face, hat on and handkerchief tied Their union will more than lands." A group of Chinese stu- over his mouth lay on a native bed on double the Methodist impact in the porch of a tiny hut. He died yes- Italy. -Christian Advocate. dents now in the university pre- terday and the odor was terrible, but sent an opportunity to train one woman sat hugging his knees, and another was fondling his hands and workers for China. A book is wailing over him. I could not talk to being compiled by Moslem lead- the sick woman for the noise outside.

All Ports Closed ers which is to be used as prop- aganda among English-speaking In the small space before the house A pathetic example of the people. Another committee has was a crowd of pigmies. Some womhomelessness of the Jews is re- undertaken to collect and study en sat in a circle clapping and singported from Poland. A company ing as one danced in the midst. Every- all Arabic publications which atof 318 Jewish young men and tack Islam in order to answer ob- one else was accusing, storming and women, seeking release from cursing. Three or four fights were grinding poverty and fired with jections and prepare young going on at once—a man and woman sheikhs with suitable weapons at each other's throats, two women hope of a bright future in Pales- for the defense of their religion. fighting like cats. Others were holdtine, ancient homeland of their The state radio is being used ing back a swearing woman literally people, embarked on a Greek dancing with rage, while another ship for the land of their dreams. continuously for Moslem preach- rolled over and over on the ground ing and the reading of the screaming. A leper woman worked But the admission of Jewish im- Koran. Once a week there is a herself backwards along the ground, migrants to Palestine is strictly radio talk by a man who calls shrieking, as she went, to throw herlimited. When they reached self upon the corpse. One man broke their haven all attempts to land himself "A Friend of Families." away and threatened to shoot poisoned -Blessed Be Egypt. arrows so there was more screaming were frustrated by shore patrols. and chaos, but one man thought things Turning about, the vessel then In Southern Ethiopia were too quiet and started to ring a set sail for Constantinople. wooden dog bell. There they had the same recep- Dr. R. W. Hockman, United tion. Next Salonika was tried, Presbyterian Missionary in Opening in Nigeria with the same results. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, made a three-weeks' journey into Ethi- In spite of many government The vessel cruised about for opia's southern provinces, and restrictions which are seriously nearly three months with its in the Woman's Missionary hampering Christian work in shipload of three hundred wan- Magazine briefly gives a few of French West Africa, the workdering Jews who were every- his impressions. ers are greatly encouraged. In one town, many of the Moslem where refused a place of refuge -a ghost ship that could find no The first thing which struck me teachers called upon the missionport where it could discharge its was the literal poverty in which the ary and listened very attentively human cargo. At last a Ru- missionaries are living, and yet like it. to the Gospel message. One of them openly admits: "While we manian ship was found which Another thing was the method of Sabbath worship. The leader picked

are in darkness, you have the discussed. Not many years in contributions from Australia, light." The responsiveness of afterwards Elat had the largest with the gradual reduction of the children in another place has Presbyterian congregation in the grants from England, is affectopened up the way for Gospel world. Although the group has ing the work seriously. Some of work in some of the compounds: been divided, Sunday morning the evangelists can only give new hymn books have been attendance at Elat often runs part-time service to churches and typed, and the first four chap- into the thousands. schools because they have to ters of the Acts of the Apostles There are now 94 mission- earn money to pay their poll tax. have been issued in temporary aries, and an African staff of But African leadership is being form. In Nigeria, special serv- 1,811. The work ranges all the developed, and men are showing ices have been held in the Girls' way from the most primitive, wisdom, tact and business abil- School at Wushishi which were among villagers to whom canni- ity, together with real faith and signally blessed. Paiko Chris- balism is still a live memory, to dependence on God as they take tians are keen to get the Gospel well-organized churches and over increasing responsibility. into the surrounding villages, schools under trained African Canon King, of the C. M. S., while new ground is being leadership. Becoming a church writes from Berega: broken at Lalibella, the "Mecca" member in the West Africa Mis- Early in the year the bishop apof the Coptic Church in Ethiopia. sion is not simply a matter of pealed for workers to go to the far belief and readiness to learn. west of Tanganyika to a place called There are t wei v e churches, No one is admitted for two years Dha, where new work is being started. nearly all cut out of red rock in after declaring a wish to join Although we have no difficulty in get- ting people to offer for work in the the mountain sides. Every ef- the Church. During that period his past life is scrutinized, and district, it is quite a different matter fort is being made to replace the anything wrong is set in order. to get them to go to a strange place fear of missionary "invaders" His behavior during the period hundreds of miles away. However, by a feeling of confidence and the appeal was made, and sixteen men, love. -The Life of Faith. teachers and others, offered. Of these, is subject to observation by the the Church council chose four, who were thought to be most suitable for "The Twelve" session. Where wives constitute the work. At a special farewell meet- wealth, polygamous marriages ing each recruit told how he had been An anonymous donor sent a led to offer for this service. It was fund to supply twelve new teach- are usually the most serious an inspiration to listen to their testiers for one year for the Basa problems. The wives must be mony, and afterwards more offers of 4istrict, northern Nigeria. It respectably cared for, and their Service were received. Four men are was felt that it would not be wise dowries repaid. The wonder is preparing for ordination. to open twelve new stations, which might have to be closed at not that an occasional would-be -The Christian. the end of the year, but that it Christian fails of acceptance, but would be better to ask for twelve that so many succeed, with all WESTERN ASIA the drags that pull them back. Turkish Women's Rights young unmarried men to volunteer as itinerant evangelists, go- In Portuguese Congo Letters from Istanbul record ing by twos throughout an al- In 1899 a mission was founded further reforms. One of the lotted area. Several young men at Kibokolo among a virile peo- most recent is the law which who were preparing to marry, pIe whose opposition made them grants to Turkish women the . ht t .. came forward and said they a stubborn soil in which to sow rIg 0 partICIpate in elections were willing to postpone their the Gospel seed. After twenty and to be eligible for parliament. marriage for a year. years the results were so meager Next session, therefore, about 30 women are to be deputies in the "The twelve," as they are that some suggested the aban- t t' I called, have been working since donment of the enterprise. But gKMrueurasutlatfnaaay,lOKanesamiatalssiseAmntbaoltwyii,rkocarllhtehades. May. Every month they meet the pioneer missionaries held on and recount the story of their and were abundantly rewarded. undertaken to put women on a labors; and so far their efforts At present, there are 1,734 f t· f I have been crowned with success. church members; a Christian 00 mg 0 equa ity with men. -C. M. S. Outlook. community of 5,000; 39 organ- Jerusalem Medical Center The Work at Elat ize? congregations; 38 evan- The Jewish E x ami n e r an- West Africa Presbyterian Mis- gehst-teachers supported by the nounces that ground has Jbeereu~ sion is a League of Nations in 2C4h,9u0rc0h;dI. s2p,e1n2s2arys.chatotla~nrsd,ancaensd. broken on Mount Scopus, itself. It was a German colony until the World War, then under salem, for the first medical cen- Much of the area.Is stIll u!lpos- _ ter and graduate school of medi- sessed. -Ltfe of Fatth. cine in Palestine. A nation-wide '

French mandate. Just over the Leadership in Tanganyika campaign is in progress in this border is Spanish Guinea, where country to raise $400,000 for the Spanish is added to the many Financial stringency is acute construction of the institution, African tribal tongues. At one in Tanganyika. The Church can which will be called the Hadastime conditions were so discour- only partially support itself at sah University Hospital, under ,aging that closing the work was present, and the serious decrease exiled German Jewish scientists.

Missionary

Books Briefly Reviewed for the Readers' Information A Christian Manifesto. By Edwin The Omi Brotherhood in Nippon. By pia, it is not a transcendental William Merrell Vories, LL.D. $1.00 colony, or a monastic retreat, Lewis. 245 pages. $2.00. The postpaid. The Omi-Hachiman Press, but a practical demonstration of Omi-H.achiman, Japan. Christianized economics working Abingdon Press. New York. 1934. in the world of today. All the This brief history of the "Omi property, gradually acquired, be- This discussion can be read Mission," founded in 1905, is a longs to all in common." In a straightforward narrative of the group of over 200, there is no with interest and profit even by remarkable experience of one of "minimum wage," and no divi- those consecrated American stu- dends are paid. "Duties are asthose who do not agree with all dents who responded to Japa- signed according to capacity and nese Government's c a II for aptitude. Of all the features of of its positions and implications. teachers. In the out of the way the Brotherhood which command province of Omi, where no mis- admiration from visitors, none It constitutes a serious summons sionary had ever resided, Wil- is oftener remarked than the liam Vories sowed the good seed personnel-the high quality of to the Church to proclaim with- of the Gospel with such effect, ability and character and the that by the middle of his third happy faces. Offers of higher out fear or compromise the es- year there was· a Church in pay never lure any of them away." sential features of its historic Hachiman, housed in a building seating over 100 persons, and (2) All are equal, whatever faith. There seems to be, how- for this work not a dollar of their work. There is one com- "foreign" money had been used. mon treasury for the entire ever, a needless yielding to the The history of that Church af- group, into which go all net earn- fords an effective negation of the ings, and from which come ap- "modern mind" as to the nature philosophy outlined in the Lay- propriations for the necessities men's Inquiry Report. For the of every department and of of Scripture and in the treat- propaganda work of this mission every individual. Every depart- is "carried on by means of ment has a budget, and each inment of c e r t a i n important preaching, as well as by demon- dividual a salary which is sup- stration…. It is truly a lay- posed to cover normal needs-all truths, yet it is the earnest con- men's movement, in the main." to be expended, not hoarded for Starting with the seed of the future expansion, or for "a rainy tention of the authQr that there Gospel, uncompromisingly pro- day." Each salary is determined claimed, the plant has developed by the actual needs of the indiis nothing in modern investiga- in many-sided manifestations, vidual case. The humblest work- architectural, industrial, com- er may get more than a mantion or discovery to make unten- mercial, medical, educational, ager. publicational, but upon all these able "the essential Christian several departments, is the hall- (3) All "see first the King- mark of a burning Christian dom of God." The articles of in- Creed." This creed is regarded evangelism. corporation state, that "at least 51 per cent of the net incomes as a precious heritage from the Perhaps the most unique fea- shall be devoted to Christian ture of this remarkable Brother- work," thus leaving freedom to past. Its corner stone is declared hood is its complete, consistent use the entire income that way, application of the principles of since no profits are divided to be the resurrection of that Christian stewardship, through among officers and stockholders. its entire program. Indeed, it Consequently everyone is work- Christ whom the Gospels pre- would be difficult to find a finer ing to support Christian activi- instance of "taking God into the ties, with the joy of doing useful sent as the incarnate God. The management," than is here to be work, not for the motive of per- found: sonal profit or personal prestige. supernatural cannot be avoided (1) Work for all, and all at or denied without destroying the work. "Although a sort of Uto- Christian faith, for "Christian- [207 ] ity mea n s supernaturalism."

While there may be some uncer- tainty as to definitions or the meaning of terms, the essence of the "Manifesto" is contained ap- parently in the closing chapter.

Here it is maintained that if the Church is to perform its su- premely important task, it must affirm positively what are re- garded as the great essentials of the Christian E van gel.

Among those mentioned are, the reality of a personal God. the authority of the divine Word, the fact of sin as "not merely a defect of human conduct but as a disease of human nature," the absolute necessity of a new birth, the atonement on the cross and "the Gospel as God's pro- vision for the salvation of the whole world." E.

Thus, the whole enterprise be- erate haste of the great redemp- varying degrees of success. The comes a demonstration of Chris- tive purpose of God among a present volume is a notable one tianity, rather than a mere in- . great people. of this kind. The "student" whose "philosophy of religion" come-producer. The elimination Many readers will be sur- is described is not a youth but of the profit motive annuls the prised to discover traces of the the professor of philosophy in economists' theory, that only the Scriptures in China before Mor- Dartmouth College. He has writhope of personal gain can induce rison and Marshman, in the rec- ten out of long experience in human beings to exert them- ords of the Nestorians, the trav- dealing with students, helping selves in productive labor. The eling friars of the Middle Ages, them solve their intellectual and Omi Brotherhood has never and the Roman Catholic mission- moral problems and trying to found it difficult to enlist men .aries of the 17th and 18th cen- convince them of the reasonableof the highest abilities in its turies. In the main stream of ness and value of religious faith. various departments-rather be- the history of translations, the He says that "the purpose of cause of, than in spite of the ab- work of Morrison and Marsh- this book is to furnish college sence of the profit motive. The man, the Delegates Version, the undergraduates and general secret lies in the far greater great Union Versions and others, readers with the necessary data satisfaction there is in promot- are treated with the swiftness – facts and arguments – on ing Christ's plans than in seek- the small compass of the book which they will be able to work ing personal advantage–the at- requires and yet including out their own philosophy of relititude of being God's steward, enough depiction of events and gion." In these studies he rerather than assuming to be an characters to illuminate the views the whole range of reliowner. Thus, every individual as scene. One wishes for more gious thought from its lowest well as every business becomes about the translations among the forms among the aborigines of an instrument of God. Australia, the ethnic and non- dialects and the tribes-though Christian faiths, and the various To brush this lightly aside as Tibetan, Manchu, and Mongolian types of Christianity. He exvisiopary and impracticable, is are given a more liberal space. presses some opinions that many to fly in the face of demonstrat- Four chapters of the nineteen conservatives will deem too libed fact, the fact of this great deal with the work of the col- eral and some liberals will think going and growing concern, car- porteurs and distribution and too conservative. A bibliography ried on for thirty years, in the some of the influences of the at the end of each chapter refers face of stubborn opposition, Bible on character. It is here to standard works on the subamid surroundings the most ad- that much is left untold-the ject. Copious notes add necesverse. The record of such an en- history of publication, the trav- sary explanations, and subheads terprise carried forward to a els of pioneer distributors, the and a full index make the rich triumphant achievement by "a methods used, and above all the store of material available for brother of Jesus Christ," cannot part played by Chinese them- reference. fail to thrill the hearts of all true selves in every phase of the hismembers of this world-wide tory. One feels that brevity, ARTHUR J. BROWN. brotherhood who read this book. however necessary, should not DAVID MCCONAUGHY. have forced out this essential Men and Women of Far Horizons. Edited by Jesse R. Wilson. 8vo. The Bible in China. By Marshall element in the story to so large 214 pp. $1.00. Friendship Press. New York. 1935. Broomhall. 190 pp. $1.00. Illus- a degree. Mr. Broomhall has by trated. China Inland Mission: Lon- It was a happy thought that don, Philadelphia, Toronto. these historical sketches of the led the general secretary of the Bible in China done well by Student Volunteer Movement to The pen of Marshall Broom- those readers who must have it assemble in this book some of hall has served the missionary short and soon; others who may the best articles on foreign misenterprise skillfully for many wish to go deeper and further sions that have appeared during years, especially in m a kin g will be hoping that this book the last ten years in the Bulletin known the work and the heroes will stimulate fuller treatment. of the Movement, later called of the China Inland Mission. In Far Horizons. They do not argue "The Bible in China" he deals ERIC M. NORTH. or reply to criticisms; they simply tell what missionaries are with a great theme in a manner A Student's Philosophy of Religion. doing, cite incidents and experito arouse popular interest and to By William Kelley Wright. 8vo. ences based on personal, first- hand knowledge of missionaries reveal how much more there is 566 pp. $3.00. Macmillan. New and prominent national Chrisyet to be said upon it. Behind York. 1935; tians in their respective fields. These articles make an excellent his vivid pen picture of the One of the major duties of book to give to that much-talkedstruggles and achievements of Christians in each generation is of person-the man who "doesn't believe in foreign missions." pioneers, of translators, of col- the wise interpretation of reliporteurs, and missionaries in gion to thoughtful young people. ARTHUR J. BROWN.

making the Book of books speak It is a peculiarly difficult task in the tongue of scores of tribes this day when so many tradi- and millions of people, one senses tional beliefs are being chal- the movement of a force more lenged and restated. Many writthan epoch-making-the delib- ers have attempted it wit h

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TWENTY-FIVE YEARS

THE MOSLEM WORLD SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, Editor A PROPOSED INDEX IT IS proposed to prepare an exhaustive index to the twenty-five volumes of THE MOSLEM WORLD if there is a demand on the part of our subscribers for it. Hith- erto each annual volume has had an index, but there has been call for an inclusive index to the important articles, book reviews, and current topics in all the earlier volumes. A general inde>c would greatly facilitate the study of all contributions made regarding Islam in various countries, the approach to the Moslem mind, or the beliefs and practices of Islam.

Will those of our subscribers who would be willing to purchase such an index at the dose of the year kindly send a post card request? If there is a sufficient demand we will be able to print the index and mail it with the October issue of 1935. It is pro- posed to charge the nomine'll sum of four shillings or one dollar, for the complete index to the twenty-five volumes. EDITOR.

» » SUBSCRIBE NOW « 50 Cents d Copy. $2.00 d Year (postpaid) In combination with THE MOSLEM WORLD THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City $3.50 d Year. (Foreign Postage, 50 Cents) British Agents: MARSHALL. MORGAN a SCOTT. 12 Petemoster Building•• London. E. C.

Pric.in Gr••t Briliin. Eisht Shillins•• Y….. nel CUTS FOR -I ~AGENTS WANT~ SALE I E>ccellent halftone plates and line cuts (undam- I aged) used in THE MISSIONARY REVIEW THE MISSIONARY REVIEW can be sold in quantities to I during the past two years. every Missionary Society. It fur- For sale at one-third the cost. These are val- nishes information in brief, in- teresting form for leaders and uable for local or denominational papers. Vivid discussion groups. Why not act as our Agent in your church or pictures of life all over the world. I community? You can advance the cause of Foreign Missions, American Highlands I and at the same time can earn American Indians A Liberal Commission AFricans—Heathen and Christian • China—Old and New Address—Circulation Manager Japan and Korea India's Idols and Christians Results in Moslem Lands Savages and Saints I The Pacific Islanders • ~ena to The Missionary Review of the World The Missionary Review of the World Third and Reily Streets Third and Reily Streets Harrisburg, Pa. i Harrisburg, Pa.

1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

The Missionary Review of the World — August 1928

BIBLICAL SEMINARY IN NEW

Interdenominational WILBERT W. WHITE, President T~d~~~:-~~~e~:e~~:~~;~~g.~~~(~~~f:~I~ ~:;tee~~~idyTO~echoii!"t;:1~1:C1~i~ ~h~~:t~~i~~Y,t~~;c~ofo;!:~ and philosophical modes of approach, under the professors of the subjects indicated.

Tile De~rtment 01 ReUglous Educa.tlon.. A ('ourse for Bible teachers in colleges, directors of religious edUL'atlDn. reHgjous work secretaries, and other Chri.stian Jeaders.

The Departlllen.t of . . . .10… A course with the missionary candidate's needs especially provided for, in Bible study and subjeets essential In missionary preparation.

The Departlllent .f Soela1 SerYlce. A course for workers in settlemf"nts. community service and other branches of social service.

De.rees. By the authority of the Board of Re~enh of the LJniversity of the State of New York, the degrees of S.T.B., S.T.M , S.T.D.• B.R.E.. M.ILK. and n.R.E. may be ('onferred upon Rtudents who ~atisfactorily complete the prescrihed course. ThE' Bihlkal Seminary al:olo cu·operates with the School of Education of New York University in offering courses leading to the degrees of M.A. and Ph.D. Send lor the N.w Catolo, THE BIBLICAL SEMINARY IN NEW YORK Publishers THE BIBLICAL REVIEW 235 East 49th Street, New York A MISSIONARY MEETING 'Twas once upon a time they met to talk of mission work- The Indian, the Arabian, the habits of the Turk. Mr. Fearful and Miss Cautious, Mr. Stingy and Miss Slow, All waited anxiously to hear what everyone should know.

The president walked to the chair; for order gave a rap: "Our business first is foreign work; so study well this map.

Far off in darkest heathen lands some money must be given; This was our Saviour's last command before He went to heaven."

Miss Cautious spoke: "We can't afford to help across the sea; Those people are too far away. It always seems to me That here on our own continent are needs much greater there. I move that foreign work be dropped; and then I'll give my share."

This motion seconded at once, the foreign work was lost, Because the needs were great at home; they had to count the cost. But now another voice was heard, the speaker was Miss Slow: "Domestic work may be all right; but I for one say 'No!'

"I move that we go slowly; our church we must repair: For charity begins at home, so why send money there? So I sUl!'gest we henceforth drop all missions from our work. We canYt afford to labor for the Indian or for Turk."

The motion seconded at once, all mission work was lost, Because the church must be repaired, and they must count the cost, Then Mr. Stingy rose, and said: "My friends, I cannot see Why you are ever trying to get more money out of me.

"You know my family is large; my money I much need; I have so many clothes to buy, so many mouths to feed. I move that all this church expense be left for richer people; These are the ones to run the church ana·~uard from steps to steeple."

The motion seconded at once, the debts were left to others, For well they knew the church roll gave the names of richer brothers, Then carne a voice, a feeble one, which said: "I can't afford To help my family along; 1 leave them with the Lord.

"I earn enough to keep myself, and hope some corning year To have enough laid up in bank to read my title clear." Then all the members said: "You're right. We owe ourselves a debt." So each one closed his pocketbook. They've not been opened yet.

But this was many years ago, full fifty years or more. We in a n~w creation live; such meetings we deplore. How grieved we feel that long ago the people did not know That giving brings rich blessings, and we reap just as we sow.

-Adapted from Mrs. Peter Stryker.

Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to adverUrera. DELAVAN L. PIERSON, Editor AUGUST TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FRONTISPIECE-THE MOST NORTHERN MISSION STATION IN THE WORLD PROTESTANTISM IN LATIN LANDS ………….. KENNETH D. MILLER 613 LINKING THE TWO AMERICAS ……………… CHARLES A. THOMSON 619 CROOKED NECK CHARLIE …•………………•…. HARRIET R. KING 624 GLIMPSES OF MODERN GREECE ……..•..•….•..• CHARLES T. RIGGS 625 ROMANCE AND REALITY IN ALASKA ……….•… A. J. MONTGOMERY 629 WOMAN'S RIGHTS IN TURKEY •…………….. A TURKISH EDITORIAL 636 CANADA AS A MISSION FIELD …•…•…•..•…….. COLIN G. YOUNG 637 HOME MISSIONS OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA …. • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . • . . • . . • . . . . . . . •W. A. CAMERON 642 AMERICA'S GREATEST CONTRIBUTION TO EGYPT … WAHBY BOULUS 644 EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANITY IN ITALy ..••.. ALBERT G. MACKINNON 645 AN APOSTLE OF CHRIST IN NEW BRITAIN ……….. J. H. MARGETTS 648 THE VITALITY OF MORMONISM. _. ___ . __ …… _…. " . WM. M. PADEN 650 CHINESE CHRISTIANS WHO HAVE STOOD ….. __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 656 BEST METHODS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ………. _.. MRS. C. K. LIPPARD 657 WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN ……. -……………… . . . . . . . • . • . • . . • . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EDITED BY ELLA D. MACLAURIN 663 WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN ………………………… . • . . . . . . • • . • • . • . • . • • . . . • . . • • . . • . . . . . . . EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN 667 WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK ……………………………………… 670 BOOKS WORTH READING •.••..••.•…….•……••………….••… 686 TERMS: $2.150 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of five.) Foreign postage, 150 cents. Single copies, 25 cents. Published monthly. Copyrighted, 1928, by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING CoMPANY, INC. All rights reserved.

THE MISSIONARY REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

ROBERT E. SPEER, President WM. I. CHAMBERLAIN, Vlae·Pre8ide,., DELAVAN L. PIEItSON, Secretary WALTIlR McDOUGALL, Treasurer Publication Office, 3d & Reily St•., Harrisbnrg, Pa. 25c a copy. $2.50 a year. Editorial and Buslne•• Office, 156 Fl!th Avenue, New York City Entered aB second-class matter at the Post Office, Harrisburg, Pa., under Act or March 3, 1879. PERSONALS Eight years ago these two Councils DR. JOHN R. MOTT has resigned as started to place interdenominational Re- General Secretary of the National Coun- ligious Work Directors in the Governcil of the Young Men's Christian Association to devote his whole time to the ment Schools for Indians. There are at work of the International Missionary present six Directors serving eight Council, of which he is Chairman. His resignation becomes effective in October. schools to promote Bible instruction, constructive social relationships, and Dr. Matt will continue as President of student activities. the World's Alliance of the Young Men's Christian Associations. In his new Miss Brickman is eminently qualified capacity he will develop the plans outlined at the recent meeting of the Coun- for her new work, having been Student cil at Jerusalem. Secretary at Michigan State Normal Col- In October, Dr. Mott will start on a lege and for over ten years Girl Reserve world tour, after which he will make his headquarters in New York and Geneva. Secretary in the Young Women's Chris- tian Association, Detroit, Michigan, and office executive with the National Board in New York, and General Secretary in Riga, Latvia.

T. H. P. SAIL"ER," PH* .D., author, re- (lOMING EVENTS cently Educational Adviser to the Board Victorious Life Conferences, Keswick of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Grove, N. J., Aug. 4-12, 18-26, and Aug. Church in the U _ S. A., and Associate 31-Sept. 3. in Education at Columbia University, has joined the staff of the Missionary National Con v e n t ion, Evangelical Education Movement. He has given up League, Evangelical Synod, Milwaukee, his work at Columbia in order to devote Wis., Aug. 7-12. his entire time to experimental work in religious and missionary education. National Association of Workers Among Colored People, Winston-Salem, *** N. C., Aug. 14-19.

REV. DR. AND MRS. JOHN M. SPRINGER, International Christian Press Conferof the Methodist Episcopal Church, re- ence, Cologne, Germany, Aug. 16-22. turned in June to their field in the Belgian Congo, thus making their fifth World Youth Peace Congress, Eerde, Holland, Aug. 17-26. .. .." voyage to Africa. MRS. W. T. HOBART, of the American World Alliance for International Methodist Episcopal Mission, Tianfu, a Friendship Through the Churches, station about thirty miles south of Tsian- Prague, Czecho-Slovakia, Aug. 24-30. fu, China, was killed on April 29th by a bullet fired into her bedroom, and ap- Human Relations in Industry Conferparently aimed at the missionary by one ence, Silver Bay, New York, Aug. 29of the southern soldiers. Mrs. Hobart Sept. 2. was born in Flushing, L. I., and went to China forty-six years ago where she Universal Christian Conference on rendered distinguished service with her Life and Work, Prague, Czecho-Slovakia, husband who is still on the field. Aug. 31-Sept. 5.

REV. YONETARO *MA*TSUI has been National Baptist Convention, Louis- ville, Ky., Sept. 4-10. elected Bishop of Tokyo, to succeed the late Bishop Motoda. Preliminary Meeting for Universal Religious Peace Conference, Geneva, *** Switzerland, Sept. 12-14.

DUGALD CAMPBELL, African traveler Biennial National Convention, Evanand author, has undertaken a two-year gelical Brotherhood, Evangelical Synod, expedition for the National Bible So- Indianapolis, Ind., Sept. 16-19. ciety of Scotland, to sell Scriptures, mainly Arabic and French, throughout Convention, Women's Missionary Sothe Sahara. He is to begin his tour at ciety, United Lutheran Church, Johns- Senegal and end in the Anglo-Egyptian town, Pa., Sept. 22-27. Sudan. Convention of the United Lutheran "*" Church, Erie, Pa., Oct. 9-.

MISS HELEN M. BRICKMAN has ac- General Convention of the Protestant cepted the position of Director of Reli- Episcopal Church, Washington, D. C., gious Work for Indian Schools, serving Oct. 10-. in executive capacity under the Home Missions Council and Council of Women American Board of Commissioners for for Home Missions beginning September Foreign Missions (Congregational), An- 1st. Her headquarters will be the office nual Meeting, Bridgeport, Conn., Oct. 16of the Council of Women for Home Mis- 18. sions, 105 East 22d Street, New York International Goodwill Congress, New City. York, N. Y., Nov. 11-13.

National In t err a cia I Conference, Washington, D. C., Nov. 18-2l.

Federal Council of the Churches, Quadrennial Meeting, Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 5-12.

Fourth Conference on the Cause and Cure of War, Washington, D. C., Jan. 14·18, 1929.

Hospital Manse Church Schoolhou••

THE SKYLINE AT POINT BARROW-SEEN BY WILKINS ON HIS FLIGHT TO SPITZBERGEN i A WINTER VIEW Oli' A SU:lDIER RESORT! AN IGLOO A']' POIN']' BARROW, ALASKA A SUlIllllER HOME IN A WINTRY LAND- ·POINT BARROW THE MOST NORTHERN MISSION STATION IN THE WORLD

LI, No.8 August

PROTESTANTISM IN LATIN LANDS BY KENNETH D. MILLER, New York American Repre8entative at the Burea" tar the Reliet of the Evangelical ahurcheB of Europe C AN Protestantism make any thought and liberty of conscience headway in the Latin coun- thrive only among the practically tries?· Is the Protestant ap- minded folk of northern climes?

proach to Christianity adapted Or is the division between Prot- only to the Teutonic mind? estant and Catholic nations to be A casual glance at a map of explained purely on the ground Europe showing the religious af- of accidental historical causes?

filiations of the population would Are the racial characteristics of lead one to believe that Protestant- the Latins the causes of their re- ism is a type of religion which ligious affiliations? Or are they grips the Nordic peoples but leaves rather an effect?

the Latins cold. Protestantism is Such questions cannot be an- found to be dominant in the north- swered without an examination of ern countries only-Great Britain, the present extent and influence of Scandinavia, Holland and Switzer- Protestantism in the Latin coun- land. France, Belgium, Spain, tries. For Protestantism has a Portugal and Italy are almost sol- foothold in each of the Latin coun- idly Roman Catholic. In Germany, tries. It makes its influence felt Ireland and Switzerland the north- despite its numerical inferiority, ern section is predominantly Prot- and in some of the Latin countries estant, the southern is Roman the Protestant churches exercise Catholic. a very potent influence.

Here is a field for the investi- Such is the case in the French gations of a scientist anxious to cantons of Switzerland where the discover the influence of geography 500,000 Protestants form two and climate upon human behavior. thirds of the French population Is the Latin race, as such, so con- and one fifth of the total Protes- stituted that it cannot be led to tant population of the country.

adopt the Protestant modes of This is the only country where thought? Is there some connec- Protestants form a majority of a tion between emotional tempera- Latin population. Also it is the ment and ritual and external only instance where the Protes- authority? Does independence of tant group forms a compact unit 613

so that it is in a position to ex- to such a condition, the Church ercise a direct influence upon the must carryon an aggressive mislife about it. The strength of sionary work. It must make of Protestantism in French Switzer- every church a center of evangelland is traceable directly to Cal- ism, and it must organize a home vin and to the important role missionary work to reach those played by Geneva in the Reforma- sections where no organized church tion. The religious freedom ac- is located. corded by S wit z e r I and for centuries has given the seed of the There is plenty of field for such Reformation ample opportunity to activity without giving any justigrow and develop into a sturdy fication to the charge of proselyttree. ing. Even Catholic statisticians do not place the number of prac- The Fight in France ticing Catholics at more than one fourth of the population. The In France these conditions are French evangelical churches are not present. The Protestants there aggressively missionary. Such orform a minority of one million in ganizations as La Societe Centrale a population of forty million, and Evangelique, La Cause and La of the million Protestants one Mission Populaire Evangelique are third are German-speaking Luth- rendering heroic service to bring erans of Alsace. Furthermore, the the Gospel to the masses which are Protestants of France are widely now out of touch with any and all scattered. Of the ninety depart- churches. In addition, the French ments of France, there are only churches are recognizing their rethirty where there is any appre- sponsibility for the spiritual welciable Protestant popUlation. In fare of the 2,845,000 immigrants two governments there is not a from central and eastern Europe single Protestant church. The old who have flocked into the indushistoric Huguenot congregations in trial centers during the war. The the south of France are breaking Paris Missionary Society is the up with the migration of their agency of the French churches for young people to the urban centers. the conduct of missionary work in. The Protestant minority is scat- seven fields in South Africa, tered all over France and is becom- Madagascar and the French coloing more scattered every day. To nial possessions, and its work combe sure, more than 80,000 Protes- pares favorably with that of any tants have been gathered into the foreign missionary agency in the churches which have been built in world. Paris, but thousands of others were lost to the Church when they French Protestants are the spirleft their peasant homes. itual heirs of the Huguenots. They are ever conscious that it is their Under such conditions, the Prot- duty to maintain liberty of conestant Church is faced with a fight science against oppressive authorfor its very existence. It must ity. They feel that the massacre of three thousand Protestants at minh;ter to a diasl)ora, and keel) Toulouse, and the exploits of Ad- miral Coligny and the Prince of in touch with those Protestants Conde, did as much for French who have moved into a Catholic freedom as Washington did for the or irreligious environment. To offset the inevitable losses incident

PROTESTANTISM IN LATIN LANDS

liberties of America. The seventy more grimly persevering in their thousand martyrs who fell after religious views. They number over St. Bartholomew's day are as dear 40,000 souls, over half the total to them as are the Scottish martyrs Protestant population of Italy, and or the men who died at Bunker are to be found not only in their Hill to their countrymen. With ancient stronghold in the Walden- a revival of interest in the Catho- sian valleys, but all over Italy. In lic Church on the part of many their missionary work in the towns and a continuing indifference to all and cities of Italy, the Churches religions on the part of the masses, of the Valley are aided by friends the Protestant Church feels that from abroad, of which the Walden- it has a real mission in France. sian Aid Society of the United It is called upon to witness and States is the most generous. Free contend for liberty of conscience speech, free press, free worship, and freedom from state control of spiritual independence and the religious organizations. And it is open Bible, are values which Italy also clearly called to spend itself and Christendom can ill afford to in the effort to bring the now un- lose in these days of reaction and churched millions under the sway dictatorships. This historic Prot- of Christ. That this can be done estant Church is rendering a great without bitter controversy, the service to the entire Italian people.

French Protestants are demon- Interest in Belgium strating. They distinguish between persecution and opposition at the In the other Latin countries, polls, between intolerance and hon- Protestantism represents not so est disagreement. An observance much an indigenous, historic body, of these distinctions by the author- but the result of the missionary ities of Rome would do much to and evangelistic work of Protes- relieve the tension of the religious tants of other lands. Protestant- situation in France. ism in Belgium was almost wholly In Papal Italy destroyed by the Duke of Alva, when 40,000 Protestants died as Although Italy harbors the Su- martyrs and 500,000 were exiled.

preme Pontiff within her borders, In such a manner was the "unity and is thought of as an essentially of faith" secured in Belgium and Roman Catholic country, Protes- maintained until early in the nine- tantism wields an influence in the teenth century. With the restora- intellectual and spiritual life of tion of religious liberty under the people entirely disproportion- Joseph II, pastors from Holland ate to the numbers in its member- and Germany entered the land to ship. The Waldensians constituted restore the Protestant faith. In the earliest Protestant movement. the hundred years which have in- This small, compact group ante- tervened the numerical progress dates the Reformation. Perse- has not been astounding, the total cuted, hunted down and restricted number of Protestants in Belgium throughout their history, they being but 35,000 at the present have been scattered, butchered and time. But the influence of even almost destroyed time and again, this small group is remarkable, only to reorganize and appear considering the intolerance of the more numerous than ever and past. In 1923 a great demonstra-

was held in Brussels commemo- can ideals in other than strictly rating the martyrdom of two Luth- religious fields, allied with a hos- eran monks who had been burned tile Anglo-Teutonic culture having at the stake four hundred years commercial and political objec- before. The procession of 3,000 tives and innately repellent to peo- Protestants led by 75 of their min- ples of Mediterranean stock. It is isters made a great impression up- said that Protestantism has been on the populace, which promises definitely rejected in Spain itself much for the future, for in Bel- and therefore it is alien, hostile, gium as in other Catholic Latin dangerous and impotent through- countries there are evidences of out the Latin world. It is clear that a deepening interest in religion something must be done to estab- and a revolt against narrow and lish definitely the fact that the intolerant clericalism. Protestant Reformation has a mes- In Isolated Spain sage to Spain as valid as that to Germany and England, a Spanish Spain, isolated as it is geograph- message, from Spaniards and di- ically and culturally from the rest rected to Spanish Catholics. As of Europe, 'and with the terrible Protestants we do not admit that background of the Inquisition, was the Reformation was a strictly the last European country to tole- German rebellion against German rate Protestant teaching. It was abuses in the German Catholic not until the middle of the nine- Church. Such is not the fact.

teenth century that the beginnings Spain had its Luthers in the 16th of Protestant work were made century, good Catholics who sought there. In 1876 religious toleration, to bring their beloved Church out but not religious liberty was of the slough into which it had granted. Religious liberty does fallen. The watchword of the Re- not exist in Spain even to-day. formers, "Back to the Bible," led Evangelical work in Spain has to a new examination of the orig- been carried on since that time by inal sources and the improvement various foreign missionary agen- of translations, and in Spain the cies in Germany, Holland, Great first Polyglot of the Bible was pub- Britain and America, which have lished. The Bible was translated established schools and churches into Spanish ninety years before throughout the land, and are grad- Luther's German Bible and one ually winning their way with the hundred years before the English people despite medireval intoler- version of Tyndale appeared. At ance and oppression. its beginning, the Reformation was The religious situation in Spain warmly welcomed in Spain by has assumed new importance in clergy and laity alike. Several recent years owing to the ascend- bishops, many friars, nuns, prom- ency of Spanish influence in Latin inent writers and scholars, aristo- America and the immediate bear- crats and common people accepted ing upon the evangelical work the Reformation. Spain produced there of the religious situation in one of the great Reformers, Juan Spain. The attempt is being made de Valdez, for a time one of the in Latin America to brand Prot- teachers of Calvin. According to estantism as alien to the Latin history he gathered around him soul, opposed to Hispanic-Ameri- more than three thousand prom-

inent men and women, bishops, gained little foothold in Portugal, friars and priests, representing the total number of Protestants the most noble and illustrious fam- not exceeding 5,000. Recent ob- ilies of Spain. In short, the Ref- servers report a great field open ormation did take root in Spain for the Protestant Church along and found congenial soil there un- the lines of religious education and til uprooted and cast out by the practical philanthropy which have Inquisition. been neglected by the Catholic It is the task of present-day Church.

Protestants to make these facts Protestantism in Latin America clear to the Spanish people. Even is almost entirely traced to mis- within the Roman Catholic Church, sionary effort on the part of for- there are not lacking evidences of eign agencies, mostly American.

a trend in this direction. Dr. Tor- With the Roman Catholic Church rubiano, who has insistently advo- decadent and impotent as nowhere cated a new Reformation within else in the world, there is no ques- the Catholic Church, and who is tion of the need for the influence essentially evangelical in spirit and of evangelical Christianity in these point of view, has gathered about countries. The Congress on Chris- himself a large following. He is tian Work in South America held constantly insisting upon a more in Montevideo in 1925 revealed an liberal interpretation of religion Evangelical Church that has come and a more definite application of to have a recognized place in the Christianity to practical problems. life of the continent. In recent To take advantage of such fav- years it has grown encouragingly orable trends, the forces of Prot- and in consciousness of its mission.

estantism must be united, active But it.is now plain that the prog- and progressive. Fortunately the ress of the Gospel in Latin Ameri- various bodies have now united to ca is wrapped up with its progress form an International Spanish in other Latin countries, partic- Evangelization Committee and this ularly in Spain.

committee plans to organize a Un- General Observations ion Theological College for the training of workers and in order Even such a cursory survey of to strengthen its educational and the situation must reveal the fact evangelistic program at every pos- that the influence of Protestantism sible point. For the time being, in the Latin world is not nearly the work in Spain will be depend- so negligible as is popularly sup- ent in a large measure upon sup- posed. At least it is working as port from abroad, but if vigorously a leaven. Two general observa- prosecuted now it should develop tions may be made concerning the great strength and occupy a strong general religious situation in the position not only in Spain itself Latin world. The first is that the but in the entire Latin world. dominant religion, Roman Cathol- In Portugal and Latin America icism, is far different in its op- eration and its influence than in Aside from the excellent work North America. If the influence carried on by the British and For- of the small Protestant groups can eign Bible Society for the last bring about a reformation of the forty years, Protestantism has Catholic Church in the Latin world

It will be a magnificent achieve- order to let its precious fruit ripen ment, for it is difficult to conceive in the sunshine. It needs the strong of the Kingdom of God being fur- trees of the Reformation churches thered by the type of religion that in order to live and work." And is now being offered by the dom- the Reformation churches will inant church. continue to be strong and sturdy trees in the garden of the Lord In the second place, the Church not by dwelling upon Protestanthas been cast aside by such mul- ism so much as by centering their titudes of Latin peoples that there attention upon the Kingdom of God and His righteousness. is a wide open field for the Protestant Church to minister to people There are no racial characterin tragic need of spiritual food. istics which render the acceptance of Protestantism by the Latins im- But the future of Protestantism possible. The Protestant interprein the Latin world is dependent tation of the Gospel and the upon the so-called Protestant coun- Protestant idea of the Christian tries. As one observer puts it way of life have gained too much ground in Latin countries to jus- "Protestantism in Latin countries tify any such assumption. is not a strong and sturdy tree. It rather resembles the vine which winds itself from tree to tree in CHRIST THE SIN-BEARER " H E BARE OUR SINS"-l Peter 3: 21. No interpretation is fair that does not admit a load: "The Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all.'' The fifty-third chapter of Isaiah, whence these words are drawn, suggests the elements in this vicarious burden bearing: 1. Human in appreciation–despised and rejected of men. 2. Constant contact and close acquaintance with grief. 3. Actual personal bearing of grief and sorrows. 4. Chastisement due to human sin and guilt. 5. Outrage and insult borne even when judicially tried. 6. Identity with transgressors in accusation and doom. 7. Final pouring out of His soul unto death on the cross.

In the second chapter of Philippians we find infinite humiliation ascribed to Him-the depth of which can be realized only by understanding the height from which He descended. This can be illustrated, perhaps by that Alpine lake which in depth is equal to the height of the mountain that rises beside it. He, the Prince of Life, actually came under the power of death.

Incident to His humiliation was His identification with the sins and sorrows of the race. He was daily and hourly in contact with them. This can be measured only by knowing the agony of infinite sensibility to the slightest approach of evil-a sensibility undulled and unblunted by any sinfulness within.

The Omniscient One saw the awful wreck and ruin of the moral condition of both the individual and society. To Him there were no veils or disguises. He pierced to the core of being, and knew what was in man. He saw the hollow and shallow shams of formality and hypocrisy, the dead men's bones in the whited sepulchres, and the enormity and deformity of human sin and satanic malice. He bore this sin for us.

ARTHUR T. PIERSON.

'rIlE CONGREGATION AT THE CHURCH OF THE DIVINE SAVIOliR. LOS

LINKING THE TWO AMERICAS BY REV. CHARLES A. THOMSON, San Francisco, California T HAT narrow strand, which along with us and we with them? the maps label "The Isthmus What will the future say? of Panama," looks inherently Robert N. McLean in his recent inadequate to tie together the two book "That Mexican"* provides us great land masses to the north and with the answer to our questions.

south. Yet it does the job in spite The volume is indeed welcome, for of its insignificance. The unimpos- it comes at a time when renewed ing figure of the Mexican laborer, interest in Mexican questions, and resting on his shovel as we pass, the possible restriction of Mexican may not loom large before our eyes immigration have turned the spot- or our mind. But for better or for light of our interest southward worse, he is linking the two Ameri- once more. For the past dozen cas. years the author has superintended He comes from the "other the Mexican work in the Southwest America," south of the Rio Grande. of the Presbyterian Church (U. S. In his veins flows the blood of both A.) Indian and Spaniard, the two races While abundant literature has that have peopled Latin America. been available on Mexico and her He is a toiler, a man of the people, many-faceted problems, little has and so essentially a more repre- been written on the Mexican in the sentative ambassador than the United States. Jay S. Stowell and high-hatted diplomat. In Mexico Vernon M. McCombs have made he began his life, but he is living valuable contributions in this lat- it in the United States. Can we ter field, but to it their books were see through him our neighbor to largely limited. It is the unique the south more clearly? Perhaps; value of the present volume that but to do so we need first to under- it sets the stage with both back- stand the Mexican here. ground and actor. The Mexico What kind of a person is he? which has fashioned our immigrant How has he been made and is painted with vivid colors. But moulded? What gifts does he bring the actor and his movements on to us? What problems? How many the American scene are not forof his family now dwell in the United States? How will they get in; ·;Ih¥t~~':1~X~~:;;~a!~.be~i2~· UcLean. Fiero· 619

gGtten-;–we see Juan Garcia as he functiGn. But increasingly it must stand Gn its Gwn feet. As Dr. Mc- ,;:earns his bread and establishes his Lean says: home on American SGil; we watch "Just now the things which are most popular in Mexico are Mexican institu- him meet Mr. J Gnes and are led tions, Mexican ways, and Mexican cus- toms. There is a revolt against every- to. ponder hGW the acquaintance thing foreign; and Mexicans are protest- ing against foreign religions, whether will result – in understanding they be directed from Rome or from Fifth Avenue in New York." friendship or in entrenched aver- This new nationalism has elec- sion. trified every phase Gf the natiGnal life. It has fGund its missiGn in The land system Gf Mexico, ac- the uplift of the common man Gf Mexico. To. safeguard his health, cGrding to. Dr. McLean, has played determined attacks Gn tuberculosis and diphtheria are in prGgress. a basic role in the making of Gur The Department Gf Health claims during the year 1926 to have vac- Mexican. cinated against small-pox three million people, or Gne fifth Gf the "The system introduced by the con- populatiGn. querors immediately divided society into two classes, ten per cent composing the "The brightest spot in the Mexi- autocratic, governing group, ninety per co Gf tGday is its educational ac- cent the slaves bound to the soil. To this tivity," said Pro f e s s 0 r John iniquitous organization, Juan Garcia Dewey, after a recent visit. Not owes all his ills, social, economic, spir- unnatural is his enthusiasm, for itual. Juan Garcia is ignorant, because the principles of educatiGn which learning was ~hought to be unnecessary he has preached are now being for one who labored only with his hands. practiced throughout Mexico. In Little better than a beast of burden, he the 3,500 rural schGols established lived in hovels, and became the prey of during the last fGur years, the ill-health, immorality, high infant mor- project method is in full swing. tality and all the evils which follow poor For the first time in history the housing. He lost the initiative of a free schGol is becoming common in man, because the system removed the Mexico. And anyone who. would chances of success; and his masters, sense some of the thrill Gf it all, through the constant habit of command- can well read the stGry Gf our ing, lost the spirit of cooperation and of author's trip to Tlascala. group action. Mexico's problem is economic, not political; and two of its Let it not be assumed that the important phases are ignorance and worker himself has had no share arrogance." in the winning of these new GP- portunities. Through the Grgan- Passing over the interesting ref- ized labor mGvement, the "C. R. O. M.," which numbers frGm a million erence to the religious struggle in to. a milliGn and a half members, he has fGrcefully demanded his Mexico., we note Gnly that one re- chance at the better life. His repre- sentatives nGW sit high in the sult nas been the removal of large councils of the government. He numbers Gf ecclesiastics from Mex- ico to. the United States; and the parochiai schools of the Southwest have prGfited.

"In Amarillo, Texas, a recent survey disclosed the fact that in the public school in the Mexican quarter, there were enrolled twenty-three children, while in a four-room bungalow a few blocks away, one hundred and fifty were crowded, re- ceiving instruction from the sisters of the Church. The principal was an American woman, and she was assisted by three Mexican nuns. The nuns must be put to work, and they are busy teaching in Spanish the children of the Mexicans."

The cause of Protestantism in Mexico. goes forward. Its ministers have registered and are allGwed to

LINKING THE TWO AMERICAS

is not being hoisted from above, point our author, after twelve he is helping to lift himself. Through his struggles, wages are years resident study of the probhigher and hours shorter. Says Dr. McLean: "The people have lem, speaks thus: more money, they dress better, have more to eat, enjoy more rec- "A personal knowledge of hundreds of reations and amusements, while Mexican cases convinces one that these everywhere is the insatiable hun- people do not in large numbers.return to ger for education." Mexico; and of those who do return most are soon convinced of the superior Crossing the Line opportunities for labor in the United States, and within six months or a year Such is the newer Mexico. The are again found moving north. Said one condition of the worker has ma- who was questioned if he was ever going terially improved. But still he feels back: 'Mexico is indeed my "patria." I love her; but my children want to stay here, and I shall remain with them.'

"It will take a generation for Mexico to set her economic hous~ in order, and by that time, the roots of the Mexican colonies in this country will be deep in THE NEW BUILDING OF 'l'Hm CHRIS'l'IAN cmNTER AT SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA and often finds that "over the our social and economic soil. We might, border" may be something better, therefore, just as well content ourselves and so he crosses the line. We with the conviction that what was once follow his journey to and through part of Mexico is now part of America." the immigration station. He meets the sharper and the labor agent Dr. McLean believes that a miland finally finds a place on track lion and half is a conservative figor ranch. ure for the total number' of Mexicans or people of Mexican A warm dispute is now in prog- parentage now living in the United ress concerning the number of States. Mexicans resident in the United States. Employers of labor who A Chamber of Commerce spokesare dependent on the Mexican and man recently discovered that "The anxious to allay any fear about a Mexican is inherently a nomad, possible problem, proclaim that little prone to rooting himself." eighty per cent of the immigrants Dr. McLean points out that our return to their homeland. On this American economic system has considerable to do in making Juan a gypsy. He is wanted only for a

seasonal job-on the railroads, in ifornia, the cotton of Texas, the the beets, among the oranges and beets of Colorado, the copper mines cotton, for many another crop- of Arizona, and the railroads which and when the season is over, his bind all together, unitedly plead job ends. Then he must travel, if their dependence on the Mexican he is to find more work. And so the school of necessity, and it is laborer. an American school at that, teaches Now for the other side. "Those him to roam. favoring restriction argue," says The cost of it all is clearly the author, "that industry wants sketched. When a laborer is forced the Mexicans numerous and hunto spend one third of his time look- gry-numerous so that the wage ing for work, only a fool would scale may be kept at a minimum expect him to boast of a bank-book. and hungry so that Juan Garcia If he must live on wheels, a settled will not bicker about the condihome is impossible. The school, tions under which he is to work." the settlement, the church he drives Restriction will benefit the Mexipast, but may not enter in. "Ob- can resident here, as it has already viously," writes the author, "if in- improved the lot of the European terested in the post-war idea of immigrant. 'Americanization,' our system of casual labor is the very worst that Limitation would also be in accould be designed to accomplish cordance with the best interests such a result." of American life, it is stated. The Mexican, coming from a more The restriction of Mexican im- primitive social status, brings with migration is now being hotly de- him standards of housing and bated. Shall we limit it as we have health and burdens of ignorance already done with the movement and superstition, which make him a from Europe? "What about the retarded and problem group in any quota ?" is a question h ear d American community. The present throughout the Southwest and to large stream of this immigration which the author devotes a chap- spreads the difficulty without perter. The Box Bill, introduced into mitting an adequate attack upon it. the last two sessions of Congress, A restrictive policy would afford would cut down Mexican entries such an opportunity. to approximately 1,500 a year; in contrast to this, let it be remem- The author attempts to point bered that during the last five years toward a solution which recognizes almost sixty thousand Mexicans both sides of the question. H~ have crossed the border annually. states: The employers of the Mexican are unitedly against any restric- "It is indeed true that to cut down tion. "The South has had the Ne- Mexican immigration at one fell swoop gro," they say, "the North and from 66,000 to 1,557 would deal a body East the European immigrant, and blow to industry and transportation . . . we must have the Mexican. With- Suddenly to close the door to this labor out him no future areas can be re- supply would be disastrous; but some claimed for irrigation and our plan must certainly be worked out wherepresent acres will go back to the by industry can be conserved without desert." The seasonal crops of Cal- incurring the social perils which un- limited immigration involves."

Obviously any social policy should be founded on all the facts available. He accordingly calls for a commission, appointed by Can-

gress, with adequate powers and can never take the place of mansupport, to make a full study of the to-man understanding and helpfulmigratory labor problem as it con- ness. The ultimately Christian cerns the Mexican. Upon the basis approach is that of the American of the information discovered, a who greeted eight Mexicans work- "gentlemen's agreement" could be ing upon the street-car tracks with worked out with Mexico for a wise the cheering salutation, "Good limiting of the immigration flow. morning, gentlemen!" One, more learned than the rest, explained While these suggestions are open the meaning of the word "gentleto various questions as to the po- men" ; and when the American litical character of the commission returned from his walk, his mentioned, and the exact form of salutation was returned with the a Mexican-American agreement, grace and the courtesy of one genthey do signalize a constructive at- tleman who recognizes another. tempt to attack the problem fairly and intelligently. This book treats not so much the missionary program for our im- Such an approach should cer- migrant as the environing factors tainly make for better friendship which condition it and him, too. on and across the border. The It does, however, make patent a author's final plea is that Mr. Jones fact sometimes pigeon-holed-that take the trouble to know Mr. Gar- foreign and home missions are but cia. Churches, settlements and phases of the same enterprise. schools can do their work, but they AMONG THE MEXICANS IN THE SOUTHWEST T HE Spanish-speaking population of Mexican extraction in the United States is estimated at 1,750,000. This population is con- centrated chiefly in five southwest states: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and California. However, since the passage of the present immigration law, placing all European immigration on a quota basis, the tendency of the Mexicans to move into the middlewest and eastern states, wherever there is a demand for unskilled labor, has been greatly accelerated for the Mexican is not subjected to a quota restriction.

There is the large number of Spanish-speaking people who have lived for several generations north of the Rio Grande, chiefly in New Mexico and southern Colorado. These native-born Spanish-Americans constitute a third of the total. There are also the recent immigrants from Mexico who began to come in large numbers after 1900, and increased greatly during the war; now, under the new immigration policy, the tide is at its flood.

Mexicans, as a rule, make very satisfactory workmen and the most important industries of the Southwest are to a high degree dependent upon them. Given reasonable opportunity they make good citizens. Taken as a class, however, their presence in such large and increasing numbers raises many serious questions in respect to health, education and economic well-being. Illiteracy, superstition, disease and the evils attendant upon a generally low standard of living are problems everywhere present.

Religiously, this population presents a challenging opportunity. Nominally Roman Catholic, a large proportion of them are religiously adrift and are not served effectively by any church.

NECK

By HARRIET R. KING 'UNTIL last spring, Crooked given and they would make re- Neck Charlie had lived a newed efforts to draw Charlie back wild, heathen life. He en- under the fetters of peyote.

tered into many of the Kiowa vices, With decision he answered, "No, and above all, he was a strong de- I am trusting the God of Heaven." votee of the Kiowa god peyote. He Then in the presence of those attended the peyote feasts, ate the strong peyote leaders he knelt peyote bean with the accompany- down and asked Christ to help him ing results of "visions," and all cure his little girl of the disease, sorts of sensations. The inevitable and to make him strong to resist bad effects on mind and body and temptation. The next day, still soul followed this terrible habit. trusting implicitly in his Heavenly He was held in captivity by the Father, he took little Kathryn to drug peyote as strongly as though the Indian hospital where she was held by iron chains. given every care. As a result of this trust and faith, combined with Then, one day, when he was out an earnest effort to give her the in his field alone ploughing, the best medical attention, Kathryn is still, small voice of God spoke to now running about with other chil- Crooked Neck Charlie. Charlie sur- dren, happy and growing stronger rendered to Christ his whole life all the time. Her favorite song is and everything he possessed. The "Since Jesus came into my heart," transformation which has taken and Charlie invariably asks for place in him is one of the miracles this one when he chooses a song. of this day at Rainy Mountain His face always softens with emo- C,hurch. His face and appearance tion as he thinks of the miracle and his whole life are transformed. that was wrought in his life through Jesus' coming into his Charlie is constantly going out heart. after others, hUngering for the opportunity to lead them into this Several times since then, the new life. Recently his small peyote leaders have asked to have daughter, Kathryn, was taken se- a peyote feast at Charlie's home, riously ill. The peyote leaders came, demanding that Charlie let them but Charlie will have nothing to do give her the drug which, according with it. If there are any who do to their words, would surely cure not believe in modern miracles, her. Charlie would also be required their faith will be strengthened to eat of this when the feast was by Charlie's experience.

"The great missionary crusade must be carried on with unfaltering courage, and fought to a finish. The churches will play their part as in the old days, and suffer no poverty, or care, or private grief to divert them from the accomplishment of the sacred task to which they are called, and their devotion to which is their paramount duty and their highest privilege."-H. Arnold Thomas.

624

OF MODERN

BY REV. CHARLES T. RIGGS, Constantinople, Turkey I N THE short period since 1903, so-called armistice period, when to Greece has radically changed. the excited Greek mind all her am- It was then a limited mon- bitions of a "Megali Hellas," or archy, and had been for over sev- Greater Greece, seemed about to enty years, since the election of burst into fruition. But that burst Otho of Bavaria as its King in was a bubble, not a blossom; and 1832. It is now a republic, with the disillusionment brought sad a regularly elected President and consequences on the country. The a Parliament, and is contemplating ancient Byzantine Empire was not the establishing of a Senate as an to be revived. Constantine was upper House of Legislature. But never to be crowned as Emperor this change in the form of govern- in Saint Sophia.

ment is perhaps the least important One result of the Balkan War of the recent changes. was the tardy recognition of the There is a greater independence loyalty and true nationalism of the than a quarter-century ago of the Evangelical Greek community. For Orthodox Church of Greece from many years there had been a small the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Evangelical church in Athens, and The Holy Synod of Greece, under one each in Piraeus and Volo; but the leadership of the Metropolitan they had been persecuted as un- Bishop of Athens, acts for itself, patriotic renegades; whereas in especially since the reduction of the work of the Red Cross and the Ecumenical Patriarchate under kindred welfare enterprises they the Turkish RepUblic to a position showed such zeal and faithfulness of no special importance. In na- that the country gained a new idea tional ecclesiastical affairs, Greece of Evangelical Christianity. Since steers her own course. then the whole attitude of the peo- Furthermore, as results of the pIe toward the Evangelicals has Balkan wars and the World War, been very different. No longer are Greece has grown territorially by the chapels stoned and the members the addition of large sections of persecuted and derided.

Macedonia, Western Thrace, and There has also been a great the islands of Crete, Samos, Mity- change as to circulation of the lene, Chios, Lemnos, and smaller Scriptures. While it is true that islands. Most of the population a clause has been put in the Greek thus acquired was already Greek Constitution forbidding the circu- in language and culture, and the lation of any translation of the Old increase of area was therefore an or New Testament, even into mod- actual gain in strength. But each ern Greek, yet this is not enforced, war brought disappointment as and the more liberal cabinets have well, as the full ambitions of actually aided in such circulation.

Greece were not realized. Especial- More and more of the clergy are ly was this true of the disastrous reading the Bible in their own Asia Minor campaign during the spoken language; and the sales of 625 2

the Bible Societies show a gratify- time importance. Such growth in ing increase in the past ten years twenty-five years is unprecedented over any previous similar period. in the East; but it seems to be permanent. These poor refugees But the outstanding fact in the have dug in, and most of them are past ten years has been the deluge now self-supporting and have real of refugee immigration, due to roofs over their heads, covered at events across the Aegean. This least with tar paper. culminated in the wake of the aWful Smyrna disaster of September, Among the Asia Minor refugees 1922; and within a few weeks in Greece are about fifty thousand Greece found herself compelled to Armenians, the majority of them receive and care for more than a in and near Athens; they are rapmillion unfortunates, most of them idly becoming Greek citizens, for Greeks from Asia Minor. By wag- most of those who preferred (and on and on foot from eastern were able) to migrate to Armenia Thrace, by steamer and sailing have already done so. The revessel from all parts of Anatolia, mainder of the more than one milthey crowded in on all parts of lion are Greeks. And this new Greece, usu.ally utterly destitute, blood is doing wonders already for and hopeless and heartless after this ancient nation. They have what they had been through. Many brought a new vigor and energy, of them spoke only Turkish, though and new trades and business abilof Greek blood and Christian faith. ity, to a country that was in danger Many were utterly unsuited to of fatty degeneration of the heart. their new environment. The Government has publicly rec- ognized the debt that it owes these Naturally these refugees congre- immigrants, and it has done much gated around the great cities. The to help them get established and growth of Athens and its environs started. Those capable of agriculhas been phenomenal. In 1833, ture have been placed in villages when Dr. Elias Riggs arrived at on the best farming lands in Macethe new capital of the recently lib- donia, where the tobacco crops has erated kingdom, it had less than wonderfully increased in value as 5,000 inhabitants; and its port, a consequence. Rug manufactur- Piraeus, had but a few hundred. ers from the regions of Smyrna There were then only two carts and Oushak have brought this reor wagons to be hired in the city; munerative industry across, and and, being unable to secure these, made Greece an actual competitor the new missionary had to find with Turkey for the rug trade. horses and camels to convey his goods up the seven miles from With the refugees from Asia Piraeus to Athens. Seventy years Minor, there came over into Greece later, in 1903, the capital had a number of the American Board grown to a city of 160,000 souls, missionaries, to help their friends while Piraeus numbered about 60,- make the new start along evan- 000. Today, with the bewildering gelistic and educational lines. They influx of refugees of the past six were first of all relief workers, in years, these combined cities have those days, working heroically over a million inhabitants. The night and day to secure tents and city has gone ahead of Constan- bread for these unfortunates, and tinople, both in size and in mari- to start industries among them.

GLIMPSES OF MODERN GREECE

The Greek Government recognized refugees the church work that has the need of this service, and ex- been organized has thus far been pressed its gratefulness for it. under the temporary oversight of Larger tents were procured for American missionaries, since the church and school, Bibles, hymn- people have not been able to take books, textbooks, benches, and over full responsibility. But an other primary necessities were arrangement has been recently found; and thus for a second time made with the Armenian Evan- the missionaries were thrust into gelical churches of America where- Greece for active work without a by this field is to be progressively deliberate choice on their part. turned over to them as their par- The first time had been during the ticular missionary enterprise. The Balkan wars, when Greece cap- missionary work will consist of tured the mission station of Salo- schools and whatever efforts nat- nica and incorporated it in her urally emanate from these as kingdom, thus bringing into the Christian centers. Medical work country several missionaries who among the refugees has been ef- had never dreamed of serving in fectively carried on under the Greece. American Women's Hospitals, Two full-fledged stations of the with whom a few missionaries American Board were thus estab- have been cooperating. This work lished by strange fate in Greek ter- is temporary and will eventually ritory, without any plan on the be turned over to native agencies.

part of the Board. The greatest Very hopeful spiritual move- need for foreign aid was seen in ments are springing up recently the educational line; and in this within the Greek Orthodox Church.

the Americans were eagerly wel- Two distinct organizations are comed by the Greek Government. starting Sunday-schools in that And while fear of politi~l propa- church; these have much to learn, ganda has made Greece very un- and may have hard sledding before willing to give permISSIOn to they are really established, but Italian or French or other foreign they are beginning. There is more schools to open in Greece, a special preaching today in the Orthodox law was passed allowing schools churches than ever before, and of that had been operating in Turkey better quality. The writer re- for a certain length of time to cently attended a preaching serv- establish themselves in Greece. ice in the large Metropolitan Ca- This has opened the way for the thedral in Athens, on a very chilly American College at Salonica, the Sunday during the Carnival, when American Junior College for Girls eight hundred or more people sat at Athens, and the School of Reli- or stood through a fifty-five minute gion at Athens. sermon by an able priest, intent to For many years the Greek Evan- get his message despite the fact gelical Synod has been in charge of that there was no way to heat the the evangelistic work among building.

Greeks; and it has been deemed There is also more sale for spir- best to throw upon this organiza- itual literature than ever before.

tion the responsibility also for One comparatively new religious such effort among the refugee pop- weekly has now 42,000 subscribers, ulation. Among the Armenian and the number is on the increase.

All such movements are cordially Greece a million human derelicts, welcomed by the missionary, but has scattered the seed of evanhe finds it difficult to cooperate gelical truth in many most unexwith them because of the jealous pected places. Here and there are suspicion of the authorities of the found small bodies of earnest Established Church. The name Christians who meet for services Protestant is anathema, and must and who read and circulate the be carefully avoided if any work Bible. One can hardly estimate is to be done inside the Orthodox the possible consequences of this Church. Yet alongside this, the for the whole of Greece. With a Greek Evangelical Church body few educational centers at which has been recently at last officially missionary influence may be felt, recognized by the Greek Govern- and with indigenous zeal and effort to extend the spirit of the ment; and its zeal and spiritual Gospel everywhere, and with inforce should be an incentive to creasing freedom for the circulatheir Orthodox brethren to come up to them as a moral and religious tion of the Bible, what may not power. the result be, in making this nominally Christian land more as The tremendous upheaval in it really ought to be! Asia Minor, that hurled over into WHY SHOULD 11 I. Why Should I Study Missions?

1. Because my education is sadly deficient if I am ignorant concerning the most important work in the world.

2. Because a study of missions will increase my faith in Christ. Missions is God at work.

3. Because I cannot otherwise grasp the full mission of the Church. 4. Because I cannot discharge my duty without informing myself on the subject. 5. Because I must be intelligent on missions in order to stimulate others. 6. Because I need this study as a preparation for my own life service.

II. Why Should I Give to Minions?

1. Because it is the best paying investment of money. 2. Because of the joy and blessing that come to the giver. 3. Because I am a steward of the money that God has intrusted to me. 4. Because I am put to shame by the liberality of converts from heathenism. 5. Because it is God's will that missionaries should go, and that I should help to send them. 6. Because I am grateful to God for what He has given me. 7. Because men are suffering from sin and souls are dying that I may help save them.

III. Why Should I Pray for Missions?

1. Because the world needs prayer. 2. Because missions have always prospered as believing prayer has increased. 3. Because God has conditioned the success of missions on prayer. 4. Because the missionaries and converts ask for Christian prayers. 5. Because I am told by Christ to pray. 6. Because the prayer of faith is answered. 7. Because Christ is praying for those for whom He died.

IV. Why Should I Be a Missionary?

1. Because Christ is the only Saviour. 2. Because multitudes have not heard of Him and are -dying in their sin. 3. Because doors of opportunity are open. 4. Because the cry for more helpers is _urgent. 5. Because Christ says, "Go ye." 6. Because Christ gave up everything that I might be saved.

Adapted from The Outlook of Missions

OF 'l'HE PHE SBY'l'flllI. N }IlSSlON, POrN'I' BARROW, AJ,ASKA

ROMANCE AND REALITY IN ALASKA BY REV. A. J . MONTGOMERY, D.D., New York Presby t erian Board of National Miss!ons M ISSIONARY work in Alas- mystic interest came the days of ka is unusually attractive the great gold rushes, Klondike, on the one hand and more Fairbanks, Nome, Iditarod and than ordina~ily difficult on the oth- others. These were true American er. Has any other field of mission- epics ·of action, of wealth acquired ary operations so much with which overnight and often as quickly lost, to appeal to the imagination of of unspeakable hardships and of Christian benevolence ? The era of sublime courage. In addition to discovery and exploration which all this our Northland has in itself flies the flags of Spain, France, an appeal which grips the imagi~ Britain and Imperial Russia, world nation of all. Its jewelled nights, powers of the eighteenth century, vast spaciousness and mighty siis a colorful record of adventure lences ·seem to challenge the attenand daring. The long ~olphjaJ ten~ tion of those who have never had ure of Russia cannot be classed as the good fortune to live in the even a passable political experi- witching land. ment but it has furnished the One of the many difficulties in- world with the ground work of herent in missionary work in many a stirring tale. Following Alaska is the vast geographical the Russian occupancy with its spread of the country. It lies with- Oriental splendor and opulent, in meridians 130 west and 173 east 629

longitude and between parallels 51 grandest scenery in the world. and 72 north latitude. Its area is Perhaps its scenery ought to be about 590,000 square miles which listed as Alaska's greatest asset. is one fifth that of the United Even with the present transporta- States. Its coast line is six times tion one may behold fiords equal in as great as that of the United beauty to those of Norway, glacial States. The main mass of Alaska systems so extensive that those of is, speaking roughly, a great rec- Switzerland pale into insignificance tangle. On the north it looks out in comparison and as the piece de over the polar expanses of the Arc- resistance, Mt. McKinley, the tic Ocean and on the south over mightiest mountain of North the Gulf of Alaska. Attached to this America in height and impressivegreat terrain are two tail-like ap- ness. pendages, one bending to the south- For extensive missionary operaeast, Southeastern Alaska, the tion the variations of climate consmall segment which the ordinary stitute still another and most seri- tourist sees, the other the Alaska ous difficulty. A little less than a Peninsula which is continued in quarter of the area of Alaska lies to the Aleutian Islands swinging far the north of the Endicott Range out into the Pacific J apanward. of Mountains. This region. is ex- The proximity to Asia is seldom posed to the rigors of the polar thought of and therefore should be winters. One church maintains specially stressed here. On a clear several missions along the littoral day the East Cape of Asia can be which is sealed by the polar ice seen from Cape Prince of Wales. pack for about eleven months of How many have realized that the the year. The reader will appreoldest and the newest continents ciate the real difficulty here when are actually only an eye glance dis- he is informed that supplies can tant? There are not a few who reach these missions by boat only believe that before the dawn of once a year if and when the ice history successive streams of im- recedes temporarily from the migration fro m Asia entered shore. Mail is carried by the sup- America at this particular point. ply boat in August and three times The baffling problems of trans- during the long winter by dog portation are another serious dif- teams. This region may, however, ficulty not only for missionary be disregarded for the purposes of operation but for economic, social this paper. It is most important and pioneering efforts as well. It to recognize clearly that Alaska is is a land of many islands, of tow- not an Arctic province. Fully threeering mountain ranges, majestic fourths of its territory is within rivers, great valleys, boundless the North Temperate zone. Two tundra plains, resting on the Pa- distinct climatic belts are distincific and Arctic Oceans and Bering guishable. The fringe upon the Pa- Sea, the point of contact being a cific and its waters has high shore line serrated by fiord, inlet, precipitation, cool summers and sound, bay, canal and gulf. While mild winters. Crossing the coastthis makes transportation of all al mountains one enters a characsorts including aviation the despair teristic Rocky Mountain climate, of the engineer, yet incidentally with scant rainfall, hot summers there is furnished some of the and cold winters. It need not be

ROMANCE AND REALITY IN ALASKA

pointed out that climatic condi- Hydas and Tsimpshean. Among tions very materially affect the rate the Thlinkets there are important of progress by which a virgin ter- intertribal variations which need ritory may be reclaimed. not detain us. In the Alaska Penin- Still another factor that adds to sula and on the Aleutian Islands the difficulty is the evidence of ar- are the Aleuts. In the interior are the Tinneh Indians, of Athabascan kinship. From the delta of the Kuskokwim and the mouths of the Yukon northward to Point Barrow and east are the Eskimo, with trib- al and dialectical variations. Al- together these native races number about one half of the population, or 25,000. One cannot be impressed by the numbers, but one must be LEAVING WAINWRIGHT FOR A PREACH- appreciative of the patient mis- ING SERVICE sionary spirit that has never been daunted by the complicated probrested industrial or community de- lems of race, tongue and culture. velopment. The difficulty does not arise so much out of the wastage involved as out of the psychology which it creates. He who has seen the wreck of an abandoned mining camp, or an abandoned army post, or the ship boneyard at St. Mich- eal, for example, is qualified to cal- culate the retarding effect of such sorry spectacles. It is true that the pioneering venture of necessity involves waste in planning, in ef- fort and in dollars, but in Alaska with its sparse population and high transportation costs these remind- ers of forlorn hopes or of better days tend to retard present devel- opment.

StilI another difficulty presents itself in the complex of racial, trib- al, linguistic and cultural varia- tions. The simplest type of work MARRJO, ONE OF THE ~lLDERS AT is among the whites and yet for WAINWRIGHT reasons already indicated this work The purchase of Alaska from is far from easy. It is when we the Imperial Russian Government undertake to evangelize the native was made in 1867 yet almost a races that the real quality of the seore of years passed before the task becomes apparent. The na- United States attempted to set up tives of Southeastern Alaska are a form of civil government. From of thre!;l ctlf'itinct tribes, Thlinket, 1867 to 1877.government was nom-

inally in the hands of the War De- the Secretary of the Interior partment. For two years it was through the U. S. Bureau of Edu- given to the Treasury Department. cation were restricted to the main- Then from 1879 to 1884 the re- tenance of schools for "Eskimos, sponsibility was reposed in the Aleuts, Indians and other native Navy Department. On May 17, people of Alaska."

1884, Congress established civil There have thus been created by government. action of Congress in this territory The condition of the native races two systems of education, one for when the country passed into the native races directly under the Fed- political system of the United eral administration, the other for States was thoroughly deplorable. whites and placed in charge of the It is a well-known story and may territorial government.

be summed up here in the words: The U. S. Bureau of Education gross immorality, savagery, brutal- conducts day schools, industrial ity, witchcraft and extreme degra- schools, reindeer schools, coopera- dation. The need of education was tive stores, hospitals and provides deeply felt, consequently the first medical relief and special instruc- act of the first missionary at Fort tion in sanitation in behalf of the Wrangel in 1877 was to establish natives. This work, in spite of al- a Christian school for the instruc- most insuperable difficulties, is be- tion of native children. Other ing done efficiently on the whole mission schools followed. The first and with commendable skill and public schools came, as one would sympathy. The Bureau employs a expect, with the establishment of force of six superintendents, about civil government in 1884. Under 170 teachers, eight physicians, the provisions of the Act of Con- twenty-six nurses and maintains gress the Secretary of the Interior 86 schools with an enrollment of appointed a general agent of edu- almost 4,000. At present there are cation in Alaska who administered three industrial schools located at and supervised all public schools White Mountain, Kanakanak and until 1900, when because of the Eklutna which are doing a whole- growth of certain communities and some piece of work in preparing the need for some form of local native youth for the duties of school control Congress passed an civilized life.

act providing for the incorporation The territorial educational sys- of such communities as cities and tem for "white children and chil- setting up, among other things, the dren of mixed blood leading a civ- machinery for the support, man- ilized life" is in charge of a com- agement and control of city schools. missioner with headquarters at Five years later the so-called "Nel- Juneau. The number of schools son Act" was passed which pro- administered by the commissioner vided for the establishment and is in excess of eighty, with about support of schools in communities 220 teachers and an enrollment of outside of incorporated cities, the about 4,500. The high school en- same to be "available to white chil- rollment is near 600. The terri- dren and children of mixed blood torial educational system heads up leading a civilized life." At the in the Alaska College at Fairbanks.

same time the Federal appropria- This institution is an agricultural tions for schools administered by college with a school of mines and

provides a four years' course of in- the same time when they witnessed struction leading to the B.S. de- the atrocities practiced on suffergree. Thus it will be seen that ing people by the medicine man Alaska is trying to solve the ele- they vowed his undoing. The mental problem of furnishing every United States Bureau of Educayouth an adequate education. The tion assumes responsibility for changes that have taken place in medical service for the natives. the last two decades have generally Their hospitals are planted at made for more stable modes of life. Noorvik, Akiak, Kanakanak, Tan- This has given new opportunity ana and Juneau. During the seafor home building; consequently son of open navigation on the while the present population .mark Yukon a medical boat with doctor is at low ebb still there are more and nurse is maintained. Mission children in the territory than ever hospitals are maintained by the A BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF THE CHURCH TAKEN 'rUE DAY OF THE DOG-'l'EA~I PICNIC before. In addition to the splendid Methodists at Nome, Episcopalians provision made for public educa- at Point Hope, Fort Yukon and tion there are a small number of Wrangel, Roman Catholics at Holy mission schools doing creditable Cross and the Presbyterians on the work. The Presbyterians main- tip of the continent at Barrow. On tain the Sheldon Jackson Training the whole it will be seen that laud- School for natives at Sitka, the able endeavors have been made to high standards of which are felt care for the sick. far and wide, and the Episcopalians have boarding schools for In- From the inception of missiondians at Nenana and Anvik, to ary work it was felt that somemention no more. thing should be done for native orphan children. Their condition It has already been made plain then was pitiable in the extreme. that the pity of the first American The territory makes certain local missionaries was elicited by the deg- provisions but it has been left to radation of the natives and their the denominations to assume this practical response was schools. At ministqr. Th~ Met~Q(;Usttl have

consolidated their work into the Aleuts. The Tinnehs of the in- Jessie Lee Home at Seward. The terior are regarded as the sole re- Presbyterian orphanage is at sponsibility of the Episcopalians. Haines. The Moravians maintain The Moravians have the sole octhe Kuskokwim Orphanage. The cupancy of the work among the Baptist institution is on Kodiak Eskimos living at the mouth of the Island. Kuskokwim. The Catholics are working among the Eskimos living The churches were not as slow in the delta of the Yukon. The to undertake work in Alaska as the Methodists and Episcopalians have Federal Government was to take up each an Eskimo mission station at the task of civil government. In Norne and Tigara village respec- 1877, ten years after Seward's pur- tively. The California branch of chase, the first missionary arrived the Friends has extensive Eskimo in Alaska at Ft. Wrangel in the work on Kotzebue Sound among person of Mrs. A. R. McFarland the coast-dwelling Eskimos at who was initially sent out by the Kewalik, Buckland, Kotzebue and First Presbyterian church of Port- Kivalina and also on the Kobuk, land, Ore. Practically all the lead- Noatak and Selawik Rivers. This ing denominations are now repre- great mission heads up at Kotzebue sented in the work. where the superintendent lives. The Presbyterians reach the Eski- The work among the whites is mos at Cape Prince of Wales, St. characteristically home mission Lawrence Island, Wainwright, pioneering with a large plus of pe- Barrow, Point Barrow, with exculiarities. However, it is, as seen tension work projected as far east in the large, a healthy investment as Demarcation Point. The purof missionary service and is sure to pose in giving this list in geographyield gratifying returns in the es- ical terms is to demonstrate that, tablishment of the Kingdom of God as in the case of work among the on earth. Overcrowding and com- whites, these enterprises represent petition are not unknown, still practical territorial allocations of there is enough undivided parochial responsibility as yet noncompetiresponsibility on the part of the tive but needing to be restudied in churches to insure vigorous growth the light of greater efficiency, safeand development. The present sit- guarding interests already estabuation, however, good as it is in lished and especially for devising general, ought to be studied with practical ways of dealing with care by an association of the areas not yet touched. churches, like a home· missions ,council, with the future in view. It is unusually refreshing to study the history of the missionary The missionary work among the enterprise in Alaska. One soon native races has been undertaken comes to understand that the day by the various denominations with of miracles in missions is not never a thought of comity or al- passed. Out of terrible degradalocated areas and yet, on the whole, tion and darkness both of mind and this haphazard method has up to heart, people have been lifted into date worked out advantageously. the sunlight of modern Christian The Presbyterians are practically experience. One day on the shores alone in Southeastern Alaska. The Methodists once seemed to be will- of the Arctic Ocean an old Eskimo ing to accept responsibility for the

ROMANCE AND REALITY IN

handed me a stone knife and ex- though he is in body, he is the plained through an interpreter that leader of his people in business, in when he was a boy metal was all village government and in Chrisbut unknown among his people. tian development. Most of the na- That was a voice from the "Stone tives are kindly, alert and respon- Age." Later on that very day I sible. Their great present problem saw his son, who is a reindeer is that of the development of leadherder, a man of property and an ership from their own ranks which educated Christian. In other in the next generation may lead words it is just one generation out these young native churches from the stone age to our modern into fresh acquisitions of grace, industrialized civilization. There power and usefulness.

~'HE SUNDAY SCHOOL OF THE PRESBYTF;RIAN CHURCH AT SKAGWAY are many villages of native peoples The mISSIOnary situation in in Alaska with Christian homes, Alaska calls loudly for a council of with culture, education and com- the responsible missionary leaders fort. These represent the substan- and administrators to evaluate the tial triumphs of the Gospel. Per- work already done and to take such haps the two foremost such vil- steps as may be had to direct the lages are Tigara and Barrow. In course of the work for the future. personality there has been as Such a council should be held in might be expected the same kind of Alaska. The need for such a gathdevelopment. Edward Marsden, ering should be laid heavily upon the native leader, stands for all the hearts and minds of the responthat is best in the rapidly unfold- sible leaders of the churches having life of his Tsimpsheans at Met- ing large native missionary interlakatla. To take another example, ests. Alaska is a land of opportu- Joe Sokonik at Kavilina. Crippled nity with great need for Christ.

WOMAN'S RIGHTS IN

A Plea by One of Them A MONTHLY periodical, Re- "In modern democracies, the simli Ai (July, 1927), pub- right of citizenship belongs to lished for Turkish readers every individual without distinc- this plea for the still submerged tion of sex. But if a woman is not womanhood of the Republic: considered a person, she is de- "Sabihe Zekaria Hanum had a prived thereby of all these rights.

case in the courts where an official (According to present law), the of justice refused her the right of Turkish woman may not testify; testimony on the grounds that neither may she become a trustee; Turkish law still refuses to accept further, she may not even inter- the testimony of women. Sabihe fere in community affairs, where Zekaria Hanum is the editor of a the social and hygienic life of her review and ·is engaged also with children and of herself is greatly the preparation of a 'Children's concerned. If she has not a father Encyclopedia.' Sorely affected by or a husband, she is doomed to fail such treatment at the hands of the in the struggle of life. Because the law, she has written the following head of the family is man, she is article under the title: AmI Not not a person, but instead an en- a Person? cumbrance, living as a, parasite on "I Inlow the restrictions of the the man and on society. As to her old law, but I was expecting that political rights, they are denied to the new Civil Code would grant us her.

at least the right of testimony. "I want my right as a human This event has shown me clearly being before my right of voting. ( that society still has no confidence want the right given to the orin me as a woman such as it has in dinary man in my status as a peran ordinary man. Women are not son. I want my right of guardianconsidered as persons in (Turkish) ship of my own children after the society. In the sight of the law, death of their father. the minds of women are equal only to the minds of children . . . "Every citizen has a right in the affairs which concern the general "Society has given me the right life and the progress of the counto publish a Review and an Ency- try. I want my right of vote in clopedia but it has not accepted the the activities of the municipality fact of my being a thinking be- which deal with the health of my ing … children and of my country. I want the right of expressing my "The Civil Code has given many views. As I have a duty and rerights to women, for which we are sponsibility towards this country, grateful. It has given us the right so it in turn, is obligated to give to hold property; to become certain rights to me. I want from teachers, physicians; in short, the the law nothing less than the right right to assume such status as pre- of full citizenship." supposes our being intelligent and thinking persons. Consequently, (Signed), it cannot say that it cannot trust in our words. SA~IlIE ZEKARIA HANUM.

6SG

AS A MISSION

BY REV. COLIN G. YOUNG, D.D., Toronto, Canada Associate Secretary of the Board of Home Missions, United Ohuroh 0-1 Canada OTHER undertakings may be struction given to James McGregor very necessary for the wel- as early as 1786: "Aim not to fare of Canada but none make anti-Burghers but Christouch so vitally the springs of the tians." The magnitude of the nation's life as the effective preach- undertaking helped to break down ing of the Gospel of Jesus Christ sectarian barriers. The common on the frontier. That frontier may task and the common achievement brought the divided forces of the be the fringe of settlement in the Protestant Church close together farthest outlying community or the on the frontier. It is largely due crowded streets of a great city, but to united effort, also, that Canada to permeate the life of every com- has been preserved from the munity with the Spirit of Christ is triumph of evil. The real problems the only way to ensure strength for of life at the outposts and in the future generations. crowded centres of population have emphasized the importance of Canada has been looking back the truth and life that are shared with pardonable pride over the by all Christians. steady growth toward nationhood since the Confederation of the Various Undertakings provinces in 1867. During this period the Christian Church, as represented by all the denomina- The population of 9,500,000, tions, "lengthened its cords and scattered over the northern half of strengthened its stakes." Since the continent, presents problems the beginning of the twentieth cen- as difficult and diverse as have ever tury the expanding demands of been faced by the Christian Church.

growing cities and new outposts The field of activity extends from have taxed the resource of all Bermuda, Newfoundland and Lab- Christians. For decades the immi- radar on the east to Vancouver gration into Canada was three Island and the Yukon on the west. times as rapid, in proportion to its No church ever had a more expopulation, as during any similar tended, a more complex or a more period in the United States. inviting home missionary under- This practical necessity of pro- taking. viding gospel ministry to a great In addition to the North Amercompany of new settlers paved the ican Indians on whose behalf large way for larger cooperation among sums of money are expended the evangelical denominations and yearly, there are representatives of eventually led to a union of three more than sixty-eight different naof them and the strong probability tions who look to the Church of the of more to follow. The missionary new land for spiritual instruction pioneers of all denominations, al- and guidance. To meet this diverse though they naturally felt the pull need the Gospel is preached in more of denominational ambition, yet than twenty-five different lanfor the most part followed the in- guages, not counting the various 637

Indian dialects. All the larger de- both residential and day, the facilinominations share in this splendid ties for doing the work have imenterprise upon which the future proved very much of late years. of Canada so much depends. Due almost entirely to the vigi- lance of the missionary in intro- Indian Missions ducing and enforcing modern methods of caring for the sick, the The white man first made him- health of the Indian is now well self known to the Indian, not as the cared for and the total Indian messenger of the Cross but as a population is not diminishing as it man of business. The first settlers' once did. thoughts were of furs, not of souls. A day of awakening came early, Extended Fields however, and some of the most heroic achievements of missionary New communities always mean history are found in the endeavor sparsely settled districts where the to give the Gospel to the "Red people live long distances apart Man" of Canada. Bishops of the and make the work of the mission- Church of England such as Mach- ary correspondingly difficult. All ray, Bompasand Stringer, pioneer the churches have appointed minmissionaries of the Methodist and isters to large areas in their desire Presbyterian Churches such as to meet the need of these outlying Young, Evans, Rundle and Mc- settlements. In the Cariboo in Brit- Dougall, Black, Nisbet and Robert- ish Columbia one worker covers son, have set standards of sacri- an area as large as all the Marificial service never surpassed in the time Provinces but the whole popinterests of any cause. Great ulation numbers only about 5,000. credit is also due to the Church of England for the notable work done Visiting these widely scattered by its missionaries among the families and gathering them into Esquimaux of the north. No other little worshiping groups make church cared for this lonely and great demands upon the missionvery needy people. Without the ary's time and strength. On a trip Church's help hundreds would to one of these outlying points one have died of starvation and with- missionary held four baptismal out religious instruction. services and baptized eight chil- dren on one afternoon. Over the The churches have an under- week-end he held two regular standing with the Dominion Gov- preaching services and baptized ernment dividing the responsibility twenty-seven children, some of for the education and the religious them eighteen years of age and instruction of the Indians among yet they had never before attended the various denominations. Al- a church service. This missionary though the process of evangeliza- has twenty-seven preaching station has been slow and the results tions and twelve Sunday-schools. sometimes very disappointing, yet He keeps the "light of Life" burna number of outstanding leaders ing in many homes which otherhave come forward whose Chris- wise would be dark, yet he is only tian character is the proof of the one of scores of men and women faithful ministry of devoted mis- who cover large areas as bearers of sionaries. As the Government has the "Glad Tidings." provided the school equipment, On the broad prairies where the

1!l28} CANADA AS A MISSION FIELD

land is marvelously fertile the de- dezvous Island. For ten years Mrs. T. velopment of a mission into a self- had not been once off the Island, which is perhaps a mile long and one-half wide. supporting congregation is often A 'neighbor' woman would come in an rapid. A few years of persistent open boat from fifteen miles away to help her when her babies were born. When effort bring quick returns. Conse- first I called I found the children had quently in some of the newer prov- had no schooling and the oldest was fif- teen years of age. They have now a inces the Church is already firmly little school attended by four T.'s and four other children who row six and established. eight miles to be present. Off-hand I Under the care of the Canadian could name two score of other families whose appeal is much the same as these." Protestant churches, where statistics are available, there are about Traveling libraries are intro- duced and about one hundred of 3,000 aid-receiving charges. In these are constantly on the move to bring intellectual stimulus to each of these there would be an hundreds of little groups.

average of three preaching sta- To fulfil this ministry these tions, or a total of between nine brave missionaries endure all kinds of hardships by land and sea. God and ten thousand places where re- alone can measure the results in lives inspired and redeemed ligious services are made possible through their never-failing sacrithrough the home missionary en- fice.

terprise of the various churches in French Canadians Canada. For over one hundred years the Protestant churches of Canada Marine Missions have been interested in the evan- gelization of the French Canadians. On the Atlantic and the Pacific Many of the earliest settlers who coasts little mission boats go up c&me to Quebec were Protestants of Huguenot extraction. Their lot and down, seeking out the lonely was a difficult one and increasingly so with the coming of greater numsettlers, the fishermen, the loggers bers of French Roman Catholics. From the beginning Protestant and the lumbermen. Between 40,- services were held and many French people were attracted to 000 and 50,000 people are sought this simple form of worship. Dur- ing all these years the work has out in this way and the service gone forward with varying suc- cess. rendered is at once unique and far- Large, well-conducted boarding reaching in its effects. One mis- schools, accommodating 600 or 700' children, have been established by' sionary writes, as he relates an ex- several denominations and affordl excellent opportunities for educaperience at one port of caB: tion and for contacts with the Prot- estant community. Home schools "I had a capacity house and a most have also been located at several appreciative audience. They had come from 'the uttermost parts' of the Island by trail and boat. Six babies lay asleep on shawls on the floor during the service. Everyone else was wide awake. I had no need of eloquence to hold their attention but their evident eagerness to follow my thoughts brought from me the best I had. I spoke for more than an hour. The meeting lasted two hours. I do not know how much longer they stayed after the benediction. It was 'a great occasion' for them. They told me that mine was the second religious gathering that had ever been held on the Island and that I was the first Christian minister of any kind that had ever been in their homes. This Island lies out in the Pacific only fifty miles from the city of Vancouver.

"One family, Mr. and Mrs. T., with their six children, lives seventy-five miles farther up the coast on the Upper Ren-

convenient centers and help to im- steadily separating themselves part religious education. from the synagogue as a place of Important congregations have worship. Reports show that from grown up and are exercising a 8010 to 8510 of the Jewish people liberating influence on the thought are rapidly becoming unchurched.

and action of the French com- Fully seventy-five out of everyone munities. Outside all Protestant hundred of the children are al- churches and yet attributable to lowed to grow up in ignorance of them is a great body of young peo- the Jewish religious beliefs and ple of French extraction, with practices. '

highly trained minds, who are fear- Since the Great War the Jewish lessly seeking the truth and are population, in many countries, has finding the way to real spiritual enjoyed a freedom of thought and freedom. of action never before experienced.

The Problem of the Jew In these areas the Jewish mind has opened and Jewish professors and Wherever the Jew has settled in rabbis of the liberal type are com- any part of the world he has cre- mending the New Testament, even ated new problems, political, social, preaching from it and declaring economic and religious. Some Jesus to be Israel's greatest ethical countries, in attempting to solve teacher. A still more "liberaliz- these problems, have adopted ing" movement in the Jewish com- methods of repression. In most munity is being led by James instances the Christian Church has Waterman Wise, the only son of done little but look on and has Rabbi Stephen Wise, of New York.

acted as if there was no call of This young man is already called Christ to bring the Gospel to His "A Jewish Martin Luther." In a own. Had the Christian Church book recently published he says, been more active there might be no "Our faith must be reexamined.

Jewish problem today. The in- Reverently and with love we must fluence of these people is out of all search into the truths of our fa- proportion to their numbers. They thers but resolved that where they have attained positions in finance, are for us no truths we must deny commerce, industry, science, phi- them; where they are half truths losophy, law, politics, statecraft we must alter them; and where and in the press, enabling them to ourselves can catch a glimpse of mould thought and public opinion yet unseen truths we must not fail and to influence the life and des- to follow the gleam." For these tiny of nations. and many other reasons the time These facts indicate the vital im- is most opportune and the urgency portance of the Christian educa- very great to evangelize the Jew.

tion of the Jew to the life of the The churches in Canada have a whole world. The problem of the number of successful miSSIOns Jew is religious and the Church among Jewish people, but the in- must approach the task from the direct method of influencing them practical and not merely from the has proved most effective and thou- sentimental point of view. "The sands of young Jews are being Gospel, the great Solvent" must be born into a wider and fuller life.

applied as never before. As a In Montreal there are 76,000 Jews, group the Jewish people are in Toronto 60,000, in Winnipeg

CANADA AS A MISSION FIELD

16,000 and in all of Canada about looked for another country where 170,000. The number, the oppor- they would have both land and lib- tunity and the obligation grow erty. They began to emigrate to steadily. Hundreds of Jewish chil- the United States and to Canada dren are now in Sunday-schools and when the number had grown and other young people's activi- sufficiently "The Pacific Confer- ties but more aggressiveness should ence of German Congregational be shown in teaching the way of Churches" sent the first mission- the Christ unto these wonderful aries who set up congregations. In people and especially unto their the new land they have prospered.

children. The pioneer shack has given place The Russo-Germans to the comfortable farmhouse. Their religious fervor has not A fairly large company of people abated but difficulty has been exwho were legally Russian citizens perienced in finding qualified minbut who are descended from Ger- isters. This is being overcome so man colonists in Russia have made that this interesting people is their way to Canada. The older likely to make a substantial contrimembers of this group still speak bution to the religious life of Canthe German language. Their story ada.

goes back over one hundred and Extensive and effective work is fifty years to the reign of the also being done in well-established famous but wicked Empress Cath- missions among Orientals, Italians, arine II of Russia. A Prussian Bulgarians, Polish, Scandinavians, princess by birth, her marriage Finnish, Ukrainians and other was intended to strengthen the ties groups. Many of these groups, between Russia and her native having turned away from the traland. She undertook to settle the fertile lands of southern Russia ditional churches of the old lands, with German colonists, who were are sadly neglected and are prepromised land and religious free- senting the most inviting fields of dom. They settled north of the home mission enterprise. To teach these peoples the best things of Caspian Sea and between this and the Black Sea. As the Russian Gov- life in a way that will lead them inernment recognized only the Luth- to the place of real Christian faith eran Church the state appointed and spiritual liberty is a glorious task. ministers for these colonies. These ministers were state officials rather The Church of All Nations than religious men and the people One of the most recent methods suffered accordingly. Many were of solving the difficulty of provid- naturally religious and in the long ing gospel ordinances for these periods between the visits of the various racial groups is the organ- clergyman, and often without his ization of the "Church of All Na- knowledge, great revivals took tions." In the city of Toronto, The place. Moody and Sankey hymns United Church of Canada has were translated into their language added to its missionary equipment and were sung with great fervor. this most interesting experiment The religious freedom promised which so far has proved eminently them was curtailed and eventually successful. Years ago one of the was taken away, so that they largest and most influential con- 3

gregations of the former Meth- verse nationalities who have been odist Church of Canada met in the hitherto neglected. Racial congre- Queen St. West church. The pass- gations established for some years ing of the years changed the com- and now housed in this building plexion of the district. The Eng- have increased their attendance lish-speaking community gave three-fold. A real attempt is made place to the representatives of to demonstrate the fact that "God more than thirty different nation- has made of one blood all the na- alities who were for the most part tions." without a church home. The old At fifty or more centers across building was remodeled and en- Canada these missions are establarged, providing two fine chapels lished and minister in a most seating 300 or 400 each, many club- unique way to this cosmopolitan rooms and a large well-equipped population. The enterprises of the gymnasium, in short, the most up- Boards of Home Missions of the to-date equipment for a real com- Protestant Churches of Canada are munity center. The direction of thus seen to be of the most varied the work is under a Canadian-born character. A real attempt is made minister of The United Church and to fin up that which is lacking in associated with him are five other the religious life of any community. ministers of the following nation- In addition to preaching "the alities: Bulgarian, Finnish, Uk- Word," which must always be rerainian, Scandinavian and Hun- garded as of first importance in garian. These have each his own missionary effort, other important racial service. In the evening all activities are undertaken. Splengroups meet in a common service didly equipped hospitals are mainconducted in the English language, tained ; school homes on a large although the hymns are sung to- scale bring the possibility of edugether in the different languages cation within the reach of hunto the same tune. More than any dreds of children. These and other other undertaking this has caught agencies commend the Gospel of the imagination of the Church and Love to peoples from all over the in this has been found the most ef- world, all of whom understand the fective means of providing reli- language of kindness Il.nd sacrigious services for peoples of di- ficial service.

HOME MISSIONS OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN CANADA BY REV. W. A. CAMERON, B.A.

Assistant Secretary of the Board of Missions, Presbyterian Olturclt in Oanada The work of the women's mis- settlement houses in neglected sionary societies of the Presby- areas in our cities and two Reterian Church in Canada is mainly demptive Homes for the befriendof an institutional nature carried ing of those who have sometimes on in hospitals, school homes and been much more sinned against through the agency of deaconesses. than sinning. To it also is left, as The General Board maintains two its main work, the supplying of the

gospel privileges to needy places, hundred and seventy-five homes east and west. Of the 1,268 preach- being on the mailing list. Two ing places in our church, 591 are new mission fields are being opened dependent on the Board of Mis- this spring as a result of this work sions for the appointment of their of discovery. missionary or for financial assistance. A number of these have The oldest home mission work in been weakened temporarily either Canada was among the Indians of by the loss of members or the loss the west. This is still being carof property during the church ried on. The latest development is union struggle. Many fields cover taking place in the new north, in a large territory and consist of sev- the mining districts of Northern eral preaching points under the Ontario, Quebec, Northern Manidirection of one missionary. As toba and Saskatchewan, and in the most of these are in new territory great wheat areas of the Peace they are strengthened by the ar- River country, lying north of Edrival of new settlers, largely monton. The Presbyterian Church through immigration. has appointed students for the summer to prospect in these dis- Six port chaplains are also at tricts for the hidden gold in the work, two in Ireland and one in lives of men. No work is more Glasgow, whose duty it is to be of truly following in the footsteps of assistance to those who leave for our Master. Canada. Three are at various points in Canada who not only wel- A large number who are now come these immigrants on their ar- making their homes in Canada rival but help them to adjust them- have come from lands where Engselves to the new conditions. To lish is not spoken. Our church is minister to these, or to keep in taking a share in the task of protouch with them in their new claiming Christ to those of eight homes, presents a very serious different nationalities: (1) scatproblem. This is being solved tered French families in the Provthrough the agency of the Sunday- ince of Quebec; (2) Chinese in school missionary who travels in a various centers, among whom van, supplied with Sunday-school eleven workers are giving full-time helps and illustrated papers. Last service, four of these being Chisummer one of these workers cov- nese; (3) Jews in Toronto; (4) ered seven thousand miles, organ- Italians in Montreal, where there ized twenty-six new Sunday- are three congregations with a schools, of which nineteen were combined membership of 225 and meeting in schoolhouses and seve:q with 200 children in the Sundayin private houses. In addition, five schools; (5) Hungarians in nine hundred children remote from any centres, east and west; (6) Uk- Sunday-school were enrolled in a rainians in three cities; (7) Scan- Home Department for the study of dinavian far mer s, woodsmen, the Bible. Three hundred children fishermen, and miners; (8) Perwere found whose parents wished sians. The work of ministering to them to be baptized. During the so many varied nationalities is winter months five hundred and abundantly worth while as a part fifty-nine children were being sup- in the task of making and keeping plied with lesson helps by post, one Canada Christian in thought and outlook.

AMERICA'S GREATEST

TO EGYPT BY REV. WAHBY BOULUS, Sannoures, Egypt EGYPTIANS are not so much Coptic Church and even the street indebted to America for m~r- boys are not forgotte~ in this chandise and other materIal great movement. The Invaluable benefits but many of us are very help such schools are now render- deeply indebted for the work of ing is beyond calculation.

American missionaries. They have Egyptian women also have done much to evolutionize Egyp- found their greatest friends in tian life, and in many ways have American Christian educators.

contributed to progress. They have found their liberty and They are ambassadors of love new life. Egypt has great possi- and sympathy, and in their schools bilities with an open Bible and have been developed democratic this Book is helping to reform the ideals based. on Christian prin- old Coptic Church.

ciples. They have also taught the Missionary medical work has Gospel of Chr~st. . presented a wide field for se.lf- In AlexandrIa, Tanta, CaIro, As- sacrifice and a center for serVIce siut and all up the Nile Valley one to humanity. In Assiut and in finds the indelible impression of Tanta hundreds of thousands have these great American institutions been treated and have returned, -especially of Assiut College. uttering words of gratitude. Dr.

Had it not been fo.r this college Henry stands out as a distin- alone, many EgyptIans who are guished character possessing all now the light of their country the virtues of a Christian minister might have been renegades or vag- and Dr. Grant of Tanta has be- abonds. Young men have been come widely known and greatly snatched from dark homes. Now beloved. Other missionary pio- they are possessed of the light of neers have not considered their knowledge and truth, and are dif- lives dear unto themselves in their fusing light to their fellow coun- desire to offer salvation to the trymen. Egyptians.

In the village where I am now America's greatest contribution a pastor more than two hundred to Egypt has been the men who you~g men, former students of the have come here to serve humanity, Assmt College have come a1l:d.com- to uplift character, and to make pose a group of useful cItizens. known Christ as Saviour and Lord. Thirteen are pastors; others are lawyers, doctors, teachers, or busi:"

ness men. The money was well Arabic Scriptures had a total circula- I·nvested in their education for it tion of 1,200,000 copies during the last brought forth a high percentage of twenty years. About one-tenth of the character and men. whole output have gone to Moslems, which is much. Osmanli-Turkish Scrip- The work of the Sunday-schools tures have all gone to Moslems during is also finding its way into the old the same twenty years in a total of 150,000 copies.

644

CHRISTIANITY IN

BY REV. ALBERT G. MACKINNON, M.A., D.D., Rome, Italy Minister of the Presbyterian Ohurch T o APPRIZE the forces dom- happened is that Mussolini has dis- inant in New Italy one must covered the soul of his country. understand its maker-Mus- At heart, through all the ages, solini. That is not easy, for the there slept the spirit of Imperial evolution of the man is not yet Rome. Mussolini found in the old complete. He has impressed his fasces the "Open Sesame" which ideas and will on a nation by a penetrated through the walls of strength of character and determi- centuries and made the dry bones nation that ranks him as one of rise and live. The Italy which the world's greatest leaders, but has awakened to a consciousness what the ultimate goal will be it of itself has some of the delight- is doubtful if even he himself fore- ful freshness of youth. It is full sees. Fashioned on a rude anvil, of energy and ambition. Fascismo he tasted the bitterness of poverty has harnessed fervor to action: it and imprisonment. The fire of has given ambition a goal, and pa- patriotism in his soul, which has triotism a vent. The dash of Italian been the passion of his life, early character has carried the country began to weld the hard experiences with a rush into its new-found of youth into a fierce determina- possession of unity and power.

tion to make his country a better Time only will prove whether push place to live in and to clear all will be backed 'by perseverance.

self-seekers from positions of au- Has the spurt staying power?

thority. He naturally gravitated The best minds in Italy think towards Socialism; but when he that it has. There may be modifi- had to choose between it and pa- cations in time, but Italy will nev- triotism he was loyal to his first er go to sleep again. It has and abiding love, that of country. awakened, rolled up its sleeves, and Lenin upbraided the Italian Com- set itself to put its house in order.

munists with having lost their Housewives are not over-gentle chance when they allowed such a when the frenzy of cleaning is up- man to leave their ranks. "It is on them, and many a mere man a great misfortune that Mussolini has to complain that his household is lost to us," he wrote. "He is gods have been sacrilegiously fin- a strong man who will lead to vic- gered. Yet when he sits once again tory his party. You have thrown in comfort the sense of purity is away the card which wins the more than compensation. There trick." is a purifying agency at work in His prophecy proved true. Mus- Italy to-day.

soHni could not be suppressed. He How does all this affect Chris- came to the top, and to-day Italy tian work? That is the question presents at first sight a puzzle to we have to answer, and in general the casual observer. It is trans- terms the response is easy. Social formed, reanimated. What has discipline, order, high civic ideals 645

are all conducive to the formation about his private opinions, has of an atmosphere helpful to Truth publicly emphasized the imporin its highest form. Italy just tance of religion in the State. He escaped a catastrophe which would is naturally too preoccupied with have been disastrous to Christian- the affairs of government to probe ity. Bolshevism was about to deeply into the nature of religion break through the guard of civili- itself, and therefore accepts the zation. The pressure from Russia form in which it has been prewas bending the line of resistance; sented to him. He has had little its red flag was vaunting itself opportunity to come into close on the very streets of Rome; its touch with evangelical thought and doctrines were warping the souls forces; but he does not disown the of its citizens, when Italy produced place and work of the Evangelical the man who by a magic word ral- Church in Italy, and acknowledges lied its moral forces. The breach the good it is doing in the formain the dam was stopped, the flood tion of character, which he conwas stemmed; and, in as true a fesses must be the basis of true sense as in Flanders and on the citizenship. Piave, Europe was saved a second time. This outlook tends to put the mind of the average Italian, where Let us pass in review: not hampered by prejudice, into a sympathetic attitude towards the The Forces Helpful to Evangelistic appeal of Truth. It is my frequent Work habit to attend the evening serv- ice in the Waldensian Church in This awakening in the State has Rome, and I am always impressed had a repercussion in the religious by the large and attentive congresphere. It is a period of intensive gations. These are not composed germination. New ideas are evolv- of regular members, but are repreing and taking form in laws. While sentative of the man-in-the-street. the region of this activity has so A considerable number of Roman far been political it has produced Catholics drift in there because of an alert mind which cannot be con- the growing desire to know the fined within the frontiers of the Truth. One cannot come away State. This is all to the good. from these services without feel- Fascism may yet have its parallel ing very hopeful for Italy. in the religious domain. My own belief is that it will, and that noth- Another satisfactory feature in ing can check it. Meantime there the present situation is the reis undoubtedly a deepening of in- peated assurance which the Fasterest in spiritual matters, and a cist Government has given that restless spirit of. inquiry. Books religious liberty will be mainon religious subjects are being tained, and that it will safeguard more largely read, and among the the rights of all denominations more thoughtful there is a tend- which have a recognized claim to ency to question the superstitious its protection. teaching of the Roman Church. Many of its practices will not be Three years ago when Senator able to withstand this new search Luzzatti was writing a book on the for truth. "Relation Between Church and State" he called in my services in Mussolini, while I know nothing connection with his chapter on the

EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANITY IN ITALY

history of Scotland. Although taking root. A revived interest once Liberal Prime Minister of is manifest in the Word of God Italy and thus in himself the ex- and many incidents have come to ponent of a statesmanship which my knowledge of how a single copy was now superseded, he yet ex- has changed first one life and then pressed absolute confidence in the a whole home. Secretly the leaven new regime to preserve liberty of of the Word is acting and prepar- conscience and worship, and the ing the way for the preaching of rights of religious minorities. This the Gospel of Christ.

testimony from a Jew, but one Forces Which Oppose known as "The Grand Old Man"

of Italy, carries weight. The There is, however, a darker side shrewdness which lurked behind to the picture. Prejudice which those keen eyes read men and has been entrenched for centuries movements and his assurance on is not easily moved; besides there this point has allayed all fears. are material interests which are Another encouraging feature of threatened by evangelical teach- the times is the drawing together ing. It undermines superstition of the separate forces of Evangel- and all that is built thereon. Hence icalism. There was a period when the fierce attacks which are some- they showed rivalry and even op- times made on the preachers of position to each other; but that the Gospel, and especially on those is past. In Italy many organiza- who distribute the Scriptures. The tions are at work to spread the benevolence of the Government is Gospel in its simplicity, but the abused by those who under the greatest of all is the Waldensian cloak of religion seek to hinder Church, to whose heroism Milton workers of a different faith. It opened the eyes of Europe with sometimes also happens that low- a sonnet. It is the survivor of er government officials interpret thirty persecutions each more cruel in an arbitrary way the intentions than the other, and it has the right of the State.

to call itself the oldest Protestant A strange coincidence can also church in Europe. The best way be noticed. Along with the revived to help the evangelical cause is interest in religion there are de- to do it through the Protestant velopments of superstition. Mir- Church of the land. The present acles attributed to the relics of national spirit of the country re- dead saints seem on the increase.

sents the efforts of outsiders. It I have never seen the "Holy Stairs"

will be a long time before we can in Rome more densely thronged expect organic union between the than in recent years. The voice different evangelistic agencies; which whispered to Luther: "The but the fact that there is now co- just shall live by faith" falls to- operation gives strength to the day on deaf ears as men seek sal- cause. vation by penance.

Another thing that gives ground Perhaps one of the greatest dif- for much hope is the increasing ficulties the evangelical cause has circulation 0 f the Scriptures. to face at present is the lack of Though the ground may still be men and means. After all it is hard, the seed is being widely scat- true that "Not many mighty, not tered, and here and there it is many noble are called." The re-

sources available are very limited. may yet achieve a glory greater Their lack is America's and Brit- than "the grandeur that was ain's opportunity; but the giving Rome." of alien help requires tact. Nothing would be more fatal at the Well-intentioned visitors to Rome present moment than to associate very often, through thoughtlessevangelical effort with foreign ness, place themselves in the catechurches, for in such a case it gory of hinderers. A curiosity would be very easy for the enemy which they excuse as harmless to turn national spirit against it, tempts them to seek for admission and thus raise an insuperable bar- to one of the papal audiences. rier to its advance. All the "audience" there is about this ceremony is getting down on The Evangelical churches in one's knees and humbly kissing the Italy need the prayers and prac- Pope's ring as he passes along the tical help of their brethren in other line of kneeling visitors. The next lands, for theirs is a great task day the pUblication of the news at this moment. The character of that, say, "Three hundred distin- New Italy is still in the making. guished American and British vis- If it can be freed from the super- itors had an audience with His stitions of the past, and its zeal Holiness," may not meet their eyes; for the renovation of the State but it is seen by the Italians, who be joined to loyalty to that Saviour do not understand that the motive whose figure it has worshipped but was mere idle curiosity, and acwhose spirit it has misunderstood, cept it as a vote of confidence in then with that purified vision it the Roman Catholic faith.

AN APOSTLE OF CHRIST IN NEW BRITAIN· BY J. H. MARGETTS, Raluana T HE latest thrust made into people accepted the invitation of heathendom by the church certain Taulil chiefs living nearby operating in the Raluana and settled amid the less exacting circuit has been in the direction conditions on the foothills of the of the Baining Mountains, a wide, range. The opportUnity was imrugged range of heights stretch- mediately grasped by our church, ing right across the Gazelle Pen- and services were commenced insula and lying at the back of the amongst them, only the men atcircuit. Sparsely scattered over tending, standing around, not this mountainous region are thou- moving far from their spears sands of nomads who rank with which they had stuck up in the the lowest types of mankind. ground. Shortly afterwards a Having grown tired somewhat native teacher was sent to reside of their nomadic existence, and in the settlement and soon the first having heard something of the seeds of the Kingdom of God were beneficent results accruing to taking root in the hearts and lives those having heard the gospel, in of the people. 1913 a small company of these Six years ago, amongst those * From The Missionary Review of the Meth. found waiting at the door of the church for admittance was a young odist Missionary Society of Australia.

AN APOSTLE OF CHRIST IN NEW BRITAIN

man named Got. Gently and kind- their ears, then calling them to ly and patiently he was taken in join him in prayer. He would stay hand by the native teacher in his in a place a day or two and then village and taught the way of God continue his work elsewhere. The more perfectly. We then received outcome of these missionary jourhim into the church. At baptism neys was that the Christian settlehe took the name Jeremiah. He ments on the foothills were was taught to read, and in order growing month by month. J ereto know the Word of God he miah was lifting up Jesus as he learned the coastal language, in went along, and He was drawing which the New Testament is men and women to Himself. Those printed. All this time he was an men and women, naked savages, eager hearer of the Word and reg- wending their way down the mounularly attended all the meetings of tains, with their packs and babies the church, and endeavored by on their backs, and their bigger nrecept and practice to lead others babies on their shoulders, to where to the grace he had found and was the native teachers were stationed, so much enjoying. It was thought were souls tired out with life as wise to assist his training by giv- they had known it, who had been ing him admittance into the mis- inspired to new life and energy by sionary's school at Raluana; but the promise of rest to be found in he never reaDy settled down the Gospel of Christ, proclaimed amongst us. His heart was where so earnestly by one of themselves. his home is, away in the mountains. He longed to be back with Jeremiah was afterwards made his own people; so we let him go, an assistant teacher. Up till now knowing that the greatest equip- his work had been principally ment God's servants can have is amongst those of his own tribe, not acquired at the schools. He the Uramat people. Between this became a local preacher and was tribe and the sea are the Mallee the first to proclaim the gospel to people, perhaps the most numerhis tribe in their own tongue. ous tribe on the mountains. We "Missionary," they said later on, were anxious that our work should "until Jeremiah preached to us in extend to these also, and as we our own tongue the Divine light had no pioneer suited to the task we saw was as that of the dawn, compared with Jeremiah, he was but now it is as that of the sun approached. Before many days shining high in the heavens." had elapsed he had left home once more, this time on an excursion It was at this time Jeremiah be- into the Mallee country. In that gan his apostolic tours. Over hill district he lived and laboured for and valley, crossing dangerous several months. The dialect spoken rivers, climbing rugged mountains was a little different from his own, in all weathers he would go, look- but this was soon acquired, and he ing for the people in their rude was able to preach to the people hamlets; not finding them he in their own tongue. What has would go and search for them in been the outcome of these entheir gardens, gathering them to- deavors? Another settlement has gether at night and in the light come into being with a population of the fire telling them the story of about two hundred-all brought of the gospel, so wonderful to into the Church by Jeremiah.

VITALITY OF

BY REV. WM. M. PADEN, D.D., Salt Lake City, Utah 'AMORMON apostle, Dr. James of the faith, the Mormon choir, E. Talmage, writes as if the and representative dyed-in-the- vitality of the Mormon cult wool saints from the various wards were evidence of its claim to be the of the city. only true Church of Christ on earth. The Tabernacle, wtJen it is packed But weeds have stubborn roots; as at conference time, seats about they grow; they reproduce; they 7,500 people. The attendance at spread their species; some of these the regular afternoon services weeds are parasites; many of them averages about 600. "That is not thrive best on poorly cultivated a great showing in a city of 125,- soil. Islam is an older, more 000, one half of the people nondeeply rooted and more widely Mormons," says the visitor. "But," spread creed than Mormonism and replies his Gentile companion, its defenders might use these evi- "you must take into account the dences of vitality to prove its di- attendance at the regular morning vine character and unique religious and evening services held in the worth. fifty Mormon meeting houses. The Mormonism is deeply rooted in Mormon church has an enrolled Utah, even in Salt Lake City where membership of 43,759 in this city perhaps half the people are non- and as many more in its suburbs Mormons or "Gentiles." Yet vis- in Salt Lake County. There are itors who pass through this Mor- fewer than 10,000 members-Prot- mon Zion see little of the branches estant and Catholic – enrolled in of this degenerate but fruitful cult all the other churches of this city and less of its roots. Tourists who or county." attend services in the Mormon It should be noted, however, that Tabernacle are apt to think of this the Mormons round up and brand as the one Mormon meeting house all their children at the age of in the city. As a matter of fact, eight years and are not disposed there are fifty other Mormon meet- to purge their church rolls. "Once ing houses in this Mormon Zion a Mormon always a Mormon" is and eighteen more in its environs. one of their sayings.

Moreover, the services held in the Outside of Salt Lake City and tabernacle are for tourists and are County the Mormon cult is still tied up with the Mormon Bureau more stubbornly rooted. But here, of misinformation, which is one of again, the outsider needs disilluthe most seductive missionary sta- sionment. You tell a candidate for tions of the Mormon church. The Christian ministerial service that typical services of the church are he will be the only resident minheld, save during its semiannual ister and serve in the only organconferences, in the ward meeting ized Christian church in one of our houses. The Mormon contingent Mormon towns or counties and he at the Tabernacle services consists will inquire: "Are there any Mor- of certain apostles and defenders mon churches in this unoccupied 650 parish ?" If the field under con- Some of these "stakes" report as sideration centers at Logan, the many as 6,000 members and the county seat of Cache County, you enrolled membership of the church reply: "Oh, yes, there are a dozen in Idaho is over 85,000. There are Mormon meeting houses in Logan not so many members enrolled in and its suburbs; also a central all the other churches – Catholic tabernacle and a conspicuous Mor- and Protestant – of Idaho. The mon temple. There are over forty Mormons have established their Mormon chapels or meeting houses colonies chiefly in the southern in this town or county and you will counties of this state. be the one resident minister in this great parish. The enrolled mem- The cult has, during the last few bership of the Evangelical church years, been taking root and spreadwill be perhaps 125. The Mormon ing in California and, especially, in and around Los Angeles. A A MORMON UNIVERSITY WARD CHAPEL IN UTAH membership, as listed for last year, "stake" has recently been organis 24,241. These members are ized in Los Angeles with its presicared for by five 'stake' presidents, dent, eighteen wards each with its forty-three bishops and scores of bishop, and 6,928 members. The obedient priests." authorities now speak of organiz- ing a "stake" covering the forty or Is the Mormon cult spreading? more missions in central Cali- Is it lengthening its cords, as well fornia. Some of these missions as strengthening its stakes? have already purchased property and built comely chapels. According to the Mormon directory and statistics for Idaho, the Mormon Statistics cult has twenty-four "stakes" in this state, usually including a Speakers at the last Mormon county or a town and its environs. conference boasted that their Each of these "stakes" has from church had more than doubled its six to fourteen meeting places or membership during the last fifty chapels, each with its bishop and years. This is quite true. The contingent of subordinate officials.

present enrolled membership of the from such and other reports that two Mormon sects-the one with the Mormon bishops list all the headquarters in Salt Lake City, the Mormons who happen to be living other with headquarters at Inde- in their wards when report is called pendence, Missouri-recently re- for and so encourage ecclesiastical ported by Dr. H. K. Carroll, is repeating. Nevertheless, in spite 645,158. Of these, about 95,000 of this disposition of the Mormon are J osephites, a midwest variety leaders to claim everything in of Mormon, that have always re- sight, and in spite of their readi- pudiated polygamy and consider ness to wink at "repeating," the Brigham Young and his successors cult is growing. The increase is as usurpe:rs of the authorIty given largely due to Mormon fecundity to Joseph Smith. and the unwillingness of the bish- Deducting the enrollment of this ops to reduce their ward member- J osephite sect, which has little foot- ship by cutting out the dead timber.

hold in the intermountain or Another sign of the vitality of Pacific West, we have left about the Mormon cult may be seen in its 550,000 members of the Utah or new zeal in temple building and its Brighamite. sect – the sect with new emphasis on temple work.

which we chiefly have to do. Three new temples have been built The growth of the Utah variety during the last dozen years-one of Mormonism has not been lux- in Hawaii, another in Alberta, uriant during the last few years- Canada, and a third at Mesa, Ari- say about 21,000 each year, of zona. These temples have cost the whom about 14,000 are children church at least $750,000. There from Mormon families. The num- has also been a great increase of ber of adult baptisms, including such temple work as baptism and adults born of Mormon parents marriage for the dead, initiations but not baptized in childhood, and into the priesthood and marriage converts from the outside world for eternity. At the recent semi- averages about 7,000 per annum. annual conference President Grant The exact figures for last year, as reported that, during the past year, given out by President Grant, are: over 62,000 "recommends" had Children baptized and enrolled, been granted to the members of 14,604; other converts, 6,367. No the church who wished to do reports are made of loss by death temple work or accept temple nor is any report made of losses by vows. Special excursions are ar- apostasy or chronic absenteeism. ranged for the young people of This makes some of the Mormon Utah and southern Idaho who wish statistics rather interesting. For to be baptized for their un-Mor- example: The Mormon church re- monized forbears. Joseph F.

ports a membership of 2,228 in Smith, late president of the church, Kane County, Utah. There are, was in the habit of saying, "We do according to the United States more work to save the dead than Census report, only 2,054 people in we do to save the living." The this county. Another Mormon Catholic doctrine of purgatory, statistician has naively listed this even in its crudest form, has noth- county, basing his estimate on fig- ing on the Mormon doctrine of ures covering twenty-five years, as baptism for the "spirits in prison."

100.07% Mormon. It is evident Polygamy, aside from its appeal

THE VITALITY OF MORMONISM

to the average natural man, was a Idaho, one in Arizona, and three in diabolically shrewd way of holding Utah-elaim to be junior colleges. the leaders of the Mormon cult to- These so-called colleges and univergether. Once tied in polygamy, sities report an enrollment of they were tied up in the Mormon 4,857 students, all of whom take church for life. Moreover, it left courses in Mormon history or Morits mark on their children – a mon theology. mark which did not embarrass them so long as they remained in A more recent and close-gripa Mormon community or the Mor- ping educational program has led mon church. The oath-bound to the building and manning of initiation services and esoteric some sixty-nine seminaries. These teachings of the Mormon temples seminaries contain three roomshave a somewhat similar grip on an office or reception room, a lec- ture room and a rest or recreation A MORMON SEMINARY AND ITS STUDENTS IN UTAH the Mormon priesthood and people room-and are erected adjoining and will be much harder to break or near to the town or county high down than the practice of polyg- schools. A Mormon teacher of amy. high school grade is employed by the church to take charge of each Training Mormon Youth seminary. He teaches the pupils Bible, in which course grades may The rootage and growth of the be given in the public high school. Mormon cult is also fostered by its In addition, he gives courses on the system of church schools and sem- Book of Mormon, Mormon church inaries. Two of these church history and Mormon theology. schools-the Brigham Young Uni- These seminaries are lashed to versity at Provo and the Latter- most of the larger high schools in day Saints University of Salt Lake towns and communities which are City – claim to give university courses. Five others – one in dominantly Mormon. The attend-

ance is supposed to be voluntary First Presidency and Apostles in but the courses have a place in the the Mormon church is much more schedule of the high schools. Ten direct and intimate than that of thousand eight hundred thirty-five the Pope and his cardinals over (10,835) high school pupils were Roman Catholics. enrolled in these seminary classes last year. Faithful Mormons still move in colonies or to colonies of their own In addition to these colleges and kind. The 2,068 missionaries, who seminaries, M 0 r man "religion have during the past year been classes" are held in or near many working out from twenty-seven of our grade schools. The presi- central stations, through 750 dent of the Mormon church reports branches, have been recruiting that 61,131 pupils were enrolled in officers, the branches, as a rule, these week-day religious classes being temporary "holding comlast year. All this week-day proc- panies." For most of the converts ess of Mormonization is in addition hope, sooner or later, to go to some to the work done by the Mormon Mormon community or to get with- Sunday-schools. These Sunday- in easy reach of one of the ~for­ schools are easily the most efficient man temples. If the Mormon peorecruiting and enrolling agencies ple were permanently scattered of the Mormon cult and, as each of over the United States, as are the these Sunday-schools has its the- members of the great Protestant ology class for older pupils and churches, Mormonism would, withadults, these schools are also in a generation or so, lose its hold agencies of indoctrination. The on the majority of its younger regular church services, which are members and nearly all of their usually held in the town or village children. meeting houses on Sunday afternoon, are reiterative, stupid, and So Gentiles, many of them mempoorly attended. bers of Evangelical churches, find it hard to stand up for the faith of Mormon Bishops and Their Flocks their fathers when submerged in a community in which the Mor- The Mormons are, as a rule, mons are outspoken, knit together gregarious or herd-minded. They as one man, and dominant. Some go in flocks or herds, with a bishop of these non-Mormons, when so as herder or herdsman and the tested, suppress _their religious priesthood as his "nippers-in." There are 933 active bishops in the loyalties and soon have neither M'ormQII church and they and other religion to speak of or to live by. priests and high priests being in- Others, like lumps of savorless cluded, there are 130,000 priests of salt, go into solution without givvarious grades in the church. ing color or tang to the solution. Nearly all the male members of Still others are smothered as corn the church who are in good stand- by the weeds. As the Mormon ing, and many who are not, hold church emphasizes the social and office and exercise such authority economic elements of its fellowship as is doled out to them by the First as much as, if not more than, the Presidency and his Twelve Apostles moral and religious elements, some through local bishops and "stake" Gentiles join the cult for social or presidents. The authority of the business reasons, much as they would join a social or commercial

club or a non-religious fraternity. his successors authority to speak This is one of the menaces of Mor- for God and receive additional monism, for while it is probable revelations. that during recent years the Church has made fewer converts These prophets, seers and revelaoutside Mormon communities than tors have taught and still teach in former years, it is more than that there are many gods, male and probable that it has smothered female, that these gods have bodies, down or won into its membership parts and passions, and that the more of the non-Mormons resident Eternal Father is an exalted man. in Mormon communities than at They also teach that men and gods any time dUring the last genera- are of the same species, men being tion. gods in embryo, and that as God is now, man may be. They teach THE MORMON 'l'EMPLE IN HAWAII Doctrines and SUlljection to Authority that men and women, in order to become gods and goddesses, must Today the peculiar claims and be baptized and married by men peculiar teachings of this peculiar holding the Mormon priesthood cult are being pressed to the utter- and accept the secret vows and most. Some of the teachings are: pledges administered in the Mor- That the so-called Christian Church mon temple. was apostate and that Joseph Smith was called of God to reestab- They teach that polygamy, as lish the only true church of Jesus practiced and endorsed by the Christ; that he was given au- prophets, seers and revelators of thority to add the Book of Mor- the Mormon church, is a divine inmon, the Pearl of Great Price, and stitution and that its discontincertain lucubrations of his own to uance as a practice does not the Scriptures and to transmit to discount its righteousness as a principle.

CHRISTIANS WHO HAVE

Mr. Tie n, a colporteur of the robber chief, Mr. Tien found "Church Village," wondered what himself treated as an honored outrageous demands would be guest. The chief called for tea to made for the ransoming of his dear be served, and himself poured it ones who were captured. Among out, apologizing to the embarrassed them was his niece, a girl of six- colporteur for having brought him teen. so far away from home. "I could Suddenly a mysterious message easily have sent your two children reached him by word of mouth. He back to you but was afraid that was asked to travel alone and un- harm might come to them on the armed to a place among the hills, way," said he. "I am sorry that where further instructions would my men made the mistake they did, be given. Dare he venture on such but they could not tell which were a journey into the heart of bandit- your children."

land? But he believed that God *** could take care of him anywhere, Those responsible for evangel- so shouldering his Bible Society istic work in the Tehchow, Shan- knapsack of gospels he set off for tung mission of the American the hills, selling his books as he Board, do not feel that "the Chi- went along. On approaching the nese Church is floundering around haunt of the desperadoes his cour- lost in a wilderness just because age almost failed, for he noticed the missionary leadership has been that armed men were watching taken away suddenly." The van- him from among the high rocks. ishing of this leadership did make Soon he was challenged with a it difficult for the country church gruff "Who are you?" and he re- members to readjust themselves.

plied, "I am Tien of Church Vil- They even anticipated another lage." "Oh! you've come, have Boxer persecution. The church you?" was the puzzling response. elders were stunned. The Chinese He found himself being passed on leaders, superintendents and Evan- from post to post and described by gelistic Committee quickly made the sentries as the "Poor Ticket." plans for a "tour of explanation."

These robbers always speak of Their purpose was to clear up the their victims as though they were minds of the church members and lottery tickets, and here was one encourage them to seize the new whom they reckoned as a blank. opportunity to show that the Chris- At length Mr. Tien found him- tian Church is already indigenous self in a hill village which re- in China. At first things stood sembled a military camp. It was still. But gradually work has been full of armed men who seemed to resumed in the various stations.

be well disciplined. They dressed Whereas a few years ago the Chi- as soldiers during the daytime and nese thought that the Church was travelled among the villages quite an unimportant element in commu- openly, but at night they appeared nity life, as a result of the present in civilian clothes. agitation it has become a center of Conducted into the presence of popular interest.

656 SETTING THE YOUNG WOMEN classes, picture charts for Sunday- TO WORK school work, Sunday-school papers and cards, sheet music and other articles By MRS. C. K. LIPPARD, Philadelphia, Pa. were also sent from the society with no expense except for postage. Cor- General i1£::e!~igat:r~;:Pi~ri'l!~:~~:t, United In this age of projects and objec- respondence was opened with several tives and feminine activities it is not fields, needs were made known, internearly so hard to enlist workers as in esting information was received and former years. But how to introduce closer ties were formed. Christmas great activity into the society without boxes to which each contributed a losing devotional tone is a problem. gift, followed at the proper time. The society's interest was increased ten A Missionary Postmistress fold. The postmistress and stamp In one socie'ty there was a shy, re- window have become regular features tiring but faithful member who of their organization.

seemed to be losing interest for lack A Fireside Circle of a place in the activities. She could When a Mission Study Class was not sing, speak or pray in public and did not work well on committees. Yet first mentioned it did not appeal to she was earnest and longed for a share the girls of one society. Study was in the great task. Finally we estab- not what they wanted. But when atlished, just for her, the new office of tractive invitations were issued to a "Postmistress." Many women in the Fireside Meeting at one of the attrac- congregation had magazines, books, tive homes with a real fireplace, the music and other articles that they words "missionary" and "study" did were willing to send to the mission not appear, and the girls came. A field, but did not want to take the short chapter from a new study book time and trouble to tie them up. Each was read and discussed, appropriate country seemed to demand a different music was rendered by outside talent, mode of wrapping. The post office and light refreshments were served.

was out of the way so that it was a The girls were eager to come again.

nuisance to send them off. Our mis- Curios, victrola records from different sionary postmistress consented to re- lands, and surprise features were in- ceive all such articles brought to the troduced. Before they knew it they meetings, wrap and mail them, send a were deep in the book, and met in dif- letter with each parcel and read the ferent homes, calling themselves "The replies at subsequent meetings. A Fireside Circle." At the third meet- box called Stamp Window was Bet on ing, the girls themselves suggested the table and each member was asked that the refreshments be dropped, and to put in at least one cent each time the cost contributed to a cause pre- to be used for postage. Our post- sented in the study book. This is the mistress grew so interested in her fourth year of the Fireside Mission work that she called up members re- Study Circle and its membership is minding them to bring their maga- still increasing.

zines. Missionaries thus received Loose leaf notebooks were given to good periodicals regularly only a few one group of girls by a wise leader, weeks late. Hymn books for singing and they jotted down at each meeting 657 4

anything that impressed them or that posted on the Sunday before the meet- was new or interesting. At the end ing, is a good reminder. A bright of a short time each girl was asked to picture poster is best. Personal inlook over her book, take from it the vitations to each member of each class, page that seemed to her the most novel in the fall after the scattering sumor impressive and pin it on the wall. mer months, help new or indifferent A very striking exhibit was the result. ones to feel themselves needed and Posters were then evolved from the welcome. ideas on the notebook pages. A tea or reception, given by the Some Si:mple Devices Women's Missionary Society to all the girls of the Sunday-school or congre- Very simple devices may be used to gation, is a good method of approachtake away monotony from a meeting. ing the subject of a young women's In the room where we meet one of the organization. A short dramatization most helpful pieces of furniture is an may impress the girls with the imold battered screen frame we have portance or desirability of organizing. covered with brown burlap. On this Literature may be distributed at the we pin pictures. One night a strip of same gathering. paper across the top carried the words: "Our Guests of Honor." Be- Literature given out in the Sundaylow were pictures of our missionaries school the Sunday before the meeting and after learning all we could of sometimes will influence a girl to atthem personally the screen was tend. turned around and showed on the reverse side the places in which they A contribution to the regular proworked. gram by the children now and then brings out the mothers. An open Once we entertained some of our meeting or mother's party given by outstanding native Christians in the the children's organization will teach same way. Pictures of babies of all the mothers more about missions than nations covered the screen when we many programs of their own. wished to interest the mothers in Junior Work. Palm leaf fans strewn about the Sunday-school seats one Sunday bore Special projects were brought to the words, "We grew in India. If our members' attention by the old you wish to learn many more interscreen without a word being said. A esting things about that country, atlist of things needed from a certain tend the missionary meeting next field was posted and articles made by Tuesday." Japanese paper fans may our Juniors to be sent to various fields be used in the same way. were pinned on the burlap, making an inspiring display. Phonograph records of songs of mission lands, played in the vestibule Our Musical Evening of the church when the young people were having a social gathering, at- In connection with a musical pro- tracted some to come back the next gram an exhibit of musical instru- night to hear more native music and ments from mission lands and some learn more of the people who produced victrola records of native music added it. missionary interest. A sketchy drawing of a hill with a Project" for Young Women path going up, on which were many stones, drew the attention of the In this age of action, a dead or young women. Each stone was marked passive program will not appeal to the with such obstacles as "loneliness," young. Alert leaders, live programs "foreign language," "non-Christian and real projects must be offered surroundings," one was "few letters them. A separate poster for each from home," one "climate," etc. Begirls' classroom in the Sunday-school, low were the words, "Do you want to help our new missionaries combat the

METHODS FOR WORKERS

obstacles in their pathways? They their teacher for help and she put inhave gone there instead of you and to their hands the best to be had in me." children's missionary story material. The girls had never seen books of this The same drawing can be used to kind. emphasize the difficulties in the path of the new native Christians: super- Being energetic and earnest they stition, ignorance, unbelief, millions did their best to prepare and present of gods, tradition, or some of the un- the material attractively. One, a favorable customs of the country illus- normal school student, used posters, trated. maps and blackboard to illustrate the story. Another began, with the The picture of a clothesline between teacher's help, to collect curios to two posts, with America on one and show. One girl dressed in the cossome mission field on the other, with tume of the country she told about. large squares for washing hanging out made an effective poster. Above At the end of three months, withwere the words, "Is your wash clean, out a word of urging from anyone, or does it look like this?" On the this class organized into a Young clothes were written the words, selfish- Women's Missionary Society. They ness, superiority, prejudice, narrow- also started a missionary museum for ness, uncharitableness. A companion the Sunday-school, which has proved poster read, "The real Christian's of great value. washing looks like this"; clothes were marked-love, friendliness, fellowship, A Novel Sunday-School Picnic brotherhood, charity, kindness, equality. A real clothesline with large The teachers and officers of a cerpieces of white cloth or paper really tain Sunday-school wanted some novel hanging on may be one feature of a kind of an outing to take the place program for young people. The of the regular Sunday-school picnic. changing of the first pieces for those They could not afford to go out of the of the second list can be made very city or to provide elaborate sports. impressive. Another use for a clothes- The outing was to be held in a runline is to hang on it gifts to be sent down tourist camp grove. The misto any field. The line may join the sionary enthusiast recognized an openchurch with the field. ing and suggested "A Trip Around the World." Wha.t One Class Did Each class became a certain country The teacher of an attractive class and decorated its place accordingly. of girls was missionary minded, but The boys built a real straw hut and she seemed to fail entirely in interest- blackened their faces. Several brought ing the girls. After much thought drums, and Africa was the result. and prayer she went to the Sundayschool superintendent and made a The American Indians appeared in proposition. full regalia. Tepees were set up, and a monstrous totem pole, which took "My girls can tell stories beauti- weeks to carve and embellish, was in fully," she said. "I want to ask you evidence. Weird dances were the to use them for missionary story tell- order of the day. ing. Anna tells them best for junior age, and Ella for primaries. Please A pretty booth under a blossoming let them do the story telling for the tree, and hung with lanterns and next few months. Let them take paper umbrellas, where tea and cake turns." were dispensed by girls in bright kimonos, was unmistakably Japan. She arranged that the superintendent himself ask the girls to help in this The biggest surprise of all was a way. They were to choose their own red pagoda built by the men's Bible stories, but' naturally they came to class, of heavy pasteboard boxes, in the Chinese city. A part of the great wall, formed of boxes, fenced them in.

The missionary enthusiast had pre- decorate the Sunday-school room durpared some banners telling of the ing the summer. They were led not work of their denomination in each merely to play at gardening but to field. These were made of unbleached really work. Hours were set for them muslin and waved from the trees of to come during the week to do their the various countries. share.

The hymns chosen by the men, and Their memory verse that day was: sung at the end of that picnic, turned Song of Solomon, 2: 11-12. The theme out to be missionary hymns. Uncon- was "Cooperation with God." sciously they had abSorbed something of missionary information and of the Nothing thrills a boy like a flagmissionary spirit. draped room. At one meeting the whole period was spent on the study Interna.tional Post Office of flags of all nations, their origin and their significance. An admiration A program, beginning from the for and understanding of the flags of postman at our door and working in the world makes for world peace. trains, ships, cables. ocean travel and Flag songs and national anthems the stamps of all nations with games were introduced and explained. Interof travel and post office, will interest national stamps may also be brought very small children as well as the into such a program. larger boys. Stamp collections as well as picture postcards from all na- Surprises for Children tions should be shown. Post deliveries by camel, elephant, man-pulled carts, A new song on a chart turned backoxcarts and aeroplane may be ex- wards until time to sing. plained. Such a program can be made thrilling, but its success is dependent A foreign visitor or some one on the leader. dressed in the costume of some for- eign country. Something to Do A taste of native food. The secret of success in any mis- A rainy-day surprise may be the sionary organization is something for story of the rainy season in Africa or each one to do, and each one doing Japan-tasteless salt, food and clothes something. mouldy, shoes white with mildew, etc. Native umbrellas may be shown. At one children's meeting, when the boys and girls first arrived, they For Older Children rushed with shiny faces up to their leader, asking eagerly, "What are we Larger boys and girls may be intergoing to do today, Miss Fannie?" She ested in debates on such questions as: answered smiling, "You'd never, never guess! It's something just lovely." "Resolved that America cannot do without churches." Their replies gave the key to some of the "just lovely things" they had "Resolved that the church is the done. most important institution in our neighborhood." "Is it writing a letter to India? Taking stamps to the lame boy? Go- "Resolved that Japan needs more ing to the museum to see the Indians? missionaries." Scrap-books? Can't we pack another box? Say, I've got some dandy paste "Resolved that the study of misto mend song books. We could make sions is broadening." those old ones look new to send to Africa! Let's make another play These same themes put in question about Japan. Let's make a poster." form may be used as discussion topics for the group. This time they started a garden to "aise flowers for the sick and also to To Encourage Attendance Banners for attendance may be pre- pared for juniors, primary and kinder- garten groups and allowed in the room only when the attendance is per-

fect. The same plan may be employed They had come to learn how to use the to encourage promptness. programs. They wanted to know For Young Women where their gifts were most needed and how they could be of greatest A special "Thank You Box," large service. They grew each moment more enough to hold any gift offered, may discouraged and bewildered. Some of be placed in the meeting room. When them did not come back. A real op- something unusually pleasant happens portunity was wasted.

to a member, such as a birthday, re- Another leader may do everything covery from an illness, an engagement, beautifully. She may conduct the marriage or the birth of a child, she meeting, lead in prayer, play the may feel free to bring a Thank You piano, sing, provide splendid speakers, gift for some missionary, and place it write to missionaries and teach the in the box. A book received as a gift study class. When she is ill no one and read during the illness, a duplicate dares to take her place. No one thinks wedding or engagement gift, some- that she can do it well enough. And thing not needed for the baby, or a no one feels responsibility. It is her gift especially purchased because of a meeting, not theirs. An opportunity thankful heart, may be the offering. to train in other leaders and to de- At regular intervals the box should velop personal responsibility may be be opened, the gifts sorted and mailed lost by one woman's efficiency.

to any persons decided on by the class Then there is the careless and in- or society. This should in no way be different leader. We can pick her out allowed to interfere with the regular at once. The room is not in order.

thankoffering of money. Nothing is arranged. No one is ap- Siu>ple l>evices pointed to take part in the program till after she arrives at the meeting, Clothes pins make excellent people generally late, and hastily requests to be used in a sand table. They can some one to pick out some hymns and wear almost any costume. Two clothes for pity's sake, one of you look up a pins make a horse and rider, a num- prayer we can read together! A ber of them joined together a camel stranger coming in finds no guide, no train, etc. poster to show in which room the A message of love may be written meeting is held. There is no one to on a kite and it may be let loose to fly play the piano; never of course any away, bearing kindness to anyone special music or surprise feature; no who finds it. While it disappears the one is interested; the meeting drags.

children may recite: The Oooperative Meeting Fly a kite of kindness The best meeting is cooperative. To friends across the sea.

Hindering and Helping These words: "Our society," "our meeting," "our program" explain its .Strange as it may seem a most effi- success. The leader, however efficient cient leader may be a great hindrance. and thoroughly interested, has made Recently we attended an organization each one feel herself indispensable.

meeting where an outsider had been Mrs. Brown hears of a Japanese asked to speak a needed word of en- tourist visiting in the neighborhood couragement. The members were and begs him to come and show his women from moderately comfortable curios and costumes to her society.

homes, none of whom had gone to Mrs. Jones brings her new fern to school for the last two decades. As decorate the table, or a geranium the words "project" and "objective," blooming out of season. Mrs. Smith's "psychological," "efficiency," and "cur- cousin who sings is brought along to riculum" were flung about, a look of give a solo. The president welcomes bewilderment settled on their faces. all these helps even though they do

not always quite fit into the program. "Let us make a Japanese quilt," she "Our society" never lacks variety. smiled. "It's different and more in- . "We" are all so interested. "Our hus- teresting." "Ahs" and "ohs" of asbands" have their regular jobs on tonishment greeted the strange missionary society nights, driving patches. Soon each woman was busy about to gather up women for the filling in the outline with the right meeting. "Our college daughters" colored floss provided. Questions folknow that they must go to the neigh- lowed as naturally as breathing. bors so they can leave their babies and come. Even "our sons" stay at The wise pastor's wife had prepared home with their little sisters and and could answer intelligently. At brothers. Every woman in the con- the end of the meeting the pastor apgregation is expected to be at the peared and on seeing the new quilt meeting. Generally she is there. blocks, offered to bring a book on Japan next time, show them pictures How We Did It of the strange objects and read to them while they sewed. So the first Introducing missions into unmis- wedge of mission study was inserted. sionary churches, and interesting the When the pretty quilt, lined with uniuterested is not an easy task. cherry-blossom pink, was finished, Those who are leaders or workers, or there was little about Japan or miswho have always attended churches sion work there that those women did that recognize missions as a natural not know. part of the church program, feel helpless when confronted by the absolute A quilt full of pagodas, wheelbarignorance of and indifference toward rows, dragons and mandarins folthe subject in many communities. lowed, and it was put together with pale yellow, while China became real Here are a few methods used re- to the sewers. cently by earnest women moving into such communities: A black and white quilt, covered with elephants, oxcarts, hammocks, The opening wedge-Mrs. A. was mud huts and cunning black children a young pastor's wife fresh from a followed, as Christ's love for Africa lively missionary church and over- was impressed upon them. flowing with zeal. She was appalled by the fact that a women's meeting in The pile grew until the sale of the their new parish meant either pre- quilts came under discussion. Do you paring a big dinner or quilting. wonder that the minister's wife smiled Though the church women were in- when one woman suggested that the telligent, they knew nothing of mis- proceeds go to the various fields? sions. Offerings were unknown. That was a real innovation in that Sales and bazaars were the social church. events of the year. Quilts were sold to meet the quota of the congregation. "Why not send the quilts themselves After pondering in silence awhile to the missionaries?" the mission-enthe pastor's wife made her decision. thusiast put it meekly. "It might encourage them to know how inter- "If the women must make quilts, ested we are in their countries and I'll help them make a new kind," she the people there. All missionaries said. need bedding."

When opportunity offered she pro- This led naturally to the letters of duced squares of unbleached muslin thanks and appreciation from the missix by six inches, on which were out- sionaries. The personal touch was an lined strange objects -lotus flowers, accomplished fact and the rest folchrysanthemums, bamboo, jinrikishas, lowed slowly but naturally and instrange looking farmers in umbrella evitably. The church now has its mishats, rice bowls, silkworms, and sionary society and mission study Japanese dolls-each claimed a square. class. None of the women realize just how it came about.

WOlIAN'S FOREIGN MISSION

EDITED BY ELLA D. MACLAURIN, 419 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK THE JERUSALEM MEETING prise to discover the will of God for this critical hour. By MRS. E. H. SILVERTHORN, New York The three outstanding results to my mind were: We arc still too near the meeting for true perspective or accurate evalu- I. The fellowship experienced on ation. It is, however, quite evident Mount of Olives in the deepest realithat we have witnessed and have par- ties of life, the intimate interpenetraticipated in one of the creative hours tion of mind with mind, of spirit with spirit, across the frontiers of language THE WOMEN DELEGATES FR OM MANY NATIONS AT JERUSALEM of missionary history of the world. and race and communion, the trans- For' one of the really great crises of formation of outlook and the expanmodern missionary history confronts sion of horizon. We experienced the the Christian forces of the world, and great fact of the solidarity of the Jerusalem, 1928, was an honest, de- disciples of Christ, "That they all may vout effort by the representatives of be one." This fellowship developed the responsible leadership of the Prot- through corporate prayer, worship, estant Christian missionary enter- through living, eating, thinking to- 663

gether, 250 of us, representing fifty- where must be a truly missionary one countries. church to express the mind of its Lord, to live vitally, to grow and serve; II. The expression of the common therefore the younger churches must mind of the Council under the guid- share this responsibility with the ance of God, as incorporated in the older churches since it is a cooperafindings. The mornings of the first tive enterprise. week were given to reports by the chairmen of the eight Commissions on III. The richness and depth of the the Surveys prepared before the meet- spiritual life of the Council in its ing. These were followed by forums vitality, its unity and its variety of which brought into the open diver- expression. Our surroundings had, gences or agreements of opinion, new no doubt, much to do with this exmaterial, and varied and rich ex- perience. We lived together for fifperiences of the Christian leadership teen days on the Mount of Olives, the from all over the world. All of this Holy City spread out as a panorama made an excellent preparation for the before us to the west, the Jordan findings groups which were organized Valley and the Dead Sea on the east, around the eight subjects of the sur- to the north was Judea and to the veys, and which met and reported the south Bethlehem and Bethany. The second week. Every delegate was on Wilderness of Temptation lay at our one or more of these findings groups feet. We were constantly reminded of or committees. These findings not the life and death of our Lord. All only gave a restatement of the Chris- these brought back in insistent spirtian message of the Gospel in terms itual recollections the realities and of deep reality, vibrating and real for compulsions of the faith by which we the new generation, reemphasizing are called to live and to serve. the supreme and unique place of Christ, of His life, death and resurrec- On the opening Sunday afternoon, tion as a redemptive act of God, but Bishop MacInnes, of Jerusalem, in the they also expressed for us the com- grounds of the Galilean Church on the pleteness of the Christian message for side of the Mount of Olives gave a deall of life. The findings covered these votional talk on the City of Jerusalem seven other fields: The development which lay spread out before us. On of Christian education on sound edu- Palm Sunday morning he took the concational and spiritual principles to ference on a devotional pilgrimage in meet the growing needs of all ages song and prayer and praise from Bethand groups in the churches all around any along the path our Lord walked or the world; the future of cooperation; rode on His triumphal entry into Jeruthe relationship of the older and salem. Late at night on Maundy younger churches; the type of appeal, Thursday we prayed in the Garden of and the magnitude of the task of the Gethsemane with the moonlight mak- Home Base; the world-wide industrial ing clear the outlines of the olive and rural problems based on sound trees. On Good Friday morning many Christian teaching, economic science walked from the Ecce Homo Church and practical need; the findings on along the Via Dolorosa in devotional interracial relationships, courageous meditation to the Church of the Holy and balanced. All these gave a clear Sepulchre, on the second Saturday we mandate, an expanding program, a went to Bethlehem, to Jericho, the unified world outlook for Protestant banks of the Jordan, where the Christendom. There was evidenced a Saviour was baptized, and to the Dead growing conviction on the part of the Sea. younger churches represented that the missionary task was not the con- In these and other ways the unique cern of the sending churches only, Christian associations of Jerusalem but that the Church of Christ every- wove themselves vitally into our spir- itual experience. We realized as never before that our Lord actually

WOMAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN

lived our natural life, performed our Ruth Woodsmall, Secretary of Y. W.

natural tasks, walked the crowded C. A. Eastern Mediterranean Federa- streets and highways, and so for us tion; Mrs. George H. Huntington, was broken down forever the partition Chairman of the Near East Commit- between things sacred and things tee of the Y. W. C. A. and wife of the secular. He hallowed all of life for us. Vice-President of Robert College, Another outstanding point of in- Constantinople; Baroness G. W. T.

terest was the contacts and friend- Van Boetzelaer Van Dubbledam of the ships formed among the women dele- Netherlands; Miss B. D. Gibson, as- gates present. At the preceding meet- sistant secretary of the International ing of the International Missionary Missionary Council; Miss M. M.

Council held at Oxford, there were Underhill, associate Editor of the In- five women delegates, at this meeting ternational Review of Missions and there were 42 women delegates, Miss Esther Strong, Assistant Libra- coopted members and secretaries. rian. The women were called together Our own American delegation was twice on their own initiative to dis- a strong one. It included eleven cover in what ways they could give women from the United States and the largest contributions to the dis- one from Canada. There were two cussions and proceedings of the con- women in the English delegation, one ferences, and also to get acquainted from Scotland, one from Switzerland, and to learn something definite about one from the Netherlands, and one the fields, problems and progress of from Germany, Mme. Schlunk, who one another's work. Baroness Van was taken ill .en route and could not Boetzelaer Van Dubbledam was made attend the meeting. chairman of these informal gather- Among the delegates from the ings of the women's group.

Orient were some whose women, at The women were all housed together least, were familiar to us. From in one of the huts, they enjoyed much China, Miss Luella Miner, Dean of informal fellowship there and at the Women of the Shantung Christian morning coffee and afternoon tea University, Tsinan; Mrs. C. C. Chen, hours. While we each had regular Vice-Chairman of the National Y. W. seats in the guest hall of the German C. A. of China and Chairman of the Hospice where our meetings were Board of Directors of the Woman's Christian Medical College of Shang- held, there were no definite places at hai; Miss Pao-Swen Tsing, Founder the tables in the dining hall, each meal and Principal of Fang Girls' College, was like a turn of a kaleidoscope, new Changsha. From India, Miss Eleanor combinations, new tablemates, new ac- McDougall, Principal of the Woman's quaintances resulted. By the middle Christian College, Madras, and Miss of the first week all formality was Tara N. Tilak, social worker from gone and we were a friendly group the University Settlement, Bombay. intent on exchanging views and secur- From Japan, Mrs. Ochinii Kubushiro, ing information from one another. National Secretary of the Woman's Most of the Orientals wore their na- Christian Temperance Union of Japan, tive costumes which added much color and from Korea, Miss Helen Kim, to the gathering.

Dean of Ewha Woman's College, The possibilities of cooperation in Seoul. Some other WOmen notables observing the World's Day of Prayer were Mrs. Mary Grace Forgan, Presi- was presented to the women and there dent of the Woman's Foreign Mission were a general consensus of opinion and Vice-Convener of the Foreign that such participation by Christian Mission Committee of the United Free women everywhere would prove an- Church of Edinburgh; Miss Mary other bond of unity among the Chris- Dingman, Industrial Secretary of the tian women of the world.

World's Y. W. C. A., London; Miss Miss Helen Kim of Korea has con-

sented to prepare the 1929 program suits of the foreign mission enterprise for the World Day of Prayer. than the exhibit of the great lives and The women gave very valuable con- wonderful accomplishments of these tributions through the forums and on Christians who have come out from the findings committees. It was evi- their own faiths and have followed the dent that their contributions were ap- teachings of the Lord Jesus. It is not preciated, for in the reorganization of a new development. When the Com- the Council when the lack of women mittee on the United Study of Foreign members became apparent, the Na- Missions was formed in 1900 we wel- tional Christian Council, which now comed to the platform in Carnegie constitutes the International Mission- Hall, Lilavati Singh, president of the ary Council, was admonished by Dr. first Woman's College in India. We Mott, the reelected Chairman, to see recognized even then the fitness and that this lack was remedied. the ability of Indian women to assume As the question of world-wide co- high positions of leadership. It is no operation was faced and the need ex- new thing to find women of the Orient pressed by the yonger churches for and even in Africa who have given continued help in men and women, "long lives of service worthy to be writ- money, sympathy and prayers from ten with those so marvelously set forth the older or sending churches, the in the Epistle to the Hebrews. It is magnitude of the task ahead pressed especially delightful to be able to an- more and more heavily upon us. The nounce that we have secured as the new areas of life as well as of terri- author and editor of this book, which tory that need to be claimed and in- is to be the climax for our third decade fused with the spirit of Christ, partic- of United Study a popular well-known ularly those areas of industry and in- author, Miss Singmaster. Miss Sing- terracial relations which have been master, who is really Mrs. Lewars, is among the major concerns of our Fed- a member of the Lutheran Church and eration, and the great rural areas of its Woman's Board of Foreign Mis- the world· as .yet but little touched- sions. She has studied mission work these tremendous needs placed over and has met some of the fine repre- against our inadequacy, personal and sentatives who have come to this collective, drove us deeper and deeper country. She will have a wealth of into self-examination, personally and material from all the Boards and will corporately and a profound sense of give the fine literary touch and artistic dependence on the supernatural re- handling which will make it a book for sources of God grew in our hearts. wide circulation and of immense value.

Vomell Delegates and Coopted Members from The Junior book will be written by tlnit~d States and Canada: Miss Helen Calder, Mrs. Seebach, editor of the children's Mrs. R. M. ea vert, Mi.ss Margaret Crutchfipld, magazine of the Lutheran Board. ].[rs. H. E. Goodman, Miss Sara Lyon, Mrs. Here again we have an able writer, 'rhos. Nicholson, Mrs. Harper Sibley (Alte'i'~ one thoroughly qualified to present to boys and girls the lives of boys and IInte), Mrs. E. H. Silverthorn, Mrs. Robert Rpeer, )1r8. Chas. W. Williams. ~frs. John R. Mott (Coopted), Mrs. Murray Brooks.

THREE DECADES OF UNITED girls who have made good in their STUDY various countries, and have in their We are happy here to give the an- youth come to know the Boy of Twelve, nouncement for the last book of our who is the model for all boys and girls.

third decade as a United Study Com- As we think over the years and the mittee. The Committee, in conference great writers of our study books we with the Boards, has undertaken to are especially thankful that God has prepare a book for 1930 which will called into this missionary service men give the life stories of our great and women of such eminent ability leaders, Japanese, Chinese, Indian, and that He has allowed us all together African, Korean, and Persian. There to study the work for His cause.- could be no better summing up of re· Mrs. Henry W. Peabody.

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 105 EAST 22ND STREET, NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE PRAYER OF A LONELY Dr. William Pierson Merrill, pas- STUDENT tor of the Brick Presbyterian Church, "Almighty God, our Heavenly Fa- New York City, at an interdenomina- ther, Thou hast made the earth and tional convention of pastors in Ohio the people thereon, white, yellow, red some weeks ago is quoted as having or black, at thy will and they are all said, "If it is just to punish men for good in thy sight. I beseech thee to peace talk in war time, there ought comfort me when I feel like a stran- to be some way of reaching those who ger here; help me to endure perse- indulge in war talk in peace time." cutions ;md scorns, give me wisdom The Ohio Christian News quoting this that I may understand that people said editorially under the caption of whatever complexion are all thy "Peace-time Sedition": children and thou art their Father "Unless 'j¥e really want war, we and Creator."-By a Chinese Student, have no business to talk war-to jug- printed in The Living Church.

gle figures as to comparative strength -to assert that we must have a navy BUILD FRIENDSHIPS FOR NAstrong enough to blow any other navy out of the water. National security TIONAL DEFENSE was never gained by any nation by that method. It is the men who have The National Committee on the talked peace who have brought us Cause and Cure of War has proposed every step of the progress toward a campaign in behalf of the treaty peace that we have been able to make. to renounce war among the Great It is the men who are talking peace Powers. A great movement is sweepto-day who are the real builders of ing over the world to substitute some happiness and security and prosperity form of arbitration for war when disfor America." putes arise between nations. It is the purpose of the Committee to carry Someone has said, "We must plan the news of the Briand-Kellogg nefor peace, and make it as easy as pos- gotiations to as many people as possible to maintain peace, and as stupid sible and to invite them to unite in as possible to wage war." expressions of public opinion support- ing the proposed multilateral treaty And another says, "In time of war renouncing war among the Great the people of a nation bend every en- Powers. (Definitions: A multilateral ergy toward war; in time of peace, treaty is a group treaty signed by all should bend every energy toward several or many nations; a bilateral permanent maintenance of peace." or bi-party treaty is one signed by two nations.) International Relations Publications (15 cents) is a new bibliography pre- The women of the nine organizapared by the World Peace Foundation, tions composing the National Com- 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Mass.

It lists pUblications of forty-one mittee on the Cause and Cure of War, American organizations, with brief while endeavoring to make a demondescription of each publication, so stration of popular opinion in the that one can quickly get some idea United States, have no desire to ex- of its contents. It is very convenient clude from this campaign other in- for those who want to know what is terested organizations or people. All now available in this field. citizens and all organization!! 1!-,e ~1)..~ 667

vited to cooperate in securing the pas- treaty severally with each other to subsage of the following resolution mit their differences to arbitration and, favoring this proposal, at any kind furthermore, thirty of these nations of representative meeting. have absolutely proscribed war each with the other; and The campaign in behalf of the treaty is not confined to the United WHEREAS, The established policy of States. Twenty-three organizations the United States, as instanced notably in Great Britain have united in a in the Root and Bryan treaties, is peacecommittee to conduct a similar move- ,ful settlement of disputes between our ment there. They will plan their work country and other nations, be it through the summer and make a short, intense campaign in the autumn, be- Resolved, That we welcome the corginning with a great public meeting respondence and negotiations now proin Albert Hall, London. They have ceeding between the Great Powers of invited the Committee on the Cause the world-France, Germany, Great and Cure of War to send representa- Britain, Italy, Japan and the United tives from the United States. to speak States-proposing a multilateral treaty at that meeting. It is probable a proscribing war between themselves and similar great meeting will be held engaging by solemn pledges to find in New York and that British speak- peaceful methods of settling any dispute ers will parti<;ipate. The women of arising, and be it further France and Germany are also beginning to move in the same direction. Resolved, That we hereby pledge to this undertaking our earnest and active WILL YOU HELP? support, and urge this and succeeding administrations of the United States per- sistently to prosecute these negotiations until such a treaty is ratified.

Slogan "BUILD FRIENDSHIPS, NOT WAR- SHIPS, FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE"

The Resolution Plan of. ClUIlpaign (Information to be filled in for each meet- State Conferences ing at which the resolution is passed. At every meeting where the resolution is adopted The National Committee invites the four copies should be attested and two of representatives of the nine organizations these Rhould h~ ~iv(ln to. a committee whnst' of which it is composed to call and to duty it will be to take charge of the resolu- hold a conference in each of the fortytions passed witbin the state by the united eight states for the purpose of spreading organizations. TIle other two should be sent public education concerning the proposto Miss Elizabeth Morris. 1010 Grand Central als, their aim and meaning, and to which Terminal Building. New York City.) a resolution may be presented for adop- tion. Adopted at ……………………. . (State character of meetinl!;) Local Conferences By vote of ….. FOR to ….. AGAINST Regional, county, city, town, village, -or UNANIMOUSLY and rural conferences organized with Town or City …. . . . . .. State ……. . the same aim and by the same methods Date ……. . are earnestly urged. Under auspices of ……………… . Other Organizations ( OrganilZation) Chairman of meeting …………… . Resolutions passed by any organiza- Address ………………………. . tion other than one of the nine which Secretary …………………….. . compose the National Committee, and Address ……………….. , ……. . which have been given into the charge of the state committee, should be treated WHEREAS, The rising tide of public in the same manner. opinion throughout the world favors reason not force, arbitration not battles as Branches the means of settling disputes between nations; and Each of the nine organizations is urged to present this resolution for WHEREAS, World opinion is coming to adoption to each of its branches throughregard war as an obsolete, ineffective out the country. Collectively, the nine and uncivilized instrument of national organizations are urged to secure the policy, albeit the institutions of peace passage of the resolution through as are not yet completely agreed upon nor many other gatherings as possible. fully established but are in the process Churches, clubs, forums, men's luncheon of progressive and successful develop- meetings are suitable fields for the conment; and sideration of the resolution.

WHEREAS, Fifty-six of the sixty-four PASS THE NEWS ON! nations of the world have agreed by

WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN

History of the Proposal sent broadcast for other nations to con- sider the proposal. The press comment April 6, 1927: The French Minister around the world indicates a surprised of Foreign Affairs, M. Briand, an- sense of shock that a definite, official nounced in a speech that a treaty "out- proposal is actually before mankind de- lawing war" between France and the manding attention, that would "outlaw" United States, as a substitute for the war, that is, make it no longer a legal Root treaty about to expire, would be "instrument," and that would drive na- agreeable to France. tions to find other methods if trouble should arise. A minority in any country June 20, 1927: Public opinion having and a majority in some will surely find vigorously supported the idea in both the plan "preposterously idealistic." A countries he presented an official pro- vision of perpetual peace confronts the posal to the Department of State that world! Will nations be too timid, too France and the United States should distrustful, too ambitious to make it a "renounce war as an instrument of pol- reality? The people alone can answer. icy toward each other" and agree to settle by peaceful means any dispute A Few Quotations arising. "If this generation fails to devise December 28, 1927: Secretary Kellogg means for preventing war, it will desaw a shadow in the background of such serve the disaster which surely will ;)e a treaty: the United States might only visited upon it. Later generations wjJJ go to war with the enemies of France; not be likely to act if we fail."–Calvin therefore he returned a counter propos- Coolidge, President of the United State.•. al that France and the United States join in a proposal to all the principal "Everywhere and always France will powers of the world, viz.: France, Ger- remain in the front ranks of the nations many, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and to maintain peace."-Aristide Briand, the United States, "to renounce war be- French Minister of Foreign Affairs. tween themselves as an instrument of policy." "Who in Europe does not know that one more war in the West and the civili- January 5, 1928: At this point M. zation of the ages will fall with as great Briand saw a possible difficulty. Fifty- a shock as that of Rome?"-Stanley six nations, members of the League of Baldwin, British Prime Minister, 1926. Nations, have agreed to settle their differences by arbitration and are bound The National Committee to unite in punishing any recalcitrant member that violates its pledge and goes The National Committee on the to war. This has never happened; but Cause and Cure of War is composed it might, and France saw a possible of: conflict in her treaty promises. M. Briand therefore made a counter pro- American Association of University posal: that the six Great Powers should Women. not agree to renounce all war, but only war of aggression. Council of Women for Home Missions. Federation of Women's Boards of For- February 28, 1928: By this date the eign Missions of North America. entire world was watching the conver- General Federation of Women's Clubs. sations with astonished interest, as each National Board of the Young Women's great nation drove the other into broad- Christian Associations. er pronouncements. Secretary Kellogg National Council of Jewish Women. asked why it could be possible to re- National League of Women Voters. nounce war between France and the National Woman's Christian Temper- United States if it were not possible to ance Union. do so among a large number. National Women's Trade Un ion League. March 30, 1928: To this query M. Briand replied with a more specific ex- The national office is 1010 Grand planation: that if a war should break Central Terminal Building, New York out between Czecho-Slovakia and Ger- City. Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt is many, or Jugo-Slavia and Italy the Chairman; Miss Elizabeth Morris is Great Powers, except the United States Executive Secretary. which is not a member of the League, would be expected to unite in bringing (Adapted from announcement by the Na~ punishment upon the belligerent mem- tional Committee on the Cause and Cure of ber that had violated her pledge; but War. For informative material regarding the he added, let the treaty not be confined treaty negotiations apply to the World Peace to the six Great Powers, let it include Foundation, 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, all the chief nations of the world. 1.fa~s" for its pamphlet-30 cents-of' t() thf' National League of Women Voters, 1010 Grand April 20, 1928: The' discussions rest Central Terminal Bldg" New York City for at this point and invitations have been a briefer digest entitled "The Multilateral Treaty"-5 cents.)

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EUROPE G. H. Morrison said that he had al- ways held that the most important "American-European Fellowship" event in the religious life of Scotland in the last seventy years was the visit T HREE organizations which have of Mr. Moody. He spoke of its im- been at work in Europe, chiefly mediate fruits in the conversion of among Russians and Jews, namely, the multitudes, many of them in the prime Christian Testimony to Jews, the of life and youth, and quoted the late Russian Evangelization Society, and Dr. Alexander Whyte of Edinburgh as the American-European Fellowship, having said to him, "In those days have now merged under the title, "The every second man one met in Princes American-European Fellowship for Street was carrying a Bible in his Christian Oneness and Evangeliza- hand." But, said Dr. Morrison, when tion." A number of missionaries and he remembered the work of the Glasnative workers are laboring in Central gow Association and all that had origand Eastern Europe under the au- inated in the inspiring influence of spices of this society, among them be- Mr. Moody, he felt how still more ing Rev. Paul Mishkoff and helpers wonderfully the fruits had remained. in the earthquake zone of Bulgaria; Rev. and Mrs. R. W. Hill and native Patriotic Bulgarian Girls helpers in Roumania; Rev. Charles Lukesh and Miss Edna Kauffman in T HE students in a Methodist mis- Czechoslovakia; Rev. John Koval- sion school for girls in Bulgaria chuck, Fred Stettler and others, in have sent an ardent appeal for Amer- Poland. Rev. A. Dobrinin in Finland ican sympathy, from which the followis editing a magazine which is being ing is quoted: "It is neither fair nor circulated among Russians in twelve right to label Bulgarians as war countries. A number of Bible schools lovers. No one will ever know the in Europe are assisted by this society, unspeakable suffering that Bulgaria which is also stimUlating the distribu- bore through five hundred long years tion of Bibles and evangelical liter- under the Turks. The heart of Amerature. Its headquarters are at 156 ica went out to Armenia but the Bul- Fifth Ave., New York City, under the garian people bore similar treatment care of Rev. Norman J. Smith, with through five centuries. If we have Col. E. N. Sanctuary as sec'y-treas., had wars they were in the name of and Rev. W. S. Hottel, general director freedom from oppressors who forbade and editor of the missionary organ, us to speak our own language or to recently enlarged, The European worship our God. It was only fifty Harvest Field. years ago that Bulgaria became free of the Turkish yoke and in that time Moody'. Memory in Glasgow AT THE annual meeting of the Glas- we feel that we have made wonderful gow United Evangelistic ASljoci- progress. We have had to build from ation, special tribute was paid to nothing and our schools, churches, Dwight L. Moody, whose evangelistic theatres, universities and cities show campaign in Glasgow in 1874 led to what we have done. We do not wish the formation of the Association. Dr. Americans to praise us or condemn us, 670 but we pray that they may understand ;;hree nationalities on the board of how we are struggling to make a directors. Suspicion and prejudice better Bulgaria." had to be fought, with every meeting conducted in three languages. There "Church Concord" in Hungary was in the beginning a constant spirit of criticism and misunderstanding, I r IS reported from Lutheran sources but now after six years some progress that the 200,000 Protestants in has been made. Not only are the Budapest desire to erect a monument women working together, after generto Luther and another to Calvin, the ations of racial hatreds, but they are first to be located in Deak Place in developing a real feeling of affection front of a Lutheran church, and the for each other. other in Calvin Place before a Reformed church. This simple desire of Religious Chaos in Russia Protestants to honor their historic leaders is not to be granted without a T HE chaotic conditions which prefight. An official Roman Catholic body vail in Russian religious life today has protested on the ground that the are reflected in the contradictory charerection of the monuments would be acter of two reports recently received instrumental in disturbing the present from that country. One, given in the state of church concord. According magazine published by the Moody Bible to Neues Leben, published in Czecho- Institute, states: "The All-Russian slovakia, more than thirty per cent of Evangelical Christian Union, of which the population is Protestant, but the Rev. 1. S. Prokhanoff is president, "church concord would long since have has obtained from the Russian Soviet ceased to exist were the Protestants Government the first permit to print but thirty per cent as intolerant as Bibles in the language of the people. the leaders of Catholicism and the Foreign missionaries and foreignhigh clergy." The Catholic Church in printed Bibles are not admitted to the Hungary is very wealthy, possessing country….. The Soviet Government, a vast amount of property, far in ex- which officially recognizes no religion cess of the property of Protestant and no God, has given to the All-Ruschurches. The Catholics explain this sian Evangelical Christian Union a condition by declaring that it is of very fine piece of land in the heart of divine origin. Leningrad, on which to erect a Bible training institution, provided a large Interracial Y. W. C. A. in La.tvia building is erected in a specified time. The Christian Union has already esr ATVIA after the World War pre- tablished a training school for teach- ers, missionaries and preachers, with L sented a complex problem to the a capacity for seventy-five students, but there is a waiting list of more Young Women's Christian Associa- than six hundred." tion. Crossed repeatedly by contending armies during the war, alternately The second, quoting the periodical the posesssion of Russia and Ger- Antireligiosnik, gives the following as many, desperately poor, with so many the aims of the Soyua Bezbozhnikow men killed that the women have had to (Association of the Godless) : serve both as bread-earners and breadmakers, there remained, in addition to (a) The S. B. is to become a massthis depressing material condition, an organization. (b) Thousands of godless interracial hatred that was over- hamlets and villages are to be created. powering. It became increasingly (c) The method of anti-religious propaclear to the Association that, if it was ganda is to be carefully worked out. going to fulfill its great purpose, it (d) A serious anti-religious literature is must serve the Russians and Germans to be called into being and with it a as well as the Latvian people. The group of anti-religious specialists. first step was to put women of the (e) International relations are to be cultivated and confirmed.

AFRICA Christian speakers, the Bible study classes, and, no less, the social, athletic Mission Schools Like Minarets and educational activities pack the As- sociation with eager Egyptians." Mr. K AMIL EFFENDI MANSOUR, an Smith calls the Cairo building "a Egyptian writing on the subject demonstration center from which the of education in his native land, is Association will spread into every quoted in The Congregationalist as large city and provincial capital of saying: Egypt." Two Egyptian secretaries are now being trained in the Unite:! "When the Christian missionaries States and five more in Cairo. The first entered our country the true light work at Alexandria will be resumed of education started to shine upon us. this fall. But we refused in the beginning to go to any Christian school for fear of Abyssinian Boy Preachers having our religious beliefs changed. So for some time only Christian Egyp- THE most encouraging part of the tians profited from the teaching, with work of the United Presbyterian the result that they were able to hold Church in Gorei, Abyssinia, according almost all the government offices until to one correspondent, is "the way the the Moslems began to have more con- boys, large and small, are carrying the fidence in these mission schools, and Gospel to their own people. Every Frisent their boys and girls to them in day afternoon Miss Bayne has her class large numbers. Now they often prefer of juniors out on one of the roads leadthese Christian schools even to gov- ing into Gorei, where a meeting is ernment schools, for they have found held at any house that will welcome out that these schools care more fo r them. Usually the master of the house moral and spiritual instruction, es- is asked to call in his friends, and then pecially the schools for girls. Thus, the boys, ranging from nine to twelve until popular education was introdu~ed years of age, hold their services led by by the Government, these mission Miss Bayne. Immediately after mornschools were like Christian minarets ing service the older boys start out to our country." for an afternoon of preaching. Since the :first of the year the number of Y. M. C. A. Success in Egypt people reached each week has not dropped below three hundred. This I N THE lands where Jesus as a boy past month 1,491 were reached with and man lived and worked-Pales- the Gospel by the Sabbath teams and tine and Egypt-the Y. M. C. A. today this past Sabbath 449 were in the is meeting a great need. "In Egypt, meetings. About twenty boys go out especially," says a recent report, "is in groups of two, three or four. They stalwart manhood being built by the circle the hill, stopping in villages Association in a nation which is where people are willing to listen. weighed down by the blight of illiter- Special centers have developed where acy on ninety-two per cent of its people gather each week." people and by a great gulf in thought between the intelligentsia and the Ba.ptisms in Southern Sudan masses. Under the guidance of Wilbert B. Smith, an American, the Cairo AT MERIDI, one of the stations of Central Y. M. C. A. was launched in .tl.the Church Missionary Society in 1923 in the former palace of His Ex- the Southern Sudan, great rejoicing cellency Nubar Pasha, former prime took place recently, when a large minister of Egypt. In a city which is crowd assembled on the river banks the intellectual center of the Moslem for the first baptismal service, and world, as the seat of Al Azhar Uni- five young men and one woman were versity, the Y. M. C. A.'s free dis- admitted to the church. Before being cussions of religious problems, the actually baptized the converts turned opportunities it offers to hear noted

WORLD-WIDE OUTLOOK

to their respective relatives and stated first courses for higher education in- that they were separating themselves troduced in Inanda have been well from all heathen customs, and that at supported. Of the two hundred girls their death they did ~ot wish "medi- enrolled, one quarter take industrial cine" to be put on their graves, or training, twenty-five hours a week; that their bodies should be taken away one quarter are in what would corre· from the Christians. "It is a joy," spond roughly with academic high reports a missionary, "to see such bold school courses; and a half are taking witnessing for Christ." Another the national normal high school train- hopeful sign in this district is the ing. The enrollment has doubled opening in the near future of three since Miss Margaret Walbridge, the new out-schools in villages near, these present principal, took charge. Her to be in charge of three keen Christian specialties are the training of indus- boys. trial teachers, and home economics adapted to the needs of African life.

Native Rites an Obstaele Since she has been at Inanda, the staff THE story of a young African chief, of the industrial department has in- who gave up his chieftainship creased from one native teacher to rather than abandon any of his Chris- five. When Dr. Mabel Carney of tian principles, is told by Dr. Arthur Teachers' College, New York City, L. Piper, Methodist medical mission- visited the Seminary about a year ago, ary in the Belgian Congo, who con- she spoke of it as one of the outstandtinues ; "We have had a tense problem ing educational forces in Africa, esto face in the question of Kwikala, one pecially in its influence on the womanof the rites this Christian chief re- hood of the whole section.

fused to follow, which has been facing South African Conference the native church, the missionaries, and the government officials for two WITH its general subject "The years. It consists in snapping the Reintegration of Native Life on a fingers in a certain way before a chief Christian Basis," the Triennial Genwhen you come near him, or especially eral Missionary Conference of South when you are required to serve him Africa was held at the adjoining infood, or otherwise wait upon him. It stitutions of Lovedale and Fort Hare, shows respect to the chief, but it also Victoria East, Cape ~rovince, from means acknowledging the chief as June 26th to 29th. The opening of the your supreme being. The native discussions was largely in the hands Christians have refused to follow this of speakers who attended the conferlong·established custom, and many ence on Africa held last summer at have been severely punished by their Le Zoute, Belgium, and the closing chiefs for their neglect. Our Chris- debates were led by speakers newly tians insist on the right of religious returned from the International Misliberty, whereas the chiefs insist upon sionary Conference at Jerusalem. The the kwikala. The Government and announcement· of the conference the missionaries, have so far been un- stated; "It is generally recognized able really to settle the problem." that the old social and religious life of the native peoples in South Africa Training Zulu HOD1e Makers is in the process of unbounded dis- integration. The situation is of such THE government director of educa- gravity as calls for, in the words of tion for South Africa has decided Rev. J. H. Oldham, 'an outburst of new to make Inanda Seminary, established forces comparable to the breaking in Zululand by American Board mis- forth of fresh life in the Church, more sionaries sixty years ago, the center for than a century ago, which led to the the first of the experimental stations birth of the missionary societies which in industrial teacher training. The we represent.' "

5

THE NEAR EAST phasized by the concession that the Robert Wilder's New Field imprisonment might take place in the I T HAS been announced in the RE- mission school at Brousa, the three VIEW that Robert P. Wilder who ladies being confined merely to the is best known in the United States grounds of the school." The case has and Great Britain through his rela- been appealed to a higher court, tions with the Student Volunteer where, the state having been complete- Movement, had accepted the position ly secularized in Turkey by constituof Executive Secretary, with head- tional provision since the alleged ofquarters in Cairo, of a new organi- fense at the Brousa school took place, zation' The Christian Council for most people feel that an entirely new Western Asia and Northern Africa. construction may be put upon the Further information about his work whole matter.

will be of interest to Mr. Wilder's Religious Freedom in Palestine many friends: The field of the Council includes the following countries: ONE of the most significant results Morocco, and Mauretania, Algeria, of the British mandate in Pales- Tunisia, Tripolitania, Egypt, the Su- tine is the fact that the British Govdan, Abyssinia, Palestine, Syria, Tur- ernment has passed a law which allows key, Cyprus, Greece, A I ban i a, a Moslem to become a Christian if Yugo-Slavia, Roumania, B u I gar i a, he so desires. During the past six Trans-Caucasia, Iraq, Persia, and years eight or nine Mohammedans Arabia. These lands represent a total have been baptized in Jerusalem, but population of about 135,000,000, of the work among them and the Jews whom approximately 70,000,000 are continue to be difficult. There is as Moslems, nearly all of whom speak yet not much evidence of the beginthe Arabic language. Within this nings of a religious awakening within area is Mecca, the religious center of the Greek Orthodox Church in Pales- Islam, and Cairo, which is the intel- tine. The higher clergy are mostly lectual center of Islam. There are from Greece. The most significant working in this field over one hundred movement is taking place just now Protestant missionary societies, with in a Galilee village where forty Monearly 1,600 missionaries connected hammedan families-about 110 indiwith them. . viduals-are enrolled as enquirers for Christian baptism. Even though con- Verdict of Brous& Conrt siderable land has been offered to them by leading Moslems if they do not T HE trial of the Misses Sanderson, leave Islam, they still persist in main- Day and Jilson, three American taining their purpose to become Chris- Congregational teachers in Turkey, tians. for alleged violations of the law against classroom instruction in re- Persian Schools ReopeJl ligious matters was not only referred T HE new Persian law which, by to in the March REVIEW, but has been forbidding the teaching of the Biwidely reported in the daily papers. ble and requiring the teaching of the The verdict of the lower court, about Moslem law in all schools made the May 1st, was "Guilty" and the pen- carrying on of missionary schools alty was imprisonment for three days practically impossible, was reported in and a fine of three lira each (about the April REVIEW. The Church Mis- $13.00) . sionary Society, which is at work in "There is every evidence," says The southern Persia on terms of close fel- Potters Wheel, "that the judge felt lowship with the American Presby- compelled to take some action on ac- terians in the north, reported later in count of the sentiment aroused. But the spring: "The Minister of Educa- the lightness of the sentence is em- tion responsible for that law has re-

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signed and his successor and those "Near Slavery" in India associated with him are not enforcing it, but instead have stated that from T HIS is the term often applied to June first all schools must give secular the condition of the depressed instruction only, thus excluding the classes in India, of whom The Indian Bible, Koran, and Shari'yat alike. If 'Witness says: "There is, as yet, no it is possible for the Bible to be taught province in India, so far as we are out of school hours, as in Japan, and aware, where their elementary rights for Christian hostels to be carried on, are fully protected. Even where the a strong, clear witness can stilI be intention of the law is to protect these given in the country." Confirmation of classe's from injustice, the processes this more liberal attitude was received of the law are expensive and the preda- by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign tory classes are able to defeat it." Missions when it was informed re- In its annual meetings in 1927 and cently by the Division of Near East- 1928 the United Provinces Christian ern Affairs of the Department of State Council expressed itself as gravely in Washington that mission schools concerned over the relations between in Hamadan and Daulatabad, Persia, the depressed classes and "those who which were closed by order of the have social and economic power over Persian Government, have been reop- them," and asked the National Chris- ened. tian Council to arrange for an inquiry into "the forms of oppression or of INDIA AND SIAM social and economic subservience" un- der which these large sections of the School for Afghan Girls Indian people suffer.

T HE recent visit to Europe of the The wrongs specified as needing in- Amir of Afghanistan and his wife vestigation are forced, underpaid labor, provided a great deal of "copy" for enforced gifts, hindrances to agricultural newspaper reporters, and also gave improvements, bribery, deprival of ten- new zest to the prayers of those who ancy rights, the impossibility of securing for many years have realized that Af- land, serfdom imposed by debts, depriva- ghanistan is still unoccupied by any tion of hereditary rights, denial of water missionary of the Cross. An inter- rights, hindrances to attendance at view reported to have been given by schools and restriction of freedom of the queen while in Brussels to a repre- conscience and religion. sentative of the Chicago Tribune, is thus quoted: "'I am the first woman Wonten's Conference in Lahore in Afghanistan to work for the eman- cipation of the women of my country AN EDUCATIONAL conference held and for women's education,' her maj- ftin the Y. W. C. A. building in esty said. 'I collaborate from afar in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab, is the great work of women's progress thus described by Mrs. John B. Weir: in the world.' The queen explained "It was attended by Indian women, that she had founded the first girls' some of more education and some of school in Afghanistan and told of the less; English women interested in ed- fierce resistance the idea met from old- ucational advancement, and American fashioned Mohammedans. A revolt women, most of them missionaries, ac- broke out, but it was firmly suppressed tually engaged in some form of wom- by the king. A memorial stone at en's work. The chairman was an Kabul commemorates the battle fought English lady. The opening address for women's educational freedom. 'At was given by the Rani of Mandi, that present,' she continued, 'eight hun- is, a princess of a native state. The dred girls are enrolled in this school address was thoughtful and full of and are reared like European girls. the ideas of a new day for women. My mother directs the school and I Resolutions had previously bee n , help her as far as I can.' " brought forward by various people, and the discussion waxed strong on some of them, such as on the question

of the proper marriageable age for to me one day. 'Oh, we are out to girls. I thought back to nine years convert you to Christianity,' said I. ago, when I first came to India. At 'Well you are sure to succeed if you that time such a conference would keep up your zeal and enthusiasm for have been practically impossible." a little longer time,' replied the man. The week was ended by a procession South Indian Mass Movement of the Christians through the main streets of the city. Banners with MUCH has been written of the mass striking verses were made for the oc- movement to Christianity among casion. The non-Christians requested the outcaste people in the territory in us to stop in front of their shops and North India where the American sing Christian bhajans to them." Methodist Episcopal Church is at work. Less is known in the United Unite to Win Bena.res Pilgrims States of a similar movement in South India, concerning which a representa- REPORTS have come from India of tive of the Church Missionary Society an united effort among English writes: "In our area alone 30,000 missionaries to reach Benares pilgrims converts have been won between 1921 with the Gospel. Representatives of and 1927, and 43,000 since 1916. It the Church and the London Missionary took seventy-five years to win the first Societies have joined with a commitfifty thousand, but little more than tee of the Wesleyan Ministers' Misfive years to win the next fifty thou- sionary Union in the determination sand. About half the outcastes in that something effective shall be atthis area have thus been won in the tempted to influence the crowds of last eighty years. The remaining half pilgrims who come to Benares in the probably can be won in the next five search for merit in the temples or years. Under the able leadership of salvation from their sins in "Mother Bishop Azariah the work has been Ganges" water. The first missionary thoroughly organized and Indianized. to lead this new united campaign will Indians are filling posts of a kind be the Rev. J. C. Jackson of the L. M. once reserved for Europeans. A di- S., a man said to be powerful in the vinity school has been opened during vernacular and versed in Hindu ways the last five years. There are nearly and thought. Around him it is hoped 1,000 day schools at work with a total to gather Indian Christian workers of over 21,000 scholars, and in addi- from the various language areas of tion to these 150 night schools have India so that the polyglot crowd of been opened." pilgrims who flock to Benares may hear there "in their own tongue" the A Stirring Week in Ludhia.na. story of a Real Saviour. Benares city has a population of over two hun- THE Punjab Christian Council ap- dred thousand people, not counting pointed a week in the spring for the hundreds of thousands of pilgrims a special evangelistic campaign, pre- who merely pass through. ceded by a week of preparation. The effort made in Ludhiana is thus des- Child Mothers in India. To-da.y cribed by Rev. B. C. Ishwardas in The Indian Standard: "The entire T HERE are already in India, acchurch community was divided into cording to census figures, about fifteen preaching bands. Special care twelve million Indian wives who are was taken that every important lo- under fifteen years of age, about 300,- cality in the city was visited by some 000 being under the age of five. With group or other. Very soon there was so many as twelve million little girls commotion and excitement in the city. in India in the position of becoming 'What has gone wrong with you Chris- mothers, many of whom are mothers, tians?' said a leading Arya Samajist no wonder the Indian race has such

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an uphill battle in life. This is not nese Christian Church looks upon the taking into account the 396,556 Indian anti-Christian movement as a healthwidows who are under fifteen years giving and corrective influence to be old, over fifteen thousand of these be- used for the perfection of her life. ing under five years of age. And She regards, therefore, some of the yet in face of appalling facts like anti-Christian leaders not as her enethese, the All-India Legislative As- mies but as her friends." sembly at Delhi, on March 24th, refused to raise "the age of consent" Loyalty of Chinese Wom.en from twelve years, the low figure at which it has stood for a generation, WRITING two weeks after her rethe age being raised from ten in 1891 turn to Hwai Yuen, Anhwei after a tremendous storm. "This re- Province, Miss H. R. McCurdy said: fusal of the Assembly, supposed to "Such a beautiful welcome was waitrepresent the opinion of the whole of ing for us from Christians and out- India, will unquestionably do India siders alike. The children on the irreparable harm," says the Dnyano- street came running to hold our hands. daya, "in the eyes of the modern world. All of the first few days and much Here is India, or at least its intelli- of the time Bince has been Bpent in gent section, shouting itself hoarse receiving visits and in feasts of welover its rights and privileges in the come. The women came and poured democratic civilization of this twen- out their hearts in telling the history tieth century, and a vote of 54 to 36 of the year's terrors and dangers. But ensuring a continuance of girl-moth- the one dominant note was of praise erhood is received with applause from to God for His goodness in bringing the 'orthodox' portion of the Assem- them safely through …… After seebly." While the bill was pending, the ing the unspeakable filth of the empty Women's Indian Association addressed shells of foreign houses which were to the Assembly a stirring petition, occupied and looted by soldiers, I am urging the abolition of child mother- still more thankful for the courage hood, not only in order to give India and loyalty of Miss Liu and Mrs. Ling her place among civilized nations, but which enabled us to live again in our also the custom was not sanctioned perfectly preserved home. When I by the Vedas. tried to thank them they answered, 'But this is God's grace alone. We CHINA AND TIBET could not have done it otherwise. Were not many people praying for us? Enemies Friends in Disguise Was not the church in America pray- ing for us?' " DR. CHENG CHING YI, moderator of the new united Church of Ohinese Church Autonomy Christ in China, is quoted in The Congregationalist as follows: "In gen- REPORTS from the missions of vaeral, the attitude of the Chinese rious denominations in China in- Church at large is somewhat as fol- dicate the increased control which is lows: Toward those who oppose her being taken over by the Chinese Chriswith unreasoning blindness and sheer tians. At the General Synod meeting prejudice, she maintains a silent and of the Protestant Episcopal Church patient forbearance; to those who at- in Shanghai there were twelve bishtack her because of misunderstanding, ops, two of them Chinese, and sixtyshe seeks to explain her position and six clerical and lay del ega t e s, remove the misunderstanding; such fifty-five Chinese. Eight delegates charges against organized Christian- were women, five Chinese and three ity as are well-founded and true, she foreign. The House of Deputies had frankly admits and sets about to re- a Chinese chairman and secretary, for move by effecting the necessary change the first time, and it is said that this and improvement. In short, the Chi-

demonstration of Chinese leadership in perfect peace and quietness, and in the excellent handling of business has given us to see the largest fruitwas one of the achievements of the age of all our years of labor among synod. Following the announcement the aborigines in southwest China." He describes the first baptisms among of independence by the Chinese Bap- this tribe in the district. For several months previously, two evangelists, tists in South China came the action Isaac and Paul, assisted by another part-time helper named John, who is in West China by which the control an expert Lahu speaker, had been ex- amining the candidates for baptism of the American Baptist Mission there and enrolling their names. Every per- son was given a separate examination was taken over by the Chinese on May as to his faith in Christ, and also 1st. Rev. Joseph Taylor, D.D., of inquiry was made as to his conduct Chengtu reports: during the year and a half he had been a Christian. Each person was given In each central station an executive a ticket after his or her baptism had been decided upon. In all 347 people committee was formed to take over the were baptized and a church was or- ganized. work and the funds. In stations where Distributing Chinese Testameab missionaries remained at least one was GEORGE T. B. DAVIS, who has included in this executive body. These been conducting the "Million Tes- taments for China Campaign," reports committees have undertaken their work that, in spite of civil war, lack of transportation facilities, anti-Chrisin a spirit of loyalty and with a keen tian propaganda, and the absence of sense of responsibility. ' many missionaries, the work of cir- culating the Testaments has gone Developing La,. Leadership steadily forward. Thus far over 600,- 000 have been sent to missionaries, REV. RICHARD E. JENNESS, pastors, and other workers for wise Presbyterian missionary, has and careful distribution. Hermann been staying in Paoting, North China, Becker, of Hunan Province, previously during his enforced absence from his requested 8,000 Testaments for his own station, Shunteh. During the large district with 1,500,000 populawinter he and' a fellow-missionary vis- tion. Now he desires 25,000 copies. ited their former country field, of He writes: which he reports: "The country Christians welcomed us cordially ev- The first 1,000 Testaments have been erywhere. As a new departure the given away in this city. The blessing country evangelists have been organ- received far exceeds our expectations. ized into an evangelistic band under The Christians are more than ever readthe leadership of Pastor Liu. This ing their Bibles. Our meetings are full band goes about from town to town of those who are wanting to learn more and from village to village, spending about Christ. Many have decided for a week or two in each place holding Christ, and have given their names as evangelistic services. In the centers inquirers. When we have received more where they used to be permanently Testaments, we shall start at our eleven located, the local Christians have as- out-stations. sumed responsibility for the Sunday and mid-week services, taking turn When the soldiers had to retreat, they about in leading. Thus we are trying forced the people to carry their goods. to develop lay leaders and preachers. One of the Christians were taken. He The people are responding well to this said: "I am a Christian." The soldiers plan." A class was ,held for a month said: "How can you prove it?" He took early in the year for the training of his small Testament out of his pocket those preachers. and the soldiers let him go.

BaptisDls ADlong the Lahu T HE China Inland Mission in Yun- nan Province have been carrying on work among the Lahu people, of which Rev. Carl G. Gowman writes: "God in His goodness and grace has allowed the work here to go forward

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Lutheran Church in China patrons. 'Christians give fair meas- AT PRESENT a chain of eighteen ure when you buy of them,' the barber clinched his argument. And the misi'l.Lutheran missions extends from sionary, who had thought that he alone Kwangtung in the south, through the would have a good word to say for central provinces of Hunan, Hupeh and his faith found instead that everyone Honan to Shangtung in the north- excepting the man who started the east, where the former North Berlin, discussion had a hearty respect for now the United Lutheran Church Mis- Christianity as he had seen it pracsion is located. Manchuria is the field ticed in Japan." of the Danish Mission Society. Of these eighteen missions, four are German, two Swedish, three Norwegian, Value of a. One-Sen Book A one Finnish, one Danish, and seven LETTER received recently by Rev. D. Norman, missionary of the American. (In this enumeration, the missions from Germany, Sweden and United Church of Canada in Nagano, Norway that are affiliated with the Japan, told the following story: "One China Inland Mission are not in-· day I saw you and others preaching cluded.) After many years of prepar- on the main street of the city. Though atory work, in 1920 a confederation I hate Christianity, my heart was filled of five mission synods was effected. with wonder at your zeal. You asked Thus was organized "The Lutheran the people to buy gospels at one sen Church of China." Other mission syn- a copy. I bought a copy of Matthew.

ods joined later or have indicated their Next evening I bought Mark and Luke.

desire so to do. An organization has I said to myself: 'Surely there must thus been established which gives the be something in it, he stands there Chinese Lutheran Church an oppor- night after night with smiling face tunity to function, both in regard to and offers us the books and his reli- self-government and self-support. The gion. It cannot be for the sake of a total number of baptized adherents few sen. He comes from a far-off is about 52,000. land.' These three ideas remained in my mind as I read the books-a for- JAPAN-KOREA eigner with a smiling face, a scholar In a Japanese Barber Shop from a far-off land, and a book for ACONVERSATION among the cus- one sen. It was the turning point in tomers waiting their turn in a my life. I entered the better and barber shop in a Japanese city, is thus happier Christian way."

reported by a missionary who was one of them: "Someone began a tirade Japanese WO:mCll in Politics O against Christianity. No true Japa- NE point of view of the "new wom- en" in Japan is shown in these nese could follow a foreign religion like that; no one who respected the statements quoted from Japanese Emperor could adopt a religion which newspapers: Madame Yoshioka says: put another allegiance ahead of every "Men fail in governing the country patriot's duty to the ruler of Japan. because they are impractical. Women, Besides, everyone knew that this re- on the other hand, have a practical ligion was only a cloak for Western outlook on life and try to solve its imperialism. A protesting Japanese problems accordingly. As long as the voice interrupted and asked him where affairs of our country are administered he got his information. A second by men, real prosperity can never be joined in with what he knew to the realized. We women hope to do our credit of Christians. The barber added share when the time comes to lead his tale of the Buddhist merchant who our country to the right road that added the weight of his thumb to the leads to happiness." Madame Hideko goods he was weighing out for his Inouye, president of the Japan Wom-

en's University, Tokyo, who is also good looks, with one stiff hand but head of its alumnlE association with no other deformity, appeared at the two thousand members, agrees with missionary's door to say that he was Madame Wakako Yamada that all po- that man on his way back home, and litical actions should have for their that he stopped en route to express direct object the properity and hap- his gratitude. He drew down his piness of the entire nation. Accord- stockings to show where the numer- ingly, immediate problems of life, ous ulcers had been, now only scars.

such as the price of commodities and No ordinary observer would suspect excise taxes, must be settled in such that he had ever been a leper. He a way that the prosperity of the peo- said: "Not only for the healing of ple is guaranteed. my body am I thankful, but I found the Saviour at the asylum, am cleansed Bibles for Oriental Travelers from sin as well, and am returning AT THE request of Samuel R. Boggs, home to teach all the lepers I meet f t then president of the National how to be cured, and to tell my people Gideons Association, Rev. M. L. Swine- of the Gospel."-Record of Christian hart, Southern Methodist missionary Work.

in Kwangju, Korea, undertook to di- rect a campaign in Japan and China Korean Fasting Societies F looking to· the placing of Bibles in RESH proof of the devotion of Ko- rean Christians is found in the the guest rooms of hotels. As a result of this campaign 2,000 Bibles, about story of an American Methodist mis- half in English and the balance in sionary in Yengpyen, who tells how Japanese and Korean, have been placed some five years ago the Christians in the guest rooms of these hotels. there organized fasting bands all over These cost an average of $1.00 each. the district, and each Sunday noon Capt. Robert Dollar, president of the they fast and pray for the boys'

Dollar Steamship Line, is very much school. He continues: "To-day when interested in this work, and in addi- the time comes for the collection they tion to placing a Bible in each cabin bring forth the little bags represent- of his fleet of steamers, he provides ing the rice they would otherwise have free transportation for all Bibles sent eaten that noon. That rice goes into to the Orient, and recently urged that the box in the corner, and when the a campaign in the Orient, the Straits box is filled it is sold and the proceeds 'Settlement and the Near East be un- go to help pay the expenses of the dertaken, to which he agreed to make school . . . . . . Fasting societies are all a very substantial contribution. Mr. too common in Korea. In a land where Swinehart says that Capt. Dollar re- the average farm is less than three ports an average of twelve Bibles lost acres per family and where ninety per on each of the round-the-world trips cent of the people live by farming, of his steamers, but he would be glad money is not plentiful. And so when to replace everyone each trip, for, a new church is to be erected or an he says, "Anyone who steals a Bible old one repaired or when a new school wants it, and that is what I place them is needed, the local Christians are al- in the cabins of my ships for." most sure to adopt the plan of fasting one meal a week to help raise the A Leper Doubly Cleansed needed funds."

T WO years ago a horribly dirty leper came to a missionary's door at Korean "Church Rice Bags" R Chungju, Korea, asking alms. He re- EV. CHARLES A. SAUER, Meth- odist Episcopal missionary in ceived travel expenses and a letter of introduction-containing a promisory Yengpyen, Korea, writes of a report note—to the leper asylum at Kwangju. received from a Korean district sup- Recently a clean Korean of average erintendent: "He mentions one poor

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circuit as having made an increase other extreme and eliminating alto- in its annual contribution for min- gether the religious idea from the isterial support as well as benevol- curriculum. There should have been ences. I wonder how they can do it. provided a method of transition . . .

But he explains. At each home the The change to purely secular educa- mother places on the wall a bag tion was too sudden . . . As a result marked with her name. Each day as . . . the mistaken impression prevails she prepares the daily meals she takes that the American people are not re- from the bowl of rice normally allotted ligious-a nation indifferent to Chris- to each person one spoonful of un- tianity."

cooked rice which goes into that bag on the wall. On Sunday morning that Two Filipinos' Offering bag goes to church and finds its place T WO men, members of the church in the 'collection' box near the door. in the town of Bay, Laguna, in the It is the contribution of her family Philippines, recently visited a Presand herself for the support of the byterian missionary, who writes of church-taken from the food they them: "The church in their town has would otherwise have eaten. The rice become scattered and broken up, due is later sold and the bag returned to to the falling into sin of the president its place on Monday morning for its of the congregation. No services have daily portions throughout another been held for more than a year. But week. The church treasurer credits these two men have never forgotten each with the proceeds of its 'contri- their privileges and obligations. They bution.' " have read their Bibles in their homes ISLANDS OF THE SEA and they have had their family prayers. Every year they have Need of Filipino Students brought some little offering to the writer, to express their interest in I N EMPHASIZING the importance the work of Christ's Church. They in the Philippines of student hos- are poor men, day laborers, dependent tels and other centers under evan- on their scant wage for the support gelical auspices, Rev. J. L. Underwood of themselves and their families. But quotes the following from a speech by here they came, each with a package Dean Bocobo, of the Law School in wrapped up in newspaper. Oneman's Manila: "The Filipino is losing his offering amounted to $7.50 and that faith in God. In spite of the fanati- of the other to $9. That may not seem cism and superstition which enslaved much to friends at home. But most the Filipino conscience during the church members with regular services Spanish regime, it is undeniable that and the stimulus of constant preachhe believed in the eternal truth of ing and organized life, give less an- Christian principles, and he ordered nually than the smaller amount for his life accordingly . .. But just as the Church as a whole. I knew the the Filipino was blinded by the dark- sacrifice represented the times when ness of ecclesiastical dogma under they must have been sorely tempted Spanish rule, he is also spiritually to go to the place of the little saving blinded by the dazzling light of new for something for the family needs." ideas under the American regime. One of the main causes for present irreverence is the bungling and illadvised policy of proscribing God Honolulu Y. W. C. A. Service H from the public schools. When the ONOLULU has a Young Women's Christian Association that serves principle of freedom of worship was inaugurated and the American Gov- girls of twelve nationalities. A series ernment first laid down its educational of "at homes" at which girls of each policies here, the great blunder was nationality were in turn hostesses was made Of suddenly swinging to the a recent feature. Honolulu has be-

come so Americanized that its Y. W. Denominations Communicants Gains C. A. is a typical big-city Association corresponding to one in New York Roman Catholic … 16,735,691 174,889 or Chicago says Miss Lucie Ford, its Methodist Episcopal 4,592,004 46,138 General Secretary. Six thousand people use the building monthly. The Southern Baptist.. 3,765,001 57,478 new building is an imposing one with its pool, terraces, and loggias, set in National B a p ti s t a picturesque setting of palm and cocoanut trees opposite the Palace. (Col.) ……… 3,253,369 d57,600 Girl stowaways from the United Methodist Episcopal, States not infrequently come to find work in Honolulu on their way around South …•…… 2,567,962 29,651 the world. Miss Ford said recently: Presbyterian, U. S. "Two such girls were Stanford University graduates. They finally got A…………. . 1,885,727 17,672 work after long looking and borrow- Disciples of Christ ing money. Our own girls, however, 1,481,376 44,801 feel a little resentful toward girls of Northern Baptist .. 1,392,820 18,132 this type. It does not seem fair to Protestant Episcopal 1,190,938 beat one's Wqy and then expect help Congregationalists . 17,259 because of the spectacular method." 914,698 NORTH AMERICA T"Completing the Reformation" HIS is the slogan adopted for its Church Membership Gains official declaration by the General Committee of the Men's Church League ALTHOUGH it was reported earlier of the United States and Canada at its annual meeting on June 15, 1928. .tl. that 3,269 Presbyterian churches, This declaration reads: "The supreme need of twentieth century Christianity 3,474 Baptist churches, 1,841 Congre- is personal devotion to Christ, togational churches, and 4,651 Meth- gether with full participation by lay odist Episcopal churches failed to re- members of the Church in all of its port a single convert on profession of plans and work. The Reformation faith in 1927, the church census pre- made history through its insistence pared by Dr. H. K. Carroll and pub- upon every Christian's direct access lished in The Christian Herald shows by faith to God in Christ. The work that the churches of the United States begun by the Reformation can be comgained 573,723 members last year, pleted only by the recognition of permaking the total number of communi- sonal responsibility by each Christian cants 48,594,163. The 1927 gain is to carry out the commission and prolarger than that in 1926, when, ac- gram of Christ. The community, the cording to this census, the increase nation and the world wait for laymen was about 490,000. The returns for to be such Christians as reveal Christ ministers and churches in the various to others and thus enable Him to bedenominations, says Dr. Carroll, show come the Saviour of the world . . . noteworthy decreases. There is a net We declare ourselves unqualifiedly in loss of 1,387 in the number of min- favor of visitation evangelism. With isters, which now stands at 217,204, equal emphasis, we urge that the while the number of churches has de- largest possible number of church creased to 235,991- or 1,470 fewer members be organized into small disthan last year. "This," he says, trict groups to cultivate intensively a "would indicate that the process of limited area." consolidation is assuming larger proportions." Dr. Carroll's table of the Conference of New Missionaries ten largest bodies follows, the Colored Baptists showing a decrease: T HE spirit of oneness in Christ, which was so in evidence at the Jerusalem meeting of the Interna- tional Missionary Council, found fresh expression which holds great hope for the Church of the future in a conference of newly-appointed mis- sionaries, held on the campus of Princeton Theological Seminary from

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June 5th to 10th. This gathering offerings to the Presbyterian Hos- had been arranged for by the Boards pital, San Juan, Porto Rico. The of Foreign Missions of the· Presby- children in a neighborhood house that terian Church in the U. S. A., the reaches mainly Jewish boys and girls Methodist Episcopal Church and the are helping an Indian and a Chinese Reformed Church in America, and the boy through school."

American Baptist Foreign Mission- ary Society. Leading board secre- Problems of Indian Youth taries and returned missionaries of T HE problems of American-born these four denominations were pres- Japanese young people were reent as presiding officers and speakers, ferred to in the July REVIEW. Anand a daily vesper service was con- other American citizen in difficulty ducted by Rev. J. Ross Stevenson, because of his relationship with two D.D., President of Princeton Sem- civilizations is the Indian youth, who inary. Two hours of each day were stands between the old civilization of given to a course in phonetics as a his parents and the new civilization of general preparation for language the white man, and belongs to neither. study. The new missionaries present, In the school he has gone ahead learnforty-five of whom were Presby- ing new things about which his terians, eleven Baptists, ten Method- family does not even dream. He longs ists, and three Reformed, were under to go forward to accomplish his share appointment to Africa, China, India, in this marvelous new life that is Japan, Korea, Latin America includ- opening before him. And yet, he has ing Brazil, Chile and Mexico, Persia, been taught to reverence the tradi- Siam, and Syria. tions and the wisdom of his ancestors.

What is he to do? Education has Children'. Gift.. to Others brought to the Indian young people T HE following incidents, reported new ambitions and new opportunities, by the Presbyterian Board of Na- and every year graduates from the more advanced schools are going back tional Missions, show how the founda- to the Indian country as teachers, nurses, home builders. Others are gotions of interracial friendship, as well ing out into the white communities to as of Christian generosity, are being earn a livelihood at the same jobs laid in some of the schools conducted and on the same footing as their white by that board: "When their 'Jesus neighbors. They are building new re- Bank' was opened and the boys and sources within themselves, new indegirls of Haines House, Alaska, found pendence, new hope. Some mission ten dollars in it, they immediately stations are becoming interested in asked that this go to the little Chinese community programs for the young children in Ming Quong Home, Oak- Indians on the reservations. This land, Calif., of whom their house- means a new and wholesome social mother had told them after her visit life for returned students and young there. The Friendly Indian Club of married couples. the Chemawa Indian Government School, Salem, Oregon, by saving their dues of one cent a week, accumulated nearly two dollars which Nine Fa.cts About Mormonism T they agreed should go as a Christmas HE Utah Gospel Mission sum- marizes as follows the conditions gift to some Indian boy less fortunate than they. After due deliberation in one home mission field: they decided to send this to a Navajo (1) There are now over 600,000 Mor- boy at Ganado Mission. The Junior mons, of the two main kinds–about Christian Endeavor Society at Chacon, equally dangerous. (2) About 122,000 New Mexico, composed of boys ~nd square miles of territory are dominated girls of Spanish descent, send their by Utah Mormonism, besides many smaller centers elsewhere, into which

they spread. (3) Utah Mormonism has president of the Seminary of Rio over 2,000 emissaries out proselyting, Piedras, and Dr. J. W. Harris, presiorganized with officers in eleven districts dent of 'the Polytechnic Institute, are of this country and several across the members of the presbytery, but enwater. (4) These emissaries teach un- gaged in educational work entirely. true and often wicked doctrines, all contrary to the Bible and reason, and dan- The Trinidad Mission Jubilee gerous in their effects. (5) They get approximately 10,000 proselytes from SIXTY years ago the Canadian our present or past church members, Presbyterian Church began work yearly, doing each one perhaps irrepar- in the island of Trinidad, just north able damage. (6) Mormonism has of the coast of South America. Todoubled in twenty-nve years; largely day, there are twenty-three missionbeca,use we have not taken care of our aries, fifty-eight Indian Christian own people and others by informing workers and twelve organized churches them as we could easily have done. with 2,024 communicants. In the 106 (7) The only real cure is teaching the Sunday-schools there are 5,568 pupils Mormon people the true gospel and Bible and in the 78 day-schools there are beliefs in place of their system of errors; 18,768 pupils. They also conduct two and outside, warning everybody intelli- high schools, a teacher training colgently about Mormonism as a false re- lege and a theological seminary with ligion. (8) Mormons are trained twenty-nine students. The Gospel is against attending Christian church serv- preached in over 100 places every ices, and they cannot be evangelized by Sunday and there is a Protestant ordinary methods, as has been proven by Christian community numbering about sixty years of, such effort. (9) Hence 10,000. The total population numthe necessity of a traveling work like bers three hundred and eighty thouours, taking the message to the homes by sand and is composed of English, voice and print. French, Spanish, Portuguese, Creoles, Mulattos, Negroes, East Indians (130,- LATIN AMERICA 000) and Chinese. Over half the population are Hindus or Moham- Devolution in Porto Rico medans and practice these religions. The Jubilee of the mission was cele- WITH the retirement of Rev. brated in January. Dr. James Edi- Arthur James from active service cott, the Moderator of the United in Porto Rico in April, began what is Church of Canada, was present and called by Women and Missions "one recalled the history of the noble work of the most significant phases of done by the pioneers. The work of Protestant work on the Island." the Canadian Church is mostly among Henceforth entire responsibility for the East Indian population and in the promotion and administration of spite of very inadequate forces and the work of the Presbytery of Porto equipment has been remarkably suc- Rico will rest in the hands of native cessful. Porto Rican pastors. This may be looked upon as the consummation of Veteran Mexican Pastor a policy adopted when the work was begun thirty years ago. At that time REV. J. P. HANSON writes from the supervision as well as a larger the Methodist Episcopal Mission part of the pastoral work was carried in Mexico City: "Our old war-horse, by missionaries sent by the board Rev. Lorenzo Martines of the Matafrom the North, but as native min- moros circuit, now nearing the age of isters, trained under their supervision, seventy, who never fails to meet an showed ability to assume leadership, appointment on his wide field, though man after man was withdrawn and at times he trudges many a weary responsibility placed upon Porto Rican mile on foot, has taken upon himself pastors. Mr. James is the last of these, and is succeeded by Rev. Angel Archilla, pastor of the Central Church in Mayaguez. The thirty mission centers are now in charge of native pastors. Dr. James A. McAllister,

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the pastorate of Don Roque and all;lo the mission. In one of them, Medelhas opened a night school there, in lin, where Rev. and Mrs. Thomas E. addition to all his other work. What Barber have been since 1910, the will this man be doing next? His church is now independent of the circuit is as large as three counties mission. Mr. Barber has worked hard in the state of Pennsylvania, yet he for this result. The pastor, a Porto takes this added burden simply be- Rican, and his wife have taken hold cause there are not enough workers to well. The attendance and offerings go around and he makes no complaint have kept on growing. Mr. Barber is about it. If we had a dozen Don often called on for advice, and to at- Lorenzos, how we could win a hundred tend their official meetings. The new towns for Jesus Christ." This Medellin church is a working church, is an illustration of the fact that the with societies for men and women, present force of Mexican pastors, boys and girls. All are working tosacrificing and devoted though they ward the establishment of an old peoare, is far too small to begin to cope ple's home, a hospital and dispensary with the need of Mexico for Christian and an orphanage. In all Colombia ministers in 1928. there is no Protestant hospital, no real dispensary and no orphanage. Land GuateD1a1an Preacher's Peril was purchased in January last for a long-desired Bible training school and MISSIONARIES in Guatemala re- theological seminary. port that almost everywhere the presentation of the Gospel is received The Open Door in Brazil with growing respect, or at least passive tolerance, but occasionally there SPEAKING at the annual meeting is a story like the following: "Ber- in London of the Evangelical nardino Ramirez tells of wonderful Union of South America, Harry meetings in which one man rose to Briault, representative of the Union confess how he had planned to kill in Campina Grande, North Brazil, Bernardino and had several times been said: "The doors of Brazil are open frustrated in his plan. Once, he was today to the Gospel, and we would just drawing his gun on him from that the Christian Church might ambush when a woman passed in be- awaken to its wonderful opportunity. tween and he dared not shoot. An- For we know not when the doors may other time he was about to draw when close again. It is a miracle that they Bernardino spied him and, wheeling, are still open. About three years ago greeted him warmly and began to talk there was a proposition before the to him of the Gospel, wholly ignorant Government of Brazil to reform the of the man's evil intentions. This so constitution of that country, and one disarmed the man that he could not clause in the proposed constitution continue with his plan that day. Up- would have united the Catholic Church on his conversion he confessed all to with the State. While that measure the astounded Bernardino, who praises was being debated in the Senate the God for His divine protection from Catholics became very bold. They unseen dangers and for transforming said to us as we walked along the enemies into friends and brothers." street, 'You wait until that law is passed. Then we will do away with Church Progress in ColoD1bia your believers. We will put an end to this Gospel business. We will pull T HE Presbyterian Church (U. S. down your churches.' But that meas- A.) is the only Protestant denomi- ure was defeated in what is nominally nation at work in Colombia, which is a Catholic country. To us it was a. the third largest republic in South miracle for which we praise God." America. There are four stations in

WORTH

Any books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-THE REVIEW.

The New Africa. Donald Fraser. Pp. sition of educational missions, from xiv, 207, map. $1. New York. 1928. the rude bush school, through the This volume, was prepared for the higher literary work done-though, British United Council for Missionary with rare exceptions, African Mis- Education last year, the American edi- sions do not go very far in their tion differing from it in certain addi- school work. Its adaptation to the tions relating to American contacts needs of the home, of Government, with Africa. and in training Negroes as teachers In his opening chapter Dr. Fraser completes this section. Distinctive tells us of the rapid changes in Afri- problems of contact with the popUlacan life, due largely to the youthful- tions involved, the gradual disintegraness of Africa; then he explains why tion which is in slow process, land Africa has not grown up; and next tenures, and labor difficulties are well follows an account of African peoples opened up for general readers. and their communal life and village social 0 r g ani z at ion, the chapter The volume closes with Dr. Fraser's concluding with a strong setting setting forth of "Christ the Key" to of the effect upon Africans of the in- Africa's problems of cooperation and dividualistic forces of Western con- equality. One of the closing paratacts. The faiths of Africa are then graphs reads: "For 'the depressed explained for us,-their underlying re- barbarian, for the aspiring African, ligious character, their animistic be- for the pushful white man, there is lief in immortality, spirit worship and but one law which makes for the magic. Islam is too briefly mentioned, blending of races and the forces that -Africa's impending religious prob- are in them, and that is the law of lem. Jesus Christ. To burst the prison gates of magic, to steady surging, The penetration of Africa by Gov- ambitious life, to lay the 'firm foundaernments, Commerce, and Colonization interprets the present situation tions and build the walls of a true to those interested in the help and remaking of the continent. Perhaps the civilization, there is but one compe- tent power, and that is the spirit of Jesus." H. P. BEACH.

most important section deals with that India in 1926-27. By J. Coatman. Illus., portion of the continent called White maps, pp. xvi, 377. New York: Brit- Man's Africa, and the special prob- ish Library of Information, 5 East lems arising from that particular con- 45th St. 1928. $1.

tact. The five remaining chapters are Every India missionary should have devoted to the history of the Church at hand for reference purposes at in Africa, its modes of more brotherly least two issues of the British Gov- contact and its salvatory efforts. How ernment dealing with India: the first Christianity affects the family, indus- volume of the "Census of India" pub- trial, agricultural and health life of lished in decennial years, (the latest the Negro also shows us in detail what 1921,) and this latest annual volume Mission work is accomplishing there. prepared for the English Parliament.

Chapter VI is given to a fuller expo- The census volume is as far re- 686

BOOKS WORTH READING

moved from our conception of census and the frankly revolutionary organreports-except of the Philippine Islands-as a novel is from a mass of ization of M. N. Roy. statistics. The volume prepared by Mr. Coatman in an encyclopredia of the Scores of other scarcely less im- Indian Empire, for 1926-27. portant themes are here presented, In that year the leading problem was the relation between Hindus and and are readily found because of the Moslems. The latter, numbering almost sixty-nine millions, are in con- full index. Half-tone illustrations, stant friction with their Hindu neighbors who are more than three times graphs, and maps add to the value of as numerous. The old antagonism has shown itself recently in riots and this reference volume. Though no excesses greater than have been known in years; but few missionaries reference is made to missionary work, have taken pains to get at the root difficulty between the two parties. the intimate relation of the enter- This volume gives much light upon that question in the address of Viceroy prise to social and philanthropic wel- Irwin, who regards this antagonism as "clearly the dominant issue in In- fare makes such a volume of great dian life." Animosity seems to be due to disputes about playing Indian value. H. P. BEACH. music in the neighborhood of Mohammedan mosques, and in connection Barak, The Diary of a Donkey-A True with other celebrations of the two Story of Missionary Life and Travel. communities. But in reality the root Fred H. Easton. 90 pp. London. difficulty lies in the 1919 Reforms, 1927. which gave India a government of democratic type, with the powerful A little book written by a C. I. M. central doctrine of government by missionary of the second generation majorities, precipitating a struggle which merits a long review. The scene for the powers and emoluments of of- is laid in Shensi and Kansu, the two fice. This the Moslem minority re- extreme Northwest provinces of China sents. proper. Barak is the inseparable com- panion of the missionary evangelist. Other important matters discussed This donkey does all of the talking and is much given to philosophizing on the are the beneficent irrigation projects experiences through which his master passes. He is delightfully reminiscent of the British Government; the acts at times, and does not hesitate to pass judgment on his master or the people of the newly established Central In- among whom his master labors. He is amused by the conversation of the dian Legislature; the discussion of people in the market places. When passing through the countryside over- "The State and the People," including run with disorderly soldiers, he waxes quite eloquent over his disgust with the serious wide unemployment, par- militarism …… "Though I am mere- ly a donkey and not supposed to have ticularly of the educated classes; med- any feelings or subtle emotions, yet ical relief of women, sponsored by some of the sights and scenes of that wives of successive Viceroys; the sup- summer and autumn heartily sickened pression of crime, and the difficulties me and always thoroughly upset my of the police in rural communities, master, sometimes making him quite which has led to tattooing a number ill." He attends a wedding in his ofon the ears of all cattle in one import- ficial capacity as a bearer of his masant district; and the important and ter and his description of the affair increasingly serious topic of com- is replete with humor. munism, traceable to Russia and <China through Indian communists Barak makes no profession of his Christian belief, nor does his master claim any innate goodness for this faithful but irascible animal. He is as capable of pulling down the door of a house in the thick of the night, or of stamping out the life of his load of

scripture portions and tracts, as he is prove a prophet, so why should He of being deeply moved by the prayers not use me to preach a sermon?"

of Chinese converts in a three hour One feels a bit sorrowful for Barak. meeting presided over by his master. Should he not have been laboured In spite of his perverse nature, how- with and forgiven by his master "sev_ ever, he is a good sort, and again and again he makes very telling mission- enty times seven"? One wishes that ary appeals. It is surprising how the master had not come to the time vivid and interesting a missionary's when he felt he no longer had any experiences and the description of his use for Barak; otherwise he might environment can become in the mouth have ended his days, if not within the of a Kansu donkey. One smiles as he Kingdom, at least not far outside. reads this donkey's account of his master and a fellow-missionary late at Judged as a whole, this little book night in a cow-shed poring over a map is one of the most entertaining and of the country-side which they are revealing books on the experiences of planning to win for Christ with the a pioneer missionary evangelist, I host's cow and Barak for companions. have ever seen. There is not a page of dry reading. Mr. Easton has hit Occasionally the donkey reflects his upon a unique and very interesting master's prejudices in his allusion to way to convey the story and challenge the pre8enc~ of Roman Catholic con- of West China to our young people in verts in South Shensi and his refer- the West. We heartily congratulate ence to them as constituting "the him on a very fresh and vivid por- trayal of the "greatest vocation in greatest possible hindrance to the life." simple preaching of the gospel." A M. T. STAUFFER.

group of Chinese preachers holding NEW BOOKS their annual meeting are fit objects for comment and psycho-analysis to Adventures in Friendliness. Programs for the Primary Department, prepared Barak. While he is deeply moved by for use in the Vacation Church School. their earnest prayers, one may expect M. F. Brown. Edited by John T. his sense of humor to break through, Faris. 209 pp. $1.75. Presbyterian notwithstanding. "I had a quiet laugh Board of Christian Education. Philup my sleeve, that evening," he says. adelphia. 1928.

Once again he writes, "I am only a The Appeal of a Bible-less World. Annual report of the National Bible Society donkey, I know, but my heart was of Scotland, 1927. Edinburgh. 1928. strangely moved within me as I watched these three men so utterly Pilgrim's Progress and Grace Abounding. diverse, the one from the other, yet so Special Tercentenary edition. John closely united in the one great passion Bunyan. 651 pp. $2. American Tract Society. New York. 1928.

that appeared to absorb them, stand- The English in English Bibles. J. F. Shea- ing there on the cold mud fioor around han. 143 pp. Cloth, $1.25; paper, that charcoal glow and praying for 75 cents. Columbus Institute. Poughthe souls of the people that lived in keepsie. 1928. Liohyang." "Gentlemen-The King!" John Oxenham. 96 pp. 75 cents. The Pilgrim Press.

In the last chapter, Barak traces Boston. 1928.

the steps of his declension from mis- God Is Love. Russian translation. D. L.

sionary zeal. Illustrating from his Moody. 32 pp. 10 cents a copy, 12 own sad end, he uses the last few for $1. Bible Institute Colportage pages of the book to preach to his Assn. Chicago. 1928. readers, exhorting them not to follow his example. In this he feels justified, Revaluing Soripture. Frank Eakin. 249 because as he says: "Samson used a pp. $2.60. Macmillan Co. New York. donkey's jawbone to slay an army, and 1928. God opened a donkey's mouth to re- The Saoraments: Their Nature and Use. C. F. Hogg. 48 pp. 6d. Pickering & Inglis. London. 1928.

The Missionary Review of the World — November 1926

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Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF 'l'lIE WORLD in writing to advertisers. THE MISSIONARY Review of the World DELAVAN L. PIERSON. &inor CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER. 1926 Paqe FRONTISPIEOE … Smm RESTILTS OF EVANGELICAL ~l!SSIONS IN SOTITH A:MERICA EDITORIALS ……………… . 83i A CHRISTIAN VIEW OF DISASTER A 'VORLD STUDENT CONFERENCE AT INOREASING CONFUSION IN CHINA AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE PRINOETON THE INTERNATIONAL MISSIONARY ON AFRIOA COUKCIL PROGRAM DOES .30UTH AMERICA NEED MISSIONARIESl ………. 'THOMAS E. B.RBER S·l!} A study of actua,l eona'itioM in South American co1wtriesu;ith reference to the i "dians and other neglected people, THE WESTERN F.RONT OF WORLD MISSIONS …….. CHARLES fuTCH SEARS 853 A masterly presentation of the need for rnalcing America Christian in orde,' that it may become a better basis for world evangelism.

A NOTABLE CONVERSION FROM ISLAM . . . . . . . . . . A MISSIONARY IN PERSIA 858 The remarlcable story of a desoendant of Mohammed who has confessed C'm~st openly and is endu"ing perseO'l.,tion for the Gospel's salce.

MISSIONARIES CONFER IN PERSIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. N. WYSHAM 86-1 The story of the recent conference of workers among Moslems under the leader· ship of Dr. Samuel M. Zwemer.

A NEW ENTER.PRISE IN MESOPOTAMIA ……………… JAMES CANTlNE 8uG An account of the united mi.~8ionary work in Iraq conducted by the Ameriean Presbyterian Church, the Reformed Church in the United States and the Re· formed Church in AmcriJca.

POR. AFRICA-BERVICE OR SLAVERYf ………. A MISSIONARY IN RHODESIA 87(1 Fitst·hand pictute of the C>"uelties of enforced labO?' in Africa.

A HOUSE BY A WEST AFRICAN ROAlD . . . . . . . . . . . . MRS. WALTER B. WILLEMS Ri1 .A stirring story of service in behalf of black humanity iIn West Africa.

LOW CASTE CHRISTIANS IN DORNAKAL ……………………….. . 878 BEST METHODS …………………………. EDITED BY MRS. E. C. CRONK 879 WOMAN'S HOME MISSION BULLETIN …… EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN 885 W01vlAN'S FOREIGN MISSION BULLETIN …. EDITED BY ELLA D." MACLAURIN 888 NEWS ]<'ROM MANY LANDS ……………………………………… . 891 THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY 910 TI!lRM.S: $2.50 a year. ($2.00 in clubs of five.) Foreign postage, 5() cents. Single copies, 25 cents. Published monthly. Copyrighted, 1926, by MISSIONARY REVIEW PUSLlSWNG COMPANY, INC. AU rights reserved.

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Robert E. Speer, President Delavan J:… Pierson, Sec:retaq Publication office. 3d " Reily Stl.• Hard.bu••• Pa. 25_ • COpy $2.50 • J"ar Ehtered ao •..,ond·cla•• matter at the POlt Office. Harrisbul'J'. Fa.. under Act of March s••8". PERSONALS Make)burMoneydoDouble ~ to Yourself~ CHARLES K. EDMUNDS, PH.D., president toHumandr~ from 1907 to 1925 of what was then known DURING many years, Bible'1n;ru~BcinCl$> as Canton Christian College, now Lingnan gcv shaatv~esmfafc~tiuonnlinn~ .idn'v;e;s~~hiln~dg10WIc~IndI"~'D~IS.'u4:"r~hUafVe University, has resigned as Provost of Johns Hopkins University, his Alma Mater, to be- theIr money In Bible come American Director of Lingnan Uni- Annuity Bonds-the in- . . versity, which has recently undertaken to come to go to them and their families during their raise a fund of $2",500,000'. lifetime, and the principal to be devoted later to the great uplifting work of the New York Bible Society. REV. JOHN M. MOORE, pastor for the past ten years of the Marcy Ave. Baptist You Can Invest $100 Up Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., has resigned to become one of the general secretaries of the Business men and churches recommend Bible Federal Council of ,churches. He will de- Annuity Bonds as the soundest of investments. vote his time to developing inter-church They never fluctuate. You have no anxiety. May cooperation in local communities and state- ~~d,sd~~~h~~r, t~~c.lives-husband and wife, mother # ~ wide areas. . The New York Bible Society has distributed ,~ JOHN LIVINGSTONE MOTT, son of Dr. and mllhons Qf copIes of the Scriptures free-in , Mrs. John R, Mott, has recently returned to m~ny languages and in raised type for the , India to continue as a social worker of the Y. M. C. A. at Nagpur, Central Provinces. bhnd. They have brought comfort and in.. / NEW He has married Miss Celeste Goddard, of sp~ration to coun.tless immigrants, seamen,., YORE New York City. prisoners, the SIck, the bljnd and aliens. / BIBLE * REV. R. E. DIFFENDORFER, D.D., secretary All sections of the ~ SOCIETY ·ountryJ all races of ~ of the Board of Foreigu Missions of the Dept. 34 Methodist Episcopal Church, accompanied by Mrs. Diffend6rfer, is making an extended humanity. receive;" 5 East 481. Street tour of Europe and the Far East, expecting to return to America next summer. untold benefits. ,-' New York City Mall Coupon / ' Gentlemen: With- tor FREE ~~ out obligation, please P&mphlets send me descriptive NEW YORK BIBLE ' .batn~lets. about your SOCIETY , , B, le nnmty Bonds.

MISS LuCY ,GAR.DNER, secretary of the 5 E.48lhSI.N Y.e. " Name ………………… . English organization known as "Copee," is visiting the United States on a speaking ,'Address …………..••.•••••• tour at the invitation of the World Alliance REFORMED CHURCH CENTENARY for International Friendship through the The one hundredth anniversary of the Churches. Board of Home Missions of the ·Reformed Church in the United States was held in * Philadelphia, on October 15th. The pro· gram included addresses by the members MR. A. W. ARMOUR of New York has • Gf the Board and superintenclents of depart· been elected treasnrer of the Presbyterian ments, greetings from church bodies ana ad- Board of Foreign Missions to succeed Mr. dresses by Mrs. John Ferguson, New York Dwight H. Day. Mr. Armour has been :1"- . . City, president of the ,council of Women fOl· Bistant to Mr. Raymond B. Fosdick a1ld hus Home Missions and 'Dr. John M. Moore, of made special financial studies of the various New York. organizations supported by Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. He was born in Montreal, HUNGARY-A CORRECTION Canada, where he was for some years the assistant treasurer of the Dominion Rridge Company.

J. KINGSLEY BIRGE, formerly of the Inter- Rev. J. P. Piroch, of Chicago, calls our national College of Smyrna, Turkey, is now attention to an error in the Angust REVIEW ,candidate Secretary of the American Boar<l (pages 638·639) in the statement quoted of Commissioners for Foreign Missio1ls. from a Free Church of Scotland paper. He says: * "I was in Hungary nearly a year and the OBITUARY situation in Central Europe is well known to me. 'Protestantism in Hungary' should REV. JAMES NICOLL OGILVIE, D.D., presi- read: 'Protestantism in Czechoslovakia.' dent of the World Alliance of Reformed In Hungary there never were any Hussites. Churches Holding the Presbyterian System, Prague, the mother of Czechoslovaks, is in who was at one time a missionary in India, Bohemia, not in Hungary. I have been in died recently in Edinburgh, Scotland. Czechoslovakia during the religious move· ment since the end of the World War. The JOHN H. BRADFORD, since 1916 missionary new religious followers are known in our of the Presbyterian Board in West Africa, country by the name 'Ceskoslovenska and recently manager of the Halsey Memo· Cirkev' (Czechoslovak Church). They hav,) rial Press, at Elat, died early in October. more than one million followers which sep· Mr. Bradford was born in Belleville, K;all· arated from the Roman Catholic. Church, sas and was educated in Monmouth, Illinois after the war, and now are a branch of the and in Chicago. world Protestant Church."

Please mention THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD in writing to advertisers. This .is the larger educational work of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.

A GROUP OF GRADUATES OF THE CHARLOTTE KEMPER SEMINARY, LAVRAS, BRAZIL. All but four are members of the E,vangeJical Church.

SOME RESULTS OF EVANGELICAL MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA

NOVEMBER, 1926

XLIX ELEVEN rrHE A CHRISTIAN VIEW OF DISASTER problem of the loss of life among the Jews, caused by the fall of the Tower of Siloam in Bible times, is perennial. When- ever a disaster overtakes a nation, a community or an individual, many are ready to offer explanations, to say just how far God is responsible or what lessons He is seeking to teach erring humanity. '1'he famines in India, the floods in China, earthquakes in Japan, hurricanes in Florida, fires in San Francisco, epidemics in Africa, volcanic eruptions in Europe and other widespread destructive forces due to physical causes present peculiar problems. It is easier to explain the cause and cure of suffering due to wars, massacres, banditry, railway and automobile accidents and other losses where the human equation enters.

In the injury to human life and property, due to seemingly uncontrolled physical forces, many are quick to put the responsibility wholly on God as the controlling Power, asserting that He is visiting erring men and women with punishment for sin. Others hold the view that impersonal forces of nature alone are responsible-that a certain cause produces a certain effect and that God has nothing directly to do with it-except as the Author of natural laws. Many seek to avoid the dilemma by crediting God with responsibility only through His "permission."

Those who charge that these disasters have a punitive purpose face the difficulty of explaining why churches, Christians and little ehildren suffer with those living in open and wilful disobedience to God. On the other hand Christians cannot accept the contention that God is in no way responsible, for we believe in the superintending providence of God as the almighty and all-wise loving Heavenly Father.

Confessedly any attempted explanation involves problems and unsolved riddles which human knowledge and experience are too limited to understand. Ve know that men are sinners and deserve 837

chastisement. We know that the forces of nature are powerful and are governed by the law of cause and effect, but how directly or for what purpose God works through certain natural phenomena, who can say dogmatically?

There are, however, certain great truths that should not be over- looked in these disasters. Everv crisis or calamity is a time of test- ing, such as comes to a steel gi~der when it is subjected to a heavy strain. If there is a bad flaw or weakness, the girder will break. If it is up to specifications, it will stand approved. So these calamities, national and personal, offer an opportunity for a Christian to show strength of character and the power of God in.,.human life.

1. They test and reveal our faith in God, His wisdom and power and love. He is not an unfeeling judge or powerless to control the forces that He has created. Christians believe that God is a loving Father and almighty Ruler who does all things well.

2. They r.eveal our confidence that we are safe in His keeping. Disasters,. however closely they may touch us, are among the "all things" that work together for good to those who love God. While men in rebellion against God may suffer permanent injury, the children of God, who are in His will, cannot really be harmed by injuries to their bodies and property.

3. They reveal and clarify our true estimate of values. Weare apt to lose sight of the fact that temporal things aTe only temporal. "V-hen physical possessions aTe thTeatened, then we Tealize that it is the spiritual things that are eternal and of greatest worth. Even physical life itself is not of greatest importance, else martyrs all were misguided fanatics. The loss of earthly things should help to emphasize faith in immortality.

4. They reveal and develop sympathy and brotherly love. Were there no calamities or sorrows there would be nothing to call fOTth the fineT qualities of human natuTe such as benevolence, compassion and self-sacrifice for the sake of others.

5. They test and reveal the metal of which we aTe made. The greatest humans are not those who have had the most comfortable time in life. In trouble, we seek comfort and help from those who have passed through troubles. It would be a curse if Christians were always immune from suffering and loss, 6. They reveal our aptness as learners in God's School. Every so-called calamity may be a blessed messenger of God, however much disguised. The San Francisco earthquake and fire taught men how to build a better city. Every epidemic, flood or famine sets men to work to discover remedies and preventive measures .and to apply them; railway and motor accidents lead to laws and new safety devices; wars lead.to peace movements and international tribunals for the settlement of disputes.

7. The facing of sudden death and disaster causes men and

1926J EDITORIAL COMMENTS 8';9

women to pause and consider the transitoriness of human life, the wages of sin, and the need to seek first the spiritual and eternal things of God's Kingdom. Such experiences lead us to take account of stock, to examine the road on which we are traveling and the goal toward which we are headed.

It is true that physical disaster and death are nnpleasant to all who have a normal love of life; but in the present order of things decay and death are a blessing, for out of decay comes new life and through death of the old generation a new generation is given larger opportunity. Great benefits have come to God's children and God's work through the physical hardships endured by missionaries in Africa, the sufferings due to the turmoil in China, the persecutions in India, the difficulties caused by financial stress in Europe and through the many other trials to which men are subject. No trial has overtaken us but such as is common to all mankind and with each trial God gives power to overcome and makes a way of escape so that victory and not defeat may be ours.

INCREASING CONFUSION IN CHINA CONDITIONS in China will probably be worse before they are better, although newspaper reports make them seem about as bad as they can be. With no real central government, with the eountry divided under rival loaders, Chang Tso-lin in the north, Sun Chuan-fang in the east, Wu Pei-fu in the west and the Cantonese troops in the south. Bandits roam the country, attacking towns, looting shops, kidnapping missionaries and other foreigners in some instances. It is also reported that extensive Russian bolshevistic propaganda continues through paid agents from Moscow. The Christian general, Marshal Feng Yu-hsiang, having failed to unite China, is reported to be stUdying in Europe or biding his time on the northwest frontier of China.

Without any strong, high-principled, patriotic leader who can bring harmony among the various sections of China, and without any unifying ideal and purpose, the present condition of the country is deplorable in the extreme. Each day brings fresh news of towns looted, battles fought, domestic strife more bitter, and foreign relations more strained. On October 5th, Mr. Thomas F. Millard, Shanghai correspondent of the New Yark Times} cabled as follows: Although reports from many parts of China reveal a somewhat precarious situation for the foreigners, with frequent violence, abductions and damage to property, nevertheless the mission boards at Shanghai are not inclined to be seriously alarmed for the safety of isolated stations. Such incidents, so far reported, are the acts of bandits and not officials or soldiers.

Today a leading missioner said: "The presence of foreign naval forces tends to aggravate instead of pacifying conditions. The gunboats' clashes with the Chinese sometimes imperil the missionaries outside the scope of tht!ir direct operations."

The leading British newspaper in Shanghai urges stronger action in the interest of the Chinese masses, who are said to be suffering much more than the foreigners under the mismle of the militarists. The majority of the missionaries are averse to forcible intervention. They realize, however, that the state of China calls for some action to check the collapse of authority.

Conditions in Peking are getting worse weekly. The straw Cabinet has practically vanished, every member seeking safety either. in the legation quarter or the foreign concession at Tientsin. Peking seems to be lapsing into anarchy. Groups of unruly soldiers are completely out of hand. The Government cannot pay salaries and it is unlikely that any government which the foreign powers can recognize will be formed for years. Most of the foreigners in Peking, who a few months ago rejoiced in the expulsion of the Kuominchun (Marshal Feng's army) would welcome them back now.

Some of the missionaries in outlying districts are suffering and the work is greatly hindered by the military operations, by anti-foreign sentiment and by banditry. In southern Hunan, Cantonese troops have occupied some mission schools and hospitals. In eastern Hunan, the Evangelical Church Mission (Cleveland, Ohio) reports a very s;erious situation. Rev. B. H. Niebel says: About two months ago an army of Chinese Soviets from Canton in the southeastern part of China entered Hunan, taking possession of Chaling, the southeastern station of our Mission, also Yuhsien Hospital, and the Liling Hospital, the Albright High School, a church and other mission properties. The disturbance has been severe and a great trial to our missionaries.

From a letter just received from C. Newton Dubs of the Evang-elical Mission in Hunan (dated August 24), we quote the following: The Cantonese army is pressing northward by the thousands and seemed to come" as grasshoppers for multitude." Many young boys and lithe young men are among the number. The soldiers devoured and preempted everything, like a plague of "grasshoppers."

Our churches all along the way, Chuan Wan, Huangtolin, Hsinshih, and at Yuhsien are of necessity "keeping open house" and serve as lodging places for the Communistic Army. Much damage is done to our property. The pastor in charge of these churches is compelled by the army officers and soldiers to be their menial servant, at their "beck and call" day and night, and the demands are of every possible kind, even to furnishing prostitutes or directing them to them. The lot of the preacher is a hard one, his owIl' household property is used indiscriminately and often ruined. The soldiers never stop to clean up when they leave and are not particular what they take along. In Yuhsien and in Liling, the soldiers vacate the auditorium for Sunday services, standing around in the adjoining rooms on the side, talking in loud voices, etc. They hold on to the buildings for use of passing troops.

Our schools and schoolrooms, and some foreign dwellings, are also occupied, though the commanders say they will vacate when these schools are to be opened for the incoming pupils. The people in general do not come to our hospitals very much now; the people wounded by the soldiers, i. e., Chinese not in the army, come for treatment. In some cases the soldiers pay their bills. Soldiers are a hard class to control and full of insolence in the wards. They refuse to leave (some of them) when cured and do not pay.

Religious work is impossible. The army is composed mostly of unbelievers and infidels, who are not slow to scoff. All services are interrmpted.

1926J EDITORIAL COMMENTS 8'4.1

Many are ready to debate about Christianity, but listen to a sermon, they will not.

There are some Christians in the army, yet the principles of communism are not in harmony with the Spirit of Christ. Work of the Bureau of Agita- tors, whose aim it is to explain and make the doctrines of Communism palpable to all classes, follow closely the methods of work of the missionary. Their street preaching is very effective, their posters as attractive as those of the best kind issued by any organization in China. The venom of these agitators is dangerous. Many of them have been trained in mission schools. Here is a free translation of three placards, one of which I know was put upon the front doors of our Yuhsien church: "Christ's Church and his doet"ine is a poison paralyzing our youth; Christ's CM.trch and doctrine is an agency 1tsUrping our U1If1{/Uage to make us Chinese stupid and foolish; The Church of Christ from England and America are both robbing us of aLL our preci01~.s inherita.n.ce and wealth!'

"Churches and property belong to the Chinese," is a slogan of the whole army, and it finds fertile soil. All the property the army uses is deteriorating. If we repair, the army gets the use of the repairs; if we do not, the deterioration is still worse. Either plan consumes quite a sum. The more buildings we erect the more they will have to use later on. We are in truth the" guests of China," a courteous phrase used hitherto in referring to us missionaries, but we are to be dispossessed in due time.

Pray for missionaries in China. They labor under serious difficulties and are in great danger.

The capture and ill-treatment of missionaries is comparatively rare, but is occasionally reported. On October 3, bandits attacked a large party of missionaries while they were going to Shenchow-fu, Hunan Province, and robbed and carried off three Americans-Miss Minerva S. Weil and Karl H. Beck, of the Reformed Church in U. S. Mission, and Miss Lydia Koebbe of the Evangelical Mission. Seven other missionaries who escaped are now reported safe at Taoyuan Tayo.

Supplementary messages carry an appeal of the Methodist Episcopal Mission in Nanchang for volunteers to assist in caring for the wounded Chinese. The Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in the United States received a message recently, in which the robbery and capture of some missionaries was announced, but it gave no details. Miss Minerva S. Weil, one of the missionaries carried away, was in charge of the Bible Woman's Training School in Shenchow-fu. The Rev. George E. E'pp, Executive Secretary of the Evangelical Missionary Board of Cleveland, reports that Miss Lydia Koebbe is connected witli the Foreign Mission Department of the Evangelical Church and is in charge of a girl's boarding school at Tung Jen, Province of Kweichow, the next province west of Hunan.

In the recent raid on Ohow-kiakow, an important city in Honan Province, there was great suffering by the Chinese between September 17 and September 23. The only missionaries actually resident upon the mission premises at the time were Mr. Davies and Miss

Poppins, and later Mr. Davies was kidnapped. The correspondent of the North China Daily News says: Bandits cleared the city of women and children and members of the better-class homes. The number they took with them was so great that it was impossible to feed and control them. As a result hundreds dropped by the wayside dead, and the sick are lying in the roads leading to the city.

Mr. Davies was seized by Wang Chien-kuei of the Sixth Brigade. The pastor, who is of the China Inland Mission, was severely handled and tortured with hot irons.

The serious anti-foreign movement is spreading in southern and western China. The exodus of British citizens from Szechuan Province continues and American missions have been warned they had better concentrate at Chungking. One cable states: Five hundred missionaries were reported isolated and unable to escape from Chengtu, in Szechwan Province, according to a Shanghai dispatch to The Daily Express. Chengtu is the headquarters' for numerous American and English missionaries' societies of all denominations. '

Meantime the brigand captors of the English missionary, the Rev. C. Freeman Davies, are moving south, sacking and burning towns as they go. The fate of' three British missionaries at Changte, Ro., one of the looted towns, is not known. Two C. 1. M. women missionaries are reported to have been seized at Yungchang, in Yunnan Province.

Rabid anti-British propaganda continues. A Chinese secret society, says this dispatch, is reported to have placed a price of $50 on every foreigner's head. Natives are demanding confiscation of British property and the expulsion of the British from Szechwan province.

The evacuation of Chungking, Szechwan, by British residents has caused jubiliation among the Chinese, who believe Britain has been beaten. Chinese newspapers are triumphant. They declare, "We could eat the British and swallow their hides whole. "

The political and military situation still is in chaos. The recent replacement of a Wu Pei-fu man in command of Peking by an appointee of Chang Tso-lin indicates that the combine may be dissolved and shows Wu Pei-fu's power is gone. His nominees in the Peking Cabinet on resigning probably will be replaced by Chang Tso-lin's men. Chinese and many foreigners would welcome any change that would be likely to give new direction to China's political evolution.

How any constructive, evangelistic and educational work can be conducted under these disturbed conditions it is difficult to understand, and yet most of the mission schools and colleges are open, hospitals are in operation and the church work is being carried on as usual-except when chapels are occupied by armies. The missionaries are generally recognized as the truly unselfish friends of China. While warring factions are devastating the country and the Chinese are killing each other, these foreigners are patiently carrying on their work for China and are urging their governments to be patient and to take away all causes of friction in international relations. Some of the missionaries are proposing to form a new society to be known as "The Friends of China."

EDITORIAL COMMENTS

AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AFRICA " EVERYWHERE there is a new attitude towards Africa which is turning it from the continent of tragedies to the land of responsibilities and opportunities. On the Government side there are remarkable changes in concepts and policies, chief of which are the Mandate principles and the creation of the Colonial Office Educational Advisory Committee. The commercial element realizes it cannot take everything out and give nothing in return. Missionaries are working with the Africans more and more, while on the African side there is the new race consciousness. The world attitude, too, is changing, and it is the need of the future that all these forces should be welded together. We must drive from our thoughts all concepts of nationality and race and become one for the redemption and full development of Africa."

Thus spoke Dr. Thomas Jesse Jones at the Africa Missionary Conference, held under the auspices of the International Missionary Council, in Le Zoute, Belgium, from September 12th to 20th. The chairman 'was Dr. Donald .E'raser, a Scotch missionary, formerly in Livingstonia. The organizer was Mr. J. H. Oldham of London.

There were present government administrators, like Sir Frederick Lugard, late Governor General of Nigeria; M. Louis' Franck, late Secretary of State for the Colonies for Belgium; General de Meulemeestl;lr, ex-Governor of the Belgian Congo; Sir Edward Garraway, late Resident in Basutoland; the Hon. E. B. Denham, Colonial ~ecretary to Kenya Colony; Major Hanns Vischer, Secretary of the African Educational Committee of the British Colonial Office. They reported that the stage of development is now fully opened and governments see that central to the success of government is the development in health of body, and equipment of mind and in morale of the African himself.

There were also scholars, like Prof. Julius Richter of Berlin; Prof. Westermann, the great philologist of African languages and Director of the new International Institute of African Languages and Tribal Cultures; and the Rev. Edwin W. Smith, whose "Ila-Speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia" is already an anthropological classic; and Dr. T. Jesse Jones, famous for his leadership of the Phelps-Stokes Fund Commission of Enquiry on "Education in Africa. "

Negro leaders came from America, as well as Africa, men and women, educators and preachers, whose speeches and personal talks kept the members face to face with living realities. Missionaries and secretaries of Mission Boards came from different areas of Africa, representing numerous communions and many nations.

Specialist workers in the Moslem world included Bishop Gwynne of Egypt and the Sudan; Dr. S. M. Zwemer; and Miss Constance

Padwick, Secretary of the Christian Literature Council for Moslem Lands.

During the conference, with increasing clearness, there came into view the great movements and demands affecting all workers in Africa. All the European powers have discovered that the time has passed away when they need only occupy themselves with securing conditions of peace and order and facilities of transport and some revenue. The human wealth of Africa is seen to be the primary concern of government. As Sir Frederick Lugard putl it, the increasing acceptance of the principle underlying the League of Nations mandate conception will bring as great a change as was the abolition of slavery. One effect of thisjs that everywhere governments are entering the field of education, hitherto the almost exclusive field of missions, which are today responsible for over 90% of the education of Africans. Missions must reshape their policy to meet that new situation. The cooperation of missions with government in this sphere is most clearly exemplified in the formation by the British Colonial Office of its Permanent Advisory Committee on African Education: One of the questions under discussion was: Shall the native be African or belong to Western civilization ~ Shall he take a European Ohristianity or an African 7 The answer given was: Neither and both-he takes the Gospel through Western and through African hands from Christ. As to the races, we stand for differentiation of method and order of life, but identity of ideal and of communion with the Eternal God through Christ.

The resolutions adopted at Le Zoute, arising directly from the discussions in the sectional groups by men and women responsible in the field and in the home boards for putting them in practice, present in outline a coherent, practical policy of action which can in time profoundly influence for good the destinies of that continent and its peoples. These resolutions cover the great areas of influence in the life of the Africa of today and tomorrow-cvangelism, education, health and native welfare, land labor, woman, language and literature."

The resolution on education views native education in Africa as a cooperative undertaking, in which Government, missions, natives and the commercial community are concerned. After defining the sphere of government authority, and recommending a scheme of visiting teachers, and a revenue policy adequate to the elementary education of all native children, it proposes a curriculum related to the total life of the community, with character development based on religion covering all, and especially health, the building of a sound home life, and an informed use of recreation. It concludes with a • The Report of the Conference will be ready in a few weeks and can be obtained! by ordering from the International Missionary Conference, 2, Eaton GlLte, London, S. W. 1 at 3s. 6d.• or trom 25 Madison Avenue, New York, U. S. A.. at $1.

1926J EDITORIAL COMMRNTS

strong plea for a specifically religious education of the highest efficiency, including religious knowledge, its translation into ethical practice, and its relation to worship. In order that all this should be pursued in practice with the maximum speed and efficiency, a commission is proposed to survey the whole field of religious education in Africa.

A special committee, which has been considering the subject of American Negroes and Africa, reported that Negro preachers and teachers who meet the same tests as are applied to other missionaries should be encouraged to engage in missionary work in Africa, but due regard should be paid to the many delicate situations that might he created in certain areas as to their relation to white men and other Negro workers.

The members of the Conference saw clearly that throughout the whole range of the missions and the churches a new drawing upon the adequate power of Almighty God can alone carry through the tasks to which He has called them in Africa.

A WORLD STUDENT CONFERENCE AT PRINCETON T HE recent conference, called "~World Students and the Chris- tian Church,"* was, from several standpoints, of special in- terest to those related to the foreign missionary cause.

It was a student gathering, held under the auspices of the Continuation Committee of the Evanston Interdenominational Student Conference. Mr. Ralph F. Barton, a graduate student of the University of Missouri, the Executive Secretary of this committee, has taken the leadership in the promotion of this and other conferences. The invitations and general arrang.ements were in the hands of Mr. George Paik, a Korean, who is at present a graduate stude~t at Yale.

The attendance was limited to approximately forty 'American students, an equal number of foreign students, and about. twenty representatives of Mission Boards and other organizations of the Church. Representatives of the Boards, of the Y. M. C. A., and the Y. W. C. A., and of the Church addressed the conference, and took part in the discussions, but the actual control of the conference was in the hands of the students.

In a real sense it was a foreign student conference. Thirty-eight foreign students represented China, India, Japan, Korea and the Philippines. The Central Board of the Chinese Student Christian Association and the Executive Board of the Japanese Student Christian Association met immediately after the conference, and almost all of their officers were present during its sessions. One day was given to a discussion of the cultural background of the six national groups represented; another day to a consideration of the • Held at Princeton. New Jersey. September 10-16. 1926.

foreign students in America.t Students from Korea, Ohina and Japan presided at different sessions. At these sessions the vital part which foreign students can take in the work of the Church ill America and in their homelands, and the opportunities of service by American Christians for the nearly ten thousand students in this country were emphasized.

It was also a study conference. Its membership was limited ~o that there might be opportunity for free and full discussion. This is perhaps the first time that foreign and American students have been brought so closely and so informally into touch with the re- sponsible representatives of the work of the Ohurch, both at home and abroad, and have been given opportunity to question these rep- resentatives concerning all phases of the diversified program of the Ohurch. Some interesting opinions were expressed as to the type of missionaries that thould be sent to the homelands of these students and a list of qualifications, made up from the suggestions of the for- eign students included the following: Willingness" to play second fiddle"; teachableness; sympathy with and understanding of national culture and history of foreign countries; fairness in describing conditions abroad; good humor; absence of race prejudice; culture and well-rounded education; willingness to work with rather than for the natives; good health; outstanding character and personality; not narrow denominationalists; an understanding of social, economic and political problems; a possession of true Christian experience, not merely an "efficiency man" j loyalty to Christ and a belief in Him as Saviour.

Mter the foreign students had expressed themselves thus frankly about missionaries, they asked for an equally frank criticism of themselves by the American students and others present. The following points were made: Foreign students should be more true to their own culture; should know the historical and cultural background of their own countries; when they speak they should make clear that they are speaking as individuals and not as authorized spokesmen of their countries; they should try to share with American students their religion and life; they are often too aloof and too proud or too sensitive; Christian foreign students should try to influence other foreign students who are not Ohristians; some of their criticisms of missions and missionaries are not well founded and do harm to the missionary cause; some Ohristian foreign students do not have the courage to bear witness to Christ and to the work of His Church when these are under fire.

The foreign students expressed, by a rising vote, their appreciation of what the missionaries are doing for their countries, and the Mission Board representatives and American students, also, in a rising vote, expressed appreciation and gratitude for all that foreign students had brought to the life of A.merica and of the Church. Some misconceptions were cleared away and the conference was an t The background of information 1m' this discussion was su.pplied by the survey. caned "The Foreign Student in A merica," published last year by a Commission on Survey of Foreign Students, an expansion of the Friendly Relations Committee who have been pioneers in thi.s field.

IIJ26J EDITORIAL COMMENTS

illustration of the reciprocal benefits that come from following the scriptural injunction to "speak the truth in love."

The final impression of the conference was the essential unity among Ohristian students despite an obvious diversity. There was a steadily deepening consciousness of this unity of feeling and conviction in regard to the central truths and values to be found in Ohrist and in the service of humanity in His Name. The evening sessions were devoted to Bible study and to a consideration of some of the central messages of Ohristianity. Part of one evening session was given over to personal statements by individual students of what Ohrist meant to them, and another evening to what message Ohrist had for this generation in the solution of present-day world problems. The conception of the uniqueness and beauty and power of Ohrist to meet every need is always clarified and magnified by such testimony, and especially by the witness of those who have come out of strange and un-Ohristian environments into an appreciation of Christ and His gifts. The last session, when a communion service was held, was an expression of this oneness and fellowship. The six elders who took part in the sacrament were representatives of the six nations having delegates at the conference. In this Occidental setting a new meaning was given to the words of the Sage of the Orient, "All within the four seas are brothers." These words were verified and glorified through the word of another, so distinct during those days at Princeton, "One is your Master even Christ, and all ye are brethren.

W. R. WHEELER.

THE INTERNATIONAL MISSIONARY COUNCIL PROGRAM T HE meeting of the Committee of the International Missionary Council in Sweden in July had added significance in view of a thorough-going inquiry undertaken by the Committee as to whether there is a real program for the International Missionary Council. Does the Council command the resources, personal and group, that will enable it to maintain a level and a'standard that commend them to respect ~ The Council was the logical and, perhaps, the inevitable successor to the Continuation Committee of the Edinburgh Oonference of 1910. When the Oontinuation Oommittee ceased to function soon after the outbreak of the war, it was so essential that the growing missionary enterprise of the Ohristian churches of Europe and America should have some international coordinating body that, in 1921, the International Missionary Council came into being on a thoroughly representative basis. There have been two meetings of the Oouncil, and three of its Committee.

At the recent meeting of the Oommittee of the Council opportunity was given for a thorough inquiry as to its program. The reports of the executive officers revealed very important contacts

which they were maintaining, of real advantage to the Boards at the home base and to the indigenous Churches growing up in mis- sion fields. Among these contacts was the British Advisory Committee on Education in Africa, which is working in collaboration with important interests in the United States and Belgium.

Another important contact of the Council, through its executive officers, was that formed with the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, with obvious advantage to missions in placing at their command the most expert counsel in the world, and of large advantage to Africa in mobilizing those who understand it.

Furthermore, the Council, through its officers, is making a study of the organization and administration of union institutions in different countries, with a view to making this information available in a field of very important mission administration in union movements. The place of women in the Church on the mission field, a question which is arousing much interest in Asia, as in America; and also that other question of much importance-student migrations-are receiv- ing careful study on the part of the officers of the Council. Dr. Mott, the chairman of the committee, brought to the gathering the results of a recent journey to mission fields in the Pacific Basin, during which journey he had visited Japan, Korea, China, the Philippines, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Australia and New Zealand.

These services which the Council, through its officers, is render- ing to the missionary cause, made it clear that it had a real program.

Among the important elements in that program in the im- mediate future, the Committee emphasized the following: Spiritual Vitality, The Presentation of the Christian Message in Relation to non-Christian Faiths, Enlisting the New Generation, Enlisting the Service of Laymen, Christian Education, Devolution Problems of Indigenous Churches and Christian Literature.

Another important decision was with reference to the next meet- ing of the Council. Because of the growing strength of the churches in ARia and Africa and the nature of the problems to be faced it was felt desirable to meet somewhere in Asia, where representatives of the rising Churches in the Orient and those of the sending Churches in the West might come face to face and take up their common problems. Jerusalem was selected as the logical place, where three con- tinents converge, the common home of all the Christian groups of the world, and on the continent where the problems of the younger Churches are most acute. The membership of this next Council meeting was fixed at not to exceed 200, including the members of the Council, an equal number of representatives from the indigenous· Churches and a limited group of specialists. The main themes of the Council meeting are to be those mentioned above; the time of the meeting is to be the Easter season of 1928. w. I. c.

A GROUP OF COUNTRY PEOPLE; TAKEN NEAR COVENAS. COLOMBlc4

Does South America Need Missionaries?

BY REV. THOMAS E. BARBER, MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA SOME people, not familiar with the facts, tllink of South Amer- ica as already Christian, so that there is little or no need for Evangelical missionary work in these republics. It is very true that not all South Americans are ignorant and pagan. On the contrary many in the beautiful and attractive, modern cities, and in rural regions, are equal in culture, breadth of knowledge, and progressive ideas, to those in similar occupations in any land. They take important part in international counsels and are gaining world recognition as leaders of modern thought and progress. But this is also true of modern India, Japan, China and other countries that are generally recognized as proper mission territory.

Does South America then need missionaries 1 We must remember that most of the great Indian population is still as pagan as when the Spaniards first landed there. They are neglected and ignorant. They need missionaries. They are able to learn and the lives of many are transformed as truly by the Gospel as is the case among other peoples. Parents long to have their children have an opportunity to learn. These poor, unlettered Indians sometimes stand before a missionary with sad faces and show their children, earnestly asking that a teacher be sent to them. During past centuries little has been done either by the Roman Catholic Church 849 2

or the State for them, and nothing adequate is being done for them now.

Many leading citizens of South America who are Roman Catholics, and even priests in good standing in this same church, recognize this need for evangelical missionaries.

One day an ex-president of Colombia said to me: "A great part of our people are only half civilrzed and they are afraid of the Protestants and persecute them because they do not know them and their teachings. They are ignorant and superstitious and know no better. The missionaries need to come more in contact with the people, especially in the smaller towns, and when the people know them and their teachings about Christ and the Bible, then they will lose their fanaticism and respect the Protestants."

A prominent business man made the following statement: " We lleed you Protestants and your work. You teach the Bible and our priests do not. Our priests are so ignorant that they do not know the BibJe."

A prominent lawyer on being approached by the missionary about some business matters said: "I shall gladly render to you any service I can without charge because you missionaries are doing something to help our country. You strive to educate and uplift whereas our priests tyrannize and keep the people in ignorance."

A young Colombian recently graduated from an institution in the United States said: "Mr. Barber, when you tell me of the persecutions you missionaries sufier, and the conditions among these mountains it makes me think of the missionaries I used to hear tell of their work in India and China and the conditions there when I was a student in the United States."

We might add thousands of testimonies of the parents from all walks of life who send their children to Evangelical schools. The poor in the multitude of towns say: "Come to us; send us ministers and teachers to help us."

Such requests are too numerous to be counted, and come to us frequently. Our :first missionaries went to the cities of Bogota and Barranquilla, because of urgent appeals made to the Mission Board by pr:ominent citizens.

The majority of Catholic priests in these South American republics are not only opposed to Protestantism, but they bitterly oppose the open Bible. Every year there are numerous examples of persecutions toward both the nationals and the missionaries. I have been arrested twice this year for selling the Bible, the charge being that the Bible is an immoral book. In one case the mayor of the town refused to take the responsibility to decide against the priest who had brought the charges, and appealed to the governor of the state who at once replled declaring the Bible to be a good book. There was no attempt on the part of officials to inflict punish-

DOES SOU'fU AMERICA NEED MISSIONARIES!

ment in these instances but jails and prisons have often opened their doors to receive Evangelicals whom the priests accused only of selling the sacred Scriptures to the people. Bibles have often been confiscated and burned, even as late as 1925.

One priest, who has been for several years friendly toward me and who is a graduate of the Catholic Seminary of Medellin, perhaps the best in Colombia, told me that they had taught him only a little of their philosophy, a little of their theology, and batred toward all other beliefs. Today they are teaching the same. He said that when he -was graduated he was a poor, innocent young man who knew nothing. He had tried for over forty years to preach the Gospel but during all that time he had never read the Gospel. The first time INDIAN GIRLS AND WOMEN IN CENTRAL AMERICA (GUATEMALA) The shawls and dresses are all of bright colors and the Christian women look happy.

he ever read the Bible was when he purchased a copy from one of our colporteurs. It seemed so good that he purchased four more and gave them to other priests.

An ex-priest, Roldan, left the Roman Catholic Chureh in the year 1922, and united with the E:vangelical Church at Dabeiba in the year 1923. Later he gave up a position with a comfortable income in order to establish a school in a mountain region where there were no means whereby the children might receive an education. Last January the bishop of that diocese sent one of his most prominent priests with a letter signed by the bishop and more than thirty priests beseeching Roldan to return to the "mother church." On arriving at the house the messenger said: "Father Roldan, the bishop has sent me to take you back to the Church."

Roldan replied: "That is impossible, but come in and we will

talk about it. " When the man entered the house Roldan said to him: •'What does the Second Commandment say?" The priest pulled from his pocket a New Testament which he had borrowed in Dabeiba and began turning its leaves. Roldan said: "What are you looking forT" "Looking for the Ten Commandments," was the reply. "Man, " said Roldan, ' ,You are just as ignorant as I was before I 10ft the Church of Rome!" The following day Roldan met two other priests of Dabeiba and all showed the same lack of knowledge.

The spirit of intolerance toward Evangelicals was shown last February when I was visiting a number of preaching places of the Medellin station in company with the national minister of the Medellin church. As we were nearing the town of Segovia and while descending into a narrow valley two men and seven or eight young women of the poorer class began shouting, "Here come the Protestants! The devils are here." At the same moment we noticed a priest coming at full gallop towards us and shouting: "Down with the Protestants! Down with the heretics, .the followers of Luther. Hurrah for'the Pope and the holy Virgin!"

We waited for this priest to arrive and then greeted him cordially, allowing him and his followers to take the lead. On arriving at the town the priest called out to the people on both sides of the street: "Here are the wolves I Look at the wolves! Beware of the wolves I" At the public square he shouted: "May they give you nothing to eat, for yourselves or your horses." The people, already knowing us, became indignant over his behavior, and our meetings were larger than ever. What would have been the result if the town had been fanatical like so many of the townspeople1 Among the more enlightened priests many respect the Evangelicals and are very friendly. Righteous lives and enlightenment are winning the admiration and love of those who were formerly enemies; so that now they are not only friendly, but have become helpers.

Missionaries are urgently needed in South America. We must take into consideration the vast untouched areas, as pagan today as when the first white man set foot on these western continents. There are vast regions over which the Roman Catholic Church has had complete sway for more than four centuries, that today report appalling statistics of illiteracy, illegitimacy and poverty. Ought not Christians in the more fortunate lands count it all joy to have the blessed privilege of lending a helping hand to them and to rise up and take the message of Christ's Truth and Freedom to them?

South America needs Evangelical missionaries, because South America needs to know and to obey the Word of God.

Western Front of World

BY REV. CHARLES HATCH SEARS, D.D., NEW YORK General Seeretary of the New York City Baptist Mission Society " T IFE is a festival only to the wise," says Emerson. "Seen L from the nook and chimneyside of prudence it wears a ragged and dangerous front. Our culture, therefore, must !lot omit the arming of the man. The commonwealth and his own well-being require that he should not go dancing in the weeds of peace. . . . 'l'oward all this external evil the man within the breast ,1 ssumes a warlike attitude."

·World missions today "wears a ragged and dangerous front." '1'0 face it requires what Emerson calls, "a military attitude of the soul" to which he gives the name of heroism.

'Ve do not face closed doors, or armies, or open persecution, save only in a few restricted areas, but we face a new intellectual con-· fiict waged against all religions. We face a cynical disregard of Christianity because it has taken itself so lightly. We face, in the East, the renaissance of old world religions and the denial of the superiority of Christianity.

In Europe, we face a new alliance between a religion of ceremony and sacrament and political expediency and coercion, particularly in Italy.

In the great world-wide, interdenominational missionary conference which was held in ·Washington last January, the minor note, perhaps it might even be called the motif, was an exceedingly serious note-as though the modern foreign mission movement in its first one hundred and ten years had passed through the period of confident youth and had emerged into the disillusionment of age. There was no note of uncertain religious faith; no uncertainty about the Great Commission. It is one of the discoveries of modern missions. There was no doubt of the vindication of the great venture of foreign missions, a vindication in ten thousand thousand lives transformed through the century. In the words of Dr. John B. McLaurin, of India, spoken at this conference: "The transformation of the individual in Jesus Christ is not only the basis, but also is the vindication of all that we are doing tl).rough Him, and that He is doing through us throughout the world today."

Why then this minor strain7 I found the answer in the terrific reaction of the West upon the East during the past ten years. What we are in the West thunders so loud that they cannot hear what our missionaries say.

Listen to the words of Christian leaders of many lands, spoken at Washington. Hear their indictment of the West. "In the old 853

days a heavy curtain hung between the East and the West," said Bishop Brent. "Now times have changed; the veil is torn down. The Orient knows only too well how the people in the churches of the West are living, and how many of them are betraying the Gospel that is being proclaimed to the yellow and brown and black races."

A native Christian leader of India, Professor John Jesudason Cornelius said, "Never has there been a time in human history so critical and so challenging. At no time was western civilization so much discredited in the Orient, as today. The West and the East have become closely intertwined through commercial and territorial expansion. Such expansion has really made the practice of Christ's principles almost impossible. Once the East had great confidence in the West, but, alas! now she is mentally armed against the West."

"The Oriental mind of today," said Dr. Kirk, of Baltimore, after an extended trip in the Orient, "is dominated by a spirit of intense criticism of all things Western."

We see a peculiar expression of this in the reaction of the Chinese ,students. The words of Bishop Herbert Welch, of Tokyo, spoken of course before the recent unfortunate events in China, are significant: "On the other hand one finds in the Far East an opposition to Christianity which, while not altogether new, has some recent and disagreeable developments. Take, for instance, the movement among the Chinese students of higher schools, not merely anti-religious in general but anti-Christian in particular, an opposition belligerent and determined, led by members of the faculties of universities, and based upon the belief that Christianity means militarism and capitalism, which systems they do not desire to have fastened upon their own land."

What they understand by industrialism is revealed by an advertisement which Miss Margaret Burton reported that she had seen in a Chinese newspaper: "The profits of the – – – factory again surpassed $1,000,000. For the past two years it has been running night and day with scarcely any intermission. The number of hands employed is 2,500 and the following is the wage table per day: Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 to 25 cents Women ………………………………. 10 to 15 cents Boys (about 15 years) ………………….. 10 to 15 cents Girls (about '1& years) …………………. 5 to 10 cents Small boys (about 10) …………………. 5 to 10 cents Small girls (about. 10) ……………….. 3% to 5 cents "The working hours are from 5: 30 A. M. to 5: 30 P. M., and from 5: 30 P. M. to 5: 30 A. M. No meals are supplied by the factory." The advertisement continues: "It will be seen that the company is in an exceptionally favorable position, with an abundant and absurdly cheap labor supply to draw on, and no vexatious factory laws to observe."

Can we wonder that India prefers old-time hand work rather than new-time factory production' Here we see the "law of supply

THE WESTERN FRONT OF WORLD MISSIONS

and demand" in vicious operation with human labor dealt with as a commodity.

Dr. Goodsell, of Turkey, after referring to an interesting interview with a high-minded Turkish editor, said: "Turkey looks to America and says: 'Your charity is fine; your passion for freedom is glorious; your strength is unmeasured; but I do not see that religion plays much part in your life. Look at your public scandals; look at the way you treat the negroes; look at your industrial injustices.' " . . . From this and from her own experience, Turkey has drawn the conclusion: "We can expect no help from religion, from any religion, in the rebuilding of our national life."

In speaking of the effect of America's treatment of her internal problems, Bishop Welch, of Tokyo, said, "I am bound to say that this immigration question, touching not simply the admission of aliens but the treatment of aliens after they are admitted, has a very direct connection with the progress of Christianity in the Orient."

Recently I heard Professor Paul Monro, of Teachers College, who has spent much time for several years in Europe and in Asia, say that until a few years ago the East admitted that Christianity had one great superiority over other religions, the position and character of Western women as compared with Eastern women, but Professor Monro said, all this has now changed and the change has been brought about within five or six years by the introduction of American movies in cities and villages throughout the Near East and the East. There is no censorship and the worst type of films from America are used. These films have entirely changed the attitude of the East to Western women. They have lost their respect for American women and Christianity has been robbed of one of its acknowledged points of advantage over Eastern religions.

Now the East is making a fresh attempt to evaluate Christianity as a religion, and to dissociate it from Western civilization. In this lies the hope of Christianity in so far as the East is concerned. Christians of the East are making a determined effort to disentangle Christianity not only from 'Western civilvzation, but from Western theological interpretations, and to establish in their own lands a Christian Church true to their own interpretations, and under their own leadership.

At the Washington Conference reiterated reference was made to the need of planting an indigenous Church in every land. Dr. Tucker, of Tokyo, said, "It must be a church led and maintained by their own people. I do not think that Japan is ever going to be influenced by a Christianity that is under foreign leadership." Chinese Baptists in South China have already taken steps to- establish indigenous Chinese Baptist churches under their own leadership and progressively with their own resources.

What about this attack from the East1 Why this recoil of for-

eign missions ~ Having entered the foreign mission enterprise with high idealism, we are not a little shocked by such a reaction from the East. We must admit the glaring discrepancies between the Gospel which the missionaries preach and the civilization which the Oriental student sees, for example, in New York City. And what a discrepancy there is between this Gospel and the civilization which the moving picture films carry back to the cities and villages. of the East!

These American cities are not altogether American-made; they are not true exponents of American ideals. Our historic policy of an open door to oppressed peoples and our wholesale immigration have helped to create a situation which has had much to do with this indictment of the West by the East. Moreover, there are scores of industries in our cities that are under the almost sole control of individuals or racial groups which in no sense represent American culture and certainly not American Protestant standards.

But in submitting this defense we are compelled to admit that there are large racial groups in America which have not been won to Protestant standards or ideals or even ever seriously approached. This fact alone accounts in part for the terrific impact of the West upon the East and the serious setback to the world cause of Christianity.

Can we defend the Christian Church against the charge of grqss neglect? If it is really true that Christianity has in it the potency of a world religion; a religion that we try to impress upon the Chinese, Indians, and Japanese; has not t4at religion the power to transform individuals and win the assent of large groups of other races here in America, which is regarded as the home of Protestant Chris tiani ty?

"Ve have failed to Christianize, in America, great sections of our population and thereby have failed to preserve our historic Protestant foundations. As a result these New Americans have introduced a new culture and new standards and have succeeded in displacing, at least in considerable areas of the country, older American standards. We are, therefore~ compelled to confess failure at this point.

Can we doubt that had the Protestant churches of America set themselves to the task of winning these foreign groups as they came in successive racial waves during each of the three decades before the World War, that they might have been won? If we had won during the last generation in America, we would not today be facing such a lamentable situation in China, India, and Japan.

We may riot through our missionary societies meet the issue raised in scores of college classrooms, by the attack of college professors and students upon Christianity and the Christian Church. Why may not teachers in high schools and colleges, familiar with the intellectual problems of youth and familiar with educational methods

THE WESTERN FRON'l' 0]<' WORLD MISSIONS

and conclusions, join with Christian ministers in giving a sympathetic interpretation of Christian experience and the power of religion in the lives of men ~ Because unscrupulous Americans have regarded motion pictures as a commercial industry, instead of a tremendously powerful ally of education, the children of the East are being demoralized and Western womanhood is being defamed.

Our losses have also been great in the field of industry and international politics. The Church has no right to mark out the way for industry, but it has a right to say" This way thou shalt not go." "A man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things he possesseth, " and again, "Ye are of more value than many sparrows." The little ten-year-old girls working twelve hours a day or night for three and one half cents in China are of more value than dividends.

There are areas of the conflict that are the peculiar field of missionary agencies. Any world conflict must be decided by the character of its forces. There has been disastrous loss of effective Protestant forces through the constant shifting of population in the great cities. Weare losing on this Western Front of the world conflict because of our failure to recruit our forces in the newer resident areas, particularly the suburban areas, and to set for them a specific challenging world missionary task. If we set ourselves seriously, both workers and donors, to recruiting our forces in the suburbs of our greater city, to holding forces already won, we could double our efficiency in ten years, and increase our impact on world missions one hundred per cent.

Again, it is peculiarly a missionary task to establish indig~nous churches in polyglot American communities. Na one can doubt that the Protestant Church might have had great influence upon the Irish immigration of the '70s and '80s when the Irish were New Americans before they had become our natural city rulers. But we lost this battle, in so far as the Protestant Church is concerned, and lost it here on the Western Front.

Christianity lost in Asia Minor, the field of its early victories, and in North Africa, where it raised up such leaders as Augustine. because it was more interested in disputations within the ranks of the Church than in decisive victories outside. While fighting secondary issues they lost the great battle. Shall this be true of Ameri- {'an Christianity1 Can we doubt that decisive issues are being determined here; that America is not a secondary front in this worJ<:l Christian conflict? The ability of Christianity to qualify as a world relig~on is being determined by results here in America. Here, during the first half of the twentieth century, will be found the decisive battleground of our religion. Christianity cannot become a world conqueror until it conquers at home.

A Notable Conversion from

BY A MISSIONARY IN PERSIA CONVERSIONS from Islam deserve special attention. Dr. Zwemer's book, '''l'he Law of Apostasy in Islam," gives a good idea of the conditions facing anyone who dares to deny Islam and profess any other faith. But we have sufficient results to prove the value of Christian propaganda even in Islam. Most of our converts are Nicodemuses and come to see Jesus under cover of dark, for to profess in the light is the equivalent of signing a death warrant for themselves, giving away their property to zealots as well as exposing their family to the possibility of being taken as slaves. These gentle ideas and practices are fully taught and explained in the theological book, "Agied Us Shia," or "Beliefs of the Shia 'so "

Recently we have been greatly cheered by the appearance of a Paul, a man who seems to have been struck with a heavenly vision, to which he is not disobedient. Mir J awad needs some introduction to be properly understood. He is a Sayyid (descendant of the Prophet Mohammed), belonging to one of the best families in Tabriz. He was educated according to the best Moslem traditions so that he has been a Professor in a Moslem School of Theology for several years and has few equals in mastery of Arabic and the Islamic code of Jaws. He is wealthy, owning parts of three villages and having also other sources of income. Knowing these things you can appreciate him better. Last autumn, lie chanced to be passing our church as thl! Sunday service was beginning and came in to hear what it was that the Christians had to talk about. Rabi Stephan, our local evangelist, preached a sermon on the story of the Samaritan woman at the well. Mir Jawad in his classes had often debated Christianity vs. Islam but had always gotten his material from Islamic quotations and was therefore surprised to hear the type of material used. He came to several other meetings and then asked for private conferences. About a month after our first meeting, he cast a spell over us by getting up in a meeting where several Moslems were present, confessing Jesus Christ as his Saviour and calling upon the other men there to be fair with their consciences and face a decision, join him and consecrate themselves to making Christ known in Islam. He followed this by leading in prayer at our regular prayer meeting service three days later.

Now by Islamic law, under a provision known as "Nani Az Munkir" or "Preventing one denying Islam," it is possible in extreme cases to call a man up before a court and have him take an oath. When news of these two things came to official ears, Mir Jawad was called before the Court of (so-caUed) Justice and ordered 858 to take an oath on the Koran that he was a Moslem. He replied by taking off his Sayyid's hat, producing a copy of the Koran and a book of Moslem ethics and turning them over to the court, as he said, "I no longer wish to be known as a Sayyid or a Moslem for I have become a follower of Jesus Christ." He left the place, bought a new hat and came right to church for it was Sunday morning.

Then things moved fast. Some men came to me advising against having any communication with the man, for they thought a riot was going to follow if the fellow persevered in his madness. The next day Mir Jawad sent for Rabi Stephen and myself and asked for baptism. We replied that we did not have the authority to give him OHRISTIAN COLPORTEUR DISTRIBUTING LITERATURE IN PERSIA the right at once, but he said that it made no difference for true baptism was from within and by the Spirit and that regardless of the external right,he was going to preach Christ as best he could. We warned him of the danger and he replied, "I know Islam and its spirit better than you can ever know it, and I have fully counted the cost. If not today, then tomorrow they will kill me, but I have this request to make of you-that you will find my body and bury it in a Christian cemetery." This he repeated thrice, for there is a tradition to the effect that even a proselyte from Islam may be raised a Moslem in the next life, if he is buried with Moslems in a Moslem cemetery. Mir Jawad wanted in this way to show his absolute severing of all hopes in Islam. After a prayer, he went out.

The next day was the first day of mourning for the death of Fatima, Mohammed's daughter. This mourning lasts three days and consists in huge gangs going through the streets, beating them-

selves with chains, other gangs singing weird tunes and beating their breasts while others go to other excesses of fanaticism. Shortly before noon, a man came in to tell me that he had just been down in the Rasta Bazaar, one of the most crowded places in the city, where all the gangs pass, and he had seen Mir J awad get up before the gangs and call out, "You cannot find salvation this way. Salvation comes only through Jesus Ohrist." Now it behooves me to interpose another item-for Mir Jawad has four mosques in his control and these many years he has incited men to go out ana. mourn just the custom that he now decried. A mob had collected and carried him out of the ba:zaar. Hearing this, Rabi Stephen and I set off to find him. As we got down into the bazaar and met the gangs shouting with hoarse voices and reeking with sweat, raising their arms in unison and then bringing their open palms down with heavy thuds against their bare chests, a mass of ignorant fanatics ruling supreme, I confess that I would have been scared stiff to stand up and witness for Jesus Christ-and I had nothing to lose of either goods or reputation. But this one-month-old Christian with everything 10 lose had a.courage which beggared mine.

We traced him for a way, till we found he had been taken to tho police station. They accused him of fomenting a riot and said: "Everyone says you are insane." His reply was a gem of wit and satire: "It's a strange day when I am called crazy by those who spend three days beating themselves for a woman who died thirteen hundred years ago." He was sent home under guard and confined in his own cellar for two days. Now began his trials at home, for they threatened him by confiscating all his wealth as per the rights of the law of apostasy, They would serve his food separately, washing all the dishes three times so as not to let the contamination spread-in truth it pays to be a blasphemer here for you get your dishes well washed at any rate. But these seemed to be the least 'of his worries and the first time he was free, he came to the church to see us; en route he began to speaking with some men and read them out of the New Testament.

Two police caught him, beat him with their fists-and Meer Javad enjoyed the hospitality of the jail for a day and night.

The man's absolute fearlessness has been astounding and never before in Tabriz has there been such a general surprise. He has not feared to go right up to the highest Mujtaheed or ecclesiastic in Azerbaijan, and by him was invited to sit down and talk. Mir J awad replied: "1 have not come for a social meeting, but to tell you that we Moslem leaders have fooled the people long enough and· it's time that we now teach them the truth about God. You say that you are a Moslem and that there is no higher authority than you in Azerbai-

1926J A NOTABLE CONYERSIOK FROM ISLAM

jan. Then fulfil your duty and teach the people the Koran, for I know that if they are given a chance to know what is in the Koran, they too, like me, will see that it points to Jesus Christ."

Some men in the room began to revile Mir J awad and call him names such as "Blasphemer, Heretic, Liar, etc.," and speaking to them all he said, "Let your consciences judge as to where the truth lies-in Islam with its intolerance and oppression and abundant musings or in such words as 'Blessed is the man who-sitteth not in the seat of the scornful,' and the words of Jesus, '1 say unto you, he that calleth his brother a fool is in danger of hell fire.''' The attendants at the door pushed him out.

I shall not soon forget a phrase he used in a prayer last week: "Thou hast taught us to pray, 'Give us this day our daily bread' and that satisfies us but though Thy Spirit be given us immeasurably we shall still be in need of more."

1 might multiply incidents, for to me they are fascinating. The example of courage, sincerity and consecration has worked a transformation in our feeble faith and it gives a new determination and assurance in our message of Truth. Perhaps to you it sounds like a common occurrence, for in the telling all such things lose interest, but in recording it, I feel as Luke must have felt in writing down the Acts of the Apostles, witnessing the making of the history of the power and wisdom of God.

I write all this because I am asking for your prayers. I am not losing sight of the fact that there is an equally great demand for prayer and work at home. I think the difference between your work and mine may be summed up in this way-that your responsibility is to work among individuals who are trying to destroy a good system while our job is to work to overcome a system which is destroying good people. However unequal may seem the start-one Sayyid and a few missionaries with a small handful of converts, yet never was a struggle staged which had a more certain result. Islam is breaking up. If the small group of Christians will stick sincerely to the armaments mentioned in Ephesians, the sixth chapter, it will not be long before Persia will be confessing Jesus as Lord. Pray earnestly and intelligently-that is why 1 write thus at length.

SUPPLEMENTARY LETTER OF JANUARY 4, 1926 I want you to share in our last meeting of the Week of Prayer in the Tabriz Churc]1. The topic for Saturday night was, "The duty of the Evangelical Church in Tabriz Towards Islam." The meeting was led by three men who two months ago had never made the least profession of anything but Islam. After a hymn and a prayer, I introduced the first speaker, M– M– A–, a student of theology in one of the schools in the city where they create mollahs. I had known the fellow only five days but during the meetings pre-

vious he had twice asked permission to speak, so I gave him liberty without knowing what he was going to say. Had not Mir Jawad, our fiery and untiriug witness to the truth of "life more abundant," invaded the school where this fellow was studying and there preached a sermon, we would never have known this student. But seeing the fearlessness of Mir J awad, he came around the next morning to see us and has been on the bench ever since.

M– M– A–'s talk was exactly to the point. "I haven't come here to look at the walls, or see good carpets or to see people for I can find far more elsewhere. I have come because I am searching for Salvation. If I found it in Islam I would not have needed to come here. Perhaps I shall yet find it in Islam. If so, then I shall expose the emptiness of the claims of Christianity. But if on the other hand, I find that there is proof in the lives of Christians that the teaching of Christ is true and He can vivify a dead soul, then I shall try to find in Him that same power. But it is the duty of this Church to so live that I may find living witness of that truth. For I am not a:lone. There are many who are earnest seekers after God and unless the Christians make their lives tally with their claims in Jesus, many will never take the trouble to give the New Testament a chance. .I cannot believe that God would leave His creation without guidance and power for a pure life. If Islam cannot give that to me, then perhaps Christianity can. But you must prove it before I will be willing to accept your claims."

If one of us missionaries had written his speech for him, we could not have made a more direct appeal.

Next came M- A- K-, a son of a wealthy Guron who is a 111ursheed in the city for his section. This fellow has been clamoring for baptism for a month and it has been all that Rabi Stephan and I can do to hold him back from creating a riot in our meetings by his unequivocal statements concerning the falsity of Islam and the need for Christ. He too is a student of the Sayyid, for though we knew him long before the Sayyid ever came to us, he had never evinced much courage or more than passing interest. Now he is a regular Jeremiah-nowhere near as deep and thoughtful or as dignified as the Sayyid, but nevertheless very sincere and well educated. He spoke on the condition of Christianity at the rise of Islam-its superstitions, its immorality, its ritualism and its departure from almost every essential doctrine. No wonder that Islam had then rejected it. But Islam does witness to some of its truths and by attesting to the name of "Jesus," Islam unwittingly approves of His mission, for though the Moslems do not know it, "Esa" or "Jesus," means "God is our Salvation." Whereas the Koran cbanges the names of Alexander the Great and other characters, it accepts the name "Esa," thereby recording its acceptance of His mission as a Saviour. from God. Wherefore it is high time for Christians to wake

A NOTABLE CONVERSION FROM ISLAM

up, cleanse their practices and beliefs so as to be in accordance with Jesus. When that is done, there are many in Islam who will accept Him. M- A- K- closed with reading Matthew 7, where it says, "And in that day many will say, 'Lord, Lord'-and then will I profess unto them, I never knew you. He that doeth the will of my Father in Heaven-shall enter into the Kingdom."

The third speaker was Mir Jawad. When I mentioned his name and he arose in his place, there was silence such as our church rarely finds. He is tall, thin and about 35 years old, with a very dignified air, but withal he speaks in a very gentle voice and there is no blow or gush about him at all. Rabi Stephan had asked him to speak on "What I have found in Christianity that satisfies me, which was lacking in Islam." He answered, "I am willing to do that but it will only breed hatred. That placard on the wall says God Is Love and if I go about angering people, then I am no child of God."

So. he had free rein to speak as he willed. Though he has only read three. gospels and about four chapters in John (for he reads them very thoroughly and studies them slowly), he quotes very fully and a statement of the verses he employed really outline his talk. "Seek ye first the Kingdom of God and His righteousness . . . God is a Spirit and they who worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth. . . . The Word was God (that is, Jesus Christ) . . . . Lo, I am with you alway, even to the end of the world." He closed with a simple statement, "It's my obligation to let people know the truth about the Messiah, as I have witnessed in the bazaars, in my home and in the Hijras of the principal ecclesiastics in Tabriz."

With a prayer the meeting closed. Never has my heart beat so long or so loud at a continual sitting as during the hour and a half that we were there. For three Persians to get up in a Christian church and witness as boldly before an audience of 140 people, many of whom were Moslems, is an unprecedented thing. Weare writing the Twenty-Ninth Chapter of the" Acts of the Apostles."

Just a word or two as to the reactions. Mr. Gifford says that he never had sensed such an impressive witness as the Sayyid gave. Miss Beaber wrote me, "Is it a dream1" and Mrs. Jessup said forcefully: "That man evinces a spirituality and a comprehension of the heart of Christ as very few people in America do-and of which even we missionaries often fall short."

"Ve have had to go into bigger quarters for our Friday meetings.

P. S.-8ince these letters were written, so much excitement has been stirred up in Persia over these conversions from Islam that the Persian Government has made it a matter of protest to the State Department at W·ashington. Mir Jawad has also been spirited away by his family to a village where his preaching soon had the people in commotion. Pray for these Moslems who have seen and have followed the True Light and who are persecuted for righteousness' sake; also for the missionaries in Persia and for the Persian Government and misguided religious Ieaders.-EDITOR.

Confer in

Dr. Samuel M. Zwemer's Visit to the Persian Missions O NE of the notable events in the history of missions in Persia was the All-Persia Inter-Mission Conference, held in Tehe- ran, August 1-8, 1926. From May until August Dr. and Mrs. S. M. Zwemer traveled back and forth across the country, covering more than 4,500 miles by automobile, and holding station conferences at ten centers. The culmination was a conference in Teheran, where nearly llfty British and American missionaries and Christian Persian leaders gathered to sum up the findings of other conferences and to plan for the future.

In the beautiful, newly-finished building of the American Col- Jege at Teheran, the delegates met and enjoyed intimate fellowship with the Bishop of Persia and Persian converts from Islam. British, Americans, Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, and Persians ate and talked and laughed together, in spite of the heat, and there they flccomplished a remarkable amount of work in eight days.

Beginning with an inspiring address by Dr. Zwemer on leadership, a series of papers followed on such subjects as The Occupation of Persia, Cooperation, Christian Literature, Missions and the Persian Government, Islam in Persia Today, the Presentation of the Christian Message to Persian Moslems, and the Training of Missionary and Native 'Workers. Some of the most valuable papers were contributed by Persian Christians. Dr. Sa~ed Khan, a Kurd eonverted many years ago and a prominent physician of Teheran, summed up in two able papers the results of forty years of study of two of the heretical sects of Persian Islam-the Bahais and the Ahl-e Haqq. The last-named sect is so strikingly similar to Christianity in many respects that one wonders whether it was not Christian in origin and later, under the oppressive power of Islam, was forced to hide its light. The sect has perhaps a million adherents who, hitherto practically untouched by Christian missions, offer a special challenge to Christians to give them the full truth.

In considering the occupation of the field, the conference found that there are reasons for rejoicing, but that whole areas are still untouched so far as a continuous proclamation of the Gospel is concerned. The Urumia section, so terribly devastated in the war, is now slowly being rehabilitated, and missions there, once almost entirely confined to Oriental Christians, are now devoted largely to Moslems, both in city and in itineration work. For fifteen years no missionary in Urumia has learned a strictly Christian language. In Dr. Zwemer's public meetings there he spoke to a larger number of Moslems than in any other city. Baffling problems of occupation 864

1l!26 J MISSIONAlUES CONFER IN PERSIA

face the missions in trying to care for more than a thousand miles of the Persian Gulf littoral, which has long been neglected. Among the rapidly increasing population in the oil-fields of southwest Persia, no missionary is now at work. There is also a rich and populous province along the Caspian, to which only an occasional missionary tour has been made. The million or more of nomads present a special problem for settled missionary work. Among them are the Bakhtiaris, recently made famous in America in the motion picture "Grass."

Church of England and American Presbyterian missionaries, :who form the great majority of workers in Persia, stood for cooperat.ion along every line. One of the high points of the conference was a passionate appeal for the unity of the Church of Christ in Persia, THE ALL-PERSIA INTER-MISSION CONFERENCE OF 1926 greatly desired by the Persians. themselves. Upon the missionaries lies the responsibility to do nothing to prevent the consummation of this unity. The conference motto was" All One in Christ Jesus."

The neglect of the missions to provide Christian literature in the vernacular"'has been a serious loss. All the available literature consists of about seventy books and pamphlets, among which there are but three tiny books on moral problems. There is a growing Christian Church in Persia, and yet only three Christian books and four pamphlets on the spiritual life are in existence. An intermission committee is already hard at work to meet this need as fast us manuscripts and money can be provided.

Christian converts from Islam in Persia have as yet no status in Persian law, and when ecclesiastical pressure is exerted, persecution still occurs, but the Persian people are naturally courteous and tolerant, and as a result the Christian Church has made progress 3

hardly to be equalled in any other Moslem land. The conference urged the forward-looking people of Persia to work towards full religious liberty and proper rights for Ohristians.

Bahaism, which has a few converts in America, still has many adherents in Persia, but it is on the wane and no longer appeals so much either to Moslems or to Persian Jews.

Two remarkable papers were read by young Persian Christians on how best to present the Gospel to non-Ohristians. They pointed out clearly the relative places of the missionary and the native worker in this task, showing that the missionary, because of special study, often knows Islam better, but that the native knows the Moslem. They urged missionaries and PersIan Ohristians to go forward together, "hand in hand and shoulder to shoulder until the Ohurch of Ohrist stands alone."

The delegates to the conference, and the Missions which they represent, pledged themselves to a program of cooperation and aggressive evangelism so that the conference is certain to mark a new GPoch in' the building up of the Ohristian Ohurch in Persia. If the motto of the conference was Unity, its keynote was Hope, and it was with new hope and enthusiasm that those attending the conference went back to their widely-scattered stations.

W. N. WYSHAM.

ANew Enterprise in Mesopotamia BY REV. JAMES GANTINE, D.D., BAGHDAD, IRAQ .n..ANTIQUITY and Mesopotamia are two words that seem well suited to each other. Nineveh, Babylon, Ur, the Garden of Eden take our thoughts at once to this Land Between the Rivers. Old civilizations, the beginnings of the oldest arts, sciences and religions have their roots in this soil. But newness seems somewhat out of place in this so-called" Oradle of the Human Race. " And yet there are new enterprises here, and among the newest is one in mission policy. The United Mission in Mesopotamia differs, I think, from other missions in that while it is a well-rounded-out body, functioning on the field as do other missions, yet it is composed of workers from different denominations, supported by the separate Boards, and controlled by a committee chosen from the members of cooperating Boards.

Experiments in most enterprises owe their inception to the urge of necessity. It was so in this case. Mesopotamia, with all its Biblical interest, would naturally be in the thoughts of those having at heart the growth of God's Kingdom. The first American to visit this country with the missionary cause in view was the Rev. Horatio Southgate. The narrative of his journey was printed in 1840, and its preface states, "The Mission whose history is detailed in

1926J A NEW ENTERPRISE IN MESOPOTAMIA

the following papers was performed under the direction of the For- eign Committee of the Board of Missions of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the U. S. A." This interest apparently lay dormant for nearly a hundred years, for not until within the last year or two has this Board again sent out missionaries to work at Mosul among the Assyrian refugees of the old Nestorian Church. Representatives of the English Brethren came to Mesopotamia before 1850 and la- bored faithfully for some years. Those who follow their teachings are still found among the native Christians. Later, missionaries of the Church of England, following the Shi 'ah pilgrim route from Persia, settled at Baghdad. At …. ';-' ,…… Mosul, mission work was car- ried on for years by the American Board, and again by the Presbyterian Church, U. S.

A. But the field was far re- moved from the main work of these American societies, and finally Upper Mesopotamia was given over to the Church Mis- sionary Society of England.

At the beginning of the late war this society had flourish- ing stations, largely medical, at Baghdad and Mosul.

The results of the war necessitated readjustments in the mission field in various parts of the world. All of Mesopotamia was fiercely fought over by the contending o Turkish and English armies, I and the end of the struggle found the expensive medical equipment lost or destroyed, and most of the missionaries scattered in other Arabic-speaking fields. Under these circumstances, and faced with a shortage of men and money, the British society reluctantly decided upon a complete withdrawal.

This was the condition that appealed so imperatively to those neighboring missionaries who knew the land and its people, the American Presbyterians in Persia and the American Reformed workers in Arabia. It was not new territory that might possibly be left a little longer, but a field that the Christian Church had held for dec- ades. There were small Protestant congregations in the two large cities. Here and there converts from Islam were just beginning to see the outlines of the Saviour Christ, taking form through the mists and haze of their old faith. Could these be deserted 7 Could this

land-the land of Exile, of the promise given to the children of Ishmael, the starting point of that great missionary, Abraham–could Christians see it, just beginning under a new, liberal and ambitious Government to face the future bravely, left discouraged, without an aggressive witness to Christ f "Ve who knew it best heard the words, "Give ye them to eat," and, from Persia on the east and from Arabia on the south, a missionary or two was set apart for this need. After a time the home Boards responded to the invitation to come over and help.

The three Boards now cooperating in Mesopotamia are the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., the Reformed Church in America, and the Reformed Church in the U. S. If the representatives of these three Boards can be welded together on the field into one whole, more can be added. The call of the two hundred thousand people of Baghdad and the two million followers of Islam in Mesopotamia should be heard by others than the dozen workers now there. The experience of the last two or three years has shown that men and women from different denominations can live and work together in Mesopotamia as well as in inland China. But the difference between the China Inland Mission and the United Mission in Mesopotamia may be described as the difference between an undenominational and an interdenominational mission. The latter utilizes members of the Boards of the cooperating churches, respon- Rible to them for the home administration; the funds come from the treasuries of these Boards according to an accepted ratio. This obviates an independent organization at the home base, with its expensive duplication of effort. Moreover, the work in the field is the work of each church, and has all the sanction and appeal that the past history of missions has proved to be so effective.

It is distinctly helpful to Moslem enquirers, who may have heard of, or who stumble at the many divisions in Christendom, to be told that we represent that union of believers in Christ which is the ideal to which we all look forward. It also will be helpful to us, when the happy time comes when we can see the organization of a church of Moslem converts on our field, that we shall feel no urge from home to engraft home experiences and preferences upon the stock of an indigenous church. It may be no small help to the spiritual life of the missionary that he can feel his fellow-workers in faith and prayer at home, those who know about his field, are so many and so widespread, and also that he can claim a part in that heritage of devotion, sacrifice and attainment found in the missionary history ot each of our cooperating churches. Again, we in Mesopotamia feel that we can look at the adjacent missions from which we had our beginning as parent fields, their experience of many decades at our disposal; what advantages they possess as to location and climate cordially thrown open to us for sanataria; and, what has meant so much to us, their working force to be drawn upon in time of need.

A NEW ENTERPRISE IN MESOPO'f'AMIA

This new mission ,vork in Mesopotamia is in line with, and gath- ers strength and opportunity from other new enterprises in this old land. It is in line with the new era of definite work for the Moslem world. While not denying nor neglecting opportunities thrust upon it by proximity to the various Oriental churches, and to the host of needy refugees, the aftermath of the late war, its constitution says, "The primary aim or objective of the United Mission shall be the evang'elization of Mohammedans in the ulloccupied area of Mesopo- tamia officially designated 'Iraq.''' The :[os1e111s of this area will more and more claim the love of our llew recruits, and work with and for them will more and more fill their lives. Its very position will force this to the front. 1'0 the east in Persia, mission work for Moslems is gathering definiteness and momentum. To the west, Syria and Palestine are emphasizing efforts for the non-Christian popUlation. And at the south is the aggressive work of the Arabian Mission. And northward the Republic of Turkey with its new align- ment is offering missionary opportunity only among its Moslem peoples. Mesopotamia is the very center of this wonderful birth of Christian activity, and time will show how it influences, and is influenced by it all.

Again, this new mission is advantaged by being located in the new Kingdom of Iraq, a country with its face resolutely set towards better things-a country that is enjoying a great educational awakening, having the asset of being in its formative years under the tutelage of such an experienced and sympathetic government as Great Britain; with growing commercial opportunities, and a body of young men now being' educated in England and America, who happily may guide its destinieFl into ways of peace and prosperity j and, best of all, and passing strange for a Moslem government, a constitution which guarantees liberty for missioIlRry effort and freedom for all religions. To be part and parcel of this new and wonderful land, so full of hope and promise, far outweighs all the difficulties found in a hostile climate.

But, most important of all changes for the better that the missionary sees in this field is the attitude of the Moslem to the new faith, his new vision of Jesus Christ and His claims. This is new only in the sense that it appeared only recently above the surface j but the living germ, the spreading roots are the result of many decades of faithful labor by those who have gone before. Hundreds in the mission sc11001s have seen the goodness of Ohrist reflected in the life and words of their teachers j thousands in the mission hospitals have been taught that His mercy has inspired the healing touch; countless copies of His message have been sown freely through the length and breadth of the land j the fruits of the Spirit have been seen in so many lives, far transcending anything that Islam can show. All these agencies have brought Christ to the point

where He, being lifted up as never before, is drawing men unto Himself.

A few months ago an old grey-haired Moslem called upon me in Baghdad. He explained that now he could come without fear, whereas some years before he had been imprisoned for a month by the Turks for visiting a missionary. He told me that many men of his acquaintance were looking with new understanding upon their prophet Jesus, and were beginning to compare Jesus with Mohammed. They had to agree, he said, that Mohammed was a man with like passions as themselves, doing as they themselves might have done in his day, killing his enemies and despoiling their property, living a voluptuous life with his various wives. But when it came to the prophet Jesus, they admitted that no mere man could live as He lived, without breath of sin or scandal, loving His enemies, desiring no man's goods, pure in every respect. It must be true, they said, that He was more than man, God must have been in Him as never in any other prophet.

So op all sides there are indications that Islam. unsettled in the present, dissatisfied with the past, is listening to the call of Jesus, "Follow me." To show to these open minds and anxious hearts a picture of Jesus more complete, more satisfying than that given in the Koran, is now the aim of the evangelist.

To the old missionary, this is the newest and best in all his experience-that now he may have his own sphere of effort, not dependent upon other agencies. In the olden days, government prohibition, dense ignorance, unbridled fanaticism, stood as lions in the path of the evangelist, and he was perchance content to work along the lines of least resistance, in the hospitals, the schools, and in the circulation of the Scriptures. Now he is coming into his own, and the name "preacher" is no longer kept in the background. Formerly the missionaries in Baghdad were content on a Sunday, if they could gather a few Christians for service in an inner room in their own dwelling houses. Now we have hired large public buildings and have filled them with orderly listeners to gospel addresses. Our hope is that we shall be successful in gathering twenty thousand dollars with which to erect a church and religious center that, by its very presence, will proclaim that the kingdoms of this world are becoming the kingdoms of our Christ. And so, in this old, old country, and city of the Caliphs, there are faint yet sure foreshadowings of the coming day when He that sitteth upon the throne will make all things new.

Africa-Service or Slavery?*

BY A MISSIONARY IN RHODESIA "ToMORROW I'll work in the garden again. It needs hoe- ing if we are to have any crop this year. My sickness has put us far behind." So said Msindo to his weary wife one midday as they were sitting on a mat with their three small children, eating their breakfast of mealie-meal porridge and herbs.

"Thank God you're well again," exclaimed his wife joyfully. "I thought you were going to leave us."

The barking of the dog announced the arrival of a stranger and put further conversation at an end. He was no other than a police come to call to service all who had not served in the last roll-call.

Six months away from home, leaving wife and children and gardens with little or no prospects of food, and scant payment, except with ki~ks and blows for service rendered, is not a cheerful prospect for any man, black or white.

Msindo had to go in spite of his protest that he was a sick man barely able to walk and that his wife was worn out with waiting on him and the children and hoeing the gardens. This fell on deaf ears.

"Either you or your wife go," was the only response. So Msindo went. Fortunately his strength came back so that he was able to keep up with the rest of the men on the long, hard march to the plantation at S— and in the heavy work of husking and carrying heavy sacks of corn.

Then one evening after the day's work was finished Msindo was sent out on an errand. Coming back along the narrow path in the corn-field he stooped and picked up a broken corn-cob which some picker had dropped. No crime in picking it up and munching the few remaining dry kernels! No such thought ever entered Msindo '8 mind.

" Aha! Been stealing, have you 7 You're the only one here now who has neither welts on back nor swollen ears. I'll go and report you now, " said an overseer, as Msindo entered the compound.

Msindo knew only too well what the morrow had in store for him. So with no other thought than to escape the blood-drawing cuttings of the raw-hide whip he ran away under cover of the dark- 11ess of night. On the way he became ill and some friendly people took care of him for two long and weary months while the fever raged in his worn and weary body.

In the meantime word was sent out immediately to the chief of • In 1924 Professor E. A. ROBS, from the University of Wisconsin, made an extended tour through Eastern countries studying the methods of employing labor. The following narrative fiUs In Bome details necessarily lacking in such an investigat1on. They are facts gleaned from natives who have returned fr()m their terms of service under the compulsory labor Bystem:- THE AUTHOR.

871

the district that Msindo's wife should be caught and sent to finish the term of her husband who had run away.

Hlekwasi offered no resistance for she knew it would be worse than useless. Maibase, their nearest neighbor, had not offered resistance, had told only the plain truth to the chief's son when she said: "My husband is not at home. He has gone out to buy food as our corn-bin is empty."

"You're telling lies," the chief's son replied. "You heard I was coming and you hid your husband. You'll pay for this." With that threat he roughly pushed the suckling twins out of her helpless arms, tied a stiff hide rope around her neck and beat her. Then he ordered her, in spite of the setting sun and the crying children, to accompany him to the chief's kraal, where further sentence would be WOMEN WATER CARRIERS IN RHODESIA meted out to her. She tied one twin to a visitor's back (a young girl of ten or twelve years), and the second, to her own back. .'With a silent prayer to God she led the older child, a girl of five, into the hut, and silently followed her persecutor on the long three and a half hours' march, across a river, up hill and down, through dense forests, ready to drop from exhaustion and fear, with prowling leopards on all sides, carrying the sick child on her back.

The few remaining hours of that never-to-be-forgotten night she spent shut up in a closed hut with several other women and children.

Feverishly she awaited the summons to the chief and when it came she had managed somehow to reach the required distance before dropping to her knees.

She expected to be sent out to do service on the plantations in place of her husband, but something touched the old chief's heart,

1926J FOR AFRICA-SERVICE OR

and he had sent her home with the command that she bring him a fowl as her fine.

All this passed through Hlekwasi's mind as she half-listened to their tale about her husband's crime and flight. Silently she tied their four-montllS' old child in his goat-skin on her back, giving a few incoherent orders to the ten-year-old daughter about the care of the gardens, the home, and the younger child. With a hasty glance at the children, and a silent prayer to the Almighty, she followed the police down the narrow path leading to the Administrator's quarters two days' journey away.

As the sun was setting the first day they neared a hut by the river where they stopped for the night. A 'friendly greeting came to her ears as Watch from her own neighborhood came and spoke to her. Confidently they chatted a while. He crept nearer and nearer, and when he thought all was safe he whispered, "There's a path bere to the left. Take it and follow jt all night. By morning you'll be safe. Go to C – – – and stay there."

"But 'the lions-the leopards," she whispered, trembling at the very thought of them.

"But something worse awaits you on the plantation," continued Vatch, "and six months of it. This is only one night and perhaps you may not encounter any of them."

"But the children are alone at home," she objected, "and I thought that perhaps when I tell the Magistrate he might let me go home to my children."

"Never!" exclaimed her friend. "They have no mercy, no thought for suffering children and mothers. "

Hlekwasi went into the hut provided for her night's lodginghut not to sleep. Listening, she waited for the last chatter of the police. When all seemed safe she picked up the sleeping babe, tied him securely to her back and stealthily crept out of the hut. Slowly she crept along, brushing away from hands and feet dry twigs and leaves lest the snapping and crushing of these might disturb the sleeping police. Under great difficulty she found the narrow, overgrown path and with a great sigh of relief Hlekwasi started out.

Before Watch came out of a heavy slumber the next morning it was noised about that the captive woman had made her escape during the night and that Watch had been her accomplice. Before Watch was fully awake he felt rough hands grabbing him by the arms while a storm of curses crossed the lips of his persecutors. Quick as a flash his arms were tied to a near-by tree, and the blows fell thick and fast. Then he was sent away to serve in the place of the man whose wife he had befriended.

Service or Slavery-Which Is It?

A House by a West African

13Y MRS. WALTER B. WILLIAMS,* NANAH KROO, LIBERIA, WEST AFRICA T HE Methodist Episcopal mission at Nanah Kroo, Liberia, is, "A house by the side of the road Where the race of men go by."

The little corrugated iron house stands on the top of a hill, with dense jungle to one side of it and the great Atlantic stretching to the east, south and west, but just at the foot of the knoll runs the road leading from the towns far in the southeast to the many towns in the midst of which we live. It is such a narrow road, a mere footpath of hard trodden earth, running through green cassava farms, through stretches of open country where the brown grass on either side grows higher than a man's head, through swamps, through jungle, until it is lost in the sandy bed of a river; but it is the road, the only road, and over it pass men and women and children in whom the missionary and his wife are intensely interested.

Let me tell you of some who pause to sit awhile in the house by the side of the road and take counsel.

A party of seven men and women and one of the cutest babies you will find anywhere in the world, come up the road, waving their hands and calling "do-wi" (good-morning). Their leader, a quiet, dignified man, tells us that his name is Kabo and that these friends from the town of Ka, bearing a gift of seven fowls, have cOme to bid the white man welcome and to beg him to preach in their town. A native man, passing through, has been teaching them "Godpalaver" but they want to know more, and they beg the missionary to visit them and to give them a preacher. But we have neither a man to send nor money to support one ! We sing and read God's Word and pray with these brothers and sisters who are hungering after righteousness.

Kabo confesses that he has three women and adds that he is willing to give up two of them, retaining the mother of the aforesaid "cutest" baby, if we will advise him the best way to go about it. We counsel him to tell the two women frankly that he is going to follow God and can have only one wife which will be the woman who has borne him a child; but that they can stay in the houses he has built for them and look around until they see a man they would care to have for a husband; and if the liking is mutual, he will let them go. Two weeks later we learn from another traveler on the road that one of Kabo's women has taken another husband and left, and that the .. Rev. Walter B. Wi111ams js superintendent of the Kroo MISSion, Liberia.. Of his work Rev. William F. Oldham, corresponding secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal" Church, writes us: "Mr. WaIter B. Williams who writes you from Nanah Kroo, Liberia. is a stirring and success.. ful preacher of the Gospel, and an ardent friend of the Kroos, to whom he and his wife are giving themselves unst1ntedl,.."

874 second woman is expected to do the same shortly. Kabo has given his whole heart to God; and when this woman-palaver is settled there will be a great day in the church when Kabo, his wife and baby are baptized and received as probationers.

On Christmas Day he plans to give a "big chop" to the king and chiefs of his town and pray them to let him remove his house close to the mission, in a Christian town that is being planned, for no man may leave his town to live in another, still less in a Christian settlement, without his king's consent. It is Kabo's purpose to study at the mission school and fit himself to be a preacher. How much we need men of his type! All men speak well of Kabo. They say he is a man of much physical strength and that he is extremely industrious, an element of the greatest value here, and "his mouth," they add, "never changes." Truthfulness is a kingly virtue anywhere.

Very early in the morning a party of quite another caliber passes along the road, and the missionary hails them with sadness at his heart. An old, old man, treasurer in our native Wissipo church, accompanied by his aged wife, two daughters, and other relatives, is passing into exile. A quiet, inoffensive old man, forced to begin life all over again with nothing on which to begin, no house to cover his head, and no second shirt to his back. The reason ¥ In his town a man has lain ill many weeks, and the devil doctor has charged this old man, and two women, with having "witched" him. Learning that he and two of our church girls had been accused of witchcraft and condemned to drink sasswood by the heathen town people, the missionary had crossed the river the day before to reason with the people and plead for these three lives.

Drinking sasswood is the test all over Mrica to discover witchcraft and thievery. If the victim vomits after drinking the poison, he is declared innocent, but if the poison passes from his body any other way he is judged to be guilty, and if he does not die is driven away into an exile of from seven to twelve years. There is much trickery employed in administering sasswood, and if a death is desired the victim always dies. In the present case the old man's death had been positively determined upon by the town people.

On the ground of their connection with the church, the missionary won his point and spent the thankfullest Thanksgiving Day in his experience, rejoicing over the averted tragedy. But though his life is spared, the old man must leave the town, and so he and his family pass sadly along the road. The missionary goes down to greet them -for the soldiers will not permit them to come up to the housebrings some rice and fish for them to eat along the way, accompanies the party to the seashore, kneels with them in prayer, and rising, bids the old man God-speed. And even as our old church treasurer, ripe for heaven and longing for God to send for him to come home, passes into exile, the sick man in the town behind breathes his last

THE MISSIONARY HI';VIEII' OF THr; WORLD [Noremh('r

and enters upon a stil110nger journey to that undiscovered country, all mystery and darkness to the heathen mind.

Hardly have they passed when youth, strong, vigorous, ambi- tious, presses along the road and up to the mission. Two small boys, dad only in their black skins and a pair of bracelets, present them- selves, and state that they have come to school. Bright little fellows they seem to be. There are no other boys from their town enrolled. Shall they have their chance 7 The missionary has no funds to sup- port them. Already a considerable portion of his own income is being spent in rice and fish to feed half a dozen other small.students, equally ambitious to learn "book-palaver." Memory brings up the picture of some of our neighbors, kings with snow-white hair who have said to us, "0, if we were only young again and could have the chance that our boys have!" Men from neighboring towns plead for the white man to come in and civilize them and teach them God- palaver. Big chiefs shout for joy when a boy is accepted from their town, and say, "Now our town will have a man who can read and write." The missionary turns to the" white mammy" and says, "We will take them and trust for help to be given." "Mammy" slips a shirt over each woony head, and two more boys are added to the mission family.

IJate the same night the frantic barking of the watchdog brings "mammy" to the door to see three strangers standing on the threshold. They have come after the boys who, it develops, have run away. Their heathen people need them to carry water and help fish. That boys should have an education is foolishness to them. That boys have a soul and a life to save does not enter into the question at all. The brightest boy of the two is, moreover, a slave, purchased in Monrovia. Domestic slavery is no uncommon thing in this republic, though it is against the law. The missionary pleads hard for the lads, but without avail. The men seize the boys and begin to beat them, whereupon the missionary interferes and separates them. . . . One of the boys, quick to take in the situation, jumps into the bush and hides. Unable to find him, the party finally retrace their steps along the road, the other boy hanging back with all his might from his angry mother's determined hands. But it is probably only a question of time before we shall have him again. Hunger for book learning is not easily satisfied. Later, the lost boy makes his appearance at the mission once more and is still with us.

A man from Kinicadi, far down the coast, comes next. Three years ago, when the missionary first went into his town to preach, the big men beat the war drum; and three times the white man was besought to depart lest harm should come to him from the aroused people. "No," said the missionary, "I have come to preach, and I am going to preach." So the seed was planted. Three months later the missionary came again. He noticed the women were wear-

192(j] A Hl){TS}J BY A W~~S'I' AJ<'R](,AX ROAD

ing a little more cloth to cover their bodies, and that now they carried small boxes to sit on during service instead of sitting all the dirty ground. Another three months, and he brought a native preacher and built him a house there, a gift from a Minnesota Sunday-school. A Sunday-school of 250 was organized, and the work went on with leaps and bounds. The man from Kinicadi, coming along the road, stopped to tell us that now his town has twenty young men studying at the Seminary at Cape Palmas, a higher institution of learning belonging to our church, and four more at a still higher school, and that four of their women are at school, too. This is the outcome of about $135 given by the First Church of Duluth. This man, Dixon, stayed with us for a season and has now gone home to bring back the girl who is to be his wife, to leave her for "mammy" to teach, while he, too, studies at our mission, preparing to be a preacher.

But oftenest along the road pass the forms of our two assistant preachers, Sanso and Kronyer. /1 Sanso," meaning "glad," aptly describes the man who is always and everywhere bubbling over with "joy in the Lord." He goes to and fro, visiting the people, preaching the Word, watchful over the interests of the mission, loyal to the missionary-a fine type of the kind of pastor our Methodist mission schools turn out. And Kronyer, close on to sixty years of age, without any advantages in his youth, was converted late in HIe, but is faithful to his God through many trials and tests and consumed with the desire to learn to read the Bible. "1 am an old man," he says, "too old to learn to write, but, oh, my heart is hungry to learn to read God's Word. I want to savvy it right so that I shall have some· thing to preach." So almost every day he comes along the road and up to the mission, with Bible and First Reader under his arm. He is making good progress, too.

It is great to be here, with the antidote for Africa's bane, to "Live in a house by the side of the road And be a friend to man"!

PRAYER FOR FREEDO.M FRO:M RACE PREJUDICl<j By MORNAY WILUAMS O GOD, who hast made man in thine own likeness and who dost love all whom thou hast made, suffer us not, because of difference in race, color or condition, to separate ourselves from others and thereby from thee; but teach us the unity of thy family and the universality of thy love. As thy Son, our Saviour, was born of a Hebrew mother and ministered first to his brethren of the House of Israel, but rejoiced in the faith of a Syro-Phoenician woman and of a Roman soldier, and suffered his cross to be carried by a man of Africa; teach us, also, while loving and serving our own, to enter into the communion of the whole human family; and forbid that, from pride of birth and hardness of heart, we should despise any for whom Christ died, or injure any in whom he lives. Amen!

Caste Christians in DornakaI*

"EA.CH village in my pastorate has a Christian congregation with about one hundred Christians. 'fhe Christian houses are quite apart from . . the rich Hin.du ryots, who look on our Christians, employed by these rIch Hmdus, as meUlal servants and outcasts. To touch a Christian is consider~d pollution, and if by chance a Hindu touches a Christian by accident, he will not go home unless he has a bath in a river! Our Christians depend upon these Hindus for their maintenance, doing every kind of work for them except that inside the house, which a Christian is not allowed to enter. Our people are called 'Untouchables.' If a Brahmin, the highest caste among Hindus, happened to be there, the Christian would have to be at a respectable distance, say, eight yards. Among such people, the Gospel was propagated, and it is only these poeple that embraced Christianity. If cattle are dead among the Hindus' houses, it is the business of our people to remove the dead cattle, for which they are paid, The Hindus sometimes beat our people, and even force them to work on Sundays for them. If a Christian refuse to work on Sunday, the Hindu will not employ him on Monday, and hence starvation faces these poor men. Though our people suffer bodily, yet there is a mission agent in ell-ch village to look after them spiritually. There are 1,000 Chris- tians (of whom about 300 are communicants); some of our Christian young men and women are ready for confirmation, and about 300 are catechumens.

Thus the total number of adherents in my pastorate is about 1,300.

"There is a parish council for each village presided over by the mission agent of that village. There are 'elders'-or 'headmen' of the village who help the teacher or mission agent to carry on the mission work in the village.

"I have ten teachers in my pastorate partly supported by the S. P. G.

and partly by the contributions raised by the Christians of the village among whom the teacher works and lives. The teacher of the village, though a lay- man, acts as a pastor, judge and adviser to his congJ"egation. He conducts Matins and Evensong every day in his chapel for the people; as a judge he settles up their quarrels, and punishes the culprits by levying a fine on them; as an adviser he advises the individual members of his congregation, and is responsible for the welfare of his congregation spiritually. He collects the monthly· parish contribution and Sunday offertories, and pays me all the sl1ms he receives from his parish when he comes to me at the end of the month for his monthly salary. Part of these contributions go to pay his fixed salary per month. A teacher generally gets Rs. 10 per month (13s. 4d.) just suf- ficient for his and for his family's (wife and six children) maintenance.

" A teacheJ" is a schoolmaster for the children of his Christian congrega- tion. I have ten village schools, recognized by the Government, in my pas- torate. The Government gives a school grant of Rs. 36 per annum, and more if the Inspector of Schools is satisfied with the work of the teacher. Part of this goes toward the salary of the teacher. I have 172 schoolboys and 53 schoolgirls in all the 10 schools of my pastorate.

" According to the rule of the Bishop, I have to spend forty-five nights in pastoral work per quarter … I go on walking from one village to another, spending one or two nights in every village, when I take their services- Matins and Evensong-and give sermons and exhortations, and thus return home after fifteen or sixteen days. Some Hindus mock us, laugh at us; some hear with earnestness; some persecute us, throwing dust and cow-dung at our faces. but we return home with cheerfulness.

"Please remember us in your prayers," M. D. D.

~m The M….on FieZc!. (SOCiety tor the Propagation or the Gospel.) 878

BY MRS. E. C. CRONK, 721 MUHLENBERG BLDG., PHILADELPHIA

ANIMATING A COMMUNITY NEWS CHARACTERS AN]) COSTUMES STAND NEWSDEALER-a boy or girl, man or woman dressed for business. If all the papers and magazines could speak out for themselves and CuSTOMERr—a boy or girl or man or tell who reads them we would have woman, in street attire. some interesting circulation revelations. Leaders who would like to ASSISTANTS TO NEWSDEALER-ten boys know what periodicals are being read or girls with costumes or hats labeled with in their communities may employ an name of magazines represented. Caps may be made from headings or pages.

SPECIAL REPREsENTATIVE–a boy or girl, man 01' woman, in business dress.

" Animated News Stand" to help Setting them announce a play by that title, weeks in advance of the date on which A news stand effect may be produeed, it is to be presented. with stacks of periodicals as indicated, ar- ranged on a long, narrow table, and with Make a survey of newspapers and sample periodicals hung on a wire by clips. magazines subscribed for in your church, interesting everyone in the Newsdealer stands back of counter inplay to be presented and explaining specting papers. The ten assistants ma~· that it is necessary to know what be seated out of sight on the fioor behind periodicals are in circulation in order their wares and may rise when their magato present the play. zines are mentioned; or they may all ap- pear at the beginning of the play, each standing behind his wares as a customer enters.

Make a complete list of the papers CUSTOMER; You have an unusually and magazines which come to the attractive display of papers here for various families. such a small town. I'm glad to be able to buy from you. (Looks up In a survey of this type Mrs. J. C. and down counter appraising~y.) Lewis found the following periodicals in circulation in a United Presbyte- NEWSDEADER: I'm glad to have you rian congregation in a small town; look over my stock, I'm sure. But there's nothing here I can sell you. 1,716 Daily Newspapers. Everything is reserved for my pri- 120 Weekly Newspapers. vate customers. 144 Farm Periodicals. 62 Women's Magazines. CUSTOMER; None for sale? How 21 Vocational and Miscellaneous Maga- strange l I should think you have zines. more papers here than all of the resi- 100 .Juveniles. dents of your town would purchase 200 Christian Union Heralds and Youth's in many months. Are some of your Evangelist. customers from other towns? 21 Women's Missionary Magazine. 112 The United Presbyterian.

On this factual basis she prepared a NEWSDEALER; My customers are play which presented, in a very strik- only the members of the United Presing way, the reading situation. byterian Church of this town. You With the permission of the author see here their supply of newspapers we have adapted her suggestions. and periodicals for a month. Of They may be further adapted to meet course in addition to the papers and the situation in various cities or com- magazines for which they subscribe munities. regularly they purchase occasionally 879

'rHE MlSStONARY REVIEW OF THE

from other stands and many families CUSTOMER: Indeed, the women of exchange with each other, but you see your church must be well read. What on my stand a month's supply of the have you here? papers and periodicals for which they subscribe in advance. FARM JOURNALS: Farm journals. Nearly all the members of this little CUSTOMER: What stacks of news· church live on farms or were reared papers! on farms. They enjoy farm papers. I have the National Stockman and NEWSBOY: They're mine. See what Parmer, The Farm Joutnal and The stacks of them I deliver every morn- Gottntry Gentleman. My subscriping and evening. I handle six dailies, tions amount to $3.25 a month.

three from Pittsburgh, two from CUSTOMER: I'm very much inter- Washington and one from New York. ested in your news stand. It's most Almost every family in the church unusual. (Looks at stack of misceltakes a daily. Some of them take laneous magazines,) What comes two or three. I deliver the Clayville next? Weekly, too. About half of them take that. I collect $420 a year for news- MISCELLANEOUS MAGAZINES: I'm in papers alone. Right here I have $35 charge of a rather miscellaneous colinvested in one month's supply. lection. There are a few dnplicates here. I carry some vocational maga- CUSTOMER: I never thought before zines, one for a dentist, another for how many daily papers are read in a school teachers. All together not more little town' and how much they cost. than $2.00 a month is spent in my department. They're only two or three cents apiece you know and one never thinks of CUSTOMER: It's most interesting to how fast two and three cents count see the varied assortment you have. up. (Looking at a stack of maga- (Turning to stack of children's Sun· zines). What a stack of magazines day-school papers.) Ah, here is sompyou have here. What are they? thing different. What's this ~ FAMILY MAGAZINES: I'm in charge SUNDAy-SCHOOL PAPER: I repre- of family magazines-the ones the sent the little weekly Sunday-school paper for the children. They get whole family read, you know. I have tbese every Sunday. The children fifteen periodicals here. Different love. them and sometimes the whole families take different magazines but family read them. I find that the Pathfinder and The American are favorites, with the Lit- NEWSDEALER: J:Iy customers pay erary Digest and the Youth's Companion as close seconds. About half less than a dollar a month for juveof my magazines are weeklies and the nile literature in their homes. We rest are monthlies. My month'8 sup- try to do our best by giving each child plies for the people of this church a free copy of Olive Plants every Sun- day_ I wish I could get the parents amount to $15.00. CUSTOMER: You may well take to subscribe for more children's mag- azines. What children read has so pride in your stock. What come,; much to do with making them what next on vour stand f they are and what they are going to NEWSDEALER: I run an animated be. 'I.'here aren't many good maga- zines for children. news stand, you know. My periodicals speak for themselves. Nods to CUSTOMER: Have you seen this VlToman's Magazines. one? (Takes copy of "Everyland" from bag or brief case.) It'8 a sample WOMAN'S MAGAZINES: I come next. copy I picked up at a convention. I'm in charge of all the women '8 mag- It's the best thing I've seen for boys azines. Here's the Ladies' Home and girls. Journal and Good Housekeeping, The Woman's Home Companion, The NEWSDEALER: Let me get that ad· Farmer's Wife and McCall's. Sixty dollars a year are invested in me. dress. I must have that for my news My month's supplies are worth $5.00. stand. I'll get some sample copies

1926j BEST METHODS

and tell the people about it. (Writes It has been renorted as very unique address in notebook.) and complete but I am told it is sadly CUSTOMER: What's the big stack lacking in one particular.

here~ NEWSDEALER: My news stand lack- CHURCH PAPER: I'm the weekly ing! It's the best news stand in the church paper, The United Presbyte- country. In what particular is it 1·ian. The papers in my stack are sec- lacking~ ond to none. I cannot boast, like the SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE: General newsboy, that every family takes a missionary information. (Opens bag COP)', but I can say that nearly half or pa,ckage and takes O?tt copy of of the families in the church sub- " Everyland.") Now here is a maga- scribe now for The United Presby- zine you should arrange to send into terian and read it. That means that every home where there is a boy or a they know what their church is doing girl.

and ought to do. Every week I fur- CUSTOMER: The very magazine I nish good reading for the entire fam- was showing you. (Special represent- ily and bring inspiration as well as ative tUI'ns pages and calls attention information into the homes to which to features.) I'd like to subscribe to I go. Some day perhaps the daily that for my children.

papers will be smaller and less ex- NEWSDEALER: I'll take your order pensive and we can learn to live with- if you want me to. I'm going to add out spending so much money to read that magazine to my stock. Anything of crime and scandal. Then we shall more~ have more time for reading of worth- S P E CI AL REPRESENTATIVE: Yes, while accomplishments. there '8 THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF CUSTOMER: I'm sure your paper THE WORLD. Your news stand can't must be most valuable. I've heard be complete without that. One trouble for a long time your church gives with so many churches is that they more per capita for missions than know only the work of their denomi- any other Protestant church in Amer- nation. (Turns pages .o{ ,REVIEW, ica. I suppose one explanation of ralling attention to different fea- your large gifts is that you are on tures.) the job with a good weekly chnrch NEWSDEALER: Perhaps'l have neg- paper. What's this magazine? lected that side of my customers'

WOMEN'S MISSIONARY lL1GAZINE: reading. I have been supplying them Evidently you're not a United Pres- with what they ask for and they have byterian or you'd recognize me at a been so well satisfied that I didn't glance. I'm the best magazine to be think or going any farther. Now if found for $1.00 a year. There are you can leave with me a few sample sixty families in our church. Twentv- copies of that magazine I'll tell my one of them are my subscribers. . I customers about it when they come to really should go into every family. get their other papers and see "What's home without a mothed" whether they will subscribe.

and "What's a mother without a mis- CUSTOMER: I wish you'd put down sionary magazine ~ " Right beside me my subscription to begin with. is the Junior Missional-y magazine. (Dealer makes note.) Only three families subscribe for it. Isn't it strange how people will feed SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE: I have their children up on candy and all two other magazines I'd like to show you. (Takes out copies of "The Insorts of things and yet will not g-et ternationa,l Review of Missio'ns" and them anything worth while to read ~ "The Moslem World" and displays them, calling attention to special fea- Enter Special Representative who tures. ) You will not likely find many addresses newsdealer.

SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE: Mes- people who will subscribe for these but sages of your unusual news stand if you get even one subscriber you have travelled around the country. will be elevating not only your news 4

stand but your community. You have lated in her own mind she discussed them with a number of the leading a very :fine news stand here. members and presented them to the pastor and the official board. Pre- NEWSDEALER: Thank you. Weare vious attempts had been fostered by a small committee. Now if it was to be proud of our news stand. Our people made a church-wide affair it seemed logical that the official board should are not rich. They have very moder- cooperate. This they agreed to do and also to bear any expense incurred ate incomes, but they spend $800 a in advertising. They appointed one of their number to be especially reyear for periodicals or about $75 a sponsible for securing the attendance of the men. That was the next probmonth. Of course only about $85 a lem-how to get the people to come. year of that amount goes for religious While it is not the policv of the church to feed the people to get them periodicals. Now I see that even with to attend services, yet experience had proven that people who work find it that small amount I have sadly neg- a real task to finish their evening meal in time to get to a seven o'clock lected the side of general missionary service-especially those who live at a distance from the church. information. I'll get all my agents It was decided therefore to serve busy and the next time you come this supper. If whole families were to come it was necessary to keep the way you'll see a well-balanced news price down to the minimum. Another stand. Dayton church had been successful with 10c suppers. It was decided we Customer savs good-bye and goes out. would try serving 10c suppers.

Newsdealer cairs his ten assistants and Thirty-six women and girls (six for each evening), agreed to prepare amI sends them out through the audience with serve the supper with a charge of s.,uwbwscorifpttihoen blanks for The Missionary Re- only ten cents for each guest. World and Everyland. He may Six classes were decided unon ; ask for subscriptions to the International Three for adults-Bible, Present-Day Problems and Missions; two for Review and the Moslem morld. young people-Missions and Life Problems j and one for children- As the ten assistants to the newsdealer Missions.

return to their places behind the stand they The Dayton churches are highly favored by being near the denominamay summon several children in costume tional headquarters, so the very best material is available for teachers. of various lands to add to their force to The leaders of groups were all lead- ers in the denomination and the represent Everyland and some one in inter- classes were very successful. It may be said, however, that there are pernational costume for the Missionary Re- sons in every congregation who could lead such classes. Splendid helps are view of the World. Other magazines may available at church headquarters which anyone with average intellibe suggestively costumed. gence can use.

Mrs. Lewis's suggestions may be adapted The next step was advertising. The matter was talked over and anin various ways to present and improve the periodical circulation and reading situation in a church.

CAN IT BE DONE?

REPORTED BY FLORENCE C. CLJPPliNGER This is the question which confronted a few of the "missionary minded" people of Euclid Avenue United Brethren Church in Dayton, Ohio, in the spring of 1926. A church night program had been attempted several times with varying de,.grees of success, but it had never been made a real church-wide affair.

Finally the chairman of the missionary committee in the Sunday school, with a rather scientific turn of mind determined to put the matter to a real test. She wanted to ascertain whether there was any truth in the statement of some people that conditions at Euclid Avenue were altogether different from those at other places where Church Night was very successful.

After certain plans were formu-

BEST METHODS

nounced in the bulletin several weeks Aiftults Average in advance. Large posters were A tteltdaMe made and displayed inside and outside the church. A tentative pro- Bible-' , Ephesians' , 15 Missions-' , Peasant Pioneers" 12 Present-Day Problems-A differ- gram was multigraphed and passed ent speaker each evening includ- out to the congregation with the sug- ing the mayor of the city and gestion that the members check the the postmaster. 55 class they preferred and return the Young People slip so that arrangements could be completed. Later the real program "What Shall I Do With My Life" 13 was printed with a perforated slip at the bottom which was to be checked, , 'Religion and the Girlhood of signed and returned, indicating registration for classes and whether or Other Lands" 19 not the individual would be present Children , 'Trips to E,very Land" 33 7: 45 Devotional Services 99 YES, IT CAN BE DONE!

for supper. Then all was in readi- A HOUSE OF REST ness.

The highest hope of anyone for the "I 'have never had such a restfUl first night was 100 in attendance. time." When the C(JUnt was made it was dis- "The most restful house I have covered that there were 127 present ever known."

and the attendance increased, making "I have had the first restful vacathe average for the six Wednesday tion for years."

nights 147. While this may not "Our family has never been able seem a large number for a congrega- to be together on furlough before." tion of over 1,000 members yet it was -Quotations from missionaries from various so far in advance of anything ever lands. WhO have 11ved in ·'Tbe House of Rest."

accomplished before that the results In the lovely city of Pasadena, Calwere quite gratifying. Words of ifornia, there is a handsome residence, highest praise were heard on all sides centrally located, which has in its concerning the work of the different hallway a bronze tablet telling that classes. Surely some seeds were sown which will result in materially "This House of Rest is erected by extending Christ's Kingdom on earth. David P. Gamble, .Mary H. Gamble for their friends, the missionaries." The ten cent charge for suppers more than paid the expense incurred Every missionary family knows the for the food and they were not light problems of the furlough. A place lunches but real dinners. Many ar- to live during the furlough year is ticles of food were donated and many one of the greatest of them. To find paid more than IDe for their meal so an apartment with a large dining that there was a final balance of. room, bedroom, kitchen, bath and $10.35. This was used to buy small porch, beautifully furnished; to gifts for each of the teachers-all know that there are trunk rooms, busy people who had sacrificed a storeroom! reception room, laundry, great deal of time and effort to do the sewing room, a refrigeration plant for everybody in the house and beauwork. tiful verandahs overlooking a lovely Following is the program and the lawn which evidences skilful land- average attendance: scape gardening; to be assured that CHURCII NIGHT five people can live comfortably in the apartment, that a crib is avail- Euclid Ave. U. B. Church ;0 able and that all the neighbors will February 10th and each Wednesday night for six weeks. be glad to know that you have a baby-this is joy unspeakable for the 6: l5-8upper for all who attend classes, furloughed missionary. Cafeterias lOco and restaurants are near by, if you 7: OO-Discussion Groups.

do not wish to prepare all your own proach are provided into the homes meals. and families of the community. There As you look at the lovely apartments, furnished in such good taste, are 476 families on the visiting list, you may begin to think of the size of your monthly check until you are and in 52 of these families systematic assured. instruction is given from the New "The rent? Oh, the rent is nomi- Testament. nal. A large part of the running expenses are provided by an endow- The director is the tireless center of ment." all the activities. Her enthusiasm "The House of Rest" with its eight apartments has been open now for and cheer and high purpose are innearly three years. It has been a most valuable addition to the best fectious. She believes in the Bible, methods department of the Presby- and at every group meeting a Bible terian Church by bringing cheer and rest to many tired missionaries. All story is told, or other religious inmissionaries on furlough with their families, also Y. W. C. A. and Y. M. struction is given. During the sum- C. A. secretaries are eligible as House of Rest residents. mer 50 children were sent to the In different sections of the country Bethany Metropolitan Camp, and the there are individuals or couples wh'o could establish similar Houses of girls have already formed a Bethany Rest which would prove an investment bearing far richer returns than Club to continue the Christian influrenting agencies can report. ences which they received there. WINNING THE JEWS Nor do these Jewish young folks In the Brownsville section of Brooklyn there is a little corner store think only of themselves. The Sunknown as the East New York NeiQ'h- day school is helping an Indian boy borhood House. There is nothing attractive in its appearance. But about to go to school in the far West and it gathers a wealth of romance. one of the clubs has been making Scattered about are some Polish and Italian families, but the population scrap books for the Indian children is predominantly ,Jewish. of the Tuberculosis Hospital of Tuc- The Neighborhood House has discovered a way to reach into these son, Arizona. homes and to touch these .Tewish To understand the meaning of it lives. There is nothing. spectacular in the method. It is simply the way all you should hear the director tell of love and understanding. The win- of some of her boys and girls who ning factor is consecrated personality. Clubs and classes of various have gone out and taken positions of kinds are the means of contact, love Christian leadership. Let her tell does the rest. you of the members of the "Ala- The Boys and Girls Scout Troops, the Star Club, the Boys' Club and bama" and other gangs, who have other groups afford a way of getting acquainted with scores of young peo- come under the spell of Christ. To ple. Through them channels of ap- go with her into scores of homes would be a revelation of how Christ, through the lives of His' disciples, can win His way into Jewish homes and hearts. J. S. C.

THE HOLIDAY DOLLAR A special gift of at least a dime on each of the great holidays is a plan proposed in rhyme by Miss Olivia Lawrence, of the Woman's Board of the Reformed Church in America- thankofferings on January 1, Febru- ary 12, 'February 22, May 30, July 4, Labor Day, October 12, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, Your own Birthday.

Such an extra holiday dGllar of- fered with praise for the national and personal blessings of those days, and prayer for the nations and peoples of earth would mean a great advance.

Woman's Home Mission

EDITED BY FLORENCE E. QUINLAN, 156 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK DAY OF PRAYER FOR MISSIONS Literature for Women and Children March 4, 1927 in Mission }<'ields and E'arm and Once again the Day of Prayer for Cannery Migrants.

Missions draws near. Every year NEW AMERICANS sees a wider fellowship of believing women drawn into this united prayer From the report of the Committee of the for missions throughout the whole Home Missions Council Q,nd Council of women wide earth. This year for the first for Home Missions, Thomas BurgeBs~ Chairtime it becomes in reality and in name 'lnan. a World Day of Prayer. Missionaries are already planning to celebrate the Significant progress by home misday in every mission land, and women sion boards has been made in enlarged of many nations are being drawn near service to our foreign-born neighbors, to each other as they draw near to the New Americans. Most of the God. boards have departments or special- ists for the promotion of church The Council of Women for Home work among ,immigrants-Christian Missions and the Federation of service and evangelism. Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions have made careful plans for the Collectively, the boards, through day through the work of a joint com- the two Councils, have carried on the mittee. A cycle of prayer has been Bureau of Reference for Migrating prepared to be used during the People: the welcoming of strangersmonths and weeks immediately pre- newly-arrived immigrants-following ceding the Day of Prayer. We shall them to their destination, and putget out of this day not more than we ting them in touch with Christian American friends and churches of their choice.

put into it. If it is prayerfully Bureau of Reference for Migrating planned for by the local groups its People blessings may be carried through the How the Councils Have Made It Poswhole year. It is hoped that the purpose for sible /01' Local Chul'ches to which it has been established may be Welcome Strangers steadily held in mind. It is a Day The growth of the Bureau has been of Prayer for Missions and for mis- extraordinary; during 1925 it in- sionaries throughout the world. No creased over 100%. "Welcoming addresses, or songs or exercises should Strangers," a leaflet recently off the be admitted to the observance that do press, tells the human side of the not contribute directly to its main work. It defines the Bureau as "a purpose. Neither should its scope be chain of contacts which reaches from broadened too much; it is a Day of the smallest church in the old coun- Prayer for home and foreign mis- try across intervening oceans into the sions. new homeland, providing a welcome It has been interesting to note for the newcomer to the church of his choice in the community where he through the years a steady growth in proposes to locate." the size of the offering that is made on that day toward the approved in- The organization of the Bureau is ternational and interdenominational comparatively simple. It involves a projects: Women's Union Christian part-time worker at Ellis Island and Colleges in Foreign Fields, Christian ~ecretaries in the offices in New York.

885

In addition, it involves cooperation Distribution by Religious D'enominatwn of pastors to whom names of Protes- Denominations Served ………….. 12 tant immigrants are sent, as well as Baptist Methodist Congregational Presbyterian church federations and church offi- Disciples Reformed Episcopal Orthodox· Armenian cials in every state in the Union. Evangelical Lutheran Greek Their cooperation is vital, as they are Russian the ones who are informed by mail of the arrival of the "stranger" and asked to serve him by' personal visita- Responsibility of Protestant Churches tion, providing a welcome and a fel- Immigration Year Ending .June 30, 1925 lowship in the local church. From European countries …….. 148,000 From dominant Protestant countries 108,(}OO The number of cooperating chap- From dominant Protestant countries 73% lains and port secretaries of other agencies in Europe has been in- Oanada creased and the bonds of working re- The importance of cooperation with Canadian churches is emphasized by lationships in interchange of names the fact that out of the 294,000 im- migrants who came into the United have been strengthened. One third States during the past :fiscal year, 102,000 came by way of Canada. of the number of names now received The Department of the Stranger of for distribution by the Bureau comes each denomination in Canada has sec- retaries in each local church to whom direct from Europe as advance no- are sent notices of newly-arrived im- migrants, and whose duty it is to see tices of immigration. that these immigrants are met and put in touch with the church and peo- In 1925' there was steady growth, ple of their denomination. This is the same as our system with the immonth by month, in number of cases portant addition that cards and work clear through lay secretaries as well referred by the Bureau. Our respon- as clergy in every place, and that it is working effi!ectively everywhere. sibility as Protestants is great since, All churches in Canada are thor- oughly alive to and enthusiastic over according to government immigration the work of welcoming the stranger.

figures for the current year, 73% of In addition to this the Department of the Stranger, through local secreour present immigration comes from taries and central offices, attends to all removals from one parish to anpredominantly Protestant countries other. These are not immigrants but in Europe. simply church people moving from one place to another within Canada. Growth of Work Thus it is that the tremendous waste caused by moving and not following 1924 19f!!5 Inorease up that is found in the United States, is effectively eliminated througnout Cases :referred to Canada.

churches ……… 5,284 11,098 112,% Elli. Island 1924 19f!!5 The work of our Bureau is closely articulated with welfare work on the .Jauuary ………… ,…… 129 450 Island. A joint meeting of welfare workers at Ellis Island, and officials February .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 719 386 of thirty-three religious and philan.

March ……………….. 524 862 April ………………… 369 1,262 May …………………. 365 975 ,Tune ………………… 331 902 .Tuly …………………. 117 563 August ……………….. 259 707 September ……….. :….. 524 1,040 October ………………. 953 1,206 November …………….. 526 1.420 December ……………. " 468 1,325 5,284 11,098 Cla••"ificatwn by ?'-utwnality Served Nationalities involved …………… 32 Armenian French 'Poiish Austrian German Roumanian Belgian Greek Russian British Isles Hungarian Serbian Croatian .Ta panese Spanish Czech J,ithuanian Swedish Danish Maltese Swiss Dutch Magyar Syrian Esthonian Norwegian Turk Finnish Persian

iO:!6] WOM…N 'S HmIE )lISSION BULLETIN

thropic agencies which they repre- while preaching Chril;ltian brothersented, passed the following: hood we practice it as our Lord did to all men. In churches where this Jiellolveil, That a~ representativ~8 of or- simple fundamental Christian method has been tried, results have been truly ganizations whose mterests and mfluences wonderful.

extend to the limits of Olll' country, and RELIGIOUS BOOKS FOR BLIND wa hihc!ht~dthorofugwhelcthoemewealnfadre workers, extend From the report of the Committee on Re- ministry to the ligious Privileges for the Blind of the Home Missions CouDell and Council of Women for many strangers who come to ~~ke their Home Miissions, Irene Haislip, Chairman.

home with us we express, by I'lsmg vote. The work of this Committee for the past year has been very satisfactory our great appreciation of the splendid and encouraging.

improvements that have thus far been ef- Last June the Chairman was sent fected * * * for the comfort of incoming to the Biennial Convention of the Na- tional Association of Workers for the immigrants. Blind which met at Hudson, Ohio. Much helpful information was gotten tioFnuarlthcehr~ngIets is our conviction that addi- and the report of the work of this urged by the Commissioner Committee was enthusiastically re- ceived. It was the first time in the should be made possible by the Govern- 22 years of its existence that any re- ligious work had been presented to ment at an early date these to include fire- the Association.

proof dock structure, better water supply, We are rejoiced to announce that our Braille book, Dr. George Mathe- Jvainddingextfeonrsiomn~diacnadl especially the plan pro- son's "Day Unto Day," has been examination of immi- published and the hundred copies were placed before they were off the grants at the ports of departure_ press. Many appreciative letters have been received from the blind and Bibliography on Immigration workers among the blind and we are now considering getting out another A brief annotated bibliography on edition. We also hope in the near Immigration and Assimiliation of our future to publish other books. This, Foreign-Born for c.hurch workers and of course, will depend largely upon leaders has been prepared, mimeo- the generosity of individuals and graphed copies of which can be se- Boards interested in this work. cured from the Councils. On Thanksgiving Day, Miss Lydia Attention is also called to the Hayes, the blind member of the Com- "Handbook-Bibliography of Foreign mittee, told of the work we are trying Language Groups in the United States to do at a union meeting of all the and Canada," compiled by Miss AmJ- churches in Nutley, N. J., and later Blanche Greene and published by the Miss Hayes was presented with some- Council of Women for Home :lris- what over $100 for our work. sions and the Missionary Education Movement. This highly commended As has been the case all along, so it and exhaustive book, invaluable for is now. We need funds with which all who come in contact with foreign- to carryon the work. 'Ve commend born, can be ordered fro!J1 the Coun- this work to you and ask that you cil of Women for Home Missions, 156 pray for it and contribute, if pos- Fifth Avenue, New York City, price sible. ,. $1.50, cloth; $1.25, paper. • Contributions may be sent to Counon of Christianizing Our Churches WOIll.8Il for Home Missions, 156 Firth Avenue, New York City. The fundamental which alone can make efl'ective the fulfillment of our duty to New Americans is the practice of Christian fellowship toward the stranger. The great need is to persuade people everywhere to practice Christianity, simply by expressing the spirit of goodwill and neighborliness to strangers about them. We cannot expect New Americans to come to our churcheS, to accept in any way our advances, to have any confidence in our sincerity, unless

Woman's Foreign Mission

EDITED BY ELLA D. MACL.WRIN, 25 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY CHRISTIAN COLLEGES FOR and a few fathers were willing to let WOMEN IN ASIA their daughters attend lectures at As in Europe so in the Orient the men's colleges. The academic success term "student" is reserved for those of most of these students began to dis- who are carrying on their education pel the idea that women were as such beyond school age, and who have al- incapable of understanding the higher ready matriculated at some univer- studies and of passing the same ex- sity. It is only in the last twenty aminations as men. We must greatly years that Oriental women have de- honor the achievement of these pioneer served this term, as, in addition to a women who, underwent great exer- widespread disbelief in the capacity tions with few alleviations and en- of women for university studies, so- joyments, and thus paved the way for cial custom iii. the Orient enjoined their younger sisters to move on to marriage at an age too early to allow happier thing-s.

a girl to continue her studies be- In the twentieth century the num- yond her very early years. Even to ber of women students and gradu- educate girls at all seemed to many ates became sufficiently large to cause impossible, to most unnecessary, and serious tllOUght on the part of mis- to some injurious. Occasionally some sionaries. These academic women were learned father might educate a much- of immense importance a}!d influence.

loved daughter, but the acceptance of ]l.10st of them were Christian, and women's education as an ordinary their value in church work and in fact in national life is a l)rocess still mission schooL'i was beginning to be in its initial stages. It had its rise felt. 'l'he idea of women's colleges in the 19th century and is the fruit of sprang up in several places. But the Christian missions. Not only has the expense seemed prohibitive and the Church raised the age of marriage for number of specialist teaehers required Christian girls, thereby gaining for for. the staff seemed unattainable. The them the time and health for higher teachers must all be university honor education, but it has also opened the graduates themselves and no mission gate of learning to them by establish- could devote the few such women jng girls' schools in all its fields of which it possessed to the instruction work. Last year Ceylon celebrated of a handful of matriculated girls.

the centenary of the first girls' school Two or three missions made efforts of in Asia, the Uduvil school in Taffra, this sort and added college classes to which is the work of the American one or two of their chief high schools, Congregational Mission. but in hardly any case could they Women's colleges, however, are the carryon the work beyond the govern- fruit of the present century and, con- ment examination which comes as a sidering all the many obstacles that test at the end of the second year. beset their origin, it is amazing that The complete course of four years even the small group of tbem which which is required of "first-grade col- now exists has come into being at all. leges, " and the absolute separation All the objections raised against the from school which is so necessary for education of women in general were the academic dignity and standing of urged with ten-fold strength against a college seemed impossible.

their university education. But some The remedy was found where the girls strangely desired it, the univer- remedy for many missionary prob- sity authorities were not against it, lems may yet be found-in combina- 888 tion and union. What no one mission varied types of thought and action.

could afford to do, several missions Nothing is so uniting as a common in cooperation might accomplish. task, and in carrying on the work of And so in the last fifteen years Union union colleges we learn to give and Christian Colleges for women have to receive, and to realize how much sprung up in India, China and J a- greater than our differences is our pan, and have attained a success far unity of purpose and our community beyond the expectation of their of resource.

founders. The first response was an Seven of such union colleges have immediate increase in the number of become widely known in America by girls sent to the colleges. Parents means of the magnificent efforts made saw many of their misgivings re- in the years 1920-1923 to collect named when they found that their funds of two million dollars for their daughters would be taught by women aid. The seven are the following: and with women, and would be lodged (1) Woman '8 Christian College, 'I'okyo, in buildings where every care would Japan.

be taken of their health and where (2) Yenching College, Peking, China. their teachers would live with them. (3) Ginling College, Nanking, China. The girls themselves also were eager (4) Women's Medical School, Shantnng in their' desire to go on with their VniversHy, TsinllJl, China. (5) Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, studies in places where they could India. have the peace and safety of the (6) Woman's ,Christian College, Madras, boarding school combined with greater freedom or more manifold ac- India. (7) Women's Medical School, Vellore, In- dia.

tivity. The missions also before long The splendid generosity of those could welcome to the staff of their who contributed to that great enterhigh schools teachers of the same lan- prise has provided the seven colleges guage and race as their pupils, aca- with what was lacking in the way of demically fit for their work and land, building and equipment, though moulded by the valuable training de- all seven are sorely in need of endowrived from life in a residential col- ment in order to use the gifts belege. stowed upon them to the best advan- tage. And there are a few other The advantages of union in such colleges which in 1920 did not come missionary work are many. Not only under the definition of a "Union is the expense which would be too Christian College for Women" but great for one mission lessened by be- ing shared, but it is a positive gain which may justly claim that appellathat different types of Christian tion now, notably the Kinnaird Col- thought and different habits of devo- lege at Lahore and the Ludhiana tion should make their varying con- School of Medicine, which are both in tributions. It is indeed most unde- the Punjab. Nor is it at all doubtful sirable that" our unhappy divisions" that other colleges will very soon be should be perpetuated in the mission needed for the increasing number of field, and yet each sect has arisen applicants. India, for instance, has from a zeal for clearer truth or between three and four hundred mil- greater devotion, and the deep prob- lions of inhabitants, of whom half are lems represented by the seclusions of women, and it is clear that three or the Church of Christ cannot be four colleges will not suffice for them.

lightly dismissed as unimportant. Nor can the needs of Japan be met by The way to union is not negation but one college. The very success of the affirmation, and by wanted recogni- first Oriental colleges ror women in- tion of positive contributions made by sures their multiplication.

those who differ from one anoth!'r. The aim of these colleges is frankly The United Church of Christ will Chdstian. The purpose of each is to tindroom for all. the: richp.essof strengthen both intensively a~dex-

tensively the Church of Christ in the NEW ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE land in which that college is placed, and thus to aid the Church in its EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE great task of bringing that land to the feet of Christ. All other aims It is a great pleasure to present to are secondary to this. A missionary the constituency of the Federation of Woman's Boards of 'Foreign Missions college regards all truth as a revela- our new Associate Member, Dame tion of God and every student as a Rachel Crowdy, Executive Secretary seeker after truth. It believes that of the League of Nations Social Servthe Christian cause has everything to ice Department. Dame Rachel is COIlgain and nothing to lose by the widest sidered one of the ablest and most diffusion of knowledge, that igno- outstanding women of Europe. She rance, prejudice and apathy are its has accomplished a piece of work on great enemies, and that the nation to behalf of women and children un- paralleled in the history of social service. It was a great event when she visited America in June and asked especially to meet the ITission- ary women of North America. Her appeal was so irresistible that we pledged our cooperation and made her an asscciate member of our Ex- ecutive Committee. We hope to have a letter from her for our readers in the near future.

You will be interested in remem- bering this remarkable woman in your daily Quiet Hour. She feels keenly tbat the Christian women of the world are most responsible for the making of a new world in which justice shall prevail.

IMPORTANT CONFERENCE COMING DAME RACHAEL CROWDI The National Student Conference of the Council of Chridian Associa- tions at Milwaukee, Wisconsin December 28, 19,'26 to January 1, 1927 which the college ministers has much Consider the significance of the folto contribute to the world's store of lowing topics for discussion: thought and knowledge and much light to shed on the Divine truth of Theme–" CHRISTIANITY-THE WAY the Gospel. Its work is to remove barriers, to release hidden energies, OUT FOR THE LIFE OF TODAY." to make windows for the light and to draw the attention of the thoughtful 1. How Far Does Contemporary Religion to the claims of Christ" in whom are R<lsemble the Life of Jesus~ hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge.' , 2. Are We Mechanical Toys or Children of Godf ELEANOR McDOUGALL, President Woman's Christian College, Mad- 3. What Happens to Race Barriers and ras, India,. Economic Imperialism if We Believe That God Is LoveT 4. Qm Human Nature Be Changed' If So, How'

5. On What Terll)s is Life Achievable'

FROM l1IANY

LATIN AMERICA statesmanship. He is destined to be Summer Institute in Cuba in the forefront of leadership in the F OR two weeks in June the Presby- republic. The Indian has stayed close terian and Friends pastors, to the soil and has gathered strength teachers and other church workers from his simple environment for his held their Summer Institute in Car- task. "

denas, Cuba, the center of the Presbyterian educational work. "This Stone-Throwing in Costa Rica S Institute, " says The American HORTLY before his recent death, the late Rev. W. F. Jordan, of Friend, "had an added interest in that the Government is increasing its the American Bible Society, wrote of demands for better-prepared teachers the conversions which had been tak- in all the private schools. Fortunately, ing place in Costa Rica, and con- while motivated to some extent by tinued: "But the enemy has not similar conditions that exist in been idle. 'From publishing insults Mexico, there is no evidence that it in their paper, such as saying, 'The is in any wayan antireligious move- Protestant periodical is very good ment." This year, classes were held paper, good to make fires with,' the by four representatives of the priests have proceeded to advise bodily National University from Havana violence to the students. The out- and the public school system, and an come of this was seen when a band expert normal teacher from Amster- of students were in a near-by town, dam, N. Y. where they had arranged a special service. They were set upon and as· Power of MexicaD Indians saulted by a group of people. Sticks REV. PAUL E. BAKER, chaplain and stones were used. Some women of Fisk University, who has reo standing by urged on the men, one cently visited Mexico, is quoted as of whom struck one of the students follows in The Christian Advocate: repeated blows on the head until the "It i!' significant that the Indian blood flowed. Later a service was people are coming forward in the new held, when some who had thrown stones lisj;ened quietly to the GospeL" regime. The strength of the old em- pire is being revived. Of the thirteen million people in Mexico, three mil- Image Crowned in Costa. Rica lion are Indians. This number, if OVER a century ago the Govern.

given a chance, can make a wonderful ment of Costa Rica installed contribution to the life of the reo "the Virgin de los Angeles," a stone public. The Indian is not of mixed image about five inches high, as the blood. The characteristics of many patron saint of the country. A recent races do not fight within his per· ceremony is described as follows by a sonality. He has poise, spiritual writer in the Latin American Evan- power, artistic strength, character, gelist:" Costa Rica, in a great out- intellectual capacity. When he is burst of loyalty and devotion to the given the advantage of education and Queen of Heaven, has just crowned culture, he will be a great power in her image with a splendor and pomp Mexican life. Those who are bring· not hitherto seen in this land of pov· ing him forward show vision and true erty that walks barefoot. Every 891

queen must have a crown and so they the masses, in a sense of solidarity got her a gold one, encrusted with with the masses, and in a deman~ for precious stones valued at $20,000…. a square deal for all." "With this The occasion was a great one and the new idealism," reports Mr. Ewald, priests professed themselves highly "there is coming an awakening of inpleased with the whole performance. terest in religion. This has not yet They had been feeling somewhat con- affected any considerable number, but cerned about the decadence of their it has already influenced a sufficient religion, for today 'the Protestant number of the leading intellectuals heretics' dare to open their churches, and choicest spirits to warrant the and build their Bible Institutes, and belief that a well-directed effort just apparently, the people are willing." now might turn this tide of idealism Christ-ward.' , Ecuador "Humanly Impregnable" A Brazilian Town Made Over REV. A. C. SNEAD, Foreign Secretary of the Christian and H OW the town of Tatuamunha, in Missionary Alliance, writes of Ecua- eastern Brazil, has been transdor: "I have been in eight South formed is told by Rev. John lfein, a American republics during the last Baptist missionary. He writes; year and can say with a certainty "The church decided to build a place that this is the most difficult field on of worship, and the missionary recthis continent. There is nothing com- ommended a Christian bricklayer parable with the central region of who had been tried out elsewhere. Ecuador in fanaticism, priest-craft ·With his coming a new day dawned and heart-breaking irresponsiveness. for the town. His good work on the ]Ian after man, gifted with hopeful- building attracted many. As a result ness and courage, has collided with property owners became asllamed of this humanly impregnable wall and their dilapidated buildings, and in fallen back broken in spirit and consequence the town is experiencing physical health ….. Among the ques- a material transformation. The bricktions which confront the Mission is layer preached the Gospel by his whether the policy of establishing faithfulness as a skilled workman as stations among the Quichua-speaking well as by word of mouth. He has Indians out in the villages of the since fixed over the houses of several country districts shall be continued who were the worst enemies of the or whether the work can be more ef- Gospel, and others are awaiting the fectively done by concentrating the touch of his hand. This young major effort in reaching them through church, as yet only four years old, stations in the larger cities." alread;y: enjoys the distinction of having four of its sons studying for South America and the Y. M. C. A. the ministry and two of its daughters preparing for Christian service." I T IS the opinion of Charles J. Ewald, after a long period of care- Brazilian Mission to· Portugal ful study on the ground, that South Ameri')a offers to the Y. M. C. A. an T HE little body of faithful Chrisunprecedented opportunity for re- tians who make up St. John's ligious service. There is a remarkable Church in Rio de Janeiro have sent tide of idealistic passion now running Rev. Hyppolito de Campos to spend among the studen~s of the Latin six months in preaching the Gospel American republics. This, he says, in Portugal. He was for twenty-six has brought a" demand for greater years a Roman Catholic priest, and earnestness and reality and an inter- was sent by his bishop to drive the est in great vital issues. It is seen in early missionaries out of the city of the growing interest on the part of the Juiz de Fora and to break up their young!?!.' intell~ctuals in the welfare of work. One result. of his encounter.

1926J NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

with the Protestant missionaries was touches"–electric lights and steam his conversion. Later he began to heat-and explains as follows how it preach and served a number of came to be erected: ' 'The Moslem churc3es. Institute is the child of an alliance of religious tolerance signed in 1767 Five years ago" when nearly between Louis XV, and Sultan Moseventy years of age, he began wider hammed bin Abdullah. In 1895, tl1e evangelistb service- and has had a re- Prench 'Comite de l' Afrique' bemarkable ministry. Various denomi- gan to advocate this treaty to the nations have been making use of him letter. In 1920 the Briand Governin their Churches. He conducted a ment voted to the newly created series of evangelistic services in St. ,Moslem Institute a preliminary credit John's Church, Rio, that attracted many and led souls to Christ. The of 500,000 francs and the city of Paris brethren there conceived the idea of ceded the ground. Morocco followed raising the necessary amount of suit with a subscription of three milmoney to send him on an evangelistic lion francs. Later all of Moslem tour through PortugaL Just beforc Africa and also the French public he embarked a special farewell meet- subscribed and more than enough was ing was held at St. John's. The house obtained to complete the mosque, the was packed; friends of all denomina- minaret, subsidiary buildings and the tions turned out to bid him Godspeed. gardens."

EUROPE German Missionary Societies Livingstone Memorial in Scotland T HE Rhenish Mission reports that between the years 1914 and 1920 THE plan to purchase and make a there was no diminution in the num- national memorial of the house ber of mission stations, nor of the at Blantyre on the Clydc where European workers in the mission David Livingstone was born, which fields and that the number of Chriswas described in the May REVIEW, is tians increased from 231,000 to 308,- evidently making progress, for at- 000. The real difficulties appeared tention is being called to it in from 1920 to 192:'), when the number American newspapers. An editorial of mission stations decreased 'from in the New Y m'k Times on October 1]7 to 74 and the European workers 1st, after paying tribute to the serv- from 224 to 115. Even then the numices rendered by Livingstone to ber of Christians increased from science and geography, as well as to 308,000 to 361,000, or 40 per cent. his devotion to humanity) says: The income from the home con- stituency is only 65 per cent of the Whether the monument at Chitambo, amount received before the War, but where Livingstone died, or the memorial to this speaks well for the zeal of the him iu Westminster Abbey is the more friends of the society in hard times. moving, who shall say' A committee which includes Field Marshal Haig, Ramsay Mac· The Orient Mission of Potsdam, Donald, Sir .T. M. Barrie and .Tohn Buchan whose founder (Dr. Lepsius) died last proposes to acquire the house at Blantyre February, has changed its name to in which Livingstone was born and convert "Dr. Lepsius Deutsche Orient Misit into a museum for personal relics of the sion. " Dr. Bernhard Lepsius, the explorer. The cost will be £12,000. Con· brother of the former president, has tributions from Livingstone's admirers in been elected to this office. The misother countries will be gladly received. sion which is thirty years old, and was destroyed by the War is being rebuilt, Origin of the Paris Mosque first by the care of the orphans and the liberation of Christians who had THE dedication in July of an become prisoners of the Moham- elaborate mosque in Paris was medans during the terrible persecudescribed in the October REVIEW, The Moslem Outlook, published in South Africa, gives a detailed description of the building, including "the modern

tions and banishment, and who there that the consumption of alcohol in became Mohammedan. The society Germany decreased during the war, has already liberated from captivity but since then has leaped to un- two hundred such Christians. precedented heights; the German The German Institute for Medical republic even in its reduced size now Mi.ssions expects to send out eight having a drink bill of three billion medical missionaries during the pres- marks a year, nearly 2,500 marks per ent year, three to East Africa, one family, more than the maximum an- each to As~man, Nubia, Sumatra and nuities stipulated in the Dawes China and one to either Borneo or reparations plan. The Drys in Ger- China. many present the petition on economic as well as moral grounds and have Help tor European Churches aroused tremendous sentiment, many T HE Administrative Committee of members of the Reichstag aiding in the Federal Council of Churches the drive. There are twenty-seven has recommended that Reformation women members of the lower house of Day, October 31st, be widely observed the national legislative body, all this year and that the occasion be Dry. "

used for the purpose of securing financial aid for the relief of the Jews in Eastern Europe A churches in .Europe. Although eco- BOUT half the Jews in the world live in the eastern part of the nomic conditions in Europe generally have considerably improved, there are European continent. Post-war events still many places where the situation have thrust them into an economic is very acute, for instance, the collapse of the franc has brought real dis- and social pass possibly as disastrous tress to the French pastors and other as anything in the entire troubled Christian workers whose salary is ap- history of Jewry. The Russian proximately 6,000 franes a .year, revolution abolished the occupations which with the present rate of ex- which were almost their entire liveli- hood. The present economic "nearchange, amounts to about $160. The collapse" of Poland has fallen with Central Bureau for Relief of the great weight upon the Jews, so that ninety-five per cent or them are Evangelical Churches of Europe, with estimated to be unemployed. Kindred headquarters at Zurich is, however, difficulties have befallen othel' Eastern not confining itself to a relief pro- European Jewish popUlations. The gram. In particular, the Bureau is burden of keeping this vast populacooperating in the matter of develop- tion alive has fallen almost entirely ing a new leadership. Scholarships upon the American Jews. They have are furnished to likely theological contributed about $100,000,000 since the war through organizations, and students to enable them to study probably as -much more through perabroad and funds are now being sonal gifts sent across to friends and sought for a number of fellowships for study in America.

GermalUl A.k tor Local Option relatives. This achievement stands as one of the most remarkable gener- FIFTEEN million Germans have osities on record. The current appeal signed a petition to the Reichstag for $25,000,000 bids fair to be fully praying for local option in their met. The response has been such as country. The Christian Intelli- to move many non-Jews to give.

gencer, which states that this report Striking gifts have been that of $100,- has been received by the American 000 from the Rockefeller Foundation W. C. T. U., continues: "The drive and a subscription from Cardinal for signers to the local option petition Hayes. The money is being used most is the largest ever conducted in efficiently in establishing the Jews in Europe. The petition pointed out agricultural and other new occupa-

NEWS FROM MANy LANDS

tions with very gratifying results.- have already been much used in help- American Friend. ing others."

AFRICA A Congo Leader in Earnest M T The NUe Mission Press HE evangelistic work of the ANY interesting facts are to be Southern Methodist Church at found in the twenty-first annual Minga, in the Belgian Congo, shows report of this institution which has encouraging growth along various rendered such inestimable service in lines. Rev. C. C. Bush writes: "The carrying the Gospel to Moslems. self-management and self-support be- While more of its publications are gun last year have now reached self- used in Egypt than in any other propagation under the leadership of single country, they are to be found the wonderful native preacher and in thirty different lands. The Director executive, Nganjolo. He understand~ of the Press, Arthur T. Upson, says: the people of his own race and tells "A year ago we had 530 separate the chiefs to their faces that they Arabic publications, but now the cannot make him meaningless prom- number is over 570. All of these are ises as they do the white people. If in Arabic, with the exception of a a chief does not provide a parsonage few English translations from the and a church shed, Nganjolo will not Arabic; a:nd all are religious, not allow that village to have a preacher.

merely educational. …… In 1923 we If the people do not attend the ser- circulated 160,000 copies and in 1924 vices and contribute toward the sup- 340,233 whereas in 1925 the number port of the Gospel, he moves the was 357,056, without counting the preacher to a more responsive village.

consignment of portionettes which It does not take long for the preach- had been sent to adjoining countries. ers, the chiefs, and the people to see These figures take no account of the that he is in real earnest about the united colporteurs of the Nile Valley; King's business."

these faithful men sold 33,547 vol- umes as compared with 30,009 the Aniut Summer School year before." T HE United Presbyterian Mission in Egypt conducted a school for Egyptians as EvangeliMts teachers during two weeks in August.

REV. W. fJ. McCLENAHAN, of A. A. Thompson writes: "Taking the the United Presbyterian Church, group of one hundred teachers, it after pointing out some of the diffi- would be difficult to match the culties of missionary work in Egypt, splendid spirit of earnestness, ap- which he says" is growing no easier, " preciation, and good fellowship which continues: "It is a great cause for was manifested throughout. The rejoicing that young men are coming teachers came from a wide area; forward for the evangelization of from Alexandria, Ismailia, on the their Mohammedan countrymen, and north, to Luxor, and even Khartoum, at their own charges. Two of our on the south. There were 50 schools party this year have been Egyptian represented, having a total enrollment young men that have simply poured of over 7,000 pupils. There were 43 out their lives in carrying the gospel women and 60 men teachers enrolled.

to the people. Among others that Last year the total enrollment (our give promise of great service is a cer- first attempt to conduct such a school: tain assistant-stationmaster of the was 45-seven women and 38 men.

state railways in Upper Egypt. He The daily program began with Bible and his wife. were brought to the study, which was followed by the Lord, without any special human in- presentation of school subjects. Each strumentality, and a few years ago, forenoon a period was given for the in a small town in the Delta. They discussion of some school problem.

The evenings were set aside for lec- the same time as the heathen cere- tures of general interest. One night monies were in progress, and the the life of David Livingstone was unique sight of evangelistic meetings presented by means of slides." cheek by jowl with the celebration of ancient heathen rites will long be re- A GUt from a Heathen Headman membered as the outstanding event THE story of a pile of five-franc of the year. The immediate result of bills laid on her table by her house the campaign was an addition of over steward is thus told by Mrs. Gayle C. a hundred converts to the Church, Beanland, of Yaounde, in the Camer- and a tremendous spirit of enthusiasm oon, West Africa: "His brother is among the church members them- selves. Services were held at villages an evangelist in the town of a big where the chief and people' had headman. The latter's mother was a publicly declared that they would not Christian and a member of our }Jave the Gospel preached, and the re- sult is that there is a large open door Church. She died, and when they for the preaemng of the Gospel to went to bury her, according to Bulu people who, though not more than custom, they filled the grave with cloths, headdresses, and other articles fifty miles from Kuruman, have never that the spirit might have use for in the spirit world. The evangelist was heard the good news of salvation bea boy of strong, convictions, evidently, fore. "

for when he saw what they were doing, he went to the headman and told Ivory COlUlt MlUIs Mcvement V him that that was not a custom that ARIOUS references have been made, in the religious press to a Christians should follow, and that if he had gifts to give to the dead, he remarkable mass movement toward should give them in money that could Christianity among the natives of the be used for the carrying on of God'K French Ivory Coast, begun in 1914 work, and not be buried with the by a native of Liberia named Harris.

body. The headman, who is a heathen, He baptized many thousands of so respected his dead mother, as well , people, and when he went away left as the Christian evangelist, that he English Bibll's among them, saying took all the things out of the grave, that missionaries would come later to gave his mother a Christian burial, teach them, In 1924, says Rev, W.

had hymns sung and prayers offered, J. Platt, in The Bible in the World, and theJl gave the evangelist seventy 30,000 people were found, still wait- francs that he might send to the ing. The large unread Bibles had white missionary- to be used in the beeome almost a kind of fetish among carrying on of God's work." them. Four missionaries, three Afri- can ministers, and thirty-five cate- KThe Church Meets Heathenism chists drafted from other French URUMAN, South Africa, has ,Vest African mission fields, are now been a station of the London at work organizing and enlightening Missionary Society since 1818. An the hundred and fifty churches they evangelistic campaign recently un- lead, unlocking the hidden treasure dertaken by the church there is thus which those Bibles contain. One described by A. F. Jennings: "It hundred young men are in training was decided to make a united attack as emergency catechists at Dabou on the heathen centers in the Gamo- Bible School, right in the heart of pedi area, where there had occurred the mass movement area.

a strong outbreak of heatlienism.

The effect of the Church's impact on A Last Letter from Da.n Cra.wford D heathenism was tremendous, and ATED less than a month before the death of this famous misstirred the village people to the very depths. The campaign took place at sionary, a "Bush Telegram," as he

1926l NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

called it, tells of a river trip during who are just as smart as they are, which some Christians, hailed in a dress just as well, and are chosen by passing canoe, brought some greatly their recognized leaders for places of needed food to his party. He said: responsibility such as teachers, then "It was an intense joy and a relief temptation finds its way very strongly to us, not only for the sake of the to the hearts of our boys and they actual help and food but because we think, 'What is the use of all this 'minority' Christians in the canoe had resistance? Let '8 go the easy way.' put such public faith in their word All his life the native has gone the of promise because they were Chris- way of least resistance and nothing tians, while the men with us (not short of real baptism with the Holy Christians) said with a sniff that we Ghost and fire is going to give him might as well push off at daylight and character enough to fight the good get on as far as possible before the fight of faith, lay hold on eternal life heat, as the strangers (the Chris- and be faithful to the end." tians !) no! they were not likely to come to our assistance. Yes, depend An African Church Letter upon it, this example of practical Christianity has made much more E],WRY J. REES, a representative impression on our pagan paddlers in East Africa of the American than all our preaching. In fact, all Friends Board of Foreign Missions, along this river these outsiders saw who is now on furlough, recently rethat we have had love and help only ceived from his field a letter, which, from Christians and but for the as translated, reads: Christians I don't know (I cannot think!) what we would have done. It Sir: Greet for us the Elders of the church has been a most terrible journey." together with all of the church who enabled you (missionaries) to arrive in our country "The Easy Way" for AfricaJls to take away the darkness from our eyes. Tell them we were following the road that MR. AND MRS. CONOVER, of the goes into deep darkness, but now because American Friends' Mission in of your love and your giving we have been Kitosh, Kenya Colony, write as fol- turned back to follow the path that leads to lows of the problems which their life and to God the Almighty One. We native Christians have to face: "They thank you very much. are being confronted daily with the questions of smoking, drinking and Tell them we are still as nursing children, plurality of 'wives. Just over the for we were thinking to have the whole borders from our station there are Book of God, and now we have received only other schools which allow their mem- one part through the work of Bwana ReeB; bership to practice these things and there remains still another part. We are yet remain in good standing in their wondering what we shall do! Yon our community. And not only that, but fathers, please conBider together this word. their people are aggressive in trying to destroy our standard by saying to We of the Maragoli Church, onr people: 'Weare better Christians than you are, for we have been By JOEL! LITU AND JAIllO MWOLE. baptized and you have not. (The Friends of course do not practice THE NEAR EAST baptism) Come on over to us where you can be free.' There is no mistake Hundreds Rescued from Harems about it, the idea of plurality of wives appeals to the native mind, and our MISS K: JEPPE, an English best Christian boys are only a step woman is chief of the commisabove heathenism in many of their sion sent by the League of Nations to practices. When they see other boys Syria to rescue Christian women from Moslem harems. She reports that the 5 rescue work, with headquarters at Aleppo, was begun four years ago and that so far 1,400 young women, chiefly Armenian Christians, have been saved from the harems into which they had been sold when quite young by their captors or had been stolen for domes- tic slaves. Among these girls, 228

found their parents on being liberated here, and inquiry having been made and were welcomed home. Many of into Hashim Bey's antecedents, it was the rescued girls married Armenians found that he was educated at an after obtaining their liberty. The American college in Constantinople, League has provided funds to last but is a Persian and not a Turkish until the end of 1927, and it is hoped subject. Meanwhile the Constan- that by that time the majority, if not tinople Vilayet has decided to hold all, of the harem girls will have been an inquiry into the activities of the freed. Miss J eppe has received every American Young Men's Christian As- assistance from the French author- sociation, which has been established ities, headed by General Weygand. here since the armistice. It is in- sinuated that the Association is con- Palestine under British Rule ducting propaganda with the object PALESTINE today is 'an enormous of inducing the Moslems to change triumph either for Arab docility, their faith, and the authorities state Jewish common ~ sense, or British that if this is moved the Y. 1L C. A. prestige-it is hard to tell which. will be immediately closed."

Perhaps for all three. This is the opinion of the editor of the Presby- Robert College Enrolment R terian Banner, who goes on to say: OBERT College, Constantinople, has an enrolment this year of "The situation in Palestine is just as difficult as the situation in Syria. 690, the largest in its history.

Palestine is a section of the old Ot- Twenty-two nationalities are repre- toman Empire, peopled largely by sented. Nearly half the total are ·Arabs with nationalist aspirations, Turks, and there are large contingents under British mandatory controL It of Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks, is a hotbed of religious trouble. It Albanians and Russians. One hun- has no defensible natural frontiers. dred students have enrolled in the It has been a traditional seat of war- engineering schooL Thirty are study- fare for generations. And further, ing at the expense of the Turkish intense and bitter antagonism between Government. Among the students are Jew and Arab has naturally resulted Hairi, younger brother of Ismet from the formation in Palestine of Pasha, the son of the Russian Com- the Zionist national home for Jewish mercial Attache and sons of the peoples. Yet, despite a situation of Governor of Constantinople, and other extraordinary complexity, Palestine officials. A report from Constan- is healthy, the people are thriving, tinople College for Women states that and the country is quiet. Palestine is 400 students haye registered there.

ruled by an iron hand, so far as the British are concerned. But the only School Question in Iraq armor of that hand is prestige. " AN ENGLISH prieflt in lrosnl dis- cnsses this subject in Annals, a Turks Question Y. M. C. A. Delegate Romanist paper, and deplores the A SPECIAL cable from Constan- fact that there are no schools of that tinople to the New York Times, faith in Mesopotamia. He says: "To dated September 28th, read as fol- our shame we Catholics have to admit lows: "Hussein Hashim Bey, while that our Nestorian compatriots do not representing Turkey, made a speech send ~ one of their children to the at the recent International Young Moslem schools. Financed by Protes- Men's Christian Association Congress tant alms from England and America, at Helsingfors wherein he admitted they manage their schools themselves, being converted to Christianity, add- and jealously guard their religious ing that all young Turks would liberty. It is only our Catholic chil- shortly declare themselves Christians. dren who are given unreservedly to The speech aroused much emotion the Islamic authorities."

KEWS FROM MANY LANDS

Another aspect of the question, with past the prime of life, who were still which readers of the REVIEW are glad to call themselves Christian more familiar, is to be found in the Endeavorers. The group consisted encouraging reports which come from both of young and old, for here we Baghdad of the schools conducted have never made the distinction. The there for both boys and girls by the fact is that India has no young United lIission of the American people. It has children and married Presbyterian and Reformed Churches. folks, but there are really no young In the boys' school the number of people's societies such as we have in .Jews, Protestants and Mohammedans America. Girls are married in their is approximately equal, and many teens and young men frequently be- haye had to be turned away. come Christian workers at eighteen years of age. One result of this is Stirrings Among Moslem.. that those who have served the mis- BISHOP LINTON of Persia, a C. sion from forty to fifty years are still M. S. Missionary writes in the members of the Christian Endeavor London Diocesan Magazine: "What Society and use it as a means of means the sale of thousands of por- training the children under their tions of scripture in this land 1 Why care."

is it that when I called on a mullah he produced a Bible from under the Y. M. C. A. in Indian Villages cushion on which he was reclining1 D S. HATCH, an American Y. Why does the driver of a post wagon, • 11. C. A. man, reports from when I asked to have prayer every .Martandum, "way down in the south morning before starting, produce of rrravancore, practically at the very from his satchel a portion, of the ~tip end of India," where a rural Scriptures? Why does a sayid come demonstration center is conducted by and confess his faith to me in private two Indian secretaries: "The area and say that it is because he has hun- in which the villages around Mardreds 'of relatiyes among the Ulema tandum are situated," says Mr. that he can not confess it publicly? Hatch, "is one of the poorest in the. Why can we, with hardly any effort, state. The land is hilly, unimproved, get a thousand Moslems to come to generally not very fertile, and not hear the preaching of the Gospel on capable of rich production as are the Cheistmas Day or Good Friday 1 lower wet lands. Tilling the soil and Why do Persian men sit with tears run~ing down their faces as they climbing palmyra trees for juice to make toddy and joggery syrup are hear the story of the Cross 1" In the main occupations. Both these Isfahan, the city where a few years leave the men idle at least four ago no christian was permitted to months of the year. Our secretaries live, the Bishop recently counted 450 have given attention to about twenty men on their side of the. curtain village Y. M. C. A. 's, which have which runs down the middle of the honorary, unpaid workers. They church, and on the women's side the have organized, nurtured, and guided crowd was even greater. An over- thirty cooperative credit societies. flow service held 300 to 400 more and They have demonstrated the keeping the doors had to be closed for lack of pure-bred poultry, methods of of room. gardening, bee-keeping, boys I work INDIA, SIAM AND MALAYSIA and scouting, and the use of the drama No "Young People" in India in education. A weaving school and two night schools, one English and AMISSIONARY in Madura, South one Tamil, are conducted. A library India, in describing a Christian is maintained. Two cooperative bee- Endeavor rally, says: "One interest- keepers' associations have been ing group was composed of men well formed. The various cooperative

societies have settled many disputes sufficient when we came up against by arbitration." human nature that sometimes had no desire to improve and even !,ose up in Wo:men Legislators Proposed opposition. "

I T IS reported that the Bombay and Non-Christian Wo:men Students Madras Legislative Councils will shortly consider and probably accept I SABELLA THOBURN College in resolutions in favor of removing the Lucknow, India, has this year 155 disqualification of women to become students, the largest in its history members of these Councils. Recent since the separation of the college orders of the Government of India from the school at Lal Bagh. One permit the removal of the disqualifica- feature that arrests attention is the tion in any province where the change very rapid growth of the body of is sanctioned by the Legislative Coun- Hindu and Mohammedan students. cils. "India," says The Indian Wit- There are now forty of these nonness, "has already produced a number Christian students, "yet we are not of women members of municipal sure" says The Indian Witness, "that boa]'ds also a few women magistrates 'non-Christian' can fairly be applied and lawyers. There are in the country to all of them for some have been many women who could render dis- mightily influenced by Christ and He tinguished service as legislative coun- has become a very potent factor in cillors. We hope that the voters of their thought and spIritual life. A Madras and Bombay Presidencies few years ago there were only three will soon be given and will quickly or four Hindu and Mohammedan students. The forty of this year afaccept tae opportunity to show the ford evidence of a remarkable change taking place in the attitude of world that Indian women when freed educated members of these communifrom the accursed purdah system are ties toward the rights and privileges as capable of rendering public service of the young women in their homes." in legislative halls as are the women of any other country."

A BrahDlin Teacher's Need Mosle:ms in an Indian Hospital ABRAHMIN graduate recently AT DERA ISMAIL KHAN, in the came to a village in Coimbatore Punjab, India, on the borders of district, South India, as magistrate, ·Waziristan, a mission hospital is to take up the office of his grand- maintained by the Church Missionary father in fulfilment of a vow to dedi- Society, and though the smallest hoscate his life to the uplift of the village pital on the northwest frontier, it exof his ancestors. An English Con- erts an influence over a wide area, gregational missionary says of him: affecting considerably the great closed "Highly educated and a former land of Waziristan. The nurse writes teacher in Dr. Rabindranath Tagore's of a recent incident: "One day an school, an intense admirer of Sadhu Afridi asked me this question: 'Why Sundar Singh, he told me that with does the doctor cure that man's blindthe torch of truth and the power of ness when he knows he is a robberT' education he was going to change the I looked around the ward; in it was whole village. He was earnest in his truly a mixed company. Here a desire and hard-working in his Mahsud (probably a brigand), there English classes, his vernacular lec- a fakir, not far away· a mullah (he tures, and hymn-singing processions had seven disciples with him), besides round the village. He was evidently men of the ordinary peasant class, self-confident, t,oo. I did not want and as my interrogator said, 'all behim to become disappointed too soon, ing treated as one.' It was an opporso reminded him that intellectual tunity quickly grasped to point out truth and education alone were not how our Lord and Master came to save

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

all. That mullah's son has a school Government encourages liberated in Waziristan, and has taken back slaves to remain in their own districts with him a complete Bible in his own and to undertake service on a basis language. ' , of free contract.

"Sadni-ji" in the Hospital CHINA DR. ELIZABETH G. LEWIS, the A Buddhist Priest's Confession surgeon in charge of the Presby- A LETTER from Rev. Alex. Saunterian Hospital at Ambala, in the Yangdcehros~, C. 1. M. missionary in Punjab, India, gives this vivid picture Kiangsu Province, tells of an Indian evangelist: "A sadni is a woman who gives up all home at- how those present at a certain regular tachments and becomes a wandering religious mendicant. Our Sadni-ji is service for believers" were thrown ina Christian and her face proves it, so to much wonderment when, at the bright and full of smiles. Health too is there and the vigor of a strong time for voluntary prayer, a man clad woman of fifty. In her hand is a kadli whose gay rhythmic jingle ac- in the garb of a Buddhist priest rose, and, from a heart unmistakably sincompanies her singing. She appeared cere, poured forth a prayer such as just as we were about to begin morn-. ing prayers and at once took charge, might have come from the pulpit instanding in the midst of the patients stead of the pew; but the climax was who were seated about her on the floor. '0, my dear sisters,' she said. reached when the evangelist came , Jesus does not want your money or your bangles or your fine saris. He forward and asked me to change the wants your hearts.' …. Later Sadni- closing hymn for one chosen by the ji went from bed to bed, talking and singing as she went." priest as his own public testimony.

The hymn selected was 'Just as I am, without one plea.' He was a priest of no mean ability according to the heathen standard, and had brought to the temple no small gain by acting as a medium, but he had already told the head of the temple of his renuncia- Slavery in Burma Stin tion of every false way and of his intention to abandon priest-life, and T HE press reports, on which was based the announcement in the that day he had decided to take the May REVIEW of the liberation by the great step."

British Government of about 4,000 OpiUDl Survey of China slaves in the Hukawng Valley in T HE International .Anti-Opium As- Burma, gave the impression that sociation has headquarters in slavery had thus been completely Peking, and Dr. W. H. G. .Aspland is eradicated from that portion of the its General Secretary. He has recent- British Empire. The London Chris- ly completed the annual opium surtian now announces a similar expedi- vey of China for the League of tion to the region between two rivers, Nations and the China Year Book. which unite to form the river Ir- Opium is now grown to the neglect of rawaddy.' This territory, though not cereals. The smoking habit is almost so extensive as the Hukawng Valley, as widespread as in 1907. is more densely populated, and the number of slaves to' be liberated will Coeducation in West China be greater. The Triangle (as the area is named locally) has also for many M ISS ALICE B. BRETHORST, a years been the refuge of absconding Methodist missionary, writes of criminals from British territory, and the first girl students in the West the opportunity may be taken to China Union University in Chengtu, bring a number of them to justice for Szechwan Province, a union institu- offences committed in the past. The tion supported by Canadian Method-

ists, Anglieans and Friends from icans. It has two branches operating England, Baptists and Methodists in rented quarters, one of which, it from the United States. She savs: is hoped, will soon have a modern "On September 8, 1924, eight flne home. It owns an athletic field of young women, registered on the same fonr acres at the edge of the city. terms as the men students, became the The attendance at Bible classes first class of women ever to be ad- reached 37,065 for the year. mitted to a school of higher learning in all of West China with its popula- Burning the Kitchen God tion of 75,000,000 people. Custom required that these girls be chaper- MISS Gillard, of Shaoking, Chekioned wherever they went-to their ang Province, tells the followclasses, to the laboratory, to the li- ing story in the Church Missionary brary, when they went for walks or Gleaner: "One woman said that she attended the religious services at the wanted an inquirer's card and she chapel. They are all fine Christian took down her kitchen god, which was girls and though their liberties had to pasted on the brickwork of her stove, be very much restricted they helped as a preliminary. Alas, before the their dean in every way to make the day for receiving the card came, her first year of coeducation a success. husband missed the god and insisted Five of th~m are preparing to be high on its being put back, and she, cowerschool teachers, two hope to go into ing beneath his wrath, ordered her social service work and one is taking little girl to take it from a drawer the pre-medical course." where she had placed it instead of burning it outright, and give it to her Y. M. c. A. Branches in Shanghai .father. The kitchen god went up again, and the inquirer's card was I N ADDITION to the twelve stu- withheld from the woman until this dent Associations in various edu- obstacle could be removed from the cational institutions in the City of home. This was the cause of special Shanghai, the Y. M. C. A. has a Navy prayer being made for that housebranch with a $350,000 building; a hold, prayer which is being answered.. branch for other Americans, British A few Sundays ago the husband, who and Europeans, which now has in forme,rly had been very bigoted, carhand the funds for a building, the ried their one-year-old baby boy to foundations for which are now being church twice for his wife, and himself laid; a Japanese branch with 500 attended the services. The woman members; and a Chinese Association. has again taken down the paper god, The laflt-named has just completed and burned it this time, and says that twenty-six years' service to the young come what may she will never put one men of this community. It has in its up again." central building a membership of 3,000, representing all provinces and Heathen Give to Church all religions, but directed by the 500 who are members of Christian REV. EDWARD H. SMITH, of the churches, operating through a board American Board, writes in the of directors of fifteen Chinese busi- Missionary Hemld of a little Chinese ness men and a large number of com- village which has subscribed $800 for mitte'lmen and other volunteer work- a Christian school and community ers. Its program for the community center in connection with the new centers in a men's and a boys' build- chapel built four years ago, and coning (:entral1y located but not mod- tinues: "Six years ago the Chrisern. It has a budget equal to U. S. tians subscribed liberally and were $80,000 . per year, all secured in able to raise about three hundred dol- Shanghai in fees and contributions. lars for their new chapel. Today the Its secretarial staff now numbers Church has come to a place where it twenty-three Chinese and two Amer- can call on the heathen community

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

for support and be heard. The faith- tainly was the happiest Sunday we ful upright living of an educated have spent in China. The Lord grant ministry fast coming into leadership that many more like it be reserved in the life of the community; the suf- for the future."

ferings of the people in these years of civil war and the oppression and Sehool Needs in Mukden cruelty practiced even by their own MISSIONARIES in Manchuria, as neighbors and relatives make the in China proper, realize, with Church to stand out as unique, the the development of goverl1ment minister of mercy, compassion, and schools along modern lines, that, if loving service. The leadership of the the Christian Church is to hold her Church in education; the outstand- youth, she must have schools that give ing work of the Christian community an adequate education, and further, in social service and moral reform that a sound Christian education under the leadership of the Y. M. C. scheme will attract the children of A.; these and their surrounding con- non-Christian parents, and thus ditions have given the Church in prove, as in the past, a valuable evan- China today her commanding posi- gelistic instrument. The Mission tion. We who have labored to bring Council and the Chinese Church are some of these things to pass against alive to the situation. A Christian discouraging conditions know how to Education Board has been established rejoice and thank God for them. to care for the Christian educational China has not been altogether won needs of Manchuria. Provision is beyet, but there have been victories ing made for primary imd middle enough to cheer and gladden the most scheols and for college education. hardened pessimist." But in Mukden, the center of the edu- cational work, there is no proper First Converts in One Mission school for boys. At present a school T HE Christian Reformed Church is being carried on in some Chinese sent its first missionaries to China buildings adjoining the Chinese in 1920. Rev. H. A. Dy_kstra wrote church. These are entirely inadeas follows from Jukao last November: quate and, in any case, are needed "The great event of the past two by the church for' its own activities. months has been the baptism of our The lack of an adequate scho'ol is very three first converts. These men had seriously hampering the work of the been receiving instruction for the past missionaries, and impairing their inyear or longer. Most of this instruct- fluence, they feel. The eagerness of ing was done by our Chinese helpers the Chinese for such a building is at the beginning and later by Rev. shown by the fact that they have al- De Korne and myself. A committee ready subscribed nearly $3,000 gold.

of the Mission examined these men and was gratifled with their knowl- Two Aspeets of Islam in China. T edge of God's Word and their confes- HAT the Moslems of China "are sion of faith in Christ as their Sav- participating in the renaissance iour. They were baptized by us on that is taking place in the whole last Sunday morning. How grateful Islamic world" is the opinion of a we are for these firstfruits of the Mohammedan editor in South Africa, mission work of our church in China. who goes on to say: "Quite recently But not only the morning service wa~ two Chinese magazines have been an occasion for joy. ~n the afternoon started, one at Tientsin and the other we gathered together as believers in at Shanghai. The magazine published our Lord about His table. In all at Tientsin is entitled Bright Virtue.

there were about thirty-three com- It is a progressive monthly, and con- municants. Dr. L. S. Huizenga ad- tains articles on different social sub- ministered the sacrament. That cer- jects. The trend of these articles

shows that the periodical stands for a Association of Central Japan, Toraji -correct and liberal interpretation of Makino summarizes some significant the teachings of Islam; and cham- facts about the city of Osaka. He pions the sacred cause of the propaga- says: "The biggest commercial center ti(m of our faith." in Japan, with a population of 2,- Another side of the picture is 100,000, has no university except one presented in reports from the work medical college and a private school.

of the China Inland :Mission in the And yet the city is noted for its first- Moslem province of Kansu, referred class theater, opera and popular arts.

to in the September REVIEW. Rev. F. Many amusement centers and popular D. Learner of Sining writes of the resorts for pleasure seekers abound.

recent death of a saintly Christian, The total number of prostitutes ex:- who was converted from Islam nine ceeds that of the girls in school. The years ago. number of poor ~oung girls who are engaged in this shameful business is JAPAN-KOREA so numerous here that the proportion Japa:a.ese Exclusion a Live Issue of them to the general workingwomen T HE Japanese mission council of is about one to six. With more than the :Methodist Episcopal Church, 500,000 factory employees, two thirds at its annual meeting, held July 30th, passed a significant resolution on the of whom are women, and with nearly immigration question, a portion of 25,000 prostitutes, the citizens of which reads: "Resentment in Japan Osaka are facing the most difficult problem of urban life."

following the enactment of the socalled Japanese clause of the Johnson Buddhist Sunday-Schools immigration act is not diminishing. T HESE schools, which, in their ef- Missionaries in Japan are not agitat- fort to undermine the work of ing to keep alive among the Japanese missionaries, take over many· of their grief and indignation which they have been feeling. On the contrary, methods, have been referred to often because of the Christian missionary's in the Review, though no statistics deep sympathy with the Japanese in have been given to show the extent their offended pride and disillusion- of the movement. A recent survey, ment as to America's sense of inter- quoted in the Record of Christwn national and interracial justice, we Work, shows that the Buddhists have have been able somewhat to assuage 4,175 Sunday-schools, as against 1,891 indignation with the assurance that whatever of unfairness has entered Christian Sunday-schools. The Bud: into American legislation will surely be dhists have 12,754 teachers, and 575,- rectified in time when the situation and the implication of these laws are 691 pupils, while the Christians have more thoroughly understood…… . 7,493 teachers, and only 132,080 Some remedy for this un-American and un-Christian attitude should be Christian pupils. The Buddhist Sunsought. The fundamental reform day-schools have little difficulty in needed is such amendment of our securing the cooperation and symnaturalization law as will open pathyof municipal officers and public American citizenship, under the safe- school teachers. There is an unlimited guard of high qualifications, without supply of priests and day school national or racial discrimination." teachers as candidates for the teach- ing staff. That is not surprising when one realizes that there are as many Buddhist priests in Japan as there are Christian members of all the Prot- Some of Osaka's Problems estant churches added together.

Christian workers in Japan find, how- I N A paper entitled "The Industrial ever, the old uncultured priests can- Workers of Osaka and the Gospel" not teach the keen and alert child of which was read before the Missionary this modern nation.

NKWS FR01f MANY LANDS

Wife of Priest Reads Bible representation elected by Presbytery THE story of how the Bible got and the Mission Council, and have into the home of the chief priest full administrative and financial in Nikko, the famous temple city of powers. Our Council has taken the Japan, is vouched for by the Ameri- step of placing evangelistic funds can Bible Society and quoted in the under the control of Presbytery. "

Japan Evangelist. The wife of the chief priest was sick, and the doctor Earnest Korean Islanders recommended treatment by a certain THE Presbyterian Church of Korea expert masseur. This man, Mr. Ta- conducts an interesting missionary naami, carries Bibles wherever he enterprise on Cheiju, a rock-bound, goes and is known as "the Jesus volcanic island off the southern coast man. " The doctor had told Tanaami of Korea. The people are very prothat he should not tell the woman gressive, and numbers of their young that he was a Christian, but as soon people go to school in Korea and as Tanaami carne into her room he Japan. The commercial activities of told her of his Christian faith and the island are chiefly in the hands of asked her permission to pray to God the women. Mrs. Knox, of the Southbefore giving his treatment. "I al- ern Presbyterian Church, says of ways pray before I undertake any- them: "As a result of the strenuous thing." 'V.hile giving his treatment life which they lead the women have he told her his experience and of developed virile minds. and Amazonian what God said in His Word. This physiques and are peculiarly fitted aroused her interest and she won- for leadership. This they exercise dered how she might obtain the book with excellent results in the churches. he had mentioned. Both this woman They practically finance the work and and her son became ardent lovers of serve as teachers and even church ofthe Bible and although they still do ficers. Home Missions of the Korean not dare to confess that they believe Assembly includes work among the in Christ, owing to the position the Koreans in Peking, Nanking, Shanghead of the family holds in the town, hai, Manchuria, Siberia, Osaka, and they are quietly recommending and '£01l:yo and at a meeting which I atpushing the Bible into the homes of tended the Cheiju women listened the many priests who are connected eagerly to the program which gave with the famous shrines in Nikko. a short sketch of the situation in each Devolution in Korean Missions of these places."

I N AN interesting article in The ISLANDS OF THE SEA Korea. Mission Field S. J. Proctor, of the United Church of Canada, "Flying Doctors" in Australia states that, in the opinion of a majority of the members of that mis- I N AN area covering approximately sion, "the time has come when we 2,000,000 square miles, the Ausshould seriously consider having the tralian Island Mission seeks to care for whole of our mission work, including the spiritual and medical needs of the finances, handled by a joint committee scattered population. The Record of of the Korean Presbyteries and the Christian Work reports that much mission, with equal representation. success has attended its efforts dur- Our men 's evangelistic work has all ing the fourteen years of its existence. but been so handed over; and the Ten nursing homes have been eswomen's work in large part. In tablished, each presided over by two educational matters we are further fully qualified nurses. While these advanced. ~~ll our mission schools women are primarily concerned with are now in-the hands of school boards. the medical care of settlers, who are These boards are composed of equal sometimes 500 miles or more distant from the nearest doctor or other

settlement, they also carryon social population in the Fiji Islands." The and religious work, and give special first coolies from India were brought attention to the spiritual instruction to Fiji in 1879, under a system of of the young people. One of the latest indentured labor which was abolished enterprises of the mission is a "Flying in 1920. They now number about 65,- Doctor" scheme. That means that the 000, and increased fifty pel' cent in aeroplane has been pressed into serv- the last recorded decade. "It will ice, and much more good is now being also require justice," says Mr. Mcaccomplished through the rapidity of Millan, "to safeguard against all transport. Wireless has also been in- foreign exploitation the future of the stalled with the special view of re- 84,000 ease-loving Fijian natives, ligious instruction being given to who are subject to the pressure of a those who are far off from any center. growing Indian community and a rapidly increasing number of Chinese The Gospel for the Tirurai immigrants. The changing situation will also call for adjustments which T HE Tirurai people, numbering will secure for the Indians themselves about 17,000, live on Mindanao a place in the Colony commensurate Island in the Philippines. Although with their importance as indispensurrounded by Moros they are not sable producers, at the same time Mohammedans, but pagans or ani- recognizing their aspirations as pro- gressive, intelligent and loyal memmists, living in fear of the Moros, to bers of a commonwealth… The Indian is normally one of the most religiously whom, before the American occupa- inclined men in the world. The new tion, they were obliged to. pay tribute, generation in Fiji are fast becoming and under whom they lived in about devotees at the shrine of Mammon. the same position as serfs. For the For bim to lose his desire to worship past three years, the rector of Trinity and become a victim of modern Mission in Zamboanga has made materialism will be a great and monthly trips to three of the most inestimable loss." important villages of the Tirurai, giving each place about two hours' NORTH AMERICA instruction weekly in the schools. An account was given in the February Moslems in the United States Review of two Tirurai young women who are now being train('d in Zam- T HE total number of converts from boanga, one as a teacher, and an- Christianity to Islam in the United other as a nurse, for service among States is well over one thousand, actheir own people. The country of the cording to Prof. Maulvi Mohammed Tirurai is situated in the very heart Din, in charge of the mission of the of what is likely to become the best Ahmadiya movement in this country, rubber-producing section of Mind- with headquarters in Chicago. He is anao. It has recently been visited by quoted in The Missio1U1ry Voice as representatives of some of the larg~ follows: "When our prophet, Mirza corporations interested in rubber Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahproducts in the TTnited States. This madiya movement in India during fact gives added importance to the the latter part of the past century missionary work now being carried on. came to this country, he comported himself as the true believer should. Indian Problem in Fiji Detained on his arrival by immigra- tion officials, because, he says, 'I was I N THE opinion of A. W. McMillan, a missionary of the Moslem faith,' he writing in The 8ttldent Wm'Zd, preached quietly and engaged in his "It is doubtful whether there is any personal devotions before others problem of statesmanship in the South whose entrance was also being de- Pacific calling for more expert, tact- bated, until there was a total of nineful and wise treatment than that determining the future of the Indian

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

teen converts in seven weeks' time." eign missions, the problem of the Investigations by Dr. Zwemer have indigenous church; (5) from home revealed Moslem groups in Mil- missions, the problem of the rural waukee, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Cleve- church; and (6) from the field of land, Akron, New York City, religious and missionary education, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, the problem of young people in the Worcester, Sioux City,' Fargo, and local church. In preparation for this other smaller towns. convention, study and discussion groups have met for about two months Presbyterian Bodies Confer in twelve colleges and cities. Repre- sentatives of these groups will bring T HE first joint meeting of the com- their findings as a basis for further mittees on closer relations between discussion. the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. (South), and the United Presbyterian American Board Avoids Deficit Church was held, September 15th, in Cincinnati. These committees were RECEIPTS of the American Board appointed by their respective General of Commissioners for Foreign Assemblies last May. Some of the Missions aggregated $2,152,765 durconclusions reached are stated by ing the fiscal year ended Aug. 31, The United Presbyterian to have 1926. Expenditures were $2,152,272. been: "Never before has the relation The report points out that even the between the two churches been more small credit balance was "very gratiripe for negotiations. No doctrinal fying in view of the estimate made at unrest disturbs either communion, the beginning of the year." At that and, so far as our first conference is time it seemed that in order to close concerned, we found no doctrinal dif- the year without a greater deficit it ference that keeps us apart. Some would be necessary for churches and differences exist in machinery and individuals to giye an additional $85,- method; not in fundamentals of ec- 000. Legacies exceeded the yearly clesiastical polity, but in the details average by more than $80,000 and of organization and administration. added gifts prevented a deficit. The Whether the obstacles are insur- Board's debt, which was about $242,- mountable, whether they are sufficient 000 in 1920, now is $213,242. to justify the continued separate existence of the two denominations, Race Relations Study Courses remains to be seen." T HOMAS L. DABNEY, writing in Disciples' Youth Convention The Southern 'Workman, the magazine published by Hampton In- PARALLEl. with the convention of stitute, says: "Twenty years ago no the Disciples of Christ in Mem- one thought that today over twentyphis, Tenn., November 11th to 14th, five Southern white colleges would there is to be held what is called "a have courses in race relations. This youth convention," at which 1,000 is an astonishing achievement when delegates ilre expected to be present. one considers the fact that the South The topics for discussion have lieen has always claimed a sufficient knowlchosen as follows from six fields of edge of the Negro and the race quesactivity: (1) From the field of Chris- tion to preclude the necessity of any tian unity, a discussion of the special study of the problem." The practical basis for Christian union; universities of North Carolina, (2) from that of temperance and Florida and Missouri and Southsocial welfare, the problem of law en- western College in Texas are instituforcement; (3) from that of aca- tions where these courses., promoted demic education, the problem of the by the Commission on Interracial place of the church college in the life Cooperation, have been especially of the denomination; (4) from for- successful. Sixteen weeks is the time

usually devoted to one course. A which operates the station. Two comtest taken by one class included the plete courses, giving certificates of following questions: credit if the final examinations are passed, were begun in September. Do you think lynching is ever justified' Dr. James M. Gray, president of the . Do you favor the Dyer Bill against lynch- Institute, gives a half-hour lecture on lng' the subject "Mountain Peaks of Prophecy, " which is broadcast every If not, what remedy would you propose' Tuesday evening at 8: 30 o'clock. What do you plan to do after leaving The Rev. John C. Page of the Insticollege to promote goodwill and peace be- tute staff is lecturer in a course on tween the raees ~ Bible doctrine broadcast at the same What is your idea of justice for the hour Wednesday evenings. There are Negro' fifteen lessons in each of the two courses announced now, and after TResults of Jeanes Fund Work Jan. 1st courses in other subjects are HE annual meeting of the Jeanes promised. All broadcasting of WMBI industrial supervisors of Virginia is on a wave length of 288.3 meters. was the occasion of the following In announcing the plans for radio comment by the Smtthern Workman instruction, A. F. Gaylord, business on the 300 supervisors maintained by manager of the Institute, said: the Jeanes Fund throughout the southern states: "With rare under- Since 19M, the Institute has conducted standing, patience, _ and devotion a correspondence school in whieh 35,000 these supervisors have done pioneel' students, Hving in all parts of the world, work in improving colored schools. have enrolled. But we helieve the radio By organizing whole communities in- offers still greater opportunity for religious to enthusiastic school-improvement education. leagues, by introducing into the ;:c~ools practical handwork, by length- Chinese Give Infirmary enlllg terms, and by securing better teachers, they revived the interest of CHINESE Americans have raised the colored people in their poorly among themselves $12,000 to build supported, neglected schools and won an infirmary for the Ming Quong for them the attention and increased Presbyterian Home for Chinese girls financial assistance of school officials at Oakland, California. Last year and of local white people. They, when the new Ming Quong Home was more than any others, set going thc built by the Presbyterian Board of movement which has resulted in National Missions, Chinese Christians thousands of new, model school- on the coast in gratitude determined houses for Negro children and all that they would themselves build the the other material progress which now required infirmary. They planned a so signally characterizes public edu- country-wide campaign under the cation for Negroes in the South. And direction of five Chinese counselors having secured the sorely needed (one of whom was Dr. Ng Poon Chew, physical improvements in Negro lecturer and editor of the largest schools in many localities, these re- Chinese daily paper in the United sourceful supervisors, especially in States), and sent out two Chinese North CarolIna and Maryland, are young. women, both daughters of the more and more turning their atten- mission, as money raisers. In every tion to the work of the classrooms." city friends of the Home, husbands- perhaps grateful for what the Chinese Bible Courses "On the Air" mission had done in past years for their wives-former pupils and busi- T HE first regular educational ness men helped, with the campaign. courses of a religious nature con- The president of one tong contributed ducted by radio are being broadcast to the infirmary fund.- W(;'Inen and from the Chicago station WMBI, ac- Missions. cording to an announcement made by officials of the Moody Bible Institute,

NEWS FROM MANY LANDS

GENERAL 169.86. Australia, 41; Hawaiian 61; Ja- pan, abandoned; New Zealand,' 45; Sa- Missions and Governments moan, 44; Tahitian, 11; Tongan, 19_ To- tal in Island Mission, elders 220; members, ASURVE>Y of foreign missions by 26,780; property, $518,S83.S0. Total num- the Bishop of Salisbury, pub- ber of elders in these foreign fields from lished in the London Times has awak- Utah Mormonism. 779; total members, 53,- ened much interest. He calls atten- 051. Add to these the figures of J osephite tion to the quickening of the moral Mormonism. which we do not have accursense of Christendom towards the ately at hand, and the number of elders will backward races. The mandatory probably be considerably over 900 men and clauses of the League of Nations Cov- women working to spread Mormonism in enant are symptoms of this change, foreign lands. which is mainly due to the development of a world situation in which For the Blind of the World the value, indeed, the necessity, of the spiritual forces of life has been T HE Mission to the Blind in thrown into striking and peremptory Heathen and Bible Lands, which relief. The Bishop summarizes the was started in 1918 by one who is astounding advance revealed by the blind, paralyzed and too helpless to numerical statistics of Christian mis- move, now has supporters in all sions. He pays tribute to the very English-speaking countries and an noble contribution made by America, annual income of about $5,500. The by its width of outlook and its strong Mission contributes to the support of financial support, to the spiritual de- both teachers and pupils in schools velopment of the people in British for the blind in many missionnelds, territory. AJso the scope of mission- and also makes possible the work deary work has changed, the missionary scribed as follows: "Portions of now concerning himself with the Scripture are now being transcribed promotion of human well-being in into Braille by hand, by members of every department of life. This has our staff, for the blind in Fiji, Sololed to new and improved relations be- mon Islands and elsewhere. In Egypt tween the missionary and the secular our blind evangelist, who has a small authorities. class of blind boys, employs them to transcribe portions of Scripture into MOrDlonism in Foreign Lands Braille by hand for the use of blind people who are being taught. In MOST people think of Mormonism China a quarterly Braille magazine is as confined to America. But it stereotyped by blind boys in the Pehas now spread into nearly very land king School for the Blind, and circuwhich has the Bible, including Chris- lated free of charge." tian foreign mission fields like the islands of the Pacific, where those who Growth of Christianity by centuries. have been converted from heathenism to Christianity are perverted back Close of first century ……. . 500,000 again to another false system, which Close of second century …. . 2,000,000 is little better than their first. Mor- Close of third century …… . 5,000,000 monism has started two new foreign Close of fourth century …… . 10,000,000 fields during the past year, in France Close of fifth century _…… . 15,000,000 and Argentina, in the latter of which Close of sixth century ….. . 20,000,000 reports of considerable progress are Close of seventh century ….. . 25,000,000 made. Its fields outside of North Close of eighth century ….. . 30,000,000 America are as follows, with the :num- Close of ninth century …… . 40,000,000 ber of elders reported in April, 1925: Close of tenth century ….. . 50,000,000 Close of eleventh century . _.. 70,000,000 Armenian, 2; British, 151; Danish, 25; Close of twelfth century ….. 80,000,000 French, SO; Netherlands, 61; Norwegian, Close of thirteenth century •.. 85,000,000 17 ; S. African, 18; Swiss and German. Close of fourteenth century .. . 90,000,000 226; Swedish, SO); total elders, 559; total Close of fifteenth century … . 100,000,000 members, 26,S71; total property, $368,- Close of sixteenth century .. . 125,00(),000 Close of seventeenth century .. 155,000,000 Close of eighteenth century .. 200,000,000 Close of nineteenth century .. 400,000,000 Close of 1925 ………….. . 500,000,000

books mentioned in these columns will be forwarded by us on receipt of price.-

THE REVIEW.

An Outline History of China, with a Thor- rights in the winter of A. D. ough Acoount of the Republican Era Interpreted in Its Historical Perspective. 1925-26. "

Herbert H. Gowen and Josef Washington This history is also provided with Hall. Map, xxix, 542 pp. $4.00. 1926. many references to enable readers ~o New York. verify statements or to extend theIr Though Professor Gowen, of the reading. The Bibliography is valu- University of Washington, issued a able and reasonably full, while its two-volume "Outline History of brief annotations are usually just and China" in 1913, the present one- always illuminating. In a word,. th~s volume edition, bearing the same title, is the most readable, concrete, JUdIis no mere enlargement of the former cious, comprehensive and up-to-date work. Prof. Gowen has entirely re- history of this great nation known to written his section, bringing down the reviewer. We commend it to the Chinese history to the b~ginning of reading public, as the history of a the Republic. His collaborator, Mr. great nation with an age-long history Hall, who was himself on the ground, and an ancient civil and literary cuI. adds nearly two hundred pages of ture. recent history, that of the Republic since its establishment in 1912. This Dr. Gowen gives the following rea· is a very valuable summary of what is not so satisfactorily done in out- son for reading this history: "Any line by other writers. Chinese schoolboy can tell you some- While the volume does not have behind it the wide reading and scholar- thing of Socrates, Christ, Shake· ship of Professor Latourette's "Development of China," this lack is speare, Luther, the British Empire, compensated for by its concreteness Napoleon, Washington, Lincoln, our and" anecdotal" style, which give it a vividness and interest, looked for Civil War, Ro('sevelt, Wilson. How in vain in the generalizations and emphasis on great trends of the times many of the educated among us can found in other less readable volumes. The authors of this book have measur- tell anything of the 4,OOO-year-old ably succeeded· in doing what they aimed to accomplish: "to write all. Book of History, Confucius, Taoism, interpretive story of the Chinese people based upon both scholarly re- Chin the Empire-Builder, the rise of search and intimate personal toucha popularly told narrative of the 'Im- Korea, the culturization of Japan, Li ,mortal Nation' from the beginnings Po the Divine Poet, Tang the Brilli- ant, the rise and fall of the Mongol Khans who nearly conquered Europe in addithm to Asia, the coming of Russia into Asian affairs, the Manchu Empress Dowager, the Chinese Re- publican Revolution, the student up- rising, Chinese guild organization, the China riots of 1925, or the Chris- tian General1 H. P. B.

of the world's most unique culture in Chinese Culture and Christianity. James the cave villages of the upper Yellow Livingstone Stewart. 316 pages. $2.50. River five thousand years before New York. 1926.

Christ to the assembling of the con- "The Laughing Buddha" is a novel vention to restore China '8 national which incidentally gives some inter- 910

926] THE MISSIONARY LIBRARY

e~ting side-lights on China '8 reli- descriptions; in the Chinese viewglOns. Here the same author treats point of religions as contrasted with more specifically of the underlying a foreigner's view; and in leaving principles, the outward manifesta- the reader with the impression that tions of Animism, Ancestor Worship, Chinese religious culture and even Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Chinese superstitions deserve further Mohammedanism. He describes their study, rather than to be summarily effect on Chinese society and the in- rejected as samples of a degraded fluence of recent culture contacts "heathenism. " upon all Chinese religions. Chinese culture, especially on its religious The concrete descriptions of Chiside, is well set forth; Christianity is nese religious views and practices not at all emphasized, though it is not can be especially commended to firstwholly ignored. As the subtitle indi- year missionaries in China. Yet one cates, it is a review of China '8 religious systems from the Christian would criticize an "old China hand" viewpoint. Had Professor Stewart and a university professor for emcompare(1 Chinese and Christian con- ploying in his Chinese proper names ceptions of culture and religions, his contribution to our comparative a romanization that is confined to a knowledge of these factors would limited section of the Mandarin, with have .been more distinctive, whereas its peculiarities. Why not use some the volume as it now stands does little more than mass and classify the widely known system that would not writings of Da Bose, Soothill and O'Neil, adding some of the less com- be provincial, and so serve a larger monlv known facts of books like Dore~s and the six-volume magnum constituency of young missionaries opus of De Groot. and aid in making still more general The most interesting chapters are perhaps those in which China's prim- a romanization that is used in all the itive psychology, philosophical presuppositions, phy"sics, physiology and best dictionaries and by the best feng-shui are concretely pictured and explained. Ancestor worship would writers {Jn China? H. P. B. be far better known bv Chinese missionaries if they could read chapter Heart of Black Papua. Merlin Moore IV, and those who have not seen Taylor. IIlus. S va. 266 pp. $3.00. New Beal's "Catena of Chinese Bud- York. 1926. dhism" or Du Bose's "Dragon, Image and Demon" will fipd chapter The lure of the jungle! How III a good summary of Chinese con- strong it must be to make white men ceptions of heavens, hells and the trek through it, day after day under hereafter. Taoist deities and demons the suffocating heat, when even the are very inadequately pictured in slightest clothing is a burden; through chapter VIII. The final chapter, the daily torrential showers which "Recent Culture Contacts," might soak to the skin; enduring the cold well be published separately as an nights when neither blankets or camparticle to enable a wide reading pub- fires bring warmth; suffering from lic interested in China's renaissance leeches that get under the thickest -to understand its leading features. foot and suck the traveler's blood; weakened by fevers which come Professor Stewart's differentiation fiercely and suddenly; braving the from other writers of similar volumes greatest danger of all-the native lies in his citation of religious facts who is "hungry for man." less commonly known; in his vivid The author gives a vivid picture of the heart of Papua, by pen and camera, describing the expedition of three white men across the mountain ranges of the interior. They saw the natives in their villages, learned the power of "magic," came to know of the unwritten law of "pay back" by which a man's death by violence must be requited and which causes never.

ending feuds resulting often in the A Year's Program for Young People. wiping out of whole villages. Then Harry Thomas Stock. Pamphlet. 25 there are the strange burial customs, cents. The Pilgrim Press. Boston. 1926. and the wearing of the feather headdress as a sign that a youth has at- Practical plans are here present.ed tained manhood and has killed a man. for activities and projects for young Many times these travelers were people, with suggestions for organizasaved from death by their quickness tion, expression, worship and disof wit and because of the innate fear cussion month by month. The objects the Blacks have for the white man's include church and neighhorhood skin and the white man's gun. work, missions, Christian character and habits, education and leadership. Many adventures are told with dramatic power, including an ex- Education for Peace, a Book of Facts and perience in the cannibals' camp, near- Opinions. Issued by the Committee of ness to death from thirst and escape Reference and Counsel, Foreigu Missions from the enemy by use of the camera- Conference. New York. 1926. man's :flashlight powder. A thread of mystery runs through the narrative Quotations from educators, authors, and gives a suggestion of plot. editors, statesmen, and conferences; statistics on the cost of war and There is interesting information resolutions by various bodies give a concerning the government supervi- wealth of facts and opinions for sion of the natives but no mention is educating the Church, the youth and made of the work of the missionaries the nation in the evils of war, its in Papua. The habits and character- prevention and the promotion of istics of the natives who are under peace. Pastors, teachers and others the sway of fear and superstition, should obtain and digest a copy of thirsty for human blood, "tricky, this pamphlet. clever and resourceful" show clearly their great need for Christ and His The Laymen's Missionary Movement of the Gospel of life, love and release from United States and Canada. A Pamphlet. the powers of darkness. J. H. R. Prepared by Lt. Col. E. W. Halford. PUi)lished by the Executiye Committee. The Quest for God in China. By F. W. G. New York. 1926. O'Neill. 8 va. 272 pp. $2.50. New York. 192.6. This brief history, published twenty years after this remarkable and truly China is to the fore in the public effective movement was founded, is mind. Religion is a great factor in more a characterization and estimate determining China's future. Mr. of achievement than a history, but it gives important facts that should not o 'Neill, an Irish Presbyterian mis- be forgotten. A great body of noble men were associated with it and their sionary who has been in China for prayers and works made it a great nearly thirty years, writes from factor in the advancement of the misknowledge. His presentation is most sionary cause in America. The "Men sane and is made sympathetically, and Religions Movement," "Dewith discernment and constructively. nominational Laymen's Missionary He describes Taoism, Spiritism, Con- Movement" and other activities owe fucianism, Buddhism, Chinese Mo- their impulse to this work. hammedanism, modern r e 11 g i 0 u S movements and Christianity. One Christ Supreme. Arthur H. Carter. 12mo. finds here much new light on the 83 pp. Art stock covers, 30 cen ts; cloth, religions of China and on religion in 75 cents. Chicago. 1926. general. There is no doubt whatever in the author's mind but that, with The author reveals Christ's charall the excellencies of natural and acter and glory in this brief study. ethnic religions, the necessity for ac- He shows very brie:fly one present· cepting and following Christ as day attitude toward Christ and the Saviour and Lord is supreme. • view of him given in the Old and New Testaments.

The Missionary Review of the World — February 1909

TABER NACLE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, SALEM, MASS., AS IT APPEARED ON FEBRUARY

181 2, WHEN .~DONIRAM JUD SON AN D HIS FOUR COMPAN IONS WERE ORDAINED PREPARATORY TO THEIR DEPARTURE AS MI SSIO NARIES OF THE AMERICAN BOARD (Loa ned by courtesy o f The Baptist Afiss-ionary klagazine) ( See page 100)

<The 8l{ss{onary 'R…ev{ew

of the World VOL. XXXII. No. z FEBRUARY, 1909 VOL. XXII. No. z OIJ &ries New Seri,s Publi!hed by Funk & Wagnalll!l Company, 44-60 E. 23d St., N.Y. [sase K. Funk, Pres., A. W. WagnallsJ "'lee-Pres. and Treae" R<Jht. Scott, Sec',.

SIGNS OF THE TIMES FOOLISH MISSIONARY PRAYERS the United States, and the freedom of intercourse between the two hemi- In Lucas's "Empire of Christ" one spheres is increasing. By an agree- ment, recently entered into between paragraph indicates the danger and Minister Rockhill and the Chinese Government, the Boxer indemnity is folly of many of our prayers for mis- to be used for sending 2,000 students to this country to be educated. One sions: hundred are to be sent annually for four years, and fifty annually dur- We have the remarkable spectacle of ing the time of the indemnity. Eighty per cent. of these students are the establishment of prayer unions be- to be trained in the manual arts, and the others in law and government; and seeching God for more success, side by a Chinese Educational Commissioner, with five assistants, is to have charge side with the recognition of our utter of the work A similar commission, operating at Peking, will determine the inability to provide for the success He schools to which the students are to be sent. These students will vary in has already granted. We send age from twelve to twenty years. Such measures will not only do much up a prayer to heaven for more work, for China, but will help to correct misunderstandings between Oriental and we send out a message to the field and Western peoples. The indemnity is surely to be put to a good use. announcing a reduction of grants. We RECENT SIGNS IN CHINA-COMMERshould be dumbfoundered if we received a CIAL AND POLITICAL request from the field asking us to re- Some figures published lately by the Chinese Postmaster-General show the duce our prayers, on the ground that stupendous progress of the great heathen empire during the past years. they were quite unequal to provide for Five years ago there were only 446 post-offices in the whole empire, which the answers already granted. handled 20 million pieces of mail. In Prayer is indispensable for any mis- sionary advance, but its main objective just now must be the Church and not heathendom.-H. P. BEACH.

CALLS TO PRAYER Page Recent Signs in China……. . . . . . . .. 81 Japanese Growth ………………. 82 Developments in Korea ………….. 83 News from India ……………….. 83 Christian Literature Society for China II3 A Chinese Christian Circle………… 125 Opportunity and Responsibility ……. 131 THE ORIENT AND THE OCCIDENT These are ceasing to be distinctive as of old. Witness the vast numbers of Chinese and Japanese that are coming to America. If the exclusion laws permit, there will presently be a large influx of Chinese students into 1906 there were 2,096 post-offices, hospitals and public institutions old which handled 113 million pieces of jealousies and frictions are swept mail. And in 1907 the number of away, and the workers meet daily to post-offices in China increased to 2,803, pray for their own weak hearts and which handled 167 million pieces of the coming of the kingdom. Enemies mail. have been reconciled; old feuds healed up; gamblers have been restored; It is planned to construct nine pub- opium-smokers reclaimed, and men lic stations for wireless telegraphy in made new. the province of Canton at once, and to add six other stations between Can- "Of permanent results it is too early ton and Shanghai soon. Since the yet to speak. So far the movement Russian stations in Manchuria are not has been mainly within the church, but for the use of the public, and Japan it is already spreading, and naturally has only two public stations, China, must spread to those without; so that the land which tried to exclude every- this year should see a vast ingatherthing foreign hitherto, is the most pro- ing." gressive country, as far as facilities for commerce are concerned. JAPANESE GROWTH-MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL With this news of progress comes the disturbing intelligence of the dis- The president of a steel rolling-plant missal from office of Yuan Shih Kai, in Hokkaido recently returned fron.. the most progressive official in China. a tour of England and America, where The European and American govern- he became imprest with the moral adments fear lest this may mean reac- vantages of the laborers. He contionary plans on the part of Prince ceived the desire to improve the moral Chun and hostility to foreign interests. tone of the laborers under his care, We do not, however, anticipate this. and has offered to provide a home for a missionary and to equip him for his CONTINUED REVIVAL IN MANCHURIA work among the six thousand employ- ees. There will also be Bible classes "The revival still goes on," writes among the officials and their wives. Rev. Walter Phillips, of the Presbyterian Mission, "and whereunto it will This is a wonderful opportunity to grow no man can yet tell. bring the Gospel message to a large company of men! The little Presby- "The whole Manchurian Church terian church in the same town also seems stirred to its depths. The lead- gives a fine opportunity to turn these ing men are transfigured, and their men to the church already established ideals of sin and prayer have moved in their midst. as from pole to pole; the members are one and all filled with a new zeal to At the recent conference of Kumi-ai go forth and tell their friends and (Congregational) churches in Japan, neighbors. The very schoolboys are there were large meetings held in the in the streets preaching and selling city hall. At the communion service books. The girls, under charge of on Sunday 600 Christians were pressOllie matron, spend their half-holiday in tramps to outlying villages, where ent. Rev. J. D. Davis writes: "When they gather the women together and preach and pray half the night. In I think back thirty-three years, when Joseph Neesima was the only Chris- tian in the city, and when for six years

OF THE

we could not rent a building in the with the United States, Britain and city for Christian services, I realize Germany. The king, the next year, the great change. This body represents 121 churches and chapels, 67 of sent an imposing embassy to the capthem entirely self-supporting, with a total of 15,000 members." itals of the great nations, to promote friendly relations, and, from that date, Mr. T. Harada, the President of the vVestern ideas took rapid root, as Doshisha College at Kyoto, in a recent address said there were three great shown in a new educational system, functions which Christianity has to fulfil in Japan. I. It must preach the army reorganization, etc. Notwith- Gospel of individuality. In Japan the standing the uprising in Seoul, <in family and the State have been made 1888, which was soon quelled, the poso much of, that comparatively the individual counts for little. Christian litical and religious development of teaching is especially designed to cor- this nation has been steadily advanrect this mistake. 2. Christianity must purify and beautify Japanese family cing, and it is difficult to keep track life. The home life in certain Christian countries is rightly held up for of it. Take two examples among admiration throughout the civilized many: world. 3. Christianity must teach humanit)" must seek to overcome Mrs. S. A. Moffett writes from hatred and class distinctions. Pyeng Yang of progress made in the DEVELOPMENTS IN KOREA mission: In this nation, that was so long During the past nine months we have known as the "hermit nation," for its seen the organization of the Presbyterian extreme exclusiveness, since 1880 the church in Korea, and of the first Presmost rapid strides toward a prosperity bytery, installation of the first Korean such as distinguishes Occidental peo- pastors, first graduations from Pyeng ples have been going on, and with a Yang College and Seminary, and the celerity that seems to make even Medical School in Seoul. The normal Japan's progress slow. It was no class for men has an attendance of about longer ago than 1866 that a violent two hundred; the Theological Seminary persecution broke out, entailing the an enrolment of ninety-eight. The indeaths under torture of nine French gathering into churches both in city and Roman Catholic priests, with their country promises to be larger than ever bishops, and thousands of converts. It before. Central church in this city has was ten years later, in 1876, before, been crowded all this year. after 3,000 years of rigid exclusion, Korea yielded to Japanese and Chi- The native Christians in Korea nese compUlsion, and admitted the right of free intercourse with foreign- everywhere exhibit great liberality. ers on her own soil. This innovation provoked, in 1882, a brief revolution, NEWS FROM INDIA-GOOD AND ILL hich, however, eventuated in treaties Some see in the present unrest rea- son to fear another uprising in India.

Natives have become educated far enough to discover that th~y are not reckoned among the powers of the present world, and are coming to think that they ought to be. Rev. Geo. H. Brock, of Kanigiri, writes as follows: That there still exists a good deal of unrest in India has been very rudely brought to the attention of all in the at- tempted assassination of the Lieutenant- Governor of Bengal a week ago. Sir Andrew Fraser, a brave and earnest

Christian gentleman, went to the Y. M. and testified before their friends, and C. A. hall to preside at a lecture, and know what salvation means!" So is God just as he reached the platform a young blessing the toil of the faithful ministers Bengali rushed up to him and, presenting of the Church in India, and only the lack a revolver within a few inches of his of workers hinders from a great extenbreast, attempted to shoot j but, fortu- sion of this blest work. May the Church nately, the revolver missed fire twice. here rise to its splendid opportunity in Mr. Barber, of the Y. M. C. A., who was that, as well as in other mission lands standing nearby, grappled with the youth, to-day! and others coming to his help soon secuted him. An Indian raja, seeing the A WEEK OF PRAYER FOR ISLAM danger of the Governor, pushed him into an anteroom. A feeling of horror 'has It is proposed by the Arabian Misgone throughout the country at this new sion of the Reformed Church in Amerexhibition of the evil spirit among the ica to set apart the last week of Febpeople. ruary, from the 2Ist to the 28th, for united intercession on behalf of the Sir Andrew Fraser has ever been a Moslem world, especially rememberfriend to the people of India, reluctantly ing the present crisis in Persia and the putting into operation the repressive new development and liberty in Turmeasures of the last two years. But this key, Arabia and Egypt. is the third attempt on his life. What God has wrought since last Only a few days after the attempt on July in the Turkish Empire by opening Sir Andrew Fraser, a police inspector, doors and giving freedom to the press; a native, was murdered on the streets of what He is doing in Arabia by prepar- Calcutta, and no trace of the murderers ing highways for His Gospel in the has so far been found, tho a large re- building of railroads; what He has ward has been offered. This inspector done and is doing in Persia, Egypt and had been active in capturing the persons Morocco by the plowshare of His who had thrown the bombs in the recent providence in preparing the soil for the outrages. sowing of His Word-all these great events, not to speak of revived interest Another symptom of the unrest is the among Moslems in Christianity and sympathy of many people for the mur- answered prayers at many mission derers. stations, prompt us to urge this appeal and ask God for even greater things. On the other hand, Mrs. William All societies working among Mo- Butler writes of better tidings: hammedans are especially invited to observe this week of prayer, both in A bit of glorious news from India the family and the pulpit, and if possimust be shared with all who toil for ble by special united intercession. that needy land. One of the most re- "Father, the hour has come. Glorify markable sights at the Jubilee at Bareilly Thy son that Thy Son also may was the baptism of 523 converts. These glorify Thee." were not hastily gathered, as some might have feared, but only a small fraction of MADAGASCAR AND THE FRENCH those being prepared by their pastors for acceptance of Christianity. The follow- Rev. James Sibree, at Brighton, ing year over 200 of these men brought England, recently gave a most lamenttheir wives for the sacred rite, and now able picture of the condition of mis- Bishop Warne informs me that 2,000 sion work on this great island. The ha';e now come as the direct result of the work done by those baptized at the Jubilee. More than this, the preachers did not hesitate to declare at the District Conference that hundreds of these, who had taken that as the first step toward Christ, had now "found the new heart

OF THE TIMES

work there began in 1818, ninety might be no Christian church in years ago. The London Missionary Madagascar. All this fits us to un- Society sent Messrs. Bevan and Jones, derstand Mr. Sibree's picture of the with their families, as their first mis- condition of mission work in that sionaries. island. He said: When Ranavalona 11., in 1868, was Twelve years ago they had a larger enthroned the reign of the first Chris- number of people connected with their tian queen was begun, and shortly congregations and of children in their afterward the final blow was struck schools than now, with a greater numwhich insured the supremacy of ber of pastors and teachers than in all Christianity in the island, with 50,000 the other stations of the London Miscommunicants, and thrice as many ad- sionary Society put together; but with herents, and thirty times as many the appointment of the present governor, seeking religious teaching. This in 1906, a regime of bitter hostility to island became known as the "Crown all missionary effort commenced. The of the London Missionary Society." Y. M. C. A. had been broken up, school- teaching in the churches had been pro- Then succeeded attacks upon Mad- hibited, with the result that three-quaragascar by France. Absurd demands, ters of their day-schools were closed; backed by a military force, which and the official school-teachers were in- Ranavalona died in 1883 resisting, structed to gather the children on Sunand which her successor, Ranavalona days for secular lectures. Altho games IlL, for two years more continued to and sports and debasing amusements oppose with force of arms, till in were permitted on the Sabbath, "if 1885, defeated at all points, she was twenty-one Malagasy met on the Lord·s compelled to accept French protect- day to study the Bible they were liable orate. Eleven years later this be- to imprisonment." came annexation to the French Colonial Establishment, and in 1897 the The London Christian is right in its queen was deposed by the French conclusion, that the matter calls for governor and the Malagasy nationality action on the part of the English Govceased to exist. ernment. It is hardly conceivable that the French administration would not It was not too much to say with listen to a representation, and refuse Professor Warneck that from that to extend to the island the religious time -Protestant missions virtually re- freedom which they have legalized in ceived a death-blow. French occupa- France, and which is extended to tion gave the Jesuits the chance they French subjects in all British colonies. had coveted for nearly half a century, It is hoped that some Christian memof feeding a grudge against the Brit- bers of Parliament will bring the matish, cherished by French fanatics and ter before the House at an early date. colonial politicians. Evangelical Ch…:stians and native pastors have been RELIGIOUS CONDITION OF FINLAND charged with crimes, imprisoned and put to death; mission property con- News has come of renewed persecufiscated, evangelical schools wrecked; tion of Jews in Finland. Hundreds, and but for the Paris Missionary So- driven from home by Russian officials, ciety, which came to the rescue, there are said to be starving in the fields. They are barred from citizenship.

Of the general religious conditions the Rev. Gustaf A. Riden writes:

The Finlanders are a sober-minded of Protestant work there is the Greek people, with a great amount of reverence Catholic Church with about 50,000 ad- for God and divine things, and are not herents, with few exceptions Russian ashamed of speaking about matters con- natives. cerning their soul. THE BIBLE AND GOSPEL IN SPAIN The Catholic Church now and again solicits the assistance of the civil author- Great transformations have taken ities, in order to prohibit some one from place since Borrow wrote "The Bible preaching the Gospel who is not offi- in Spain," and even since Mrs. Gulick cially authorized by the State, but such opened her school for girls a quarter steps are usually ignored by the com- of a century ago. Many daughters of munity in general and especially by the prominent Catholics have found there political press. a Christian training. But, tho Pastor Fludner was permitted before the last Several important religious bodies century's close to begin his great work have not tended to point out the direct under the shadow of the Escurial, the way to the purpose aimed at. On the Protestant gospel still finds not a few contrary, poor souls have been led a hindrances from indifferent, if not winding, roundabout way in search of hostile, authorities in the state, and salvation. priests in the Church who do not dis- guise their antagonism. The oldest of these, "The Pietists," teach that perfect assurance of divine In September last the Reformed adoption can never be obtained in this Church of Spain addrest a message life. to the Congress of Deputies, setting forth the wrongs to which Spanish "The Evangelicals" say that the work Protestants are often subjected by the of grace in the soul is wrought in bap- authorities-entirely contrary to law tism. -and demanding religious liberty, in the name of the Constitution. "The Laestadians," whose founder was a clergyman in Sweden named Lae- Among the instances of outrage stadius, is a kind of Romanism sprung are the following: A young man, in up in the midst of Protestantism. Their the province of Saragossa, for not doctrine teaches that "outside the baring hi~ head when the Host was church"-their small circle-there is no carried through the streets, was consalvation. demned to ten days' imprisonment, a fine of 75 pesetas and costs. Another These bodies have this in common, who was working in the street when that they are strictly ecclesiastical, in- the Host was carried by, and went on compatible toward those who hold dif- with his work without saluting, was ferent views from themselves, and often condemned to six days' imprisonment, live in a state of disharmony one with 40 pesetas fine and costs. the other. Religious liberty was decreed in Th ~ Baptists began to work here Spain forty years ago, and immeabout thirty years ago. About ten years diately afterward, in Madrid itself, a their junior is the so-called Free Church Protestant Church of the Redeemer Movement, which is something between sprang into being. Services had been the State and the Free Church. The held 111 a small hali, at risk to adherents wish their names to remain on the ecclesiastical rolls, but, at the same time, being dissatisfied with the religious life and ritual of the State Church, they form separate societies for the breaking of bread. They have no special confession of faith, neither have they any kind of organization, so that it is difficult to say what the future results will be.

In addition to these different branches

OF THE

the pastor, if not to the congregation. count of the failure of the papacy. The With the decree of religious liberty, Presbyterian Church (North) has one the hall became too small and a church station, with two missionaries; the was built and opened January, r869. Christian and Missionary Alliance, Religious liberty soon became only the South American Evangelical Mis-.

tolerance, but ten other churches and sion, the Plymouth Brethren and the missions were founded, and united to American Bible Society also are seek- form the Reformed Church of Spain. ing to do some work in the republic.

A chapel has been opened in Valencia It is in the darkness of medievalism.

fulfilling the desire of Bishop Cabrera, A REVIVAL IN GREENLAND who found Christ through the study of the Bible, and left the Roman The Lutheran Church in Greenland, Church to devote himself to the which took over the Moravian mission Protestant ministry. years ago, reports a revival of religion among the Christian Eskimos. Former THE CRISIS IN VENEZUELA Moravian helpers have been active in connection with this movement, and The despotic rule of President Cas- the revival has stirred ~ them up to tro-practically a military dictator- publish a church paper in the Eskimo, has at last been overthrown in Vene- that their countrymen may be more zuela. His power depenaed not on his widely reached. ideals or work for the benefit of the nation, but on his ability to control The Danish Missionary Society has the army and his compromise with the transferred the care of all its conrabble and with mountain bandits. gregations in Greenland to a committee With his departure to Germany for of members of the Danish churches surgical treatment he was deposed (undenominational). The memberfrom the presidency and Vice-Presi- ship of all these congregations is dent Gomez stept into Castro's place. ro,8r8, and the congregations trans- With this change of government it is ferred to the Danish Society by the to be hoped that the exploitation of the Moravians in r900 are included. The country to benefit a private purse will committee will look after the spiritual cease, and that increased prosperity needs of these congregations. The and full religious liberty will mean a Danish Missionary Society expects, new era for Venezuela. The new however, to preach the Gospel to the president has taken steps to reach a heathen which still inhabit the eastern peaceful settlement with Holland. and northern parts of Greenland.

This Republic covers a large terri- tory, six times the size of New York INTERDENOMINATIONAL HOME State-larger than France and Ger- MISSION CAMPAIGN many together-and has a population The Home Missions Council, con- of between two and three millions. It sisting of the Home Mission Boards is comparatively neglected from a mis- of the Evangelical denominations sionary view-point. The Roman Cath- throughout the United States, has olics, who include most of the popula- planned for an extensive publicity tion, are still under the shadow of campaign which will be conducted in superstition and corruption. Atheism two series, the first being as follows 5 making progress among them on ac- (two days in each city) :

Brooklyn, January 25th and 26th; Hart- B. Grose, D.D.; Mr. J. Ernest Mcford, January 26th and 27th; Buffalo, J "n- Afee; Rev. Howard J. Melish; Rev. uary 27th and 28th; Cleveland, January W. D. MacKenzie, D.D.; Rev. Floyd 28th and 29th; Pittsburg, January 31st Tomkins, D.D. and February I st; Baltimore, February 1st and 2d; Atlanta, February 3d and 4th; AGAINST COEDUCATION OF WHITES Philadelphia, February 9th and loth. The AND BLACKS second series will be in the Central West as follows: Cincinnati, March 21st and Berea College, in Kentucky, is one 22d; Nashville, March 22d and 23d; St. of the first educational institutions Louis, March 23d and 24th; Kansas City, which made the attempt to educate March 24th and 25th; Omaha, March whites and blacks in the same school. 25th and 26th; Minneapolis, March 28th In 1904, the Kentucky Legislature and 29th; Chicago, March 29th and 30th. enacted a law forbidding the attend- ance of blacks and whites at the same The following subjects will be dis- school. It was a severe blow to the cust: "To-day's Outstanding Prob- college. The question was taken to lems of Home Missions"; "The Unity the Supreme Court of the United states, which has just given a decision of the Church in its Mission to Amer- that the law is valid. The opinion of ica"; "A Christianized America-for Chief Justice Brewer applied the law Nation Building"; "A Christianized only to corporations, and not to indi- viduals, so that a private individual America-for World Redemption" ; may maintain a school for both whites and blacks, but no board of trustees "The Backward People"; "Our Ex- under a State charter. Justice Harlan dissented on the ground that the depanding Frontiers"; "The Immigra- cision does not meet squarely the questing and Emigrating Peoples"; "The tion whether it is a crime to educate Church and Its Resources-the Men whites and blacks together.

and the Means"; "City Evangeliza- It seems as tho race antipathy were taking, nowadays, a hydra-headed tion"; "The Church and rne Labor form, and no sooner is one matter of controversy settled than some new one Movement." The evening of the sec- emerges. Berea College has won for ond day will be devoted to denomina- itself a name and fame in its noble tional rallies which will be arranged work that should suffice to protect and vindicate it. We believe, however, for by the various denominational that this action against Berea will also work out for good, and that there will Home Missionary societies. be two Bereas in place of one if Among the speakers who have al- Christians rally to the support of negro education. ready consented to take part in this campaign are the following: Rev. Charles E. Jefferson, D.D.; Rev. H. L. Morehouse, D.D., LL.D.; Rev. C. L.

Thompson, D.D., LL.D. ; Bishop E. R.

Hendrix, D.D., LL.D.; Rev. James I. Vance, D.D.; Hon. Joshua Levering, LL.D.; Commissioner Robert Watchom; Rev. Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D. ; Rev. H. C. Herring, D.D.; Rev. L. C.

Barnes, D.D.; Rev. Frank Mason North, D.D.; Rev. Charles Stelzle; Rev. W. S. Holt, D.D.; Rev. Howard

J … CKSON'S FUR SUIT FOR SU),l:MEJ< l.'SE IN

From "The Life of Sheldon Jackson." By Prof. Robert Laird Stt:wart. Copyright ]908 by Fkll1ing H, Hevell Company

W ESTMINSTER COLLEGE, SALT LAKE CITY

1. WOMAN'S BUILDING. 2. CONVERSE HALL (ADMINISTRATION BUILDING) From "The Life of Sheldon Jackson." By Prof. Robert Laird Stewart.

Copyright 1908 by Fleming H. Revell Company

BEACON-LIGHTS IN MISSION

SHELDON' JACKSON. THE APOSTLE OF THE NORTHWEST * EDITORIAL About a half-a-century ago, in the Mexico; and, finally, he became the chapel of Princeton Theological Sem- apostle of Alaska-that farthermost inary, the eloquent Dr. McGill de- limit of the American nation; that livered a masterly sermon on the archipelago of the great northwest subject of Missions. He was a re- Pacific. markable preacher, and, in the course of his address, as tho inspired by some It will thus be seen that his labor sudden impulse, he looked straight in has ranged through nine States and the faces of the students before him, four Territories, in the new West bestretched out his long arm, and said yond the Mississippi, where it may be these memorable words : "Young truly said of him, like the Apostle man, if you can not be first, be fore- Paul, "In labors abundant, in journeys most." They were winged words and often, in perils of waters," he has they found their way both to the served his Jfaster and the destitute mind and heart of a young man who peoples of this great Western domain. was present; and who, from that moment, lived and labored in the spirit Dr. Jackson has lived a nomadic of this maxim: If in the race of life. His missionary career has been life he has not been first, he has cer- largely on foot, or in the most crude tainly been among the foremost, road vehicles; and on horse- or mulepressing always to the front in pio- back. Some attempt has been made neering work and laboriously endeav- to estimate the aggregate of distance, oring to carry the Gospel into the covered by his journeys, and it is Western wilds. thought that during the half-century he must have traveled at least That man was Sheldon Jackson. 1,000,000 miles! Vhile he resided in His life of service now covers a full Colorado, each trip to J·lontana must half-century, during which his labors have covered 1,500 miles, and southhave been very widely extended, and ward to Arizona fully 2,000. Durthe variety of his activity a positive ing thirteen continuous years he travphenomenon in the missionary world. eled nearly 350,000 miles, an average He first labored successfully as a for- each year of nearly 30,000. eign missionary in the Indian Territory among the Choctaws; then, after Extensive Travels a short period, he removed to the frontier lines of Iowa and Nebraska, While engaged in the purchase of where for a dozen years or more, as reindeer, in behalf of the Governhas been said of him, he "marshaled ment, in the decade of years between the advance guard of the Church 1890 and 1900, he made one trip to along the slopes of the Rocky Moun- the capital of Kamchatka, and thirtytains" from the northern border of two trips to northeastern Siberia; he Montana to the northern border of made twenty-six journeys to Alaska, each of which involved nearly 20,000 miles of travel; five times he went as far as Point Barrow, the northern- H4The Life of Sheldon Jackson," by Robert L. Stewart, $1.25, net. Fleming H, Revell Co., N. Y. 1908.

most settlement on the Western Con- There were many necessary perils tinent. Not only has his travel been involved in the travel, in exposing constant, but the most of it under his person to intensest cold and most conditions often very unenviable. violent storms of hail and snow, as Railroads were, of course, in their in- weIl as the dangers of ice on the river, fancy in the West, and the traveler traveling amid rapids and dangerous was glad to get a stage-coach, buck- floes. He has crossed mountains at board, lumber-wagon, mule team or a height of from 11,000 to 13,000 feet, ox-cart, and sometimes a reindeer- and has been ground amid ice-floes sledge on the land, and a dugout or and by the ice-packs in the arctic seas. canoe when no better vessel was at Three times his death has been rehand for water transportation. ported, and once he had an oppor- tunity to read his own obituary. Yet in this self-denying explorer, Sheldon Jackson, patience, courage His addresses have numbered thouand sacrifice have never given out. sands, his written reports hundreds, He seems to have had a remarkable and, in addition to all else, for ten power of adapting himself readily to years he edited The Rocky Mountain any variety of circumstances. He Presb),terian, and later on The North counted no ordinary discomforts as Star. Add to these countless letters worth mentioning, and submitted even -personal and official-and equally to the cramped positions necessary countless visits-personal and official in stage-coaches or on buckboards, -and we have some conception of hemmed in with baggage and the "abundant labors," if not of "stripes companionship of the most reckless above measure." and often profligate classes. Some of these trips lasted for days, often a Contributions to Science week or more of uninterrupted travel. Dr. Jackson is interested in every- Not only did Sheldon Jackson en- thing geographical, historical, palceodure discomforts, but he dared dan- logical, and, in the course of his misgers which were incident to the con- sionary tours, has discovered much dition of the territory through which valuable information and secured rare he journeyed, and the rough classes specimens of minerals, pottery and by whom it was partiaIly settled. He curios of various sorts which have enhas ridden with a rifle on his knee riched, for example, the Museum of or a pistol in his pocket in the midst Natural History 111 Sitka and in of murderous Apaches, or equally Princeton. murderous robbers and bandits, narrowly escaping death on more than He has been also a great orone occasion, and once himself taken ganizer; he has organized churches, for a robber or highwayman, with a presbyteries and synods. He has dozen revolvers pointed at him at seven times been a commissioner to once. In one case, the vehicle in the General Assembly, which also which he was riding plunged over a gave him its greatest honor in electsteep preCIpIce, he escaping only by ing him Moderator. So great has leaping out a moment before the been the confidence felt, both in plunge. his integrity and sagacity, that he has been commended by the Government to gather Indian pupils for the schools

BOREALIS, PRESBYTERIAN MISSION AT POINT BARROW~ ALASKA

BY DR. JACKSON} 1890. NORTHERN MOST V1LLAGE AND MISSION ON THE CONTINENT From "The Life of Sheldon Jackson." By Prof. Robert Laird Stewart. Copyright 1908 by Fleming H. Revell Company

SHELDON JACKSON LANDING THE FIRST HERD OF DOMESTICATED REINDEER

AMER I CA, JULY 4. 1892. 2. TH;E HERD. 3. THE FAMILY TEAM From "The Life of Sheldon Jackson." By Prof. Robert Laird Stewart. Copyright 1908 by Fleming H. Revell Company

BEACO~-LIGHTS IN MISSION

at Hampton and Carlisle, as well as to of the public. He has lived down purchase reindeer in Lapland, and misrepresentation and antagonism. render like service in the interest of He has been spoken against as an science and government, exploring evil-doer, but by his rood works which new fields, preparing the ground for men have beheld he has silenced acoccupancy, organizing and harmoni- cusation, and his consistency and conzing elements that were already disor- stancy have been his vindication. ganized, securing acceptable pulpit supplies and donations of money, the No doubt he has faults, and, like land for houses of worship and other well-meaning men, he has made schools, enlisting outside help for the mistakes, but they have not been misneeds of the great field beyond the takes due to insincerity or self-indul- "Father of Waters." Eleven thou- gence. sand Presbyterian churches have been organized in this Western region as He might have amassed wealth, but the result of his missionary labor. He he has traveled to enrich others; he has been called the pioneer, prospect- might have achieved worldly sucor and administrator all in one. We cesses, but he has preferred to proare not sure but he deserves the title mote the kingdom of God, and he has given to Livingstone in the Dark Con- been nowhere without leaving a blesstinent-"a missionary general and ing behind him, and the seecl that he statesman"; for the work he has done has sown abundantly has sprung up in the West strongly reminds us of in abundant harvest. the work of the great African explorer in the midst of the black men A Hero of Faith of the Dark Continent. The late Francis E. -Willard said, Mr. Charles Halleck, the well-known "You are one of my heroes. You editor and author, ventures to say of have stood for all our Gospel means, his power in this great home mission- not in a luxurious parish or splendid ary work that it is undoubtedly with- college, but out yonder on the edge out parallel in human history, not of things, where God's most friendonly in its religious and philanthropic less children turn toward you the eyes aspects, but in the extent of the itin- of pathos and hope." It was long erary, the diversity of labor and the ago said by a distinguished man "that multifarious services rendered on the the modern history of missions furside of one's fellow man. We have nished the twenty-ninth chapter of the serious doubt as to whether it is Acts of the Apostles," and another proper to speak in high terms of en- has said "that there is a new roll-call comium of any living individual, and of heroes in the record of home miswe feel sure that Dr. Jackson, humble sions which may be added to the and modest, would thus reply against eleventh chapter of Hebrews"-that any excessive praise, or even merited vVestminster Abbey of Old Testament expre69'ion of oblig'ation; but it is a saints. Our Lord's great command joy to see him, while yet living ancl to His disciples was: "Occupy till I active, enjoying the appreciation of come." This motto is specially aphimself and his work upon the part plicable to the western part of our great national heritage.

It is beyond the Rocky Mountains that the civilizations of the world, as

with conflicting tides, have met and upon the foundations he has laid, the dashed against one another. Mor- gold, silver and precious stones of a monism in the Salt Lake Valley, consecrated, acceptable service. The paganism, socialism and anarchism, pioneer stage has not yet passed, for with all other accompanying sons of there is plenty of work to be done in Anak, have their strongholds even the ever-increasing and extending teryet on the Western slopes. Suspi- ritories of the West, but there is much cion, ignorance, immorality and idol- work also to be carried on on the basis atry are still rampant beyond the Mis- of what has already been done, and sissippi, and it is owing to such a man God is looking to His Church, in as Sheldon Jackson that the strong- these days, to embrace the great opholds of these Anakim have been cap- portunity-which is at once a field tured and occupied for God. for home missionary and foreign missionary effort-home missionary What we need now is for men of in its location and often largely forlike spirit to follow up this courage- eign missionary in its population. ous and devoted pioneer and build, ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF MISSIONARY WORK AMONG THE JEWS THE CENTENARY OF THE LONDON JEWS' SOCIETY BY REV. LO"UIS MEYER With a number of great gatherings tionalistic tendencies of the times. All in London from February 8 to 15, the other efforts to bring the Gospel to centenary year of the London Society the Jews, which were insignificant at for Promoting Christianity Amongst best, were practically at a standstill. the Jews (or London Jews' Society, A few faithful ministers of Christ in as it is commonly called), will come Germany and England remembered to its close. The greatest of all the the Jews, who were living in their missionary societies, organized for the parishes, and preached special serspecific purpose of preaching the Gos- mons to them, which in some instances pel to the Jews, now looks back upon were printed and distributed by them a century of earnest, faithful, fruitful as tracts to other Jews outside their service for the Master. The history parishes. But it might well be said of its work is a means of strengthen- that no organized efforts to bring the ing of our faith and incites us to an Gospel to the Jews were in existence increase of our efforts in the Master's as the nineteenth century commenced work for the Jews throughout the its eventful career. But the Lord was world. already preparing the instrument which He intended to use in the organ- The close of the eighteenth century ization of that great Jewish missionfound the great Lutheran Jewish mis- ary society which, by His blessing, sionary work in Germany, the Institu- was to become the mother of all modtum Judaicum in Halle, founded in ern missionary effort among the Jews. 1728 by the pious Professor Callenberg, abandoned on account of the ra- On May 8, 1798, a young Bavarian

IC)OC) MISSIONARY WORK AMONG THE JEWS

THE LONDON JEWSJ SOCIETY GIRLS SCHOOL IN TUNIS" NORTH AFRICA Jew, Joseph Samuel Levy, acknowl- Frey had a most remarkable dream, edged his faith in the Lord J eSl1S which he thus describes: Christ in public baptism in the large Lutheran church at New Branden- I read in a newspaper that the two burg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and received, according to the common prac- brethren, Palm and Ulbricht, as well as tise, three additional names, so that he myself, were to preach in London; that was henceforth known as Joseph Sam- the Jews in particular were (in a most uel Christian Frederick Frey. The affectionate manner) invited to the disprovidence of God led him into the course which I was to deliver. The apcompany of deeply spiritual men, and pointed day approached; an immense as he grew in years, the earnest desire crowd collected, and I was enabled to to become a missionary to the heathen preach to them with great freedom and took hold of him, so that he entered to lift up. my voice like a trumpet. I the missionary seminary of Janike in thought that the effect of this discourse Berlin. Having been rejected by Dr. was, that I was afterward desired to stay Knap of Halle as a candidate for the in London to preach both to Jews and work of the Danish Missionary So- Gentiles; to which I replied, that I could ciety "on account of his having been not possibly part with my dear brethren, a Jew," Frey, together with Palm and Palm and Ulbricht, and let them go Ulbricht, was sent to London in Sep- alone, but, that if the directors would tember, 1801, that the three might send for another missionary to accomenter the service of the London Mis- pany those brethren, I would consent; sionary Society and go to the assist- and with which the directors having comance of Dr. Van der Kemp in Africa. plied, I resolved to remain in England.

On September 15, rSor, while wait- That remarkable dream became ing in Gravesend to go up to London, true, for five months later, the direct- ors of the London Missionary So- ciety, having learned that Frey was a Jew and had shown great interest in his Jewish brethren in London, asked him if he would like to stay in

the city and preach to the Jews. Frey spiritual concerns of the Society con- consented, but asked that he be per- nected with the chapels, the schools, mitted to prepare himself for the and the education of missionaries be work at the famous Gosport Mission- henceforth separately conducted by ary Seminary. In May, 1805, he the churchmen and dissenters respect- commenced his regular labors as a ively," proved a failure. The raising missionary of the London Mission- of funds became more and more diffi- ary Society among the Jews in Lon- cult, so that the Society was $70,000 don, and three Jews, the first fruits in debt at the beginning of the year of his labors, were publicly baptized 1815. Then the dissenters decided to in September, 1806. Soon, however, withdraw in favor of their brethren difficulties arose in regard to the ques- of the Established Church, and on tion of temporal relief for Jews, and lIarch 14, 1815, the Society was de- a society was formed on August 4, clared to be exclusively a Church of 1808, for the purposes of visiting and England institution. Churchmen have relieving the sick and dis trest, espe- been the sole managers of the Society .cially Jews, of which Frey became since then.

president. This undenominational Sir Thomas Baring became presi- society was renamed "The London dent; Lewis Way paid $50,000 of the Society for the Promotion of Chris- Society's debt from a bequest left to tianity Amongst the Jews" ( subse- him, and friends quickly paid the re- quently modified into "for Promoting maining debt of $20,000, so that the Christianity Amongst the Jews"), on London Jews' Society entered upon its February 15, 1809, and Frey severed existence as an institution conducted his connection with the London Mis- in strict conformity to the liturgy and sionary Society and became the lec- formularies of the Church of Eng- turer of the new society. He began a land unencumbered and free from debt.

course of lectures in the French- Frey had to step out, receiving an an- Protestant church which attracted nuity of $500 for the first year and large congregations, among whom $250 for the next ten years. He went were from two to three hundred Jews. to the United States, where he became A considerable number of Jews pub- intimately connected with missionary licly con fest Christ in baptism. work among the Jews scattered But soon internal discord and theo- throughout the East and South, and logical differences arose among the died as pastor of the Baptist Church members of the undenominational in Pontiac, Mich., on January 5, 1850.

society, for churchmen and dissent- The business of the reconstructed ers were unable to agree. The foun- Society is managed by a committee dation-stone of "Palestine Place," the composed of from eighteen to twenty- famous chapel of the Society in Beth- four lay members of the Established nal Green, had been laid by the Duke Church of England or of the Church of Kent in April, 1813, and the church of Ireland, the patron, the vice-pa- had been solemnly dedicated on July trons, the president, vice-presidents, 16, 1814, but non-conformists could trustees, treasurer, secretaries, and of not officiate in it. An attempt to solve all such clergymen as shall have been the difficulties by resolving that "the five years members of the Society. At

WORK AMONG THE JEWS

present the patron of the Society is emperors, kings, and princes at Aix- ~he Archbishop of Canterbury, while la-ChapelIe, and asked that equal civil the great majority of archbishops and rights be granted to the Jews every- bishops of the Church of England in where. In 1821 he placed at the So- Great Britain and its colonies, and a ciety's disposal Aldsworth House, few Lords (among them the Earl of Stanstead, in Sussex, where the sem- "berdeen, who is an elder of the inary for the training of missionaries Church of Scotland, we believe), are was located, and in 1829 he presented its vice-patrons. Its president is Sir his valuable library of Hebrew and John H. Kennaway, and its secreta- other Jewish books to the seminary.

ries are the Rev. W. T. Gidney and Lewis Way died on January 23, I 840, the Rev. F. L. Denman. "the best earthly friend, out of many Immediately after the reconstruc- good friends, whom Almighty God tion in the year 1815, famous church- has vouchsafed to the Society during men came to the aid of the Society, its hundred years." "The providen- and among its most active helpers tial circumstances under which Lewis were found the great Charles Simeon, Way was led to take an interest in the famous Legh Richmond, the elo- the Society were of a strange and quent W. Marsh, and many others. romantic character, and the following The auxiliaries, founded in the differ- account of them was furnished by a ent parts of the kingdom between member of his family. Two friends, 181O and 1815, were reorganized upon himself and another, were riding one a church basis, and the support from day, in the winter of 18II, from Ex- church people gradually increased, so mouth to Exeter, when their atten- that within five years after the reor- tion was called to a group of oaks.

ganization the annual income rose to They were told that a Miss Jane Par- more than $5°,000. The enthusiastic minter, who had lately died, was so Lewis Way, who had led so mag- deeply interested in the welfare of the nanimously in the paying of the debt, Jews that she left a clause in her will traveled at his own expense through that those trees should not be cut the countries of the Continent and down until the Jews had returned to Palestine in the interest of the work. their own land. This striking story In Berlin the British minister, Sir about the "Oaks of a la Ronde," as George Rose, took a lively interest they were called, so imprest Way that and a local mission, with the great an interest and spiritual concern for Professor Tholuck as the Society's the salvation of Israel at once sprang representative, was established a few up in his heart. He made inquiries years later. In Russia the Czar, whether any Christians had ever done Alexander I, granted him an inter- anything in this direction, heard of view, and received him so graciously the London Jews' Society, which was that on July 20, 1817, the committee then struggling along, and at once decided to establish a mission among came to its rescue in the princely way the Jews of Russian Poland; but already recorded. The fact which Warsaw, the first station, was not oc- transpired many years later (in cupied until 182I. It was Lewis Way 1882), that no such clause as that to who appeared before the gathering of which 'Nay's notice was called existed

in Jane Parminter's will, does not in- Girls' schools, and several residences.

validate the other fact, that his love In the Jews' Chapel, which was dedi- for the Jews was the result of what cated on July 16, 1814, 1,765 persons he heard, even tho it was but a pious of the Jewish race were baptized in fiction." * the eighty-one years of its use. It had We have no space to follow the seen the formation of the first exclu- missionaries of the Society as they sively Hebrew Christian Association, occupy or traverse the different couu- "The Children of Abraham," on Sep- tries where Jews are fouud, and simply tember 9, 1813. It had been the spir- give the names of some places and itual home of the converts of the the year in which the work there was' Society, the boys and girls of the mis- begun; Holland, India, Palestine, and sionary schools, the students of the Germany, 1820; Russian Poland, Missionary College, and the inmates 1821; Prussian Poland and Hamburg, of the Operative Jewish Converts' In- 1825; Asia Minor, 1829; Algiers, stitution (a kind of industrial school 1832; Austrian Poland, 1833; Tunis, for converts founded in 1829). Almost 1834; Turkey in Europe, 1835; Bag- every Lord's day afternoon and on dad, 1844; Rumania, 1846; Egypt, all the great Jewish feasts a service 1847; Persia, 1851; Abyssinia, 1859; in Hebrew, followed by a sermon in France, 1869; Italy, 1870; Austria, German, had been held in it. In the 1871; Montreal, 1902. To-day the schools multitudes of Jewish boys and London Jews' Society has 46 stations girls had received Christian instruc- in Great Britain, Germany, Holland, tion. Yet the cause of Christ among Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, the Jews in London was served best Russia, Turkey, Asia Minor, Pal- by its surrender before the lease ex- estine, Syria, Persia, Abyssinia, pired in 1910, and thus Palestine Egypt, Morocco, Tunis, and Can- Place is only a memory of the past.

ada. It employs a staff of 222 No new Jews' chapel has been missionary workers of all kinds, and erected, but the missionary schools the aggregate income from all sources have found a beautiful and comfort- amounted to more than $246,000 in able home on Streatham Common, 190 7. London, S. W., while the Operative Of all the stations the most im- Jewish Converts' Institution is no portant and best equipped is London. longer subsidized by the Society since Palestine Place, in Bethnal Green, 1893, and has found a permanent whose foundation-stone had been laid home in Bodney Road, Hackney.

by the Duke of Kent in 1813, re- Since 1895 the mission hall in White- mained the center of activity until chapel is the center of the work in 1895, when its ninety-nine years' London, while six parochial missions, lease was relinquished. It contained in Spitalfields, Whitechapel, Stepney, _ a group of institutions; namely, the and Canonbury, are trying to reach Missionary College, the Operative those Jews in London who can not be Jewish Converts' Institution, the fa- reached from the mission hall. The mous Jews' Chapel, the Boys' and the total number of workers now em- • Gidney, "History of the London Jews' So· ployed in London is twenty-eight, and ciety," p. 151. eleven Jews were baptized in 1907.

MISSIONARY WORK AMONG THE JEWS

Next in importance is the work of and is really the father of the whole the London Jews' Society in Pales- work; while Stern came in 1859, and tine, especially in Jerusalem. In J eru- persuaded Flad to become connected salem are thirty mIssIOnary agents with the London Jews' Society. In employed in the Boys' and Girls' 1862 the first twenty-two Falashas Boarding Schools, the Honse of In- were baptized, among them the fadustry, the Inquirers' Home, the Med- mous Debtera Beru. Then some difical Mission and Hospital, and the ficulties arose. The Queen of Engpreaching of the Gospel. The sta- land failed to answer a letter of King A LONDON J£WS' SOCIETY MEETING IN THE MISSION HALL} ROTTERDAM tions outside Jerusalem are Siloam, Theodore of Abyssinia, while Na- Safed, Haifa, and Jaffa. poleon's answer gave great offense, so that the King was angry with all The most romantic field of the So- Europeans. Stern, in his book, ciety is Abyssinia, where its mission- "Wanderings Among the Falashas in aries took over the work of the Chris- Abyssinia," spoke of Theodore's humchona Brethren (commenced in 1855), ble origin and aroused the anger of among the Falashas, the black Jews the monarch still more. Soon after, of Abyssinia, in 1859. The names of in 1863, Stern was received by the Martin Flad, the pioneer missionary, King, and he ordered Stern's servants and Herman A. Stern, the martyr of flogged, because their mode of inter- Abyssinia, are closely connected with preting was obnoxious to him. Stern it. Flad reached Abyssinia in 1855, became nervous and bit his finger, ways emphasized the necessity of unaware that such a gesture in Abys- good missionary literature, tho it has SlUm meant revenge. The King be- not done much free distribution of it. came incensed. Stern was struck In 1817 the first issue of the Hebrew down, bound hand and foot, and con- New Testament appeared (revised in signed to prison. Four years and a 1838), while the translation of the half he was to suffer heartrending and Old Testament into Jud.eo-Polish heartbreaking martyrdom. Soon he was published in 1830. "The Pilwas joined by his helper Rosenthal grim's Progress" was printed in Heand his wife, the English consul, Mr. brew in 1844. Many tracts for Taland Mrs. Flad, and a number of oth- l11udical Jews, and lately some for ers. Flad was released and sent to modern Jews, have been published, the Queen of England. Days, months, and the Yiddish missionary publicayears of suffering and peril of life went by, until at last an English army tion K ot M -bhasser, edited by Rev. A. under Sir Robert Napier arrived. Then Theodore released the prison- Bernstein in London, is greatly appreers. A decisive defeat of the husky ciated by Jews everywhere. monarch followed; Magdala, the stronghold, was stormed and cap- The results of the hundred years' tured, and Theodore took his own work of the London Jews' Society life. The missionaries returned to can not be given in figures. The Europe, and Flad settled in Canstatt, number of Jews baptized by its faith- Germany, watching for an opportu- ful missionaries or as a fruit of their nity to return to the Falashas, but consecrated efforts can not be ascerfaithful Debtera Beru carried on the tained. But among its converts we work among his brethren in the mean- find Hebrew Christians whose names time. The time for the return of the are known the world over, among European missionaries to Abyssinia them Bishops Alexander, Hellmuth, has not yet come, neither King John and Schereschewsky, Moses Margonor King Menelek being willing to liouth, and many others. Among its grant permission for it, yet faithful missionaries we find the great Mc- Falasha Christians have carried on Caul, author of the "Old Paths," a the work with much zeal and success. book that has not been answered by Mr. Flad still keeps in touch with his the Jewish rabbis; Ewald, Guinsburg, spiritual children in Abyssinia by let- Bruehl, Eppstein, and a galaxy of ter, and in spite of opposition, and other noble, consecrated Jews and even persecution, the Gospel has pros- Gentiles whose love to Christ has pered among the Falashas, of whom forced them to preach His riches to 1,513 have been baptized in the Abys- the Jews throughout the world. The sinian Church, indirect fruits of the results of their labors upon the J ewwork of Flad and Stern. ish hearts none can even estimate.

The London Jews' Society has al- Our prayer at this centenary is that the Lord will abundantly increase the usefulness and strength of the So- ciety to the salvation of Israel. PREPARED BY MISS BELLE M. BRAIN Feb. 1. 1801.-Birth of Titus Coan, of Feb. 17, 1818.-Death of Obookiah. Hawaii. See "Transformation of Hawaii," by Brain. See "Adventures in Patagonia" and "Life in Hawaii," by Titus eGan. Feb. 18, 1781.-Birth of Henry Martyn, of India. Feb. 1, 1801.-Birth of George Dana Boardman, of Burma. See "Pioneers and Founders," by Yonge; HModern Heroes of the Mission Field," by See "Encyclopedia of .Missions." Walsh; and "Men of !light in India's Mis- sions," by Holcomb. Feb. 2, 1807.-Birth of Eliza Agnew, of Ceylon. Feb. 18, 1867.-Death of William Good- dell, of Turkey. See "Eminent Missionary Women," by Mrs. Gracey, ;lso, 'THE MISSIONARY REVIEW, See "Encyclopedia of Missions." August, 1890, p. 596. Feb. 19, 1812.-Adoniram Judson sailed Feb. 6, 1812.-0rdination of Judson, Hall, for India. ~ ewell, N ott and Rice, the first foreign missionaries from America. See I'Life of Adoniram Judson," by Edward Judson. See article in this number of REVIEW, p. 100. Feb. 20, 1873.-Japanese sign-boards with Feb. 8, 1890.-Death of Alexander 1-Iack- edicts against Christianity removed. ay, of Uganda. See "Gist of Japan." by Peery, and "All See "11ackay of egallda," by his sister, and About Japan," by Brain. "Uganda's Vhite l'1'Iall of Work," by Fahs. Feb. 21, 1869.-Public Baptism of Rana- Feb. 8, 1903.-Death of the Rev. Boon valona II., in Madagascar. Boon Ttt, of Siam. See :MISSIONARY REVIEW, November, 1890, p. See MISSIONAHY REVIEW, May, 1904, p. 375. 808.

Feb. 9, 1818.-David Jones and Thomas Feb. 22, l870.-James Gilmour sailed for China. Bevan sailed for Madagascar. See "James Gilmour of Mongolia," by Lovett. See ".Madagascar of To-day," by Wm. E. Cousins. Feb. 22, 1875.-Mtesa's request for mis- sionaries given through Henry M. Feb. 10, 1822.-Death of Levi Parsons, of Stanley. Syria. See '4Mackay of Uganda," by his sister. See "Encyclopedia of :Missions." Feb. 23, l719.-Death of Bartholomew Feb. 10, 1870.-0rdination of James Gil- Ziezenbalg, of India. mour, of Mongolia. See "Protestant Missions," by Thompson and See uJames Gilmour of llongolia," by Richard "Men of ~right in India's Missions," by Lovett. Holcowb.

Feb. 11, 1831.-Death of George Dana Feb. 25, 1812.-Completion of the Per- Boardman. sian New Testament, by Henry Mar- tyn. See "Encyclopedia of 11issions." See references given for birth of Martyn. Feb. 11, 1889.-Religious liberty pro- claimed in Japan. Feb. 28, 1797.-Birth of Mary Lyon, of Persia. See "Japan and Its Hegeneration," by Cary. See "Eminent Missionary Women," by Mrs. Feb. 12, 1878.-Death of Alexander Duff, Gracey. of India. A Missionary Anniver.ary Program See "Life of Alexander Duff," by Smith; "Modern Heroes of the Mission Field," by for Febl'UaI')". (See p. 100.) Walsh; and ":'lien of Might in India's Mis- sions," by Holcomb. SCRIPTURE LESSON; "The Ordination of the First Foreign Missionaries;' Acts 13: Feb. 13, 1798.-Death of Christian Fred- 1-5. erick Schwartz, of India. QUOTATIONS: (To be memorized, or used as See "Pioneers and Founders," by Y onge j wall mottoes.) "Protestant 1-fissions," by Thompson; "He- roes of the Mission Field," by Walsh; and "We can do it if we will."-SAMUEL J. "Men of :Might in India's Missions," by Holcomb. MILLS. "The prospects are as bright as the prom- Feb. 14, 1831.-Birth of James Stewart, ises of God."-ADONIRAM JUDSON. of Lovedale, South Africa. MAP: On a Mercator's map of the world See :MISSIONARY REVIEW, April, 1906, p. 290. trace the journeys of each of these first foreign missionaries from Amer- Feb. 14, 1792.-Birth of William Gooddell, ica, marking their final destination with a star. It will add to the interest if of Turkey. cords of different colors are used to indi- cate the journeys-red for the Judsons, See "Encyclopedia of lVIissions." blue for the Newells, pink for Hall, green for the Notts, and yellow for Rice. Feb. 15, 1809.-Founding of the "London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews."

See ~rticle on p. 92 of this number of the REVIEW.

Feb. 15, 1865.-Birth of the Rev. Boon Boon Itt.

See M,SSIONARY REVIEW, May, 1904. p. 375. AMERICA'S FIRST FOREIGN MISSIONARIES Ordained February 6, 1812. Sailed February 19, 1812.

BY MISS BELLE M. BRAIN, DETROIT, MICHIGAN Author of HAdventures with Four-footed Folk," etc.

In the Tabernacle Church at Salem, up, was continued under a haystack lTass., there is a quaint old settee that in the meadow. As some of those is carefully preserved as a sacred and present were studying geography, the precious relic. On it sat Judson, thought turned upon the continent of Hall, Newell, Nott and Rice on that Asia and its deep moral darkness. memorable day in February, 1812, Mills, whose great life purpose was when they were ordained to foreign ever uppermost in mind, at once pro- missIOnary service. Above it hangs posed that they themselves send the a picture of the scene as quaint and Gospel to these benighted peoples. curious as the bench itself. "We can do it if we will," he added, most earnestly. Great as was the proj- The formal setting apart of these ect, the little company at once asfirst foreign missionaries from Amer- sented to it, and the meeting closed with fervent prayers for the realiza- THE FAMOUS MISSIONARY SETTEE tion of their vision.

ica marked the dawn of a new era in Little did these young men-the the world's evangelization. The events "Haystack Heroes," we call themwhich led up to it were as follows: realize the greatness of their action. As theirs was the first definite resolu- In the spring of 1806, Samuel J. tion, so far as known, made on this side of the Atlantic to send the Gos- Mills, an earnest young Christian in pel to the heathen, that sultry Saturwhose heart the desire to be a mis- day in the summer of 1806 is regarded sionary had become a ruling passion, as the birthday, and the haystack in entered Williams College to prepare the meadow as the birthplace of for his chosen calling. A revival was American Foreign Missions. The date in progress there, and during the sum- has been lost, but the site of the haymer which followed a little group of stack is marked by an appropriate students, of whom Mills was one, met monument of marble. twice a week for prayer in a grove near the college. One Saturday after- The next definite step was taken noon, late in July or early in August, two years later, when, on September it was so hot and sultry that five only 7, 1808, after months of prayer and deliberation, five young men, two of -Samuel J. Mills, James Richards, whom had been present at the hay- stack, met under the leadership of Francis L. Robbins, Harvey Loomis Mills and organized a society known and Byram Green-were in attend- as the Brethren, each member of ance. The meeting began in the which took a solemn pledge to go to grove, but, a thunder-storm coming the heathen. Public opinion being opposed to missions, its organization was kept secret and its constitution dra wn up in cipher.

AMERICA'S FIRST FOREIGN MISSIONARIES

Early in 1810, when Mills entered men from America. This aroused Andover to complete his preparation, Mills to action. he found there was not only some of his old associates from Williams, but "What!" he exclaimed, "is England also three new men-Adoniram J ud- to support her own missionaries and son, Jr., from Brown; Samuel Nott, ours likewise? Oh, shame!" Jr., from Union, and Samuel Newell, from Harvard-in whose hearts God At his instigation, and acting on the advice of the faculty and several prominent pastors, four of the volun- By courtesy of the Missionary Herald ORDINATION OF THE MISS[QNARIES ]N 1812 had planted the same holy purpose. teers-Judson, Nott, Newell and These soon signed the constitution of Mills-appeared before the Massathe Society of the Brethren, which chusetts General Association of Conhad now been transferred to the sem- gregational Churches, in session at inary. Bradford, and on Thursday after- noon, June 28, 1810, presented a paper There was thus a band of college- drawn up by Judson and signed by trained men ready to go to the field, the four, in which they made known but as yet no society in America to their desire to go to the heathen, and send them. Becoming impatient of asked if they might hope for support delay, in April, 1810, Judson, whose from a society in America. Two brilliant intellect naturally made him others, James Richards and Luther a leader, wrote to the London Mis- Rice, had at first been included, but sionary Society to ask if they would their names were withdrawn lest the be willing to send out several young

Association be so alarmed at the honor man from Williams, was glad prospect of supporting siX' foreign to take his place) were appointed missionaries as to immediately veto missionaries of the Board "to labor in the project! Asia, in the Burman empire, in Surat, in the Prince of Wales Island, After long discussion the matter or elsewhere, as Providence shall was referred to a committee, with the open the most favorable door." The result that on the following day, June salary was fixt at $666.66 for a mar- 29, 1810, an American Board of Com- ried couple and $44445 for a single missioners for Foreign Missions was man. No time was set for their deappointed to look after the whole mat- parture. They were merely counseled ter. Thus was born the famous Amer- to continue their studies and wait paican Board, which for almost a cen- tiently for future developments. tury has taken so large a part in the world's evangelization. Its first meet- Of the four, Hall alone expected ing was held at Farmingham, Conn., to go out unmarried. Judson's promon September 5, 1810, around a little ised wife, Ann Hasseltine, was a very mahogany table which is still pre- beautiful girl, of many accomplishserved in the rooms of the Board in ments, whom he had first met on that Boston. memorable day when he and his com- panions appeared before the General The first question that faced the Association at Bradford. Judson's infant Board was one of means. The son tells about this meeting: men were ready, but there was almost no money. In view of this, in January, "The story is told that during the I8I1, Judson was sent to Eng- sessions the ministers gathered for a land to confer with the London Mis- dinner beneath 1fr. Hasseltine's hossionary Society relative to prosecu- pitable roof. His youngest daughter, ting the work jointly with that body. Ann, was waiting on the table. Her The directors wisely declined to form attention was attracted to the YOLlng any alliance with the Americans, but student whose bold missionary projagreed to receive their missionaries ects were making sLlch a stir. But until their own support could be man- what was her surprize to observe, as aged. she moved about the table, that he seemed completely absorbed in his "We hope," they said, "that when plate! Little did she dream that she the American churches know that had already woven her spell around four of their own number have en- his young heart, and that he was, at gaged in the service, they will give that very time, composing a graceful so liberally that not only four, but stanza in her praise." forty may go forth." Harriet Atwood, Newell's bride, But the proffered help was not was a charming girl, scarcely more needed, for the Board decided to sup- than seventeen, when she promised to port its own missionaries. At its sec- go with him to far-off Asia. Born in ond meeting, held September II, a neighboring town and educated at 1811, Messrs. Judson, Hall, Newell the same academy, Ann Hasseltine and Nott (it was deemed expedient was her friend and companion, and for Mills to remain for a time in this it was largely through her that her country, and Gordon Hall, a first-

AMERICA'S FIRST FOREIGN MISSIONARIES !O3

thoughts had been turned to the suIt, persecution and perhaps a violent heathen. Both felt called to the field death? Can you consent to all this for independently of their husbands, and the sake of Him who left His heavenly both were ready to lay down their home and died for you and for her; for lives for the cause. Soon after deci- the sake of perishing immortal souls; for ding to go, Harriet Atwood wrote in the sake of Zion and the glory of God? her journal: Can you consent to all this in the hope of soon meeting your daughter in the N ever before did my dear mamma and world of glory, with a crown of rightmy brothers and sisters appear so dear eousness, brightened by the acclamations to me. But God commands me. How of praise which shall redound to her Sacan I ever pray for the promotion of vior from heathen saved, through her the Gospel among the heathen if I am means, from eternal wo and despair? unwilling to offer my little aid when such an opportunity is given. . . . Oh, At length, most unexpectedly, the could I be the instrument of bringing one time for their departure arrived. In degraded female to Jesus, how I should January, 1812, HaIl and Nott, who be repaid for every tear and every pain! were studying medicine in Philadel- phia, came to Boston in great haste It is hard to realize what it cost to to say that the H armany would sail be a missionary in those early days. in two weeks for Calcutta, and would No one had as yet left America to go take them as passengers! Shortly to the heathen, and public sentiment after it was learned that the Caravan, was opposed to it. For a man it was bound for the same port, would sail regarded as absurd in the extreme; before long from Salem, and would for a woman, entirely "inconsistent take the rest of the party. These anwith prudence and delicacy." The nouncements threw the Board into a voyage was long, the climate of In- great state of perplexity. There was dia unfavorable, and the character of only $r,200 on hand and $5,000 at the natives so little known that life least would be neecled. Yet opporitself seemed in danger. Then, too, tunities for obtaining passage to India letters fro,n home must necessarily be were of stich rare occurrence that infrequent, and the engagement was they dared not let these pass by. Fifor life, with no provision for fur- nally, in fear and trembling, they loughs. Yet these young missionaries resolved to sencl the missionaries out, had fully counted the cost-how fully Luther Rice, at his urgent request, may be inferred from the following being added to the number. Well it letter written by Judson to Mr. Has- was that they came to this decision, seltine when asking for his daughter's for in June war broke out with Great hand: Britain, which would have delayed their going for years. I have now to ask whether you can consent to part with your daughter early The ordination service, which took next spring to sec her no more in this place, as has been said, on Thursday, world? Whether you can consent to her 17ebruary 6, in the Tabernacle at departure to a heathen land, and her sub- Salem, was a solemn and impressive jection to the hardships and sufferings of occasion. The sight of five young a missionary life? Vhether you can con- men-no mention is made of the sent to her exposure to the dangers of young women-whose talents were the ocean; to the fatal influences of the such that they might have filled promclimate of southern India; to every kind of want and distress; to degradation, in-

inent pulpits at home, giving up their Board was able to meet all expenses earthly prospects to go to the heathen, for passage and outfit and give to moved the great audience so deeply each missionary more than a year's that many shed tears. salary to take with him.

That same evening Messrs. Hall On June 17, 1812, :lfter a long voyand Rice, with Mr. and Mrs. Nott, age of four months, the Caravan, with left for Philadelphia to be in season the Judsons and Newells on board, for the sailing of the Harmony. arrived at Calcutta. Here they were Messrs. Judson and Newell, with welcomed by Carey, who invited them DEPARTURE OF THE aCARAVANU FOR INDIA, CARRYING THE JUDSONS AND THE NEWELLS 'It This little vessel sailed from the harbor, Salem, Mass., February 19, 1812 their wives, remained, expecting to to become the guests of the missionsail early the next week from Salem. aries at Serampore while they waited Both vessels were unexpectedly de- for the coming of their colleagues. tained. The Caravan finally sailed on Kind as he was to them, the great the 19th, and the Harmony on the Baptist missionary did not form a 20th; but the latter, owing to con- high estimate of their ability. They trary winds, was obliged to put back were delicate, slender, refined-looking into port, and did not get away until people, and all seemed so youthful. the 24th. This detention, tho trying "I have little hope from the Amerito the missionaries, was evidently in cans," he wrote. "If they should reaccordance with the providence of main in the East, American habits are God. So great was the interest too luxurious for a preparation to aroused by their departure that money live among savages." Little did he began to flow in from all quarters. know the heroism of which these New By the time the vessels saile~ the Englanders were capable.

.. The picture is from an exceptionally fine steel engraving which appeared in a book known as the "Judson Offering" printed in 1846 as a memorial of Judson's visit to the United States. The cut js loaned by the courtesy of the Baptist Missionary Magazine.

AMERICA'S FIRST FOREIGN MISSIONARIES

The stay in Serampore was most she was released from her sufferings restful after the long ocean voyage, and laid to rest in Port Louis.

but not long were they allowed to Thus passed away the first Amer- remain there in peace. India was at ican foreign missionary martyr-for that time under the control of the martyr indeed she was, a victim of the East India Company, which was hos- East India Company's persecution.

tile to missions, and almost immedi- Hers is one of the saddest deaths on ately Judson and Newell received or- record, yet one of the most glorious ders to return to America at once in and fruitful. From the beginning she the vessel that had brought them. knew she could not recover, yet she Through the intercession of friends in Serampore and Calcutta, they ob- tained permission to remain, but for a brief time only. The next question was where they should go. Burma was distracted by war, and the gov- ernment so cruel and despotic it seemed useless to think of establish- ing a mission there, and permission to settle elsewhere in India was denied them. Finally, having heard of a pos- sible opening in the Isle of France, now called Mauritius, on August 4, Mr. and Mrs. Newell took passage thither. As the vessel could accom- modate but two, the Judsons re- mained at Calcutta, hoping soon to ADONIRAM JUDSON follow. First American lIissionary to Burma The voyage proved long and disastrous. Owing to storms they were never murmured nor regretted the driven about for more than a month step she had taken, but talked calmly in the Bay of Bengal, and at length of death and the glory that was to were obliged to put in for repairs at follow. Tho not permitted to be "the Coringa. Again delayed by storms, instrument of bringing one degraded Mrs. Newell became the mother of female to ]tcSUS," her consecrated life a little daughter while on shipboard. and early death did as much as many All went well for a few days; but a long life spent in the service. Her another storm coming on, both mother story was told far and wide in Amerand baby took cold, with the result ica, and the tenderest feelings of adthat the baby died and was buried at miration and awe gathered around the young New England girl who died a sea, and the mother contracted hasty stranger in a strang" land before she consumption, from which she never was twenty. Christians of her day recovered. Early in November they were moved to give and pray as never reached their destination, and three before for missions, and so many weeks later, on November 30, 1812, mothers named daughters for her, in

the hope that they might catch some- ond great missionary society of Amer- thing of her spirit, that more than one ica came into existence.

Harriet Newell has told the love of Cnable to secure passage to the Isle Christ in heathen lands and won the of France as they had promised Hall souls she hoped to win. and the Kotts were forced to remain at Calcutta. In October, however, On August 8, four days after the they resolved to attempt the estabdeparture of the ~ewells, the H ar- lishment of a mission in Bombay, mOllY, with Hall, Rice and the Notts where there was a new governor faon board, arrived at Calcutta. Almost vorable to missions. They obtained immediately they, too, received orders permission to depart in the ship C0111to return home in the vessel that had merce; but on November 17, when brought them. Only by the most ur- their baggage was on board and their gent appeals did they obtain permis- passage-money paid, they were orsion to remain until passage could be dered to embark in one of the East Insecured to Port Louis. But this was dia Company's vessels for EnglanJ.

only the beginning of their troubles. They succeeded, however, in evading ~Jot long after, the J udsons made the this order, and on February II, after startling disclosure that, as a result a voyage of eleven weeks, arrived in of a study begun on shipboard, they Bombay. Here difficulties almost in- were about to sever their connection surmountable awaited them. Again with the American Board and cast and again they were ordered to Eng- their lot with the Baptists! A little land; but after nearly a year, through later Rice confest that, tho on a dif- the kindly offices of the Christian ferent vessel, he had been led in the . governor, they obtained permission to same way and felt impelled to take remain in Bombay~ The llarathi Mis- the same action. sion of the American Board-the To all concerned-the J udsons first Protestant mission on the west themselves, their associates in India, coast of India-which they were thus and their friends and supporters at enabled to establish, has continued in home-this event was most trying. successful operation until the present Yet in this, as in all else connected day .

.with this first little band of mission- Rice and the J UdSOI1S, who also had aries from America, the hand of God been unable to get away, remained in was manifestly guiding. vVhen the Calcutta until the end of ?ovember, news reached America, the Baptists, when the East India Company, becom- then a small and scattered denomina- ing impatient, they were peremptorily tion, were so fired with enthusiasm ordered to England. Just then, how- that, on May 18, 1814, they met in ever, the Creole arrived, bound for Philadelphia and formed the organi- the Isle of France, and by the use of zation now known as the American strategy they got on board and made Baptist Missionary Union, one of the their escape. Six weeks later they first acts of which was to adopt the reached Port Louis, little knowing Judsons and Rice as its missionaries. what had befallen the Newells. Un- Thus, through an event that appeared der date of January 13, 1813, Mrs.

at the time most disastrous, the sec- J uelson wrote:

AMERICA'S FIRST FOREIGN

Have at last arrived in port; but, oh, by the Baptists, they had no one to turn what news, what distressing news! Har- to for guidance. It was finally decided riet is dead. Harriet, my dear friend, my that Rice, whose health was impaired, earliest associate in the mis;rion, is no should return to America to arouse more. 0 death! thou destroyer of do- interest among the Baptists, while the mestic felicity, could not this wide world afford thee victims to satisfy thy cra- J udsons remained to enter any door vings, without entering the family of a soli- which God in His providence should tary few, whose comfort and happiness open before them. On March 15 depended much on the society of each Rice sailed for America, where he other? Could not this infant mission be succeeded in creating unbounded enshielded from thy shafts? But thou hast only executed the commission of a higher thusiasm for missions. Two months power. Be still, my heart, and know that later the J udsons sailed for Madras, God has done it. Just and true are Thy only to find on arriving that the East ways, 0 thou King of saints! Who India Company was more hostile than would not fear Thee? Who would not ever to missions. Knowing that as love Thee?

N ewell, broken-hearted and alone, soon as an order could be received bereft of wife and child, and cut off from Bengal they would be arrested from his friends by denominational and sent to England, Judson inquired barriers, sailed for Ceylon on Feb- the destination of every ship in the ruary 24, where he hoped to establish harbor. The only one that would sail a missioG. Here he remained, doing ill season was the "Georgianna," bound what he could, until January, 1814, for Rangoon. Thus strangely did God when, having learned that Nott and choose their destination for them.

Hall had been allowed to rcmain in They had been led to regard Burma Bombay, he joined them and became with feelings of horror, yet rather identified with their mission. Shortly than be sent to England and fail in after his arrival N ott, who was un- their mission, they commended them- able to endure the climate of India, selves to God and embarked on June returned with his wife to America, 22. The Georgiallna was "a crazy where both did what they could to old vessel" with no accommodations advance the cause of the mission. whatever, and the voyage a stormy Newell and Hall remained at their one, during which Mrs. Judson was post until God called them up higher. so ill it was feared she would die.

Strange to say, both died of cholera Yet at the end of three weeks they -Newell on May 30, 1821, and Hall reached their destination in safety.

on March 20, 1826-contracted while On July 13, 181 3, Mrs. Judson was ministering to the needs of the na- carried ashore, and work was begun tives. Their careers, tho short, were for the Burmans. The ontlook was eminently useful, and the names of dark and discouraging, yet God had both are fragrant in India. made no mistake. In this dread land, Left alone at Port Louis, Rice and where it was death to renounce the the J udsons found themselves facing faith of Buddha, Judson was to plant questions which greatly perplexed one of the most famous and snccess- them. Where should they go? What ful of missions and his wife to prove should they do? Cut off from the one of the greatest heroines of his- American Board and not yet adopted tory.

The early days of the mission were months followed, the horrors of which marked by trials of many kinds, and are almost past description. Eleven for six long years there was not a months they were kept in the death- single convert. Yet during this time prison at Ava, a filthy and loathsome Judson's faith never once faltered. In place, nine months in three pair and the darkest hour he wrote to Rice in two months in five pair of fetters.

America: At the end of this time they were If any ask, What prospect of ultimate chained two and two and driven like success is there? tell them, As much as slaves a distance of ten miles to the there is an almighty and faithful God country prison at Oung-pen-Ia, where who will perform His promises and no their condition was, if possible, worse more. If this does not satisfy them, beg than at Ava. them to let me stay and try it, and to let you come and give us our bread; and During this whole terrible period, if we live some twenty or thirty years, Mrs. Judson put forth unceasing they may hear from us again. This is efforts in behalf of her husband. Day a filthy, wretched place. However, if a by day, regardless of danger, she trod ship were lying in the river ready to the streets of Ava, interceding with convey me to any part of the world I government officials and members of should choose, I should prefer dying to embarking. the royal family for his release, and In January, 1824, a second station endeavoring by gifts and womanly en- was opened at Ava, under such favor- treaty to soften the hearts of his jail- able circumstances that it was hoped ers. Day by day, too, she traversed the the long night of suffering and trial weary two miles between their house was ended. But alas! it was only the and the prison, carrying food and min- beginning of sorrows. Shortly after istering to his wants in every way their arrival at Ava, war broke out possible. Once, only, there was an with Great Britain, and Judson was interruption in her visits. When at arrested on suspicion of being a spy. the end of twenty days she came Without warning, an armed band, one again, it was with a tiny, blue-eyed of them a public executioner, entered baby, wailing in her arms. No sadder his house, threw him to the ground, picture can be imagined than that of bound his hands behind him and Judson, loaded with fetters, painfully dragged him off with them. Moung making his way to the door of the lng, a faithful disciple, followed to prison, to welcome this new-born babe see what became of his master, while of his sorrow.

Mrs. Judson retired to her room to But at length British victories se- pour out her heart to "Him who for cured the release of the captives, and our sakes was bound and led away Judson with his wife and baby sailed to execution." Moung lng presently down the lrawadi from A va, their returned to say that his master and hearts full of thanksgiving to God.

Dr. Price, his colleague in the mission, The work at Rangoon having been together with a few Englishmen re- broken up by the war, it was decided siding in Ava, had been thrown into to begin again at Amherst in territory the death-prison and loaded with fet- ceded to the British. The work be- ters. gan most auspiciously, but, not long An imprisonment of twenty-one after, while Judson was absent at Ava,

IN STONY PLACES IN CHINA

whither he had reluctantly gone to 12, 1849, when, having undertaken a endeavor to secure a clause granting short ocean voyage in the hope of proreligious toleration in the treaty, Mrs. longing his life, he died on shipboard Judson was stricken with fever. and was buried at sea. After a short illness, she passed away on October 24, 1826, and was laid to Thus passed away the great Aposrest under a hopia or hope tree, near tle to the Burmans, one of the ten Amherst. foremost missionaries since Paul,* and undoubtedly the greatest that has After that Judson was never quite as yet been sent out from America. No the same. He plunged into work with better summing up of his career can unabated ardor, and married twice be given than that which appears on again, but the loss of his beloved a memorial tablet in his native town: Ann, coming so soon after his suffer- "Malden his birthplace, the ocean his ings at Ava, broke his heart and sepulcher, converted Burmans and the undermined his constitution. N ever- Burman Bible his monument, his rectheless he continued in the work, ord is on high." achieving great success, until April * See MISSlONARY REVIEW. December, 1900, p.

900.

SOWING IN STONY PLACES IN CHINA BY REV. A. J. MCFARLANE, HANKOW, CHINA Head Master of the L. ),1. S. College In our Lord's parable on the prog- It may be of interest to notice some ress of the kingdom of God, He of the striking parallels between those showed that fruitfulness depended not who heard our Lord's words and only on the quality of the seed, but on those who listen in China to-day. the condition of the soil. If this were always remembered we might better The Nation understand the results of mission work, and would not be surprized that The Jewish nation was punctilthe world is not more speedily con- iously religious in practise and outverted. Some ground is prepared and ward appearance, but was like a body some not. The "good soil" had once from which the soul had fled, a mere been stony ground; and after ages of shell under the sway of corrupt and storm and rain, sunshine and frost, disintegrating forces. Like them, the the primordial rock and stony strata Chinese have the greatest regard for had been slowly softened into the rich the letter of moral and ceremonial and fruitful earth. The work of the laws and traditions, while their lives sower is to sow the seed; God's work are full of political disorder and social is to send the sunshine and rain to corruption. make soil out of rock. The greatest of all teachers left only eleven picked The Jews, after the exile, had disciples and a few hundred other fol- evolved into a kind of sacred nation, lowers. a church, with all their daily life per- meated by their religion, and built up round the books of the sacred law. The Chinese are on an ethical plane

what the Jews were on the spiritual; have their sacred text in the letter, they are a nation built up round a and keep it-appropriately only in the written law, the classics. Two thou- letter! Let us Christians not make sand years ago the classics became the same mistake, but having the theiF rule of daily life, and all that is Scriptures, let us recognize that their necessary for this life was to be found interpretation will grow as spiritual therein. life deepens; so we will rely not on The Scriptures a word, a book or a creed, but on a But when a sacred volume attains Savior who is the Word, and on the this high authority two courses are. spirit that is the life that quickens all.

possible in dealing with it. It may To such a people our Lord preached, or may not be amplified to meet the telling them that the "letter killeth"; detailed requirements of daily life. and by fact and parable, by argument, The Jewish law was so expanded and humor, or scathing sarcasm, by any explained by ever-growing books of and all means, tried to rouse them commentaries, which were regarded from their sleep of death into believ- to be as binding as the orig- ing on Himself, as the living Message inal text. Whereupon the J ew- from God on high.

ish nation by degrees found itself The Pharisees "hedged around" with an infi- The spirit of the Jewish nation was nite complexity of details, till almost incarnate in the Pharisee. He stood every act of a man from birth to in very name and fact for Jewish ex- death had to be performed according ciltsi7JCness. He felt that the Jew was to authorized tradition; and the bur- a man apart from the outer worlc!, den became so "grievous to be borne" his nation was the chosen and favored that it practically prevented its own race of God. His exclusiveness he observance. The Chinese classics, on imagined to be a holy patriotism, his the other hand, have not been so self-satisfied conceit he called the worked out in detail. Commentaries favor of God. So whereas the Jews have never received the unhesitating said they were chosen by God, they acceptance that the original writings meant that God was appropriated by demand. The words of the masters them. They would have kept God to are the necessary basis, tho commen- themselves, and left none of Him at taries are largely repeated by heart, all for the rest of the wic!e world!

also, in Chinese fashion, but merely as The Pharisee had the utmost con- a help to the possible or probable tempt for other nations and nursed meaning; while where the text is the assurance that the Messiah would vague or uncertain, it simply has to some day come and lead their nation remain so-incomprehensible, with to the proud clominion of the earth. A awful potency! The result in the two narrower and more loveless miscon- cases is much the same-binding and ception of the Providence of God limiting the human mind to a narrow could not be conceived; but it is sphere of thought and action, without closely paralleled by the Chinese to- "promise or potency" of expansion. day. W c, they say, more especially The Jew had endless rules and was the scholarly class-we are the people bound to keep them all; the Chinese who know right and wrong, and all

else worth knowing. We have the cause their significance is unknown, truth enshrined in our ancient clas- and all the spirit has departed from sics; anel all the rest of the worlel are the dead shell.

ignorant barbarians and savages, poor The Synagogs "devils!" We Christians can not be Another parallel is to be found in angry with them; we can only pity the synagogs of the Jews and the uni- such ignorance and pride, and do our versal school-system in China. The best to let in the light. Our Lord had synagogs, where the Scribes were the perhaps a harder audience to deal with teachers, and the whole nation the than missionaries in China, because scholars, might have been, so it has the wrong was on a more spiritual been said, one of the most potent or- plane-the perversion of a higher ganizations for imparting knowledge truth. The mistake of the Jews and that man has ever devised; but the op- of the Chinese was and is in suppo- portunity was lost, and the veriest sing that spiritual or moral worth can stones were given for bread. So in be attained apart from character and China we have the great educational apart from the change of character and examinational system, whereby that is signified by repentance of con- the humblest may rise to the highest scious sin. In each case the more post of honor, a unique and wonderful they tied themselves down to form machinery, which could make of and ceremony, ritual and dead regula- China the most learned of great na- tions, the more freedom they left to the tions; but thus far ending in hollow- soul and spirit to wander unchecked ness, a beating of the air, a palace of and unguided into "by-path and wood and straw, a house founded on meadow'·; into superstition and cor- the sand!

ruption, vice and the outer darkness. The Sadducees: and the Break with A musician may give his whole mind, the Past at first, to learning a beautiful piece But let us leave that subject, with of music; but after playing it over the hope that after the sad dark night and over again, he may come to a the dawn of a new era will break; stage wherein the execution is purely and let us make one more comparison, mechanical; and at last he may play in conclusion, that will bring us fully it while his mind turns to other things, up to date and even a little beyond.

or even to thoughts of evil, while the The Sadducees were a mixed class, music runs on as before-no, not as the product of their times; they were before; the music suffers indeed, and the pretended reformers, the icono- a trained ear knows how great is the clasts, the scoffers at traditions, and difference! That is the danger in- at the Pharisees who represented separable from all forms of ritual. them, the agnostics and materialists There are signs and words that have and freethinkers. of their day, who deep significance; their potency de- made light of all religious observ- pends on the correlation of forces ances, and believed in no resurrec- that throng us round, and may be tion. They welcomed new ideas, but called into action by them; but the without "depth of earth," and they error is in relying on the form or the aped the manners and borrowed the word, when their value is lost be- ideas of the Romans and Greeks

around them. Nothing cared they (heathen) officials to make way for for the hope of Jewish supremacy in new schools. On alI sides unprincithe world, but they toadied to the pled men are crowding round both abhorred conquerors of .their country; Protestant and Catholic missionaries, and, the Herodians more especially, ready to profess any belief if they became the sycophants of the foreign can gain the authority of the foreigncourt, selling both their individual and er's support to promote their selfish national existence for a life of ease and money-getting plans. and luxury, wealth, indolence and self-indulgence, without patnotlsm Surely, then, the same forces are or religion, without law or a God. at work to-day in China as were at In China there is not such a work in Palestine. It needs no deep class to be widely found to-day, insight to see behind all the mighty but its beginnings are here, and it may and inevitable struggle of the powers easily spread under political changes. of darkness and of the Prince of this While some of the reformers are pa- World against the VVord made mantriotic and enlightened men; with ifest, and all the legions of Light. others the break with the past is such The very fact that the foe is brought a shock that they are likely to fly off to make so great a fight is for us a into space at a tangent, beyond all sign of hope; for the issue, the outorderly control. There are many come, the victory, can not for a moscholars, for instance, in Nanking ment be in doubt. So did the clouds who are reading and translating and gather and the opposing forces press disseminating Huxley and Spencer round our Lord at the end of his and Haeckel and all the soulless phi- work; and when the very disciples losophy of the West. There are many had proved faithless, and the darkenlightened men in China who feel ness seemed triumphant in the final that their country is in a sad and tragedy, He gave up His spirit with hopeless condition; but unless they the words that proved Him, after all, come under the influence of the Gos- the victor, "It is finished!" Not "it pel, they do not know where to turn has been in vain," or "it has been a when they have turned away from the doubtful issue"; but the victory is past. Alas for them if the evil spirit won, and the Hope of all the long finds the house swept and garnished, after ages is secured! Come, then, but empty! all you who may hear the call; let us sow the good seed broadcast over In Hankow recently (April, I904), good sailor bad, abiding in the asa thing was seen such as has never surance that the Master will not cease been known before, the wholesale to inspire and help His followers, till burning of a heap of idols, which had in His own good time the consumbeen cleared out of temples by the mation is made complete.

"Present·day Problems in China," by the China Inland

THE POPULATION 0:1:' CHINA AND OTHER CQUNTR[ES All the people of the countries mentioned could be placed in the Chinese Empire on the same basis as the present population. These total 405 millions, while Chlna, according to the latest census, has 407 millions THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY FOR CHINA REV. DONALD MACGILLIVRAY, SHANGHAI, CHINA Our books are intimately associated be roughly classified as follows: (I) with all our other agencies. Our con- Preparatory, in which the chief agenverts are brought in by the truth of the cies employed are preaching, schools, books. The native Christians are spiri- philanthropy, and literature; (2) tually fed on them. The schools are evangelistic or penetrative, using trained by them. The churches are preaching, healing and literature as founded and disciplined by them. The agents; (3) educational, or constructreligious work of hospitals and dispen- ive, which include preaching, schools saries is conducted through them. The and literature. In all three branches general enlightenment of the people and we find literature used by the living the undermining of idolatry are promoted worker as a multiplier of the agent, by the same agency.-Rev. S. L. BALD- and as an instrument of preparation, WIN, D.D., at the Shanghai Missionary penetration and edification. Every Conference of 1877.

The objects of mission work may

missionary, as a matter of fact, no Henry Drummond beautifully dematter what the particular form of scribes the "program of Christianity" his energy, consciously or uncon- by our Lord's quotation from Isaiah: sciously, moves along these three "To preach good tidings to the meek; lines. Hence it goes without saying to proclaim liberty to the captives; that every missionary is naturally in to bind up the broken-hearted; to sympathy with the objects of Chris- comfort all that mourn; to give unto tian literature, and the Christian Lit- them beauty for ashes, the oil of joy erature Society is in line with the for mourning, the garment of praise efforts of all classes of missionaries for the spirit of heaviness." in the empire. Here, then, is the missionary pro- The Christian Literature Society gram. The aim of our literature is was founded twenty years ago by to proclaim that these blessings can Alexander Williamson. It proposed only be found in the Lord Jesus a broader program than that of the Christ. What an illimitable field is already existing societies, and is, in here outlined! The Christian Literafact, an enlarged tract society. Its ture Society aims to cover the whole constitution defines its object as, "The ground; it would do the work of publication and circulation of litera- hosts of Christian publishers at home, ture based on Christian principles, and besides publishing, it must keep throughout China, her colonies, de- its own staff of authors. Truly it is pendencies and wherever Chinese are unique. Would that it had the capifound-especially periodical and liter- tal of some home enterprises. Ultiature adapted for all classes-as the mately, why should it not? resources of the society may permit." In actual practise the Christian Lit- How, then, is the ideal of the soerature Society goes beyond "litera- ciety to be realized? Our catalog is ture based on Christian principles" to growing in length, but as yet only literature specifically expounding the a beginning has been made. Scat- Christian faith and Scriptures. In tered workers swell the lists of books, fact, the constitution of the home so- but perhaps the great hope of the ciety expresses the object more fully Christian Literature Society is in the as follows: free federation of missionaries com- posing what for want of a better Object name is called its "Editorial Staff." The object of the society shall be to These are supported by their own promote Christianity among the Chinese missionary societies. Here, with the by aiding in the preparation and circu- utmost individual freedom to follow lation among them, in their own lan- one's leadings, all are loyally workguage, of: ing together for one end. Yet each 1. Suitable publications of a distinctly is free to hold his own opinions, and religious character. to produce along the lines of his own preference. z. General literature written from a We need scarcely say that the cir- Christian standpoint; scientific and other culation of literature is only a means works suited for the more cultured to an end, and that end is, consonantly classes; and school- and other text-books; with the wide field proposed, "converand 3. Literature, chiefly religious, illustrated and otherwise, specially suited for Chinese women and children.

CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY FOR

sion by the million." By this much been made before proclaiming his misunderstood phrase is not meant message. The two things must go merely superficial changes, such as hand in hand, for no one can tell who social and political reforms which is prepared to receive it NOW. But leave untouched the religious needs of he learns the rudiments of Chinese the nations, but regeneration by the etiquette, he displays a picture or a Holy Ghost and faith in the Lord sign, he hangs up a map of the world, Jesus Christ. What enlightenment is he helps in famine relief, he tries to worthy of the name if it leaves the drive out the opium traffic-these spiritual eye unopened? We long to things are not preaching the Gospel, see conversions on the largest scale, but we all hope they are opening a and so does the whole Christian way for it.

world. Hitherto the units, the tens, Our literature seeks to remove bar- the hundreds have been converted; riers-e.g., pride, ignorance, supersti- but if a nation is to be born in a day tion and prejudice-and, by the bless- millions will have to come in, but each ing of God, such mental barriers of the million will be the conversion have in many cases disappeared. We of an individual. seek to educate public opinion on a.

But let us consider the Christian Lit- wide scale by our papers-e.g., the erature Society work more closely as, Ta Tung Paa and by free grants to ( I) propcedeutic, or preparatory. Goel students. We have many books on prepared the world for Christianity God in history, fruits and evidences by Providence and Grace. Thus of Christianity, the various religions there were the Old Testament, the compared with Christianity, the ab- Jewish dispersion, Greek philosophy, solute religion. This literature of Roman imperialism and law. By such ours has been compared by Dr. A. H.

means He prepared a material, mental Smith, in his book "Rex Christus," to and moral background for His Gos- aqueous vapor pervading the atmos- pel. Similarly, in European history phere, which, tho it makes no external the devout student can trace the ante- display, is preparing the way for fu- cedent preparation for a Renaissance, ture preCIpItation. Besides immedi- a Reformation, a French Revolution. ate results, we look further ahead; Can we doubt but that God has pre- we look for mass movements in pared and is preparing China for the China; and when they do come, the Gospel? And we missionaries are wide dissemination of our literature coworkeq with God along this line. will surely be a contributory cause.

Even Robert Morrison and William The second division of Christian Lit- Milne issued tours of the world, and erature Society endeavor is the pene- geographies to be forerunners of the trative, or directly evangelistic. But we Gospel; and, to come down to the must not overlook the fact that a book present day, Griffith John L.ls some may be indirectly evangelistic, and even such literature in the list of his tracts. more effective as such with a certain Every missionary in a thousand class of readers than the directly evan- ways is preparing the way of the gelistic. But as that ground is so Gospel. True, he does not wait till fully covered by the tract societies, it he thinks sufficient preparation has happens that the Christian Literature

Society does not need to greatly en- ably to such has not been granted the large its list of works of this char- glowing vision of golden harvests acter. from all this sowing, which dazzle the eyes of the seers among us. In itself The third division is the construct- a book is dead; fructified by the Spirit ive, or educational. What we have of God, what will it not accomplish? in this line has been the subject of a Nevertheless, in our enthusiasm for special article in the March "Bulle- our specialty we need not exaggerate tin" of the Educational Association of its importance. It is merely an indis- China. Suffice it now to say that be- pensable auxiliary to the living host sides works for schools, and station- which is marching on to victory. It classes, for special and general read- is not a short and easy method of ing, we have a long and growing list converting China, any more than the of books which are intended to com- distribution of a million Testaments, fort and edify the Church. For this which people once fondly hoped would class of books there is a demand convert the Taipings, and with them which grows with the growth of the all China. It is sometimes said, let Church. Andrew Murray, S. D. Gor- as flood the land with literature. don, Storrs, Krummacher, Dr. Glover, That could have been done once when A. B. Bruce, George Matheson, Will- every book was given away, but obiam Arthur and many others have a viously that policy has gone forever. vast audience in China by means of The problem is, how to flood the the Christian Literature Society. It is country with books under the new evident that the Christian Literature conditions. The only solution is the Society is more than a mission to the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, who higher classes; it is a mission to the alone can create a thirst for the Gosreading and thinking people of all pel; otherwise even floods of literaclasses in the Church and out. Our ture will be unappreciated. The misaim is indeed high enough to cover sionaries, "average" and otherwise, the needs of the highest, yet low must be the agents of distribution, enough to instruct even the child in unless in addition we ever get the the primer. To all must the truth be means to use colporteurs, as the Hanpreached, and as they are able to bear kow and the Bible societies do. That it; but, without books and papers, may be a future necessity in the face how can they be reached? The provi- of competition. Would that all were dential order is sometimes stated as as keen on book-selling as the late being from the lower to the higher, C. W. MitchiI, an "average missionbut no one doubts the tremendous influence of the higher on the lower. ary." * We make our appeal to the mind of China, as well as to her conscience The Christian Literature Society and heart. The leaven must leaven needs more men to join its federation the whole lump. in Shanghai. There are two views which are often set against each other, There are signs that Christian lit- but which are not necessarily antagerature is coming to its own at last. onistic. The first says: Stay at your But perhaps the~e are some who think we exaggerate its importance. Prob- i!- See "A Century of Missions in China," pp. 93, 94·

A CHRISTIAN CONVENTION IN MID-INDIA II7

station and do literary work. This If we had more men we could at course may be the only possible one once employ them somewhat as fol- for many, and has certain obvious ad- lows: vantages. The second view says: 1. To read Japanese books sent into Come to a center and associate your- China, and follow their effect. We ought self with other workers in the same to know what they are doing. They are department. Surely we need both also after the soul of China. sorts of workers. Nevertheless, the 2. To read Chinese newspapers, and central cooperative society sorely needs strengthening. There is a great books of the secular press. We ought to lack of a definite policy toward this watch the trend of native thought, and meet it adequately and continuously.

3. To revise some books of ours and work among most of the boards, and bring them up to date, and generally act this should be promptly remedied. The as editorial secretary. advantages of the cooperative policy in a center are such as these: 1. Pa- 4· Men to edit the "Daily" which was pers and books can be better edited. We so much talked of at the Centenary Con- ference, but which could never begin without new men.

lost the Wan Kuo Kung Pao chiefly 5. Men to travel among the missionbecause we had no one to take over ary centers and conventions, and make Dr. Allen's work. 2. Consultation with our books known. colleagues. 3. Large libraries to consult. 4. Leisure for special studies. 6. To be the mainspring of our central book depot in Honan Road.

7. To produce new literature in con- 5. Best writers obtainable, salaries junction with the ablest Chinese scholars paid by the Christian Literature So- that can be procured.

ciety. Such help is generally beyond There are great difficulties in the the reach of individuals in the inte- sudden increase of any class of work- rior. 6. You get the empire touch, as ers; but the above is surely sufficiently differing from the local touch, by the sane, and let it be noted that it points daily press, English and Chinese. rather to an increase of efficiency and The West China Conference, held quality, rather than to any phenom- recently, called for fifty recruits for enal increase of the quantity of litera- literary work for West China alone. ture. That must be supplied only as The Christian Literature Society is fast as the reading public is wiIling more modest, and in its last report to assimilate it. Here as elsewhere suggests that it can use twelve more the law of "supply and demand" must at the center of the empire. rule.

A CHRISTIAN CONVENTION IN MID-INDIA BY RICHARD BURGES, JUBBELPORE, INDIA The Christian convention held in missionaries came from isolated sta- tions, and the eleven hundred Indian Jubbelpore last autumn was especiaUy Christians who attended likewise had their cups of joy filled to the brim. enjoyable because it brought the mis- Usually Christians in India have a sensation of being in the minority, for sionaries so near to their Indian breth- ren. Most of the one hundred European

in all India they are less than one to make known existing literature. A per cent of the population. To have tent was set apart for this purpose, in a feeling o f being in the majority was which there were books, etc., on sale. distinctly exhilarating. The sight of a huge tent, kindly loaned by the gov- The executive power during the ernment, containing a multitude of convention was given into the hands Christians, put enthusiasm into them of Rev. E. A. Hensley, of the C. M.

S., and Rev. J. Lampard, of the M. E.

A MEETING IN THE CONVENTION TENT AT -JUBBELPORE, INDIA which sometimes "bubbled" up and Missions. Speakers came from great could not be restrained. Frequently distances, chief among whom were the the shout of v£ctory to Jesus found expression in the Hindu words: "Jay, Rev. J. Pengwern Jones, Rev. J. B. Jay, Jay, Jay, Masih Ki Jay." Our hearts beat faster as the multitude Fuller, Rev. P. S. Hyde, Lubbhu stood and lifted their arms to empha- Mull, Rev. S. Rahator, and a numsize the shout. ber, eminently' useful, from nearer home. "All one in Christ Jesus" was th e Hindu motto which hung near the Among the many tents which were speakers' dais, and verily denomina- pitched on the grounds none were tional differences "interfered with more effective than those marked fellowship as little as lines of latitude prayer-tents. One who knew the inner and longitude interfere with naviga- side of the whole affair said, "It was tion." The gathering of such crowds, the power-house of the convention." most of whom had never had such an It is now known that some hardly left experience, provided an opportunity these tents night or day, but used their time as Aaron and Hur did when they held up the hands of Moses.

HSI-A MIRACLE IN CHINA*

BY EDWIN LESLIE In a humorous essay, Israel Zang- lawyer in endless lawsuits, prachsmg medicine in a small way; but in the will imagines a state of pre-natal ex- silences the voice still whispered, "To what end?" istence, where the children choose He searched the writings of his not only whether or not they will be nation to find what the wise men could tell of the hereafter and the imborn, but also who will be their par- mortality of the soul. Confucius could not enlighten him, for while he ents. If Hsi had had the ordering formed elaborate rules for conduct during life, he canfest that he knew of these circumstances he could nothing of the hereafter, and did not even know if there was a God. scarcely have entered life more aus- N either could the Buddhists, with their idolatry, nor the Taoists, with piciously according to Chinese notions, their magic, enlighten his mind. A Chinese proverb expresses the popular for he made his appearance in the skepticism of these religions: midst of a family of scholars. Worship-and the gods are there.

China, wiser than Western nations, Vorship not-there's none to care.

believes that men are not born great, As a young man of thirty Hsi faced the future, sick in body and restless but are made so by their own efforts. in mind. He began to smoke opium to obtain relief from pain, and for a To every young man she says, "Would part of every day the poppy-fairy spirited away his difficulties and you wear spurs, then you must win touched with a sunset glow the dull stubbly patches of ordinary life. But them." So, tho Hsi's parents belonged the gloom between the visions was a darkness that could be felt. The Chito "the gentry," he could remain one nese say that "it is not the man that' eats the opium, but the opium that of the literati only by obtaining a eats the man." So it was with Hsi. The opium ate his brain power; it ate degree. his health; it ate his industry; it ate his farm lands. The boy was therefore sent to The years of 1876-79 brought the school, and was urged to study. He famine to North China-a famine so wide-spread and long-continued that learned rapidly and his father and it was said that at one time seventy brothers stimulated him to do his best, telling him that he could win wealth and fame, and finally become a great mandarin. He was fond of both books and play, but was subject to pensive moods, when he would wan- der off alone, and ask himself the old questions, "What is the use of living in this world? Men find no good. And in the end ?" Altho he studied faithfnlly and won the degree of Bachelor of Arts, he often asked of himself: "What use is there, after all, in be- ing a mandarin? Sooner or later one must die."

Hsi married and became a man of affairs, managing his farm, acting as * Pronounced Shee. This sketch is prepared from that fascina.ting book by Mrs. Howard Taylor, "pastor Hsi., Scholar and Christian," China Inland Missions.

millions of human beings were starv- and twenty names Hsi's stood foreing. The poor died as the leaves die most. in the autumn, and the rich lived on the coarsest of food. Somehow Hsi In fear of sorcery and in dislike of managed to exist during those tortur- meeting a foreigner at dose range, ing years. He heard often of two Hsi went to receive his money from foreigners who had come to the town Mr. Hill. The only universal lannear to distribute alms to his needy guage is the one written on the faces neighbors, but the proud aristocrat of men. What Hsi read at the first thought starvation preferable to help glance in Mr. HiIl's countenance disfrom such a source. One of the de- pelled all prejudice and banished all spised foreigners was Rev. David fear. His heart beat faster, for he HiIl, the man with the beautiful face feIt that he had found in this alien and the character without fear and one near of kin. Mr. Hill gave him without reproach. the money, complimented him in a few graceful words on the ease and Mr. HilI wished to find a point of vigor of the style of the essays, and contact with the haughty literati, the Hsi bowed himself out and returned real rulers of China. Learning, theirs home. and his, seemed the only common ground, therefore he offered prizes of A few days later a messenger came a considerable sum of money for es- to Hsi asking him to go and see Mr. says on subjects which he assigned. Hill on important business. The With each subject was a bundle of business was none other than a proliterature to aid the writer in his posal for Hsi to become Mr. Hill's theme, and the bundles were given to teacher in matters Chinese. Hsi was the competitors for degrees who were wiIling, even flattered, but the women up for examination at the capital of of his household joined in such a Shansi. chorus of disapproval that he must needs hesitate. A brother of Hsi returned from the city and, presenting him with one of "What?" said they. "Go to be Mr. Hill's packages, said: teacher to the foreigner? Read his books, live in his house? Help him in "Here is your opportunity, old fel- his mysterious affairs? Who ever low. Who can compete with you in heard of such reckless madness? wntll1g flowing, elegant Chinese? Surely you must be bewitched already And who is in greater need of funds? to think of it. It is simply throwing There may be witchcraft, as they say, yourself away." about these foreigners, but their silver will pass for as much on the market Confucius laid down rules for the as anyone else's." weaker sex in China, which every member of it, however ignorant, Hsi was impoverished and reading knows; namely, that woman is subthe literature woke his scholarly ject to man. She can not herself ditastes. He worked night after night, rect any affairs. She must obey her all the while feeling that some power husband. She may not presume to higher than his own was aiding him follow her own judgment. And yet, in the writing. When the results tho the tenets of Confucius have were published, among one hundred echoed through twenty-five centuries.

PASTOR HSI-A MIRACLE IN CHINA

even in China a woman, perhaps just This was the crisis which altered because she is a woman, influences her the whole manner of thinking of the husband to a remarkable extent. proud Confucian scholar. From henceforth he tried to pattern his life Hsi did not accept Mr. Hill's offer. after that of the meek and lowly But times were hard and the argu- Jesus. ment of the foreigner's silver potent, so finally the ladies consented to a At night Hsi presented himself to ten-days' trial. Mr. Hill and wished to confess that he was a Christian. Hsi watched Mr. Hill narrowly during those ten days. Before mis- "This is a sudden experience; there sionaries had homes of their own in might be a reaction; better wait until China no privacy was possible. Sure- you are sure of your ground," cauly only the noblest souls could stand tioned Mr. Hill. approved in that glare of publicity. No chance to relax from the tension But Hsi, who knew all that that of "being nice to people"; no chance experience before his open Bible to indulge in moods of joy or sor- meant, said firmly, "From this day row; no chance to commune with until death and beyond I will never, one's own heart and be still. It was never draw back." like keeping a check-rein on a horse all the time; or like the governess in Years after, in recalling that night, "Elizabeth and her German Garden," Hsi said: who found her hardest duty the having to be an example to the children. "Returning from worship Mr. Hill was extremely pleased. Oh, how But the more Hsi saw of Mr. Hill, kindly he treated me! I loved him as the more he admired him. The ten a father; he loved me as a son." days lengthened into weeks and months, and Hsi began to read the The first lion in Hsi's new path New Testament laid so conveniently was his opium-smoking. Mr. Hill to his hand. He found in the Gos- said to him: pels what he had been searching all his life to know. There was a God, "You are a distinguished member of and that God had become man and a scholarly family. I deeply regret dwelt among men that they might live to see you brought to so enfeebled a righteously on earth and hereafter be condition through opium. If you do with Him forever. not cleanse yourself how can you be an example to others." The story of the life of Jesus enthralled, entranced him. There came Hsi knew full well the opium must a day when he read it reverently upon be given up. But how? Anglo-Saxhis knees; and, following the last suf- ons are familiar enough with the ferings and agony of our Lord, he struggles of the drunkard to do withfelt as if there in the room the out his liquor; but breaking off the wounded Lamb of God stood close opium-habit is said to cause more beside him. acute suffering and a mightier effort of the will. "Take me, 0 Jesus! I swear allegiance to Thee forever," he cried. Hsi's trial seemed greater than he could bear. He was a prey to faint- ness, giddiness, shivering, aching pains and burning thirst. His eyes and nostrils streamed down water,

He could neither eat nor sleep, and world the Confucian gentleman and medicines helped him but little. And scholar lost caste sadly by becoming always worse than the worst of pain a Christian. was the craving for just a few whiffs of the pipe. He would groan aloud. Hsi was much too happy and too "Tho I die, I will never touch it busy to be concerned as to what his again." In utter weakness, he cried neighbors thought of him. He comunto God and felt that his prayer was bined in one nature the qualities of answered. He broke out into a pro- the mystic and the practical man of fuse perspiration and the struggle was business. By night he saw visions ended. His words after were: and heard inaudible voices, and by day he regulated his estate down to the "If you would break off opium, most trivial detail. In obedience to don't rely on medicine, don't lean on his night revelations, he brought his man, but trust only in God." stepmother back to his home, made up long-standing quarrels between him- Christians in New York may hear self and his brothers, he wrote hymns, a similar testimony from reformed he sacrificed the profitable opium crop drunkards in Jerry MacAuley's and refused to rear pigs because they prayer-meetings. were dirty; and in obedience to his plans by day, he hoed, herded cattle, To commemorate his victory, Hsi winnowed grain, and gathered fuel gave himself a new name-"Demon- until his neglected farm began to pay Overcomer." profitable dividends.

On his next visit home "the Demon- One by one opium-smokers came to Overcomer," in spite of opposition, Hsi to inquire into the causes which took down the idols from their ped- had led to his reform. He took these estals-the god of riches, the god of enslaved men into his home and war, the kitchen god, and the goddess treated them with native medicines. of mercy-and burnt them on the To Hsi a fight with opium was a rubbish pile in the back-yard. The fight with Satan himself, and victory idols were passive and dumb: but the without much prayer and fasting was women folk clamorous and vitupera- impossible. His experience proved tive. Verily, a calamity like this had that only in those who became Chrisbeen what they had too truly fore- tians was the cure permanent. seen when he went to live with "foreign devils." In a near-by village a "cultivator of virtue," named Fan, whom Hsi had Hsi, instead of storming passion- helped into the truth, started an ately in return, as was his wont, was Opium Refuge. It was a project simall gentleness and patience, and lured ilar to that which Hsi had been conthe scolding women into listening to ducting in his own home, and he stories from the Gospels. "He had frequently went over to aid his overnever asked to read anything to her taxed friend. We pray for guidance from the Five Classics," Mrs. Hsi and often the answer is revealed to inwardly commented. The stories us by doing the duty which lies nearwere beautiful and the man of the est. The success of this Opium Refhouse so much more comfortable to uge led to Hsi's establishing others live with that the women were fain to forgive him; but in the outside

HSI-A MIRACLE IN CHINA

and yet others, until they were dotted the maintenance of the temples. If over the country to the east and west you will stop worshiping the idols for and the north and south. In the man- a year I will be happy to serve you."

aging of them and caring for the spir- This was a poser, but they finally itual concerns of the inmates Hsi agreed. The village prospered under found full scope for his business sa- Hsi's clear-sighted sway, and he held gacity and his address in dealing with office for three years. When decli- his countrymen. With employment ning reelection at the end of that pe- which satisfied the cravings of his riod he remarked with grim irony, nature there came a great content, and "By this time the idols must be quite the troublesome question, "What is starved to death. Spare yourselves the the use of living?" presented itself to effort to revive them."

him no more. Those who became Christians in But work, even congenial work, Hsi's Refuges needed shepherding when a man gives to it the best that when they went out of them, and he is in him, is not easy. In his lifetime was appointed as pastor. Mr. Haste, Hsi established more than forty Ref- of the China Inland Mission, had the 1lges. The thought, the labor, the oversight of Hsi's work, but he was self-sacrifice, the patience, he ex- wise enough to allow this masterful pended art these institutions were man to go his way in most matters.

measureless. He walked many foot- Hsi was not an easy man to work sore miles; he spent days and nights with. Imperious, sure of himself and in fasting and prayer; he bore hu- his methods and backed by the love of miliation and obloq1ly; he put off the hundreds whom he had helped, he silken robe and fur-lined garments chafed at control or criticism. For which accorded with his position as years after his conversion he was un- a gentleman and scholar and wore the able to restrain a certain irritability coarse blue gown of the peasants. toward his wife. Chagrined, he Some of the Refuges paid and some prayed much about this failing. He did not. Hsi never cared for money believed when at last unity of heart for himself, only for his work, and prevailed that it was in direct answer he used the surplus of one place to to prayer. And so it was. But there supply the deficiency of the next. were secondary causes which aided, The logic of facts appeals to the tho Hsi never took account of sec- hardest-headed Chinaman. The in- ondary causes. Mrs. Hsi learned to habitants of Western Chang recog- read, first the Bible then other books.

nized as years went by that Hsi was When her husband was away from the most able and energetic man in home she took upon herself the man- their village. The time came when agement of the household numbering a strong hand was needed at the helm fifty or sixty; she even opened Opium of affairs, and the Council called upon Refuges for women. With these em- Hsi and asked him to become the ployments her mind broadened; she village elder. had community of aims and ideas with "I am a Christian," he answered, her husband, and therefore jarring "and as such I can not attend to part was impossible.

of an elder's duties-the caring for Angered by Hsi's arrogant and self-

confident manner, his old friend Fan in the self-willed autocrat, until in set up rival Refuges, undersold Hsi his later days he grew so gentle a. in his medicines, and tried to wreck little child might have led him. his work. It is said that misfortunes come always in doubles, and just at At length his multiplied labors and this time several patients of Hsi's fastings wore out his frame, never too died. But Hsi was a sincere Chris- robust, and he sank for six months tian, tho not a perfect one. He into a state of complete nervous prossearched his heart, learned his lesson tration. An English carpenter in his and kept on working. Fan, whose mo- last illness said, "I am glad as I lie tive was jealousy and whose principles here to think that there are many were unbusinesslike, of course failed, folks warm and comfortable because while Hsi emerged from behind his I did my work wei!." Hsi, lying helptemporary cloud brighter than ever. less, thought thankfully of the many He extended his Refuges even among hundred lives reclaimed because he the high-born of Shensi and the con- had not slighted his work. servative of Honan, giving to the many the same exact care he had for- In February, r896, Pastor Hsi merly given to the few. passed to his reward, but his influence still lives, and the story of his life Time and experience and study of will long be a powerful force in the perfect life wrought their changes awakening missionary interest and deepening spiritual life.

AN AMERICAN-CHINESE CHRISTIAN CIRCLE BY C. T. WANG Secretary of the Chinese Christian Students' Association of America In our Christian life and experi- fluencing the most influential young ence we must have felt at one time men of to-morrow. God has called or another the mysterious power of us to direct as many of them as posthe Holy Spirit, but it is with absolute sible to Christ our Lord, who is the certainty that this power is felt when Way, the Truth, and the Life. With Christians work in unison with God. all our faults and weaknesses, it is The first great manifestation came on no easy thing to let these fellow stuthe day of Pentecost, when "they were dents see Christ through our lives. all together." In order that we may be empowered to live consistent Christian – yea, Among our Chinese fellow students Christ-like lives; and that we may pursuing their education in America, pray more intelligently and work we find Christians scattered. This is more effectively and unitedly, I beg providential, for God wants to use us to propose that we form an "Inner as leaven to raise the whole lump. Circle," or Chinese Christian Band. But altho we are scattered we must be "together" through mutual prayer If any reader knows of any other and sympathy and active cooperation. Chinese Christian students in Amer- We have unusual opportunity of in- ica, we will be pleased to invite them

A SIGN OF THE TIMES IN TURKEY I25

to come into this "Inner Circle." Sug- interest in religious things. Many lives gestions as to ways and means and have been led to Christ through work of changes in the plan will be very wel- this kind. come. Pray that the Lord will richly bless our efforts to bring our fellow 3. Keep in touch students to Christ. May glory and honor be to His name forever. A. A list of all Christian students will be furnished to each and will be made Outline of the Proposed Phm out from time to time-say quarterIy- containing the things which the mem- I. Prayer bers of the '·Inner Circle" wish most to pray for. A. Daily individual prayer for Christian students, that we may lead good and B. Also a list of those persons in whom clean lives, and that our spiritual interest one of the members is most interested, may grow more and more day by day. persons who need special prayer to help them make the decision of decisions. B. Also prayer for those Chinese students who have not yet accepted our 4. Organization Lord. A. The Student Secretary in America C. Weekly prayer-meeting. This is of the General Committee of the Young possible whenever there are two or more Men's Christian Associations of China and students studying at one institution. Korea might act as general correspond- Time and place for meeting may be ing secretary, and his work will be to chosen by the persons concerned. furnish the addresses, to keep all the members in touch, to bring the opinions 2. Work and suggestions of different members to one another. A. Bible study class. To awaken the spiritual interest of the students the best B. In a locality where there are more thing is to conduct some Bible study than two Christians, then elect one to class for them. be local corresponding secretary, so as to relieve the general secretary some- B. Personal talks. This has been what, as in this way he may write to the found to be the most effective in break- secretary, who will bring the contents of ing down opposition and in creating an the letters to the other members.

B. Bible study committee.

A SIGN OF THE TIMES IN TURKEY A SERMON PREACHED BY ISMAIL HAKKI EFFENDI IN THE MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, JULY 31. 1908 TI<.NSLTED BY LOUTFI LEVONIAN AND REV. STEPHEN VAN R. TROWBRIDGE Within a few days after the an- as a liberal exegesis of a certain pasnouncement of constitutional govern- sage in the Koran a·nd as an expresment for the Turkish Empire the sion of the advanced thought of a regular preacher in the mosque of St. leading Mohammedan doctor. But in Sophia, Constantinople, preached a these interior provinces we, who are sermon which has since been widely working as missionaries of Christ, quoted and commented upon. No value the sermon for its marked indoubt this sermon has intrinsic worth fluence upon the common people.

One secret of this influence is the to the exclusive privileges which the excellent Turkish style which Ismail Apostle of God grants to His own Hakki Effendi uses. The language is followers. clear and forceful, and free from arti- ficial rhetoric. But the chief secret But, again, the effect of enlightened of this message is its timeliness. At advice from such papers as the Sirat-i- the very crisis when Mohammedan Mustakim was so profoundly felt that bigotry threatened to counteract and the next Friday, the last of the Ra- destroy the large-hearted national mazan, the tone of the addresses was movement for liberty, all the local clearly in favor of the new statesmanpreachers and teachers in the seventy ship of the Young Turks. It is needmosques in this city and in the tens less to urge-because the fact must of thousands of mosques throughout be already clear to American readers the interior were looking attentively -that these constitutional liberties toward the religious doctors of the open up an unparalleled field for pregreat Constantinople mosques. Here- senting the life and message of the tofore the imperial censor's oppress- Cross to the Mohammedan populaive methods had prevented any wide tion. publication of such sermons. But with the new liberty of the press a news- The Sermon paper entitled Sirat-i-Mustakim (The Upright Highway) has come into ex- With the name of God the most istence. Its avowed purpose is a re- merciful I take refuge in Him from ligious interpretation of current events the curst Satan. The text is as foland national movements. But the lows: "It was by mercy from God point of view and the principles are thou didst deal gently with them, for so generous and broad-minded that no hadst thou been rough and rude of room is left for the Mohammedan heart they had dispersed from fanaticism and bigotry which are around thee. But pardon them, and prone to exert themselves against all ask forgiveness for them, and take forms of Christianity. counsel with them in the affair. As for what thou hast resolved, rely upon It is safe to say that most of the God; verily God loves those who do sermons which have been preached in rely."-(The Koran, III., 153.) the mosques of Aintab, Aleppo and other cities of Central Turkey have The first is God. The last is God. taken up and urged home this mes- The outward is God. The inward sage of fraternity and justice. IS God. And that which IS 111 the Prophet's heart is God. His During the month of October a help in both worlds is God. strong wave of reaction swept along God whose existence is indispensable, from the provinces east of the Eu- in His honored Koran, which He sent phrates, and reached here just before down to our Lord Mohammed-e1the close of the Ramazan Fast. The Mustafa by His ambassador, Gabriel second and third Fridays of the fast says, "It was by mercy from God that the people were' urged from many pul- thou didst deal gently with them." pits to abandon the notions of fra- With the divine mercy of your Lord, ternity with Christians and to return with His divine success, and by no other means, thou, my beloved, mine apostle, hast been very gentle. Thou

A SIGN OF THE TIMES IN TURKEY

hast dealt with thy friends with ten- "Pardon them and ask forgiveness derness. All thy work and conduct for them." Then, 0 my beloved, parand dealings have been gracious. don them all their faults against thee. They do sin against God. For this This verse was sent down after the also ask God's forgiveness. Intercede battle of Ahed. In the beginning of for them. Try to keep thy people free that battle the Moslems were victo- from sins. rious. But some of the soldiers, who had been commanded to stay and wait "And take counsel with them in the in a certain place, abandoned their po- affair." Thou that art a glorious sition and because of the love of prophet, thou that receivest revelaworldly wealth went after plunder. tions, thou to whom all truths and se- They acted contrary to the command crets are revealed, consult with men of the Prophet. Then the enemy at- of understanding. Talk with them. tacked their rear. The Moslems won In all affairs do not depart from conthe victory again, but about seventy sultation. were slain and the blest tooth of the Prophet was broken. The Prophet Some people have restricted this was angry with them, but he did not command to the affairs of war. But rebuke or reproach them. And now the word here is general. Tradition God extols him in this verse, and says also shows it to be so. Therefore the that this tenderness was all by the spe- great doctors explain it in the general cial favor of God. sense: In all things consult with thy people. Ask their vote. Thus their "And if thou hadst been rough and heart will become quiet and they will rude of heart." 0 my beloved! If love thee warmly. thou hadst not been so tender, if thou hadst been hard-hearted, if thou hadst Vhen this verse was sent down broken their hearts by coarse words, Abdullah-bin-i-Abbas asked the inner if thou hadst dealt oppressively, trust- meaning of it. Our Lord the Prophet ing in thy miracles, "they had dis- replied in this way: "0 my people, persed from around thee." They my friends! God the most glorious would not !lave cared that thou wert commands me that I should consult a prophet. All would have left thee with you in worldly things, that I and would have gone away. should ask your vote and talk with you before any action. But you know Look! Tho his miracles were as already and the truth is plain that bright as the sun, yet he is com- God and His Apostle are not in need manded to deal gently. Yes, thou art of consultation. With the grace of not able to conquer hearts by thy mir- God I have no need of counsel. But acles. If thou seest always the faults why does He command this? Natuof the people, if thou dost not deal rally, for a blessing to my people. That gently, if thou dost not deal equally is, this will be a precedent, and my with the rich and with the poor, no people until the day of judgment will one remains with thee. But with thee act with consultation. The taking of the rich and the poor are equal. And counsel shall be an essential rule for it is this justice and this equality that them. To everyone revelation does makes thee glorious in the eyes of thy 110t come from heaven. To everyone people Gabriel does not bring the Koran.

This method of consultation began know this blessing to be from Him. in the time of the Rashid Caliphs. 0, my fellow countrymen! Let us For this method a special "sura" had thank God as much as we can. But come down and was called "shoura" thanksgiving can not be by merely (counsel). "What is with God is saying "Thanks." We must try to help, better and more lasting for those who everyone according to his might-the believe and who upon their Lord rely rich with their money, the heroes with and whose affairs go by counsel their might-of-arms, the preachers amongst themselves" (xlii., 36). In- with eloquence, the authors with the asmuch as this is said for all affairs, pen. We must try to keep our libit has relation to the whole body of erty! Oh, how sorrowful was our Moslems or to the non-Moslems also, condition! This oppression and desand thus to the whole of humanity. )otism had filled our earth. These in- quisitions had turned the country into In every event take counsel with ruins. But, thanks to God, the divine one another. As a matter of fact the victory arrived! A breeze brought Arabs did so. This word "mesh- the fragrance of liberty. The oppressweret" (consultation) means to take ors were astonished. They thought out honey. It means that I get the it to be a dream. But on earth men, honey out. I get rid of the bees. and in heaven the angels, tried to- Then there is sweetness in consulta- gether, and God brought all the option! It is picked out of thorns and pressors down. Thanks be to God! poison. It is the pure essence which is taken out. So the Arabs say, If those sad conditions had been "Thank God, I picked out the honey. prolonged how miserable would be I succeeded." our condition! We would be heavily responsible to God. Islam abhors God has now given this blessing to such oppression and despotism. Acyou, my people. If this is God's bless- cording to our faith, every man is ing there is no greater gift. There- obliged to put away this despotism. fore we must undertake consultation Our law commands liberty, justice in everything. Those who accept con- and equality. There are non-Moslems sultation shall get every kind of bless- among us-Armenians, Greeks, Buling. Those who abandon it shall un- garians and Jews. They are God's dergo every kind of woo trust to us. We will try to keep their rights even more than our own. Our Our King has now really dealt ac- religron commands us to do so. There cording to the Koran. According to are three last admonitions of the the advice of the Prophet, with full Prophet. The first of them is tc tenderness, without any severity, he keep from oppressing the non-Moshas followed the Prophet's track. lem citizens. What a noble ordi- nance! They have the same rights There are causes. But it is God which we have. We must leave them who creates the causes. Many pa- free. Their good is exactly our triots, and especially the Third Army good; their loss is exactly our loss. Division, tried very hard, night and day, and saved millions of the opprest. If we do not protect their rights the Prophet will be our enemy. And But God did it. Men must not be proud. We must not forget God. We must trust in Him. We must

SIGNS OF PROMISE TO THE INDIANS

if 'the Prophet becomes our enemy thy hands and, God willing, our em~ will success attend our life? Really we had come to such a pass that three pire will be nobly exalted in the near months would not have passed before future. Your duty is now moderathe Ottoman Empire would have gone tion and thanksgiving. Do not forget down in ruin. Hereafter the king~ to give thanks to God every moment. dom will pass into able and trustwor- a God! Secure the peace of the peo- ple. Affirm it with justice!

SIGNS OF PROMISE TO THE INDIANS BY JOHN W. SANBORN, FRIENDSHIP, N. Y.

Both in the United States and Wilbor, presiding elder of the Metho- Canada there is a substantial increase dist Episcopal Church in the Buffalo of the Indian populatit1n. In Canada district, held his first quarterly meet- there are 109,394 Indians, of whom ing at the Seneca Indian Mission 74,000 are identified with the various Church. Several hymns were sung in religious denominations, and the pro- the Seneca language, and the presence portion is about the same among the of the Holy Spirit was felt in the 291,581 Indians of the United States. service. r Government schools have enrolled Bishop Whipple, speaking of the 24,762 Indian children, and in the mis- transforming. power of Christianity sion and day schools there are 3,736 upon the Indians, once said, "The more. Christian home has taken the place Several years ago the Presbyterian of the wigwam, and the poor, de~ Board offered a prize of a morocco- graded Indian woman has been bound Bible to every Sunday-school changed to the Christian wife and pupil who should learn and repeat mother. With justice, personal rights, without prompting the entire Shorter and the protection of law the Gospel Catechism. From one of the largest will do for our red brothers what it city Sunday-schools of New York has done for other races-give to there were I I successful competitors. them home, manhood and free- In the New York State Indian school, dom."

on the Cattaraugus reservation, out God has a loyal following among of 80 children of school age 55 won the Indians, and some of the rarest the prize. jewels in the Savior's crown will be On the 7th of July last, Rev. Dr. J gathered from our Indian tribes.

IN THE EAST. RESPONSIBILITY

THE WEST* BY REV. C. A. R. JANVIER, PHILADELPHIA, PA. For fourteen years a missionary in India In God's language the same letters during the last half-century, still more that spell opportunity spell responsi- ~luring the last quarter-century, more bility; wherever God gives opportunity 111 the past ten years, and most of all there He holds to responsibility. If in the last five, God has been arousing we look at Syria, Arabia and Persia, these nations in one way or another. Afghanistan and Hindustan, Siam, Tonquin and the Philippine Islands, Take the Philippinc Islands. Note China, Japan and Korea, we see that the change that took place immediately this series of nations, forming the after the Sunday morning when the western, southern and eastern part of guns of Dewey boomed. Think what Asia, contains more than one-half of that awakening was for the islands! the population of the entire globe. What it means to pass from the bond- More than that, we have here more age of Spain into the hands of the than three-fourths of the to-be-evan- American Republic! gelized population of the world. God has placed the sick of the world in this Take Tibet, the nation that has great dispensary, and opened the doors been the mystery of the countries. wide for us to go in and heal them by Who would have predicted five years bringing them to the knowledge of ago that in the forbidden city of Lhasa the Master. a foreign army would force the sign- ing of a treaty? Whatever may be Those nations have through many thought of Colonel Younghusband's centuries been marked by a spirit of expedition, its result can not fail to moral torpor and lethargy, of deadly be a new, an awakened and an accesindifference to all great spiritual ques- sible Tibet. tions. They have constituted the great "valley of dry bones." Be not car- Take China. Do you remember ried away with the common statement how we bowed our heads before God that the people of Asia are intensely as that awful uprising swept over religious. There is a religious tend- China a few years ago ? We said: ency among them, but it is largely a "How is it that God has aJlowed this religiousness of form and ceremony great retrogression? All the labor of and superstitious fear. As to spiritual all these years has gone up in smoke religion, there is indifference and dead- and blood!" But out of that Boxer ness. These nations, beginning at rebellion comes a new China! The Syria in the west, and running round president of the Reform Association of to Japan on the east, have been in China said recently: "There are now this condition of moral torpor and 20,000 young Chinese following the indifference with no true public spirit higher courses of modern education in or deep religious life. China; 50,000 modern schools of lower grade existing in the province of Can- A emu of Unrest and Inquiry ton alone; 4,000,000 of the Chinese can speak English: 10,000 modern text- In recent years God h'as been arous- books from England or America or ing these nations from this sleep of Europe have been translated into Chimillenniums. There has been "a nese, and are now in the hands of shaking up"-yes, "an earthquake." the students." During the last century, increasingly Similar movements are taking place in Siam and Persia and Arabia, and * From the Christian. Obs.erver. other lands into which one after an- who have no rights that anyone is other God has come and is touching bound to respect. To these "outcasts,"

them into an awakened life. found in every city and village of In this series of nations there <,re the country, neither Hinduism nor Mo- two great centers of influence. One of hammedanism can hold out the faint- them is Japan. Formosa is a part of est hope. But the light of Christ has Japan. Korea and Manchuria are un- begun to shine into their deep dark- der Japanese control. China has been ness, and tens of thousands have come HJapanized." Equally true is it that in to the Christian Church, and other the south India is the center of power, hundreds of thousands have their faces not only from its political standing as turned toward the sun rising. In In- a part of the British Empire, but be- dia, then, there is not only the crisis canse of its religious position. Linked among the educated and intelligent- to the East by its pantheism and to the the unrest and the drift toward agnos- West by its Mohammedanism, it is the ticism, but there is this other crisis key to the religious situation. King among those who are reaching up from Edward VII rules over more Moham- the lowest depths for the new life and medans than any other monarch in the light given to them by the Christian world, more than the Shah of Persia, religion.

or the Sultan of Turkey. The Two Grer.t Christiani:l;ing Powen These two centers of influence, which stretch out their hands over the The last great fact to which I call outlying nations until they link hands your attention, I pray you weigh together, are also special centers of prayerfully and solemnly. God in His crisis. If there be crisis in all na- wonderful dealings with nations has tions, there is a deeper crisis in Japan brought into vital contact with these and India. 'vVestern religion, Western two centers of influence in the height thought, Western ideals, Western of their intense crisis the two great standards, these all have in peculiar Christian evangelizing powers of the degree in Japan and in India come in world, England and America. Follow contact with the old life, sleeping history down through the recent cen- through the centuries, and have turies, and you will be struck with the brought about a crisis which no one way that God has been unfolding His can fully understand who has not been plan in the Far East. The develop- in it. ment is one that no one would have Education has been one of the most dared to predict, and yet it is mani- potent factors in producing this unrest, festly no accident. Take Japan. You especially among young men. Occi- might easily expect that America dental education is destroying the would have influence in Japan, for foundations of false faiths and hoary America discovered and has largely superstitions. Young men have lost con- molded modern Japan. But who fidence in the old systems; they have cut would have predicted a few years ago loose fr0111 the old moorings, they have that England would be found in an not yet found anchorage in the Lord offensive and defensive alliance with Jesus Christ, and are drifting out into Japan, one of those but recently de- the darkness of atheism and agnosti- spised Oriental powers? The situation cism. The same is true of J apan. Th~ is accurately symbolized by a scene not situation is almost identical in the two long since enacted in one of the great countries, except that the temperament cities of Japan, when the intensest en- of the Japanese and that wider spread thusiasm was aroused by the display of education make the unrest more in- of the emblems of England and Amer- tense. ica on either side, with the Japanese In India, however, there is another emblem in the center.

aspect of the crisis. There are nearly Then turn to India. You would ex- fifty millions of people, out of all caste, pect to find England there, because

India belongs to England. But the G?d is marching on! He is showing startling fact is that side by side with HIS purpose. He has been fulfilling England is the United States. Where and is now bringing to the consummathere are perhaps two thousand or tion of its fulfilment the promise that more English missionaries, there are the kingdoms of this world are to be fifteen hundred American mission- the kingdoms of the Lord and His aries. What is true of the missionary Christ. Are you and I ready to keep situation is in a measure true of the step with God? Alas, we are not half commercial and even of the political. awake to the meaning of the voice of God as He speaks through His Notice: Three-fourths of the world working among the nations. gathered in half a continent, aroused from the sleep of millenniums, to a Responsibility is a tremendous word; crisis of unrest and inquiry; two great but there is one word more tremencenters of influence, themselves the dous, and that is the word of God's centers of more intense crisis; and love for souls. Face it out with God into vital contact with them now and ask Him what He has for you to brought the two great Christianizing do for the meeting of this responsibilpowers of the world, England and ity, for the manifestation of this infi- America. What does it mean? He nite love for the winning of the world is deaf indeed who can not hear God to Him who so loved it that He gave saying, "Forward, march " He is His only begotten Son to save it from deaf indeed who, if he listens, does not death and despair. "Go ye into all the hear above the deep "Forward, world, and preach the Gospel to every march" the shrill call, "Double quick " creature."

THE CHINESE DRAGON"S AWAKENING* BY REV. E. 1. DOTY, CANTON, CHINA The Dragon awoke early, but ere seized upon it and made it the the morning hours were past the advance agent of civilization; they Dragon slept, not the healthy sleep even used it to break down the that is the reward of toil but the sleep barriers the Chinese themselves of one hypnotized. Centuries long the had set up against them. In a Chinese followed the same ideals with word, while China slept the world steady gaze until there fell, like a worked on. But the tide of progress, mantle, close and dark, the long deep beginning in the Orient, seemed ever sleep. While China slept, the great to march westward. It entered Eupowers of to-day were born and fought rope from the East and permeated their way to accomplishment. That every kingdom. With the colonists it long sleep was a period of philoso- came to America, and in spite of phical and ethical dreaming-and bloody tomahawk crossed the States those dreams have deepened the leth- one by one. It is crossing the Pacific argy unto this day. It was a period and Atlantic and entering the Orient of invention, but not one of develop- once more. Should all the blood in ment. China invented printing, but living veins to-day oppose its progress, never developed it to any consider- it will permeate China to the very cenable degree of perfection; other na- ter. The impact of this tide has tions took it up and made it one of caused the Dragon's awakening. the greatest factors of progress. She invented gunpowder, but did not de- Note some of the changes that have velop its possibilities; other nations taken place. Probably first among these is the student movement, for * From Tlte Chinese Recorder.

CHINESE DRAGON'S AWAKENING

here governor and governed have met the opportunity is coming to Christian on common ground, The old school young men and women to guide the has passed away, It is most significant nation's youth into paths of knowledge that in the historic city of Canton and and progress. This may not seem at in other centers as well, the famous once an opportunity to be grasped, examination booths have given place inasmuch as the Church loses their to halls of the new learning, It is services as preachers and teachers. But significant because it stands for the however well a preacher may preach, fact that throughout the provinces ed- or a teacher may teach, the life is a ucation in new subjects is required, Christian's grandest witness, and en- This we may suppose was a forced tering the door now open this testi- step. The government saw itself mony may be given in high places drawn into the whirlpool of interna- where words can seldom reach. And tional competition and coolly sacrificed this testimony will be examined and the life work of her present genera- compared in a manner that must prove tion of scholars for the greater good its worth.

of the Middle Kingdom. But the de- The multiplication of schools cree revolutionizing the educational throughout the provinces is important.

system did not arrest China's ambition, It is the voluntary response of the Its goal was changed. The nation's common people to the higher call. It thought found a new channel, and we speaks for reaction that the teaching have an army of youth with its face in these schools is so deficient and the set earnestly toward the new learning. tendency so revolutionary, but it All this has created a great oppor- stands for a growth that, whatever the tunity for the Church, because at the opposition, can not be entirely over- present moment the mission schools thrown. Each school building is a alone are fitted adequately to meet the reflector, more or less polished, which conditions. I would not depreciate has caught some ray of light. And other schools where real instruction is that ray wil1 be turned by it to its own given, but wish to emphasize the op- place that all the land may be light.

portunity open to Christian institu- Throughout the whole educational tions. The government and the pri- movement there is a depreciation of vate schools stand rather for the new the old mode of doing things and a idea than for anything like the work- distinct approval of the vitalizing ing of it out. They are not efficient. methods of the West, but there is as The subjects are poorly taught. With yet little evidence of reformation of a few notable exceptions, the in- moral character, without which the structors are not instructed. It is new system must fail to bear its nor- left for the Christian school to supply mal fruit.

that new basis of character, without In connection with education we which all the equipment of the twen- note the increasing use of the English tieth century must fail in its purpose. language. The Chinese are seeking to And to the Christian school is coming learn English at present because it is a class of students from hitherto un- worth money to them, and the future reached levels of society. They may demands will be greater than those of not become Christians, but their asso- the present. The tendency seems to be ciation with us and the resultant un- either toward English or a revision of derstanding of our purpose ought to the native tongue. The time may not lessen opposition and bring into wider have arrived when we should teach repute the cause which we came to English in all our schools, but many establish. do teach it, and we also find English Chriltian Instr.lctions schools under purely native control.

Recognizing the superiority of Along with the study of English has Christian instruction, the new schools come a noticeable change of address are applying to us for teachers, and and manners. The last generation of

educated Chinese was a generation of and so changing the outlook of the scholars, the next is likely to be a gen- East that hardly a soul in all Christeneration of soldiers and diplomats. dom is not affected by the advance. Students are visiting other great powers, and Japan especially, where mil- The Government Circles itarism is at white heat and that phase of war exhibited by the peaceful pa- If we turn to government circles rade of uniformed soldiers with flying we find strong evidence of a similar flags and rattling drums is found most movement. The commission that was tempting. The time is at hand when sent abroad to study Western institu- China should develop statesmen who tions was a select body of men repare wil1ing to decrease that the nation resentative of the official class. This may increase. has ever been the conservative ele- ment, and such an action indicates the But the renaissance is not confined awakening consciousness that the old to the student alone. Socially it institutions are inadequate to stand touches China at every point. The the stress and strain of coming years. newspapers and magazines have more Call it what you will-anything from to say about the middle class than any self-defense to calm appreciation of other or even about the government what is noble-it was in the right itself. The student movement is a la- direction. It was a master-stroke. It tent force with boundless possibilities. made for world-progress.

But the middle class presents the real The commission investigated the inbattle-field of progress. The student stitutions of different countries and theorizes and winces under a yoke that made such suggestions to the throne does not rest upon his own shoulders. as seemed warranted by the knowl- It rests where there is vested property edge gained. To that commission we right. The student travels abroad and owe many of the reforms already urges certain enterprises. The busi- begun. ness man incurs the risk of the venture and experiences the immediate One of the most startling reforms gain or loss. The student is the agi- decreed by the government is the tator, the working man the real re- abolition of opium. The annual reformer. The work of this class is port of the Anti-Opium League gives found in the history of industrial de- quite fully the history of the movevelopment. Here should be mentioned ment and how the government came railways, binding the provinces to- to take up the matter. An Internagether by bands of steel and making tional Opium Commission has been easy and attractive the intercourse agreed to by all the leading powers, which shall drive away interprovincial making it incumbent upon both hemhatred and mistrust. Here should be ispheres to suppress the evil. Thus, mentioned the telegraph, instantly not only will the events of r840 be flashing information to all the chief impossible of repetition, but China will centers of the empire, and the tele- enjoy the moral support and sympaphones and electric lights, foundries, thv of the whole civilized world in her glass-works, and other such industries. attempt to shake off this great Here too should be mentioned the slavery. gilds and different societies formed for mutual aid and protection of par- Another instance of sweeping reticular industries. Space forbids the form is the promise of a constitutional treatment of these things in detail, ex- government. This promise no doubt tremely interesting tho they are to was made for reasons of political exevery student of social conditions. pediency, but apparently it was made Everyone of them tells the story of in good faith. Recognizing the naa reform changing the immediate tional spirit manifest in education, deconditions in the lives of thousands, fense, politics, and even in religion, it is an unmistakable mark of credit to the late Empress-Dowager that she

GREAT AWAKENING IN MANCHURIA

withdrew from the reactionaries and soli dated revolt of the eighteen provjoined hands with the forces that inces. And indeed there is reason to make for progress and unity. But fear. People of all classes are more just here is a very grave danger that or less discontented with the present the people will wrest the legislative status quo, and if opportunity offers power from the throne before they are are willing to abet any movement able to wield it. The people need to aimed at the reigning dynasty. There be patient until such changes can be is no doubt that a revolution is pendmade with safety. The progressive ing and that some are against any party would seize in a year what the compromise less radical than the com- West waited centuries to gain. Sour plete evacuation of Chinese territory indeed will they find the fruit plucked bv the Manchu. too early from the vine. – The missionaries have come with one message. vVe must seek to de- But notwithstanding all the prom- liver that message in such a way that ises of the throne, we find the people the Chinese will be edified. We must still discontented. It is a matter of teach them that a Christian experience serious doubt whether the conciliatory and a high moral life walk hand in reforms of the government, removing hand. We must teach them well the as far as possible all differences be- lesson that until the Law of God is tween the races, will be able to cast written on the tables of their hearts, out of the Chinese mind the intense they must be in subjection to that writhatred of the Manchu. The Chinese ten on tables of stone. In all our idea of patriotism is to drive him back endeavor, let us strive to build up the over the great wall whence he came. new creature, to present every man Much as the government fears a for- perfect unto God. eign foe, her greatest fear is a con- THE GREAT AWAKENING IN MANCHURIA* BY REV. PAUL PATTON FARIS, ICHOWFU, CHINA The mO'{ement began in February, ness is what every experienced mis- 1908, in Liaoyang, spread at once to sionary understands. Mukden, and, soon after, to Haicheng, Fakumen, Newchwang, and number- The particular Christians touched by less towns and villages and hamlets of this revival had in many instances a less fame-and no one dares predict special reason for public acknowledgwhere it will end. ment of their sins. In the peculiar stress of Boxer persecution in Man- A mighty outpouring of the Holy churia not a few Christians-poorly Spirit came to the Christians immedi- instructed because of a lack of missionately after the opening of the meet- aries for their adequate supervisionings, and His power became manifest proyed less heroic than their martyred at once in heart-breaking confession of fellows, temporarily denied their Lord, sin; then in outbursts of prayer, both. and saved their lives, tho losing all the petition and intercession, in great joy, property they owned. It was strong and, finally, in thank-offerings to God evidence of God's presence in the reof money and of service. It was a vival, then, when many of these Chriscase of complete surrender to God. tians with tears and lamentations con- fest their recreancy of eight years ago. That there are occasions for confession of sin among Christians recently "Not only did I worship the idols converted from heathenism's igno- myself," sobbed one poor man, "but I led myoId mother to the temple, and rance, degradation, and moral weak- • From The Christian Endeavor World.

made her do the same-and she is three separate occasions, but each time dead !" And he refused to be com- in vain. I have been like a fierce dog forted. frightening souls away from the fold of Christ. May God have mercy upon Another confest to having stolen me! God have mercy upon me!" And money and goods when Mukden was he threw himself to the ground in an burned in 1900, and a third told with agony of weeping. tears of his having actually been a member of a Boxer band, tho at first Immediately the whole congregation ignorant of its full purpose, and of his broke into loud lamentation; scores of eight years of misery ever since his men and women rushed forward to the escape from the band after his disillu- platform, fell on their knees, and made sionment. abject confession of sin.

But there were other sins also, re- When a moment of quiet came, a quiring presentation to the Lord; and voice was heard from the woman's these too were confest publicly, not side. Simply and tenderly this one easily nor willingly, but evidently as woman was beseeching forgiveness for the result of the Spirit's gracious com- the repentent elder; it was his wife! pulsion. In one place a Christian had been associated with highway robbers, Such prayers as hers were often and had been arrested and subjected to heard, whether for others or for the six months' savage tortures, and had suppliants themselves. The first reyet confest to nothing until one flash course of the tortured sinner was to of divine light showed him his lost the throne of grace. Eagerly his condition, and he writhed in agony on friends would join him in petition, and the floor. it was not long before requests for prayer began to pour in to the leaders Such experiences came to hundreds, of the services. They included those even thousands, of other Christians in mentioning fathers, mothers, hus- Manchuria this spring. Elders, agents, bands, wives, sons, daughters, employdeacons, evangelists, members young ees, the backslidden; they came from and old, inquirers, backsliders, canfest individuals, from hospital and other to having committed one or another of helpers, schools, and chapels in which all the sins in the decalog. Secret idol- prayer unions had been formed. atry, fraud, theft, opium-smoking, gambling, deceit-these were the bur- Each request was written, and was dens from which many a heart was very explicit. freed. "Chu Ching Ho," began one, "a One Example miserable sinner who has been a Chris- tian for twenty years; denied Christ At one meeting the actions of Elder and worshiped idols at the Boxer time, S. were noticeable; he seemed over- has been indifferent ever since. Pray powered with emotion. for me and for my wife, who is not a Christian. Alas! I have never done Twice he sprang to his feet and anything to induce her to become one. made an attempt to speak, but twice sat Pray that God may have mercy upon down again, burying his face in his me." hands in great distress. The people were as quick to respond At last he rose, sprang to the plat- to these requests as they were eager to form, and said in effect: "I can bear make them. When their own sins had this burden no longer! Before the been con fest, they seemed to have no Lord and the congregation I must con- desire but that all others in Manchuria fess my iniquities. Years ago, as all you people know, I was an earnest and should share that happiness. sincere Christian. But alas! I fell. My Whole congregations bowed in inwife spoke to me about my great sin, and at last I could stand her no longer, tercession. Of the Mukden congregaand made up my mind to get rid of tion it is related that not infrequently her. I mixed poison with her food on seven or eight hundred people were praying audibly at once.

A TABLE THAT TALKS

Nor was there any sense of discord, "Men's hospital, $roo; women's hos- wonderful as it may seem. "On the pital, $ roo ; Missionary and Bible So- other hand," writes Mr. Webster, ciety, $roo; education, $200; evangel- "there has sometimes been the most istic agencies, $200. striking harmony. It sounded, indeed, like the most beautiful music, as of a Three characteristics distinguished wind-swept Eolian harp." the Manchurian awakening.

Painful to witness as many of the As has been intimated, there was scenes of confession had been, the pain first of all a deep, overpowering sense was borne by the penitents that peace of sin, compelling confession, usually and forgiveness might be enjoyed. in public. Some day the young Chi- And peace came to the people like a nese church will pass beyond the stage great flood. Communion services were where public confession seems essenobserved with new experience of God's tial, but now most of the Christians in presence; it seemed that the very peace this land find no peace until their asso- ciates, who know their lives as few of a forgiving God was among the re- lives in America are known, witness pentant communicants. their penitent attitude before God.

A necessity for thanksgiving swept The exaltation of the Holy Spirit over the many congregations. Praise forms the second great characteristic. in song, gratitude exprest in offerings Early in the meetings at Mukden, as of money and jewels, and offers of a check on native impulsiveness it was service came from all quarters. One suggested that only those who had rewoman made a vow to give the Lord ceived "the grace of the Spirit" should two full days of service every week lead in prayer. More than once confor the rest of her life, and another gregations were brought back to first gave two dollars to buy books for in- principles by a sermon or an exhortaquirers, since she could not speak to tion on the one theme, "Not by might, them herself. One poor man gave a nor by power, but by my Spirit, saith dollar; another, six; a third, five bush- the Lord." The Spirit, thus exalted, els of grain. Many offered a tenth early made His presence manifest, and of their income to the Lord. One man the mighty blessing followed. offered five hundred strings of cash; another, the rent of two small houses. The third feature of this movement Salaries of helpers were provided for; worthy of note is the prominent part salaries were promised to new evan- that was taken by the Chinese pastors, gelists and pastors; and buildings were helpers, and other leading Christians. offered rent-free for church purposes. It seems that except at the beginning A young merchant tithed his property the missionaries had little to do but of $7,000, and divided $700 as follows: stand still and see the wonderful work of God through Chinese leadership.

A TABLE THAT TALKS BY S. M. ZWEMER, D.D.

The accompanying table tells of im- who fears he can not stand "the climediate needs on the foreign field. It mate" has here a choice of every sort is eloquent with facts and figures that of climate, from Alaska to Siam and speak louder than mere words.. It from West Africa to East China. Here emphasizes the dearth of missionary candidates, and speaks to those who are opportunities for the preacher and could go if they would listen. the physician under every kind of flag and civilization, and to every kind I. The table meets a whole series of non-Christian religion-Moslems, of objections and difficulties. The man Buddhists, Hindus, idolaters. Here

are places for those who covet a diffi- 3· And the table speaks of urgency. cult speech, like Arabic or Chinese, It is the day of opportunity in every one of the lands on this list. China is and for those with moderate linguistic m transition. Japan IS m the balance. capacity in Spanish or English. The India is in upheaval. There IS a Mosman or woman who IS waiting for a lem menace in Africa. Unprecedented "definite call" can run his fingers down ~—-l1EN—-~ ~—–WOllEN—–~ ~ ~ '@ Africa …………. . o"0 5 Alaska …………. . 4 Arabia …………. . I Asia Jlinor …….. . 2 Assam …………. . I Brazil …….. to ••••• Bulgaria ………… . 2 Burma …… . 0 •••••• 5 Ceylon …………. .

China ………. t_ •• 24 I4 4 I6 Cuba …………… . 3 Chile ………….. . 2 India •………….. 10 7 4 4 8 Japan ………….. . 22 I2 2 8 Korea ………….. . 3 Macedonia ……… _.

Mexico ………… .

Palestine …….. 0 ••• Philippines ……… .

Peru ………….. .

Porto Rico ……… . 4 Siam to .0. ,_ ……. . I Syria ………….. .

Turkey ………… .

U. S. America …… .

Miscellaneous ……. . 2 98 26 23 I3 9 IO 5I 2 Men…………………………………………………………. ISO Women………………………………………………………. 110 260 these columns and hear two hundred opportunities are opening in Turkey. and. sixty Macedonian voices. The cry from Korea is that of a dead ripe harvest field, while other lands 2. The table shows clearly the wide are awaiting plowmen to turn the virdiversities of gift now in demand and gin soil. These doors for the investthe multiform character of present-day ment of life are open now. The qualievangelism. Ordained preachers for fied man or woman must enter speedily regular pulpits in large cities or un- or that particular door will be closed. They are immediate needs, not the touched districts are wanted. Men for needs of future months or future the work of a bishop or with theo- years. Everyone of the items in the logical acumen to teach native preach- taMe is tip to date. If it is up to date ers; teachers of every grade, from kin- and you have the missionary spirit, it dergarten to applied science; men of is up to you. What are you going to business ability and captains of indus- do about it? trial training. When was there a wider, more varied, stronger call for leadership than that offered here?

EDITORIALS

THE "D. M. R."-A HELP TO PASTORS terest in foreign missions. Dr. Mor- gan's conclusion is that "we ought to The Presbyterian Church has re- abandon all methods spectacular, spascently published a valuable pamphlet modic, and special and give ourselves giving letters from mission fields to quiet, patient, determined instrucshowing the "Distinct Missionary tion of our own people." He adds, it Responsibility" of that denomination is absolutely certain that the very life for the evangelization of the world. of the Church depends upon her obe- Pastors and laymen should study this dience to the will of the Lord, and report with its presentation of oppor- unless we can go forward to the retunities in non-Christian lands. gions beyond, our own life is sure to suffer. This question is in very large A leaflet of practical value, giving measure a minister's question. If the twelve suggestive studies in this pam- ministry of the Church lacks definitephlet, with references to other recent ness of conviction and enthusiasm of literature, has been prepared by Secre- action, we can not expect the people tary Halsey. These twelve studies of the congregation to be other than would make ideal topics for monthly indifferent to this great work. Spirprayer-meetings. itual life is the secret of missionary work. The topics include: (I) The World Field; (2) China and the World; (3) BOSTON'S CHURCHES Light in the Dark Continent; (4) The Unrest in India; (5) The Unique Po- Rev. C. D. Gray writes in The sition in Siam and Laos; (6) Our Standard that Congregationalists at Southern Neighbors; (7) Responsi- the "Hub" barely hold their own. bility in the Philippines; (8) A Mis- Fourteen of their strongest churches sion Study Meeting; (9) The Advance dropt last year from 7,134 to 6,991. in Japan; (IO) Persia and its Prog- Young people seem especially to be ress; (I I) Christianity in Korea; drifting into other churches and Chris- ( I2) The Needs of Syria; The Sun- tian Science. The Methodists have day-school and World-wide Evan- about 30 churches, mostly small, only gelism. 7 numbering over 300. Five leading churches are in a "moribund" condi- These leaflets may be had from the tion. The blood and fire of Methodism Presbyterian Board, 156 Fifth Avenue, have disappeared. The Baptists have New York, for a two-cent stamp. It neither lost nor gained numerically. In is of value to other denominations as IO years there has been only about 300 well. Anyone will benefit from its study. advance. Dr. A. J. Gordon's church, DR. CAMPBELL MORGAN AND that gave over $20,000 in one year to missions, last year fell to $IS0! Rug- MISSIONS gles Street and Dudley Street, Mr. Gray thinks likely to unite. Tremont This well-known London Congrega- Temple, now pastor/ess, is a great tionalist has been trying to educate his preaching center rather than a strong great flock by weekly addresses on the church. Protestant Episcopal churches great missions and missionaries of the have made the most progress in ten last century. years, 19 parishes increasing over thirty-two per cent., and in the suburbs In a series of meetings in West- the growth has been as great if not minster Chapel he confest surprize and greater. These are facts to be studied. disappointment at the attendance. The vast majority of his own people were THE OPIUM QUESTION IN CHINA conspicuous by their absence; and those present were already interested We look with intense interest to the in world-wide evangelization. In all report of the International Opium parts of Christendom, only very few Commission which met in Shanghai "who profess and call themselves Christians" manifest any genuine in-

on the first day of the new year. life. Sunday is largely given up, even Three months before, in a report by by nominal disciples, to secular plans Mr. Leech, counselor to the British and occupations. Much that is apolo- Legation at Peking, it is stated that gized for as rest consists in Sunday in many provinces the area under excursions which only bring more expoppy cultivation is reduced, due, it is haustion and depletion of nervous believed, to increase of taxation, fine strength. Man gets away from God's and punishment. It has been found laws and ideals only at his own peril. difficult to enforce prohibition, on ac- Even a liberal thinker like Dr. Brooke count of the commercial value of the Herford said: product, and the entanglement of officials in the opium habit. In some "It is a mistake to argue for the provinces the effort to banish the drug weekly rest day on the ground of rehas been honestly made, and in Kwei- ligion. It rests in the permanent need chau it is said it can not be bought. and general sense of men." He was On the same day when the commis- in favor of enforcing it legally against sion met the decree prohibiting the im- all the common work of the world portation of morphia into China be- which can not give account of itself came operative-another foe to public as necessary or for some clear public welfare considered by some even more good. But just as earnestly he pleaded dangerous. for every restriction to be taken off from quiet, innocent recreation. On Why should not Christian America the other side, Mr. Charles Hill, of make as decided an effort to stamp out the Workingmen's Lord's Day Rest intoxicants as heathen China is ma- Association, invited the clergy and king to be rid of the curse of opium. ministers of London to preach a ser- mon on one Sunday in November in SABBATIC REST favor of Sunday observance, and against the opening of museums and President Roosevelt has directed places of amusement. Rev. J. B. that Sunday work, in the departments Meharry, preaching in his church at in Washington, be restricted to what Crouchhill, said we were not told that is of an emergency character or abso- anyone day of the week rather than lutely necessary to public interest and another was to be dedicated to God's welfare. Accordingly Postmaster- service. It did not matter on what General Meyer, in whose department day Christians met together to wormore work has probably been done on ship their God provided thej- paid rethe weekly rest day than in any other spect to the spirit of the moral law, branch of the Government, has issued and, above all, to the great goodness an order in compliance with the Presi- God showed for His creatures in dent's directions; the heads of other urging them, commanding them, to departments will undoubtedly do like- take rest. wise. The closing order is the President's response to an appeal from the MAILING MANUSCRIPTS AND Sunday Observance League of Washington, which sent a delegation to the MAGAZINES White House, headed by Justice Harlan, of the Supreme Court, to plead I f in mailing printed matter. manuscript and for a stricter observance of the day. proof, and exchanges, rolling and unnecessary folding could be avoided, it would save not a little We believe that· few things are inconvenience to the editors. We especially recmore needful in our day for the pro- ommend to those who are sending out by post motion of every interest of Church monthly magazines that arrangements be made to and State than a wide-spread and send them as the MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE radical reform in this direction. But WORLD is always sent, in wrappers of the full the movement should begin in the in- size of the magazine. The Church Missionary Redividual and the {ami!:}', if it is to be 7.'ieuo, for example, is printed on heavy paper and permanent in ecclesiastical and social then folded lengthwise in the middle, and when opened refuses to lie flat. Other exchanges are rolled up in tight wrappers, and prove similarly intractable. If a uniform system of wrapping can be ~dopted, icaving the magazine, when not .too large to be sent without either rolling or foldmg, a gr~at favor will be done not only to the editors of this REVIEW but to many others. CHINA China Times calls "one of the leading educators and philanthropists of Tien- Chinl'l and the Millennium tsin city," has roused much comment Sir Robert Hart, who is now in in various government circles in China. England, said at a recent luncheon that the Chinese hated fighting, but circum- Mr. Chang was formerly associated stances would force it upon them, and with Yen Han-lin, first vice-president he prophesied that there would come of the Imperial Board of Education at the day when China would do something extraordinary. They might have Peking. He is now under orders to a great deal of fighting to do, but pos- investigate education in the United sibly in one or two hundred years would be as strong individually and States, Germany, France and England, nationally as Germany, and then and also to make a study of foreign would turn round to the rest of the world and say, "Gentlemen, there fisheries for the Chinese Government. must be no more fighting." They The Rev. Carl A. Felt, of North would throw in the force of their arms China, writes concerning Mr. Chang with the country attacked and against as follows: the country that made war, and he believed that in that way the millennium He has been at the head of an interwould come. mediate school in Tientsin for some' years, and has been very successful. For How to Hasten China's Redemption the past two years or more he has been becoming more and more interested in After a half-centurv of most inti- Christianity. It was at first a very abmate acquaintance with China and its stract study in his case, but has gradpeople, Sir Robert Hart has been tell- ually taken on new interest until it being where the emphasis should be put gan to glow and burn in his heart. He in missionary work. eventually came to a full realization of his privilege in Jesus Christ. He was The measures which he specially all aglow with peace and joy, nor did urges upon missionary societies are an he hesitate a moment in making his deincreased force of medical mission- cision known. Mr. Chang's acceptance aries and trained nurses; the opening of Christianity at once became the topic of new schools and colleges; the en- of conversation in all g-overnment circles. largement of work among women and He went to Peking to resign his position. girls; the establishment of more philanthropic agencies to help the blind, Chinese Officials Interested deaf, and dumb foundlings and lepers; and the sending of missionaries spe- Miss C. J. Lambert, principal of the cially qualified to influence the ruling and literary classes through lectures, girls boarding-school, Fuchau, in literature, and friendly intercourse. The result of such measures, he is con- which there are 220 Chinese girls, fident, will be hopeful and rewarding. "Until now," he says, "we have been sixty of whom are over eighteen years merely feeling the way and preparing foundations, but the new generation is of age, wrote home: going to build, and China's pagoda will tower high among the nations." The Chinese officials have been taking a great deal of notice of our school of A Prominent Chinese Converted late, whereas before they would have nothing whatever to do with mission- The recent conversion to Christian- schools. They were so pleased that they ity of Mr. Chang Po Ling, whom The sent every girl a piece of material, and asked that they might send the teachers of their new government schools to see our school and watch the children drill. They are now approaching me with a view to getting some of our girls to teach in the new girls' schools, as they said they had had a teacher for two years, and she could not yet get the chil- dren to stand straight; and they wanted one also to teach mathematics. and one to take the head! Of course, it is just what we have been longing for, to get some of these new schools under Chris- tian influence.-C. M. Gleaner. Missions As Seen by a Consul China Mission was founded in 1879, and reports that it now has two sta- The evidence is steadily accumula- tions and three out-stations in the great ting that the grace is spreading and empire. Six European workers are becoming prevalent of rating missions assisted by six native helpers, and 100 at something near their true value in professing Christians (76 communienhancing the well-being of human cants), are the fruit of their labors. kind. In the last volume of the "Re- During 1907, 16 Chinese were bapport of the Commissioner of Educa- tized, while 22 remained under instruction" stands an article entitled "Edu- tion preparatory to baptism. Nine nacational Activity in Fuchau, China," of tive teachers were employed in the which a large portion relates to the va- seven missionary schools, where 120 ried educational work of the Ameri- children received Christian training. can Board, the Methodist Episcopal The printing-press located in China Church and the Church Missionary proved a most valuable help in the Society, by Julian H. Arnold, late con- work. sul in charge. This competent and unprejudiced authority says: The China Alliance Mission had 10 stations, 26 out-stations, and The salutary effect of missionary effort ~I preaching-places in the provin China is entirely underestimated. mces of Che-kiang and Kiang-si Some day, when China gets upon her feet, she will gladly erect monuments to at the beginning of 1908. Its 29 the memories of those ardent missiona- white missionary laborers were asries whose whole lives have been devoted to the uplifting of the Chinese sisted by 44 paid and a number of people. Much of the adverse criticism voluntary native helpers, and the numdirected against missionary effort in ber of communicants was 358, while China is based upon ignorant prejudice, 222 inquirers remained, after 68 adult rather than a knowledge of facts. It is heathen had been baptized during through schools and hospitals on the 1907. Five of the stations were with- Western model that the more enlightened out missionary schools, and the seven missionary bodies are striving to Chris- schools in the other stations had only tianize China. Their work has been I I7 pupils. It may be mentioned as quiet and unostentatious, but the Chinese a most encouraging fact that the few are beginning to recognize the superior- Chinese Christians of the mission COl+- ity of these institutions over their own. tributed about $400 to the work of the Lord during I907. Growth of Methodism in China In connection with the work of the The Chinese Recorder for November gives some comparative statistics Berlin Missionary Society in China a showing the advance made by the China Missionary Union of Christian Methodist Episcopal mission in many Youths and Young Men has been particulars, and these among others: founded in Berlin. Its purpose is to The missionary force was 156 in 1903, interest the Y. M. C. A.'s and other and in 1907 had risen to 228; Chinese Christian organizations of the East in workers, from 1,283 to 1,653; full missionarv effort and to further the esmembers, from 12,085 to 17,597; those tablishme~t of the Y. M. C. A.'s within who have left heathenism, from 34,063 the sphere of activity of the Berlin to 56,385; schools, from 319 to 453; Society in China. scholars, from 7,558 to 13,519; hospitals, from I I to 23; dispensaries, The missionaries of the General from 14 to 29; native contributions, Evangelical Protestant Missionary Sofrom $32,288 (Mex.), to $362,445 ciety of Berlin in China call especial (Mex.). attention to the encouraging progress German Societies in China which China is making. They men- tion among other encouraging things Two of the less-known German so- the following facts: (I) The governcieties engaged in missionary work in ment has been entrusted to the ablest China are the Kiel China Mission and reformers, so that there is good hope the China Alliance Mission. The Kiel of the final success of the reform pro- The speaker stood upon a table, and gram. (2) The opposition of the gov- amid breathless silence, broken only ernment to the use of opium is most by occasional exclamations of assent, determined, while cooperation of the spoke on the fourth commandment people is apparent everywhere. (3) and preached Jesus Christ. He was The necessity of a thorough education followed by one of the elders, so that is acknowledged by all, and an ever- more than 1,000 Chinese heard the increasing number of men is demand- Gospel because one Chinaman, when ing a better and more suitable educa- sick, had heard and believed it.

tion for Chinese girls and for the Methodist Missions in Korea elevation of Chinese women to the position which belongs to them. The first missionaries reached Ko- rea in 1885, and the work was or- In "Reports of the Rhenish Mission- ganized into an annual conference in ary Society" we find especially at- 1908. The statistics are as follows: tractive and encouraging descriptions Missionaries, 41; native ordained from its sphere of activity in the great preachers, 6; local preachers and workers, 29; Sunday-school scholars, heathen empire. In Tungkun a 14,967; communicants, 24,244. They Chinese, Tai-yin, from a neighboring ask for 1909, $66,861. Received in village with I I ,000 inhabitants, was 1908, $28,465; increase asked, $38,396. operated upon in the missionary For new property, $25,75°; increase hospital three years ago. When fully asked for work as it is, $8,730. In recovered, Tai-yin returned to his no pagan country have we had the home, having received the good seed same success in the same length of of the Gospel into his heart while sick time as in Korea, and perhaps there and suffering. It brought forth fruit, is no pagan country in the world that and ofttimes he returned to Tungkun is so ripe for Christian evangelizato hear the story of salvation by faith tion. The growth of the work has in Christ. His house was cleared of been phenomenal and has far exceedidols, and to the neighbors he was ed our ability to give it financial known as a Christian man, tho he was support. One year ago the General not baptized. His aged mother be- Committee authorized a call for specame sick, and he asked her a short cial relief in Korea, amounting to time before her death if she would be $10,000, and about that sum has been satisfied to have omitted all heathen received. Six new missionaries have usages at her funera1. She gave her been sent out during the year, pracconsent, and Tai-yin came after her tically exhausting for outgoing and death to the missionary and asked support the entire special fund.- that he come and at the funeral ex- World-Wide Missions. plain to his relatives and neighbors why all heathen, idolatrous usages were omitted. At first the relatives Presbyterian Work in Korea were very angry because Tai-yin was The report of the Korea Mission leaving his mother without nourish- for the year ended June 30, 1908, is ment, as they thought, and when the a remarkable missionary document.

missionary and three of his elders ap- In spite of disturbed political con- peared they were greeted with the de- ditions, 5,423 communicants have risive shout, "foreign devi1." But, lo! been added. The native contribu- soon the street was filled with people tions amount to the sum of $61,- and the wide space in whose midst the 730.99. Last year the number of coffin stood was crowded with an adherents was placed at 54,987; this immense multitude, which waited ex- year 73,844. There are 797 self-sup- pectantly for the message of the mis- porting churches in the mission, and sionary, the first news concerning 454 schools entirely supported by Christ ever heard in that large place the Koreans; 12,264 pupils are under from the lips of a white missionary. instruction in the various schools. In

the hospitals and dispensaries under tions, with instruction covering every the care of the mission 46,336 pa- branch of learning, and special emphasis is tients were treated. Has there been laid on instruction in religion and morals. anything in the history of missions The factory owners have been so imprest with the effect of this home on both the from the Day of Pentecost to the health and condnct of the girls that they present equal to this advance made have persuaded Mr. Omoto to open schools in other boarding~houses. in a single year in Korea? SIAM AND MALAYSIA Social Changes in Korea The Fruit of Twenty-.even Years From Seoul comes a pleasant ac- In his annual report, says the Macount of how "the older order changeth, yielding place to new" in laysia Message, the Rev. J. A. B. the land of Korea: Cook, who has seen twenty-seven Yesterday a wedding was performed years of service as a Presbyterian in the First Methodist Church here, the missionary in the Straits, records some contracting parties of which were both of the things that have cheered him Koreans. The groom is the director of and his colleague, Mr. Murray, in the the Educational Bureau of Korea, and year's work among the Chinese: the bride the daughter of the governor of Chemulpo. Many prominent men and Despite the general business depreswomen were present. The dividing cur- sion and corresponding straitened cirtain between the men and the women cumstances of agricultural members, they was down its full length for the first have averaged two dollars per member time in the history of Korea. Among in their gifts. One of the oldest Chinese the higher-class guests present was a members and a former preacher, who is prince who sat beside his wife, one of still a voluntary local preacher, gave the ladies-in-waiting at the palace. Tru- $lOO to the Preacher's Fund as a thanksly, it is startling to think of the con- giving for special mercies received. Antrast between the Korea of twenty years other Chinese friend made a free gift of ago and the Korea of to-day. There sat land at Seletar, a country district on many ladies who had always been so Singapore Island, where work already in carefully nurtured and so completely se- existence will now be pushed. Another cluded that one naturally thought it Chinese friend gives the privilege of fellmust be a frightful ordeal for them. Yet ing wood, another gives planks from his seemingly it was not so, for they chatted sawmill, and yet another Chinese gives and laughed and seemed to feel as much $60 toward the building. at horne in the gaze of the world as do their Western sisters. Hail to the new All these, so far, have not declared Korea !-World-Wide Missions. themselves Christians; but there are scores and hundreds of Chinese like What One Japanese Has Done them there and in China, who have come under the spell of Christ, and of Says The Christian Work and Evan- whom many will before long come out gelist: clearly and show themselves to be Christians by name as well as by sen- We can not refrain from speaking of timent and conviction. Mr. Omoto's remarkable "Factory Girls' Home," at Matsuyama. Mr. Omoto, Progress of the Gospel in New Guinea when a young man, had been banished from his father's home because of his The Neuendettelsau Missionary drinking habits. One night he left a Society sent its first missionaries to drinking-house to break up a service a New Guinea, the great island east of Christian missionary was holding in the the Dutch East Indies, in r886. Since city. He was attracted by the remarks then the progress of the work has been of the missionary, and ultimately became continuous, until there are now I3 a convert to Christianity. He found em- stations, where 23 missionaries and I I ployment in a factory, and soon rose to helpers have gathered I,637 native a responsible position. He at once no- Christians, 536 catechumen, and 569 ticed the dreadful conditions under which scholars. In the spring of r905, there the factory girls lived. With the aid of were only 8 stations, I6 missionaries, Mr. Gulick and Miss Parmelee, two of and 3 helpers, 73 native Christians, I03 our most capable missionaries, he started catechumen, and 259 scholars. The a home for these girls. Here they lived under immensely improved conditions, and at very low rates. Then Mr. Omoto began a night school for the girls. The horne has now grown to large propor-

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

increase of native Christians in three Bible teaches; to go to the source of years, from 73 to I,637, is especially Christian faith and judge for them- remarkable. It is to be regretted that selves. Three-quarters of a million the income of the Neuendette1sau of Indians-Hindus and Moham- Society has not increased as the work medans-reside in Burma. Their progressed, so that the society is now separation from their Indian homes threatened with a considerable deficit. has also freed them from many re- Items from Siam and Laos straints of caste and custom that bound them there, and were fetters In one Laos town, service was an- hard to break. In Rangoon, where nounced by the town crier, the mon- these men, educated away from their astry drum was beaten to call the audi- superstitions, occupy a foremost ence together, and Rev. Howard place in all responsible positions, Campbell preached standing within a there has arisen a spirit of inquiry few feet of a large image of Buddha. and a seeking after Bible study that deserves recognition. The only suit- The Governor of Chieng Mai has able response is a school where they deeded half an island, his own land, to the mission for a leper settlement. can study the Bible carefully and It is a tract of I60 choice acres, where prayerfully, where they can learn to the Governor's pet elephant has long know the God of the Bible. been sole monarch, for he was so vicious no one dared approach him; The proposal to establish in Ran- goon a branch of the New York he would push over a house or kill a Bible Teachers' Training School man that stood in his way. Mean- has met with a hearty response from while lepers roamed everywhere beg- Dr. W. W. 'White, the president, and ging for food, 'a menace to the public. funds are needed to start and carry Buddhism regards leprosy as retribu- on the work till it becomes well tion and never relieves its victims. established. This Bible School is to The Third Church, of Bangkok, now meet the need of educated men who uses an individual communion set, can pay for it when they know its presented by a Chinese member. value. It is not primarily for the The Boon Itt Memorial is in course training of mission helpers, as each of erection; a two-story brick building mission prefers to train its own. It with verandas on both floors. The is for those for whom at present no management will be on the Y. M. special provision is made, and who, C. A. Plan.-Woman's Work. when reached, can do more for their INDIA countrymen than any other class.* An Indian Christian University A Bible School Needed for Burma The proposal to convert Carey's col- Bible Schools are the outcome of a lege at Serampore into a Christian new phase of development in the university for India is one which must Christian Church. The need for an appeal to all lovers of missions. If interdenominational Bible School it is carried out, as we believe it will has arisen of late years in India, be, then Carey's original intention will where government has given a be accomplished. He always meant it sound English education to a mass to be something bigger than a Baptist of Indian youths who have had no training college, and one making an opportunity to study the Bible or to appeal to the entire population. An learn anything definitely of the interdenominational committee has Christian religion outside the mis- agreed to the scheme, and the prin- sion schools. The fact of so many cipal of the college has come to Eng- ·diverse forms of Christianity which land to interest British people therein.

work to evangelize the country has given educated men a curious desire '* Contributions or inquiries may be sent to Mrs. to seek for themselves what the W. F. Armstrong, 541 Lexington Avenue, New York.

This project should receive the heart- from Gulbarga, South India, comes the iest support from our people. The report of another Sadhu convert, advantage to India of such a university whom the Rev. J. H. Garden calls "the can not be exaggerated. Every close most earnest convert we have ever student of Indian questions must per- had." "Tho he has been a Christian ceive that the native population is des- for only a little over a month, he has tined more and more to do its own committed to memory the Creed, evangelization. The people, emanci- Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandpated through British rule, are feeling, ments and I~uch of the Catechism. He as never before, their own power of has also read a great part of the New self-government, and this is as true Testament and the whole of 'Pilgrim's of the Church in India as of the State. Progress.' He is able to confound If the Church of the future is to have from their own books his former cowise leadership, its promising youth religionists and we hope great things must be trained in a Christian univer- from his zeal and devotion and learnsity. The quarter of a million pounds ing." asked for to complete the scheme ought to be immediately forthcoming. Success in a Methodist Mission It is one of the most important pieces of work ever undertaken in our great The Multra District Conference of dependency.-London Christian. the India Mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church was held the latter Death of an Eminent Saint part of August, and the workers re- ported there had been more than 1,600 Writing on the death recently of the people baptized in nine months. The first convert from Zoroastrianism in itinerating band had visited 246 modern times-Dhanjibhai Nauroji- villages, taught 7,663 Christians, Principal Mackichan (Wilson College, preached to 32,424 non-Christians and Bombay) says that tho the Indian torn down 1 IS shrines of evil spirits. Church has lost its most outstanding Jineteen pastors are supported by the personality, and one of its most trusted people whom they serve. leaders in spiritual things, he was an Indian to the core-lover of his A Present from a Traveler country and his people. His acceptance of a new faith did not change At the mission-church at Kotgur, in the framework of his mind and spirit. the Himalayas, on September 13, the He gave to Christ and His religion world-renowned explorer, Dr. Sven all that belonged to him as an inherit- Hedin, who had just returned to civance from the national life of which ilization after his travels in Tibet, was he formed a part. His theology was one of the congregation. Before leavsuffused with elements of value that ing Kotgur for Simla on the followcame to him from this long ancestry. ing day he generously presented the His stanchness was worthy of a mem- Rev. H. F. Beutel with the gold watch ber of a nation which, like the Jews, which he had used throughout his two has survived so many vicissitudes of years' journey, in token of his sympauntoward national condition; and his thy with and appreciation of missionconsciousness of God, his sense of a ary work. The watch, as Dr. Hedin divine all-embracing Presence, was desired, is to be sold for the benefit of also a part of his Eastern inheritance. the work in Kotgur.

Hilldu .. Holy Man" Converted A Missionary Church The October number of World-Wide The sixteenth annual report of the Missions contained an account of the Tinnevelly District Church Council for conversion of the Sadhu (or holy man, 1907 has recently come to hand. The of one of the Hindu sects), Ram Das, agents of the council include 41 Indian in Rurki District, Northwest India, pastors,1O inspecting schoolmasters, 31 and of his zeal as a Christian. Now evangelists, 151 catechists, 419 school- masters and 162 schoolmistresses. In the district there are 60,000 Chris-

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

tian adherents, some I5,000 of whom Kurds, Servians, Syrians and Turks.

are communicants. In the 456 schools And by creed-and creeds in Turkey there are I5,I46 scholars. The con- represent separate political entities- tributions of the Indian Christians to there are Moslems, Greek Orthodox, the funds of the Council (exclusive of Armenian and Protestant Christians, school fees) amounted to Rs. 64,412. Jews and Druses. The Senate, of In the report the missionary efforts of from sixty to eighty members, is ap- the church are dealt with under three pointed by the Sultan-that is, under heads; namely, "voluntary evangelistic the regime of the moment, by his min- work,·' "work of the Missionary Asso- isters. The deputies in the lower ciation," and the "work of the Indian house are supposed to represent con- Missionary Society." The advances stituencies of 50,000 males, and will made by the latter during the year un- number about 250. With all these dif- der review have been noted from time ferences of race and faith go varieties to time in our pages. The work of of dress and tongue, which add to the the Missionary Association is carried complexity and the difficulty of the on by 32 evangelists, one of whom is problem. Turkish is the official lan- in the Vynaad. In the Palamcotta guage of the government and of de- Circle, 30 voluntary bands went out bate, but Arabic, Greek, Armenian, preaching, and all the villages within Bulgarian, Servian, Albanian and ten miles were visited.-C. M. S. other tongues are spoken by delegates.

Gleaner. It is evident that if we had not assimi- TURKEY AND PERSIA lated our immigrants as they came to us we should have a like problem on Congratulations to missionaries in our hands. On a smaller scale it is Syria and Turkey, especially to those the problem of South Africa, with who after the long night of toil-three- its Dutch and English tongues. It score, fifty, forty years-now see this would be a serious question in China, day of victory for truth. Others la- where the written language is one and bored and died not having received the the spoken dialects many, and for promise, yet this victory is theirs also. India, if parliamentary government Levi Parsons and Pliny Fiske, Goodell, were to come.-The Congregation- Dwight, Hamlin, Bliss, Calhoun, Van alist. Dyck, Isaac and Wm. Bird, the Eddys, father and son, they are all in Free Speech in Turkey this victory; and most fully those of them who best revealed the Father Now that the censor has lost his job and, to antagonistic races, showed the in the Turkish Empire, words tabooed meaning of "brotherhood," the new for over thirty years will come troopword which stands out on to-day's ing into print again. A postmaster banners of rejoicing. – Missionary once held back The Independent on ac- Herald. count of its editorial on "Thanksgiving Turkey." No geography might con- tain "Armenia." Tho thousands of The Make-up of the Turkish Parliament men and boys were named "Murad,"

The list of racial names comprised it has not been allowed in the lan- in the membership of the new Ottcr guage, not even on deeds of property, man parliament is formidable, and since the present Sultan deposed his indicates the initial difficulty which brother Murad. "Youth" was a fatal the leaders of the Young Turkish word; it suggested Young Turks.

movement will have in guiding and Mention of any "Society" was forbid- unifying so motley a company of rep- den; so were "statue of liberty," "re- resentatives of such diverse tongues, public," "revolution," or anything that creeds and interests. To take them sounded like "constitution." So dan- alphabetically by race, there are Al- gerous was the word "freedom," that banians, Arabs, Armenians, Bosnians, even "free alcohol" was banished from Bulgarians, Circassians, Greeks, Jews, a work on chemistry, It was of no use to translate, "The Son of God goes Persian Mission. forth to war" ; choirs will soon be sing- Persia is undoubtedly one of the ing it. neglected mission-fields. It is more than one-third the size of India, its A Tuberculo.ds Sanatorium for Syria area being 630,000 square miles, with upward of 12,000,000 inhabitants, The long-planned-for sanatorium against 1,500,000 square miles in Infor which Dr. Mary Pierson Eddy has dia. Yet comparatively little missionbeen working has now been opened ary work has been done in the counnear Beirut. Dr. Eddy writes: try. Modern missions in Persia were begun in the sixteenth century by Ro- For three months I had been preparing man Catholic monks among the Arthe house and grounds, and two tent- menians. There are at present from houses were already up. Later we erect- 8,000 to 10,000 Roman Catholics in ed a large tent-house, called by the Persia. The earliest Protestant mispatients "the Hotel," and two white can- sionaries were Moravians, who in 1747 vas tents. The sanatorium itself was not came to labor among the Parsees. used at first, except as an administra- They were, however, unable to remain, tion building, as we planned that our owing to the disturbed condition of patients while still few in number should the country. The first permanent sleep, eat, and remain during the day in Protestant mission was established in tents, tent-houses, or among the pine- 1835 by the Rev. Justin Perkins and trees by which the house is surrounded Dr. Asahel Grant at Urumia for the on three sides. special purpose of winning the N es- torians to evangelical Christianity. In All went well at first; the patients 1871, Teheran was occupied; Tabriz gained splendidly, until one day we be- in 1873; and Hamadan in 1881. gan to hear rumors of stealthy steps Through the endeavors of Dr. Bruce, around the tents at night. Our midnight an Indian missionary, the Church Miscallers became bolder, our patients more sionary Society established themselves fearful, and then carne a memorable in 1869 at Ispahan; and later at other night when the wild beast walked boldly places in the South. In 1895, the under our very windows and uttered total number of Protestants was estimost blood-curdling howls. Next night mated at over 3,000 communicants and the very last patient slept indoors. Later about 10,000 adherents. we found it was a large wolf. As summer advanced, we were pleased that Lutheran Work in Persia people came, in ever-increasing numbers, from every part of the country to see the The Hermannsburg Missionary Sosanatorium. ciety has conducted missionary work among the N estorians in northern The sanatorium has two homes. One Persia since 1880, its missionaries beis on the mountains of Lebanon, over ing three natives who have received 3,000 feet high, where patients can stay their theological training in German from May until November. The other Lutheran institutions. The Swedish home has winter quarters at Junieh Bay, Lutheran Church in America has also where buildings are now being erected, labored among the Nestorians since as a memorial to the late Teunis Hamlin, 1888. A special conference on Persia D.D., of Washington, D.C. followed the General Evangelica1- Lutheran Conference at Hanover, The Girls' Seminary at Sidon which was held from September 15 to 17, where an appeal from the Nes- One of the potent forces for uplift- torians for increased means for the ing Syrian women is the Sidon Sem- work and for enlarged activity was inary. Fifty years ago it began with diligently discust. It was decided that ten girls. The influence of the school the Hermannsburg Society and the has not been shut up to Protestants, for a recent report shows among the students 38 Protestant, 30 Greek, 18 Catholic, 5 Maronite, II Moslem and 1 I J ewtsh girls. The seminary has grown to the limit of its buildings in spite of frequent enlargement. In response to a recent appeal, funds were provided to buy adjoining property, and the seminary now enters on a new era of wider usefulness. Swedish Lutheran Church (Augustana The horrible Hamidian despotism is Synod) send two representatives to over, and under the Constitution Persia to thoroughly investigate the this band of Turkish youths has conditions there before enlarging the hastened to enjoy the privileges hithwork. This was wise in view of the erto forbidden.-Homiletic Review. fact that some criticism has been made of the methods of the native mission- AFRICA aries. Progress of Missions in Africa Mohammedan Missions Sixty-seven years ago David Liv- Dr. George Adam Smith, preaching ingstone penetrated into the heart of before the Baptist Union of England, Africa, where he established his first teaches us there is an unwonted re- mission. During the next ten years he vival of life and religious thought and moved about through a region inhabtolerance among the Mohammedans. ited by several tribes without marked Instead of that faith forming a well- success, so far as the conversion of the nigh impenetrable wall to everything natives to Christianity was concerned. Christian, it now transpires that Set that beginning in contrast with a the opposite is true. The leaven of description by Rev. Donald Fraser, a Christ is seen in the fact that there minister of the Livingstonia Presbyis demanded the liberation of woman terian Mission in Africa, of a recent from the hitherto and seemingly im- convention held by the native church. penetrable darkness of her condition Those who attended, several thousands and life; in the fraternizing of Chris- in number, camped in booths erected tians and Moslems in the Turkish Em- in the woods. On Saturday 190 adults pire. This is surely the actual for- and I2I children were received into the saking of some of the essentials of church. Early Sunday morning the Mohammedanism. Lord's Supper WaS celebrated by 934 . communicants. Later a preaching Young Turks in Robert College service in the open air was attended by about 7,000 persons. In the after- The latest report states that there noon the church was packed with a are now 34 Turkish students in Rob- congregation of 3,000 for a missionary ert College, that noble institution meeting, and twenty-four native teachwhich stands high up over the Bospo- ers offered themselves as missionaries. rus in full view of Yildiz Kiosk, and One of the impressive scenes of the so has from its foundation been an Pageant at the Orient in London last eyesore to the Sultan, who did his best summer represented Livingstone surand worst to hinder the establishment rounded by blacks in Africa declining of this famous Christian college by Stanley's proposal to escort him to the Dr. Cyrus Hamlin and the other sea and back to his home in England. American missionaries. Think what is This word-p:cture drawn by Mr. meant by such an innovation as this Fraser would be a fitting sequel to entry of 34 youthful Turks, all Mos- that scene; and yet it must be rememlems, within those walls! Such an bered that modern missions are yet in event is one of the most startling the period of seed-sowing. A generaamong all the recent revolutionary in- tion hence this scene of to-day may cidents transacted in the near East. be regarded as only one of the first Under the tyrannical rule of Abdul signs of the accomplished conquest of Hamid and h-is corrupt ano cruel cam- a great continent for Christ.-The arilla, no Turkish students were ever Congregationalist. free to come under the beneficent shadow of the great American center How The" Suffer in Africa of Christian teaching in Turkey, which during a whole generation was educa- The late Bishop William Taylor ting those fine Bulgarians who now narrated the following: lead the civilization of their nation. I saw a woman who had been accused of witchcraft, and condemned to death by ferocious ants. She was bound to an the work is among the Portuguese Roanthill-often from IO to IS feet high- man Catholics. Two centers are on aud kept there all day. The cries of her the east coast-Portuguese East Afinfant were such as to cause her release rica, a wide-open field for the extenat night. The victim usually dies in two sion of the Gospel among the native days, but this woman was bound and Africans; and Rhodesia, a colonial emtortured for five days, and then driven pire under the British flag, where away because "she was too hard to kilL" Anglo-Saxon civilization is helping the She crawled in a terrible condition to advance of the Cross. In North the mission station, and the missionary Africa, lIethodism has been led to betold me she was the most pitiful sight gin a frontal attack on the lIoslem he ever beheld. After careful nursing stronghold in the continent. These for months she recovered, and this various territories, which have pracwoman, so terribly scarred and disfigured, tically been assigned to the Methodist was converted at my services. The re- Episcopal Church, include half a milcital of such scenes may seem terrible lion square miles of territory, and to civilized nerves, but how much more more than IO,OOO,OOO pagans and Moso is the endurance of them by millions hammedans for whose evangelization of helpless human beings? "Jesus Christ ~1ethodism would seem to be responcame to destroy the work of the deviL" SIble. They represent opportunities Pray daily that Africa shall speedily among whites and blacks, among know Him whom to know aright is life pagans, .l10hammedans and Roman Catholics. God calls Methodism to eternaL make a forward movement in the con- quest of Africa. Work for Women in Egypt Presbyterians' Share Missionary work in the Nile Valley has availed somewhat to usher in a Says the Assembly Herald: new day for Egypt's womanhoou. There are schools for girls which ilIore than 800 men, women and chiltouch some 5,000 lives, while Bible dren confest Christ in a year at one women going into the harems carry church-a thousand attend. Practically the glad story of salvation to more all the churches having native pastors than 5,000 others, both girls and wom- have come to self-support in the past two en. Already there have been gathered years. Schools are crowdecl in Kamerun into the Church a membership of 9,895, interior. Four hundred students at Elat of whom 4,727 are women. And the So of them girls. Scores are turned signs of progress among the women of away. Pupils pay a tuition. Girls can this Christian community are most en- no longer be prevented from attencling couraging. A missionary recently vis- schooL German Government forbids the ited a native congregation at an out- marrying of little girls. Polygamy is station, and when asked to speak to the crumbling before civil law and divine women's missionary society was sur- gospel; 20 candidates for the ministry. prized to find some 80 women present. Thinking it would be well to call on Our denominational responsibility is some one or two for prayer, the mis- the evangelization of 5,000,000 in Africa sionary asked the pastor if there were in the present generation. Sane and anyone who could be relied upon to Scriptural proposition. Men and means render this service. "Oh," said the are desperately needed. Ours to raise up pastor, "just call on any of them."- a native ministry and evolve a self- REV. C. K. WATSON. supporting, self-propagating church and schooL Methodism's Share of Africa The Situation in the Sudan Methodism is now established in six important centers. On the west coast This district in North Central there is Liberia, the negro republic, Africa, "as large as the United States demonstrating the abilities of the black and more densely populated," is torace in government and civilization ex- day almost untouchecl by any Christension; Angola, a vast and health- tian missionarv effort. In the Sudan ful plateau with great opportunities proper, there ~re estimated to be still among the intelligent Bantu and other 50,000,000 people who know 110 more of Jesus Christ as Savior of the world races; and the Madeira Islands, where than if He had never come. A few monwealth at Chisamba, West Central missionaries of the Sudan United Mis- Africa. Here, under the leadership of sion and of the Church Missionary seven workers, the various sides of a Society have in the past few years en- Christian community are being fortered the western border-lands of this warded. The Gospel is preached, vast untouched district. The e nited scholars are taught, the sick are doc- Presbyterians have planted one or tored, the farmer and mechanic are two stations on the epper Nile in the trained. There are 180 church-mem- East; but these are only solitary light- bers, a Sunday congregation of 1,500, houses piercing the dense gloom of 850 scholars in six schools, 19 evanheathen darkness which stretches for gelists regularly visiting a district of fifteen hundred unbroken miles from 10,000 population, a hospital with cot- tages under two doctors, and an industhe most inland station in the west to trial department-all maintained for the nearest lonely station in the east. $5,000 a year, or 50 cents per church- The Church Missionary Society, of member. The work will shortly be England, also has a few missionaries enlarged.-Missionary Herald. on the southwestern border, in A Wonderful Opportunity Nigeria. Nearly two years ago a dispensary Why Leopold Grants No Reforms was opened by the missionaries of the English Church Missionary Society at The answer is given by Mr. John the foot of Mount Kenia, in British Daniels, the corresponding secretary East Africa, and this has since develof the Kongo Reform Association, in oped into a permanent medical misthe December number of the North sion. Dr. T. W. Crawford writes: American Review, in a clear-cut article upon "The Kongo Question." The We have a wonderful opportunity here, reason for Leopold's incorrigibleness, as we come in touch with hundreds says Mr. Daniels, is brief: every day, and we have a congregation of from 300 to 400 on Sundays. Our work King Leopold has achieved world- has grown so much that I am making wide repute as a promoter and financier arrangements to extend my in-patient of extraordinary ability. The Kongo department to 50 beds. We have gener- Free State is his supreme business suc- ally from 25 to 30 in-patients all the cess. The profits yielded by the merciless time, and only IS beds. We have comrubber system to Leopold and his menced a day-school with 40 scholars. copartners in their non-official capacity as chief shareholders in the concession- A Convention in Africa ary companies are, as is proved even by the published figures, enormous. The Rev. Donald Fraser writes from Belgians have won fame only as a the Livingstonia Presbyterian Misnation of keen merchants and traders. sion in Africa: Leopold's business associates in the Kongo investment include many of the We have just closed one of the greatforemost citizens of Belgium. Undoubt- est conventions the native church has edly the institution of genuine reforms yet held. It was much the largest in in the Free State would appreciably di- point of numbers, and in sustained attenminish the profits from the colony, and tion, quiet, earnest decorum, and in pracmight even necessitate temporary grants tical results it will rank with the best. in aid. Leopold and his fellow stock- We made preparation for the accommodaholders are averse to any reduction in tion of thousands of visitors by the their present profits. Leopold's dividend- erection of booths in the woods. About loving subjects are not only disinclined 5,000 visitors came, and 011 Saturday we to be money out in the Kongo bargain, received into the church by baptism 190 but see in it no contemptible opportunity adults and 121 children. On Sunday, in for increased income. The net result the early morning, 934 Christians sat at of this hearty accord between the busi- the Lord's table. At ten o'clock we ness king and his business people is held our worship and preaching in the that Belgium, unforced, will not intro- open air with a congregation of 7,000 duce reforms in the Kongo. gathered about us. In the afternoon the church, which will hold 3,000 people, was A Christian Commonwealth packed for the usual missionary meeting. Twenty-four of our teachers offered The Canadian Congregationalists themselves as missionaries. The leadare partners in a little Christian coming subject during the convention was only. The only rea50n given for the "Christian Love." continued closing of 38 houses of wor- ship is "on account of higher political Perse(;ution in Madagascar reasons." Thus the missionaries in Madagascar are still threatened and Speaking recently at the annual persecuted by the Governor-General. meeting of the Brighton auxiliary of the London Missionary Society, Rev. EUROPE-GREAT BRITAIN James Sibree, of Madagascar, gave a lamentable picture of the condition of A Million Shillings' Campaign mission work in that island. He said that twelve years ago they had a An effort which has been made by larger number of people connected the friends of the London Missionary with their congregations and of chil- Society to render Dr. Wardlaw dren in their schools than now, with a Thompson's year of office as chairman greater number of pastors and teach- of the Congregational Union a special ers than in all the other stations of missionary year is to culminate in the the London Missionary Society put raising of a million-shillings' fund betogether; but with the appointment of fore March 31St. To this end an the present governor, in 1906, a re- appeal is being addrest by Dr. Wardgime of bitter hostility to all mission- law Thompson to all ministers of Conary effort commenced. The Y. M. gregational churches and supporters C. A. had been broken up, school- of the society. The fund is needed, teaching in the churches had been pro- not for launching out in new direchibited, with the result that three- tions, but to provide for the normal quarters of their day-schools were development of the work upon which closed; and the official school-teachers the society is engaged, and to obviate were instructed to gather the children the necessity of reducing expenditure on Sundays for secular lectures. Mr. by withdrawal from some large field Sibree added that altho games and of labor, which would be regrettable sports and debasing amusements were in face of the phenomenal opportunipermitted on the Sabbath, "if twenty- ties for the extension of its work preone Malagasy met on the Lord's day sented by events, particularly in the to study the Bible they were liable to East. One donor has already given imprisonment." Dr. Wardlaw Thompson the first 10,000 shillings, and has promised the The Difficulties in Madagaacar last 10,000.

Friends of Protestant Missions in An Inspiring Offering Madagascar had devoutly hoped that their protests to the French Govern- We hear so much of the decline of ment would bring a change in the at- interest in regard to foreign mi~sions titude of the Governor-General, M. that it is always gratifying to know Angagneur, after his return from his facts which point in the contrary dijourney of consultation with the gov- rection, and testify to the existence of ernment in France. No change for wide-spread sanctified enthusiasm in the better has come yet, as is apparent respect of Christ's command to profrom a letter of an American Lu- claim His Gospel to every creature. theran missionary, Pastor Picard, pub- It has just been announced that the lished in the Journal des Missions amount of the fund which it was de- Evangeliques. M. Angagneur had cided to raise in celebration of the given the American missionaries rea- jubilee of the Women's Auxiliary of sons to expect permission for the re- the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary opening of some twenty of their closed Society was found, on Thanksgiving day, to have reached the noble sum houses of worship (of 43 houses of of £25,967 8s. Ild. No wonder the worship, 42 were officially closed in opening hymn at the gathering was 1906), but permission was granted for the triumphant "All hail the power of the reopening of 4 houses of worship Jesus' name!" As Dr. Barber finely

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

said, the women who took part in the gling with an inadequate income, and creation of the fund have been "linking the loving heart of England with meeting our liabilities from sources that the aching heart of heathendom" ; and could not be permanent, we have tried to convince the Church of our critical financial position. Last year there was it may be added that they have been a noble response to a call from the helping to link that burdened heart to Synod. Congregational contributions the yearning heart of the Savior.- were increased substantially, but not by London Christian. any means sufficiently. This year there is a serious falling off again. Have we Gifts for Medical Mission. hesitated too long? Has our faith been rashly imprudent? In any case the blow It is interesting to note that the has fallen, we can not help ourselves.

medical mission auxiliary of the Next year our mission will receive, for Church Missionary Society organizes the prosecution of its work, £1,000 less support for endowing 1,500 cots or than it needs to maintain it barely, acbeds in its mission hospitals, and in cording to the present outlook, on the present scale. And that is but a begin- 1906-07 collected 130,000 for the sup- ning of our reductions.

port of its 76 doctors and 52 nurses. Golf Balls VS. Foreign Missions The sum raised by the Baptist Mis- The people of this country spend on sionary Society's Auxiliary increased golf balls-the balls alone, apart from from 1432 to 19,522 in five and a half the upkeep of links, etc.-as much as years for the support of its 21 medical they do upon foreign missions, said missionaries and its 6 nurses. This Dr. Horton on a Sunday morning. society also organizes support for 183 The discovery had come to him as a endowed cots or beds. These are the great shock. By self-denial simply in only two societies which possess a the matter of this single luxury, the medical mission auxiliary. treasuries of all the missionary socie- Falling Off in Receipts ties might be filled to overflowing. The Congregational churches contribute Says the C. M. S. Gazette: for foreign missions on an average three cents a week for each of their In our committee-room we have been members. Everybody knows the misobliged to cut down the estimates once more, till now the total estimated expend- iture for the year ending March, 19IO. sionary zeal of Dr. Horton's own constands at 1370,000 as compared with gregation, so that it is not surprizing to hear that in the case of the Hamp- 1377.000 in 1904-05. and 1382,000, 1391,000 stead Church the contributions to the and 1379,000 in the subsequent years. In other words, the committee have been obliged to decide that in the year London Missionary Society amount to an average of 18 cents a week for each ending March, 19IO, the expenditure is member. It does not seem at all an to be 17,000 less than five years before, impossible thing that that average and if we look a~ the staff of missionaries we find that it has not been maintained at the strength of two or three years should be reached by many of, if not ago. It should be borne in mind that by all, the churches of the denominathese comparisons must be viewed in tion. the light of the fact that in the previous John R. Mott in London years there was an income increasing at the rate of about lro,ooo a year, and an During his recent campaign in Eng- increase in the staff of about 50 each year. land, Mr. Mott spoke often, especially Presbyterian Retrenchment to students, and always with great The Presbyterian Church of Eng- power, among the rest in London and land is in the same sorrowful case. Albert Hall. Of this meeting the The convener of their Foreign Mission British Weekly says: Committee has to head an appeal with The students were there, row upon row, thousand upon thousand. It was the word "Retrenchment." He goes on to say: not at all the gathering one associates with-let us say a missionary May meet- The word is written with deep pain, ing. The greater part was composed- but there stands the humbling fact. and that was the wonder of it-of young Time and again the warning- note has men and young women. Mr. Matt had been sounded. Year after year, strug- asked for the ear of the students of

London. It was given him. Mr. Matt is sent up to the Lords, with a majority one of those convincing optimists who of 237 in favor of its third reading. do not minimize the powers of evil, but There, however, it met what may who, watching with wide-open eyes the prove its death-blow, and its enegreat world movements, see above and mies are now classed as the "Beeramid them all the movement of the Holy age and Peerage." We feel disin- Ghost. In a few rapid sentences he clined to pass a sweeping judgment pictured the growth of the Church in upon matters so mixed up with com- Japan, in Korea, in China, the Philip- plex politics. But for a long time pines, and Ceylon. Christianity was daily there has been great unrest in making stronger appeal to the brain as Britain as to the frequent and deswell as the heart of India. This was the potic overruling and overriding of the strategic time, the time to bring up the popular will by this body of heredireenforcements, for the enemy's lines tary legislators. Steps are now bewere wavering. I challenge the strong- ing taken to reform the House of est men of the universities of the British Lords and make eligible to seats Isles to prepare themselves for leader- only those who have already been ship; I challenge you to a proper com- members there or are elected to it, prehension of the imperial sweep of our or have served a term in the House plan, of our resources; I challenge you of Commons. This will no doubt to a larger unity. In my judgment a increase the efficiency of the Upper proper plan of cooperation would be House of Parliament. more than equivalent to doubling the present missionary forces. THE CONTINENT The Education Bill in England The Temperance Wave Strikes Europe Few subjects have begotten so The marvelous wave of temperance bitter and wide-spread a controversy sentiment and principle that is now in England as this matter of religi- passing over America, and bringing ous education in public schools. The tidings of victories so rapidly that we Minister of Education, Mr. Runci- have difficulty in keeping up with the man, has been consulting with rep- history of the movement, is not conresentative leaders on both sides, fined to the western hemisphere. Even such as Dr. Clifford, and the Arch- continental Europe, with its low ideals bishop of Canterbury, seeking to find of morals that have to do with drunkthe maximum of concession each party enness, is being affected. In Germany, would yield, and the minimum of de- the home and almost possession of mand each would insist on. A com- beer, a tremendous indictment of the promise has been effected, and is traffic and its effects upon the people embodied in a bill, the substance of has been drawn up by a number of the which is that the denominationalist leading scientists and college professparty, mostly Anglican, give up their ors, and in Denmark the physicians of schools to be public and elementary, the land have drawn up and issued a statement to the effect that in that the standard of religious teaching to little kingdom the death of one man be undenominational – i.e., simply out of every seven is brought about Biblical; and that, where parents so by liquor-drinking; Switzerland at a wish, denominational teaching be late electicn by an overwhelming magiven on two days a week, b~t. not jority ordered the banishment of abat public cost; and that religIOUS sinthe, tho the country loses an imtests for teachers be abolished. We mense amount of revenue thereby. devoutly hope some such measure England, hesitating about passing a will prevail, for antagonism has been bill that does nothing more than bitter for seven years. slightly reduce the number of public houses, is lingering far toward the rear The House of Lords and the License Bill in this reform.

The government bill, on the subject of licensing, which in the eye.s of the friends of temperance promIsed to work great and beneficent changes, and which took three years to prepare, was by the Commons

MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

Medical Missions and German Christians their final accounting for deeds done The German Institute for Medical in the body, whether good or ill.

Missions held its annual meeting at Questions Before the Duma Frankfort-on-the-Main on December 2, where it became apparent to all The second session of the third friends of the cause that the interest Duma has been productive of sensain Medical Missions continues to grow tional incidents. All the Liberal orrapidly in Germany. The building gans agree that the present Duma for the Institute at Tubingen has been feels that substantial results must be so far finished that it can be dedicated accomplished in its second year, if its perhaps in April, 1909, and the work usefulness and prestige in the country of training medical missionaries for are not to be destroyed beyond reall German missionary societies can habilitation. The principal items to be commence at once. The means avail- acted on are the following: able amounted to about $50.000, but another $10,000 is urgently needed The restoration of the ordinary law, for the finishing of the building. An- the ending of martial law with the tyrother building for the training of lady anny of local governors resulting from it. medical missionaries and deaconesses is planned at an expense of about Abolition of capital punishment, so $15,000, half of which amount has as to do away with wholesale executions been promised by a friend of medical in political cases. missions in Bavaria. Universal elementary instruction. Monnon Activity in Norway Reconstruction of the local administra- tive and judicial systems. The Mormons are carrying on mis- Revision of the press laws in the in- terest of free speech. Personal immunity and protection of citizens against arbitrary' acts of the police. Religious liberty and equality of sects sion work in Norway with a venge- and creeds before the law. ance. Lately they held a meetir.g Temperance legislation.

in Christiania, at which 400 persons First Methodist Deaconesses in Russia are said to have been enrolled.' The president of Scandinavian missions In the history of Russian Methodand 33 missionaries from Utah were ism the first Sunday of November, present. Plans were devised for car- 1908, will ever be remembered as a rying on an active and extensive mis- "red-letter day," marking the formal sion work over all Europe, where, it opening of Bethany Deaconess Home is said, 2,000 missionaries are at work in St. Petersburg. More than fifty teaching Mormon doctrines and indu- friends of five nationalities gathered cing people to migrate to Utah. Their in the humble quarters, and brought headquarters seem to be in Norway, words of greeting and encouragement where there are 1,200 adherents, of to the five plucky deaconesses who whom 400 are said to live in Chris- had begun their work here during the tiania. awful cholera epidemic.

The Disaster in Italy On this same Sunday a communion service was held in the First Methodist Seldom has there been such a sud- Episcopal Society in five languages, den and appalling loss of life as in and 22 persons were received into the the reccnt earthquake which shook Si- church. The Bethany Home is a hand cily and southern Italy, bringing which our church is extending to the almost instant death to more than people of this great metropolis, a hand 150,000 men, women and children. of Christlike love and mercy which Messina and Reggio, with a score of shall reach down even to the lowest, other towns, are in ruins. Christians and minister to the physical and spiri- have hastened to the relief of the sur- tual needs of everybody, regardless of vivors, but it is too late to save those race, color or creed.-REv. G. A.

who have so suddenly been called to SIMONS. AMERICA mission will operate in Peking, and A Unique Missionary Tablet settle the matter of the schools to which the students are to be sent. At Mount Holyoke College on These students will vary in age from Founders' day, November la, there was twelve to twenty years.-Episcopal unveiled a bronze tablet inscribed Recorder. with the names of her daughters who served as foreign missionaries during Sound Doctrine on Federation the first half-century of her history, At the recent Federal Council in 1837-87. These women numbered Philadelphia, while the matter was up 178; they went to 18 different coun- concerning sectarian divisions on tries, under the auspices of 14 Boards. the mission field, Robert E. Speer They founded scores of schools, said he had no desire to extend including Fidelia Fiske Seminary, Presbyterianism in the Orient, and Persia, the Instituto for girls in Spain, he wondered why the assembly and Woodstock, India. Among them should be so slow to indorse what were Olive J. Emerson, M.D., who had already taken place on the gave a noble life service to Burma, and foreign field. He thanked God that it 8 other graduate physicians who all was impossible to translate into Orienwent out in the second twenty-five tal tongues the denominational names years. The first missionary grave at of many Christian bodies in America. Gahoon was Zeviah Walker's; Mary He wanted to see a living, spiritual L. Partridge ('86) was martyred in corporate union of disciples. He was particularly impressive when he said, China. This tablet is 7 feet high by 5 feet in closing: "The younger men-and I wide; it was cast by the Gorham Com- know their hearts-have their own day pany and is erected by college alumna!. coming, and when it comes Christian It is the only memorial of the kind unity will be near. They do not think ever established. The names of these that loyalty to the past means disloymissionaries and their adopted coun- alty to the future. The past is good only as it makes wav for a better tries are arranged in the order of ~ classes. The oldest now living is from future."

the class of '44, Mrs. R. G. Wilder, Mr. Speer was hardly more Catholic still in India (with Miss Grace Wil- in his utterances than his colleague on der). the platform that evening, Rev. Ar- thur S. Lloyd, D.D., secretary of the Chinese Students Coming Episcopal Missionary Society, and one of the broad-minded men in that com- There will soon be a large influx of munion, who is doing evervthing in Chinese students into the United his power to promote the growth of States. An agreement was recently the brotherly spirit. He said he conentered into between Minister Rock- sidered it one of the best signs of the hill and the Chinese Government times that when Christians get towhereby the Boxer indemnity was to gether they apologize for being apart. be used for the purpose of sending 2,000 students to this country to be educated. One hundred students are The TMk on Hand for Laymen to be sent annually for four years, and It is a hopeful sign of the times fifty annually during the time of the that the Laymen's Missionary Move- indemnity. Eighty per cent. of these ment should have made such a tri- students are to be trained in the man- umphant entry into the city of Boston.

ual arts and the remainder in law and A series of enthusiastic meetings were government. A Chinese educational held, concluding with a men's mass- commissioner, with five assistants, is meeting in Symphony Hall. Mr. J.

to have charge of the work in this Campbell White, the organizer and ex- country, but need not of necessity re- pounder of mission enterprise, was side in Washington. A similar com- present, and the assemblies of earnest, busy men caught inspiration from the en's colleges. The smallest proportion eloquence of facts and arguments pre- are in medical schools. The same is sented bv him. He names, as the true of per capita gifts (Bible and standard ~of liberality for America, in missionary training schools excepted).

sustaining world-wide mission enter- Wellesley reports 1,000 students out prise, the annual sum of $50,000,000. of 1,800 contribute $2,257.

That amount can be subscribed most Lincoln Memorial University any day in Vall Street to build a rail- road or capitalize a mining enterprise; The university, established about ten why not invest that much within a year years ago near Cumberland Gap, foro the evangelization of the world- Tenn., is housed in the fine large an enterprise in comparison with building erected for the "Hotel of the which railroads and ship canals are Four Seasons." It is conducted for child's play? the benefit of the mountaineers, and an An International Opium Conference effort is being made to raise an endow- ment of $500,000 in commemoration Everything that helps mankind is of the one hundredth birthday of pleasing to God. Secretary Root has Abraham Lincoln. Among those in- made another contribJ-ltion to the wel- terested in the progress of this univer- fare of man and the progress of the sity are General O. O. Howard and kingdom of God through his sugges- President Roosevelt.

tion of an international conference on the opium question. Great Britain, The New Y. P. M. M. Secretary France and Germany accepted the sug- Mr. Harry Wade Hicks, who has gestion,and the conference was to meet recently returned from a tour of the in Shanghai in January, 1909. At the world, has accepted the General Sec- request of President Roosevelt, Bishop retaryship of the Young People's Mis- Brent agreed to act as chairman of the sionary Movement of the United American delegation to the conference. States and Canada, and entered upon It is hoped that Mr. Root's suggestion his duties December I, 1908. Me may result in concerted effort to di- Hicks has for six years been associate minish still further the damage secretary of the American Board of wrought by the drug, especially in Commissioners for Foreign Missions, China. and previous to that period was close- The use of opium in Canada and the ly identified with the work of the United States has increased alarm- College Young Men's Christian As- ingly of recent years. It has been both sociation as student secretary for the imported and manufactured for use by East under the International Com- Americans. mittee.

Student Gifts to Miasions Mr. Hicks brings to the movement excellent executive ability, experience The faculties and students of insti- in the work at home, a knowledge of tutions of higher learning in United young people, a first-hand knowledge States and Canada, for the year 1907- of the foreign mission work in the 08, contributed $116,712.59 for mis- united States and Canada.

sions, an increase of $8,759.65 over last year. The reports show that 22,- Statistics of Churches in Brazil 172 students out of 294,682 are among Members.

the contributors, and they average Presbyterian, General Assembly….. 9,000 $3.00 each per year. The largest pro- Presbyterian, Independent Synod …. 5,000 portion of students contributing are in Methodist ……………………. 6,000 theological schools and next in wom- Baptist ………………………. 5,000 Episcopal …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. goo LEADERSHIP. By the Rt. Rev. Charles H. ence more and more proves Him to Brent. 16mo, 260 pp. $1.25 net. Lvng- be-the Way, the Truth and the Life." mans, Green & Company, New York, The rare union of breadth with depth 1908. in the treatment of this theme is here found in a remarkable degree. It is THE FUTURE LEADERSHIP OF THE CHURCH. an ideal book to put into the hands of those who are hungry for power but By John R. Matt, M.A. I6mo, 193 ignorant of the price that must be pp. $1.25. Student Volunteer Move- paid to secure real power with God ment, New York. 1908. and with men. It is a heart-searching book, and some of the chapters can It is a long time since two books be read best in the closet. Appearing have appeared which are of such real simultaneously with Mr. Mott's book, and practical value to all who study "The Future Leadership of the the problem of securing laborers for Church," it emphasizes the quality and the harvest. The books are on kin- cost of such leadership. dred themes, and emphasize the demand respectively for quality and Mr. Mott's book, which has already quantity in the Christian ministry. received wide and complimentary re- Both will prove of special value to the view by the Christian press, deals Christian student who aspires to leader- with the vital question of how to ship in the Church of God. The secure able Christian ministry. This latest volume by Bishop Brent con- problem, he says, is one of "transists of the William Belden Noble scendent, urgent and world-wide Lectures delivered at Harvard Univer- concern. It involves the life, the sity last year. The object of the growth, the extension of the Church founder of this Lectureship was "to -the future of Christianity itself." extend the influence of Jesus as the Way, the Truth and the Life." In The opinion of one who, tho himnone of these six lectures does the self a layman, has proved by his writer, who is himself a leader of men, Christian statesmanship and missiona scholar and a missionary bishop, ary effort among educated men lose sight of this high aim. After dis- throughout the world that what he cussing the metaphysics of leadership, says bears weight, will surely arrest and showing how the world is greedy attention to this problem and help of leadership and that men are keen solve it. The first chapter discusses to be led, he defines a leader and dis- the problem, showing the almost unitinguishes him from a mere demagog versal falling off of candidates for the by showing that the real leader has in ministry in practically all lands and him the power of the single motive, churches. In the chapter on "The the power of the human will, the Urgency" the reasons are given why power of the blameless life and the more and better ministers are needed power of fellowship with the divine. in the various fields of effort, while Each of these attributes of leadership the third chapter treats of the obstaforms the subject of a succeeding lec- cles and sets forth all the possible ture, and all of them ·are finally seen hindrances that face young men who in their full perfection and divine are considering the ministry. Among glory in the representative Leader of these he sums up as chief obstacles: men and Leader of leaders, Jesus The lack of proper effort to lead men Christ. "Whatever gifts a man may into this calling; the attraction of possess, whatever efficiency he may other pursuits; the utilitarian spirit develop by industry and application, of the age and the lack of an adaptawhatever genius he may have for tion of preparatory school studies for leadership, his power climbs to its those who contemplate the study of throne only if, leader of men as he theology. Among the favoring inmay be, he is also the follower of Him who claims to be that which experifluences he mentions the power of ex- creation. The pictures are not ample, the maintenance of a Christian pleasant but they are good for atmosphere in the universities, and es- thoughtful girls to see.

pecially the work of smaller denom- MISSION STUDIES. Outlines of Missionary Principles and Practise. By Edward inational colleges, which are to-day furnishing the bulk of candidates for Pfeiffer. 16mo, 279 pp. 75 cents the ministry. The last chapter is the net. Lutheran Book Concern, Colum- strongest one in the book. The barb bus, Ohio. 1908.

on the hook, the point of the spear is This scholarly attempt to furnish a "The Propaganda"-what to do and text-book of missionary principles and how to pray that the Lord of the har- practise for the use of students in vest may send forth more laborers theological seminaries is the first of made sufficient by Himself for the its kind in the English language. Mr. harvest. The things he suggests are Robert E. Speer's book, which has a so simple, practical and so thoroughly similar title, consists of essays on a in accord with the best counsels of the variety of missionary topics. This present leadership of the Church that book, by the professor of theology in the outlook surely is hopeful. the Evangelical Lutheran Seminary, is more like Dr. Warneck's celebrated Every missionary should possess "Evangelische Missionlehre," and both these volumes. The high ideals treats the subject both theoreticalthey set forth apply with equal force ly and scientifically with Teutonic to the ministry of the coming native thoroughness. It is not a historical Church in every foreign field, and the narrative to be read for an hour's enfuture leadership of the Church of tertainment, nor a thrilling story to God is not a problem of one continent carry the reader along by the fascinaor of one race.

ON THE WINGS OF A WISH TO THE BANKS tion of great events in missions. Its OF AN INDIAN RIVER. By E. Mabel F. value is for those who desire to dig Major. 12mo, 196 pp. IS. 6d. Church beneath the surface and reach funda- Missionary Society, London. 1908. mental principles. Here are some of Here is a bright, attractive, in- the themes discust: Is there a science structive description of an imaginary of missions? what is its scope? the trip to India taken by boys and girls place of missions in theology; in the under the guidance of a lady mis- Church; the unity and diversity of the sionary. The chapters are chatty missionary enterprise; the missionary and entertaining, the descriptions call and aim; the real ground of misare vivid. The author describes sions (Scriptural, dogmatic, ethical CIties, trains, manners and costumes, and historical) ; missionary means and Hindu temples, idol worship and methods; home missions: its field and missionary life. It is a book calcu- object; the nurture of missionary life lated to interest young people and in the home Church. To each of these to awaken in them a desire to carry subjects the author gives careful conthe Gospel to those in sunny India sideration and writes as a teacher who have not the light of Chri~t. should. The book is well adapted for use in advanced study classes, is OTHER GIRLS. By Edith K. Snell. 12mo, thoroughly evangelical and (notwith- 127 pp. IS. Church Missionary So- ciety, London. 1908.

Many Christian girls and women standing some German terminology), never stop to think what they owe strongly American. Careful foot-notes, to Christ. This book will lead them a selected bibliography and an index to think by showing the dark pic- add to the great value of this unpre- tures of the girls in heathen lands tentious manual. It will give all who -girls who are bought and sold, master it an intelligent grasp of the who have crippled feet, are eternal greatest work in the world and prove prisoners, are slaves of men, and an incentive for progressive study of are despised as a lower order of the science of missions. THE MISSION STUDY CLASS LEADER. By the heroic sacrifice and conquests of T. H. P. Sailer. I2mo, 140 pp. 25 the pioneers. cents paper, 50 cents cloth. Presby- terian Board of Foreign Missions, New Mr. Platt has packed his book full York. 1908. of information. It is planned for a text book for young people, with The mission-study movement has supplemental questions and refergrown to large proportions and is ences, but it is good for anyone to still growing. The great difficulty read and study. One will come from has been to secure trained leaders. such study a better citizen of the The Young People's movement has United States and a better citizen developed a few, but more are of the kingdom of God-with a needed. Dr. Sailer has proved one more clear idea of the way in which of the most efficient leaders of these the American nation has been diclasses. He has learned how to do vinely guided and of the possible it by study and experience. In this future of the great republic. brief manual he gives many valuable hints on theory and method that NEW BOOKS should be of immense help to those planning to organize these mission- INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF COMPARAstudy classes. 'After stating some of TIVE RELIGIONS. By Frank B. Jevons. the fundamental principles, Dr. 8vo, 283 pp. $1.50 net. The Macmillan Sailer gives definite practical sug- Co., New York. 1908. gestions on the preparation of the leader, the assignment of lessons, EIGHTEEN YEARS IN UGANDA AND EAST the conduct of the class and the se- AFRICA. By the Right Rev. Alfred R. curing of results. Every leader Tucker, D.D., LL.D. 2 volumes, illusshould have this little book and trated. 8vo, 359-388 pp. $8.50 net. should study it. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 190 8. Briefer pamphlets are also prepared for the help of leaders-in- A PARSON IN THE AUSTRALIAN BUSH. By cluding some excellent dramatic pro- Charles H. S. Matthews. M.A. Illusgrams to accompany Dr. Brown's trated. Crown 8vo, I6-3II pp. $2.00. "The Why and How of Foreign Longmans, Green & Co., New York. Missions." 1908.

THE FRONTIER. By Ward Platt. Maps, DAYBREAK IN TURKEY. By Rev. James L. Illustrated. 12mo, 292 pp. 50 cents Barton. Illustrated. 8vo, 240 pp. cloth; 35 cents paper. Young People's $1.50 net. Pilgrim Press, Boston. 1908. Missionary Movement, New York. 1908. TIBETAN OUTPOSTS AND BORDER SKETCHES. By David P. Ekvall. 12mo, 227 pp. "World navigation and world his- $1.00. The Alliance Press Co., New tory may be divided into three York. 1908. stages: the Mediterranean, which stands for past history, the Atlantic THE LIFE OF JAMES ROBERTSON. By Charles which means the present and the W. Gordon (Ralph Connor). 8vo, 403 Pacific which holds the future." The pp. $1.50 net. Fleming H. Revell Co., horizon of man is expanding and the New York. I90B. frontier of yesterday is the home base of to-day. There is no more THE CHURCH AND THE SLUM. By WiIIiam fascinating history than the story Henry Crawford. I2mo, 75 cents. of the winning of the frontier-dis- Eaton & Mains, New York. 1908. covery, exploration, settlement, conflict, cultivation, achievement-with A MAN'S FAITH. By Wilfred T. Grenfell. I2mo, 50 cents net. The Pilgrim Press. New York. 1908.

TOM, DICK, AND HARRY. By Miss Frances Boyce. 2S. 6d. Marshall Brothers, London. 1908.

My FATHER'S EUSINESS. By Miss Marion Fiske. Illustrated. I2mO, 80 pp. IS. 6d. net. China Inland Mission, London, N.

1908-

The Missionary Review of the World — March 1896

HUT NEAR CORDOVA, VERA-CRUZ

GIRLS' SCHOOL, PRESBYTERIAN llISSION, SALTILLO, MEXICO. MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE WORLD.

VOL. XIX. No. S.-Ola Series.-MARCH.-VoL. IX. No. S.-New Serle,.

THE MISSIONARY STATUS IN TURKEY.

BY REV. JUDSON SMITH, D.D., BOSTON, MASS.

The political aspects of the grave internal commotions which have prevailed in the Asiatic portion of the Turkish Empire for a year and a half are easily recalled and have commanded wide attention. The fearful massacre and outrage of August and September, 1895, have been far outdone and almost forgotten in the wild, swift march of robbery, arson, and massacre throughout the six eastern provinces, from the Black Sea down through the Valley of the Euphrates and westward to the Mediterranean, during the last three months. Constantinople has been the scene of active and varied diplomatic discussion j the Sultan has made sudden and frequent changes in his Cabinet, has greatly increased the armed force of the empire, and has well-nigh exhausted his credIt at home and abroad. The whole area of Asiatic Turkey, and especially its eastern portion, has heaved and fermented, as if a radical revolution were in swift execution. The Armenian question held a notable place in the Queen's speech at the recent opening of Parliament j it was equally conspicuous in the President's message at the opening of Congress. No topic has been more prominent in the news of the day or in elaborate magazine articles, in England and in America, than the new phases of this Eastern question.

All this agitation has an indirect but important bearing upon the missionary work established in Turkey, and gives a special interest to the present consideration of this work. The fields swept by massacre and pillage ar.e among the most important occupied by our missionary enterprise. The people especially attacked and crushed by these repeated disasters are of that very nation, the Armenians, in whose behalf this missionary effort has especially been made. In the ruin that has overtaken scores of cities [,!ld hundreds of villages, schools and churches connected with our mission, and a vital part of the enterprise, have gone down along with the homes of the people around them. If it had been the intention of those who directed these attacks to break up the missionary work in

THE MISSIONARY STATUS IN TURKEY

Turkey and to make its further prosecution difficult or impossible, the blow could scarcely have been aimed with greater effect. The dimensions of this work, the length of time during which it has been carried on, the eminence of the men and women engaged in it, and the results already attained would of themselves, at any time, command general attention. Set against the backgrouud of massacre and cruel suffering which fill the land, the dark and wayward course of diplomacy in the capItal, and the concentrated attention of Europe and the civilized world, they assume a new character and attract an almost world-wide Interest.

But we hasten, in the first place, to say that this mIssionary work has no direct and Intended relation to the polttIcal affairs of Turkey. The missionaries of the American Board in Turkey have always been sent out under explicit instructions to abstain from all political activity, from all connection with political movements j and they have faithfully observed those instructions from the first to this day. They act in loyalty to the existing government, they inculcate loyalty thereto upon all who come under their influence in church or school j and the TurkIsh Government has had no truer friends in all its dominions these seventy years than the missionaries of the American Board. They are to a man enthusiastIc lovers of their native land, and intelligent admirers of its government; they have doubtless seen many thIngs in Turkish life and institutions which, in their judgment, were susceptible of improvement. But they have not felt themselves called upon to undertake or advocate a change of government or the introduction of free institutions j but have devoted themselves with all their hearts to the religious and educational work for which they were sent out. The natural effect of their labors and influence is to foster piety and conscientiousness in the individual life, the spirit of brotherly love in all social relations, industry and thrift in business, public spirit and patriotism, and a nobler type of manhood and womanhood. And this has been the real effect to some degree in every city and town, in every hamlet and home, where they have lived and labored. There is no risk in saying that the sum total of human virtue and happiness has been notably increased wherever their influence has been felt, and has varied in close proportion to the effectiveness of that influence. The Porte, in its efforts to promote the welfare of its subjects and the prosperity and greatness of the empire, must have felt itself upheld at every point, and seconded in a noble way, by the missionaries of the Board In their personal influence and in their proper religious labors.

The missionaries have not always been fully credited with such careful limitations of labors or with the loyal attitude they have in fact maintained. More than once they have been accused of fostering a seditious spirit in their pupils, of favoring revolutionary projects among their fol. lowers, and of disturbing the peace of the empire. Sometimes these charges have been made by persons who did not know the missionaries, or were misinformed in regard to them j more often they have sprung from suspicion and enmity. But never in a single instance have these charges been proved; there has never been sufficient real force in them to induce the Porte to give them a thorough official investigation. And to-day, when these accusations reappear in diplomatic conferences, and are widely circulated in official newspapers and documents, and are telegraphed to the press in foreign countries, they are met by the same absolute denial and a fearless challenge of investigation. The few scattered voices, in America and in Europe, that in this hour of cruel wrong and bloody outrage which the Porte has not once disowued or publicly rebuked, still speak in praise of those who are responsible for these deeds and in detraction of the missionaries who repeat in our day the deeds of a Polycarp and a Cyprian aud add a new luster to the Christian name, gain no credence and win no applause. Through all these dreadful weeks and months of regulated and unrepressed murder and robbery, the missionaries have sought peace and not tumult, have counselled submission and n….t rebellion, have maintained their loyalty to the government, and stand to-day without fault and without just accusation. In truth there has been no rebellion to be suppressed, no rising of the Armenians against lawful authority to be put down. The testimony of eye-witnesses proves beyond a question that in everyone of the principal outbreaks murder and pillage broke upon the unarmed and unsul:lpecting victims like a thunderbolt from the clear sky, that there was little resistance, and that Kurds and soldiers shared in the murder and plunder, that the soldiers offered no protection while the havoc went on, aud that when the time for license was ended the authorities were able to put an end to all disorder at once. It was not a wild mob that broke from restraint and worked its mad will; it was regulated murder and robbery, with fixed bounds of time and object. Usually the deadly work began with a signal at noon, and ended at sunset. None but Armenians were attacked or robbed. The missionaries were not directly attacked save at Harpoot. Mission property was guarded save at Harpoot and Marash, where mission buildings were looted and burned and property to the value of above $100,000 destroyed, in Marash by the active efforts of the soldiers who were nominally set to guard that very property. The Sultan again and again has promised protection to the missionaries at every point, and has never once declared them guilty of any wrong, or undeserving of his favor.

The missionary operations in Asiatic Turkey have been no inconsiderable part of the entire volume of work carried on by the American Board. The missionary force and the annual expenditures in this field have been nearly one third of the total amount reported each year. Up to the present time the total expenditures on this field exceed $6,000,000, and the mission plant has a value of at least $1,500,000. The missionary staff from the first days, when Fiske and Parsons and King were the pioneers, through the middle period, made illustrious by such names as Jessup and Van Dyke, Goodell, Dwight, Hamlin, and Bliss, down to the noble company of men and women at the present time, has been a roll of honor, of able and trusted men and women, household names in the churches from which they went forth, and widely known in all missionary circles. To- day the list contains 152 men and women, dIstributed through some twenty chief cities and towns from the Bosphorus to the Russian frontier, from the Euxine to the Mediterranean, among them Constantinople, Brousa, Smyrna, Sivas, Erzeroum, and Aintab. This work has been con- fined to the Armenians, Greeks, and other nominally Christian people in the empire. The Armenians are distributed throughout the empire, mingled with Turks in the same citip.s and towns, being more numerous relatively in Eastern Turkey, but confined to no one section. The Greeks are less widely scattered, being found chiefly in the regIOns bordering on the lEgean Sea and OIl the Black Sea, and in the capital. The aim of missionary effort has been to give to these people the Bible in a language intelligible to all, to awaken a true faith in Jesus Christ, and to develop a genuine Christian life. The reform of the old churches has been sought, and the separate Protestant organization, the result of persecution and not of missionary influence, has always been deemed a temporary adjustment.

The Turkish Government has never cordially welcomed this effort in behalf of its Christian subjects, has looked with more or less disfavor upon the methods employed in making the Bible accessible to all, opening schools for the youth of both sexes, and cUltivating the self-respect and manhood of all who came under their influence. Sometimes this disfavor has been expressed in words, sometimes in a greater or less interference with the work. Of necessity a modus vivendi has been gradually worked out, expressed in treaties and diplomatic correspondence, mutually recog- nized by the Porte and the government at Washington. It is one of the anxious features of the present situation that for some time there has appeared a growing disposition on the part of the Porte to ignore thIS sanction, and to question the validity of the rights so long enjoyed and so fully secured by general and parl.icuJar treaties. American missionaries are now in Turkey, and have been there for seventy years, on the same ,grounds as European missionaries have been there for one hundred and sixty years, on the same grounds as Christian people of various races have been in the Ottoman Empire since the conquest of Constantinople by Mo· hammed II. No diplomatic pressure has opened the way, no specific con- cession of the Sultan on their account has been made j they have come as the citizens of other friendly nations come, and have remaiued in the en- joyment of the common rights belonging to the citizens of friendly powers. In the course of their long residence in the empire, and of the gradual ex- tension of their enterprise to nearly all the most important cities and towns in Asia Minor, many occasions have arisen for defining the rights of these American missionaries, and the action of the Turkish Government in these cases is a further and explicit recognition of their legal standing and the legitimate character of their work. Specific treaties have also been made, guaranteeing to Americans all the rights and privileges yielded to the citizeni'! of the" most favored nation." The occupation of the missionaries has never been made a ground for exceptional treatment, and does not differ from the recognized occupation of the citizens of other friendly nations who reside in Turkey. The missionaries in large numbers are teaehers, in charge of schools of all grades, in which tuition is charged and from which revenue is derived. Several of their number are engaged in the manufacture and sale of books, a business yielding a profit, and as legitimate as any other commercial enterprise. Th:!lt their personal influence ' and efforts are also directed to the encouragement of virtue and piety, honesty of life and conscientiousness of purpose, neither destroys those other aspects of their occupation nor exposes them to the just displeasure of a sovereign who desires the improvement of his people. In a word, the American missionary in Turkey is there by the same right as the American merchant, pursues an occupation as legitimate, and is entitled to the same protection.

The material interest involved in the missionary enterprise in Turkey is by no means inconsiderable. At least $6,000,000 have been expended by American citizens in developing the plant and maintaining its operations for the last seventy years. The annual expenditure of American funds upon this field is now above $160,000, and the annual receipts from various sources on the ground, which are also spent upon the development of the work, amount to at least $70,000 more, making the total annual expenditure $230,000. The greatness of the enterprise itself and the significance of the interest at stake is suggested, but by no means fully expressed, by this annual investment of nearly a quarter of a million dollars. When we consider in what forms this expenditure is expressed, how many churches and schools of various grades, what a volume of literature and text-books, and what a weight of personal and social influence are represented by this sum, the value of the American interest in Turkey, and the validity of it15 claim to immunity, and the importance of its ample and efficient protection, must be clear and convincing to every mind.

It is a grand success which missionary labors in Turkey have attained. It needs but a few statements to make this plain.

The territory of Asiatic Turkey is substantially covered by the labors of the missionaries. Twenty cities and towns are occupied as places of missionary residence, and about three hundred other towns and villages are centers of evangelical teaching and preaching. There are but few considerable places in the whole empire that are not thus reached and blessed by missionary influence. This is a significant fact, and full of promise.

The first evangelical church was organized at Constantinople in 1847, a necessary step after t.he evangelicals were formally excommunicated by the Armenian Patriarch. The last reports from these fields show 111. churches, with 10,935 members, 90 of them having native pastors of their own. The average congregations in all these fields number 32,092, and 24,132 pupils are in regular attendance on the Sunday-schools of the missions. Widely distributed as these communicants and students of the Bible are, it is a very effective leaven which is thus cast into the religious and social life of the nation. In close relation to all this, and still further revealing the happy results of evangelical teaching, is a widespread movement within the bosom of the old AJ'lllenian churches toward a pure gospel, cvangelical preaching, a righteous life, and better education, a movement which the missionaries rejoice in and foster as far as they can. This advance toward the evangelical position is marked at many points in Eastern and Southern Turkey, and is noticeable in every part of the empire.

The schools of the missions are among their most striking and hopeful features. The people are of quick minds, capable of high culture, and ready to welcome it. Education is used by the missions as an indispensable auxiliary to the great end of missionary effort. A native ministry must be raised up capable of sustaining itself and of leading the churches, or there can be no great or permanent result. Christian schools alone can train the men and womcn who are necessary to the self-supporting, self-directing, and self-propagating church, which is the consummate fruit of missionary effort. In Turkey schools undcr the care of the mission have beeu found to be the best centers for evangelistic effort, and the evangelical communities are constantly reinforced therefrom. These schools range from the kindergarten up through day schools, high schools for boys, boarding-schools for girls, to the college and the theological seminary, where the preachers and teachers are trained. It is well-nigh impossible to overestimate the significance of these schools to the vigor and fruitfulness of the missionary movement as a whole. The mind is sharpened and enlarged, manners are softened and refined, character is built up according to the Christian ideal, manhood and womanhood are developed, and the whole life braced and inspired by the, sentiments of duty and loyalty to God. In no respect is the success of the evangelical movement in Turkey more evident than in the place these schools enjoy and in the influence which they wield. In Asiatic Turkey there are four theological schools, with 20 students, 28 high Rchools for boys, including three colleges, with 1213 students; 20 boarding-schools for girls, including three colleges, with 1206 students; 350 common schools,. with 15,555 pupils. Adding to these 1793 pupils. in other schools, we have a grand total of those under instruction amounting t.o 19,812.

The Bible has been translated into all the principal languages that are spoken in the empire, and is widely distributed and read in every part of the land. Text-books for the schools and a Christian literature of no mean volume are also available everywhere in the vernacular of those who desire them. A weekly religious newspaper is published in Reveral languages, and widely circulated in the evangelical communities. In a word, the missionary enterprise in Asiatic Turkey has attained a great suceess. It has gathered a great plant and establish",d itself at strategic points all over the land j it has organized a select and influential evangelical com:- munity, represented by numerous churches and flourishing schools, and is continually enriching its character and widening its influence by the example and instructions of the missionaries, by its own Christian activities, and through the circulation of the Scriptures and a Christian literature. And it stood thus in strength, working only good and peace to the empire and to all its people, when the dire deed at Sassoun was wrought, when the more direful scourge of massacre and robbery swept over the whole eastern section of the land in October, November, and December just past.

We will now briefly mark the salient features of these disasters, and the condition in which for the present they have left the missionary work around them.

There has been serious disturbance of the regular order of things in. every place j in some places only a part of the usual work is now in progress, and in a few instances everything is at a standstill. The massacres, which have fallen on eleven places occupied as stations or places of missionary residence, and upon scores of towns and villages where mission schools and chapels were located, have not only destroyed great numbers of the people among whom our work was carried on, and left those who survived homeless and destitute, and thus have struck at the very heart of the work, they have also destroyed for the time being that confidence in one another which is the necessary basis of social life and industry and trade, and temporarily have thrown many places into anarchy. In these places public worship is suspended, schools are closed, free movement from place to place, and even from one part of a city to another part, is unsafe, and the conditions of effective and continuous missionary work are wanting for the time. In Marsovan and Aintab the colleges and girls' schools are in operation, but the excitement and disorder that surround them seriously interfere with the effectiveness of the work. In Sivas some forms of evangelistic effort are still carried on, though under embarrassing restrictions. In Harpoot and among its villages all ordinary labor is at, an end for the time being j the disaster was too widespread, too destructive, to permit the resumption of work in college or seminary or field for some time to come. In Bitlis and Marash the missionaries are safely guarded, it is true, but are practically cut off from all opportunities of labor. In Trebizond, Erzeroum and Van the entire energies of the missionary force are directed to the administration of relief to the suffering and perishing thousands around them, and the usual missionary labors for this time must take a secondary place.

In a few places there has been serious loss of mission plant. Eight out of twelve buildings belonging to the missionaries in Harpoot were burned, and all the buildings were plundered. At !vIarash the building devoted to the theological seminary was burned, and other school buildings were plundered. And in village after village around Sivas and Cesarea, Trebizond and Erzeroum, Harpoot and Bitlis, Van and Mardin, Marash and Aintab, Oorfa and Hadjin, from the Black Sea southward through the Euphrates Valley and westward to the Mediterranean, chapels and schools in great numbers have been plundered or burned to the ground.

But in the midst of this dire destrnction and thronging danger there are relieving features, heroic deeds, stedfast faith, and in many a case the martyr's glorious crown. When offered the choice of Islam or the sword, Christian men and women not a few, young and old, pastors and people, have chosen death rather than the denial of their Lord. The native pastor in Sivas was caught in the market when the havoc began, and was shut up with several of his people for some hours. He knew thal; death was imminent, and he prayed with hiR people and preached to them, and comforted them as he could. At length the soldiers found him, and at once demanded that he abjure his faith. He refused, and they smote him. Again they called on him to accept Islam, and upon his refusal they struck him again. When the third time they asked him to recant, he answered, like Polycarp, "Not only am I a believer in the religion of Christ, but for years I have been a preacher of it. I cannot give il up. If you' wish to kill me for this, I am ready." And with that he fell, twice pierced by Martini rifle balls.

The true grace of martyrdom has shone out in all this lurid picture as fair as the star in the front of the raging storm, and the glories of the early church have reappeared in our own day and have lifted an oppressed people into the admiring sympathy of lhe civilized world. Christian faith has been put to the last and sternest test, and has not been found wanting.

The missionary ranks also have shared the experiences of those among whom they dwell; they have looked on danger in many a form, and have refused to flee from the post of duty ; some of them have faced death again and again, and in spirit have triumphed over their impotent assailants. Offered safe escort to the sea or to the capital, to a man they have chosen to remain where they are, thrice clad in innocence, and cheered by the all-repaying smile of Duty and of God. They have done no wrong, they have kept faith with the government, they have abstained from every unlawful act, they have sought the good of the whole empire and tb,e peace of its sovereign; and they will not acknowledge a fault of which they are guiltless, nor will they leave a post that is rightly their own. They choose to identify themselves with the stricken people around them, who look to them for example, for help, for comfort, for protection from despair and dealh. They love the cause to which their lives are given, and personal safety with the loss of this seems to them no boon.

No thoughtful person can observe the situation of these missionaries, and mark their course, and note how they choose duty with danger and count not their lives dear unto them if they may testify the grace of God and maintain His cause, without exulting in their manly courage and un-

GREAT CONVENTION OF STUDENT VOLUNTEERS AT LIVERPOOL

daunted faith. Manhood and womanhood with this definition and exercise mean more than heretofore ; the term missionary comes to be almost synonymous with hero and saint; and the movement which can command such devotion and exhibit such sublime virtues is placed beyond successful assault in the honor and respectful veneration of mankind.

There are not wanting signs that these days of strife and blood are to be the prelude to a new expansion of Christian work. In the height of the Arian controversy, when Julian was striving to restore heathenism and displace the Christian faith, Athanasius uttered this brave and foreseeing word: "Nubecula est, transibit j" it is a little cloud, it will pass away. In like assured faith we believe that this night of storm and death will soon give way to the gracious dawn and a glorious day. The mission churches are being sifted, their Christian faith tested, their love confirmed. The missionaries are binding the hearts of the people to them with hooks of steel, by sharing their f~rtunes, by giving them the protection of their preseuce, and by thc ministry of relief. In the coming days their words will have unwonted authority, 1heir persuasions and counsel will be wellnigh resistless. And the Christian life, thus deepened and sublimed, will overflow on every side, will fill the land and make the empire a kingdom of righteousness and peace.

THE GREAT CONVENTION OF STUDENT VOLUNTEERS AT LIVERPOOL.

BY THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.

One of the most significant gatherings of this century, if not of all the centuries, held its opening sessions in the Young Men's Christian Association hall on the evening of January 1st, with the Lord Bishop of Liverpool (Dr. J. C. Ryle) in the chair.

A more representative gathering of young men and women, having in view the foreign missionary field, has doubtless never before convened. This alone sets on this convention the special mark of a unique distinction. A thousand delegates were present, representing at least thirteen different nationalities, and all branches of the Protestant Church and the whole wide world. It stirred one's deepest emotions to see them filing in, one by one, Chinese and Japanese, Hindus and Armenians, Africans and Americans, Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Germans, Swiss-all shades of complexion, all varieties of race, all peculiarities of feature, all languages of earth, finding representation in one great assemblage, and all forgetful of minor differences and diversities in the great unity of the Spirit, acknowledging one Lord and essentially one faith. One could only think of the words of our Lord, "They shall come from the East and the West, from the North and South, and sit down in the kingdom of heaven."

It was an awe-inspiring gathering. It seems to mark a new era and epoch in modern church history, and no human forecast can calculate the future outgrowth of this movement. Its momentum is already tremendou8, and well-nigh irresistible. As the eye glanced over this vast assembly, mostly composed of young men and women, and saw only here and thcre a gray head, the possibilities of the next thirty years loomed up grandly and awfully; for who can foresee or foretell the diverse spheres, forms of eervice and suffering, varieties of ministry to human ignorance and want, heroic self-denials and valian1; examples of faith, unselfishness, and holy living which are destined to frame themselves into the structure of the ages out of the raw material here brought together for the Master's shaping hand?

Great were the expectations that centered about this opening meeting, and they were not disappointed. The Lord Bishop who presided is known to many of Christ's dear people as the author of that tract which has shaped so many lives for God, "Come to Jesus," and his pen has done more than one distinguished service to the cause of Christ. Having reached his fourscore years, his eye seems undimmed and his natural force little abated. His opening address was brief, but full of evaQgelical tone and hearty sympathy. He referred incidentally to a simple-minded negro who was daily wont to pray that there might be " a full heaven and an empty hell," and encouraged his younger brethren to go forth seeking to realize this prayer.

One memorable sentiment of the Lord Bishop will find echo in many a true heart outside of that Liverpool gathering. He earnestly deprecated any conflict or dissension between these two great countrie8, Britain and America, as well he might. Certainly such alienation and antagonism could create a jubilee only in hell. These two nations have a history and a destiny that are singularly interwoven. In the woof and warp mingle the same threads of language and literature, of manners and customs, of character and culture, of moral principles and religious faith. The very names inseparable from British territory are embedded in American soil- Cambridge, York, Oxford, Birmingham, Worcester, Leicester, etc. The great men and women of Britain belong to America, and the family life of these two nations is so interlinked that they are inseparable. War between England and the United States ought to be-and we believe is-impossible; it should be inconceivable, It was said of Michael Angelo and Raphael that, altho their preeminence in the fine arts and the entire tendencies of their times were toward mutual distrust, jealousy and rivalry, each of these great men rose so high above the common level of the men of his day that, like twin mountains rising from a level plain, they could not but look each other in the face and feel themselves necessary companions to each other. And so these two great nations, rising on opposite sides of the sea to such superior heights, are necessary to each other, and should not forget that both stand for the same Protestant Christianity. From their summits flashes the light from the same cross; and let us believe and hope that, instead of war between them, they will unite in war against common foes of God and man, and all the powers of darkness. To rend such nations asunder is to rend the cross itself, inwoven with their common fabric Qf histQry Qut Qf crimsQu tlneads dyed by the blood of martyrs which belong alike to both countries.

To follow a five days' meeting or series of meetings and gi'e a detailed account of them is of course impracticable in these pages. All we aim to do is to sketch the main features of the gathering as a whole, reproducing wholly or in part some of the main addresses or papers, and especially giving the solid nuggets of suggestion and information which constitute the richest contribution to the general cause of missions. The Philharmonic Hall, where these monster meetings were held, was found singularly adapted to the purpose. It has a capacity for about three thousand, and was filled at each service. Mr. Donald Fraser, himself the main organizer of the convention, and a student, presided at the general meetings, and very simply and sensibly, without self-intrusion or needless ceremony. This relieved the meetings of the useless form, so often a weariness, of having some distinguished man in the chair, who is expected to make a speech and to whom some vote of thanks, with one or more speeches in support of the motion, must afterward be made.

The exercises, promptly begun and carried on without delay, in few cases outlasted one hour and three quarters at anyone session, averaging three half-hour addresses at each meeting.

Every day opened with an hour of prayer, and uniformly these meetings proved fully attended and of deep interest. This was one of the most hopeful signs of the whole conference. Wherever a spirit of grace and of supplication is not first poured out, no other blessing of a permanent sort evel· follows. The Church is slow to learn this; but it is one of God's primary lessons. He will be inquired of, and recognized as the source of all blessing. If our dependence is on human planning and organizing, on eloquent speaking and literary attraction, on elaborate entertainments and artistic music, on human patronage and secular methods, there may be apparent succesS and a demonstrative enthusiasm, but iti is all like a flash from powder in the pan, and carries no lasting propulsive force.

In no convention to our remembrance hag every step seemed more manifestly a step !orwa.l·d, and it must needs he so where the spirit of prayerful dependence on God is first of all cultivated. Noisy applause, which so frequently begets uproar and confusion, and both interrupts and sometimes confuses a speaker, became more and more distasteful as tho presence of the Spirit of Gou grew more vividly real, and both speakers and hearers seemed to feel His invisible control. There was also singular freedom from all attempts at ambitious intellectualism-the display of rhetorical fireworks, set speeches, learned essays, grandiloquent orations-none of these have had any place in these assemblies. Simplicity, solidity, spirituality, the practical truth fitted for young men and women ernerging into actual life of duty and sacrifice-these were the controlling features of all the addresses to an almost unprecedented degree.

Of course sectional meetings had to be resorted to, as the time would not suffice for large public and general assemblies in the interest of specific phases of mission work. India, South America, China and Japan, Africa, the Jews, etc., had each a separate meeting on Thursday, January 2d. On Friday morning the conference broke up on phases of work, as, on the day before, on fields; and in as mauy sectional meetings, evangelistic, medical, educational, and" Bombay Settlement" forms of service received separate treatment from most competent hands. Then on Saturday afternoon the societies were the basis of the cleavage, and nine separate assemblies convened to consider the work of the Church Missionary, London Missionary, Presbyterian, Calvinistic Methodist, Baptist, Wesleyan, China Inlaud, and Zenana societies.

Whoever doubts that beneath all the diversity and variety of denominations there is real unity among true evangelical believers should have been present at these great meetings. Here Anglicans anti Wesleyans, Baptists and Congregationalists, Presbyterians and Methodists, Lutherans and Moravians were all found sitting together in loving fraternal counsel. Not a discordant note was struck. And, as one of the speakers at the opening meeting remarked, unity in diversity is the Lord's mode of operation everywhere. God forms man in families with vast variety even among individuals, not in regiments, where there is little to distinguish one from the other. Uniformity is monotony. The mother who hugs her babe to her breast and declares" there never was such a child" is right; there never was and never will be ; and one reason for seeking to save every child is, that every child unsaved represents a type of character unique and solitary; to let any child perish is to permit to be lost by neglect one child like whom there was never to be any other.

Never have we felt the substantial and vital unity of the true body of believers more than during these five days that opened this new year. Not a speech was made or a prayer offered or a hymn sung that could not have been equally well made in all that constituted its real core and heart by any other of the speakers or almost any other of the audience that represented the evangelical body of believers.

Another impression that grew with the progress of the meetings was the entire capacity and competency of the Ohurch to carry out our Lord's last command, and to do it promptly and within the lifetime of our own generation.

Mr. C. T. Studd, so well known as one of the famous Cambridge band that ten years ago, in connection with Stanley Smith and others, went to China, gave some startling figures to his audience as he contrasted the nearly 400,000,000 of Chinese with 2000 missionaries, half of whom are women, and the 40,000,000 inhabitants of Britain, with 30,000 ordamed clergymen in the Church of England alone, and in all denominations an aggregate of 50,000'; and this besides all the numerous so-called lay workers, who far outnumber the total of ordained preachers. He had undert~ken, he said, to estimate the total number of Christians engaged in various forms of evangelistic and soul-saving work in Great Britain alone, and before he had got two fifths of the way through the Wesleyan body alone the estimate reached seventy thousand, and he found it impracticable to ascertain the real aggregate, because so many were engaged in work that has no definite classification or reported form.

It is well to linger, perhaps, on this contrast for the sake of the lesson it teaches. Here is a great Oriental nation with a population numbering nearly one third of the world's population-certainly one fourth. It has not more than one regularly qualified missionary for every 30,000 people. Great Britain, with 40,000,000 people, has one ordained minister to every eight hundred souls; and if we count in all competent Christian workers engaged in evangelistic effort, there is one to every two hundred, if not more than one. When it comes to average wealth, what shall we say ~ Another speaker told us that from a careful estimate of the aggregate wealth of Protestant disciples the world over, it was calculated that not more than one quarter of a farthing to the pound-i.e., or about one cent out of every nine dollars and a half-goes to the mission cause. We can only recall the emphatic testimony of Caleb and Joshua to the children of Israel: " Let us go up and possess the land, for we be well able to overcome it."

How many times must it be reaffirmed ~ There is nothing in numbers or wealth to prevent the Protestant churches of the world from at once taking possession of the world for Christ. As to numbers, we have only to send to the field one out of every hundred church-members to put a working force of 400,000 men and women into the work; and we have only to give one tenth of the wealth in the hands of Protestant disciples to the support of those workers to have at disposal an income of £75,000,000, or $375,000,000 annually to apply to the world's evangelization.. Of course facts and figures, however marshaled before disciples who are asleep, apathetic, indifferent, will not alone ever suffice to awake, arouse, and transform them into active workers and liberal givers. But these possibilities must be submitted for the consideration of God's people, even tho, like all other rejected, neglected truths, it ends only in deeper condemnation.

No more awe-inspiring conception ever occurs to my own mind than that of the judgment-seat of Christ, as already erected just within the veil where He has entered, and as a tribunal to which may at every instant be now referred every perplexing question or ensnaring allurement, for a clear, decisive, conclusive judgment. To hold up every motive, word, thought, habit, indulgence, or purpose of life before that invisible tribunal, survey it in the light of its searching inquiry, and test it and weigh it as in the scales of eternity-that is to learn to look upon every matter which now engages attention as it will be looked upon in the solemn review of the last day. The melancholy fact is that very few of us, and in very few of our affairs, subject our c~lUrse to such divine arbitration and decision. We consult the tribunal of public opinion or the still more corrupt court of prevailing custom. Weare content to do as others do and be as others are. We measure ourselves by ourselves and compare ourselves among ourselves, which is far from wise. To take an imperfect standard is both to justify and perpetuate imperfection j and as all imperfection on our standards tends to degeneracy in the product, even our standard itself gets lower and lower. Ve must erect anew the standard of God, and measure and weigh by that. Thl3n we shall begin to see that a revol'ution is necessary before we shall bring our preaching and praying, our living and giving back toward the divine idea and ideal. Let everyone of us dare, in secret, to hold up his own daily conduct and hidden promptings to the bright light of the omniscient eye and the holy touch of God, and as He judges may we judge, for no other decision is safe.

Now that this great gathering has dispersed, one naturally looks back, in review of its proceedings, to get one last general glimpse of it as a whole j and it does not suffer in comparison with any missionary convention held within our recollection.

One impression, quite emphatic, is that the whole ordering of this five days' conference was singularly faultless. One scarcely expects to find younger shoulders surmounted by wise heads. vVhen a thousand young men and women meet in such assembly, and the whole conduct of the meetings is in comparatively inexperienced hands, it would not be surprising if serious blunders were made. We often see enthusiasm rampant, overriding better judgment; more "action" than "counsel," more impulse than self-control, more excitement than moderation, displayed in large gatherings of young people; but throughout this colossal convention's sessions there was a calmness, self-repression, freedom from intrusive and ambitious declamation, a wise forethought, discreet management, that we have never -seen surpassed.

For example, at all the great central gatherings, one man, himself a Student Volunteer, just on the eve of departure for Nyassaland, presided. With simplicity, dignity, modesty he took the chair, made no speeches, quietly kept track of time, and without offensive mannerisms held speakers to their limits, and so kept the meetings from becoming burdensome by tediousness. Mr. Donald Fraser, by common consent, uniformly presided, and it was certainly a model of presiding, eliciting universal approbation. He made no flattering introductions of speakers, in not a single case indulging in that common vice of great assemblies; he quietly discouraged all noisy, demonstrative applause, counseling all to "listen as in the silence of God;" he emphasized prayer and praise, and had no session open without a brief and singularly pertinent reading from the Scripture, generally only a few verses, read by himself, but with much care in selection and tenderness of manner; he counseled his brethren to do all things quietly, in order, avoiding haste and confusion, and bade them remember that their own calmness and peace and prayerfulness would have much to do with the general tone of the gathering; and, in a word, we all felt that, behind this visible leader was Another, far greater than himself, who was actually and invisibly condncting the great assembly.

One or two instances may be mentioned of the singular felicity with which Mr. Donald Fraser guided the convention. When, on Saturday night, it seemed necessary to take a large offering to meet the expenses of the great conference, at least nine hundred pounds were announced to be needed to cover outlay, and help in the work of the year to come. Many foreign delegates needed aid in meeting the heavy cost of their own travel, and in establishing on the Continent branches of the Student V01unteer Movement Union. Mr. Mott, now going around the world to kindle new missionary fires, had appealed for help in visiting Australia to encourage the Volunteer movement there; the cost of securing speakers from afar ought, of course, to be paid; and so a large amount was needful. How to raise it, without undue urgency, or repeated appeal, or dependence upon unscriptural and unwholesome methods, was a matter of much prayerful thought. Mr. Fraser, before the meeting began, quietly instructed his corps of helpers how to conduct the whole business as before God, without any hurry or worry, and with a contagious spirit of consecration. Theu, with blank forms of subscription, these young men to@k their stations, scattered at regular intervals through the audience; at a given signal, after announcement, from the chair of the intended gathering of offerings, a clear statement by the financial secretary of the exact sum needed and for what, and a simple earnest prayer for Divine prompting in all hearts, these young men with military precision moved about among the audience, until everyone present had a subscription paper. Then there was a pause for prayer, and all were requested to give as God might lead j then the papers were partially collected, and the amounts read from the platform without announcing any names ; then another pause, another season of prayer, and the work of subscribing aud gathering offerings was completed, and the whole mass of uncounted subscriptions passed into the hands of collectors, the result to be subsequently announced ; then another prayer, with praise to God for the accomplishment of the desire previously presented at His throne of grace, while as yet the result was known only to Him, and the Doxology was sung and the meeting quietly dispersed. Anyone present could have had little doubt that God would honor such expectant faith ; and it proved that, instead of the nine hundred, pounds desired, some seventeen hundred were realized-enough, beside the necessary sum required for actual outlay, to distribute eight hundred pounds to the continental contingent for a forward movement among the European universities. Mr. Fraser had remarked, before the gifts were collected, that, in this act of offering consecrated substance to the Lord, the very " climax of such a meeting might and should be reached ;" and it was. There was not a session wherein, notwithstanding the feature of the" collection," which is often so unpleasant if not offensive, spiritual joy and power were more regnant. And the great Giver of all good showed how, when He moves on His own dear people, they bring the tithes in, so that there is abundance of meat in His house, and abundance of blessing outpoured on givers.

Another striking feature of Mr. Fraser's conduct of these great assemblies was seen in the closing session of Sunday evening, January 5th. He naturally made the address in which the last words were spoken. He was very brief, occupying not over fifteen minutes, and spoke as quietly as he had done all else. The seed thought of his address was that key to the Acts of the Apostles, " It seemed good to the Holy Ghost and to us" (Acts 15 : 28). He referred to the great fact of the presidency of the Spirit in the primitive Church, to His indwelling and inworking in disciples, so tha.t when Peter spake at Pentecost, it was the Holy Ghost and Peter, and when disciples at the first Church council at Jerusalem drew up their deliverance it was the joint verdict of the Holy Ghost and tb,em. Then he besought the brethren present to remember that, as they went forth, they were to go in partnership with God; back to the college, as Spirit-filled men, into fields at home aud abroad, to do and suffer for God and with Christ. We hope yet to produce this simple, cha.rming address in full, but meanwhile we leave this on record, that it was a fit close to a great gathering in which the one prevailing impression was that God was there.

The hidden history of that convention some of us happen to know. It was conceived in prayer and nurtured in prayer. Every step has been taken in waiting dependence on God, and if wisdom was not given the step was delayed until it was manifest what God's will was. The reward was great, for from the opening hymn to the closing benediction we can now look back on no wasted time, no vain speeches, no note of discord, no unhappy blunders. There were many wheels within the greater wheel of the convention, but they all moved in one direction, and we felt the Spirit of the living God to be in the wheels. Mr. Fraser succeeded in his presiding because God was in him and with him, and hence we are not complimenting the man, but honoring his Master in commending the conduct of the meeting.

Most noticeable is it also that in this gathering there was no attempt to spread before ns a great array of distinguished names. Hundreds of men and women in the kingdom, whose reputation is world-wide, might have been asked to speak; but there was no announcement of speakers beforehand, no sensational subjects, no substitution of fame for spirituality. The one thought seemed to be unity of impression and the power of God. The speakers were not orators, but men and women who were known for sanctified common sense, true devotion to missions, and soundness of faith. Such men as Eugene Stock and Dr. George Smith, C. T. Studd, Rev. Edgerton Young, Rev. H. P. Beach, Sherwood Eddy, Bishop

MEXICO, HER NEEDS AND OUR DUTY

Ryle, Rev. Charles Garrett, and Rev. F. B. Meyer, and such women as Mrs. Duncan McLaren and Miss Gollock and Miss Selincourt are a sufficient proof of the sort of speaking sought for; and the result proves that the whole effort to supply flashy and brilliant orators for such occasions is a mistake. We heard nothing approaching a "star speech." Dr. Smith's grand historical review of the century, condensing the studies of thirty years into half an hour, was a magnificent marshaling of facts, rhetorically complete, yet there was no finish about it, but the unconscious completeness of truth put in crystalline clearness and beauty before us. Eugene Stock's discourse on "character tested and trained" was a mine of jewels, but there was no artificial lustre about it ; and so all along the one grand impression was that we were hearing God speak through divers mouths but one harmonious message. We thought of those words: " The Lord gave the Word ; Great was the company of those that published it."

We turned away from Philharmonic Hall Sunday night, marveling what new and greater surprises God may have for us in the coming career of that thousand select and elect young men and women.

Let unceasing prayer go up to Him in their behalf !

MEXICO, HER NEEDS AND OUR DUTY.

BY ROBERT E. SPEER, NEW YORK CITY.

While the world is the field for all Christians and Christian nations, there are special fields for each. In a peculiar degree Great Britain is responsible for the evangelization of India, France for the evangelization of the Niger Valley, while we have confessed ,our responsibility for the nations to the south of us by the famous declaration of President Monroe in his annual message to the Eighteenth Congress on December 2d, 1823 : " With the governments (on this hemisphere) which have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have on great consideration and just principles acknowledged, we could not view an interposition for oppressing them or controlling in any other manner their destiny by any European power in any other light than as a manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States." This assumption of political responsibility, as the tutelary power of this hemisphere, 'we have at no small pains maintained. But by it we have made ourselves responsible for much more than the independence of the American republics from European aggression. We have charged ourselves publicly with the obligation of giving to these neighbors the only secret of stability and strength for a free nation. This at least the Christian man dare not refrain from reading into the Monroe doctrine, as in its highest sense, a mission~ ary declaration. By the traditions of the past and the necessities of the present we are more closely bound to Mexioo than to any other American nation, and we owe to her on many counts a pure faith and a Bible for all.

A pure faith for a corrupt-this is Mexico's need. Christ's Christianity was not brought here when the pious soldiers of Cortez subdued the Jand in " the holy war" of 1521, and his priests baptized four million people in a few years, one man baptizing about five thousand in one day, and not desisting until he was unable longer to lift his hands. The effect was inevitable. "The introduction of the Roman religion," declared Humboldt, "had no other effect upon the Mexicans than to substitute new ceremonies and symbols for the rites of a sanguinary worship. Dogma has not succeeded dogma, but only ceremony to ceremony." On such a church feasted a corrupt and crafty priesthood, the support and product of the tyrannical political system which lasted from Cortez's conquest for three centuries. In the struggle for freedom from the ecclesiastical bondage which lasted even after the yoke of Spanish authority had been thrown off, Sefior Lerdo compiled, in 1850, as Minister of Public Works, a statement of the wealth of the Mexican hierarchy, showing that it owned 861 estates of the value of $71,000,000, and 22,000 city lots valued at $113,000,000. This was but a partial revelation. The yearly income of the priests was estimated at $25,000,000, while the whole banking business, loans and mortgages, was in their hands, and a bankrupt government was helpless before them. Of nearly half the property in the City of Mexico the archbishop was the virtual owner. The Church possessed wealth in other forms. Three bejewelled petticoats of the Virgin of Remedios, a figure of the Virgin Mary, in the Cathedral of Puebla, were believed to be worth $3,000,000. The profligacy and corruption consequent upon this wealth were fearful. Twelve bishops in 1793 had an income of $539,000.

In this luxury and wealth Mexicans had but little share. The priesthood was a Spanish incubus, working ever' toward the subjection of the native peoples and the maintenance of European control. From the beginning the Aztec had no part in it, and at the end of its supremacy it was alien to the people whom it had oppressed. It was a heavy oppression. There were at one time more than fifty monasteries and convents in Mexico City alone. Robertson says: "In the year 1644 the City of Mexico presented a petition to the King of Spain, praying that no new monastery be founded, and that the revenue of those already established might be circumscribed, otherwise the religious houses woul': soon acquire the ,property of the whole country." In Mexico City the monastery of San Francisco covered four large blocks, while at San Luis Potosi was another nearly as ~arge, many of its walls still standing, six or eight feet thick. On one corner of the property is now a Presbyterian church, while in Mexico City the Methodist church and printing establishment occupy a part of the great monastery-the greatest in the New World, and peopled at the time of its confiscation by fourteen monks! The heavy walls of many of these old monasteries furnished safe and secret sepulcher for the victims of the Inquisition. Corruption was the fruit of this evil supremacy. Butler, in " Mexico in Transition, " one of the best books on Mexico, quotes the testimony of the Abbe Emanuel Domenech, chaplain of the French expedition- ary force, who published in Paris in 1867 a report of a tour of observa- tion he was required to make before leaving Mexico, to investigate the rumors of the low moral and religious condition of the clergy and Church of Rome in Mexico. The report is entitled " Mexico as it is, the Truth Respecting its Climate, its Inhabitants, and its Government." The abbe was a prominent clergyman of the Romish Church of France. His report is one of the most damaging revelations to be found anywhere of the life nourished by the Church of Rome in lands completely under her control.

" Mexican faith is a dead faith. The abuse of external ceremonies, the facility of reconciling the devil with God, the absence of internal exercises of piety, have killed the faith in Mexico. It is in vain to seek good fruit from the worthless tree, which makes Mexican religion a singular assemblage of heartless devotion, shameful ignorance, insane superstition. and hideous vice. . " The idolatrous character of Mexican Catholicism is a fact well known to all trave~rs. The worship of saints and madonnas so absorbs the devotion of the people that little time is left to think about God. Religious ceremonies are performed with a most lamentable indifference and want of decorum. • .• One day I was present at an Indian dance, celebrated in honor of the patron saint of the village. Twenty- . four boys and girls were dancing in the church, in the presence of the priest. An Indian, with his face concealed under a mask of an imaginary divinity resem· bling the devil, with horns and claws, was dil'ecting the figures of the dance, which reminded me of that of the Redskins! I remarked to the Driest. who for all that was an excellent priest, that it was very incongruous to permit such a frolic in a church.

" , The old customs,' he replied, • are respectable ; it is well to preserve them, only taking care that they do not degenerate into orgies.' . . .

" During holy week I ha ve seen processiolli! of three thonsand persons stripped and covered only with sackcloth, so coarse as to show that the individual had not even a shirt. The different phases of the passion of Christ were represented by groups of painted statues large as life, and by men and women placed upon stages, borne on the shoulders of hundreds of Indians. The bearers, bending under the weight of their burden, would go, from time to time, to refresh them· selves at the liquor shops, leaving in the middle of the streets the groups representing the Passion. Jews and R'Omans, decked with helmets of tin plate, breast· plates of pasteboard, and breeches embroidered with silver, made a part of the procession. ,.

The Church c01ltrolled marriage, and fixed the fee so high as to force the mass of the people into concubinage. Formal marriage was beyond their means. She controlled education, and was happy to ensure the per- manent ignorance of the people. She controlled baptism and burial j held the keys of life and of death, and by all the curses of the life that now is and of the world to come drove into darkness those whom she should have led into light. At the outset she substituted for the living Christ an image of the Virgin, a wooden figure, "Virgin de los Remedios," brought over from Spain by the army of Cortez. On the Nacke Triste the imagedisap_ peared, but was miraculously preserved and became increasingly the deity of the Spanish party. The enmity between the conquering Spaniards and the conquered natives made it desirable to have a Virgin who would com- mand the loyalty of the people. Most opportunely just such a Virgin was miraculously provided. With some modification and apparent seriousness Archbishop Corrigan told the story of the revelation of this Virgin of Guadaloupe in a sermon in St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York City, on December 1st, 1895 : " It was on December 9th, 1531, that Juan Diego, a Catholic Indian of little education, while passing among the hills on the outskirts of the Mexican city of Tlaltlolco, waR suddenly accosted by a beautiful woman who seemed to descend from the sky. She addressed him in friendly terms, and told him that it was her desire that he should tell the bishop of the diocese that it was the will of Heaven that a temple should be erected on the spot in honor of the Madonna. She then disappeared. Juan went to the bishop and related what had occurred, but his story was listened to with incredulity. He was told to go away and obtain more convincing proofs of his statements. He visited the same spot the next day, and was again confronted by the apparition. The same request was made of him, and he again told the bishop of it. The latter was circumspect. He nevertheless told Juan to pass the place of visitation once more, and if he saw the woman to ask her for some substantial evidence that she was commissioned from heaven.

" On account of the sickness of his uncle, Juan, on the succeeding day, was hurrying past the place, when he was for the third time stopped. On this occasion the woman was more beautiful and resplendent than before. When Juan told her, in humble terms, what the bishop had said, she told him to go to a spot where nothing but weeds were known to grow, and that he would find there bushes of roses in full bloom. She told him to take them to the prelate. She then vanished.

"While proceeding to the spot indicated, Juan was surprised to find that the rough cape he wore was imprinted with an exact likeness of the person who had visited him. To his great astonishment, he found the roses in bloom and took them with the cape to the bishop Both were convincing proof that something of a very extraordinary nature had happened. The news spread far and wide, and t.he place was thronged with wondering persons from all over Mexico. The cape with the wonderful imprint was the object of much veneration. It contained various colors, and appeared on both sides as if inwoven. There were the stars that Juan had seen around the wonderful woman's head, and the halo of light which surrounded her. It was hung in the church and afterward in the temple erected on the spot where the miracle occurred. As early as 1666 the matter was brought to the attention of Rome, and an investigation was made. Since then other investigations have been made by the Sacred Congregation of Rights at Rome. All of these investigations strengthened the belief in the miracle. The final one was approved by the Holy See on March 6th, 1894."

For all this Archbishop Corrigan is willing to vouch! Three and a half centuries have not brought emancipation.

These two virgins are the deities of Mexico to-day, with the Christs, white for the light skinned, and black for the dark skinned, that each may have a suitable image, a new idol to take the price of the teocalli and the stone idolll of old j for the priests had no thought of conversion of char- acter. They aimed only at a degree of external conformity. The old habits, modes of thought, religious ideas were not interfered with. New idols for the oli, new priests, new ceremonies, new incantations-that was all. The effect of the mixture is picturesque, but it is not Christianity_ It is doubtful if it is religion. Whatever it is, however, it has many fea- tures wholly superstitious, half pathetic, half grotesque. I cannot describe one of them as il~ustration better than by a quotation from my own diary : .. ZACATECAS, MEXICO, January 17, 1894. .. Perfect afternoon. Every afternoon perfect in this land. The bluest of skies, and earth matching heaven in the richness of its coloring. Took a picture of the finely carved brown-stone front of the cathedral from a roof opposite. The criminals from the penitentiary, who were working merrily on the street, looked up interestedly. At four went to the baptism of the animals at the picturesque little Church of Jesus. This church was built by voluntary work from voluntary offerings. After his day's labor a man would bring a stone from the quarry and leave it at the church. So the material was gathered. It is built on the side of a hill overlooking a deep. dry valley, beyond which the sun. goes down in a perfect wealth of glory. This is the day of San Antonio the Abbot. He was the animals' friend. They understood his sermons. On his day the animals go to church and are baptized and blessed. " On the way to the church we saw people with bird cages gayly decorated with colored papers and tinsel streamers. Almost no one at the church when we arrived, altho there was much expectation in the air. I had scarcely taken a seat in a corner, with the sun properly placed for picture-taking, when the crowds began to come, the poor people bringing their own animals, and servants the animals of the rich. Chic'kens, pigeons, all kinds of birds, doves, cats, dogs, 11 little brown pig who trotted in and out with pink paper pennons flying all over him; a dog with a gilt crown with feathers in it, and a long, lace paper dress; a big black dog with green and pink papers; roosters with pasteboard stove·pipe hats; a cat with a bonnet and a finely worked velvet short coat; rabbits in arms and in cages; a guinea pig dressed in gold ; two dogs with each quarter painted a different color; a sheep and three rams (one black, one white, and a small, rambunctious one painted pink, who stood up frequently to view the proceedings when tormented by some small boys); a green parrot with a yellow head; wee girls holding pigeons-all these animals were led into the church and arranged in two long rows in the body of the church. The Mexican churches in the main have no seats. As soon as the church was full the people who had charge of the animals knelt down, and a young priest, clad in a long black robe, went up and down the space between the kneeling lines, reading Latin-to which some of the animals made intelligible responses-and sprinkling water with a long tin sprinkler, which he filled from a bucket carried by a small boy in a long red gown. A large horse came to the door of the church, together with several donkeys, decorated with bronze frontlets and tin pieces on their hips. When the baptism within was completed, the priest came out into the church-yard, where he held a special service over the burros, but his speech was unintelligible. One fine horse stood in the street just outside the gate, and the priest stood in the gate and sprinkled it, lIexican law not allowing any religious service outside of church grounds. On our way home met scores of people carrying or leading all sorts of animals grotesquely decorated. Some of them seemed to see the ludicrousn~ss of it. Small boys respond at once to a wink. On the whole, the animals seemed to object to the ceremony. The big black dog was drenched with water, his fine green and pink papers soaked. The roosters could not refrain from crowing with exultation, and the other animals also had evidently not been to church frequently enough to be properly quiet. The small brown pig nar· rowlyescaped destruction at the mouth of the large dog. It was evidently a gala day. Everyone was dressed up. This did not involve in most cases, however, any excess of garments. What a diabolically ludicrous scene it all was! If only it meant larger love for the dumb brutes one could understand it and sympathize with it; but the poor burros and horses are treated outrageously. Their religion is meaningless, whether regarded in its bearings upon animals or upon the souls of men.

" At Santa Clara animals when sick are taken to church, and for a compensation the priest exercises them in the church or the church-yard, and praying for them, exorcises them too.

"The meaning of the baptism is this: people think the animals have evil spirits, and try to have the evil spirits driven out by this ceremony. San Antonio is painted accompanied by a pig. They call the pig' Cochina de San Antonio.'

" Three soldiers guard one or two convicts working on the street. Employment must be found for the standing army, or President Diaz-a Dios. The convicts look up and beg as we pass by."

Mary and the saints constitute the Mexican pantheon. The living God is not known, and the Christ is afar off. If there was a true faith ill the past, only its corpse or its ashes remain. If we lift the covering to-day, as Hopkinson Smith says, the dead body can be seen. Liberalism is the religion of the men who rule Mexico, while the Indians worship their Christian idols and the women tIle Virgin's form. The roulette wheel spins at the church fair, and tawdry bull and cock fights afford Sunday delight. Apparitions of the Virgin are still discovered on the leaves of the maguey plant and worshiped. Idolatry is not forbidden by the Ten Commandments as given to the people by the Church. In the Mexican decalogue the second commandment is, "Thou shalt not take the name of God in vain ;" the third, "Thou shalt keep the feasts;" and the tenth commandment is divided into two to make out the number, the second command as given to Moses being wholly omitted, and the fourth distorted into the injunction to observe the feasts.

These generalizations can be abundantly verified in any community in Mexico. At Parras, an old town, three centuries old, with some of the original bnildings still standing, in the State of Coahuila, twenty miles by diligence from the railroad, there is a little white chapel perched on a high rock overlooking a rough plain studded with maguey and mesquite. The " Capilla del Madero" is visible from a far distance, and is a shrine of great sanctity. The local belief, held unshakably, is that upon this rock a cross miraculously appeared one night years ago, when two prieE'ts were visiting the village, and that the priests at once ordered the chapel to be erected over the cross. This was done, but immediately several great fissures appeared in the rock, through which the conquered devil escaped. Pilgrimages have since been made annually to the cross, which grows an inch or so yearly. This growth is cut off and sold as precious relics. On the pilgrimages people have measured this length wearily, slowly, over the plain and up the hill, bleeding and worn, to seek blessing at the cross, and the walls of the chapel are covered with votive tablets, rudely drawn, testifying to miraculous assistance and cures. In the chapel of the Virgin of Guadeloupe, near Mexico City, where Juan Diego's blauket with its miraculous picture is preserved, there are many similar tablets. One of these represents a man falling by accident from a housetop, suddenly checked and suspended in midair by a happy thought of the saint of the chapel. Another was the offering of a man spared from death by robbers because gazing raptly at a picture of the Virgin, while his innocent children were murdered in bed, the tablet gorgeously presenting the whole scene. There are thousands of such tablets in Mexican churches, aud their storage rooms are littered with crucifixes, and virgins, and Christs, graven images, the work of men's hands.

The marvel is that after three hundred years of this, the oppression of the Spanish tyrants and the deadening paralysis of the Church of Rome, unchecked by the atmosphere of freedom, any manliness, or strength, or spirit was left in the Mexican nation. The conquest had been most cruel and repressive. Even Clavigero, the Jesuit historian of Mexico, confessed that the Spaniards "in one year of merciless massacre sacrificed more human victims to avarice and ambition than the Indians, during the existence of their empire, devoted in chaste worship to their gods." The soldiers of Cortez destroyed the records of the Aztecs-records of untold value. A system of peonage was introduced that was slavery. One good priest, Las Casas, is remembered now, almost a solitary exception to the great mass, as the protector of the Indians. From Cortez until 1821 sixty-one viceroys in succession governed Mexico, enforcing legislation devised in Spain, destroying all industries which might compete in Spanish markets or shut Spanish goods out of home markets, ruining the land under forms of law, or robbing it without law, pillaging its mines of silver and the hearts of its people of the joys of life and the peace of death. It is a testimony to the strength and worth of the nation that all this did not destroy the spirit of liberty, did not crush from them that passion after right which makes true children of a living God everywhere readier to fight and die for truth and justice than to live in the tame bondage of a lying peace. Mexico won her freedom against odds, and in a contest compared with which our struggle for independence was child's play. Hidalgo, Morelos, and Nicolas Bravo are names to be set beside any of ours. They show that there were some, at least, even among the priesthood, who loved liberty, and counted the far-off vision of it sweet.er even than the breath of life. If they failed, yet over their dead bodies the cause of Mexican independence moved steadily on, and at the last they failed not.

.. They never fail who die in a great cause."

Benito Juarez, a pure Indian, in 1855-57 established free institutions, a free constitution, religious liberty, free speech, free schools, the secularization of the ill-gotten wealth of the Church, and, in advance' of the Emancipation Proclamation, freedom and protection to all slaves who entered the national territory. The Maximilian fiasco was only a sad episode. Mexico had a better destiny.

Before his death, Juarez, whom Mexicans reverently and rightly regard as their Washington, declared: ' , Upon the development of Protestantism largely depends the future happiness of our country." Protestantism had entered Mexico in 1847 between the covers of the Bibles carried in the knapsacks of American soldiers. It entered to remain and to increase. Melinda Rankin, from her seminary at Brownsville, Tex., sent Bibles and Christian pupils into Mexico, and in 1864, after ten years' work, crossed over herself to Monterey. In 1865, in Mexico City, Francisco Aguilas, who had withdrawn from the Roman priesthood, gathered those who were seeking to follow a pure religion, and on the coming of the Rev. Henry C. Riley, in 1869, sent by the American and Foreign Christian Union, this company formed the first Protestant church in Mexico City, which was soon mightly reinforced by the conversion of Manuel Aguas, a Dominican friar, who had been chosen as the antagonist of Mr. Riley. This church jn Mexico City was not the first Protestant church in the country. In 1867, as the result of Miss Rankin's colporteurs' work, an independent evangelical congregation was formed in the house of Juan Amador, at Villa de Cos, a village fifty miles northeast of Zacatecas. The field was ripe to the harvest, and in 1872 the Presbyterian missionaries entered, the Methodists in 1873, the Congregationalists in 1880, and the Baptists the next year. The spirit of God had gone before the missionaries. Independent congregations had sprung up in many places, the fruit of scattered Bibles. In 1871 a Mexican opened a bookstore in Zitacauro, and offered for sale four hundred Bibles and tracts. The .state of Michoacan, in which Zitacauro is situated, has always been peopled with bold and independent men. The liberators were born there. Its people were most stubborn in their resistance to Spanish oppression, and most fearless of Romish superstition. In the war for independence they took the images out of the churches and piled them up for bonfires, saying, "If these are gods they won't burn, and if they are not gods they might better burn." The Bibles spoke the needed message to them, and congregations sprung up in a score of places. Sr. Rodriguez, au aged and blind preacher, able and refined, living at Zitacauro, said he could remember the early days, when the Bible was wrapped up with the lunch to be taken to the day's work, the noonday prayer-meetings, when laborers gathered for their meals, and the moving lights nightly on the hill-sides, marking the course of the people

CHURCH OF THE VIRGIN OF GUADALODPE

2. FRONT OF THE ZACATECAS CATHEDRAL.

3. CAPILLA DEL MADERO, PARRAS.

MEXICO, HUR NEEDS AND OUR DUTY

gathering for worship and praise. These were days of apostolic fervor, when those who had learned of Christ went everywhere preaching Him.

The fervor and devotion of these early days, yet to be revived, were met by fierce hostilities and persecution. In the excitement aronsed by the preaching of Manuel Aguas, forty Protestants were killed. In 1873 the Rev. J. A. Stephens, a Congregational missionary, was shot at Ahualulco by soldiers while appealing to them for protection, and his body was barbarously abused. Preachers or members of Presbyterian churches suffered martyrdom at Acapulco, where six were killed; at Almoloya, at AhuacualtitIan, where Abraham Gomez, the newly ordained preacher, was beaten to death with his own large Bible, which was then put under his head in mockery for a pillow, and at El Carro, a hacienda near Zacatecas, where Gregoria Monreal was stoned to death and then decapitated. One of the missionaries declared five years ago that the martyr-roll of the Protestant Church in Mexico included sixty-five names.

The days of martyrdom have perhaps also passed away, but it requires courage still to be a Christian in Mexico. The entrances to some little meeting-places in the slums of Mexico City, where the elders of the Church of Divina Salvador go of their own accord to conduct services on Sundays, are so arranged as to make the attendants secure from the stones and dirt thrown in from the street. A poor little girl, Amalia Fuentes, was offered by the wife of ex-Governor Modera, of Coahuila, a trip to the World's Fair two years ago if she would give up going to the mission school for girls at Saltillo. The wealthy woman offered to take her in her carriage if she would go with her to mass. But the child preferred usefulness to pleasure, and said she would rather walk to the humble Protestant service than ride to mass.

There are discouragements and difficulties, many and serious, but neither more nor more serious than the encouragements and the boundless opportunities. The evangelical churches of Mexico are meeting the three tests which every church must meet; and some may think they are not meeting them less faithfully than the evangelical churches of our own land. They are reaching the poor. They are reaching the sinner. They have a place for the child. If they lack much that we possess, it must be remembered that they are emerging from a night which has lasted for three and a half centuries. They are moving ahead toward larger light. A native preacher showed us a picture of his little daughter taken with the great family Bible in her lap. It was not fetishism. He loved the book. He wanted the picture to tell of the family attitude. The Bible lies in a conspicuous place in most Christian homes, and tho these homes are humble, so was the manger where the Lord of life was born. Christ Himself has been planted in Mexican life. One poor man, weak and erring, but earnest, declared to us at Venado, speaking a more general truth than he knew, "The kingdom of God is in my heart. Tell the Christians of America that the kingdom of God is in my heart."

THE INDIANS OF CENTRAL AMERICA

It is said, to Mexico's shame, that it is the country of delay, of postponement, the land of " manana." The larger charity turns the reproach into praise, and anticipates for our Southern neighbors the nobler " manana," the to-morrow of purer faith, of larger life, of closer loyalty, the better day that comes.

'THE INDIANS OF CEN'TRAL AMERICA.

BY REV. C. I. SCOFIELD, D.D., SECRETARY OF THE CENTRAL AMERICAN MISSION.

In the inception of the work of the Central American Mitlsion an effort was first made to gain a clear idea of the poptilations of the five republics which were to constitute the field of operations-their distribution, habits of life, religious state, numbers, means of a(".cess to them, and, generally, of whatever facts might enter into the intelligent direction of missionary effort for their evangelization. We had not long prosecuted inquiries in this direction when we became aware that an indeterminate number of aborigines were scattered throughout the entire region in question, and it soon became evident that anything like complete information concerning them was, by ordinary means, unattainable.

For the most part occupying either the higher and more inaccessible mountains, or else the low-lying hot lands along the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, they entered so little into the political and economic life of the countries that even the respective governments felt but a languid interest in them, and possessed bnt the vagnest information upon all the points of greatest interest to us. Such facts as were within governmental knowledge were cheerfully placed at our disposal, but these were too few and too indefinite for the basis of rightly directed missionary effort.

In short, it became clear that only by means of laborious and expensive explorations could the data for such effort be obtained.

Mcantime, work was begun at San Jose, capital of Costa Rica, among the intelligent inl1abitants of that beautiful city, and soon after another station was opened at Naranjo de Alajuela, westward from San Jose.

The missionaries at these points were from the first instructed to gather by every means information looking toward the evangelization of the aborigines. 'The motive for this can scarcely require statement. It was deeply felt that the descendants of the interesting and lovable peoples who had received with guileless hospitality the discoverers whose advent was to bring to them centuries of unspeakable outrage, should be in a very especial manner the objects of solicitude to Christians laboring in those regions.

Accordingly, soon after the establishment of the mission at San Jose, Mr. W. W. McConnell, the first missionary, undertook a toilsome journey, fraught, too, with no inconsiderable danger, to visit the Talamanca Indians, inhabiting thc low, swampy region of Southeastern Costa Rica, bor- dering on the Caribbean Sea, and the Republic of Columbia. Much in- teresting information was gathered, and some opportunity was found for Gospel teaching. The results of this journey, published in the Central American B1tlletin, were graciously used of God to draw attention to the condition of the Indians of Central America, and we felt encouraged to go forward in 'the work as rapidly as means and men might be raised up.

At this juncture the attention of that well-known friend of missions, Robert Arthington, Esq., of Leeds, England, was drawn to this great opportunity to carry the Gospel to a people as absolutely heathen as any in Africa; and, after some preliminary correspondence, Mr. Arthington proposed to bear the entire expense of a thorough exploration of the five republics for the gathering of exhaustive information concerning them.

The Lord's blessings ne,er come singly. Simultaneously with this provision for the expense of the undertaking, Rev. C. H. Dillon, one of the most capable and devoted of our missionaries, and a man in every way fitted to carry forward a work requiring courage, persistency, and the tact to deal with uncivilized tribes, became available for the work. He was at once put in charge of it, and, with the fellowship and invaluable assistance of Senor Quesada, one of the converts of ~fr. McConnell's work at San Jose, has now so nearly completed it that I am enabled to lay before the readers of THE MISSIONARY REVIEW OF THE "VORLD the greater outlines of the resuI1;. The details will be published when the explorations are finished. It may be said, however, that Mr. Dillon has done his work so effectively that the mission is prepared to send missionaries direct from this country or England to any tribe, and to inform such missionary as to their numbers, habits, language, degree of civilIzation, religion, and disposition toward white men. And not this only, but also the best route of travel, all things considered; the prevalent characteristic diseases of the region; what clothing and, supplies should be carried; and the expense both of the journey and of support on the field.

This result has been achieved by the intelligent and patient execution of plans carefully elaborated before the actual explorations began. In all the preliminary w.ork, and from time to time during its progress, the suggestions of Mr. Arthington have been of great value.

In the present article it is proposed to do no more than generalize the results achieved.

It may be well to remind the reader that the entire population of the five republics approximates 3,250,000, distributed as follows: Costa Rica, 243,205; Guatemala, 1,471,025; Honduras, 431,917 ; Nicaragua, 312,- 845 ; Salvador, 777,895. Speaking broadly, this population is composed of pure whites, inconsiderable in number, but of great influence; pure Indians, of whom hereafter; and mestizos, or people of mixed white and Indian blood, and thesc are in numerical majority over both the other classes. In religion, the whites and mestizos are Roman Catholic, but with this qualification: that the better educated of both classes are deeply tinctured with modern forms of scepticism, open infidelity, and spiritism. Alienated from the traditional faith by the shameless lives of many of the priests, and by the childish superstitions which they impose upon the people, and knowing little or nothing of the simplicity that is in Christ, they follow the unfaith of the German, Swiss, and French instructors in the state colleges. The number of those of this class who have already been converted affords proof of the readiness with which they will hear the pure Gospel.

Turning nO"W to the Indians, and premising that this article deals only with that part of the popUlation which is of pure or greatly predominant Indian blood, the facts may be broadly stated as follows : In some parts, notably in Nicaragua, the Indians have practically lost their tribal organizations, and have not only merged with, but actually compose the mass of, the population. Of this class the Masaya, Mata- ga1pa, and Ometepe Indians of Nicaragua are examples. In every politi- cal and religious sense they are indistinguishable from the mass of the Central American peoples. From them come many of the priests, of whom their towns are full, and they are the soldiers and minor officials of the republic. As objects of missionary solicitude they afford indeed a most interesting and promising field, but this they share with the other inhabitants of the republics. In Nicaragua the only distinctively Indian tribe is the Mosquito, among whom the Moravians have long conducted a heroic and fruitful work.

Beginning with the southernmost of the republics, Costa Rica, the expedition visited the Chiripo, Talamanca, Tucurique, and Coj tribes. I wish it were possible within the limits of a magazine article to reproduce Mr. Dillon's vivid account of these journeys. They were often perilous and always arduous.

1. The Ghil'ipo Indians.-This interesting tribe, which has furnished the firstfruits unto God from the aborigines of Costa Rica, inhabits a high mountainous region in East-central Costa Rica, and is accessible only by narrow paths through the dense tropical jungle, and across rivers which are deep, swift, and destitute of bridges. The expedition was so fortu- nate as to find at Turrialba, the point of departure for the Chiripo coun- try, a competent guide who was of that tribe, and who spoke Spanish as well as the Chiripo language. It is gratifying to record that before the exploration was finished, this man, Rafael, had received baptism, having given most gratifying evidence of conversion.

The Chiripo were found to be about five hundred and twenty in num- ber; to have a well-defined tribal organization, with first and second chiefs, whose authority within traditional lines is absolute; to live in scattered . habitations simply built, with roofs of grass thatch; and to subsist by small cultivatious in part, but mainly by hunting, fishing, and by the natu- raj growths of edible fruits and vegetables. In character they were found to be suspicious of whites j but, their confidence once gained, open, cheerful, and hospitable. They seem to be almost destitute of religion, having turned from their immemorial idolatry without having been as yet indoctrinated with the corrupt form of Romanism prevalent in Central America.

Mr. Jamison, who had gained among the Talamancas some experience in Indian mission work, accompanied the expedition, and, finding an extraordinary openness of mind among these simple Indians, elected to remain among them. One may easily imagine the feelings of these brethren, Dillon, Quesada, and Jamison, as they clasped hands in parting-the two former to retrace their steps to civilization, the latter to remain alone among these remote and little-known people.

A most remarkable work ensued. Through an interpreter who knew some Spanish, Mr. Jamison began at once to speak of the true God and of the manifestation of His love in the gift of His son to die for the sins of all men, and in a very few days the power of the Spirit was revealed in a wonderful way. Runners were sent out to bring in outlying members of the tribe, a comfortable grass house was built for Mr. Jamison, and in a few weeks twenty-five of these children of nature received Christian baptism after giving clear evidences of conversion.

Mr. Dillon's account of this interesting people recalls the stories of the kindliness, courtesy, and hospitality of their ancestors at the time of the discovery. Mr. Dillon says: "During our visit the Indians brought us more than an abundance of such food as they had, and in every way that they could show kindness tht,y did so. For example, they never use tables j but, learning that we had been accustomed to such extravagances, the second chief came, on the morning after our arrival, with two young men, and spent a half day making one for us. They are strictly honest j anything under any circumstances is perfectly safe. "

It would almost seem that this primitive tribe had been preserved in their mountain fastuess to afford an impressive object lesson by contrast with such Indians as the Guatosos on the one hand, and of the Coj on the other of the evil inflicted upon the aboriginal peoples of Central America by whites who have either shamelessly degraded them or turned them into sullen fanatics.

2. The Talamanca Indians.-This numerous and degraded tribe, living in the low-lying lands and foothills of Southeastern Costa Rica and Northeastern Colombia, present in most respects a striking contrast tt> the Chiripo. There is some affinity in the languages of these two tribes, but they are otherwise most dissimilar. The Talamancas are about two thousand in number, live in clusters of huts, which are little more than thatched roofs, avoid contact with the whites, from whom, in the persons of runaway sailors, rubber hunters, and cattle thieves, they have suffered unspeakable outrages. They have a tribal organization j but a representative of the government lives among them and is the real ruler. Some slight attempts at the most primitive agriculture are made; but the Indians subsist principally on fish, wild animals, and wild fruit.

Very few of them speak Spanish. To the vices of heathenism have been added nameless degradations, brought in by the bestial whites who have been among them. Fortunately the rubber trees have mostly disappeared, and they are now spared the incursions of the rubber hunters, who are to the Indians of Central America what rum traders are to the native African.

The climate is trying and dangerous. Fevers prevail, even the Indians having no immunity, and poisonous serpents are numerous. Yet these conditions have not prevented the residence in Talamanca of white persons, impelled by greed or lust, and it cannot be conceded that the trader can go where the missionary canl).ot. Mr. Jamison lived and labored among these Indians until withdrawn by the mission, because it was felt that such isolation was inexpedient. Into such regions missionaries should go two and two.

Access is had by open boat along the Caribbean coast from Port Limon, Costa Rica, to Cahuita ; and from thence over an execrable trail forty miles to the first of the villages. Another route is by Old Harbor, but is the more difficult of the two. There are to-day no missionaries among these Indians. Who will go q 3. The Tucuriqui Indians.-These Indians, numbering some five hun~ dred, live in a river valley in Eastern Costa Rica, and may be reached on horseback by a ride of seven miles from the railroad station of Tucuriqui on the railroad connecting San Jose with Port Limon. They are settled in one village, have some slight admixture of Spanish blood, and are mostly nominal Romanists, and are visited at intervals by priests from Cartago.

The climate is good, if care is taken about exposure to night air, the elevation above the sea being about twenty-five hundred feet. No missionary has ever resided among them. Who will go ~ 4. The Goj Indians.-This tribe, inhabiting the very high lands of Central Costa Rica, have a considerable mixture of Spanish blood, live by agriculture, are nominal Romanists, and inclined to be fanatically so, and have almost lost the native language, speaking Spanish instead.

They are reached with comparative ease except for the last few miles of the journey, which is a mere trail through the jungle. They number about twenty-five hundred. They have no distinctively tribal organization, and have a resident governor. No missionary has gone to this tribe. Who will go ~ 5. The (}uatoso8 Indians.-This tribe. numbering perhaps twelve hundred, and living for the most part along the Frio River, in Northwestern Costa Rica, is reported by Mr. Dillon to be the most pitifully in need of the Gospel-the dirtiest and lowest of all the Indians whom he visited.

Very few of them speak Spanish; they have had no chief for thirty years, and are so remote, degraded, and useless that the government has been able to accomplish but little in their behalf. For two hundred years they were able to resist the incursions of the whites, killing even priests in their efforts to penetrate their country. But the rubber hunters-those pitiless scourges of all tropical America-overran and subdued them and taught them th~ unspeakable vices of the degraded white man. Now their spirit is thoroughly broken, and the country is defended only by its inaccessibility. Perhaps no natives in all America have suffered more from the whites than these Indians j but once assured that the expedition meant good and not evil toward them, they were found to be friendly and hospitable. Their religion is a rudimentary belief in a future state, and they are wholly uncorrupted by debased forms of Christianity.

Of the many routes by which this tribe may be reached, the best, all things considered, is up the river Frio from Lake Nicaragua by canoe. Under favorable circumst,ances, the trip can be made in five days from the mouth of the river.

This tribe was visited in March, 1895, by Mr. William A. Arthur, of Philadelphia, who has since founded the Central American Industrial Mission.

The purpose of this mission is to plant colonies with the view to self· supporting mission work in that needy region. The Guatosos are eRpecially the object of the immediate solicitude of this infant mission, which is "represented in this country by the Philadelphia Missionary Council, Fifty.fourth Street and Lansdowne Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa., and by the Central American Mission, of which the writer is secretary. The former has exclusive charge of industrial or self.supporting work j the latter of the missionary work in Central America which is supported from abroad.

6. The Indians of Salvador.-What has been said above of the Indians of Nicaragua will, in the main, apply also to the Indians of Salvador. Indians of pure blood form the bulk of the population, have no tribal organization, are, in fact, the people, tho neither so well educated nor so influential as the whites of pure blood among them. They are the laborers, soldiers, petty officials, and agriculturists of the country.

In religion they are fanatical Romanists. To the lasting disgrace of this great Protestant land be it said, there has never been a resident mis. sionary in this republic. The population is dense, eight hundred thousand living in a territory of twenty thousand square miles extent. In the capital and larger towns a liberal element is found which earnestly desires that missionaries be sent. Who will go !

'I. The Indians of Guatemala and Honduras.-As the final reports upon the Indian peoples of these two republics are not completed, and as by far the greater number of the pagan Indians in the five republics are found in theRe two, an account of them is, by consent of the editor of the REVIEW, postponed to a subsequent paper.

It may be here said, however, that the explorations just approaching a conclusion have disclosed a mission field among the aborigines of these two republics, which is of great extent and surpassing interest. The reports of the expedition, tho not ready for publication even in this brief, summary way, are so definite and comprehensive that the Central American Mission is now fully prepared to induct at least twenty missi()naries into fields as absolutely untouched by the Gospel of Christ as any on the whole earth. That the reader may have some more definite conception of the greatness of the field thus opened in Guatemala and Honduras one tribe may be mentioned.

The Xicaque Indians of Honduras, for example, whose country lies northward from Tegucigalpa, the capital, among the high mountains in which the rivers Guayape, Aguan, and Sulaco take their rise, number between twelve thousand and sixteen thousand, of whom three fourths are in some sense Romanized, but who number at least four thousand of absolute pagans. These are neither inhospitable nor revengeful, but their distrust of the whites is so deep that it was a matter of the greatest surprise to the tribe when their chief gave his hand to Mr. Dillon at parting.

It will be seen that there are many contrasts between the Indians of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Salvador, and those of Guatemala and Honduras. Tl,te tribes of the last-named republics are strong in numbers and are spread over fast spaces of mountain and forest. In the former the tribes are small, and many languages must be learned before they can be thoroughly evangelized. In the latter, one language will often give access to from ten thousand to seventy-five thousand souls.

While the churches of America have been sending missionaries into the remotest parts of the world, they have strangely neglected this tempting and destitute field at their very doors. And this in plain disregard of the spirit of the Divine plan of campaign of missions given by the Lord Himself in Acts 1 : 8, which contemplates the moving out by concentric circles from strategic centers, and-by implication at least-forbids the overpassing of unevangelized regions.

With the opening, through the Arthington Explorations of the Central American Mission, of this vast Indian field, within four days' sail of New Orleans, it is hoped that the response in men and means will be commensurate with the need.

At least in the beginning it will be inexpedient for lady missionaries to attempt work among these tribes. Not alone nor chiefly because of the difficulties of travel, but because they can at first be more effectively reached by men. With the gathering of a few converts, however, this objection will disappear, and a great door and effectual will be opened to women missionaries among these peoples, so near, so needy.

THE ARMENIAN CHURCH

THE ARMENIAN CHURCH. * BY REV. FIDLlPP VOLLMER, FH.D., PHIL A-D ELPHIA, FA..

Armenia of old and that part of the Turkish Empire where the majority of the Armenian race still lives is situated in the western part of Asia, not far from Palestine, between the Black, the Mediterranean, and the Caspian seas, remote, inaccessible, and isolated. The fact that in the northwest, Turkish Armenia is bordering on Russia is at present the cause of much uneasiness and concern in English diplomatic circles.

In extent Armenia is a country as large as New England, constituting a plateau of 7000 feet high, which is for the greatest part barren and rough, but not without many fertile spots in the numerous valleys. The highest point is Mount, Ararat, on which Noah's ark is said to have descended after the flood. Many theologians and not a few archroologists also strongly assert that in Armenia the cradle of the human race must have stood; and with a great array of learning they have proved to their own and many others' satisfaction that the very spot is to be found in the region where the fonr great rivers, Euphrates, Tigris, Araxes, and Kur, take their rise, these being in their opinion identical with the four rivers, Pison, Gihon, Hidekel, and Euphrates, which, according to Gen. 2 : 10, " went out of Eden. "

The name of the country, Armenia, is derived from the name of one of their ancient kings, Aram, who was a contemporary of Abraham. The Armenians themselves call their country Haichia, from Haichun, the name of their ancestor, who was a great-grandson of Japhet, one of the three sons of Noah. In outward appearance, however, the people show great resemblance to the Semitic type, having a brown complexion and eyes of a yellowish brown.

The Armenian people are not confined to the territory of old Armenia, but are to be found almost everywhere, preserving, however, with great tenacity, their national unity and individuality, wherever they are found, almost equal to the Jews. With this people they have, moreover, in common, their dispersion, their pohtical dependence, the oppression endured in all ages, and their occupation as tradesmen. The Armenians number, according to the last census, 4,000,000, over three fourths of whom st,ill occupy the same territory as their forefathers did, ~,500, 000 of them being Turkish, 1,100,000 Russian, and 100,000 Persian subjects, while the rest are scattered all over the entire globe, our own country not excepted. But wherever they live, they enjoy the reputation of being a quiet, int.elligent, very polite, temperate, and extremely frugal people. The majority of them are engaged in trade-almost the entire commerce of the * As the Armenians are just now in the public thoughts of the civilized world, owing to cruel massacres of thousands of their nnmber, a brief statement as to their conntry, their character, and their religion seems timely. Turkish Empire being in their hands. This occupation accounts mainly for theIr almost universal dispersion. The Armenians under Turkish sovereignty are, of course, everywhere surrounded by fanatical Mohammedans, ruled by 1hem, hatp.d by them, constantly annoyed by them, and from time to time massacred by them. These outrages are no mere ebullition of violence, temporary and transient in its nature. They show, on the contrary, a settled purpose on the part of the hordes of Eastern barbarism to suppress a civilization that is based on the Christian religion. Positive proof of this are the four bloody persecutions of the present century-in 1822, when 23,000 were slain and 17,000 sold into slavery; also in 1860, 1876, and the one at the present time.

The ancient history of the Armenians is, like that of most old nations, shrouded in obscurity. First they were a constituent part of the Assyrian Empire; then they were ruled m succession by eight mdependent kings; later Cyrus made them part of his Persian Empire, and afterward the Seleucides subjected them unto Syria. For more than seven bundred years Armenia was the bone of contention between the Romans, the Persians, the Parthians, and native rulers, till the Arabs subjugated one part in 650 and the other in 950 ; in 1574 the whole became a part of the Turkish Empire. Part of the ancient Armenian territory has belonged to Russia since 1829.

Circumstantial evidence proves that Oh1'istianity must have been introduced into Armenia at a very early date. The first church historIan, Eusebius (died 340) found in the library at Edessa a manuscript in the Syrian language containing a very remarkable correspondence between Jesus Christ and Abgarus, an Armenian prince. These are the words of the letter f)f Abgarus to Jesus : " From Thy miraculous healings and raising of the dead, I conclude that one of two things must be true: either Thou art God HImself, descended from heaven to do such deeds, or Thou art the Son of God because Thou performest such acts. )ome, therefore, to me and heal me from a severe sickness. ' , Christ answered this letter in the following words : " Abgarus, blessed art thou because thou didst beheve in Me without , seeing Me. For it is written that those who see, Me shall not believe in Me, in order that those who do not see Me might believe and lIve. In reference to thy request that I should come to thee, I say that I have here among My own people to fulfill all for whIch I am sent. After having ful- filled it, I will be taken to Him who had sent Me. But when I shall have been taken np, then WIll I send to thee one of My disciples that he might release thee from thy sickness and give life to thee and to those with thee."

Eusebius goes on to say that in the year 30 A.D. Thaddeus, one of the seventy disciples, did actually come to Abgarus, did heal him of leprosy and convert him and his subjects to ChrIstlanity. Legend has it that Christ even sent him His picture through Thaddeus, and thlS pieture is still shown in one of the churches in Rome. Another historian, Moses Chorensis (died 470A.D.), communicates also a correspondence between the same Abgarus and the Roman Emperor Tiberius. In this, Abgarus brought charges against; Pontius Pilde for condemning Christ to death. Tiberius, in his answer to Abgarus, says lhat Pilate had written to him about the miracles and innocence of Christ, and it was only the Senate's fault that divine honors were not rendered unto Christ.

The genuineness of these letters may well be doubted. Their existence at so early a period goes far to prove, however, that Christianity must have been very early introduced into Armenia. This was actually done during the first and second centuries of the Christian era ; and in the third century, the people accepted Christianity generally, thus becoming the first in the world's history to accept Christianity as a nation. Tertullian in the second century already speaks of flourishing churches in Armenia; and in the middle of the third century a bloody persecution under Tiridates III. is reported.

The real apostle of the Armenians, however, and the actual founder of that ancient church is Gregor, calJed the Illuminator, because through his activity the night of heathenism vanished and the light of the Gospel began to rise brilliantly over Armenia. He was the son of a prince, and was born in 257. In the afore-mentioned persecution his whole family suffered a martyr's d()ath, notwithstanding their high position, Gregor, then two years of age, b()ing the only member who was almost miraculously rescued by an old nurse, who fled with him to the neighboring province of Cappadocia. Here Gregor received a Christian education, and after returning to his native land, he labored so successfully, in spite of persecutions, that at last his work was crowned by the conversion of the persecuting king himself and by the general acceptance of Christianity by the great majority of the people. In planting the Armenian Church, Gregor proceeded with much prudence, circumspection, and wisdom. In admitting young men to the schools which he opened aJ] over the country, he gave preference to the sons of the heathen priests and their relatives, his intention being to make them well disposed toward the new doctrine. In the year 302 A. D. Gregor was consecrated bishop of all Armenia, and in 325, he received a cordial and very pressing invitation to the famous first ecumenical council at Nice, where the doctrine of the eternal Godhead of Christ was promulgated. However, he did not go personally, apprehending that too much honor might be bestowed upon him for having been a confessor during the persecution. As his representative he sent his son, to whom he also, toward the end of his life, entrusted the supervision of his diocese. At his death he left the church which he planted in a very flourishing condition, in which it remained for a long period after his death, notwithstanding political upheavals. Gregor was also a very able writer, of whom sermons and prayers are still extant. Thus by his own example, he kindled a profound interest in education and learning, so that after the invention of the Armenian alphabet, the golden era of Armenian literature was ushered in by translations of almost the entire Greek and Syrian literatlIre, as well as by original works.

One great hindrance in spreading Christianity was the lack of a transla- tion of the BibLe into the vernacu1ar of the country. The preachers were compelled first to read the text in a foreign language, and then translate and expound it. There was not even an alphabet of the Armenian language. To overcome both difficulties, Mesrob worked incessantly day and night 1.0 invent first an alphabet for the Armenian tongue, which would then enable him to translate the Bible. For a long time all his exertions remained fruitless. Seeing that human ingenuity and wisdom alone is not sufficient, he took refuge in prayer. One day, when he was again engaged in earnest prayer, he beheld a rock and a right hand engraving upon it several signs. These imprinted themselves so clearly upon his memory that afterward he could recall and imitate all of them; and thus, Mesrob's disciples tell us, the origin of the Armenian alphabet was found. Immediately he began work, and in the year 410 A.D. the translation of the Bible was completed.

Soon after Mesrob's death, the then ruling Persians instigated a bloody persecution with the intention of converting the Armenians to the Persian fire-worship. In a hotly contested battle, in 451, on the river Dechmnd they were ~tterly defeated. But in spite of oppression following this defeat, the Armenians remained steadfast till their oppressors, the dynasty of the Sassanides, were overthrown.

Up to this time, the Armenian Church constituted an integral part of the Church universal. In 451, however, they adopted in open synod the doctrinal errors of the Monophysites, who deny that in Christ two natures were inseparably united-a truly divine and a veritable human nature. Since that time they constitute an independent church and are affiliated with none of the three great bodies into which the Church is divided. They know nothing of Protestantism, not having been in the least influenced by that great movement; but both the Roman Catholic and the Greek churches have been trying to secure their adhesion. A disruption came in 1439, and one part joined the Roman Catholic Church, acknowledging the Pope as their spiritual head and adopting the distinctive Roman doctrines, yet retaining in their services their native tongue. This portion of the Armenian Christians is called the United Armenians, while the old monophysitic paM; goes under the name of the Orthodox Armenians. This schism revived the old persecutions, and about the middle of the eighteenth century the Armenian patriarch sought and obtained the intervention of Peter the Great of Russia. Since then the orthodox part of the Armenian Church has found shelter under the protection of Russia.

The doctrines of the Armenians are almost identical with those of the Greek Church. They have the seven sacraments; in baptism the child is immersed three times, it is then anointed with holy oil, confirmed, and partakes of the Lord's Supper in both elements. Prayers are said for the dead; but the Church does not believe in purgatory nor admit of indulgences. There is a threefold order of the clergy-bishops, priests, and deacons; and there are three degrees of episcopal rank-the archbishops (chief among whom is the patriarch), the bishop, and the teacher of theology. The clergy are further divided into the black and white, the black being the monk.s and the white the parish priests. This la1ter class is permitted to marry before ordination, but not after.

The Armenian Church teaching then, as we have seen, the same errors of the two medieval churches, has justly been regarded by the Protestants as a proper mission field for the dissemination of a purer gospel. Consequently missionaries of the American Board of Boston began work among them in 1831. For many years it was hoped that they might quietly and without formal church organization exert an influence that would reform and spiritualize the ancient church from within. Persecution reluctantly compelled the missionaries to seek protection by forming a separate -Protestant Church in 1850. At about the same time, the Missionary Society of Basel, Switzerland, also established a mission among them. There are now three missions in Armenia, comprising 281 stations, 944 foreign and native laborers, 112 churches with a membership of 11,481, 264 Sundayschools, with 46,864 adherents, and a number of colleges and theological, high and boarding-schools with a total of 19,886 persons under instruction. It is hoped that these native Protestants may be instrumental in arousing this ancient but fossilized church and raise it to a more spiritual type of Christianity; and a beginning of this uplifting work has alreadybeen made.

How necessary this missionary work is in Armenia, may be gathered from the very unfavorable reports that reach us touching the religious and moral condition of clergy and people. Very recently one of the Protestant missionaries, trying to impress an Armenian bishop with the duty of the Armenians to work for the conversion of the Mohammedans, was startled with the reply : "What are we to preach to the Mohammedans? They believe in God like we and have good prayers. We could only preach to them about the Trinity and the divinity of Christ." "But," said the missionary, "the difference between Christianity and Islam is truly very great. The heaven-e.g., which the Bible teaches-is a far superior conception and a much purer ideal than that of the Mohammedans." To which the bishop replied: "If I were certain that the paradise of the Mohammedans really existed, I would wish to be there." This proves better than many words the low condition of the Armenian Church, and the urgent necessity of working among them.

The first evangelical Armenian Church was organized July 1st, 1846, after those who had accepted the Protestant form of Christian belief had been excommunicated from the Armenian Church by the anathema of the patriarch. It was the original desire of the missionaries to bring about a reform in the Armenian Church, but the attitude of the patriarch made this impossible. At the beginning of 1895 the evangelical Protestants numbered nearly fifty thousand.

A NEW MISSIONARY UPRISING

A NEW MISSIONARY UPRISING.

BY WILLIAM T. ELLIS, ASSOCI.A.TE EDITOR OF "THE GOLDEN RULE."

One whose ears are open to "the sound of a going in the tops of the mulberry-trees" must have heard the premonitions of a new and mighty movement among the young people's societies of our churches. I think that I speak well within the truth when I say that this revival, or " advance," is of greater importance to the cause of Christ than anything that has concerned the youthful members of the Church since the discovery of the Christian Endeavor Society fifteen years ago. Yet this new movement has spread so imperceptibly that only he whose ears are quickened by the Spirit may have noticed it.

I speak of the marvelous awakening in practical evangelIstic effort and deeper spiritual life that has possessed the Christian endeavor movement within the past year. Already this spirit has resulted in thousands of conversions outside of the usual line of the Society's work, and it has spread itself abroad throughout the length and breadth.of the land as a sweet savor. of the pure Gospel. Vithout comment upon it, let us briefly follow the history of this" new endeavor."

Two years ago, in the city of Reading, Pa., the State Christian Endeavor convention was held, and Rev. Charles Adamson, a pastor zealous for the salvation of souls, conceived the idea of having the delegates share their blessings with the work people of the city who could not get to the meetings, even if they so desired, and most of whom knew practically nothing about the joys that filled the hearts of the Endeavorers. There had been little preparation for such a campaign, yet permission was secured from a number of employers to hold meetings during the noon hour in their shops and factories. Companies of willing workers were soon formed, and at the close of the morning sessions of the convention the delegates would march, with songs on their lips, to these places of employment, where the Gospel story was simply told by the earnest young people. The result was most marked. The Endeavorers themselves were thrilled with something of the joy of the missionary, and the cordial attention and intense interest of the work people surprised even the most ardent advocates of the plan.

One year later, at the wonderful convention of Pennsylvania Christian Endeavor societies, held in York, this evangelistic movement was made the predominant feature of the convention. Rev. Charles A. Oliver, a Presbyterian pastor of the city, whose chief ambition is the salvation of men, took charge of the work, arranging for evangelistic meetings each day in mills, factories, shops, the jail, the almshouse, in the public square, etc. Vhen the convention met, the delegates were formed into companies with experienced leaders, and each was assigned a p1ace of duty. More than a score of meetings were held each day of the convention, many souls found the light, and a general religious awakening of marvelous character was the result. This determined the place of practical missionary work in the Christian Endeavor conventions. .

With the experience of York (1894) in mind, the United Society arranged for a similar Gospel campaign in Boston during the convention there last summer. So, when the Endeavorers came up from all parts of the land, they not only reported direct missionary gifts of $340,603.54, and the glad news that 202,185 of the associate members had been led to Christ during the year, but they also showed the practical nature of their religion by entering heart and soul into this movement for practical evan- gelism. Rev. James L. Hill, D.D., of Salem, Mass., a trustee of the United Society; Rev. Charles Roads, of Philadelphia, Pa., ex·President of the Pennsylvania Christian Endeavor Union and a leader in this work, and Rev. Charles A. Oliver, of York, Pa., were appointed a committee to arrange for evangelistic meetings during the Boston convention. It was felt that if this sort of work could be carried on with any degree of success in Boston, with its abnormally difficult conditions, it would surely succeed . in any other city in the land. Therefore, altho hindered in many ways, the committee arranged for evangelistic companies of Endeavorers from many States, organized and instructed them before they left their homes for Boston, and had them ready to begin their splendid campaign of wit- ness-bearing on the very first day of the convention.

Fifty-five different places were secured in the city. These were of almost every sort-wharves, shops, missions, stores, institutions of various kinds, and favorable points in the open air. Notice was given through the press and by direct communication to the working men of the time, and place, and character of the services. Since most of the evangelistic com- panies were from distant States, the very novelty drew together large audi- ences.

Perhaps I can in a word describe the character of one of these Chris- tian Endeavor evangelistic meetings. It was held in a mill. The Endeav- orers gathered at the noon hour. After the work people had eaten their lunches they assembled in the weaving-room, among the looms, and as near to the visitors as possible. The leader (Mr. William Shaw, one of the three executive officers of the United Society of Christian Endeavor) stood on a bench for an improvised pulpit, and after telling in a few words who the Endeavorers were and what they represented, the company began to sing the bright Christian Endeavor songs. There was much praying, and a few practical words from the leader proclaiming " the Lamb of God that taketh away the sins of the world," and one after another, the dele- gates testified what this Jesus is to them. Then, the engine having been set in motion some minutes earlier than was expected, the leader gave the Gospel invitation to the music of whirring pulleys, belts, and shafting, and ten persons accepted the offer of salvation.

More or less similar were the 120 evangelistic meetings held by the Endeavorers during the Boston convention. The audiences were interested to a remarkable degree, many of the toilers putting themselves to great incon- venienceto be present. When the opportunity was given each day for all to share in the services, 284 attendants, most of them Christian employees, testified or took part in some other way. Twenty thousand persons were reached by the Gospel message, and 585 delegates, from more than a score . of States, participated in these services during the days of the Boston meeting.

Of conversions it is impossible to speak. It is not always well to eount on visible manifestations. Certainly the number of those professing to accept Christ reached more than two hundred. As many as twenty per- sons in a single meeting took the decisive step. This magnificent show- ing, marvelous as it is, does not reveal on its surface the greatest good of the meetings, for from this taste of the joys of preaching the Gospel, hun- dreds of Christian young people went home to their churches and societies in all parts of the land to partake more fully of the feast of consecrated work for souls.

Such an influence permeating the societies of the land could not be without tremendous effect; and now, as I write, I have before me the reports from some of the last of the Fall State conventions of Christian Endeavor societies. These tell the glad story of Boston, 1895, over again. The majority of the State unions made practical evangelistic work by the delegates a chief feature of their great annual meetings. Pennsylvania surpassed its noble record of the previous year; California witnessed pentecostal times; Maine held thronged Gospel services; Wisconsin, Nebraska, Indiana, Missouri, Minnesota, Iowa, Delaware, all report in the same jubilant strain glorious Christian Endeavor meetings for the unreached masses. Massachusetts, the conservative Bay State, went into the work at her State convention with a zeal and enthusiasm that resulted in an untold harvest of redeemed ones, and now her societies have gone forth to practically fulfill the year's motto, " Saved to serve." Each of these great meetings has increased the influence of the evangelistic spirit, and has sent the Endeavorers home to their individual societies to carry out in their own churches and neighborhoods this practical effort for those who do not come within the scope of the usual methods of preaching the truth.

One single society in Glenholden, Pa., upon the return of its delegates from Boston, appointed an evangelistic committee; services were held weekly, and the first seven meetings resulted in 50 conversions! York, Pa., the place where this movement received its first great impetus, is at this writing carrying on a Christian Endeavor evangelistic campaign. The Methodists of Philadelphia, in their great revival in Armory Hall, adopted the same method of using organized companies of their young people. In like manner, in many parts of the land, these convention efforts have been but the starting-points of mighty radii of evangelistic influence.

There is not space to comment on the striking lessons that these bare facts so eloquently tell. Above all else, they show the power of a living Gospel. The plain, blood-stained cross of Jesus Christ has not ceased to be the greatest magnetic force of all the ages. The Lamb of God has lost none of his beauty and power. No topic is of such vital interest to man everywhere as that of Christ and salvation. I could repeat instance sfter instance to show how this simple Gospel story has been sough~ with utmost eagerness. Listen to this! During the Boston convention a company of delegates from a distant State were lost in the labyrinth of streets and failed to reach their appointment on time. The workmen were so eager for their presence and their story that they hired a carriage and sent one of their number to the Convention Hall to see if some Endeavorers might not come down and hold a meeting with them. Who of us thought that such a story could be told of a great Christian city?

One other truth that I desire to merely indicate is that the young people of the Christian Endeavor Society and of the Church in general have no greater enthusiasm than that for practical missionary work. There is nothing in all Christian Endeavor that has met with the response that has been accorded this" advance." Invariably the delegates report these evangelistic meetings as the very best sessions of the convention ; and if you could see them, as I have seen them, trudging for miles to a remote factory, beneath a burning sun, simply for the privilege, not of making speeches or of winning applause, but simply of bearing humble witness before a company of untutored men of the power of God unto salvation, you would with me praise the Lord for this new crusade:; Coincident with this evangelistic enlargement has been the outreaching after spiritual power manifest in Christian Endeavor circles. Thc Society has always stood for spirituality, but in an unprecedented degree there is being witnessed at the present time a seeking after those things of Christ that lie deepest in the spiritual life ; an outreaching for a fuller consecration, for a richer abiding of the truth. In line with this Dr. Clark has proposed to Christian Endeavorers a " World's Christian Endeavor Prayer Chain," to be joined by all those who feel the need of a better spiritual life, and who are willing to pray daily for spiritual blessings upon the cause of Christ everywhere, upon the Christian Endeavor Society, and upon the members of this prayer chain. Within one week after the covenant had been proposed Dr. Clark received more than two hundred letters from Christian Endeavorers asking that they be enrolled as members of this World's Prayer Chain. Thousands of persons, in many lands, have already become" links," and each day witnesses further enrolments. Here is the covenant to which all Christians, whether Endeavorers or not, are asked to affix their signature : " Trusting in the Lord Jesus Christ, and realizing the untold blessing of fervent, united prayer, we, the individual links in the World's Christian Endeavor Prayer Chain, covenant and agree to make it our practice to offer a petition for one another and for the cause of Christian Endeavor

ELSIE; OR, THE GRACE OF GOD

every day. We also promise to endeavor to bear in mind, at the usual time of our daily devotions, the particular cause which is brought to the attention of the Prayer Chain each month as the object of our united petition."

There is no form of organization. The memberR are asked, but not required, to send their names to Dr. Clark, that they may be enrolled on a private list in order that the members may be known and the faith of the members increased. Dr. Clark's address is 646 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.

Who shall say that these two new and twin endeavors-the enlargement of spiritual life and the practical evangelistic crusade-shall not have a great part in ushering in that glorious day when all the kingdoms of this world shall be the kingdoms of our Lord and His Christ ~ ELSIE j OR, THE GRACE OF GOD.

BY MRS. E. M. WHITTEMORE, NEW YORK CITY.

Mission work in the slums and in the upper part of New York City is very similar in many respects. Lives of sin, hidden behind brown-stone fronts, are, if anything, more difficult to correct, and following the Master to fine-appearing haunts of sin is beset with more difficulties than amid the poverty and coarseness of the slums. Sin is the same whether it is enconntered on the top rung of the ladder, where the devil temporarily blinds the senses of his victims behind a whirl of tinseled finery, or when, descending lower and lower, the lowest step is reached, and the weary, reckless tread of vice and crime is heard in the slums. It is worth while, however, to follow sinners through their various stages, amid repeated discouragements, if finally one may rescue them by the grace of God.

From a beautiful home of comfort and refinement there stepped forth one day a poor, silly, foolish, but exceedingly pretty young girl of fOllrteen. By her side was a noted villain, who, through lying and deceit, had passed himself off as a person of title. By the time that SuspiCIOn was aroused in the minds of those who entertained him he had in subtle ways gained the love of this mere child, and he managed so to control her every thought that it was comparatively easy to gain her consent to elope with him. Once married, he thought that the parents would speedily relent, and thus he would be reinstated in the household, and later would have at his disposal whatever wealth the family might possess.

Contrary to all expectations, the dishonored family most emphatically resented all efforts at reconciliation, and with breaking hearts closed their doors even to their own child. Through gambling aud other evil pursuits the newly married husband kept up appearances for a few short years, during which time no attempts succeeded III turning poor Elsie to the Savior, tho many regrets and much shame and sincere remorse filled her heart.

The wild excitement of the life she led gradually produced and strengthened in her the taste for wine, until at last it gained such a mastery over her that, tho dressed in silks, she was powerless in the hands of companions who led her still lower into the sinful ways of the corrupt world.

The once apparently fond husband, under whose influence this formerly pure girl had become so changed, became not only a tyrant, but with great brutality -too awful to record-caused her to submit to his diabolical whims, until she no longer sent for liquor to give her a pleasurable gratification, but that it might, if possible, render her oblivious to his cruelty. In desperation she made six attempts 1.0 leave him, but each time she was captured again before the night passed. Finally one day, more than ever crazed with grief, she succeeded in carrying out her purpose, and be- came a wanderer upon the streets of New York. Agam she was found, and was urged to accept of the love and salvation of Jesus; but through false reasoning she again rejected the way of escape from the life which quickly followed.

Disheartened by ill health and repeated failures to secure light occupa- tion, she yielded more than ever to her craving for drink, and for weeks at a time was comparatively unconscious of her surroundings or companions. One -night, after a dreadful debauch, she was arrested with others; she was tried and senteuced to prison, and was placed on a par with the very low- est characters from the slums. She was made to realize very forcibly that the devil is no respecter of persons. The refinement of former days only intensified her misery, and the recollections of the past at times almost bereft her of her reason. Incensed beyond measure at all this additional disgrace, her parents, at the time of her release, had her again committed to avoid future publicity.

A few days after her second sentence the Door of Hope was opened at 102 East Sixty-first Street j and after the opening exercises were over and friends had left I knelt before God and reminded Him that all was in readi· ness, that even the beds were prepared, but that no inmates had come to find shelter there. I asked that He would graciously send those whom He saw were in need of such a home. The following morning a note came from Elsie, in which she asked that we would for God's sake give her a chance. With some difficulty, consent was obtained to have that second committal withdrawn. Those who knew her best sadly shook their heads, aud said that the experiment was certain only to meet with failure, and that it might materially reflect upon the work just being started. Nevertheless, by God's guidance, provision was soon made for her reception, and it was not long before she was introduced to the Head of the home-our blessed Lord. She gladly availed herself of the oft-spurned love, and it proved sufficient not only to convince her of sin, but through its purity the sin . was washed away, and in the strength of that love she has daily proved His effi0acy to save and to keep.

Not many months later the death of her husband was reported, and some two years ago one of God's ~servants was prompted to give her his hand. Under cover of his name she has now a dear little home of her own. Not only has this happiness been bestowed, but her family (so greatly injured) have relented and have welcomed her back.

Feeling in her heart a strong desire to work for God, she, with a few others, have opened a place of worship in the town where she lives, and there they gather regularly, with heartfelt gratitude 10 God that He is no respecter of persons, and that He wills to save even unto the uttermost.

Surely this instance will suffice to prove to the most skeptical the advisability of persistency in service for Christ. Never be in such haste to further God's cause as to pass by even one who has ca~ed discourage- ments and disappointments without number. Opportunities are granted to us to sow seed for which we will not later be held responsible. To be effective workers in the slums or in less conspicuous places of vice, we must keep in such close touch with God as to catch His divine thought, to act upon it, and to give Him the glory for all that may be accomplished. Never be influenced even by blessed results, but trust in God, work by God's strength and guidance, and definite fruit will then be gathered for God.

INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT

II.-INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT.

EDITED AND CONDUCTED BY REV. J. T. GRACEY, D.D.

The Attitude of the Turkish Empire When the American missionaries first toward Ohristians. entered Turkey seventy-five years ago, they did so under cover of these" capito BY J. T. GRACEY. ulations," which had thus been in usage for more than three hundred 1. UniJer the ., OapituZations."-The years. Rights of worship and educa· Roman Empire recognized" extra ter- tion, according to their own convictions ritoriality" in the government of for- and pleasure, were recognized as be· eigners settled within its bounds, and longing to all Christians entering, or extended the privileges under it by a resident in the Turkish Empire. Unsort of fiction according to which these der this general concession Christian communities, smaller or greater, were missionaries prosecuted successfully treated, within limits, as if non-resi- their distinctly professional business In dents. various parts of the Turkish Empire. They established schools and colleges, Five hundred years ago, when the set up printing establishments, and ex- Turk. entered Europe, he adoptcd this ercised themselves in all religious func- Roman fiction toward non-.Moslems tions incident to their vocation, not as a within the territory of the empire. privileged class, but in common with Theoretically, as a good Moslem, every merchants and others, cach within their Muhammadan ruler is obliged to put to own sphere. the sword all who refnse to accept the Quran and the Prophet. As a matter 2. Under the Berlin Treaty. – The of fact, no Moslem conqueror or ruler Christian Powers sought from time to has found it within the range of practi- time to incorporate the privileges rec· cal politics to thus far" unify" the in- ognized in the "capitulations" into habitants of the geographical section rights, secured by treaty with the Ottohe claimed to govern. There never man Empire. The object of the Berlin has been an instance where all the sub- Treaty of 1878 was to perpetually bind jects of a Muhammadan ruler were the Turkish Empire by compact to an Moslems. The preservation of these unalterable observance of these privnon-Moslems has been essential to the ileges, save as they might be modified commerce or other fixed necessity of the from time to time, with the consent of country. Hence, under restrictions, the Christian nations. The representa· they have always been suffered to re- tive of the Sultan at Berlin declared it main, the right of the realm to compel to be the full intent of the Ottoman all subjects to accept Islam, as a the- Empire to maiutain the principle of the ory. never being vacated. The fiction "capitUlations" in force. It had, unof " extra territoriality" in the Turkish der the law of internal necessity, for Empire adopted from the Roman Em- centuries made such concessions, alpire was an invention to a~·oid the con- ways, however, as an act of clemency, cession that any subjects of the empire subject to modification or suspension at were not Moslems. It was thus simply the pleasure of the sovereign. The in accordance with ancient usage, al- Berlin Treaty stripped the S.ultan of ready recognized in the territory, that this privilege, as we have said, save non-Mussulmans continued, possessed with the concurrence of the other naof liberty under slight personal restric- tions of Europe. The Sublime Porte tions, tho not exempt from taxation or became only a vizier governing these tribute, and some other obligations to races, subject to a consensus of Christhe government. tian sentiment. That this was the plain while reserved till the Treaty of Ber- understanding is shown by the fact lin.

that very many reasonable modifications The Treaty of Berlin took away from have been from time to time agreed the Sultan this fiction of sovereign clem- upon, till they have become quite a ency. Henceforth forever these were department of international and Otto· to be rights which not even the Sublime man jurisprudence. It was a humilia· Porte might deny. Under the galling tion to the Sultan to have thus thrust humiliation of that treaty the Turk did upon him a limited monarchy, subject not rest. He signed the treaty as a war to an outside congress of nations. Ac- necessity. It was his duty to violate it cording to Moslem law the Sultan is as soon as possible, and Abdul Hamid Pope as well as king. This struck II. chose to set himself to the task.

from him all his powers as Pope over This he has done by administrative all except his Moslem subjects, and at acts and by interpreting in a new way one blow blotted out his right as a good sundry laws and treaties. The authori- Moslem to put to the sword all who zation of presses and their publications would not accept the Quran and the by the Turkish authorities was a req- Prophet-a right never conceded till uisite accepted by the United States in then, the exercise of it, we reiterate, the treaty of 1870, but administration being a matter of expediency. The under it had been reasonable. Now it Berlin Treaty became the magna charta was extended to minutest cavil. and the of Christians in the Turkish Empire. work was obstructed by the most trivial Great Britain became security that the detail. Permission to print a work Turk would carry out the compact, and was annulled an hour after its publica- received the island of Cyprus in lieu of tion, and all the outlay was a loss.

the guaranty. Even Gospels long in circulation were 3. How has the TU7'k kept the compact 1 prohibited because they contained the -1. American missionaries, under the word "liberty" or the words "king- axioms of the" capitulations," had con- dom of God," the Sultan not wanting ducted enterprises of publication and any other .. kingdom" but his own; education, also charitable work of medi- and the ridiculous incident is vouched cal treatment, free instruction of the for of the suppression of Paul's letter poor, and maintained religious exercises to Galatians, as being addressed to the in their houses, in hundreds of cities, people of Galata, a suburb of Constan- towns, and villages in various parts of tinople, where they have been resident Turkey during the sixty years from from the time of the Roman Empire 1824 to 1884. All these privileges were under its "capitulations." When the exercised under ancient principles of censor was assured that the author of political administration of 'l'urkish law the letter had been dead many years, and usage, gradually extended from he demanded the certificate of Paul's the Edict of Toleration of 1453. '.rho burial! One would not quote such an Moslem law prohibits peaceful relations absurd instance but that it is matched with non-Moslems, nevertheless it was in hundreds of similar cases of obstruc- the right of the Sovereign Khalif to spare tions of recent date. The" Christian whom he pleased. By various decrees, Endeavor" constitution was not suf- enactments, and usages the Sublime fered to be printed, because the people Porte confirmed the privileges of non- would be thereby trained in organized Moslems in the empire under this gen- action, and "Onward Christian, Sol- eral policy of suspension. The right to dier " was interpreted as a seditious break treaties, cancel the edicts, and re- document. Similar repressive meas- verse the usages, whenever good policy ures were imposed on schools. History permits the resumption of war measures and general litbrature were eliminated for the extension of Islam, was all the from curricula. Graduates of Christian schools were debarred from gov· caused a lack of Moslem unity in the ernment service for the sole reason that civil service, and the Sultan set himself they were such graduates. A Christian to <:hange-not the treaty, but-the ex- teacher en route from Marash to Tarsus isting Christian majorities. The Chris- in September, 1895, with four pupils tian increment must be removed from was arrested on the road, and conveyed the civil service within the impositions with great indignity to Adana, where of the Berlin Treaty. It could be read- they lay in prison six weeks, no charges ily accomplished by a revival of the of any kind being made against them, ever-present principle of the Moslem after all their belongings had been right and duty to put to the sword all searched in vain for any objectionable non-Moslems, a principle, as we have matter; and after this they were sent seen, never abrogated, only suspended back to Marash and forbidden to leave first by the "capitulations" inherited the city for a year. Another preacher in Europe and then at the cannon's was thrown into the Adana prison for mouth at Berlin. four and a half months, with no charges of any kind against him. He was re- How could he superinduce this de- leased and again seized and condemned struction of Christian majorities? The to a year's imprisonment for having a tale is already thrice told. Nineteen copy of Shelley'S Poems in his posses- months ago, in the early summer of sion. His aged father after thirty 1894, the robber hordes on the northeast years' ministry was condemned to pris- border of the empire, the Kurds, were on for a year for having in his library incited to raid Armenians, with renewed an old hymn book which contained vigor, carrying off their cattle, their the hymn•. , Soldiers of Christ arise !" crops, and their women. The Arme- nians lived in seventy-five villages on These are not rumors; they are vouch- this plateau. They naturally went to ed for in Dr. Christie's report of St. the rescue of their women and their Paul College at Tarsus. property. Some shooting wall done; some Kurds were kill(;ld. The Knrds For half a century the proclamation did not bury their dead, but carried of religious liberty of worship was in· them and threw them down before the terpreted to include the exercise of this governor and said, "Is this the way function in any property of which the we are to be treated 1" The massacre perso!). was possessed, special sanction of Sassoun ensued. Ten thousand only being required if the property was Turkish troops were sent to " put down to be exclusively used for this purpose. the rebellion," with orders that the Shortly after the edict of 1892 was is- " dogs" were to be slaughtered-man, sued, it was interpreted to require that woman, and child. whenever a Christian purchased or ac· quired property, he must sign a bond The troops were dressed like Kurds, that whether house or lands, the same and the Kurds led the attack, thus de- should never be used for the education ceiving the Armenians into resistance of children or for purposes of religious which they hoped might be successful; meetings. This has been rigidly en· but presently they discerned from the forced against Christians, and against way the troops handled their weapons, no others. It was not made retroactive from the weapons themselves, and the in general, but an old law was inter- way the forces were manceuvered, that preted at will to apply against exist- they were not Kurds at all, and panic- ing institutions, as having been begun stricken at facing 10,000 regular troops, , .. without permission." they precipitately fled. Four hundred . Under the Hatti Humayoun,the com- women took shelter in a church, where they supposed they would find protec- . munity in which the school or worship tion from the sacredness of the place. was to be established was made the sole They were all murdered, and the blood judge of the need thereof. Under the ran over the floor of the church into the edict of 1892 the absolute authority was streets. A few of the more beautiful transferred to the government official, women were offered Islam as the alter- and an imperial firman was required to native of death, but they promptly said, authorize it, which of course could only " Kill us I" and then When men were be obtained by those having "influ- defiled to dig the trench to bury them, ence" (?) at court. they were all thrust, the living with One of the "reforms" promised by the Turkish Government was the ap· the dead, into the trench and kerosene pointment of local governors from the poured over them, and all were burned. class which were in the majority in any One mother with two children was given district. This would secure threatened that her children should be Armenians the civil rule when Arme- destroyed if she would not accept nians were in the majority; but this Islam, She refused; they tore one child to pieces before her eyes, and the British consul in thrt rity, "The asked her again, only to be repulsed Turkish Government can only maintain again. They killed the other child, its supremacy by cutting down its and again asked for her decision. She Christian sects," and the Grand Vizier's again said she could not" deny Christ." assertion is quoted, " To get rid of the and then they murdered her, and dying Armenian question is to get rid of the she said, "I cannot give up Christ." Armenian people." The Sultan is not, The soldiers boasted that they had as some affect, playing a new role; wit. slaughtered 15,000 in Sassoun. The ness the massacre of 50,000 Greeks in telegraph wires were cut, and it was Scio lIes in 1822, of 10.000 Armenians in two months before the news reached Mosul in 1856, of 11,000 Syrians in Europe. When an English commission 1860, of 14,000 Bulgarians in 1876, of was appointed to investigate these mas- the slaughter of other Armenians in sacres it was hindered for two months 1877 and 1879. Hamid II. is the Pope more. It never got to Sassoun at all. of a religious fraternity and king of a Witnesses were threatened with death political empire based on the forty-sevif they gave testimony against the enth chapter of the Quran, " When yo Turks, and for a year and a half the encounter the unbefievers strike off Sultan played one European power their heads, until you have made a great against another. Persecution was no slaughter of them." He will teach longer confined to remote districts. Europe that the theory of all survival The fall of 1895 saw a thousand Chris- of Christians is stilI an act of clemency tians murdered about Constantinople, of the Sublime Porte, and that the right and a hundred-nobody knows how to compel all to become Moslems was many-driven into the Bosphoros, their never yielded, not even in form. till bodies in many cases washing ashOl'e. the Berlin Treaty, and this principle Trebizond came next. Erzroom, Har- of the Moslem faith the Sultan now re- poot Aintab, Marash, Diarbekr, and affirms, Berlin Treaty or no Berlin others followed. The killing was au- Treaty. That the principle is a perma- thorized.all day some days, and for nent one he emphasizes by the slaughter four hours on other days. Then the of 2000 Yezedies at Mosul in 1892, and troops were to be called out and go by all the fierce fury of the Armenian through the farce of suppressing the massacres of 1894-96.

riots. No Turks were sbot. The offi- European navies were massed in the cer assured Dr. Barnum that the mis- DardaneIles to ask after the Berlin sionaries and premises at Harpoot were Treaty, and the Sultan's answer was in all safe, and tbat no Kurd should enter the appointing a Kurd to tbe office of the city. When the assault began Dr. Vizier of the empire I It is not likely Barnum appealed to him, only to re- they were obtuse enough not to under- ceive the reply, " What can I do against stand what that meant. The gauntlet 15,000 Kurds ?" At no time were there was thrown down, and an uncontrolla- more than 300 Kurds. A sheIl burst ble Moslem fanaticism was threatened in Dr. Barnum's study. Nine hundred if it was accepted. The violation of Christians were killed that day. treaty rights, and the suppression of The missionaries fied to the college Protestant interests, systematically and buildings. They were ordered to come openly on the increase for several years, out. Their reply was, "No, we will was deliberately inaugurated by the not. Kill us here." There were 17 Ottoman Government, because they adult missionaries on the staff. Their saw the success of Christian missionary eight houses were piIIaged and burned influences, especially of Protestants.

to the ground. Diarbekr was eighteen was steadily nndermining, and ulti- hours from Harpoot; 900 people were mately destined to overthrow the power killed there. In Southern Armenia of Muhammadanism in the empire.

three pastors were kiJIed, the wife of They recognized the struggle as not one carried off with his three children ; merely for ascendency, but for exist- two of these were killed, one rescued. ence. Selfishness impeIled them to reo The girls of the school were canied off sist all efforts, to interfere with their to Kurdish Villages. One pastor had his methods, and expose their corruptions.

hands cut off, and he was shot. Thus All missionary work has been seriously the unifying of the Turkish Empire has menaced, and much of it prooably degone on till a conservative estimate stroved, unless defended by force from makes 50,000 Armenian lives to be lost, witliout. and half a million reduced to starvation Russia has no sympathy with Prot- estantism, and Ahe is inevitably behind in midwinter. Nejib, Pasha of Damascus, is credited every scheme of the Turk to oppose rewith saying to a confidential agent of ligious liberty or education or reform. During all these eighteen years not a and have ceased to exert an influence blow has been struck because the Turk upon the communities where they are disregarded the Berlin Treaty. Prop· located. Sometimes the fault has been erty of American citizens has been de- with the inexperiencc or lack of zeal stroyed. and indemnity, tho it may be of the teacher. Generally the mission- promptly promised, will scarcely be ary has been unable to visit these paid, unless in the presence of force of schools often enough or to stay long threatening magnitude, probably of enough to advise the teachers how to greater force than the United States improve in their methods, or to enable without England can bring to bear them to gain that cooperation in its upon the Porte. An astute statesman- patronage and support from the local like friend of the writer said to him, community which assures it a standing.

after the Berlin Treaty, "They have Primary schools, in the nature of the sowed dragon's teeth." Mr. Salisbury case, are so comparatively inexpensive is quoted as affirming that Abdul Ha- that this has often led to their being mid has fixed the fate of the Turkish established where there was not a suffi- Empire, because Divine Providence cient demand. While one of the dis- will certainly avenge its cruelty and tincti ve features of Protestantism is the crimes. But what about that same fostering of the education of the masses, Divine Providence in its dealings with the masses, beyond the mere rudiments a body of Christian nations, who in or- of reading and writing, have very little der to perpetuate a buffer State between understanding of what an education is.

themselves, have perpetuated the exist· Without the stimulus of desire to read ence since 1878 of the most monstrous the Bible or the newspaper, or opportutravesty on all government and justice nity to apply their learning in definite and humanity of modern history? It ways which yield a money return, they is a case not merely of sustaining a buf- are apt to sink back to the verge of il- fer State, but one whose merit as a buf- literacy. At first a primary school may fer State is, that it is not Roman Catho- attract many pupils whose parents are lic nor Greek Catholic nor Protestant, possessed WIth a more or less sentimen- but that it has a religious complexion tal desire to have their children edu- which will not assimilate with either of cated ; this is the opportunity for the these to the political advantage of any mission to begin work and put in a one as against the other. Christians teacher, one who has the capacity to perpetuate Islam becau8e it is I8lam! make a primary school an evangelizing center, and who, at least, can prepare the way for public preaching services. The Outlook for Protestant Schools in As a general rule, after the first or Mexico. second year, unless the school has an BYW. HENRY GRANT, NEW YORK. unusual amount of attention or a spe- cially qualified teacher. there will be a In estimating the value of education decrease in the number of scholars enas a method of propagating and estab- rolled and a falling off and an irregulishing a pure Christian faith among larity in the attendance. If before this the Mexicans, it is necessary to discrim- occurs the school has not been utilized inate very particularly between the sev- to the full extent as an evangelistic cen- eral grades of schools and the condi- ter, resembling somewhat a mission tions under which each is operated. Sunday-school held six days in the For instance, some would do away en- week, its opportunity will have gone, tirely with primary schools, and confine perhaps never to return. In this view their attention wholly to providing the primary school is used somewhat higher Christian education for students to break down prejudice and to gain who are aiming to become teachers or access to the homes of the pupils.

preachers; some devote themselves ex- The later and more general demand clusively to combinations of boarding for education will be marked by the and day-schools, teaching the primary desire on the part of the Christian par- and higher branches to those Roman ents to have their children well taught, Catholics and .Liberals who prefer the and fitted for the part in life they are American schools, and are willing to to fill. It is quite safe to establish pay the school fees, M well as to such schools under this demand, providing pupils as it is expedient to take free. that the people benefited bear a full halt Perhaps the reason why many mis- of their support and are primarily re- sionaries consider the primary school sponsible for the salaries of the teach- as needless or wasteful of mission funds, ers. The conducting of such schools is that they have inherited a good many will, however. be very largely gov- of these schools which have run down. erned by whether or not there are already public or private schools estab· first of all it provides only for a favored lished of the proper character, without few. selected by fallible men, and not any adverse religious teachings. In by the Holy Ghost, and that it often Mexico, where there are good primary fits these few to be stumbling-blocks to schools already established in any 10· those who might come to the light. cality, it would be folly to start others Many missionaries who have made perunder Protestant management, unless sonal sacrifice to go to' foreign fields fully supported by the local Protestant have felt that practically they were im- community. proving merely the mental faculties of Higher education proceeds or should the heathen, and effecting little toward proceed with a somewhat different aim. the conversion of the world. It proposes not only to give the scholar High schools in Mexico to some ex- the mechanical vehicle for receiving tent have already come into active comand communicating thought, but seeks petition with State normal schools.

as well to guide him in his inquiries, These well-organized, well-equipped, and to develop his thinking faculties, and steadily improving State instituinducting him into a study of the order tions, with all the backing of the State and laws of nature and human society. government and all the favor of institu- Goethe says, " It is good to knowevery· tions belonging to the people, must be thing ;" and on this principle that edu- reckoned with in the long run. It is cation is a good thing in itself, it has safe to say of Mexico, ae of Japan, that often been accepted as incumbent upon the cases are few where the well-to-do missionary societies to provide for a class will choose the mission school in scheme of liberal education for their preference to the State school, the Prot· converts. The question of maintaining estant in preference to the Mexican and a hi~h school, however, cannot be de- non-religious, so that the mission must termmed merely upon its merits as hazard considerable, with a good pros· being" a good thing," but must rest pect of ultimately withdrawing.

upon the foundation of being essential As an essential to the progress and to the permanency of the Church, or a permanency of the native church, high practical aid in opening the minds of schools must be adapted to meet the the scholars and their relatives to re- needs of the local community from ceive the Gospel. which the students are drawn, and so Before considering the high school as must qualify those who take the full an essential to the permanency of the course of study for the work they have Church, we shall consider the high to do after their school-days are over.

school as an aid to evangelization and And this must be more carefully guard- the peculiar dangers of its failing of its ed in the case of those who are aided object. High schools may unfit the by being exempted from paying the poor for the part in life which they fees, or whose parents are making con- have to perform (uI).less carried suffi- siderable sacrifices that their children ciently far to practically provide them may be better qualified than they were with a profession). To be profitable in for getting on in the world. The prep- the sense of providing the education aration of teachers for mission schools demanded by those whose parents can or for entrance to the theological class pay the fees, high schools must gener· has often resulted in throwing almost ally adopt such a curriculum as to be the whole burden of education upon the utterly unsuited to the needs of the mission, and subsequently the support great mass of those who go from the of both the schools and pastorate upon schools back to manual labor, or who the same sources.

are to become teachers or preachers. It would not seem wise at presen t to Without the element of personal con- discontinue the conducting of high tact of an experienced missionary, whose schools already well established which influence over the scholars is great- have a strong Christian basis of work and this is rarely secured in large in the number of active Christian pu- schools-the factor which counts for pils, and which are successfully prepar- most in leading the students to faith in ing teachers to occupy positions in the Christ Is the life of the Christian schol- government and mission schools. It ars. No mission school should be al- would, however, appear wise to have lowed to grow out of proportion to the an outlook upon the future, and seri- number of active, earnest young disci- ously study what is likely to be the de- ples it contains. We do not say it will mand for the next ten years. Two do harm, but that under such conditions plans suggest themselves as modifica- It does not justify the expenditure of tions of those already in operation: mission funds. The expensiveness of First, that instead of providing ad- this method of evangelization is that ditional institutions for the preparation of teachers, or continuing those not Oonference of Foreign Missionary Boards fully established, good Christian homes of the United States and Oanada.

migbt be opened in cities wilere there are first-class State normal schools, under the supervision of the missionaries One of the most helpful and potent wilo are qualified to develop the spiritual means of forming and enforcing mis. life and Bible study of those residing in the home. As the government pro- sionary policy, for bringing about comvides in many cases for the board of ity and cooperation in the foreign field, pupils, it is not unlikely that the Prot- and for awakening interest at home is estant young men and women might the yearly conference of the representaavail themselves of Christian homes set up for their benefit; 01' where the mis· tives of American missionary societies, sion provides for such scholarships, it which held its fourth session this year, would be vastly less expensive, and in January 15th and 16th. in the rooms of some respects more broadening. to the Reformed Church of America. The subjects discussed included the conduct educational work on this problems of finance, methods of work, plan. The second, and probably the scheme that would be most readily accepted at relations of missionaries to governments, present, wouLi be to have such a curric- and the means of increasing interest ulum in the high schools as would make and efficiency at home and abroad. them effective training agencies for There were present 63 delegates, includ- Christian workers; thus those who did not study the full term or were support- ing 51 representatives of 23 mission ed by the mission would be able in their boards, 10 mi.sionaries from India, own c:>mmunities to superintend the China, Japan, Persia, Arabia. and Mex· Sunday-schools and do such educatiDnal ico, and editors of the T11e Independent work as their people could afford to pay for. Such is now the effort mak- and lIIssIONARY llEVIEW OF THE ing in several of the missions. At Zitacuaro the Presbyterian mission de· WORLD.

signs to have a training institute in We give the substance of the REPORT which it is designed that those who OF THE BUSINESS COMMITTEE as C(lUcannot pay the fees shall devote the taining some of the most importaut larger part of their time in industrial work. It. however, seems probable features of the discussions.-D. L. P.

that after this school is fully organized, it will inclu–le a course of preparation The first subject on which recomfor theolugical study, as the native mendations were presented was the church seoms to demand a more highly Study of lliissi:JJt8 in Tlleologica,l Semi- na1·ies.-a theme on which Dr. H. C. educated ministry.

The conclusion is that the school best Mabie, of tIle Baptist Missionary Union, suited to Mexico has not yet been read an able paper. evolved; that a few schools like the The following resolutions were ree- Presbyterian girls' schools at Saltillo ommended for adoption: and Mexico City and the lIethodist 1. That in our larger seminaries the Episcopal schools at Mexico City and time has come for the establishment of Pueblo are measurably meeting the a full missionary professorship. . . • needs of the Mexican Protestant com- It might be suggested as the function munity ; that most of the other high of this chair to unfold the nature of the schools are in a more or less transitory Christian religion as fundamentally and stage, not fully definable, and doing essentially missionary-missions are not unquestionable good, tho perhaps not incidental, but are constitutional to in the most profitable way; and that Christianity; they are incumbent on the American Protestant school as a pri- Christians at home, priVate or official, mary, preparatory, or high school quite as really as upon the missionary should be thorough, both in training who goes abroad-to exhibit the his- the intellect and in culti vating the spir- tory of specific missionary movements ituallife; that tho~e who pass through of the past, and having special reference these schools shonld be living witnesses to the missions of the denomination con- to the fact that Christianity is the very cerned ; to wisely treat the subject of foundation of a well-regulated manhood comparative religion and cognate phi- and womanhood. profitable for the life losophies; to present the geographical, that now is and for that which is to physical, climatic, political, and social come. features of the countries occupied by the denomination concerned; to lead in pentecostal devotion will ever avert the the study of methods; of moral ap- vital evil. proach to the peoples studied; how to build them up when won, iu s~If-re­ Something may be done by students specting, self-supporting, and self-gov- among themselves in the way of carry· erning Ohristian churches and commu- ing out a prescribed course of reading nities ; charged with the further duty recommended by the Student Volunof extending the Gospel received into teer 1'Ilovement. the regions beyond. Where such a pro· fessorship is impracticable, . . . each Regarding the Ejftcieney ~f Missionaseminary should at least have a mission- ries. upon which subject Rev. R. P. ary department in connection with some other chair. Sm'vice thus rendered, McKay, of the Oanadian Presbyterian however, should never be a perfunctf)r.v Board, read a paper, the report conservice. It should be assigned b some tinued : man of contagious spiritual vitality, who will perform the service as a real While expressing the most cordial aplabor of love with as much abandon preciation of the great ability, high and devotion as should characterize a character, and deep devotion of the mismissionary to Africa or the South Seas. sionary body, this conference would ex- press its conviction of the obligation 2. That in a few of our older and resting upon the missionary boards and stronger seminaries a special course of societies, to strive in every way to ingraduate or elective undergraduate in- crease the efficiency of the mission struction be provided, for which the ordinary curriculum does not afford op· force. To this end it would suggest yet portunity. This course might have greater care in the selection of new mis· particular reference to the detailed study of comparative religion and the philoso- sionaries ; firmness in discouraging the phies underlying; to methods of deal- return after the first ret urn to America ing with the adherents of various sys- of missionaries who have proved un· terns; to the subject of the relation of adapted to the work; greater prayer on education to evangelistic movements in the respective countries; and to the the part of boards and the home chUl'ch subject of languages and literatures in in behalf of the workers; a bringing to which the great ethnic systems have ex- the attention of the missionaries as may pressed themselves. be possible or practicable the results of 3. That in some cases in which the the experience of missionaries in other financial resources are more limited, fields; and also helpful books both eduseveral seminaries might combine to cational and practical-e.g., Dr. Nevius' support one professor or lecturer who should visit the several institutions in " Methods of Mission Work ;" high recourse, and in such a way thllt each quirements in the acquisition of the lanoutgoing class would secure the benefit guage b.v new missionaries; and a of the lectureship at some period in its greater effort to instruct appointees becourse. Where the seminaries are of fore leaving for the field in the main the same denomination, a joint endow- principles of missionary policy. . . . ment fund might provide for this at a The conference would suggest to the minimum cost to any single institution until such time as each could afford to missions that the work, however urgent, have its own. be so kept under control as to leave the workers time and opportunity for that 4. No seminary should be content Bible study, prayer, Ohristian conferwith less than securing occasional lec- ence and communion with God without tures from returned missionaries, secretaries of boards, and pastors apostolic which activity will be without power in tOlle on the great theme of missions. and earnestness withl'llt the conscious and sustaining presence of the Spirit 5. We think that all will agree that of God in His fulness. . . . the very' spirit of missions might be fairly required in the characteristic As to Self-SuPP01·t in Mission ChU1'elW8, influence of every professor in the theo- a subject di,cussed in a paper by Dr. logical institution, in whatever depart- Judson Smith. of the American Board, it was recommended: . . . ment he lubors. . .. The thing always to be feared is the human ambition to 3. That . . . in the judgment of the maintain a relatively higher intellectual conference the true ends of missionary than spiritual stanllard. Nothing but work are the preaching of the Gospel to a holding to New Testament ideals and every creature for the salvation of souls and the establishment among each peo- ple of an independent, self.sustaining, self-pr"pagating church.

4. That these ends are frnstrated or their attainment postponed by a system of prolonged, excessive, and debilitat- ing support of native pastors and eva.n- geIist~ from mission funds. Such sup- port attracts needy men and stimulate::; insincerity, cultivates a mercenary spirit, of its proper congregational and school and increases the number of mercenary expenses, and report what it has done Christians; it tends to stop the volun- to the mission or missionary in charge tary work of unpaid agents; it encour- each year before a further grant is recages the habit of dependence on for- ommended. eigners, and discourages the spirit of Discriminating Use of Mission Funds self-reliance; it makes it difficult to was discussed in a paper by Dr. S. H. judge between true and paIse preachers Chester, of the Presbyterian Board and church-members; it makes it proba- (South). The committee recommended ble that we will establish wrong stand- (1) that gifts for special objects outside ards of remuneration, causing distorted the regularly. . . authorized appro- ideas as to pay, and projecting the na- priations for the mission work are to tive church on a scale beyond the ability be strongly discouraged. Such gifts of the native Christians to maintain it ; involve unjust discriminations, subordi- it tends to lower the character and les- nate the judgment of the missions to sen the influence of the missionary en- private judgment, aqd interfere with terprise in the eyes of both foreigners the regularincome of the boards. Such and natives. It limits the work by diilcriminations, if right for one are right making it depend upon the neces- for all ; they militate against the pursarily restricted supply of funds from pose of the establishment of the boards, abroad. and are demoralizing to the work; . • .

5. That the time has come for definite (S) that it is desirable that some form of and united action in the direction of a statement showing the relative expendi- larger measure of self-support. This ture for each branch of mission work can be reached by establishing new should be published in the annual rework on II. self-supporting basis from ports of all the societies.

the outset. or upon a basis of partial The question of Ma'l'1'iage oj Mis- but diminishing assistance, which COll- sionaries was given a full discussion in templates distant self-sustentation. Both a paper by Dr. F. F. Ellinwood, of in the establishment of new work and the Presbyterian Board (North), and by in the reconstruction of old much can the conference as a whole, during which be done (1) by our general recognition the advantages and disadvantages of that self-support is both desirable and marriage were fully and fairly presentpossible, and by persistently instilling ed. It was finally resolved: into the minds of the converts the 1. That the Protestant position in reo thought that they must extend the Gos- gard to the marriage of missionaries pel, and that no money will be given should be maintained; that the effi- them for doing what they ought to do ciency of the missionary force as a themsel vas; (2) by such an adjustment of whole will thus be increased.

our ecclesiastical ideals as will form a 2. That there may and should be ex- system suited to the condition of the ceptions; that it is desirable in many country, and to wide, rapid, and volun- cases, especially in pioneer work, that taryeffort ; . . . (4) by recognizing that the missionary should remain for a lim- the result we aim at does not depend on ited period unmarried, and that mission- complex machinery and complex teach· ary boards and societies may wisely call ing. but on a few simple, deep truths for a greater or less proportion of volun- well enforced, and on sincerity rather teers who shall be sent to their fields than exactness and definiteness; (5) by with the understanding that they re- recognizing the slowness of growth, by main unmarried for from three to five avoiding precipitancy, or the ambitious years, or until the language is learned desire to make things as they are in the and the foundation of a prosperous American churches; (6) by trusting to mission is laid.

the real power of religion, its inherent S. That it may in some instances be vitality and ability to endure and to sup- wise for those who are so led by the port whatever is necessary for it; (7) Spirit of God to follow literally the high by spending time especially on the im- example of the Apostle Paul in devot- portant men and centers; (8) by re- ing an entire missionary life to the wor k membering that too little aid is better of a single missionary for the Master's than too much. It is always easier to sake.

recede in the direction of more aid than How to increase the EjJicierwy of Offi- of less. The dangers of less aid are cers of Foreign Mission Boards was the blessings in comparison with the evils subject of a very able paper by Dr. W.

of more…. S. Lambeth, of the Southern Methodist 7. That each board be requested to Episcopal Board. The committee re- adopt a rule whereby each Christian ported: community shall bear a definite share " Painfully conscious of our insufficiency for the wisest administration of that generous gifts be promptly-sent to this vast work, it is our conviction that the relief of that suffering.

we should seek in all the ways suggest· Resolved, That we authorize an ap· ed-by more frequent visitation of the peal in the name of the foreign mission- mission field, and by constant study, ary boards of the United States to the watchfulness. self-discipline, and prayer Government lit Washington to exert its -to meet more nearly if we may the hIgh full influence in all legitimate ways to demands of our office." bring the massacres to a speedy end, and On the Relations oj Missiona1'Y Work to guard the missionary interests imto GO'Ve1'nments, the conference listened perilled thereby.* with great interest to a paper by Dr. The conference heartily approved of S. L. Baldwin, of the Methodist Epis- the plan of a simultaneous missionary copal Board (North). and heartily en- campaign proposed by Dr. J. R. Davies, dorsed the principle that Christian mis- and it was recommended that a commit- sionaries are entitled to the same pro- tee be appointed with full authority to tection that is accorded to citizens of carry out this campaign. The conferthe United 8tates and Canada in China ence closed with an evening session in who are engaged in trade or other the assembly hall of the new Presby- seenlar pursuits, and this both with terian building, when Dr. G. W. Alexrespect to personal safety a!ld as to mis- ander (Presbyterian) and Dr. Crawford sionary property. It approved also the (Methodist Episcopal) delivered ad- wise discrimination between extreme dresses on "How to Increase the Effi- views which have been advanced in ciency of Members of Missionary reference to the claims which may Boards." wisely be used by missionaries or the consular agents who represent them in A Mission Oruise in the Pacific.

cases where mob violence or other causes have led to the destruction of property We have often queried why someor injury to life or health. body did not organize a tour for the special study of missions in foreign With respect to the complaint that parts, and 10, here we have it projected by the Evangelist, of New York, which missionaries have sometimes trenched is guarantee enough that it will be wiseupon the function of the local authori- ly conceived and faithfully conducted. ties in their efforts to protect native It is a boldly projected plan to provide for the conduct of a small party on a converts, it was resolved: tour of missions bordering on and lying 1. That the conference would urge in the Pacific Ocean. The starting- point is New York, April 8th, thence upon all missions in China which it rep- across the continent, leaving San Franresents to respect the powers that be, cisco for Japan, Yokobama, Tokyo, and to avoid all appearance of forcible Nagoya, Kobe, Osaka, Kyoto, Nagasa. measures taken in the interest of those ki, and other points; thence to China, who are lawful subjects of the Chinese Shanghai, Foochow, Hong-kong, Can- Government. ton, etc. ; thence to Singapore. Bata- 2. That while thus refraining from via, New Guinea, New Zealand, Tonga, Fiji, Samoa, Hawaii, etc. The details all resort to force, the conference would of the tour and expenses are published approye of the use of all persuasive and in a prospectus, which may be obtained intercessory means to secure from the from the Evangelist, 156 Fifth Avenne, New York. We do not see how fifteen authorities fuJI justice and protection to to thirty intelligent persons can make native converts. this tour without its resulting in a fresh impetus to the missionary cause. They The following resolutions also were will not" know it all," and may fecI passed regarding Armenian sufferers .- afterward that they are only just pre- pared to begin the study of tbose mis- Whereas, The sulfering in Turkey re- sions ; but-well, we envy those who sulting from massacre and robbery, in- shall take this tour. Alaska can be in- cluded in the itinerary if desired.- volving hundreds of thousands of home- J. T. G. less and destitute women and children, is vast in amount. and is daily increas.- ing as the winter deepens. . . .

Resolved, That, in the judgment of this conference, the appeal for relief is most urgent. and lays a sacred obligation not only on every Christian, but also on every citizen of the civili.zed world.

Resolved, That we recommend to the pastors and churches of the several de- * Gifts may be sent to Frank H. Wiggin, Esq.• nominations which we represent that earnest prayer to Almighty God in be- treasurer of the American Board, 1 Somerset St. Boston, Mass., or to Messrs. Brown Brothers & half of that suffering land be made, and Company. Boston, New York or Philadelphia,

FIELD OF MONTHLY SURVEY

I1I.-FIELD OF MONTHLY SURVEY, BY D. L. PIERSON.

Mexico,* Central America,t West Indies,+ City Missions.S MEXICO. can press; (2) the disposition to imitate many of the good points of Protestants; In spite of the many difficulties en- (3) the increase of brotherly kindness countered in the evangelization of the and charity; (4) the increasing demand Republic of Mexico, Protestant Chris- for Bibles, and (5) the entrance or Gos- tianity is growing in extent and influ- pel truth into government schools.

ence. Twelve evangelical denomina- The g,)vernment college of Guanajualo tions have established congregations in has fo~ its motto our Saviour's …..ods, various parts of the country, and these, t< The truth shall make you free."

numbering over six hundred in all, are Thirty years ago there was no orgau- centers of light and fruitfulness; over ized evangelical church or school hOllse eight hundr-eJ pupils are in Christian in Mexico; the statistical result of day· schools, some of them of higher twenty-five years' systematic work is grade, and about twelve thousand as follows: scholars are gathered in Protestant Sab- Centers of operation, 90; c(lngrega- bath-schools; medical missions are em- tions, 615; ordained missionaries, 60; ployed to some extent, and religious assistant missionaries and wives of or- literature is circulated everywhere on dained and assistant missionaries, 60; an average of nearly twenty-seven thou- lady teachers, 67; native preachers, sand pages daily; the American Bible onlailled, 111; natil'e preachers, Ull- Saciety reports over twenty-nine thou- ordained, 164; native teachers, 177; sand copics of the Bible in whole or other native helpers, 94; grand total part sold during the year, besides thou- of foreign and native workers, 782; sands of copies given away. TlJis churches organized, 444; communi- shows that multitudes of Mexicans will cants, 17,000; probable adherents, not only read the Gospel, but will pay 50,000.

for the opportunity. But success always arouses opposition, .. The wlwle country seems to be in as was manifested in the" burning of expoetancy, waiting for the Gospel," heretics" at Taxacapo not long since.

says Dr. Sibberts, of Queretaro. The Ten Protestants were dragged from indirect influence of the work of evan- their houses, shut up in a small room, gelization is manifested (1) in the toler- and burned to death, the torch being ant and conciliatory tone of the Mexi- applied by the local constable. The reason given was that tl18 missionaries * See al.,o pp. 1,'7,208 (present issue). BooTes: had denounced the worship of .. Our U About !ttexico: Past and Present," Hannah Lady of Guadaloupe." Even many of lfI'Jre Johnson; "A Mexican Ranch," Mrs. J. ,the Romish priests are brought under the power of the Gospel, and this great- P. Dugan; H Sketches of :Mexico, '1 J. 'V. But- ly arouses the enmity of the papal ler, D.D.; "Story of Mexico," Hale. Articles: bishops and their adherents. •. 'rl.le Republic of Mexico," The Ohanfauquan (October and November, 1895). The needs of this field are many and t See also p. 186 (present issue). Books: urgent; among them llre especiaJly (be- B The Gospel in Central America." F. Crowe. sides more lIlen and money) increased Articles: .~ The ~loskito Coa~t." MOl'avian facilities for the pUblication and dis- + Periodical Accounts (December, lh95.) tribution of Christian books and papers. See H Cuha's Struggle for Freedom, " C08- and increased efforts along educational mopolitan (Oct:)bcr, 1895); H Cuba Libre," In- lines.

dependel<t (December 5). is,svu.e)f.r. Banks: § See aL;o 202 (present Elsing, H rrhe Poor in p. Great Cities," Our Jacob O. Riis, and others; "Handbook of 80- ciologicrJ lteferences for New York," V. II.

'folman. Articles:" One Way Out," CentuJ'Y, (December). CENTRAL AMERICA. The missionaries are extending their work in the face of all difficulties, and The Mo.~qlU:to Ooast is now under the the blessing of God is still manifest. control of the Nicaraguan Government. so that the Moravians carryon their THE WEST INDIES_ work under the jurisdiction of a Catholic State, fruitful in revolutions. Thus The result of the revolution in Ouba far, however, the work has not !Jeen is still uncertain. There can be no iuterrupted, since the liberal party is in doubt that the people had many causes power. The hard times are not over, to complain of Spanish oppression and and the prosperous condition of two misrule; whether or not the natives years ago has not yet been restored. are capable of self-government may be ~Iostof the Moravian stations appear to a question in the minds of many, but have suffered little by the change of they could not make matters much government, but the effects of the worse than they have been under Spanish change were soon felt. These have ad- l·ule. There is always a temptatil)n for vantages as well as disadvantages. On a country to make use of a colony " for the one hand, the new government has revenue only"-a temptation which the power to enforce as well as to enact Spain has by no means withstood. The laws-a power which the Moskito Gov- Church in Cuba is at a standstill. but ernment had not. Many Indians cared the truth is still ali ve, aud will conquer neither for la ws nor for threats of punish- in the end, benefited in thc longrun. we ment for tbeir infringement, but they doubt not, by the results of the present cannot disregard the decrees of Nica- war. The Home :Mission Board of the ragua. When the Nicaraguan official Southern Baptist Convention has concame to Ephrata for the first time, the nected with its work in Cuba 24 misfirst words he spoke were, " This place sionaries and 2698 church mcmberE. is dirty; within one week every cne must cut down the bush on his ground. Christianity in Jamaica has progress- Whoever fails to do so will be fined 1" ed steadily through the workers of the The" head man" of 1he village had told Church of Scotland, the English Bapthe Indians that many times, and had tists, the English Presbyterians, Lonthreatened them with punishment, yet don Missionary Society, Wesleyans, nobody moved a finger. Three days Free Methodists, Moravians, and after the Nicaraguan uttered the em- others. 'fhe contrast between the nephatic word" dirty," almost every man groes of this island and those in the Reand woman in the place came out, public of Hayti is a striking testimony hatchet in hand, and began to clear to the value 1)£ missions. A century away the bush. On the other hand, ago tbe two islands were equal in social the heavy duties imposed by Nicaragua and intellectual degradation, and elIorts press very severely upon the Iudians. at evangelization awakened only ricli· The import duties have doubled the price cule. In Hayti, where papal and pagan of most goods, and especially clothing, superstition have prevailed, we still and the export duties have crippled some find commercial bankruptcy, physical of the industries by which they were sq!lalor, moral rottenness, inl,eIlectual wont to earn a livelihood; but the people stagnation, and spiritual deadness. In seldom complain. We believe that God, Jamaica, on the other hand, tho thcre who loves the Indians, means this trou- are still many thousands in neeu of lhe ble for their good. Formcrly many Gospel, even a casual visitor will notice spent their time in idleness, they did not the signs of prosperity, education, and need to bestir themselves; everything reJigious life. The progress of Chriswail cheap, and consequently they would tianity in Jamai~a answers, once for all, nell work. N uw they ha va tu work hard the query. "Can the African be Christ.:J cal'll sc;.i.L!;mt to c1oi,hc themselves. tianized 2"

Brazil is at present seeking to recover TTinidad from Great DJitain. The result is not yet certain, but will not, daily devoting themselves to a life of in any great degree, effect the progress of missions in that island. The inhab- self-denial and self-sacrifice for the sake itants number abont two hundred thousand, about sixty-five thousand of of their Lord and their unsaved brothwhom are Indian coolies employed in the plantations ; there are also a small ers and sisters. But the Church should number of Chinese; all others besides the Europeans are negroes. The Mora- do still more to send out godly men and vians, Canadian Presbyterians, and others are laboring here with increasing women into the shIms, who will tear success. The Moravians also 'carryon work in Jamaica, Tobago, 'St. ,Kitts, down those vile tenements (not main- St_ Croix, :St. Thomas, St. Jan, and Antigua. tain them and grow rich by them), and * CITY MISSIONS. who will put up something better in Various people look at the city from their place. It is ten 'thousand times different standpoints. To some it is a mart of commerce; to others it is the better for the little babes to die at their seat of learning; to others it is a combination of brick and mortar, a vast mothers' breasts in many ,conditions anetwork of streets. But the city is also under which they are born, than to vast battle-field crowded with the dead and the dying; it is a storm-swept grow up to have their lives blasted by sea, throwing multitudes of immortal souls into the breakers of the life be· the flames of lust and passion, and be yond the grave; it is a vortex in which human hopes and peace and joy, and damned for time and for eternity. everything else that men love and hold dear, are being swallowed and swept The Church needs to have a larger away_ The modern city, multiplying itself so rapidly, and with its congested knowledge of existing conditions. damnable conditions, is to-day, in some respects, one of the greatest foes of the Many of God's people find their city Christian home and civilization, and unless we master the problems which life limited to the avenues of fine resiit offers, and regulate it according to the principles of the Gospel, it will dences and magnificent business estabsooner or later overwhelm us with a ruin darker and deeper than ever came lishments; they know nothing of the to the Roman Empire. vast districts where sin and shame and But in the midst of our modern city we have something which the ancient sorrow are a thousand times more comcities of the forgotten empires never had, and that is the Church of the Lord mon than righteousness and joy and Jesus. The Church of Christ stands to-day in the midst of the city, and peace. Unless we come face to face pours out a consecrated stream of godly men and of devout women, who are with the existing conditions, sooner or * The substance of an address by Rev. Dr. later the unchurched masses will rise John R. Davies. up ; God alone can foretell the result.

The Church of Christ needs better organization for city mission work_ Our evangelical churches are for this reason overlapping each other in their efforts to reach the ma.sses. One mis- sion works for years a few doors from where another magnificent mission plant is being built, tho there are other crowded districts where no one is work- ing. There is much to be done, and we need to exercise wise discrimination. This need would be met if all those who believe in the simplest essentials of Christianity should form a vast confed- eracy and portion out the entire city, placing men, women, and money where they are most needed, as they are guid- ed by Divine grace and wisdom.

The Church also needs a larger ap- preciation of and enjoyment of the pres- ence of the Holy Ghost. Look at the Church's machinery for this work- wealth, intelligence, numbers, experi- ence, and power. But we need the fill- ing of the Holy Ghost, so that all this vast machinery may move with one purpose and with almighty power.

The city contains the possibilities for almost unlimited evil, and also for boundless good.

EDITORIAl. DEPARTMENT. 21'7

IV.-EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT.

MarQh of Events. has so long derived a revenue. Italy carries on a desultory warfare in Abys- The great student missionary conven· sinia, and Russia is said to be massing tion at Liverpool (January 1st-5th) has troops on the Korean frontier, and to now passed into history. but the influ- have entered into an offensive and deence exerted upon those privileged to fensive alliance with Turkey-in fact, be present snd upon the whole world there is scarcely a nation of the earth cannot but be deep and lasting. On which is not either threatened with war another page of this issue of the REVIEW or which has not recently been engaged will be found a careful "bird's-eye in one. What blessed results might not view" of this notable gathering, to be be expected if earth's rulers were only followed in a subsequent issue by as zealous to care for the interests of the " choice nuggets" from the addresses kingdom of heaven as tbeyare to main· by the world-renowned speakers who tain their own honor and extend their were there present.-D. L. P. own possessions I-D. L. P.

Another convention of great interest Armenia's cry still goes up to God, and importance-that of the Representa- the Turk still carries on his bloody tives of the Mission Boards of the United work, the rulers of Europe still delay States and Canada-was held in New to force the Sultan to terms, and Chris- York, January 15th and 16th. A par- tians are very, very tardy in contributtial report of its proceedings will be ing the necessary funds to relieve the found on page 210 of this issue. suffering brothers. Miss Barton has started for Armenia to institute the reo While the Student Volunteers of the lief work under the direction of the world and the Mission Boards of Amer- Red Cross Society, tho the Sultan reica have been in session to confer as to fuses to recognize that Order as such. the best means of extending the spir- Every day's delay meanS untold sufferitual kingdom of Christ on earth, the ing to 350,000 destitute Armenians in nations of the world have seemed on the dead of winter. "Inasmuch as yo the verge of becoming embroiled in did it not unto one of the least of these bloody strife to maintain or extend My brethren, ye did it not to Me." their own selfish temporal interests. England, in addition to the trouble Resolutions have recently been passed with the United States and Venezuela in the United States Senate urging the over the Venezuelan boundary, has been Powers to stop the outrages, and promthreatened with war with Germany on ising to support President Cleveland in account of Jamieson's raid in the Trans- the most vigorous action he may take. vaal, and has sent an expedition to bring the King of Ashantee to terms-an ex- Rev. Thomas L. Gulick writes that pedition not involving a battIe, but cost- Senor Ximenes, whom F. Hopkinson ing the life of Queen Victoria's son-in- Smith, one of the few Americans who law, Prince Henry of Battenberg. Bra- seek to excuse the Sultan and his zil and the Argentine Republlc also wish butchers, gives as his authority for the to settle accounts with Great Britain by statement that missionaries" sow seeds demanding the restitution of Trinidad of rebellion," is "a man without charand the Falldand Islands. Spain still acter and utterly untrustworthy, and spends men and money in seeking to lived by swindling." Mr. Gulick says: suppress the Cubans, from whom she " I am credibly informed that Senor Ximenes obtained photographs of the frightful effects of the Sassoun massacres, but wag induced by the Turks bad and partly destroyed other villages. by potent considerations to suppress Three hundred persons perisbed in the the photographs, and to become the several villages. On the following Sunadvocate of the Turks against their day there was another and severe shock, which destroyed the small town of Goi, victims." and did great damage in many of the villages in the district affected. Eight How are we to view the following hundred persons are said to have been "Official Declaration of the Sublime killed in Goi alone. Large numbers of Porte [publisbed in the REVIEW for cattle and sheep perished. September, 1894], relinquishing the practice of Executions for Apostasy," Intelligence reaches us from Lima, in the light of tIle recent massacres? Peru, that the mayor of San Miguel a few w('eks since seizerl and burned in (TRANSLATION.) the public square of that city all the Bibles and stock of the local agent of .. It is the Apccial and constant inten- the American Bible Society. There is tion of His Highness the Sultan that bitler opposition in Peru t:J the distribu his cordial relations with the High lion of Protestant Bibles. They have Powers be preserved, and that a perfect been burned there before, and only two reciprocal friendship be maintained and years ago the Bible Society'S agent was increased. imprisoned several months for no other offense than distributing Bibles. It " • THE SUBLIME PORTE ENGAGES TO only shows what fanaticism is capable TAKE EFFECTUAL MEASURES 'ro PRE- of in a country dominated by the Ro- VENT THENCEFORWARD THE EXECU- man hierarchy, and that the spirit of TION AND PUTTING TO DEATH OF THE the papacy is the same that was mani- ()HRISTIAN WHO IS AN APOSTATE . fested in the days of the Inquisition. The cause of Rome is weakened rather .. • March 21, 1844.' than strengthened by making fuel of God's Holy Word. .. To this must be added the following declaration of His Highness the Sultan to Sir Stratford Canning, at his audience on March 22d, 1844 : " • Henceforward neither shall Christianity be insulted in my dominions nor shall Christians be in any way persecuted for their religion.' "

We acknowledge the sum of $10 re- Gtah was proclaimed a State on Janceived from J_ H. Beck, of Waynes- uary 4th. Christians are anxiously burg, and forward to the relief of the watching the result. The laws pro- Armenian sufferers. What is to be hibit polygamy, the Mormon Church done to feed and clotbe these starving has for the time suspended the ordiand destitute fellow-Christians must be nance for plural marriages. Will the done immediately / every day's delay laws of the State, which are against the means untold suffering to thousands of laws of~the Church, be enforced? men, women, and children; before the winter is passed thousands will have Commander Ballington Booth and perished unless immediately relieved. hie wife have been recalled to London Contriblltions !lent to the editors of the from tl.e command of the Salvation REVIEW will be immediately forwarded A.rmy in the Uniteu States. No official to the relief committee.-D. L. P. reasons have yet been given. Com- mander Booth has had charge of the News comes from Persia of two Stl- Army here for nine years, and has built vere earthquakes, causing the loss of it up from a struggling, fanatical band 1100 lives in the Khalkhal district. of people to the great body of religious 'rIle first shuck, which was experienced workers that now commands respecton January 2.1, was severe. It com- ful consideration all over the United pletely destroyed the village of Zanza- States. Mrs. Booth is a ,refined and intplligCllt lady, whose influence iu the At present the laws of Japan l'rol,ibit greu.t work achieved in this country has the 'owning or leasing of real estate by not been surpassed even by hei' hus- foreignprs except in the treaty ports band. They have come in personal (the revised treaty becomes operative in touch with the members of the Army, 1900)_ In consequence of tbis, all sllch property purchased by the different and with many persons not identified boards has been held in the name of with the organization. They 1Iave so Japanese_ With two exceptions no loss endeared themselves to all that uni ver- has been suffered through mi.placed confidence. This arrangement WH,S satsal regret will be expressed over their isfactory to all parties until the political departure. campaign of 1893, when one of the party issues related to a more atrict €Ilforct)· Report of the Deputation to Jrtpan.* ment of the treaties. Tbe holders of mission property were denounced as After an absence from home of about lacking in patriotism, thus being caused four months (August-December, 18ilG), cOIlfiiderable )neasine~s. The introducth2 Deputation sent out to Japun by the tion in the Imperial Diet of a bill im- po,ing severe penalties npon Japanese Prudential Committee of the American holding real estate for foreigners so ex- Board has snbmitted its report as to the cited those who held the property for conditions of the missions to that em- the Board, that they appealed to the mis- sionaries to be relieved of it. The mispire. and the policy to be pursueu in sion authorized the transfer of tne propthe future relations between foreign erty outside the treaty ports (except and native workers. The Deputation that in Kyoto, MatsllYllma, Osaka, and consisted of Rev. James L. Barton, Kumamoto) to the trustees of the D.D., of the American Board; :Hon. Doshisha for the endoViment of a theo- William P. Ellison, of the Prudential logical department. CaDc€l'ning this Committee; Rev. James G. Johnson, property there is no misunderstanding. D.D.. of Chicago; and Rey. A. H. The Board also has purehused at vari· Bradford, D.D., of Montclair. We ous times lots of land in Kyoto upon hope to givc further consideration to which it has built nine hOIlSES for the the report in a subsequent issue of the use of its missionaries. Afler the Doshi- REVIEW, but at present can notice only sha Company was organized. all of this a few of its salient features. D. L. P. property was transferred to the trustees. Concerning this property there is a seri- The points of investigation pertained OilS misunderstanding. the Board beespecially to the tenure of property. the lieving that it was given for the use of condition and managemf'llt of Doshisha missionaries, and the trustees claiming University, and other institutions in that it was for the" foreign teachers." which the Board is interested, and the Altho there were many conferences, no best methods for the further prosecu- result was reached, and the deputation tion of evangelistic and educational left the Whole matter to the honor of work, together with plans for coopera- the truRtees_ tion with the Japimese. The report is, in part, as follows: Becllllse of the peculiar conditions in Kyoto making medical 'Wol'k DO longu Interviews were accorded by the Sec- essential, the Deputntion was not a,hle to retary of Foreign Affairs, the Secretary advise the return of Dr. Berry to Japan, of Education, and by various eminent altho it fully recognized the unique S('reditors, edueators, professors, and mis- vice which he had rendered in the pa~t. sionaries of different boards; prolonged conferences were also held with 154 Jap- There was marked concurrence in tbe anese. The Deputation visited nearly opinion that a change had talu'n place all the missif)t1 stations of the American in the theological attitude oj the ])osltisha, Board in Japan and of many other b'larus_ The subject of missions in and that in its Christian character and Japan was never before studied so thor- spiritual tone it was far less posHi ve oughly ; in ·making its report the Depu- than formerly. The Deputatbn was tation was unanimous. especially impressed with the unusual way in which the trustees used the word * The full text of this report may be seen in " Christianity," which in the Constitu· tion of the Doshisha defines the char' the Independent for January 30, 1896. acter of the institulion. The clause reo ferred to is: "Christianity is the foun- dation of the moral edncation promoted by this company_" It was asked if they would affirm as among the beliefs for which the Doshisha stood in Japan. 1896 is paid, the sum given by the the personality of God, the divinity of Board be reduced annually. so as to Christ, and the future life. They de· cease at the end of the year 1898.

clared that as individuals they could Mission work in Japan, to be efficient affirm their acceptance of those beliefs; must be adjusted to the changes whicl; as trustees they could not, since differ- are there taking place. In a land where ences existed among Christians, and schools are provided for all; where dis- they must not ally themselves with any pensaries, hospitals, and trained nurses party_ 'fhey declined to accept the are provided, either by the State or by creed of the Kumi-ai churches in defini- individual enterprise; where even Chris- tion of the word "Christian," saying tians are only a quarter of a century that they would thus identify them- from the Buddhism, Shintoi~m, and selves with a single denomination. Confucianism of their ancestors, the When urged t:> make some statement, missionary problem is serious and com- however brief, of what they meant by plicated; the wonder is that divergence " Christianity," they said that, having from the traditions of Christendom is declared their purpose to maintain a not greater. The question forccd upon Christian institution, they should be us by our investigations is not, How trusted so to do_ They said that theo- may the American Board withdraw its logical opinion in Japan was in a forma- missionaries from Japan? but, How tive state, and beliefs were unsettled; may it help them to work more wisely that it would be disastrous to them to and efficiently? That can be best ac- act now under appearance of compul- complished not by an increase of the sion, therefore they could make no state- resident missionary force, but by certain ment except that they should maintain changes in methods. Therefore we a Christian university. They said that recommend that the number of mis- tho some professors in the university sionaries in the service of the American were not Christians, effort would be Board in Japan be not increased at pres- maLie as changes occurred to secure such ent. The time has come for a slight professors only as would be in harmony change in the method of conducting the with the Christian spirit of the institu- work. The opportunity before Chris- tion. Careful inquiry showed but a tians and preachers who are not only small number of pastors in the Kumi-ai consecrated, but also learned and wise, churches who held agnostic position in was never more inviting, and we believe regard to the fundamental truths of that the people were never more willing Christianity, concerning which the to recei ve them. Evangelistic work can Doshi.~ha trustees were unwilling to be better done by the Japanese, but the speak. The Doshisha is a Japanese in- training can better be gi ven by profes- stitution, and its trustees must be, under sors and pastors from abroad. What is the laws of the empire, citizens of now most required is instruction in Japan. While most of the money for apologetics and the philosophy of Chris- its erection and maintenance has come tianity. and direct aid in evangelistic from America, it has not failed to h9ve work by those whose position in the support from the Japanese. In the ris- Church and among scholars will secure ing of the national spirit there has come for them the respectful cousideration of sensitiveness on the part of many in the men who must be the Christian close relations to the university lest it leaders in Japan during the next gen- should seem too much controlled by eration. We therefore recommend that foreign influence. The Bible has place the Prudential Committee send annu- in the curricul um ; professors amI stu· ally to Japan men of established ability dents are required to attend daily ser- and reputation to speak on various sub- vice; the president preaches evangelical jects in furtherance of missionary work, and fervent discourses; the trustees and that in this plan they endeavor to pledge themselves that, should the secure the cooperation of other mission· Doshisba cease to be a Christian insti- ary societies.

tution, the property shall be sold and Your Deputation has found a desire the proceeds returned to the donors. for a more scholarly Christian literat1lre The Deputation recommend: (1) That than is now within the reach of those· the teachers supplied by the Board be who read only the vernacular. Other continued, if desired by the trustees; religious bodies, Budahists, etc., are (2) that while the men sent by the Board flooding the empire with cheap books are connected with the theological de- in favor of their religions. As one way partment, our cooperation with the of meeting this demand, the mission has Doshisha in the training of pastors and already taken steps for starting a Reevangelists be continued; (3) that, after view in the vernacular, which shall aim the reduced appropriation for the year to provide the best results of modern Christian scholarship. We approve this been done since 1871. The non:Chrisaction, and recommend that the project tian leaders in Japan now recognize the be financially aided by the Board. worth and power of the Christian char" (Jooperation between the mission and acter, and honor the true Christian life. the Kumi-ai churches, your deputation The missionary is now free to go at will is of the opinion, is desirable. Pastors into all parts of the empire. The Bible whose radical views in theology make and Christian literatulc have free cir- fellowship ditlicdt are exceptions, and culation. The prisons are open for the they should not be allowed to disturb Christian evangelist. Christian teach.

the fraternal relations between the mis- ers are in many of the Government sion and the churches. Churches schools. Persecution is a thing of the should still be organized according to past except as it occasionally appears in the usage of the Kumi-ai body. If the disguise. Christianity has already put church becomes self-supporting, the mis- its stamp upon the laws of society, of sionary will have no l'elation to it ex- the army, and of the State, and is mak- cept that of love and fellowship; but ing itself felt in literature and forms of if the church expects :hom the Board thought. Nevertheless, we must bear financial assistance, then the missiona- in mind the fact that, compared with the ries must take measures to satisfy the entire population, the number of Chris· Board that the money given by it is not tians is small. Including those con- used to aid or to support those who are nected with the Greek and Catholic not evangelical. On self-8upport, the churches, the highest number claiming Deputation recommend that the mission the Christian name is less than one plan to reduce its expenditures for evan- fourth of one per cent. of the Japanese gelistic work as rapidly as is consistent people. Even the best of these have with the success of the missionary cause. only a few years of Christian experience We suggest that those regions where and training. Under these circum- there are strong Kumi-ai churches be stances the marvel is that Christianity left as far as possible to the care of those has been able not only to maintain itself churches, and that the mission devote during these Jater years which mark the its attention to the more remote and less rise of the new national and intellectual spirit, but also to make signal progress. developed localities. It is now a generally accepted princi- The time has not yet come, and for ple that the evangelization of any land many years may not come, to leave the should. so far as possible. be committed evangelization of the empire to the Japto the hands of native Christians. 'fhis anese churches. Of the ninety-nine is peculiarly true in Japan. In so. far Kumi-ai churches and provisional as practicable, we urge conference with churches, only thirty-nine are self-supthe Home Missionary Society of the porting. All are young; some have a Kumi-ai churches (which is entirely in- small membership.

dependent of the Board) as to the best The members of the Deputation feel that such visits as they have made to places for beginning new work. The condition of the Kumi-ai churches Japan ought often to be made to the and of the missionary service in Japan various mission fields, both for the sake on the whole is very encouraging. The of the missionaries and still more for the abnormal movement of multitudes tow- sake of those cbarged with the duty of ard Christianity has given place to a carrying on the work. The problems slow and healthy growth. The churches of missionary policy in almost all lands are not so well attended as formerly, are so complicated that study on the but those who do attend are more faith- ground alone can give promise of satisful and are developing a stronger faith factory solution. Therefore we unite in suggesting that occasional visits be and doing better work. Concerning education, it advised that made to the various missions of the the attention of missionaries should Board by the secretary and members of rather be directed toward evangelistic the Prudential Committee, and by such than educational effort. The educational pastors and laymen as may be selected, system of Japan is excellent, and reaches in order that the Board may better understand their responsibilities, and into nearly all parts of the empire. While Japan is a smail country in that the churches may better appreciate area, yet when we regard its popUlation the difficulty of the service committed of more than forty_one millions, with to their representatives in foreign lands.

its political, social, and religious impor- tance in relation to the problems of the Far East, it is of the utmost moment Rev. Nathaniel G. Clark, D.D., that we give to this nation careful consideration. Christianity entered in 1859. LL.D., who until the fall of 1894 was but the most of the work in Japan bas Secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Society for the Suppression of Vice, died at his home in West Rox bury, reports as a token of the efficiency of Mass., on January 3d. Dr. Clark was the society for 1895, 2044 arrests, 19 born in 1825, and for twenty·nine years tons of gambling paraphernalia seized, worthily filled the office of Correspond- and 47 tons of obscene matter destroyed.

ing Secretary of America's oldest for- It is well·nigh appalling to discover eign missionary society. He was re- how much of this moral filth is cap- markable for the beauty and symmetry tured ; it might be still more appalling of his character, for his rare executive to know how much is now in circula- ability, and for the breadth of view and tion or on the market.

the foresight which he displayed. His entire consecration, strong faith, and Mr. S. H. Hadley has been the Super- great practical wisdom rendered him intendent of the Jerry llcAuley Water an invalnable counsellor in anyemer- Street Mission for nearly ten years.

gency ; the impulse which he gave to This good old mission was the first dis- the cause of missions will long survive tinctive rescue mission in the world, him,:and make his memory precious for and from it have sprung hundreds of generations to come. other soul-saving works which are now established in many parts of Amer- As a result of the report of the com- ica and in foreign lands. Its op- mission of investigation of the Kucheng portunity for usefulness was never ma~sacres, 26 were executed for murder, greater than now, and yet it is in sore 17 banished for life, 5 imprisoned for need of funds to carryon its noble work life, 27 banished for ten years, 5 impris. of saving men's souls, redeeming their oned for five years, 5 chained to a stone bodies from the curse of rum and for three years, and 5 for six months, 2 vicious habits, and helpiug them to lead placed in a canguc for two months. In a noble and useful life. The miracles all, 92 persons were punished; only of grace which have been witnesed in those actually proved gnilty were sen- that old Water Street Mission have set tenced. Mr. Banister (C. M. S.) says that God's stamp of approval on the work, we may learn the following lessons from and should call forth unceasing funds the experiences of the commission in for the work. Mr. Hadley is ready to Kucheng: respond to invitations of pastors and 1. That any future commission which others to hold evangelistic and rescue may be appointeflshould have full pow- meetings in any of the larger cities and ers and explicit instructions. 2. That the towns, where he will relate his own Chinese authoril.ies should appoint a wonderful experience, and will tell of special commissioner with full powers, the transformations wrought in that without reference to the local officials. dark quarter of New York. No sub- 3. That there should be some tangible ject is of greater interest or more imevidence of the serious local results fol- portance than this work of rescuing lowing refusal of immediate justice, or moral outcasts. The work calls for of duplicity on the part of the local offi- your prayers and your gifts. Mr. Hadcials. 4. That it is possible for the ley may be addressed at 316 Water Chin{)se authorities to discover and Street, New York City. D. L. P. promptly apprehend the real offenders iu any outrage on foreigners in whatever part of China it may take place.

" Please remember this great Honan Rev. D. M. Stearns haa shown an inplain in prayer, with its 8,000,000 and terest in foreign missions as well as in 62 chief cities, all unreached by the Bible study which might well be imi- Gospel"-so writes Howard Taylor, tated by all the Ohristian pastors of the from China. world. His report of the collections made and distributed through him tl) Anthony Comstock, of the New York missionary fields shows a total of $19,- 094.18 for the past year, and a grand The American Tract Society issues total of $55.868 for the past seven years. " The Islands of the Pacific," by Rev.

The contributions have come for the James M. Alexander. It claims to be- most part from his own church in Ger- what it is-a compendious sketch of mantown, and from the members of his missions in the Pacific. It traces the Bible classes in various cities. history and development of these mis- The Student Volunteer Fund has reo sions from their origin on, and ends ceived contributions from Rev. J. 1. Seder, of .Tapan ($5), Mrs. McEwen, of It- with the "glance at the future of the Paaly ($50), and Mr. Charles T. Riggs, of Constantinople-himself a student vol- cific Ocean_ Its maps and illustrations unteer-($10). If friends in foreign lands recognize the call to enable needy are of a high order, and of themselves student volunteers to ;keep pace with the problems and progress of mission- constitute a marked attraction. It is ary enterprise. should there not be more response from Christians at home? The worth while to have in one comprehen- Volunteer Fund is very much in arrears, and the publishers of the REVIEW are sive but not too bulky volume such a in danger of being compelled to limit their offer of the REVIEW at a nominal story of a triumphal march of missions_ price to volunteers, owing to the growing debit to the account of the Volun· He who reads this book will feel as teer Fund. never before that the Isles have waited Rev. Henry Stout, D.O., has returned to his native State, New Jersey, for God's law. A. T. P. after twenty-seven years' absence as missionary in Japan, under the aus· Few books on the subject of missionpices of the (Dutch) Reformed Church. ary policy show greater imight into the present-day problems in the mission field, or more consecrated wisdom as 10 how they are to be dealt with, than Dr. John L. Nevius' " Methods of Mis- sion Work," * the first edition of which was printed from the Ohinese Recorder ten years ago. Dr. Nevius was a man with a genius for missions, and possessed the rare combination of good judgment, firm convictions, anu courteous defer- Publications Noticed. ence to the opinions of others. The Among recent issues of the press, METHODS set forth in this little book are F. H. Revell Company have added to their already comprehensive list, " Nad- " flexible, and so wise and discriminatya, a Tale of the Steppes," by Oliver lI:I:. Norris, which will be very interest- ing," as the PresbyterianBoard says in its ing to those who wish a glimpse of Hussian life, and especially of the Stundists, introductory note, ., that the spirit of tho who are to Russia what the Moravians have been to Bohemia and Saxony. method is clearly evidenced as the meth- The same publishers have issued" Parsian Life and Customs," by Rev. S. G. od itself. It removes one wholly from "Wilson, M.A., whose fifteen years' service in the land of Esther fits him to the spirit of dealing with hirelings to one write with intelligence and appreciation of this country and its people, of which of blessed privilege of working with so little comparatively is known. The book is a valuable addition to our mis- brethren in the Lord for the glory of sionary literature. It contains a condensed account of modern missions, God as supreme." The book discusses, briefly epitomized within some twenty- among olher things, how to deal with new convcrts, begiuning wOlk, and the founding and governing of out-sta- tions, illustrated by his own work in Central Shantung. The appreciation of the :Methodist and Presbyterian boards (North and South) is evidenced by the fact that they have sellt copies of the book to all their missionaries in the field.' D. L. P.

three pages, which will be especially • Published by the Presbyterian Board, 156 helpful to students of missions. Fifth Avenue, N. Y.

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

V.-GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE.

EDITED BY BEV. D. L. LEONARD.

Extracts and Translations from Foreign thew's, Melbourne, Victoria, has re- Periodicals. signed his charge in order to go to Per- BY REV. O. C. STARBUCK, ANDOVER, sia, as Bishop Stuart, of New Zealand MASS. lately resigned his diocese for thc sam; purpose. "Naturally enough many UNITAS FRATRUM. doubts and questionings prevailed in -The Moravian missionaries in Lab- Melbourne at first regarding such a rador gave no encouragement to the project. Mr. Blackett's own congre- scheme of transporting Eskimos to the g~tion were aghast; but after hearing Chicago World's Fair. They have hIS assurances that God's call had come been sadly justified by the result. The to him, they rallied round him in warm returning wanderers brought back with sympathy, and Ii remarkable farewell them a contagious sickness, apparently gathering took place in the spacious typhus, which has already carried off Sunday-school buildings of the parish, at Nain, the mother station, 88 persons. when 900 persons were present, and To tthhiastisthaeddmedisaerfyaiilsuraepipnatlhlienfgis,hearlitehs~ Archdeacon Henry Langley, his predso ecessor in the incumbency, presided.

the brethren are doing their best to Subsequently a still more imposing mitigate it by large distributions of meeting, attended by two or three thou- food. sand people, was held in the splendid " And how does our congregation re- town hall of Melbourne. The new ceive this visitation? It humbles itself dean, Dr. Vance, presided, and spoke under God's hand, and thankfully ac" out vigorously. • Some,' heconsdauicd~ • might call Mr. Blackett's cepts the chastening. At no one death- quixotic, and say that he was sacrificbed have I heard a word of murmur- ing service to sentiment, and a higher ing against the Divine leading. They duty to a lower; but the whole history are resigned to God's will; indeed, of the Church and the evangelization many thank God for the sufferings He of heathen nations gave a refutation to has laid upon them. "-Rev. ALBERT that idea. The men who had shown MARTIN. in Mission8-Blatt. the fervor and the faith to make im- Mr. Martin's own little boy llernard pressions upon the heathen and Mohamwas also called away. "He was so medan populations were bound to be patient in his suffering, so thankful for men of special ability and mark-the every little loving attention, which, very men who, if they had remained at alas! how glad we were to show him home, would have probably won for and he exhibited even to the last mo: themselves front places in the Church ment in a touching manner his love and and in the world; of such men Mr. attachment to us. During the Christ- Blackett was one."-Ohurch Mi8sionmas festivities he was still particularly a1'Y Gleaner. joyous, as If, as it now appears to us in the retrospect, already a foregleam of MISCELLANEOUS.

the heavenly glory illuminated his -" There is at present a great temp- tation to an extension of the missionary whole being. 0 Lord, Thou hadst commission, confusing it either with a • purely external ecclesiasticizing of the given him to us, Thou hast taken him masses or with a mere civilizing of them. While the Roman Catholic misfrom us, Thy name be blessed !" sions stand inextricably under the ban PERSIA.

-The Rev. A. B. BLACKETT, rector of the important parish of St. Mat-

EXTRACTS AND TRANSLATIONS

of the drst of these dangers, the latter the early Jesuits. And we have no to-day threatens the Christian missions reason to doubt that their first purpose of all confessions. If the diffusion of in secluding themselves with their Ind- • Christian culture' is stamped with ian converts in Paraguay was that of the dignity of the missionary commis- protecting these against the cruelties sion, missions come into danger of their and the corrupting influence of the very life, for their religious end is adul- whites; but once established in Para· terated thereby, and a foreigu element guay, and endowed by Spain with regal substituted. Doubtless Christian cul- prerogatives over the natives, the essenture is a self-evident result of the Chris- tial vices of the Jesuit institution could tian work of cbnversion; but if this re- not fail to unfold themselves. It is sult of missions were substituted for true, the accusation that the Jesuit con· their proper end, this would signify the stitutions authorize a superior to comsubstitution of a secular purpose for a mand an inferior to sin is a gross calpurpose of the kingdom of God. Such umny, originating in an ignorant misan impulse to the secularization of mis- interpretation of a phrase which is sions is rife in the present, and has re- shown by that learned enemy of the ceived new nourishment, especially Jesuits, Dr. Steitz, to have throughout through the economical interests and all ages of Catholic theology one uni· national jealousies of the most recent form sense-namely, " to bind to obedicolonial policy, and it has recalled into ence under penalty of sin." The Jesuit life a medireval misuse of missions for rule expressly reserves to every memo the ends of the temporal powers. In ber the right" to refuse to sin." Nevview of this danger, which threatens ertheless, the whole effect of the Instithe innermost life of Christian missions, tute is to develop most portentously the the present time above all stands in the instinct of domination, of the highest most pressing need of a clear exposition over the higher, of the higher over the of the religious character and ends of lower, of the lower over the lowest. A missions."-Dr. WARNECK, in Evan- necessary result of this is the instinct gelische Missionslehre. of suppressing intelligence in inferiors, and of reducing Christianity itself as -" Missions have not the primary nearly to a mechanism as is possible. purpose of civilizing the barbarous It is no wonder, then, that Dr. PFOTENpeoples. Whatever goou is implied in HAUER, quoted in the Zeitschrift fur culture, missions may very well make Missionskunde, is able to show, by the serviceable to themselves, but they will amplest documentary evidence, how never confuse their proper end with a well justified was the unfavorable judgsimple result of their labor. . .. All ment finally formed by Spain and also the splendor of culture is too weak to by Rome concerning the Paraguay Misblind their eyes."-P. E. STEIN, quoted sions. Spain and Rome were little in Zeitschrift fur Mis8ionskunde. likely to be scandalized by an excess of ceremonialism, but they were scandal- -" Missions, above everything, are ized by Jesuit rebelliousness, and by appointed to follow God's ways, which the extreme harshness of the Fathers are very often indeed ways of long ex- toward the Indians. Benedict XIV. pectation. "-ibid. tried reform, but as this proved ineffect- ual, Spain tried abolition of the mis- -It would be unreasonable aud un- sion, and finally Clement XIV. tried just to judge all Jesuits by one stand- abolition of the order. There was ard, or all Jesuit missions, or the much gained and nothing lost. .. Un- Jesuit missions of all ages. The En- der all the speciousness of outward' cyclopllJdia Britannica says that the guise there was concealed in Paraguay Brazilian nationality owes its very ex- an abysmal emptiness. Not a trace of istence to the awakening influence of

G1l:NERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

inward apprehension of Christianity, of really so, it becomes us to bow in deep the worship of God in spirit and in humility, and to exclaim, 'Not unto truth, everything only a performance us, 0 Lord, not unto us, but unto Thy of eeremonil'l externalities, not a trace Name be the glory.' If in the guidof instruction aiming at the winning of ance of our society we are firmly persouls, nothing but crossings, chattering suaded of one tlting, it is of this, that of catechisms, genuliexions, repetition such a blessing of God is a wholly unof rosaries, not a trace of labor aiming merited one; but we will therefore be at moral de-velopment, or at the awak· all the mOle thankful,"-Bericltte der ening of self·confidence and personal Rlteinisc7.en MisBions-Gesellscltajt. activity, nothing but idle imitation: the inferiority of the natives-relig- -" Before there were German coloiously, morally, economically -most nies it was a matter of course with every rigidly maintained, so that the absolute German missionary that in taking leave authority of the Jesuit Fathers might of his home he must also, in a certain remain uninfringed. The whole work measure, take leave of his own Germanof the Fathers not imbued with the ism, of his national habits of feeling, of pure spirit of ministering love, but la- all manner of inherited and dashing boring unweariedly and in the falness views and customs, in order to become . of holy earnestness on the souls and all things to all men. Moreover, it was hearts of other men. What a harsh- universally accepted, as a peculiar adness of temper, when the Fathers speak vantage, that the German missionary In of the natives as • wild beasts, for all English, Dutch, or Danish colonies was the world like monkeys,' , mere stupid free from all suspicion of coming with cattle, forest demons,' 'a horde of political ulterior views. Now this bedirty, mast·fed swine rather than a rout gins to be treated as an antiquated poof reasonable men'! What a frivo· sition, and men begin to insist emphati. lous, indeed criminal apprehension of cally that missions must bear a national the missionary work enjoined by the character. German missions in German Lord, when the natives were heaped colonies, that is the only sound state of with presents and provisions, with the things, they will have it, We fear that remark that' the way to the heart only there is a great danger involved in this. goes through the mouth,' and when This easily brings the missionary into a accommodation to heathen religions hybrid position, prejudicial to hisactlvwas carried so far that a Jesuit says a ity as a herald of the kingdom of God Christian mass in the morning, and in and as a witness of Jesus Christ. Things the afternoon a mass for the old gods secular and spiritual, national and Chrisof the land." The Jesuit accommoda- tian, are thus confused, and finally Gertions to heatbenism in China, for which manism comes in the place of Christian- Rome inexorably broke up their mis- ity. It is our duty to testify against sions, were nothing to this. this tendency, and to emphasize the in- ternational character of all evangelical -The Papuans of New Guinea, it is mission work. We rejoice that, for insaid in the Berieltte de1' Rlteinioelten stance, the Bremen missionary inspector, Miaaiom·Gesellacltajt, are distinguished ZAHN, has done this again and again. by a peculiar depth of feeling, and a This alone would have merited his late relatively high morality. This renders honor .of Doctor of Theology, for it is a the work among them much more hope- fundamental character oftrue theology to ful. distinguish, with Luther and with Paul, between too kingdom of the world and -" It hM been occasionally said to the kingdom of God, and to take Christ's us of late, that our Rhenish missions word in earnest: 'Render to Cresar the are at this present the most richly bless- things that are Cresar's, and to God the ed among those of GerlP..:1uy. If this is

ENGLISH NOTES

things that are God's.' "-Calwer ~lfi8· not what it ought to be. Even if some aionsblatt. Christians had theological doubts, this should not prevent them working We observe that this excellent sheet heartily for the benefit of humanity. does not flare up and accuse those of Then some said of the heathen: • These hating German missions and of being are in the hands of a merciful God.' no Christians who venture, after German So were passengers and sailors on a sources, to represent that in Germany, sinking ship; so were the sick; so as well as elsewhere, there are those who were our children; but this did not wish to make missions a servile hand- prevent us from taking such steps as maid to ambition and commerce. In our natural feelings called for. Some, Germany, a1l elsewhere. the true friends again, objected to missions because they of missions set themsel ves against this had (so it was said) inculcated the dread elIect, and there, as elsewhere, they of eternal torment. He did not think have abundant occasion to do so. this was so. He did not find it in the early records; and the founders of this -" Rev. E. P. RICE, B.A., Chik society were not narrow, but broad· Ballapur, South India, said his only minded men. Contending, in answer reason for being a missionary was that to recent criticisms, that it was no more he was a Christian. The two things unreasonable to correct the erroneous lay very close together ; and he could beliefs of the heathen than their crude not understand a consistent Christian views of geography and other things, who was not a missionary at heart. If Mr. Rice closed by saying: 'In our it could be proved that Jesus Christ preaching place at Chik Ballapur, we never spoke the words, ' Go ye into all have inscribed on the wall, " One God the world,' the injunction would still for all mankind; one Savior for every remain both in the Commandments and sinner; one brotherhood to all races; the Lord's Prayer. We could not do one law of duty for every man." This our duty to God and our neighbor if we continually asseverate. What we we neglected missionary work, and we preach is not only a white man's re- could not consistently pray. ' Thy king- ligion ; it is a universal truth, and it is dom come,' if we failed to put forth adapted to all ages and all time.'''- our utmost elIort to promote its advent. The Chronicle. We were called upon to give to the world our best, and our best was our -Dr. Glover (in The Chronicle) hopes knowledge of Jesus Christ. This was that Great Britain will not go to war to the best thing in our li ves. We could avenge the death of any missionary. part with our wealth, our health, our Fill up the gaps. friends, and our reputation; but so . long as we had God for our loving English Notes. Father, guiding our lives, we had the secret of eternal peace; and we should BY JAMES DOUGLAS. no more be able to keep silent about this than we could stifle a sweet per- Baptist Missiona'I"JI Soeiety. MU8soorie, fume by placing the hand over it. We India.-The Rev. Thomas Evans, in re- should manifest the love abroad as well porting the baptism of several soldiers, as at home, because the brotherhood to tells also of the baptism of one named which Christ calls us is a world·wide Sobha Sing. who is a native of Tibet, brotherhood. Britain had a world·wide and who has a great desire to be the empire, and had now to show itself first to open up that dark land so long worthy of it. If they considered the barred against the heralds of the cr05S. relative population and needs at home He is described as a man full of energy, and among the heathen, they would and as having no fear of man or the see that the proportion of workers was want of means. At present he is a

GENERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

zemindar in Tizhoot, but is going to palling. Kuti, a native catechist, says; devote himself entirely to the Lord's " Gin has invaded the country, and is work. He has great hopes of being al- determined to ruin and desolate it, if not lowed to enter Tibet, and there shed put a stop to. There is no distinction abroad the light of the grace of God. -men, women, and children drink; and, what is worse, infants and suck- :North Italy.-Interesting particulars lings have the gin-glass held to their are furnished by the Rev. W. K. Lan- mouths by their parentl!." Later on he dels, of Turin, concerning the forma- says: .. Drink is a great impediment tion of an evangelical church in Haena. to the progress of the Gospel, and a The circumstances which resulted in great barrier to a betterment of the this were peculiar_ The people of this condition of the people. It renders futown having quarrelled with the priest, tile and abortive all the civilizing agenand unable in consequence to procure cies sent forth to make us YOMaa rise his services, determined to ask an evan- and improve our condition." gelical minister to hold a religious service, and communicated their wish to Ranaghat MedicaZ Mi8sion, Bengal.,- Mr. Landels. On arriving at the sta- From the report of this mission it trantion of Haena "we were met," says spires that 28,000 people have heard the Mr_ Landels, "by a band of music, and Word of the Lord within a few months. escorted to the place of meeting." On Many attribute the cure of their bodily that occasion some 1500 people heard ailments to the Lord Jesus. May the the Gospel, and the wish was unani- time soon come when they will acmous that the preacher should again knowledge His power and His grace as come. This led to the opening of a hall the Savior of their souls! and the holding of services every Sunday. There is now an evangelical South India.-The Rev. F. W. N_ church in Haena consisting of 12 mem- Alexander, who has labored long in bers and some 50 declared ndherents. India, has had a fresh reaping time in Including the immediate district, the Po7.aanipaUi, where he was the first to number of the baptized is 25. plant the Gospel 33 years ago_ On that occasion-his first missionary tour Shensi, Ohina.-Mrs. Moir Duncan where never missionary foot had trod sends an account of a gracious revival before-a boy heard aDd believed, and in her girls' school. As the result of others were converted. "Now," he addresses and earnest appeals, a spirit says, " we have had a movement among of intense prayer was developed. the heathen remnant, and 16 adult men "Night after night," says this lady, have joined us after long holding out, .. they prayed, sometimes till midnight, and are now in the fold of the Good for themselves and each other, with Shepherd. " the result that most if not everyone of the 40 odd professed conversion. The Presbyterian Ohurch oj England. That many of these have truly been -Four new missionaries have recently born again we have no reason to doubt, been inducted at Highbury to their rebut that many may grow cold we must spective positions in the foreign field. fear. Still there has been an outpour- Their career thus far is bright with ingof God's Spirit on the whole school." promise. Mr. Campbell Moody, M.A., The whole atmosphere of the school has done yeoman missionary work in seems Changed, and the villagers re- the Gallowgate, Glasgow, after a dismark on the difference. tinguished university curriculum. He was also, during his last year in the Ohurch Hi8sionary Society. – The Glasgow Free Church College, Presinews this month as to the havoc dent of the Students' Theological Sowrought by drink in Weat Africa is ap- ciety. Associated with him is Dr. Lands-

ENGLrSH NOTES

borough, another youth of· great prom- and others, bearing the Christian name, ise. These brethren will settle in the have had to fiee. For the time being, Chiangoa country, Formosa. Mr. An- at Kagi and some other stations, the drew B. Neilson. M.A., is appointed to regular services have been suspend· take the place of the late lamented Mr. ed.

Thow, in Taiwanfoo. !fr. Neilson's London Mi88ionary Society.-Anxiety purpose to devote himself to the mis· in respect of Madagascar is intensified sionarylife became definite at Northfield by the news of the murder of Mr. and in 1889, when he attended Mr. Moody's Mrs. Johnson, of the Friends' Mission Summer School for Students as a dele- which occurred on the last day of No: gate from the Glasgow University Chris· vember. The sympathy of a very large tian Association, of which he was after- circle has boon deeply stirred, for these ward the secretary. The fourth name missionaries were greatly beloved, and is that of Dr. John M. Dalziel, who is were known as most devoted to the ~a­ to be associated witl1 Dr. Lyall, at Swa· cred cause of the Gospel. Probably tow. and who is well reported of alike for months to come there will be much as it regards professional qualifications unrest in country districts. Still the and missionary spirit. ultimate outlook is not so unpromising Japan and Formoaa.-It is interesting as was at first threatened. For one to find that Japanese Christians have tiling. the French Chambers have retheir thoughts already turned to mission solved to sustain the treaty made with work in Formosa, the new possession the Queen of Madagascar; and further, of their country. The Presbyterian the appointment of a Protestant, who Church has taken the initiative. At is known to be in sympathy with Protits recent General Assembly in Japan estant worship and missionary work, as it was resolved to take steps toward the the first Resident-General in Madagasfounding of a mission in that island. car, is another and clearer indication of Pessibly the East Coast work will be the same pacific purpose.

handed over to the Japanese Church. Woman'8 Work.-With the new year 'fhe likelihood is that among the a special niche is to be reserved in The aboriginal tribes of that part a happy Ohronicle for the latest intelligence conand fruitful sphere would be found. cerning woman's work on the mission field. This is designated .. Our New Recent commotions in Formo8a have Departure," and it is confidently hoped involved the Church of Christ in no that the ladies will be able to give a small tribulation, attempts having been good account of themselves in their made, not without some melancholy own department. The advance in success, to direct ill-feeling against the woman's work during the past 30 years Christians as in league with the Jap· has been wonderful, but when it is conanese. Mr. Ede, Presbyterian mission- sidered that out of a female popUlation ary, had this accusation fiung at him in in India of over 128,000,000 there are the streets of Taiwarifoo; while in Kagi only, according to the last census 197and elsewhere the Christians have had 000 girls under instruction, a giimp;e much more than hard words to bear. is given of the reigning d!,stitution, One of the members of the Kagi church educational and religious. was beheaded on a trumped·up charge of having assisted the enemy. His poor wife died immediately of shock and THE KINGDOM. fear, and the home was plundered. As several of the hearers of the Gospel in -A missionary writes: "The Chi· Kagi are missing, it is feared that one· nese have been known to raise an ob- or more of them have been made away jection to going to • mansions in the with. Not a few have lost their all; skies' after death. On being asked

GEl"ERAL MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCE

their reason, they an~wer that we try in its place a Dew religious heart which to get everybody to go there, and they does not lust for anything." know the place will be crowded !" -It appears from the last Bibliotlteca -On his recent journey home from Sacra that some missionaries, who are Persia, Mr. E. T. Allen traveled 500 also sons of missionaries, afe of considmiles OD his bicycle, arousing conflict· erable account, and even in realms ining emotions along the road-admira- tellectual and scientific; for we find tion, resentment, and terror. A case Professor Romanes, of Oxford, who of the latter was a man ghastly pale, had been" :;,hattered" by rationalism, who stood by the roadside and drew pronouncing Rev. J. T. Gulick, of Ja· his dagger as the wheel came up. Dis- pan, "the most profound of living mounting and proffering a few human thinkers upon Darwinian topics," and inquiries. Mr. Allen discovered that he writing to him in this fashion: "How had been taken for the angel of death. is it that you have retained your Chris- – Woman's 'Workfor Woman. tian belief in the midst of your scien- tific researches? Looking at your life, -Once when Bishop Taylor passed I feel that you have done 80 conscienthrough Pungo Andongo, a king from tiously; and looking at your logic, I the interior came to open up trade; so know that you have not done so withhe arranged a cot in his own room for out consideration." Later the learned the repose of his majesty. Next day professor abandoned rationalism, and the king said to Mr. Shields, the mis- found peace and hope in the Gospel. sionary: "I heard in my own country of the bishop with the long beard. lIe -The foreign field contains Christian is not a man at all; he is a god come heroes by the hundred, and of both down to men. Last night when he sexes. Take these two as specimens. came into the bedroom I saw him take Rev. Dr. Barnum, of Harpoot, in a prioff his head (wig)" and lay it down by vate letter written before the massacre, his bed, and yet he had a head same as said: "We are glad to be here, what· beforo. I was scared nearly to death, ever may happen. If the Lord permits and trembled all over. If he had us to be cut off in an uprising of fanatitouched me then I would have died. cism, it will be because we can bless He is the god that piled up these great the country more in that way than in Pungo Mountains. If I could have any other. Perhaps something of the got out of the room I would have run kind is necessary. If so, for my part, for my life, but the god was between I am ready. '1'he people are excited, me and the door, and I couldn't get but we are not, for we are sure that out. When I go home to my people I God's hand is in all this movement, and will tell them that I saw a god, and that whatever may happen He will see came near to the end of my life." He that no grave mistakes are made." could not be induced to risk his life in And Mrs. Montgomery, without the that room again. presence of any male missionary, held her post at Adana, tho urged to come -When one of the Uganda natives away, and wrote: "While we hear of was to baptize certain candidates, a dire massacres in many directions, and crowd gathered to witness the cere- know not to what ollr own people may mony, and departed saying: .. It is all yet be liable, still faith says it is but a lie they told us about eating snake's part of the coming forward of the kingtails and human flesh." He found also dom for which you and we have prayed it was reported that baptism consisted and worked so long; and to be on the. in " making an incision in the head and ground now, I count the crowning privrubbing in a powerful medicine which ilege and joy of my life, partly because kills the old heart, and then there comes our presence here means so much to the people in their fears and distres84ls, 000 in three great cemmlmions of ChrIsand partly because the occasion reveals, tendom who bear His name. PraiJle as nothing else could do, the quality of God for such failures." the Lord's material in them. Surely the faith, love, and genuine spiritual -Tho not all Germans are reliable grasp that many of them evince is noth- witnesses in things which relate to the ing less than Divine." Gospel, it is yet pleasant to hear that when Major Leutwein, the new gov- -Among the antiquities of modern ernor of the German Protectorate in missions this incident may be set down. Namaqualand, had been a short time As far back as 1717 we find Ziegenbalg, in office, he said to the missionary at the first Protestant missionary in India, Keetmannshoop : "I am perfectly addressing a letter to "Cotton Mather, amazed at what I have seen since I Boston, Weat Indiea(!)," and asking came into this country. I thought I bow work was carried on in America was coming into a heathen land, but among the pagan natives. In due season instead of that I find a fully Christiana reply was sent, with the accompani- ized land." This remark, which is rement of a money contribution. This p;)rted in the ..Allgemeine Mi8siom·Zeitmissive was 14 months on the journey, seMift, is of special interest to English and Ziegenbalg died before it reached readers, because Namaqualand was Tranquebar; but Grundler, his succes- the scene of one of the early missions sor, returned hearty thanks, as well as of the London Missionary Society. several books just printed in Tamil. The correspondence was held in Latin, -Not since the Sepoy outbreak in and is to be found in a volume which India in 1857 have Christian missions Mather published, entitled India Ohris- experienced such severe reverses as were tiana. witnessed in 1895. The expulsion from Szchuan Province, West China, of -During a few months of last year nearly all the missionaries, to the num- 6 societies sent out no less than 250 ber of more than 100; the massacre missionaries to the foreign field, three near Ku-cheng; the conquest of Madafifths of them going out for the first gascar; the war between China and time. Japan, and the destruction of mission property and massacre of native Chris- -A writer in the Okri8tian Observer tians in Turkey, with the large debts muses and figures in this fashion: resting on nearly all missionary soci- "There are but 5994 missionaries in eties, form a series of events which the world all told. This is about one profoundly affect the progress of the missionary to every 6000 communicants. kingdom of Christ throughout the At this rate the Federal armies to sup- world. press the rebellion could never have exceeded 8000 men of all arms; while the -The saints cannot but rejoice and Confederate soldiers from Richmond be glad over the recent furious war to the Rio Grande could never have talk in relation to the Venezuela-Guiana numbered more than 1265. A country boundary question, and if for no other thus defended would be laughed to reason, because of the hearty expresscorn. sions of affection which by the ten thou- sand ha ve crossed the sea between Great -North and Weat exclaims: "The Britain and the United States. "The failure of missions! At the first Easter pulpits of the English.speaking world, there were 120 Christians. N ow there east and west of the Atlantic, have are 120,000,000 Protestants, who rule spoken with clear and unfaltering note. most of the area of the world. There Bishops and divines, leading merchants, were 500 brethren who saw the risen authors, editors, and statesmen have Lord at first. Now there are 500,000,- joined in a chorus, claiming commu- -To the same ancient city where nity of race and interest as a ground Florence Nightingale won immortal for deprecating war, and calling for fame, and ona kindred errand of merthe continuance of peace." Bloody cy, an American woman has bent her strife between these two foremost of steps. God bless and prosper Clara Christian nations, to which the world's Barton in carrying food to the starving redemption has been committed, would Armenians. The request to act in the constitute a crime and disgrace far more case was sent to the Red Cross Society colossal and damnable than any to be from the American Board and the Presfound upon the pages of history. byterian Board, endorsed by the State Department at Washington. Tho the WOMAN'S WORK. Sultan declares that her heavenly mis- sion will not be tolerated on Turkish -I never yet saw a missionary's wife soil, yet even he has been known sudwhose companionship did not double denly and utterly to change his mind. her husband's usefulness. I have known more than one whose face as the years of life increased took on that -Yes, and Japan also has her Florcharm, that wondrous beauty, that ence Nightingale. For" a Chinese youthful features never wear – the naval officer, captured by the Japanese, beauty of character disciplined by suf· has recently given to a newspaper corfering, of a life unselfishly devoted to respondent high testimony to the gentle, the highest ends. One of the choicest unostentatious labor among the Chinese things of missionary work is the unwrit- prisoners in Japan of an American misten heroism of missionary homes. It is sionary, Miss Talcott. She had a mys- the missionary's wife who by years of terious happiness, whose fountain they endurance and acquired experience in could not understand; and her sunny the foreign field has made it possible face, aglow with an inward delight, in these later years for unmarried wom- soothed and blessed the sorrowful and en to go abroad and live and work broken-hearted. The conservatism of among the people of Eastern lands.- these men was proverbial, yet the most Dr. Herrick. stubborn hearts yielded to Miss Tal- -Archdeacon Wolfe gives this em- cott's simple·hearted love. Tho relucphatic testimony to the value of wom- tant to acknowledge the superiority of an's part in the world's evangelization: anything foreign, their prejudice was .. A mission without a large staff of de- disarmed and their wrong impressions voted lady missionaries, 1 have no hesi- dispelled." – Ohurch at Home and tation in saying after 34 years of ex- Abroad.

perience, is destitute of one of the most -The Helping Hand, organ of the potent agencies for the conversion of Woman's Baptist Missionary Society, China to Christianity. The vast masses in the January issue celebrates the quarof Chinese women can be reached only ter 'centennial of that organization by by lady missionaries. Even our Chris- various appropriate articles, and be- tian congregations, on account of the sides, a " dress" all radiant with silver ignorance of the wives and daughters, and most attractive to the eye.

are sadly lacking too often in devoted- YOUNG PEOPLE. ness and zeal. The presence of lady missionaries is the only remedy for this -The King's Daughters began with state of things, and I can bear testi- 10 women in New York less than ten mony, with deep thankfulness to God, years ago, and now have a membership to the improvement seen everywhere in of over 400,000. They aim to work our Christian congregations which have quietly, to take up new work quickly.

had the privilege of their presence and and mcite others to royal deeds of love teaching." for the King. A society bearing this euphonious name in Burlington, Vt., resented is 570. The largest has 39 achas a .. Sunshine Circle" in a hospital. tive members, 19 associate, and 12 hon- orary, the Chinese names for these -The young people of the United classes being" real members," "learn- Brethren Church volunteered to raise ers," and " guests." One of the soci- $5000 to build a church in Los Angeles. eties sends 2 members every Sunday Success is about to crown their efforts. afternoon to speak in adjoining villages.

-The Christian Endeavorers of Clar- endon Street Baptist Church, Boston, AMERICA.

gave $1900 to missions last year. United States.-The Chicago 'J'ri- -Among the Friends the Endeavor- bune'8 record of gifts to benevolent in- ers number about one fifth of the entire stitutions in this country in sums of membership of the denomination. Dur- $10,000, or over, for the year 1895, ing the past year those in California shows a total of $28,943,549, an in- and Ohio gave for missions $1 each, on crease of over $9,000,000 from the gifts the average, and those in Canada $1.50, for 1894. The gifts of less than $10,- while 15 who are now engaged in for- 000 were correspondingly larger, and eign work are partly or wholly sup- may be estimated at $15,000,000 more.

ported by those remaining at home. It is safe to place the voluntary benevo- -The New York City Endeavor lences, not counting the support of local Union numbers 135 societies, with a churches, at a total of over $40,000,000 membership of 6500, and the Chicago for the year.-The Interior.

Union has now increased to 410 soci- -January 4th. by proclamation of eties, with a membership of about 18,- President Cleveland, Utah, after nearly 000. German, Dutch, Norwegian, 50 years of waiting and knocking, has Swedish, Welsh, Bohemian, and Chi- been admitted to the Union. The first nese are languages in which meetings application for statehood was made in are regularly held in societies belong- 1849, the second in 1855, the third in ing to the Chicago Union. New York 1862, the fourth in 1867, the fifth in also has Bohemian, Italian, French, 1872, the sixth in 1887, and the seventh and German societies, besides several -the successful one-in 1894. Until among the sailors. The German work 1887 all petitions had been made in the in Chicago has been made a distinct de- name of the " State of Deseret," lind in partment of activity, with a special su- 1849 the State was to comprise all the perintendent in charge. country now covered by Western Colo- -The annual convention of the Foo- rado, Western. Wyoming, Southern chow district, China, was to have been Idaho, all of Utah, Nevada. and Ariheld in a church, but it was seen that zona, and California as far west as LOB the building would not accommodate Angeles. The new commonwealth nearly all that would attend, so the En- comes with a population of about 250.- deavorers secured cotton cloth and put 000, and an assessed valuation of propup a tent on the lawn of the Ponasang erty amounting to $97,900,000. The compound belonging to the American governor is a Mormon, and was born Board. The first native Endeavorer, in Salt Lake in 1859.

Mr. Ling Muk Gek, presided; 700were -Mrs. Phineas M. Barber, of Phila- present, and 300 of these had little or delphia, widow of the late Phineas M.

no knowledge of Christ. The tent was Barber, has devoted $40,000 for the fastened on one side to an idol temple, building and equipment of a seminary and a short distance away men were for girls, to be located at Anniston, making objects connected with idol Ala. It was given to the Presbyterian ,worship. The total membership rep- Board of Missions for Freedmen, will be completed by October of this year, more than for the 12 years preceding , and be known as the •• Barber Memo- 1884.

rial Seminary." Mr. Barber, who died Canada.-This is a specimen part of two years ago, made a bequest of $113,- the story which Bishop Newnham has 000, which will probably be increased to tell of travel through his hyperborean by another $100,000 for the benefit of diocese of Moosonee: •• For a large the churches and ministers of the Freed· part of the way I only had two Indian men. lads, which means that I paddled myself for many hours in the day. besides -Cornelius Vanderbilt and his wife helping to carry over the portages, to have transferred as a gift the property haul at the' tracking-line,' or tow-rope, on the north side of Forty-second Street, and to make camp at night. I have 155 feet east of Third Avenue, to the been traveling in canoe and open boat St. Bartholomew's Protestant Episco- for over three months, sleeping in a tent, pal church, this city. The property or in open boat without even that shelwas purchased by Mr. Vanderbilt for ter, for the whole of that time, except $60,000, and will be used as an insti- for three weeks altogether at the diftution for missionary, religious, char- ferent Hudson's Bay Company's posts, itable, benevolent, and educational in almost tropical heat of midsummer work.

-Behold how an Indian church can and the frosty nights of the autumn, grow. The Standing Rock Congrega- sometimes plagued with myriads of tional Church was organized December mosquitoes and other venomous flies; 8th, 1889. January 1st, 1890, it had 12 at other times, on the Bay, surrounded members; in 1891, it had only 16 mem- by vast ice-floes from arctic regions, bers; in 1892, it had 24 members; in much of the time wet through from in- 1893, 116; in 1894, 170; and January cessant rain or from wading in rivers ,1st, this year, there were 2 churches, and through swamps; exposed somewith 78 members in one and 152 in the times to the risks of swift rapids, at other, making a total membership of others to gales and tides; rising daily at 230. 4 or 4.30 A.M., and retiring to my bed on the ground at 10 P.M."

:- -If all the Methodist home mission -And the Intelligencer (Church }<Iisconverts could be brought together in sionary Society) for December last has a conference we should hear them speak long and intensely interesting quotain Welsh, German, Swedish, Danish, tions from the diary of Rev. E. J. Peck, French, Portuguese. Italian, Bohemian, who is gladly self-exiled for the king- Hungarian, Chinese, .Japanese, Span- dom's sake among the Eskimo of Cumish, and various Indian tongues. berland Sound far to the north of Hud- -Remembering that he includes all son Bay. What he narrates of adven- who have joined on probation, and all ture and endurance from the climate (!onver~s gathered in Protestant Europe and the natives certainly leaves nothing from the Lutherans, etc., these figures to be desired (1).

of Rev. C. C. McCabe are deeply inter- ., People busy cutting up whale.

esting : In 1883 we had in all our for- The total length of this huge creature eign missions 43,100 communicants. is about 50 feet, height fully 15, and In 1894 we had 135,833. Estimating breadth of tail 12. Both dogs and peo- the gain in 1895 at only half what it ple are now feasting away to their was in 1894, we add 8000, giving us a hearts' content, and they seem quite total of 143,833, making a gain in 12 elated at the prospect of having many yellrs of 100,733, more than two thirds a hearty meal. Busy during day speak- of the whole number. The missionary ing to the people, and teaching them in income for 12 years has been $5,000,000 our little church. .. We were startled this morning at joicing and wonder: Does everyone about 3 A.M. by a pack of hungry dogs. know that there are 350,000,000 of peo- These crcatures had managed to climb ple who are not Christians in British up on the roof of our skin church, and territories or under British dominion?

to our dismay were tearing the edifice – During the first week of the year a to pieces. Hastily slipping on our fur conference convened at Liverpool uncoats, Mr. Parker and myself rushed der the auspices of the Student Volunout in the bitter cold. Here, in the teer Missionary Union, which was the dim light, we could make out our po· largest and most representative gathersition. We were literally besieged by ing of Christian students ever held in dogs, and they must in all have num- Britain. Some 620 British students, bered over 100. Most of these were on men and women, representing about the roof, some had fallen through the 65 colleges of various denominations, same, others were devouring pieces of gathered, with representatives of the volseal-skin, and altogether such a con- unteer movement in America, France, fused mass of dogs-young, old, bruised, and South Africa, as well as students and wounded-it would be hard to find from the Continent, belonging to inanywhere else. After a sharp battle stitutions in Germany, Switzerland, we managed to put these unwelcome Holland, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, visitors to flight, and we then man- and Denmark. aged, by the help of our Eskimo friends, to patch up with some old canvas the -Our missionary societies are extri- holes in our little church." cating themselves from their burdens But for some time services were held of debt. The London Missionary So- in a structure which could not be de- ciety has already raised a centenary voured: to wit, in "a large circular fund of more than £90,000, and hopes wall of snow about 6 feet high. The to make it at least £100,000. The Wes- seats were made of blocks of snow leyan Society has cleared its debt, and placed close to the wall." At his call is aiming at an addition of £20,000 a "quite a number came to hear the year to its income. Besides which, in Word of God," and sat" with nothing this society there is a revival of the mis- between us and the blue heavens." sionary spirit among the students in .. We had a grand time together." the colleges, many of whom are offer- ing for work abroad. We shall pres- EUROPE. ently learn also to economize our -England has a great many citizens strength at home, that we may have all of wealth and handsome incomes. The the more for foreign service.-London income tax reports recently published Ohristian. show that 66 Englishmen enj oy incomes above $300,000, and that 2000 more -The latter half of the year which have incomes ranging downward from has just closed will be memorable in that to $50,000. Those who have missionary annals for the number of the $25,000 to $50,000 a year exceed Lord's servants in the mission field who 3000 in number, 5000 are taxed on in- have fallen victims to the violence of comes of $10,000 to $15,000, and nearly lawless and wicked men, for whose 15,000 are reported as enjoying an- spiritual welfare they were laboring. nuities of from $5000 to $10,000. Our own party and that of the C. E. Z. M. S. in China; Mr. Atlay, of the Uni· versities' Mission, in the region of Lake -In a recent address the Bishop of Nyassa, East Africa; and now Mr. and St. Albans put this tremendous inter- Mrs. Johnson and their daughter, of rogatory, which every Christian in the the Society of Friends, in Madagascar- United Kingdom may well ponder with 15 in all. The S. P. G. missionary at fear and trembling, as well as with re- Ramainandro in Madagascar, with his family, appears to have very narrowly in the vicinity of the Vatican. "As escaped a similar fate in November, late as 1861, when Minister Marsh en. leaving the mission premises only a tered the papal dominions, his Bible few hours before they were attacked was taken from him by papal officials. and destroyed by an anti-European And now the walls of Rome contain 11 mob. It is a feature common to all the Protestant churches." -Jolfiah Strong. outbursts, that they were prompted by anti-foreign rather than anti-Christian -The Florence correspondent of feeling.-Intelligencer. Evangelical Ohristendom affirms that there is no book so widely spread in -Next to that of women's work, no Italy at the present moment as the department of the missionary service Bible; that of all books, none finds so has witnessed so marked a development many buyers. This is owing to the in recent years as medical missions. persevering and successful work pur- The first qualified medical man sent out sued in this country, for now nearly 40 as such by the society was Dr. Elmslie, years, by the British and Foreign Bible who sailed for the Punjab to open the Society and the National Bible Society medical mission in Kashmir in 1864. of Scotland. These societies have Since that year 45 have gone out under now spread throughout the length and the Church Missionary Society, and 29 breadth of the land about 3,000,000 European medical missionaries (besides copies of the Word of God, in whole or 3 qualified native doctors) are now on in part. The figures of last year's cirthe active list. During the 12 years culation are: Bibles, 7662; Testaments, from 1864 to 1875,5 were sent out; dur- 16,926; portions, 165,085; total, 189,- ing the 10 years from 1876 to 1885 the 633. The total for 1893 was 169,937 number was 15; and during the last copies; the increase, therefore, is about 10 years it was 25.-Idem. 20,000 copies.

-The Free Church of Scotland has -In Rome the Catholic Professor sent forth 28 medical missionaries, of and Doctor of Theology, Filippo De whom 5 are women, and supports 2 na- Lorenzi, has become a Protestant. He tive missionaries, at Madras and Tana, has addressed a letter to the committee making 20 medical missionaries in all. of the Free Church, in which he has Besides these, at Blythswood and other given the reasons for this step. After stations, chiefly in Africa, simple medi- stating that he was born in 1863, and cal cases are attended to by the mis- had been a priest and a professor of sionaries and their wives. About 120,- dogmatics in various colleges in Rome, 000 cases, surgical and medical, were among them also that of the Propatreated by 17 of the missionaries who ganda, he applies for admission to the have reported, besides the large num- Free Church. He acknowledges that ber of women dealt with by the physi- for years his heart has been filled with cians and surgeons of their own sex at unrest, and states that he has found Madras and Nagpoor, and the many're- peace in the Evangelical Church, lieved unprofessionally. At least 150,- .. whose faith is based solely and alone 000 men, women, and children, suffer- upon the Word of God, and which ers, of all Asiatic and African races and lives in accordance with this Word." creeds, annually receive healing and sympathy, and have the love of Jesus ASIA. Christ preached and read to them in our Church's dispensaries and hospitals, Ialam.-Sublime Porte means literin zenanas, and in the tented camp.- ally lofty gate, referring to the gate of Free Church Monthly. the palace at which justice was admin- istered, and so easily came to designate -Verily, "the sun do move," even the chief office of the Ottoman Govern- ment. -The mission to Syria was begun' in ly. They seldom or never visit them.

1828 by the occupation of Beirut. They know hardly anything about Twenty-five years ago, in 1870, it was them. They often speak unkindly of transferred from the American Board them in the mass, because of some ex- to the Presbyterian Board, and within perience of an untoward kind in con- this last quarter of a century there has nection with a few individuals. They been encouraging progress. In place pray little for them. They do not wor- of 18 American missionaries there are ship with them, and almost in no way now 40; in place of 63 native helpers, do they show sympathy with or for there are 219. In 1870 there were less them.-Indian Witnes8.

than 800 communicants; now there are -Miss Annie Taylor has entered 8048. The pupils in the schools have increased from 167 to 7352. The mis- Tibet as a bona, fo1e trader; she deals In sion press at Beirut issued over 22,000,- 000 pages in 1894, of which nearly one medicine, for which there is great dehalf were portions of the Bible. mand, and meantime loses no opportu- nity for missionary work. The Com- -Some months ago we published an missioner of Customs at Yatong is Mr. appeal from the Rev. George A. :F'ord, Taylor, and the missionary at Yatong of Sidon, Syria, for a well-boring ap- is Miss Taylor. The Tibetans naturally paratus for the Sidon Academy. We conclude that both Taylors belong to are gratified to learn from Dr. Ford the same firm, and the poor commisthat in response a friend, who insists sioner is afraid lest he should be held upon remaining unnamed, has sent in responsible for the deeds of the other a check for $3400, in full payment of Taylor. the apparatus I Dr. Ford writes: .. This is a magnificent gift, and I doubt -The last engineering feat performed not that it will also prove such to the by Britons for the benefit of Hindus is work at large. Our first concern in known as the " Peryar Project," and this connection now must be the task, consists in turning the course of a large by no means light, of finding a com- river, which ran worthlessly down the petent, experienced, and Christian man, Western Ghauts of Southern India to select the necessary apparatus, and into the sea, by a tunnel down the eastthen come out and manage it until he ern side instead to irrigate large barren has trained some native mechanic to wastes, and to feed hosts of the huntake his place."-New York Evangelist. gry. The dam is exceeded in height only by the new Croton dam in New York.

India.-It is by no means a palatable -The latest weapon forged against piece of information that the Indian caste and the seclusion of women is Christians suffer considerably from un- found in the (to Hinduism) pestiferous, happy influences, negative and positive, because so attractive, zenana car. Let which their European neighbors bring the mothers, wives, and daughters of to bear upon them. Negatively, the India move about swiftly by steam and growth of spiritual life in Indian Chris- see the world for a few years, and they tians is harmed by the isolated and will raise a successful rebellion in beunique position which is accidental to half of their rights. the profession of their faith in Christ.

The Hindu casts them off. The Mo- -This is how the Salvation Army is hammedan regards them with horror making assault: "Our methods are as deserters from Islam. The Parsee getting more and more wholesale-we closes the doors of his home to them. pioneer and prepare a given district for The Europeans, generally speaking a few weeks; experienced • sappers (missionaries excepted), pay but little and miners' deal with the villagers heed. to them. They regard them cold- treat with the group of headmen who rule the community (called the panch) work of the Ku·cheng Commission apand make them willing to accept our pointed to investigate the Hwa·Sang teaching. Then a large party is organ· massacre sat 74 days, and its labors reized, of from 40 to 100 officers and ca- sulted in the execution of 26 criminals, dets, living in rough huts, etc., and including the 5 leaders; 15 are to be camping in the open. With drums banished; 27 to be imprisoned for 10 beating and colors flying, they attack years; 5 to be imprisoned for 5 years, village after village, summoning them 5 more for 6 months, and 4 others to to surrender in the name of King be chained to a stone weighing 133 Jesus. Often the inhabitants come pounds, for 3 years. In addition to over en maS88 praying for pardon."- this it may be said that Vegetarianism The Oonqueror. for the time has been crushed.

China.-Of the 1500 missionaries, -A dispatch to the New York World men and women, now in this empire from Chun King says: "The Cheng the Church of England has about 210. Tu Commission, it is generally admit- -One of the significant signs of prog- ted, has achieved a complete success.

ress in China is a new university and The results have met with the approval preparatory school in Tientsin, under of the Cheng Tu missionaries, who are control of Chinese officials, with Mr. now recognized by the Chinese officials, C. D. Tenney as its first president. from the viceroy down. The mission· The English language will be taught aries were publicly banqueted wilh the and the new institution developed along commissioners. Everything possible is American lines, but Mr. Tenney is to now being done to obliterate remem- be assisted by competent foreign pro- brance of the late viceroy's misdeeds.

fessors. It is proposed to open prepara- The claims of the Methodists have been tory schools in other localities in North settled…

China under the management of the' -An interesting communication university to a certain extent. In the comes from Minister Denby, at Peking, course of time the university will pro· to the effect that a reform club has vide besides a general scientific conrse lately been started in that capital. The special courses in civil engineering, plan includes a daily paper, a readingmining, mechanical engineering, and room to be supplied with papers and law. books bearing on science, politics, and progress, a library, lecture courses, -Bishop R. E. Hendrix, of the Meth· etc. Rev. Gilbert Reid has been asked odist Church, South, who has just re- and has consented to assist the club in turned from China, brings this message carrying this scheme into execution. from Li Hung Chang: "Say to the American people for me to send over more men for the schools and hospitals, Ja-pan.-A. Japanese church at Kyoto and I hope to be in a position both to has adopted individual communion aid and protect them." He had asked cups, Il,nd all the members consider it how many American missionaries there an improvement. A deacon and a were in China. "There are about 600," deaconess served the cups, and another replied the bishop. "More are need- deacon and deaconess followed and ed," said Li, and in a moment he re- gathered them on trays.

peated the same words, "more are -As a result of 25 years of labor in needed." He then expressed the great Japan there are now in that country obligation of China to American mis· 400 Protestant churches, 50 Young sionaries and the spirit which has sent Men's Christian A.ssociations, 57 Christhem, and ended by asking the bishop tian Endeavor Societies, 18 circles of to convey the message. King's Daughters, and 6 home mis- -Rev. P. W. Pitcher writes that the sionary societies. -The progress of Japan in cIviliza- Christianity in the total he placed at tion may be illustrated by the following 5,550,000.

recently published statistics: In 1870 -Tropical Africa has its Hying frog, there was not a mile of railway; to- whose legs terminate in a sort of fan, day there are 1750 miles in operation, and with these'the little reptile paddles and 850 miles more about to be con- the air like a locust, or like a partially structed. These railways carried, in fledged bird testing its pinions for the 1894,36,000,000 passengers. There was first time. Altho somewhat awkward no post·office in 1870, but in 1893 the in its flock, the winged frog can dart Japanese post handled 277,000,000 let· through the air at a speed of about 10 ters and newspapers. In 1890 there yards per second, and can keep itself were no Japanese steamships; to-day going forward at that rate for from 10 there are 700. The ultimate secret of to 15 seconds. The average distance this progress is to be found in the work covered by these spurts of grasshopperof 470 evangelical missionaries, backed like Hight is from 75 to 125 yards; but by 111,000 native Christians and the Bishoff mentions instances where the schools they support. flying frog cleared sandy stretches 200 -According to intelligence from yards in width. And then, as if this Formosa, the capitulation oCTai-wan- were not enough for one continent, a fu, the ca.pital of the island, and the flying mouse is to be found in the Cam- pea.ceful entry of the Japanese, which eroons, which is a link between the bat brought the long campaign to a con- and the true mouse, has a tail like a clusion, were due to the gallant con- mouse and heavy gray fur, while its duct of two Scotch missionaries, Messrs. wings are not so well developed as Ferguson and Barclay, who at the criti- those of the bat.

cal moment, when the excited popula- -When Bishop Taylor first went to tion were expecting the worst, ap- Liberia the only small currency in use proached the Japanese and led them in in portions of the Kroo Coast was leaf peace into the city. tobacco. Two Methodist missions used it in the purchase of rice for absolute -If these statements are true, there needs and for tbe landing of supplies is trouble ahead: "Watches which sent from New York. The bishop incost $20 to manufacture here are made troduced laundry soap as small curin Japan for $3; 10 boxes of excellent rency, and his son, Ross Taylor, has parlor matches sold here for 5 cents can sent from a firm in New York from be bought there for 1 ; a piece of silk 3 to 5 tons at a single shipment, fair tapestry for which French artists de- quality and full weight, 8 and 16 ounces manded $10,000 has been duplicated in to the bar, to serve the purpose of cur- Japan at a cost of only $700, etc. An rency. No tobacco has been used in American firm has recently purchased 9 carloads of buttons made in Japan. trade since the stations were opened.

Business men on the Pacific Coast are -Speaking of Lutheran (General becoming seriously alarmed at this Synod) Muhlenberg Mission, West Afrimenace to almost every line of produc· ca, Dr. Scholl states that" as a result tive industry." of Christian learning and training, the AFRICA. native boys have built a steamboat of -In a recent paper on the Dark Con- their own, and 35 years ago those peotinent Fred Perry Noble brought down ple had never seen an ax. They have the number of Mohammedans to 40,000,- sent to America 25,000 pounds of 000. He made the native Protestant coffee."

communicants 255,000 and the native -A French missionary journal gives Roman Catholic 250,000. The force of an account of the progress 01 misslonary work in the Congo Free State in expected way. Eight missionaries are 4 great felds-namely, the Lower Con· laboring there, and since 1891 4 sta~ go, the Upper Congo, the Basin of the tions have been founded. A small Kassai River, and in the Katanga steamer, the Paulu8, has been sent out, country. There are now 1500 native and is doing good service, carrying the Christians in all these various regions. missionaries from shore to shore, en· In the Lower Congo there are 15 sta- abling them to preach the Gospel in tions, and 34 missionaries, and about the villages lying there. The mission- 1300 converts, of whom 225 were bap- aries have gained the confidence of the tized the past year. In this region the native population in a very remarkable International Missionary Alliance has degree.

the largest number of workers. On the Upper Congo, above Stanley Pool, there -Letters from Bishop Tucker an- are 12 stations, with 45 missionaries and nouncing the arrival of his party in about 100 converts. In the Kassai Val- Mengo on October 4th are received.

ley there is one station connected with Three weeks before they reached their the Presbyterian Church, South. The destination greetings began to arrive last of these mission fields is under the from Uganda chiefs, and from that care of Mr_ Arnot, at Lake Moero, in time forward proofs of the interest the southeastern part of the Congo re- with which their arrival was awaited gion. multiplied day by day. At Ngogwe -Dr. Thompson, who is one of them, in Kyagwe, the station from which the a.nd 80 ought to know, writes thus of Rev. G. K. Baskerville has just come how luxuriously the pampered mission- home, the joy of the women was unaries live at Mt. Silinda, East Africa: bounded. "They ran along by the "The work we are obliged to do on sides of the ladies' chairs," the bishop these temporary 'wattle and daub' writes, " grasping their hands and uthouses is highly unsatisfactory, because tering all manner of exclamations of it requires to be done over again so fre- joyful and loving greeting." A thanksquently, and because it does not result giving service was held in the church, in comfortable quarters for civilized at which 600 were present. When at man. I have been obliged to spend len5th Mengo was approached, the 6 weeks in repairing, rethatching, and scenes baffled even the bishop'S powers altering our house, building chimneys, of description. "As we drew near to etc., to make it at all comfortable for the Chagwe market we found every another rainy season. This ti,me I very place of vantage from which a good much needed for work on the perma. view of us coulQ. be got occupied by nent house, which the mission have re- interested spectators – Mohammedan quested me to build. And now that and heathen, as well as Christians, both the work of repair is done, it is not Protestant and Roman Catholic. The done, for the mud is constantly falling mass of people was now so great that from the mud walls, thus opening it was difficult to get along." On Suncracks which have to be filled again, day, October 6th, a congregation of at the sun-dried-brick chimneys are wash- least 6000 people assembled in the ing away, and will soon have to be re- church aud in the barazzas outside. paired again," etc. Nearly 300 afterward partook of the Lord's Supper. The bishop's letter -Rev. A. Merensky, director of the states that 2000 people were baptized Berlin Missionary Society, reports that during the first 9 months of 1895 in its mission in German territory at the Mengo and its suburbs alone, that liDO north end of Lake Nyassa, at the foot candidates in Mengo alone were await· of the Livingstone Mountains, in the ing coufirmation, and 300 others at Konde country, has prospered in an un- Ngogwe. – Intelligencer.